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diff --git a/31730-h/31730-h.htm b/31730-h/31730-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c884202 --- /dev/null +++ b/31730-h/31730-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1503 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, +Microtus montanus, in Wyoming +and Colorado, by Sydney Anderson. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.linenum { + position: absolute; + top: auto; + left: 4%; +} /* poetry number */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.sidenote { + width: 20%; + padding-bottom: .5em; + padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; + padding-right: .5em; + margin-left: 1em; + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; + color: black; + background: #eeeeee; + border: dashed 1px; +} + +.bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + +.bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + +.bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + +.br {border-right: solid 2px;} + +.bbox {border: solid 2px;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.figleft { + float: left; + clear: left; + margin-left: 0; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 1em; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +.figright { + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-left: 1em; + margin-bottom: + 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 0; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.poem br {display: none;} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + +.poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 2em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i4 { + display: block; + margin-left: 4em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, Microtus +montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado, by Sydney Anderson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado + +Author: Sydney Anderson + +Release Date: March 22, 2010 [EBook #31730] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEADOW MOUSE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Simon Gardner, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span></p> + +<p class="center">Volume 7, No. 7, pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text</p> + +<p class="center">July 23, 1954</p> + + + + +<h1>Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, +Microtus montanus, in Wyoming +and Colorado</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>SYDNEY ANDERSON</h2> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span> +<br /> +1954</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span></p> + +<p class="center">Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Robert W. Wilson</p> + +<p class="center">Volume 7, No. 7, pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text +<br /> +Published July 23, 1954</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span> +<br /> +Lawrence, Kansas</p> + + +<p class="center">PRINTED BY +<br /> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS +<br /> +1954</p> + +<p class="center">25-3560 +</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + + +<h1>Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, +Microtus montanus, in Wyoming +and Colorado</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>SYDNEY ANDERSON</h2> + + +<p><i>Microtus montanus</i> reaches the eastern limits of its geographic +distribution in Wyoming and Colorado. There the mountains, but +in general not the lowlands, are occupied by this species. A certain +minimum of moisture may be of direct importance to the mouse and +certainly is indirectly important, because certain hydrophytic or +mesophytic grasses used by the mouse for food, for protection from +enemies, and for shelter from the elements are dependent on the +moisture. Areas suitable for <i>Microtus montanus</i> are separated by +deserts that are dominated by sagebrush and other xerophytic plants +or by forests or rocky exposures at higher altitudes. A relatively +small percentage, probably less than ten per cent, of the total area +even in the more favorable parts of the range of the species is suitable +for occupancy. In these mice, as in other microtines (Elton, +1942; Piper, 1909), there are seasonal, and irregularly multiannual +fluctuations in population density, which sometimes are extreme. +Consequently the mice at some times seem to be absent from suitable +habitats, and at some other times occur there in amazingly +large numbers.</p> + +<p>Because the species is broken up into partly isolated, or at times +completely isolated, colonies or local populations it may be supposed +that various evolutionary forces such as selection and random genetic +drift operate to foster variation. The degree to which racial distinction +is attained may depend upon these forces and the time available. +In <i>Microtus montanus</i> in the eastern Rocky Mountains the +degree of subspecific distinction is not great.</p> + +<p>The study here reported upon is based on 1,187 specimens of +<i>Microtus montanus</i> from Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho and Montana, +and on work in the field. I spent approximately four months in the +field in this area, in the summers of 1950, 1951, and 1952. The specimens +studied were arranged according to localities and the larger +series were compared statistically. Each of two series, totaling 136 +specimens, was studied intensively to ascertain the kind and range +of variation within single populations. Twenty-seven measurements, +various proportions based on these measurements, and differences +in color were analyzed. Fifteen characters, judged to be most significant, +were selected for use in comparing all series. In addition, +certain characters that can not be expressed easily by measurements, +such as inflation of the auditory bullae and the curvature of the +zygomatic arch, were observed. The studies by A. B. Howell +(1924) of variation in <i>Microtus montanus yosemite</i> Grinnell in California +and those by O. B. Goin (1943) of <i>Microtus pennsylvanicus +pennsylvanicus</i> (Ord) were useful. The external measurements +are from the collectors' field labels. The measurements of the skull +all were taken with dial calipers reading to a tenth of a millimeter. +The anteroposterior measurements of the skull all were taken along +the shortest line between the points specified below and are not +necessarily along a line parallel to the long axis of the skull. These +measurements were taken on the left side of the skull whenever +possible. Some of the skulls are damaged and therefore some +measurements could not be taken and are omitted in the computations. +Measurements are in millimeters.</p> + +<p>The results of these studies were submitted to the Department of +Zoology and the Graduate School of the University of Kansas in +partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of +Arts (1952) and are available in manuscript form at the Museum of +Natural History and the library of the University of Kansas.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Explanation of Measurements</span></h3> + +<blockquote><p>Caudal index.—the length of the tail expressed as a percentage of the length +of the head and body. The length of the head and body is the collector's +measurement of total length less the length of the tail.</p></blockquote> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Cranial Measurements of Length.</span></h4> + +<blockquote><p>Condylobasilar length.—from the exoccipital condyle to the most posterior +point on the border of the alveolus of the upper incisor.</p> + +<p>Alveolobasilar length.—from the posterior border of the alveolus of the third +upper molar to the posterior border of the alveolus of the incisor.</p> + +<p>Palatilar length.—from the anteriormost part of the posterior border of the +bony shelf of the palate to the posteriormost part of the alveolus of the +incisor.</p> + +<p>Alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row.—from the most posterior point of +the alveolus of the third upper molar to the most anterior point of the +alveolus of the first upper molar.</p></blockquote> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Measurements of Breadth.</span></h4> + +<blockquote><p>Zygomatic breadth.—greatest transverse width.</p> + +<p>Interorbital breadth.—the breadth of the interorbital constriction.</p> + +<p>Lambdoidal breadth.—between the lateralmost points of the lambdoidal crest.</p> + +<p>Prelambdoidal breadth.—between the medialmost margins of the prominent +fenestrae in the posterodorsal parts of the squamosal bones. To these +fenestrae Howell (1924:995) applied the adjective "prelambdoidal," but other +authors have used other names (see Hill, 1935:127).</p> + +<p>Depth of braincase.—shortest distance from the ventral side of the cranium at +the suture between the basioccipital and basisphenoid bones to the dorsal +surface of the cranium (usually not perpendicular to the long axis of the +skull).</p></blockquote> + +<p>The history of our knowledge of <i>Microtus montanus</i> in this area +begins with the early work of the United States Bureau of Biological +Survey directed by C. H. Merriam (1891), and participated in by +Vernon Bailey (1900, 1917), Merritt Cary (1911, 1917), and others. +The changes in nomenclature which grew out of increased understanding +of these mice through additional collecting are expressed +in the synonymies under the accounts of subspecies. As a result +of my studies two of the three subspecific names previously proposed +for mice from this area have been retained although changes are +proposed in the ranges assigned to the two subspecies and two additional +heretofore unrecognized subspecies are named and described. +Furthermore the additional specimens and my studies of +variation make modifications in the characterization of these subspecies +necessary. Not all of the samples here assigned to a single +subspecies are identical and I therefore list and discuss some of the +local variants.</p> + +<blockquote><p>Numerous members of summer field parties from the Museum of Natural +History at the University of Kansas collected most of the specimens studied +and wrote field notes that have been helpful. I am grateful to these persons +and to Professor E. R. Hall and Dr. R. H. Baker for their assistance and helpful +suggestions. Specimens in the following museums were made available by +their respective curators: Chicago Natural History Museum by Mr. Colin C. +Sandborn, The Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan by Dr. E. T. +Hooper, The American Museum of Natural History by Mr. G. G. Goodwin, +The United States National Museum by Dr. David H. Johnson and the Biological +Surveys Collection by Miss Viola S. Schantz. A fellowship from the +National Science Foundation made possible the studies at the museums other +than at the University of Kansas.</p></blockquote> + + + +<p class="center"><b>Microtus montanus nanus</b> (Merriam)</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Arvicola (Mynomes) nanus</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:62, July 30, 1891.</p> + +<p><i>Microtus montanus nanus</i>, Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51:131, August +23, 1938.</p> + +<p><i>Microtus nanus</i>, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17:30, June 6, 1900 (part).</p> + +<p><i>Microtus montanus caryi</i> Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30:29, February +21, 1917.</p> + +<p><i>Microtus nanus nanus</i>, Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, 42:43, October 3, 1917 (part).</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male No. 23853/31253, U. S. National Museum, Department of +Agriculture collection, from Pahsimeroi Mountains, Custer County, Idaho; obtained +by C. Hart Merriam and Vernon Bailey, September 16, 1890.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Idaho; southwestern Montana; most of the southwestern half of +Wyoming; southward to central Colorado. See <a href="#fig_1">figure 1</a>.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Comparisons with subspecies named as new in this paper +will be found in the accounts of those subspecies beyond. From <i>Microtus +montanus fusus</i> Hall, the subspecies to the south, <i>M. m. nanus</i> from Idaho +differs as follows: averages smaller; slightly darker and less reddish and less +yellowish in color; slightly wider braincase (see measurement of prelambdoidal +breadth); larger bullae.</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p><i>Measurements.</i>—Average (= arithmetical mean) measurements of 34 specimens, +both male and female, from several localities in eastern Idaho are: total +length, 151; length of tail, 39; hind foot, 19.2; condylobasilar length of the +skull, 25.0; zygomatic breadth, 15.0; alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, +6.4; prelambdoidal breadth, 8.9; and lambdoidal breadth, 11.7.</p> + +<p>Average and extreme measurements of six adult males from near Pocatello, +Bannock County, Idaho, and nine adult males from near Afton, Lincoln County, +Wyoming, are, respectively, as follows: total length, 143(135-150), 163(143-179); +length of tail, 35.1(33-38), 42.8(36-49); caudal index, 32.0(28.0-33.1), +35.7(30.6-41.9); hind foot, 18.9(18-20), 18.8(17-20); condylobasilar length +of skull, 24.4(24.0-26.0), 25.6(24.5-26.2); alveolobasilar length, 14.1(13.7-14.5), +14.6(13.8-15.0); palatilar length, 13.2(12.9-13.6), 13.8(13.2-14.5); +alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.3(6.1-6.5), 6.3(6.0-6.6); depth +of braincase, 7.7(7.5-7.9), 8.0(7.7-8.3); lambdoidal breadth, 11.4(11.0-11.7), +12.0(11.3-12.7); prelambdoidal breadth, 9.1(8.6-9.4), 8.7(8.0-9.4); zygomatic +breadth, 14.3(13.8-14.7), 15.3(14.4-16.3); interorbital breadth, 3.6(3.5-3.7), +3.5(3.3-3.7). The average length of the nasal bones in the series from Pocatello +is 7.1 mm. The averages, which have not been included in <a href="#table_1">Table 1</a>, for +three measurements of the series from Carbon County, Wyoming, are as follows +(Encampment, males; Encampment, females; Savery, males; and Savery, females, +respectively): alveolobasilar length, 14.4, 14.3, 14.5, 14.3; interorbital +breadth, 3.5, 3.4, 3.5, 3.4; depth of braincase, 7.8, 7.6, 7.9, 7.6. Additional +measurements are included in<a href="#table_1"> Table 1</a> for other series.</p></blockquote> + +<p><i>Discussion.</i>—The name <i>Microtus montanus caryi</i> Bailey is here +placed in synonymy under <i>M. m. nanus</i> (Merriam). Vernon Bailey +(1917) in his description of <i>caryi</i> made four assumptions that have +been found to be entirely or partly invalid. First, he assumed that +this is an "extreme variant which gradually changes in characters +across Nevada and Utah, and reaches its maximum variation in +Wyoming." The differences pointed out in subsequent descriptions +of subspecies found in the above area do not show a gradual change +in any character, or in the number of characters, nor is <i>caryi</i> an +extreme when compared with the other subspecies. Second, +<i>Microtus nanus</i> was not, as Bailey assumed, a different species than +<i>Microtus montanus</i>. Third, he assumed that the characteristics of +adults of <i>nanus</i> were adequately ascertainable from the thirteen +topotypes available to him. Subsequent sampling from Idaho shows +that the series of specimens available to Bailey was made up mostly +of young and subadult animals. Finally, <i>caryi</i> does not occupy as +Bailey stated "the meadows along streams in the arid sagebrush +country of the Bear River, Green River, and Wind River valleys" +exclusively, or characteristically. When the localities from which +the species actually is known are plotted, it seems that the arid +basin serves as a barrier and that the species is more commonly and +abundantly found in montane meadows in the Transition and +Canadian life-zones.</p> + +<p>Certain samples, here assigned to <i>M. m. nanus</i>, that vary from the +average of the subspecies deserve comment. For example, mice +from the area in Wyoming southwest of the Green River (in the +Uinta Mountains) have relatively smaller feet, but are larger in both +total length and size of skull. Specimens from near Afton, Lincoln +County, Wyoming, are relatively large in both total length and size +of skull. This series and specimens from Teton County, Wyoming, +are intermediate between <i>nanus</i> from Idaho and the newly named +subspecies from near Cody, Park County, Wyoming, described +below, in terms of both darkness and the amount of reddish color. +Mice from Laramie County are more richly reddish-brown. The +specimens from near Savery, in Carbon County, Wyoming, are +darker. The alveolobasilar length relative to the condylobasilar +length is smaller in the series from along Deer Creek, 16 mi. S, 11 +mi. W Waltman, Natrona County, Wyoming. The series from the +southern tier of counties in Wyoming and some of the specimens +from Colorado have relatively wider zygomatic arches. The specimens +from southern Sweetwater County, Wyoming, are relatively +paler, have a relatively longer tail and longer hindfeet, lesser +condylobasilar length, and wider braincase. Most of these variations +are of questionable significance; they may be chance variations +owing to errors in sampling.</p> + +<p>Much of the south-central part of the state is relatively low and +relatively arid. This area includes the arid basin of the Green +River and its major tributaries and the arid Red Desert along the +continental divide in Sweetwater County. This area might have +acted as a barrier to the mice; gene flow might have been prevented +between the populations of the western part of the state and those +farther east in the Medicine Bow Mountains and Laramie Mountains. +Nevertheless geographic variations of subspecific worth have +not taken place. The barrier has either not been of as long duration, +or has not been so complete and effective, as the other barriers +in the state, namely the Absaroka Range, the Big Horn Basin, the +Shoshone Basin, and the valley of the North Platte River. These +four barriers presumably have led to the differentiation of the two +subspecies that are newly named beyond. Each of the two areas +which is set apart by these barriers and in which one of the newly +named subspecies has evolved is small; therefore there is a lesser +amount of suitable habitat available for each of the newly named +mice than there is for <i>M. m. nanus</i>. It is conceivable, therefore, +that in periods of adverse conditions in each of the small areas the +size of the effective breeding population may have been so small +that random genetic drift could have operated effectively, or that +selection was more critical than in a larger, more stable population. +It is difficult to test these possibilities because the selective value of +the taxonomic characters is unknown. The observed pattern of +variation and facts of distribution are, however, not contradictory +to the above possibilities.</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 993, distributed as follows: All specimens +unless otherwise indicated are in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural +History. Specimens in other museums are labeled as follows: Chicago Natural +History Museum (Chi); University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology (Mich); +American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); United States National Museum +(USNM); Biological Surveys Collection (USBS). Localities that are not +represented in <a href="#fig_1">Fig. 1</a> because overlapping or crowding of the symbols would +result are Italicized. Localities are arranged from north to south by states, +within a state from northwest to southeast by counties, and within a county from +north to south.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wyoming</span>: <i>Yellowstone Park</i>: Canyon Camp, 1 (USBS); Lower Geyser +Basin, 1 (USBS); Upper Yellowstone River, 2 (AMNH); <i>North end of Lake</i>, +<i>Yellowstone National Park</i>, 2 (AMNH). <i>Teton Co.</i>: Pacific Creek, 1 (USBS); +<i>Big Game Ridge</i>, 3 (USBS 1, Mich 2); <i>Whetstone Creek</i>, 7 (Mich); Moran +and environs (6 localities within a 5 mile radius), 28 (USBS 2, Mich 5); +<i>S fork Buffalo River</i>, 7 (AMNH); 2 mi. W pass, Black Rock Creek, 1 (USBS); +<i>Jenny Lake</i>, 5 (Mich); Bar BC Ranch, 2½ mi. NE Moose, 6500 ft., 2; Teton +Pass above Fish Creek, 1 (USBS); Jackson and environs, 142 (Mich 141); +<i>Sheep Creek</i>, 2 (Mich). <i>Lincoln Co.: 13 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton</i>, 2; <i>10 mi. N, +2 mi. W Afton</i>, 4; <i>9½ mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton</i>, 3; 9 mi. N, 2 mi. W Afton, 9; +<i>7 mi. N, 1 mi. W Afton</i>, 12; Afton, 1 (USBS); Labarge Creek, 1 (USBS); +Border, 6 (USBS); <i>Cokeville</i>, 2 (USBS); 6 mi. N, 2 mi. E Sage, 1; Cumberland, +5 (USBS). <i>Sublette Co.</i>: 34 mi. N, 4 mi. W Pinedale, 1; <i>33 mi. N, 2 +mi. W Pinedale</i>, 6; <i>32 mi. N, 1 mi. W Pinedale</i>, 1; <i>31 mi. N Pinedale</i>, 4; Dell +Creek, on Ferris Ranch, 7 (Mich); Horse Creek, 7800 ft., Merna, 4 (USBS); +Big Piney, 1 (USBS). <i>Fremont Co.</i>: 17½ mi. W, 2½ mi. N Lander, 9500 ft., +3; <i>17 mi. W, 2 mi. N Lander, 9300 ft.</i>, 4; Milford and environs (5 localities +within a 1 mile radius), 23 (USBS 4); 15½ mi. S, 7½ mi. W Lander, 9200 ft., +1; South Pass City, 8000 ft, 8 (USBS); <i>23½ mi. S, 5 mi. W Lander, 8600 ft.</i>, +7. <i>Natrona Co.</i>: Deer Creek, 16 mi. S, 11 mi. W Waltman, 6950 ft., 44; +6 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 5900 ft., 4; <i>6-4/5 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6100 ft.</i>, 1; +<i>7 mi. S, 2 mi. W Casper, 6370 ft.</i>, 3; <i>10 mi. S Casper, 7750 ft.</i>, 33; Sun, 2 +(USBS); <i>5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6000 ft.</i>, 4; <i>5 mi. W, 1 mi. S Independence +Rock</i>, 2. <i>Converse Co.</i>: Beaver, 1 (USBS). <i>Uinta Co.: 1½ mi. W, +½ mi. S Cumberland</i>, 6; <i>16 mi. S, 2 mi. W Kemmerer, 6700 ft.</i>, 3; 10 mi. SW +Granger, 3 (Mich); Fort Bridger, 6650 ft., 25 (USNM 6); 9 mi. S Robertson, +8000 ft., 9; <i>9½ mi. S, ½ mi. W Robertson, 8600 ft.</i>, 1; <i>10 mi. S, 1 mi. W Robertson, +8700 ft.</i>, 25; <i>14 mi. S, 2 mi. E Robertson, 9000 ft.</i>, 5; 4 mi. S Lonetree, 1 +(USBS). <i>Sweetwater Co.</i>: Farson, 3; Bitter Creek, 3 (AMNH); Kinney +Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6800 ft., 9 (USNM 1, AMNH 2); 32 mi. S, 22 +mi. E Rock Springs, 7025 ft., on Vermillion Creek, 15. <i>Carbon Co.</i>: 18 mi. +NNE Sinclair, 6500 ft., 10; Bridgers Pass, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 7; +Saratoga, 1 (USBS); <i>6 mi. S, 13 mi. E Saratoga, 8500 ft.</i>, 5; <i>6 mi. S, 14 mi. +E Saratoga, 8800 ft.</i>, 1; Lake Marie, 10,440 ft., 2; <i>1 mi. S Lake Marie</i>, 2; <i>½ +mi. S, 2 mi. E Medicine Bow Peak, 10,800 ft.</i>, 1; Encampment (12 localities +from 10 mi. N, 14 mi. E to 9 mi. N, 3 mi. E Encampment and from 6500 to +8400 ft.), 63; 1/4 mi. N Riverside, 7380 ft., 2; S base Bridger Peak, 8800 ft., +Sierra Madre Mountains, 1; <i>2 mi. S Bridger Peak, 9300 ft.</i>, 2; Savery (10 +localities from 8 mi. N, 21 mi. E to 4 mi. N, 8 mi. E Savery and from 7300 to +8800 ft.), 80. <i>Albany Co.</i>: <i>30 mi. N, 10 mi. E Laramie, 6760 ft.</i>, 6; <i>29¾ mi. +N, 9½ mi. E Laramie, 6350 ft.</i>, 1; 26 mi. N, 4½ mi. E Laramie, 6960 ft., 8; +<i>26¾ mi. N, 6½ mi. E Laramie, 6700 ft.</i>, 3; <i>3 mi. N, 13 mi. E Laramie, 7500 +ft.</i>, 1; <i>7 mi. N, 2 mi. E Laramie</i>, 1 (Chi); 5 mi. N Laramie, 7400 ft., 15; +<i>Laramie</i>, 4 (AMNH); <i>1 mi. E Laramie, 7160 ft.</i>, 4; 7-7/10 mi. SSW Laramie, +7200 ft., 4; 6½ mi. S, 8¾ mi. E Laramie, 8200 ft., 1; <i>Headquarters Park, 10,200 +ft., Medicine Bow Mountains</i>, 3 (USBS); Centennial, 8120 ft., 1; <i>2-1/4 mi. ESE +Brown's Peak, 10,300 ft.</i>, 3; <i>3 mi. ESE Brown's Peak, 10,000 ft.</i>, 12; <i>2 mi. S +Brown's Peak, 10,600 ft.</i>, 1; <i>Pole Mountain, 15 mi. SE Laramie</i>, 4 (USBS 3); +<i>1 mi. SSE Pole Mountain, 8350 ft.</i>, 4; <i>2 mi. SW Pole Mountain, 8300 ft.</i>, 13; +<i>3 mi. S Pole Mountain, 8100 ft.</i>, 1; Sherman, 2 (AMNH). <i>Laramie Co.</i>: 5 +mi. N, 1 mi. W Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 1; Meadow, 2 (USBS); 11 mi. +N, 5½ mi. E Cheyenne, 5450 ft., 7; <i>7 mi. W Cheyenne, 6500 ft.</i>, 10; Cheyenne, +3 (USNM).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colorado</span>: <i>Moffat Co.</i>: Lay, 6160 ft., 1 (AMNH). <i>Routt Co.</i>: Wright's +Ranch, Yampa, 7700 ft., 2; Gore Range, 8 mi. E Toponas, 8000 ft., 2 (USBS). +<i>Larimer Co.</i>: <i>12½ mi. W, 1½ mi. S Rustic</i>, 1; 11 mi. W, 1 mi. S Rustic, 1; +Cache La Poudre River, 1 (Chi); <i>Estes Park</i>, 3 (USBS 1, AMNH 2); 19½ mi. +W, 2½ mi. S Loveland, 7280 ft., 6; <i>16 mi. W Loveland, 6840 ft.</i>, 1; 6 mi. W, +½ mi. S Loveland, 5200 ft., 1. <i>Rio Blanco Co.</i>: Meeker, 1 (USBS); <i>9½ mi. +SW Pagoda Peak</i>, 7700 ft., 3; 5 mi. S Pagoda Peak, 9100 ft., 2. <i>Eagle Co.</i>: +Eagle, 1 (USBS); Pando, 2 (USBS). <i>Grand Co.</i>: Mt. Whiteley, 2 (USBS); +Arapahoe Pass, Rabbit Ear Mountains, 2 (USBS); Coulter (near Granby), 5 +(USBS); <i>Arrowhead</i> (near Dale), 1 (USBS). <i>Boulder Co.</i>: ¾ mi. N, 2 mi. +W Allenspark, 8400 ft., 4; <i>3 mi. S Ward</i>, 9000 ft., 3; Nederland, 16 (Chi). +<i>Clear Creek Co.</i>: Mt. McLellan, 2 (USBS); Berthoud Pass, 4. <i>Park Co.</i>: +Trout Creek Ranch, 2 mi. N Garo, 1 (USBS).</p> + +<p>Specimens examined of <i>M. m. nanus</i> from eastern Idaho and Montana are +as follows: <span class="smcap">Idaho</span>: <i>Custer Co.</i>: Challis, 7 (USBS); Mill Creek, Challis Nat. +Forest, 1 (USBS); Pahsimeroi Mts., 12 (USBS); Lost River Mts., 1 (USBS). +<i>Fremont Co.</i>: N fork Snake River, 10 mi. SW Island Park, 6200 ft., 2 (AMNH); +Black Springs Creek, 4 mi. W Ashton, 5200 ft., 1 (AMNH); 5 mi. W St. +Anthony, 5000 ft., 1 (AMNH). <i>Camas Co.</i>: Camas Prairie, Corral, 5100 ft., +2 (USBS). <i>Blaine Co.</i>: Alturas Lake, 3 (USBS); <i>Sawtooth Lake</i>, 2 (USBS); +Craters of the Moon, Laidlow Park, 2 (Mich); Ticura, 10 mi. S Picabo, 1 +(USBS); 19 mi. NE Carey (Lava Lake), 8 (Mich). <i>Butte Co.</i>: <i>26 mi. SW +Arco</i>, 12 (Mich). <i>Bingham Co.</i>: Shelley, 6 (USBS). <i>Bonneville Co.</i>: 10 +mi. SE Irwin, 4 (USBS). <i>Owyhee Co.</i>: Three Creeks, 3 (USBS). <i>Twin +Falls Co.</i>: Castleford Fenced Plot, 11 mi. W, 9 mi. S Twin Falls, 1. <i>Minidoka +Co.</i>: <i>Heyburn</i>, 2 (USBS). <i>Cassia Co.</i>: 2 mi. S, 2 mi. W Burley, 5. <i>Bannock +Co.</i>: Pocatello, 23 (USBS 4); Swan Lake, 1 (USBS). <i>Bear Lake Co.</i>: Montpelier +Creek, 6700 ft., 3 (USBS). <span class="smcap">Montana</span>: <i>Gallatin Co.</i>: W. Fork of W. +Fork, Gallatin River, 1 (USBS). <i>Park Co.</i>: Lamar River, 7000 ft., 1 (USBS); +Gardiner, 1 (USBS). <i>Sweet Grass Co.</i>: 14 mi. S Big Timber, 1 (USBS); +<i>McLeod</i>, 1 (USBS); West Boulder Creek, 18 mi. SE Livingston, 2 (USBS).</p></blockquote> + + +<p class="center"><b>Microtus montanus codiensis</b>, new subspecies</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Type.</i>—Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 27578, Museum of Natural History, +University of Kansas, from 3⅕ mi. E and ⅗ mi. S Cody, 5020 ft., Park +Co., Wyoming; obtained on August 11, 1948, by James W. Bee, original number +18-8-11-48.</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p><i>Range.</i>—In northwestern Wyoming eastward from the Absaroka and Wind +River ranges into the western part of the Big Horn Basin.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—A relatively large <i>Microtus montanus</i>; tail actually and relatively +long; hind foot actually but not relatively large; skull large; zygomatic expanse +actually and relatively large; alveolobasilar length relatively large; upper molar +tooth-row relatively long; color relatively light, not reddish.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;"> +<a name="fig_1" id="fig_1"></a> +<a href="images/i010.png"> +<img src="images/i010_tn.png" width="560" height="600" alt="Fig. 1. Geographic range of Microtus montanus in Wyoming, Colorado, +and adjacent areas." title="Fig. 1. Geographic range of Microtus montanus in Wyoming, Colorado, and adjacent areas." /> +</a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Geographic range of Microtus montanus in Wyoming, Colorado, +and adjacent areas. The solid circles represent localities from which specimens +have been examined; the hollow circles represent type localities. The ranges +of subspecies in Utah are after Durrant, 1952. + +</span> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p>Guide to subspecies</p> +<ol> +<li>M. m. nanus</li> +<li>M. m. codiensis</li> +<li>M. m. zygomaticus</li> +<li>M. m. fusus</li> +<li>M. m. micropus</li> +<li>M. m. nexus</li> +<li>M. m. amosus</li> +<li>M. m. rivularis</li></ol> +</blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<blockquote><p><i>Comparisons.</i>—As compared with the specimens of <i>M. m. nanus</i> from Idaho, +the size is larger (see diagnosis and measurements). Certain proportions +which differ from those of <i>nanus</i> and which are not in close agreement with +the observed differences with age in specimens of <i>nanus</i> of a size comparable +to <i>codiensis</i> are relatively large alveolobasilar length, relatively long alveolar +length of upper molar tooth-row, relatively wide-spreading zygomatic arches, +and relatively long tail. The color in <i>codiensis</i> is lighter than in <i>nanus</i>. As +compared to the new subspecies named below from the Big Horn Mountains +to the east, <i>codiensis</i> is of similar size in head-body length, but has a relatively +as well as actually longer tail; the hind foot averages longer; the upper molar +tooth-row is relatively longer; the color is slightly paler and less grizzled; the +bullae are larger and less flattened; the angle formed at the suture between +the basioccipital and basisphenoid bones is less acute; and the region of the +suture is less prominently elevated between the bullae when viewed from the +ventral aspect. The pterygoid plates mesial and posterodorsal to the posterior +end of the last upper molar are less fenestrated, and the incisive foramina are +less constricted posteriorly.</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;"> +<a name="fig_2" id="fig_2"></a> +<a href="images/i011.png"> +<img src="images/i011_tn.png" width="559" height="600" alt="Fig. 2. Map showing the major barriers to Microtus montanus in Wyoming +and Colorado; the barriers are the low areas named on the map (the name +"Black Hills" is on the map for another reason; these hills are not a barrier). +The major mountainous areas higher than approximately 8000 feet in elevation +in Wyoming, Colorado and Utah are stippled. These mountainous areas +include the habitat that is most suitable for the montane meadow mouse. The +Black Hills are unoccupied by this species but these hills seem to be ecologically +suitable for the species." title="Fig. 2. Map showing the major barriers to Microtus montanus in Wyoming and Colorado." /> +</a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Map showing the major barriers to Microtus montanus in Wyoming +and Colorado; the barriers are the low areas named on the map (the name +"Black Hills" is on the map for another reason; these hills are not a barrier). +The major mountainous areas higher than approximately 8000 feet in elevation +in Wyoming, Colorado and Utah are stippled. These mountainous areas +include the habitat that is most suitable for the montane meadow mouse. The +Black Hills are unoccupied by this species but these hills seem to be ecologically +suitable for the species.</span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<blockquote><p><i>Measurements.</i>—The average and the extremes for some measurements of +34 males and females, 27 from the type locality and 7 from other localities in +the range assigned to this subspecies, are as follows: total length, 165 (146-186); +length of tail, 44.2 (35-55); hind foot, 19.6 (17-21); condylobasilar length of +the skull, 25.5 (24.0-27.5); zygomatic breadth, 15.6 (14.7-16.6); alveolar length +of upper molar tooth-row, 6.6 (6.2-7.0); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.8 (8.1-9.5); +lambdoidal breadth, 12.0 (11.2-12.8). As an indication of variability and for +comparison with other series the coefficient of variability and two times the +standard error of the mean for each measurement in this series are included +in <a href="#table_1">Table 1</a>. The averages for some measurements of 27 topotypes are as follows: +total length, 162; length of tail, 45.5; hind foot, 19.9; condylobasilar +length, 25.6; palatilar length, 14.0; molar series, 6.6; alveolobasilar length, +14.9; zygomatic breadth, 15.6; interorbital breadth, 3.5; lambdoidal breadth, +12.1; prelambdoidal breadth, 8.9; depth of braincase, 7.8.</p></blockquote> + +<p><i>Discussion.</i>—Three species of <i>Microtus</i> were collected by James +W. Bee at the type locality. <i>Microtus montanus codiensis</i>, <i>Microtus +longicaudus mordax</i>, and <i>Microtus pennsylvanicus modestus</i> were +taken in the same runways in the same meadow, at the same time. +<i>Microtus ochrogaster haydeni</i>, although not taken at this locality, +occurs in the Big Horn Basin. These four species differ in their +geographic ranges, being largely allopatric, except <i>M. montanus</i> and +<i>M. longicaudus</i> which are sympatric. Although the different species +have ecological preferences and habits which differ, several species +of <i>Microtus</i> may occur together in local areas such as the above. +Certain of the characteristics of <i>M. m. codiensis</i> are intermediate +between those of the species <i>M. montanus</i> on one hand and those +of the other three species on the other hand. Could interspecific +hybridization between "good species" of <i>Microtus</i> take place in +nature and possibly alter the characteristics of a local population?</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 50, distributed as follows (abbreviations for +collections are given in the account of <i>M. m. nanus</i>; localities that are not +represented in <a href="#fig_1">Fig. 1</a> because overlapping or crowding of the symbols would +result are Italicized):</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Montana</span>: <i>Carbon Co.</i>: Beartooth Mountains, 2 (USBS); <i>Beartooth Lake</i>, +1 (USBS).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wyoming</span>: <i>Park Co.</i>: Black Mountain, head of Pat O'Hara Creek, 3 (USBS); +13 mi. N, 1 mi. E Cody, 5200 ft., 1; SW slope Whirlwind Peak, 9000 ft., 1; +<i>5 mi. N Cody, 6300 ft.</i>, 1 (USBS); 3⅕ mi. E, ⅗ mi. S Cody, 31; Ishawooa +Creek, 6300 ft., 2 (USBS); <i>Valley</i>, 1 (USBS); Needle Mountain, 10,500 ft., +4 (USBS). <i>Hot Springs Co.</i>: 3 mi. N, 10 mi. W Thermopolis, 4950 ft., 3.</p></blockquote> + + +<p class="center"><b>Microtus montanus zygomaticus</b>, new subspecies</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Type.</i>—Male, adult, skin and skull, No. 32761, Museum of Natural History, +University of Kansas, from Medicine Wheel Ranch, 9000 ft., 28 mi. E Lovell, +Big Horn County, Wyoming; obtained by R. Freiburg, original number 105.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—The Big Horn Mountains of north-central Wyoming.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—A large <i>Microtus montanus</i> with a relatively short tail; short +molar series; broad zygomatic arches well rounded in lateral outline when +viewed from above; small and flattened bullae; raised basioccipito-basisphenoid +suture.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparison with <i>M. m. codiensis</i> from the west, on the +other side of the Big Horn Basin, see the account of that subspecies. In comparison +with <i>nanus</i> this subspecies is slightly paler, in this respect showing +more resemblance to <i>codiensis</i> although not so pale, and more grizzled or +unevenly colored. This difference in color between <i>zygomaticus</i> and <i>codiensis</i> +may not be of taxonomic significance. From both the topotypes of <i>nanus</i>, and +the series of it from Wyoming, <i>zygomaticus</i> differs on the average in having a +relatively shorter tail, a relatively shorter upper molar tooth-row, relatively +more rounded and relatively more wide-spread zygomatic arches, and smaller +more flattened bullae.</p> + +<p><i>Measurements.</i>—Average and extreme measurements of 24 adult males and +females from several localities here referred to <i>M. m. zygomaticus</i> are as follows: +total length, 159(150-175); length of tail, 37.6(31-46); hind foot, +18.6(17-20); condylobasilar length of the skull, 25.3(24.2-26.7); zygomatic +breadth, 15.3(14.1-16.7); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.2 +(5.7-6.8); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.7(8.3-9.4); lambdoidal breadth, 11.9(11.0-12.5). +Average and extreme measurements of a series of 12 adult male +topotypes are as follows: total length, 159(144-174); length of tail, 36.4 +(30-41); hind foot, 18.2(16-20); condylobasilar length of skull, 25.8(24.7-26.7); +alveolobasilar length, 14.8(13.8-15.3); palatilar length, 13.8 (12.7-14.2); alveolar +length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.4(5.9-6.6); zygomatic breadth, 15.9 +(15.0-16.7); interorbital breadth, 3.6(3.4-3.7); lambdoidal breadth, 12.1 +(11.5-12.5); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.6(8.3-8.9); depth of braincase, 8.0 +(7.6-8.3).</p></blockquote> + +<p><i>Discussion.</i>—This subspecies is separated from <i>M. m. codiensis</i> to +the west by the Big Horn Basin. A series from along Buffalo Creek, +27 mi. N, 1 mi. E Powder River, 6075 ft., in Natrona County, Wyoming, +is intermediate between the topotypes of <i>zygomaticus</i> and +<i>nanus</i> in the characters cited above as distinguishing the two, but +shows greater resemblance to <i>zygomaticus</i> in the shape of the +zygomatic arch, in color which is paler than in topotypes of +<i>zygomaticus</i>, and in the short hind foot. On these and on geographic +grounds this population is referred to <i>zygomaticus</i>. Unfortunately +we cannot be certain in many cases that an intermediate condition +in a certain character indicates a genetically intermediate population +and therefore true intergradation between the two subspecies +to which the population is geographically intermediate. The topotypes +of this subspecies are the most distinct of all the series which +I have studied from the eastern Rocky Mountains, in terms of the +degree of morphological departure from the norm for the species. +After <i>zygomaticus</i> the following populations are arranged according +to their degree of deviation from this norm (<i>codiensis</i> deviates +most): topotypes of <i>codiensis</i>, <i>fusus</i> and a population from southern +Sweetwater County, Wyoming, and lastly the <i>nanus-caryi</i> complex. +Within the latter group, as I have mentioned, there are a number +of local variants most of which do not differ significantly and do +not conform to any geographic pattern.</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 55, distributed as follows (abbreviations for +collections are given in the account of <i>M. m. nanus</i>; localities that are not +represented in <a href="#fig_1">Fig. 1</a> because overlapping or crowding of the symbols would +result are Italicized): <span class="smcap">Wyoming</span>: <i>Big Horn Co.</i>: Medicine Wheel Ranch, +9000 ft., 28 mi. E Lovell, 30; W slope, head of Trappers Creek, 9500 ft., 2 +(USBS). <i>Washakie Co.</i>: 9 mi. E, 5 mi. N Tensleep, 7400 ft., 1. <i>Johnson +Co.</i>: 7½ mi. W, 1 mi. S Buffalo, 6500 ft., 3; Big Horn Mountains, 3 (USBS). +<i>Natrona Co.</i>: Buffalo Creek, 27 mi. N, 1 mi. E Powder River, 6075 ft., 16.</p></blockquote> + + +<p class="center"><b>Microtus montanus fusus</b> Hall</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Microtus nanus</i>, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17:30, June 6, 1900 (part); Cary, +N. Amer. Fauna 33:123, August 17, 1911.</p> + +<p><i>Microtus montanus fusus</i> Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51:131-134, +August 23, 1938; Warren, The Mammals of Colorado, Univ. of Okla. +Press, p. 229, 1942.</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p><i>Type.</i>—Male, adult, skin and skull; No. 61281, Museum of Vertebrate +Zoology; 2½ miles east of summit of Cochetopa Pass, Saguache County, Colorado; +Sept. 21, 1933; collected by Annie M. Alexander; original number 2568. +Type not seen by me.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Southern Colorado and northern New Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparison with <i>M. m. nanus</i>, the subspecies to the +northward, see the preceding account of that subspecies. For comparison +with <i>M. m. amosus</i> the subspecies to the west see Hall (1938) and Durrant +(1952). I have not examined specimens of <i>amosus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Measurements.</i>—Average and extreme measurements for 17 adults including +both males and females from several localities in southern Colorado are as +follows: total length, 160 (136-179); length of tail, 42 (35-55); hind foot, +19.2 (17-23); condylobasilar length of the skull, 25.2 (24.0-26.0); zygomatic +breadth, 15.0 (14.1-15.5); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.4 +(6.0-6.7); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.7 (8.3-9.2); lambdoidal breadth, 11.7 (11.1-12.6).</p> + +<p>Average and extreme measurements of 4 adults (2 males and 2 females) +from the type locality and 11 adults (4 males and 7 females) from other +localities in southern Colorado are as follows: total length, 162 (157-168), +157 (137-169); length of tail (means only), 44.5, 40.5; hind foot, 18.8 (18-19), +18.6 (18-23); condylobasilar length of skull, 24.5 (24.0-24.7), 25.2 (24.3-26.1); +alveolobasilar length, 14.2 (13.9-14.5), 14.6 (14.1-15.1); palatilar length, 13.2 +(13.0-13.4), 13.5 (13.1-14.2); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.3 +(6.0-6.6), 6.4 (6.3-6.7); zygomatic breadth, 15.0 (14.3-15.5), 14.9 (14.1-15.5); +interorbital breadth, 3.5 (3.3-3.6), 3.5 (3.3-3.7); lambdoidal breadth, 11.8 (11.1-12.6), +11.7 (11.2-12.3); prelambdoidal breadth, 8.6 (8.3-9.2), 8.8 (8.3-9.0); +depth of braincase, 7.5 (7.2-7.8), 7.6 (7.1-7.9).</p></blockquote> + +<p><i>Discussion.</i>—There is no sharp boundary between <i>M. m. fusus</i> of +southern Colorado and the subspecies to the north, <i>M. m. nanus</i>. +Although the line separating these two subspecies is drawn somewhat +arbitrarily, on the whole the samples from north of this line +more closely resemble <i>nanus</i>. All of the means for total length +given above are larger than the maximum given in Hall's description +of <i>fusus</i>. The caudal index (38 and 35% in two series) is +slightly larger than that cited by Hall (33.3%) and is not significantly +different from that in <i>nanus</i> (35.2%). The color in both young and +old mice is variable, but in general is more yellowish, and less +grayish, than in any other series studied.</p> + +<p>There is a large area in western Colorado and eastern Utah, +between the known ranges of <i>M. m. fusus</i> and <i>M. m. amosus</i> from +which there are no specimens. Probably the species occurs only at +certain places in this arid region which seems to be a partial barrier +to the species.</p> + +<p>Specimens of <i>M. montanus</i> from northern New Mexico have been +referred previously to <i>M. m. arizonensis</i>. When he named <i>M. m. +fusus</i>, Hall mentioned its resemblance to <i>arizonensis</i> in reddish +coloration, but pointed out that <i>fusus</i> is less reddish. Of six specimens +from Valle Santa Rosa, Jemez Mountains (USBS), 8500 ft., +Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, three are immature, and the skulls +of the remaining specimens are damaged. In reddish color and +relatively large size these few specimens resemble <i>arizonensis</i> more +than <i>fusus</i> although the locality of occurrence is closer to the geographic +range of the northern <i>fusus</i> than to that of <i>arizonensis</i>. The +identification of these specimens as <i>arizonensis</i> is provisional; additional +specimens are needed from the area, 200 miles wide, which +separates the ranges as now known of <i>arizonensis</i> in Arizona from +the occurrence in New Mexico. There is a single specimen from +this area, the damaged skull of which prevents conclusive identification. +The specimen is either <i>M. montanus</i> or <i>M. mexicanus</i>, and +is from Nutria, on the southern edge of the Zuni Mountains (USBS). +Detailed comparison of <i>fusus</i> and <i>arizonensis</i> is not attempted here +although it may be stated that in several characters <i>fusus</i> is intermediate +between <i>arizonensis</i> to the south and <i>nanus</i> to the north.</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total, 89, distributed as follows (abbreviations for +collections are given in the account of <i>M. m. nanus</i>; localities that are not +represented in <a href="#fig_1">Fig. 1</a> because overlapping or crowding of the symbols would +result are Italicized):</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colorado</span>: <i>Pitkin Co.</i>: 5 mi. W Independence Pass, 11,000 ft., 1 (Chi). +<i>Lake Co.</i>: <i>Independence Pass, 12,095 ft.</i>, 2 (Chi). <i>Gunnison Co.</i>: <i>Gothic</i>, 2 +(USBS); Decker's Ranch, Crested Butte, 2 (AMNH); Almont, 3 (USBS). +<i>Montrose Co.</i>: Coventry, 5 (USBS 4, AMNH 1). <i>Saguache Co.</i>: Cochetopa +Pass and environs, 44 (USBS 22). <i>Hinsdale Co.</i>: Ruby Lake, 1 (USBS). +<i>Mineral Co.</i>: 3 mi. E Creede, 1; 23 mi. S, 11 mi. E Creede, 9300 ft., 7. <i>La +Plata Co.</i>: Florida, 6800 ft., 1. <i>Conejos Co.</i>: 1 mi. S, 19 mi. W Antonito, +10,200 ft., 3; <i>4 mi. S, 23 mi. W Antonito</i>, 1; <i>5 mi. S, 24 mi. W Antonito, 9600 +ft.</i>, 9.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>: <i>Rio Arriba Co.</i>: 6 mi. W Hopewell, 9900 ft., 6 (USBS); +<i>Tusas River, 8700 ft.</i>, 1 (USBS).</p></blockquote> + +<p>Some measurements not given above are included in <a href="#table_1">Table 1</a>, +together with the number of specimens and the sex if restricted to +one sex. So that the variability can be evaluated more adequately, +the coefficient of variability and 2 times the standard error of the +mean are included for the measurements in two series. The series +consist of all the adult specimens (with a condylobasilar length of +24.0 mm. or more) of both sexes from the areas specified. Various +barriers are shown in <a href="#fig_2">Fig. 2</a> for comparison with the distributions +of the subspecies and the localities of known occurrence shown in +<a href="#fig_1">Fig. 1</a>. <i>Microtus montanus</i> has not been taken in the Black Hills +area of extreme northeastern Wyoming. Suitable montane habitat +is present and both <i>Microtus pennsylvanicus insperatus</i> and <i>Microtus +longicaudus longicaudus</i> occur there. The arid basin of the Powder +River presumably is a barrier that has prevented <i>M. montanus</i> from +reaching this area.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p class="center"><a name="table_1" id="table_1"></a><span class="smcap">Table 1. Average Measurements, in Millimeters, of Adults of +Microtus montanus.</span></p> + +<p> +Key to column headings:<br /> +<br /> +A: No. of individuals averaged<br /> +B: Total length<br /> +C: Length of tail<br /> +D: Length of hind foot<br /> +E: Condylobasilar length<br /> +F: Alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row<br /> +G: Zygomatic breadth<br /> +H: Lambdoidal breadth<br /> +I: Prelambdoidal breadth<br /> +<br /> +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Average Measurements of Adults of Microtus montanus."> +<tr> +<th align="center"><span class="smcap">Locality</span></th> +<th align="center">A</th> +<th align="center">B</th> +<th align="center">C</th> +<th align="center">D</th> +<th align="center">E</th> +<th align="center">F</th> +<th align="center">G</th> +<th align="center">H</th> +<th align="center">I</th> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="10"><i>M. m. codiensis</i>, all</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Average</td><td align="right">34</td><td align="right">165.3</td><td align="right">44.2</td><td align="right">19.6</td><td align="right">25.47</td><td align="right">6.56</td><td align="right">15.55</td><td align="right">12.05</td><td align="right">8.76</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 × stand. error</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">3.56</td><td align="right">1.84</td><td align="right">.395</td><td align="right">.308</td><td align="right">.067</td><td align="right">.198</td><td align="right">.144</td><td align="right">.129</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coeff. variab</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">6.0</td><td align="right">11.6</td><td align="right">5.6</td><td align="right">3.5</td><td align="right">3.0</td><td align="right">3.65</td><td align="right">1.20</td><td align="right">1.47</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="10"><i>M. m. nanus</i>, Eastern Idaho</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Average</td><td align="right">21<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td><td align="right">151.1</td><td align="right">39.4</td><td align="right">19.2</td><td align="right">25.00</td><td align="right">6.44</td><td align="right">14.99</td><td align="right">11.74</td><td align="right">8.94</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 × stand. error</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">3.20</td><td align="right">2.89</td><td align="right">.293</td><td align="right">.286</td><td align="right">1.15</td><td align="right">.295</td><td align="right">.210</td><td align="right">.182</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coeff. variab.</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">21.1</td><td align="right">4.38</td><td align="right">2.49</td><td align="right">3.99</td><td align="right">4.10</td><td align="right">3.79</td><td align="right">4.31</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="10"><i>M. m. nanus</i>, Wyoming</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Teton Co.</td><td align="right">35</td><td align="right">160.5</td><td align="right">40.7</td><td align="right">18.6</td><td align="right">25.16</td><td align="right">6.51</td><td align="right">15.17</td><td align="right">11.86</td><td align="right">8.77</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fremont Co.</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="right">157.0</td><td align="right">41.4</td><td align="right">19.6</td><td align="right">25.23</td><td align="right">6.25</td><td align="right">15.05</td><td align="right">11.88</td><td align="right">8.91</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lincoln Co.</td><td align="right">24</td><td align="right">159.9</td><td align="right">41.8</td><td align="right">18.9</td><td align="right">25.08</td><td align="right">6.26</td><td align="right">15.10</td><td align="right">11.82</td><td align="right">8.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Uinta Co.</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="right">162.4</td><td align="right">41.3</td><td align="right">19.0</td><td align="right">25.33</td><td align="right">6.42</td><td align="right">15.31</td><td align="right">12.16</td><td align="right">8.89</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sweetwater Co.</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">159.8</td><td align="right">43.7</td><td align="right">20.1</td><td align="right">24.98</td><td align="right">6.31</td><td align="right">15.00</td><td align="right">11.84</td><td align="right">9.02</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Natrona Co.</td><td align="right">40</td><td align="right">159.6</td><td align="right">41.0</td><td align="right">19.6</td><td align="right">25.04</td><td align="right">6.40</td><td align="right">15.00</td><td align="right">11.84</td><td align="right">8.93</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Carbon Co.</td><td align="right">108</td><td align="right">158.7</td><td align="right">40.0</td><td align="right">19.1</td><td align="right">24.96</td><td align="right">6.27</td><td align="right">15.05</td><td align="right">11.83</td><td align="right">8.72</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Encampment ♂</td><td align="right">27</td><td align="left">161</td><td align="right">41.7</td><td align="right">18.9</td><td align="left">25.1</td><td align="right">6.16</td><td align="left">15.2</td><td align="left">11.9</td><td align="left">8.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Encampment ♀</td><td align="right">11</td><td align="left">159</td><td align="right">41.1</td><td align="right">19.4</td><td align="left">24.9</td><td align="right">6.18</td><td align="left">14.9</td><td align="left">11.6</td><td align="left">8.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Savery ♂</td><td align="right">23</td><td align="left">159</td><td align="right">41.0</td><td align="right">19.2</td><td align="left">25.3</td><td align="left">6.3</td><td align="left">15.2</td><td align="left">12.2</td><td align="left">8.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Savery ♀</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="left">155</td><td align="right">37.1</td><td align="right">18.8</td><td align="left">24.7</td><td align="left">6.3</td><td align="left">14.8</td><td align="left">11.6</td><td align="left">8.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="10"><i>M. m. nanus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Northern Colo.</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="right">163.1</td><td align="right">42.4</td><td align="right">19.6</td><td align="right">25.20</td><td align="right">6.44</td><td align="right">14.86</td><td align="right">11.70</td><td align="right">8.56</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="10"><i>M. m. fusus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Southern Colo.</td><td align="right">17<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></td><td align="right">159.8</td><td align="right">42.4</td><td align="right">19.2</td><td align="right">24.97</td><td align="right">6.43</td><td align="right">14.98</td><td align="right">11.73</td><td align="right">8.69</td></tr> +</table> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For external parts, 34 individuals were used.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> For external parts, 29 individuals were used.</p></div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h2>REFERENCES CITED</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bailey, V.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1900. Revision of American voles of the genus <i>Microtus</i>. N. Amer. Fauna, +17:1-88, June 6.</p> + +<p>1917. A new subspecies of meadow mouse from Wyoming. Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 30:29-30, February 21.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cary, M.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1911. A biological survey of Colorado. N. Amer. Fauna, 33:1-256, +August 17.</p> + +<p>1917. Life zone investigations in Wyoming. N. Amer. Fauna, 42:1-95, +October 3.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1939. The Recent mammals of Idaho. 400 p., front., illus., maps, diagrs., +Caldwell, Id., The Caxton Printers Ltd., April 5.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Durrant, S. D.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1952. Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. Univ. Kans. Publ., +Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:1-549, 91 figs, in text, 30 tables, August 10.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elton, C.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1942. Voles, mice and lemmings; problems in population dynamics. 496 +p., illus. (maps), tables, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, London.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Goin, O. B.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1943. A study of individual variation in <i>Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus</i>. +Jour. Mamm., 24:212-224, June 7.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hall, E. R.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1938. Notes on the meadow mice <i>Microtus montanus</i> and <i>Microtus nanus</i> +with descriptions of a new subspecies from Colorado. Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 51:131-134, August 23.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hill, E. A.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1935. Cranial foramina in rodents. Jour. Mamm. 16(2):121-129.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Howell, A. B.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1924. Individual and age variation in <i>Microtus montanus yosemite</i>. Jour. +Agr. Res., 28(10):977-1015, June 7.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kellogg, R.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1922. A study of the California forms of the <i>Microtus montanus</i> group of +meadow mice. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 21:245-274, April 18.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Merriam, C. H.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1891. Results of a biological reconnaissance of south-central Idaho. N. +Amer. Fauna, 5:1-113, July 30.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Piper, S. E.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1909. The Nevada mouse plague of 1907-8. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' +Bul. 352, pp. 1-23, 9 figs.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Warren, E. R.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>1942. The mammals of Colorado, their habits and distribution. Second +(revised) edition, Univ. Oklahoma Press, Norman, xviii-330 p., +front., 50 plates.</p></blockquote> + + +<p><i>Transmitted March 22, 1954.</i></p> + + +<p class="center"> +25-3560 +</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<h4>Transcriber's Notes</h4> + +<p>One typographical error was corrected: +"Castlford" was corrected to "Castleford" in "Twin Falls Co.: Castleford Fenced Plot".</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, +Microtus montanus, in Wyoming and , by Sydney Anderson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEADOW MOUSE *** + +***** This file should be named 31730-h.htm or 31730-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/7/3/31730/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Simon Gardner, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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