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diff --git a/3175-0.txt b/3175-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..303d86d --- /dev/null +++ b/3175-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,976 @@ +Project Gutenberg's A Burlesque Autobiography, by Mark Twain (Samuel +Clemens) + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost +no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use +it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this +eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Burlesque Autobiography + +Author: Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) + +Release Date: April, 2002 [Etext #3175] +Last Updated: February 24, 2018 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BURLESQUE AUTOBIOGRAPHY *** + + + +Produced by David Widger + + + + + + + +A BURLESQUE AUTOBIOGRAPHY + +and, FIRST ROMANCE + +by Mark Twain + + 1871 + + + +Contents + + +BURLESQUE AUTOBIOGRAPHY + + +AWFUL, TERRIBLE MEDIEVAL ROMANCE + +CHAPTER I. THE SECRET REVEALED. + +CHAPTER II. FESTIVITY AND TEARS + +CHAPTER III. THE PLOT THICKENS. + +CHAPTER IV. THE AWFUL REVELATION. + +CHAPTER V. THE FRIGHTFUL CATASTROPHE. + + + + + +BURLESQUE AUTOBIOGRAPHY. + +Two or three persons having at different times intimated that if I would +write an autobiography they would read it, when they got leisure, I +yield at last to this frenzied public demand, and herewith tender my +history: + +Ours is a noble old house, and stretches a long way back into antiquity. +The earliest ancestor the Twains have any record of was a friend of the +family by the name of Higgins. This was in the eleventh century, when +our people were living in Aberdeen, county of Cork, England. Why it is +that our long line has ever since borne the maternal name (except when +one of them now and then took a playful refuge in an alias to avert +foolishness), instead of Higgins, is a mystery which none of us has ever +felt much desire to stir. It is a kind of vague, pretty romance, and we +leave it alone. All the old families do that way. + +Arthour Twain was a man of considerable note--a solicitor on the highway +in William Rufus' time. At about the age of thirty he went to one of +those fine old English places of resort called Newgate, to see about +something, and never returned again. While there he died suddenly. + +Augustus Twain, seems to have made something of a stir about the year +1160. He was as full of fun as he could be, and used to take his old +sabre and sharpen it up, and get in a convenient place on a dark night, +and stick it through people as they went by, to see them jump. He was a +born humorist. But he got to going too far with it; and the first time +he was found stripping one of these parties, the authorities removed one +end of him, and put it up on a nice high place on Temple Bar, where it +could contemplate the people and have a good time. He never liked any +situation so much or stuck to it so long. + +Then for the next two hundred years the family tree shows a succession +of soldiers--noble, high-spirited fellows, who always went into battle +singing; right behind the army, and always went out a-whooping, right +ahead of it. + +This is a scathing rebuke to old dead Froissart's poor witticism that +our family tree never had but one limb to it, and that that one stuck +out at right angles, and bore fruit winter, and summer. + + + ||=======|==== + || | + || | + || O + || / || \ + || || + || || + || + || + || + OUR FAMILY TREE + +Early in the fifteenth century we have Beau Twain, called “the Scholar.” + He wrote a beautiful, beautiful hand. And he could imitate anybody's +hand so closely that it was enough to make a person laugh his head off +to see it. He had infinite sport with his talent. But by and by he took +a contract to break stone for a road, and the roughness of the work +spoiled his hand. Still, he enjoyed life all the time he was in the +stone business, which, with inconsiderable intervals, was some forty-two +years. In fact, he died in harness. During all those long years he gave +such satisfaction that he never was through with one contract a week +till government gave him another. He was a perfect pet. And he was +always a favorite with his fellow-artists, and was a conspicuous member +of their benevolent secret society, called the Chain Gang. He always +wore his hair short, had a preference for striped clothes, and died +lamented by the government. He was a sore loss to his country. For he +was so regular. + +Some years later we have the illustrious John Morgan Twain. He came over +to this country with Columbus in 1492, as a passenger. He appears to +have been of a crusty, uncomfortable disposition. He complained of the +food all the way over, and was always threatening to go ashore unless +there was a change. He wanted fresh shad. Hardly a day passed over his +head that he did not go idling about the ship with his nose in the air, +sneering about the commander, and saying he did not believe Columbus +knew where he was going to or had ever been there before. The memorable +cry of “Land ho!” thrilled every heart in the ship but his. He gazed a +while through a piece of smoked glass at the penciled line lying on the +distant water, and then said: “Land be hanged,--it's a raft!” + +When this questionable passenger came on board the ship, he brought +nothing with him but an old newspaper containing a handkerchief marked +“B. G.,” one cotton sock marked “L. W. C.” one woollen one marked “D. +F.” and a night-shirt marked “O. M. R.” And yet during the voyage he +worried more about his “trunk,” and gave himself more airs about it, +than all the rest of the passengers put together. + +If the ship was “down by the head,” and would not steer, he would go and +move his “trunk” farther aft, and then watch the effect. If the ship +was “by the stern,” he would suggest to Columbus to detail some men +to “shift that baggage.” In storms he had to be gagged, because his +wailings about his “trunk” made it impossible for the men to hear the +orders. The man does not appear to have been openly charged with +any gravely unbecoming thing, but it is noted in the ship's log as a +“curious circumstance” that albeit he brought his baggage on board the +ship in a newspaper, he took it ashore in four trunks, a queensware +crate, and a couple of champagne baskets. But when he came back +insinuating in an insolent, swaggering way, that some of his things were +missing, and was going to search the other passengers' baggage, it +was too much, and they threw him overboard. They watched long and +wonderingly for him to come up, but not even a bubble rose on the +quietly ebbing tide. But while every one was most absorbed in gazing +over the side, and the interest was momentarily increasing, it was +observed with consternation that the vessel was adrift and the anchor +cable hanging limp from the bow. Then in the ship's dimmed and ancient +log we find this quaint note: + + + “In time it was discouvered yt ye troblesome passenger hadde + gonne downe and got ye anchor, and toke ye same and solde it to + ye dam sauvages from ye interior, saying yt he hadde founde it, + ye sonne of a ghun!” + +Yet this ancestor had good and noble instincts, and it is with pride +that we call to mind the fact that he was the first white person who +ever interested himself in the work of elevating and civilizing our +Indians. He built a commodious jail and put up a gallows, and to +his dying day he claimed with satisfaction that he had had a more +restraining and elevating influence on the Indians than any other +reformer that ever labored among them. At this point the chronicle +becomes less frank and chatty, and closes abruptly by saying that the +old voyager went to see his gallows perform on the first white man ever +hanged in America, and while there received injuries which terminated in +his death. + +The great grandson of the “Reformer” flourished in sixteen hundred and +something, and was known in our annals as, “the old Admiral,” though in +history he had other titles. He was long in command of fleets of swift +vessels, well armed and manned, and did great service in hurrying up +merchantmen. Vessels which he followed and kept his eagle eye on, always +made good fair time across the ocean. But if a ship still loitered +in spite of all he could do, his indignation would grow till he could +contain himself no longer--and then he would take that ship home where +he lived and, keep it there carefully, expecting the owners to come for +it, but they never did. And he would try to get the idleness and sloth +out of the sailors of that ship by compelling them to take invigorating +exercise and a bath. He called it “walking a plank.” All the pupils +liked it. At any rate, they never found any fault with it after trying +it. When the owners were late coming for their ships, the Admiral always +burned them, so that the insurance money should not be lost. At last +this fine old tar was cut down in the fulness of his years and honors. +And to her dying day, his poor heart-broken widow believed that if +he had been cut down fifteen minutes sooner he might have been +resuscitated. + +Charles Henry Twain lived during the latter part of the seventeenth +century, and was a zealous and distinguished missionary. He converted +sixteen thousand South Sea islanders, and taught them that a dog-tooth +necklace and a pair of spectacles was not enough clothing to come to +divine service in. His poor flock loved him very, very dearly; and +when his funeral was over, they got up in a body (and came out of the +restaurant) with tears in their eyes, and saying, one to another, that +he was a good tender missionary, and they wished they had some more of +him. + +PAH-GO-TO-WAH-WAH-PUKKETEKEEWIS (Mighty-Hunter-with-a-Hog-Eye) TWAIN +adorned the middle of the eighteenth century, and aided Gen. Braddock +with all his heart to resist the oppressor Washington. It was this +ancestor who fired seventeen times at our Washington from behind a tree. +So far the beautiful romantic narrative in the moral story-books is +correct; but when that narrative goes on to say that at the seventeenth +round the awe-stricken savage said solemnly that that man was being +reserved by the Great Spirit for some mighty mission, and he dared not +lift his sacrilegious rifle against him again, the narrative seriously +impairs the integrity of history. What he did say was: + +“It ain't no (hic!) no use. 'At man's so drunk he can't stan' still long +enough for a man to hit him. I (hic!) I can't 'ford to fool away any +more am'nition on him!” + +That was why he stopped at the seventeenth round, and it was, a good +plain matter-of-fact reason, too, and one that easily commends itself to +us by the eloquent, persuasive flavor of probability there is about it. + +I always enjoyed the story-book narrative, but I felt a marring +misgiving that every Indian at Braddock's Defeat who fired at a soldier +a couple of times (two easily grows to seventeen in a century), and +missed him, jumped to the conclusion that the Great Spirit was reserving +that soldier for some grand mission; and so I somehow feared that the +only reason why Washington's case is remembered and the others forgotten +is, that in his the prophecy came true, and in that of the others it +didn't. There are not books enough on earth to contain the record of the +prophecies Indians and other unauthorized parties have made; but one may +carry in his overcoat pockets the record of all the prophecies that have +been fulfilled. + +I will remark here, in passing, that certain ancestors of mine are so +thoroughly well known in history by their aliases, that I have not felt +it to be worth while to dwell upon them, or even mention them in the +order of their birth. Among these may be mentioned RICHARD BRINSLEY +TWAIN, alias Guy Fawkes; JOHN WENTWORTH TWAIN, alias Sixteen-String +Jack; WILLIAM HOGARTH TWAIN, alias Jack Sheppard; ANANIAS TWAIN, alias +Baron Munchausen; JOHN GEORGE TWAIN, alias Capt. Kydd; and then there +are George Francis Train, Tom Pepper, Nebuchadnezzar and Baalam's +Ass--they all belong to our family, but to a branch of it somewhat +distantly removed from the honorable direct line--in fact, a collateral +branch, whose members chiefly differ from the ancient stock in that, in +order to acquire the notoriety we have always yearned and hungered for, +they have got into a low way of going to jail instead of getting hanged. + +It is not well, when writing an autobiography, to follow your ancestry +down too close to your own time--it is safest to speak only vaguely of +your great-grandfather, and then skip from there to yourself, which I +now do. + +I was born without teeth--and there Richard III had the advantage of +me; but I was born without a humpback, likewise, and there I had the +advantage of him. My parents were neither very poor nor conspicuously +honest. + +But now a thought occurs to me. My own history would really seem so tame +contrasted with that of my ancestors, that it is simply wisdom to leave +it unwritten until I am hanged. If some other biographies I have read +had stopped with the ancestry until a like event occurred, it would have +been a felicitous thing, for the reading public. How does it strike you? + + + + + +AWFUL, TERRIBLE MEDIEVAL ROMANCE + + + +CHAPTER I. THE SECRET REVEALED. + +It was night. Stillness reigned in the grand old feudal castle of +Klugenstein. The year 1222 was drawing to a close. Far away up in +the tallest of the castle's towers a single light glimmered. A secret +council was being held there. The stern old lord of Klugenstein sat in a +chair of state meditating. Presently he said, with a tender accent: + +“My daughter!” + +A young man of noble presence, clad from head to heel in knightly mail, +answered: + +“Speak, father!” + +“My daughter, the time is come for the revealing of the mystery that +hath puzzled all your young life. Know, then, that it had its birth in +the matters which I shall now unfold. My brother Ulrich is the great +Duke of Brandenburgh. Our father, on his deathbed, decreed that if +no son were born to Ulrich, the succession should pass to my house, +provided a son were born to me. And further, in case no son were born to +either, but only daughters, then the succession should pass to Ulrich's +daughter, if she proved stainless; if she did not, my daughter should +succeed, if she retained a blameless name. And so I, and my old wife +here, prayed fervently for the good boon of a son, but the prayer was +vain. You were born to us. I was in despair. I saw the mighty prize +slipping from my grasp, the splendid dream vanishing away. And I had +been so hopeful! Five years had Ulrich lived in wedlock, and yet his +wife had borne no heir of either sex. + +“'But hold,' I said, 'all is not lost.' A saving scheme had shot athwart +my brain. You were born at midnight. Only the leech, the nurse, and six +waiting-women knew your sex. I hanged them every one before an hour +had sped. Next morning all the barony went mad with rejoicing over +the proclamation that a son was born to Klugenstein, an heir to mighty +Brandenburgh! And well the secret has been kept. Your mother's own +sister nursed your infancy, and from that time forward we feared +nothing. + +“When you were ten years old, a daughter was born to Ulrich. We grieved, +but hoped for good results from measles, or physicians, or other +natural enemies of infancy, but were always disappointed. She lived, she +throve--Heaven's malison upon her! But it is nothing. We are safe. +For, Ha-ha! have we not a son? And is not our son the future Duke? +Our well-beloved Conrad, is it not so?--for, woman of eight-and-twenty +years--as you are, my child, none other name than that hath ever fallen +to you! + +“Now it hath come to pass that age hath laid its hand upon my brother, +and he waxes feeble. The cares of state do tax him sore. Therefore he +wills that you shall come to him and be already Duke--in act, though not +yet in name. Your servitors are ready--you journey forth to-night. + +“Now listen well. Remember every word I say. There is a law as old as +Germany that if any woman sit for a single instant in the great ducal +chair before she hath been absolutely crowned in presence of the people, +SHE SHALL DIE! So heed my words. Pretend humility. Pronounce your +judgments from the Premier's chair, which stands at the foot of the +throne. Do this until you are crowned and safe. It is not likely that +your sex will ever be discovered; but still it is the part of wisdom to +make all things as safe as may be in this treacherous earthly life.” + +“Oh; my father, is it for this my life hath been a lie! Was it that I +might cheat my unoffending cousin of her rights? Spare me, father, spare +your child!” + +“What, huzzy! Is this my reward for the august fortune my brain has +wrought for thee? By the bones of my father, this puling sentiment of +thine but ill accords with my humor. + +“Betake thee to the Duke, instantly! And beware how thou meddlest with +my purpose!” + +Let this suffice, of the conversation. It is enough for us to know that +the prayers, the entreaties and the tears of the gentle-natured girl +availed nothing. They nor anything could move the stout old lord of +Klugenstein. And so, at last, with a heavy heart, the daughter saw the +castle gates close behind her, and found herself riding away in the +darkness surrounded by a knightly array of armed vassals and a brave +following of servants. + +The old baron sat silent for many minutes after his daughter's +departure, and then he turned to his sad wife and said: + +“Dame, our matters seem speeding fairly. It is full three months since I +sent the shrewd and handsome Count Detzin on his devilish mission to my +brother's daughter Constance. If he fail, we are not wholly safe; but if +he do succeed, no power can bar our girl from being Duchess e'en though +ill-fortune should decree she never should be Duke!” + +“My heart is full of bodings, yet all may still be well.” + +“Tush, woman! Leave the owls to croak. To bed with ye, and dream of +Brandenburgh and grandeur!” + + + + + +CHAPTER II. FESTIVITY AND TEARS + +Six days after the occurrences related in the above chapter, the +brilliant capital of the Duchy of Brandenburgh was resplendent with +military pageantry, and noisy with the rejoicings of loyal multitudes; +for Conrad, the young heir to the crown, was come. The old Duke's heart +was full of happiness, for Conrad's handsome person and graceful bearing +had won his love at once. The great halls of the palace were thronged +with nobles, who welcomed Conrad bravely; and so bright and happy did +all things seem, that he felt his fears and sorrows passing away and +giving place to a comforting contentment. + +But in a remote apartment of the palace a scene of a different nature +was transpiring. By a window stood the Duke's only child, the Lady +Constance. Her eyes were red and swollen, and full of tears. She was +alone. Presently she fell to weeping anew, and said aloud: + +“The villain Detzin is gone--has fled the dukedom! I could not believe +it at first, but alas! it is too true. And I loved him so. I dared to +love him though I knew the Duke my father would never let me wed him. I +loved him--but now I hate him! With all my soul I hate him! Oh, what is +to become of me! I am lost, lost, lost! I shall go mad!” + + + + + +CHAPTER III. THE PLOT THICKENS. + +A few months drifted by. All men published the praises of the young +Conrad's government and extolled the wisdom of his judgments, the +mercifulness of his sentences, and the modesty with which he bore +himself in his great office. The old Duke soon gave everything into his +hands, and sat apart and listened with proud satisfaction while his +heir delivered the decrees of the crown from the seat of the premier. +It seemed plain that one so loved and praised and honored of all men as +Conrad was, could not be otherwise than happy. But strange enough, he +was not. For he saw with dismay that the Princess Constance had begun to +love him! The love of the rest of the world was happy fortune for him, +but this was freighted with danger! And he saw, moreover, that the +delighted Duke had discovered his daughter's passion likewise, and was +already dreaming of a marriage. Every day somewhat of the deep sadness +that had been in the princess' face faded away; every day hope and +animation beamed brighter from her eye; and by and by even vagrant +smiles visited the face that had been so troubled. + +Conrad was appalled. He bitterly cursed himself for having yielded to +the instinct that had made him seek the companionship of one of his own +sex when he was new and a stranger in the palace--when he was sorrowful +and yearned for a sympathy such as only women can give or feel. He +now began to avoid, his cousin. But this only made matters worse, for, +naturally enough, the more he avoided her, the more she cast herself in +his way. He marvelled at this at first; and next it startled him. The +girl haunted him; she hunted him; she happened upon him at all times and +in all places, in the night as well as in the day. She seemed singularly +anxious. There was surely a mystery somewhere. + +This could not go on forever. All the world was talking about it. The +Duke was beginning to look perplexed. Poor Conrad was becoming a very +ghost through dread and dire distress. One day as he was emerging from a +private ante-room attached to the picture gallery, Constance confronted +him, and seizing both his hands, in hers, exclaimed: + +“Oh, why, do you avoid me? What have I done--what have I said, to lose +your kind opinion of me--for, surely I had it once? Conrad, do not +despise me, but pity a tortured heart? I cannot--cannot hold the words +unspoken longer, lest they kill me--I LOVE you, CONRAD! There, despise +me if you must, but they would be uttered!” + +Conrad was speechless. Constance hesitated a moment, and then, +misinterpreting his silence, a wild gladness flamed in her eyes, and she +flung her arms about his neck and said: + +“You relent! you relent! You can love me--you will love me! Oh, say you +will, my own, my worshipped Conrad!” + +Conrad groaned aloud. A sickly pallor overspread his countenance, and +he trembled like an aspen. Presently, in desperation, he thrust the poor +girl from him, and cried: + +“You know not what you ask! It is forever and ever impossible!” And then +he fled like a criminal and left the princess stupefied with amazement. +A minute afterward she was crying and sobbing there, and Conrad was +crying and sobbing in his chamber. Both were in despair. Both saw ruin +staring them in the face. + +By and by Constance rose slowly to her feet and moved away, saying: + +“To think that he was despising my love at the very moment that I +thought it was melting his cruel heart! I hate him! He spurned me--did +this man--he spurned me from him like a dog!” + + + + + +CHAPTER IV. THE AWFUL REVELATION. + +Time passed on. A settled sadness rested once more upon the countenance +of the good Duke's daughter. She and Conrad were seen together no more +now. The Duke grieved at this. But as the weeks wore away, Conrad's +color came back to his cheeks and his old-time vivacity to his eye, +and he administered the government with a clear and steadily ripening +wisdom. + +Presently a strange whisper began to be heard about the palace. It grew +louder; it spread farther. The gossips of the city got hold of it. It +swept the dukedom. And this is what the whisper said: + +“The Lady Constance hath given birth to a child!” + +When the lord of Klugenstein heard it, he swung his plumed helmet thrice +around his head and shouted: + +“Long live Duke Conrad!--for lo, his crown is sure, from this day +forward! Detzin has done his errand well, and the good scoundrel shall +be rewarded!” + +And he spread the tidings far and wide, and for eight-and-forty hours no +soul in all the barony but did dance and sing, carouse and illuminate, +to celebrate the great event, and all at proud and happy old +Klugenstein's expense. + + + + + +CHAPTER V. THE FRIGHTFUL CATASTROPHE. + +The trial was at hand. All the great lords and barons of Brandenburgh +were assembled in the Hall of Justice in the ducal palace. No space was +left unoccupied where there was room for a spectator to stand or sit. +Conrad, clad in purple and ermine, sat in the premier's chair, and on +either side sat the great judges of the realm. The old Duke had sternly +commanded that the trial of his daughter should proceed, without favor, +and then had taken to his bed broken-hearted. His days were numbered. +Poor Conrad had begged, as for his very life, that he might be spared +the misery of sitting in judgment upon his cousin's crime, but it did +not avail. + +The saddest heart in all that great assemblage was in Conrad's breast. + +The gladdest was in his father's. For, unknown to his daughter “Conrad,” + the old Baron Klugenstein was come, and was among the crowd of nobles, +triumphant in the swelling fortunes of his house. + +After the heralds had made due proclamation and the other preliminaries +had followed, the venerable Lord Chief justice said: + +“Prisoner, stand forth!” + +The unhappy princess rose and stood unveiled before the vast multitude. +The Lord Chief Justice continued: + +“Most noble lady, before the great judges of this realm it hath been +charged and proven that out of holy wedlock your Grace hath given birth +unto a child; and by our ancient law the penalty is death, excepting in +one sole contingency, whereof his Grace the acting Duke, our good Lord +Conrad, will advertise you in his solemn sentence now; wherefore, give +heed.” + +Conrad stretched forth the reluctant sceptre, and in the self-same +moment the womanly heart beneath his robe yearned pityingly toward the +doomed prisoner, and the tears came into his eyes. He opened his lips to +speak, but the Lord Chief Justice said quickly: + +“Not there, your Grace, not there! It is not lawful to pronounce +judgment upon any of the ducal line SAVE FROM THE DUCAL THRONE!” + +A shudder went to the heart of poor Conrad, and a tremor shook the iron +frame of his old father likewise. CONRAD HAD NOT BEEN CROWNED--dared he +profane the throne? He hesitated and turned pale with fear. But it must +be done. Wondering eyes were already upon him. They would be suspicious +eyes if he hesitated longer. He ascended the throne. Presently he +stretched forth the sceptre again, and said: + +“Prisoner, in the name of our sovereign lord, Ulrich, Duke of +Brandenburgh, I proceed to the solemn duty that hath devolved upon +me. Give heed to my words. By the ancient law of the land, except you +produce the partner of your guilt and deliver him up to the executioner, +you must surely die. Embrace this opportunity--save yourself while yet +you may. Name the father of your child!” + +A solemn hush fell upon the great court--a silence so profound that men +could hear their own hearts beat. Then the princess slowly turned, with +eyes gleaming with hate, and pointing her finger straight at Conrad, +said: + +“Thou art the man!” + +An appalling conviction of his helpless, hopeless peril struck a chill +to Conrad's heart like the chill of death itself. What power on earth +could save him! To disprove the charge, he must reveal that he was a +woman; and for an uncrowned woman to sit in the ducal chair was death! +At one and the same moment, he and his grim old father swooned and fell +to, the ground. + +[The remainder of this thrilling and eventful story will NOT be found in +this or any other publication, either now or at any future time.] + +The truth is, I have got my hero (or heroine) into such a particularly +close place, that I do not see how I am ever going to get him (or +her) out of it again--and therefore I will wash my hands of the whole +business, and leave that person to get out the best way that offers--or +else stay there. I thought it was going to be easy enough to straighten +out that little difficulty, but it looks different now. + + +[If Harper's Weekly or the New York Tribune desire to copy these initial +chapters into the reading columns of their valuable journals, just as +they do the opening chapters of Ledger and New York Weekly novels, they +are at liberty to do so at the usual rates, provided they “trust.”] + +MARK TWAIN + + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Burlesque Autobiography by Mark +Twain (Samuel Clemens) + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BURLESQUE AUTOBIOGRAPHY *** + +***** This file should be named 3175-0.txt or 3175-0.zip ***** This and +all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/7/3175/ + +Produced by David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one +owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and +you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission +and without paying copyright royalties. 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