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diff --git a/31977-h/31977-h.htm b/31977-h/31977-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e4b0e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/31977-h/31977-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1313 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry in the Closing Scenes of the War for the Maintenance of the Union, by Various. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + + hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;} + + .poem {margin-left:25%; margin-right:15%;} + .note {margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#6633cc; text-decoration:none} + + ins.correction {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin solid gray;} + + .hang {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry in the +Closing Scenes of the War for the Maintenance of the Union, from Richmond to Appomatox, by William B. Arnold and Edward T. Bouvé and Lasalle Corbell Pickett + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry in the Closing Scenes of the War for the Maintenance of the Union, from Richmond to Appomatox + +Author: William B. Arnold + Edward T. Bouvé + Lasalle Corbell Pickett + +Release Date: April 13, 2010 [EBook #31977] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS CAVALRY *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i001.jpg" alt="The Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry in the Closing Scenes of the War for the Maintenance of the Union" /></div> +<p> </p><p> </p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="8" summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr><td><a href="#High_Bridge">The Battle at High Bridge</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#First_Flag">The First United States Flag Raised In Richmond After the War</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#Fourth_Mass">The Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry: In the Closing Scenes of the War<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">for the Maintenance of the Union, From Richmond to Appomattox</span></a></td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#War_Horse">Death of the War Horse</a></td></tr></table> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i005.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center">Col. Arnold A. Rand<br />4th Massachusetts Volunteer Cavalry</p> +<p> </p><p> </p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="High_Bridge" id="High_Bridge"></a>The Battle at High Bridge</h2> +<h4>by</h4> +<h3>Major Edward T. Bouvé, U. S. V.</h3> + +<p>The life of the American Cavalry is almost coeval with that of the +American people. Laws were passed for the formation of a mounted force in +1648, when the colony of Massachusetts Bay had not yet attained its +majority. Twenty-seven years later, in 1675, when the war with Metacomet +(King Philip) broke out there were five troops of cavalry, which in point +of equipment, discipline and appearance, had received the commendation of +European officers who had seen them.</p> + +<p>Captain Prentice’s troop formed a part of Major-General Winslow’s army, +which fought at Narrangansett Fort. It participated in the terrible march +and the awful battle which ensued. Of that battle, the latest and most +exhaustive of its historians says:</p> + +<p>“This must be classed as one of the most glorious victories ever achieved +in our history, and considering conditions, as displaying heroism both in +stubborn patience and dashing intrepidity never excelled in American +warfare.”</p> + +<p>So much for the first great battle in which Massachusetts cavalry took an +honorable part. I may be pardoned for referring to it in this paper, on +account of the singular coincidence, that in one of the last, and +unquestionably one of the most brilliant actions ever fought in +America—the Battle at High Bridge—Massachusetts horsemen accomplished a +very difficult thing: they succeeded in adding a yet deeper lustre to the +laurels which have ever adorned the standards of the American Cavalry.</p> + +<p>The story of the fight near High Bridge, Virginia, is but an account of an +obscure skirmish, if the numbers engaged and its duration be solely +considered; judged, however, by the fierce intensity of the struggle, and +the carnage, together with the results, which alone, yet amply, justified +the apparent madness of the attack, it is seen to be one of the most +notable of the achievements of those heroic days; for it led to the +culmination of the campaign and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> end of the war, at Appomattox. It was +called by Mr. Hay and Mr. Nicolay, in their history of Abraham Lincoln, +the most gallant and pathetic battle of the war.</p> + +<p>The Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Cavalry had been subjected to a +training and discipline which caused it to develop rapidly into one of the +finest cavalry regiments in the army. The officers were nearly all veteran +soldiers, educated in the hard school of war. A large proportion of the +men in the ranks had seen service, and the rank and file, as a whole, +proved to be such as any officer might be proud to lead.</p> + +<p>The quality of the regiment is easily accounted for, when it is considered +that its first colonel left the lasting impress of himself upon it; that +colonel was Arnold A. Rand.</p> + +<p>From the very beginning of its service in the field, the regiment had the +hard fortune to be cut up into detachments and details for special duty. +This was probably due to the good opinion entertained of it by the +general; but it was very trying and disappointing to the colonel, and to +all who had hoped to be serving, as earlier orders—too soon +countermanded—directed, with Sheridan.</p> + +<p>At the opening of the last campaign, the first and third battalions were +in Virginia. Three squadrons, with the field and staff, were attached to +the headquarters of General Ord, commanding the Army of the James; two +were at the headquarters of the Twenty-fourth, and two at those of the +Twenty-fifth Army corps. One was at Fort Magruder, where it had been for +many months, doing outpost and picket duty and engaged in scouting and +raiding. The second battalion was in active service in South Carolina and +Florida.</p> + +<p>Before the spring campaign opened, the command of the regiment had passed +to Francis Washburn of Lancaster, a member of a family distinguished for +its public services. This young gentleman was a patrician in the best +sense of the word. With the most brilliant prospects in life, he, like his +brother, left all to serve the Republic, and both drew “the gret prize o’ +death in battle.”</p> + +<p>In physical proportions, in personal beauty, in superb daring, in +high-minded devotion to every duty, he was the ideal of a cavalry leader, +and a worthy successor to the first regimental commander.</p> + +<p>One of the worst features of the internal economy of our armies during the +civil war, was the detailing of officers and men individually from +fighting regiments; the officers to serve on staff,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> the men for +orderlies, wagoners, hospital service and other special duties which +reduced the fighting strength to a minimum compared with what it should +have been. Probably the same custom would rule now.</p> + +<p>Owing to this pernicious, although at the time unavoidable system, as well +as to the ordinary casualties of the service, the three squadrons of the +Fourth Cavalry under the immediate command of Colonel Washburn at the +beginning of active service, had been reduced to one hundred and fifty +men.</p> + +<p>Orders were issued on the 27th of March to break camp, preparatory to the +resumption of movements against the lines of communication between the +besieged cities and their sources of supply.</p> + +<p>Richmond and Petersburg were evacuated on the third of April, General Lee +moving swiftly toward Amelia. The Federal armies marched at once in hot +pursuit, the Army of the James taking the general direction of the +Lynchburg railroad, reaching Burkesville on the evening of April 5th. That +same evening, Lee left Amelia Court house, pushing rapidly in the +direction of High Bridge, a long trestle over the Appomattox near +Farmville. Could he reach this bridge, cross and destroy it, he might hope +to succeed in gaining the mountains beyond Lynchburg.</p> + +<p>The Army of the James instantly changed direction in pursuit. Lee’s +objective point became evident, and General Ord determined to destroy the +bridge, if it were possible to accomplish this, before Lee could reach it. +To this end, he detached Colonel Washburn, with the three squadrons of his +own cavalry, now reduced by further details to thirteen officers and +sixty-seven troopers, together with two small regiments of infantry, and +directed him to push on rapidly and burn the bridge.</p> + +<p>Information had been received through scouts that the structure was not +defended by any fortifications whatever. Reports also came in that the +Confederates were badly demoralized. In consequence of these stories, +which would appear to have been accepted as fully reliable at +headquarters, Washburn was ordered to attack any force which he might +meet, as it would certainly fall away before him.</p> + +<p>It was a perilous order to give Washburn, for his valor was ever the +better part of his discretion.</p> + +<p>Some of our generals seem to have been strangely misled as to the spirit +of the Confederates remaining in arms. Never had they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> fought more +fiercely than in those last days of the struggle. Their skeleton +battalions threw themselves upon our heavy lines at Sailor’s Creek as +desperately as they charged under Pickett and Edward Johnson at +Gettysburg, and their artillery was never more superbly served than when +they were attacked in flank by Gregg’s brigade on the seventh of April, +when that general was made prisoner and his brigade driven in complete +discomfiture by the famous Washington Artillery of New Orleans.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the sixth, before dawn, Washburn’s little detachment +took up its route, the infantry, especially, being in poor condition for +the severe and peculiarly dangerous service to which they were called, for +they were exhausted by the forced marches which had been indispensable +during the preceding three days. The distance was sixteen miles to +Farmville. After having been two hours or so upon the road, Washburn +satisfied himself that the rebel army, moving diagonally toward the +Appomattox, had closed in upon his rear, cutting him off from the Army of +the James. There were also unmistakable indications that Confederate +columns were moving in front of his command, as well as on its flank. The +detachment was thus marching practically among divisions of the enemy, who +were evidently ignorant of its proximity.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, General Ord had learned of the movements of the Confederates, +and at once despatched Brevet Brigadier General Theodore Read, adjutant +general of the Army of the James, to overtake Washburn and cause him to +fall back to the main army. Read, with one orderly, contrived to elude the +various bodies of the enemy and finally joined Washburn, just before his +command reached the vicinity of the bridge.</p> + +<p>Upon reconnoitering the country about the bridge, it was found that the +information as to its not being fortified was entirely false. A strong +redoubt mounting four guns protected it, and the ground around it was +open, with morasses in front rendering it almost impossible of access. +Washburn considered, however, that a sudden attack on its rear side by +cavalry, might be successful.</p> + +<p>In pursuance of this plan, he left Read with the infantry in a narrow belt +of woodland near the Burkesville road, and moved away to make a detour in +order to come upon the rear of the fortification.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i011.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center">Col. Francis Washburn</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>The column soon reached a small stream spanned by a bridge, the planks of +which had been torn up. Lieutenant Davis with the advanced guard, +dashed across the stream and laid the planks under sharp fire from a force +of dismounted cavalry which occupied low earthworks on the further side. +Washburn soon came up with the main body, and throwing out a line of +skirmishers, attacked so vigorously that after a fight of half an hour’s +duration, the enemy retreated toward Farmville. Here they were reinforced, +and Washburn soon found their numbers so great and their artillery fire so +heavy, that they could not be driven. Moreover there was incessant +musketry firing from the place where he had left the infantry, indicating +an attack upon them, and he thought best to withdraw and go to their +support.</p> + +<p>A sharp ride of a few moments brought the cavalry to the scene of action. +Had the Burkesville road been followed for a short distance farther the +column would have rounded a bend in the road, and come upon a strong body +of Confederate cavalry which was moving in the direction of the firing; +but at a point in rear of where the fighting was going on, Washburn left +the road and led his men through the woods and along the bed of a ravine, +then up a hill, where he halted to learn the state of affairs.</p> + +<p>The little line of infantry, outflanked and outnumbered, was falling back +fighting, pushed by a brigade of dismounted cavalry, while regiments of +horse were galloping up on the flanks and forming for a charge. The +infantry were clearly exhausted and their ammunition was used up, but +Washburn, after a short consultation with Read, sent his adjutant to rally +them, and determined by a furious attack upon the dismounted troops of the +enemy, to throw them back on their cavalry and thus, supported by the +infantry, to wrest victory from the enemy. He then led the column along +the crest of the slope, and forming line, turned to his men and explained +his purpose, well knowing what he could expect from the splendid fellows.</p> + +<p>Then Washburn ordered “Forward!” The line trotted down the slope. In a +moment came his clear call “Gallop, march! Charge!” And to the music from +the brazen throats of their own trumpets chiming with their fierce battle +shout, those seventy-eight Massachusetts horsemen hurled themselves upon +the heavy masses of the foe.</p> + +<p>For a few moments the air was bright with the flashing of sabres, and +shattered by the explosion of carbine and pistol, while screams of rage +mingled with the cries of the wounded and all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> hideous sounds of a +savage hand-to-hand fight. As all this died away, it was seen that the +immediate body of troops which the Fourth Cavalry had struck was +practically annihilated. Their dead and wounded were scattered thickly +over the field, while the crowd of prisoners taken was embarrassing to the +captors. Driving these before them back toward the hill, to which they +must retire to reform for attack upon the enemy’s horse (for Washburn’s +mere handful of men forbade his leaving any to form the reserve without +which cavalry almost never can charge without great risk) they were +astounded at the sight which presented itself on the Burkesville road. As +far as the eye could reach, it was filled with Confederate cavalry, and +lines of battle were forming as rapidly as possible and advancing swiftly +to the aid of their defeated van.</p> + +<p>All hope of victory or of escape from such a field was now utterly gone, +but the colonel and his men were mad with the fury of battle, and wild +with exultation over the bloody triumph already achieved. But one thought +possessed them. The little battalion swept down the slope once more, +pressing close behind their knightly leader and their blue standard. They +crashed through three lines of their advancing enemies, tearing their +formation asunder as the tornado cuts its way through the forest. But now, +order and coherence were lost, and the troopers mingled with the +Confederates in a bitter hand-to-hand struggle. A few scattered fighters +were rallied from out this fearful melée by the gallant Captain Hodges, +than whom a more chivalrous soldier never drew sabre. He led them in a +last furious charge, in which he fell, as he would have wished, “amid the +battle’s wildest tide.”</p> + +<p>By this time, all was lost. Eight of the officers lay dead or wounded upon +the field. Three were prisoners, their horses having been killed under +them. The surgeon and chaplain, being non-combatants, were captured while +in attendance upon the wounded.</p> + +<p>The battle at High Bridge was finished, for General Read had been mortally +wounded at the first fire after the infantry had rallied in support of the +cavalry attack, and the two small regiments were overwhelmed and compelled +to surrender as soon as the cavalry had ceased to be a factor.</p> + +<p>Colonel Washburn had been shot in the mouth and sabred as he fell from his +horse. He was found on the field with the other dead and wounded the next +day, when the advance of the Army of the James came up. He was taken to +the hospital at Point of Rocks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> but insisted upon being sent to his home +in Massachusetts, where he died in the arms of his mother. Before his +death, he was, at Grant’s request, brevetted as Brigadier General.</p> + +<p>Of the other officers, Lieutenant Colonel Jenkins was severely wounded, as +were Captain Caldwell and Lieutenants Belcher and Thompson. Captains +Hodges and Goddard were killed, and Lieutenant Davis shot after having +been made a prisoner, for resenting an insult offered him by a rebel +officer. The adjutant, Lieutenant Lathrop, after his horse had been killed +under him, was taken into the woods to be shot, because his captor +asserted that he had slain his brother in the fight. Fortunately a +Confederate staff-officer observed the proceeding, and rescued him from +his would-be murderer.</p> + +<p>Happily, the casualties among the enlisted men were much less in +proportion than among the officers. They had to a man fought with the most +desperate valor, keeping up the struggle after all the officers were down, +until absolutely ingulfed in the masses of the enemy.</p> + +<p>In telling of the practical annihilation of a body of troops, the +statement that their standard was saved from capture seems almost +incredible; yet such was the case in this instance. The color sergeant, a +gallant soldier from Hingham by the name of Thomas Hickey, had carried the +standard through the hottest of the battle. At the last moment, seeing +that it was impossible to save it from capture except by destroying it, he +managed to elude the enemies who were closing in upon him, and putting +spurs to his horse, flew toward a hut which he had observed in the woods, +and threw himself from his charger just as he reached it, with his foes +close upon him. Rushing it, he thrust his precious battle flag into a fire +which was blazing on the hearth. The painted silk flashed up in flame, and +by the time that his pursuers broke in, it was ashes!</p> + +<p>His life was spared in consideration of his devoted bravery, and he +subsequently received a commission from the Governor of the Commonwealth, +in recognition of his heroic deed.</p> + +<p>The losses of the Confederates in this action were at least a half greater +in number than Washburn’s whole force. By their own report, there were a +hundred killed and wounded, among them a general, one colonel, three +majors and a number of officers of lower grade.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>The Battle at High Bridge was at first thought to have been a useless +sacrifice. It was a sacrifice indeed, but it unquestionably hastened the +termination of the war, by days, and perhaps weeks.</p> + +<p>After the surrender, Lee’s Inspector General said to Ord,</p> + +<p>“To the sharpness of that fight, the cutting off of Lee’s army at +Appomattox was probably owing. So fierce were the charges of Colonel +Washburn and his men, and so determined their fighting, that General Lee +received the impression that they must be supported by a large part of the +army, and that his retreat was cut off.”</p> + +<p>Lee consequently halted and began to intrench; and this delay gave time +for Ord to come up, and enabled Sheridan to intercept the enemy at +Sailor’s Creek.</p> + +<p>The Confederate General Rosser said to a member of the regiment whom he +met after the war:</p> + +<p>“You belonged to the Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry? Give me your hand! I +have been many a day in hot fights. I never saw anything approaching that +at High Bridge. While your colonel kept his saddle, everything went down +before him!”</p> + +<p>The Confederate troops at High Bridge were Rosser’s and a part of Fitz +Hugh Lee’s divisions.</p> + +<p>“Was your colonel drunk or crazy this morning, that he attacked with less +than one hundred men the best fighting division of the Confederate +cavalry?” asked a rebel officer of a wounded captain of the Fourth; “We +have seen hard fighting, but we never heard of anything like this before!”</p> + +<p>The Confederate officers had at first utterly refused to credit the +stories of their prisoners, insisting that the small force would never +have fought so fiercely unless it had been the advance of a strong column.</p> + +<p>Grant says in his memoirs.</p> + +<p>“The Confederates took this to be only the advance of a larger column +which had headed them off, and so stopped to intrench; so that this +gallant band had checked the progress of a strong detachment of the +Confederate army. This stoppage of Lee’s column no doubt saved to us the +trains following.”</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><a name="First_Flag" id="First_Flag"></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i019.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center">Major Atherton H. Stevens<br />4th Mass. Volunteer Cavalry</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> +<h2>The First United States Flag Raised<br />In Richmond After the War.</h2> +<h3>By Mrs. Lasalle Corbell Pickett,</h3> +<h4>Wife of Major-General George E. Pickett, C. S. A.</h4> + +<p>The first knell of the evacuation of Richmond sounded on Sunday morning +while we were on our knees in St. Paul’s Church, invoking God’s protecting +care for our absent loved ones, and blessings on our cause.</p> + +<p>The intense excitement, the tolling of the bells, the hasty parting, the +knowledge that all communication would be cut off between us and our loved +ones, and the dread, undefined fear in our helplessness and desertion, +make a nightmare memory.</p> + +<p>General Ewell had orders for the destruction of the public buildings, +which orders our Secretary of War, Gen. J. C. Breckenridge strove +earnestly but without avail to have countermanded. The order, alas! was +obeyed beyond the “letter of the law.”</p> + +<p>The terrible conflagration was kindled by the Confederate authorities, who +applied the torch to the Shockoe warehouse, it, too, being classed among +the public buildings because of the tobacco belonging to France and +England stored in it. A fresh breeze was blowing from the south; the fire +swept on in its haste and fury over a great area in an almost incredibly +short time, and by noon the flames had transformed into a desert waste all +the city bounded by Seventh and Fifteenth Streets, and Main Street and the +river. One thousand houses were destroyed. The streets were filled with +furniture and every description of wares, dashed down to be trampled in +the mud or buried where they lay.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>At night a saturnalia began. About dark, the Government commissary began +the destruction of its stores. Soldiers and citizens gathered in front, +catching the liquor in basins and pitchers; some with their hats and some +with their boots. It took but a short time for this to make a +manifestation as dread as the flames. The crowd became a howling mob, so +frenzied that the officers of the law had to flee for their lives, +reviving memories of 1781, when the <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'Brittish'">British</ins> under Arnold rode down +Richmond Hill, and, invading the city, broke open the stores and emptied +the provisions and liquors into the gutters, making even the uninitiated +cows and hogs drunk for days.</p> + +<p>All through the night, crowds of men, women, and children traversed the +streets, loading themselves with supplies and plunder. At midnight, +soldiers drunk with vile liquor, followed by a reckless crowd as drunk as +themselves, dashed in the plate-glass windows of the stores, and made a +wreck of everything.</p> + +<p>About nine o’clock on Monday morning, terrific shell explosions, rapid and +continuous, added to the terror of the scene, and gave the impression that +the city was being shelled by the retreating Confederate army from the +south side. But the explosions were soon found to proceed from the +Government arsenal and laboratory, then in flames. Later in the morning, a +merciful Providence caused a lull in the breeze. The terrific explosion of +the laboratory and of the arsenal caused every window in our home to +break. The old plate-glass mirrors, built in the walls, were cracked and +shattered.</p> + +<p>Fort Darling was blown up, and later on the rams. It was eight o’clock +when the Federal troops entered the city. It required the greatest effort +to tame down the riotous, crazed mob, and induce them to take part in the +struggle to save their own. The firemen, afraid of the soldiers who had +obeyed the orders to light the torch, would not listen to any appeals or +entreaties, and so the flames were under full headway, fanned by a +southern breeze, when the Union soldiers came to the rescue.</p> + +<p>The flouring mills caught fire from the tobacco houses, communicating it +to Cary and Main streets. Every bank was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> destroyed. The War Department +was a mass of ruins; the <i>Enquirer</i> and <i>Dispatch</i> offices were in ashes; +and the county court-house, the American Hotel, and most of the finest +stores of the city were ruined.</p> + +<p>Libby Prison and the Presbyterian church escaped. Such a reign of terror +and pillage, fire and flame, fear and despair! The yelling and howling and +swearing and weeping and wailing beggar description. Families houseless +and homeless under the open sky!</p> + +<p>I shall never forget General Weitzel’s command, composed exclusively of +colored troops, as I saw them through the dense black columns of smoke. +General Weitzel had for some time been stationed on the north side of the +James River, but a few miles from Richmond, and he had only to march in +and take possession. He despatched Major A. H. Stevens of the Fourth +Massachusetts cavalry, and Major E. E. Graves of his staff, with about a +hundred mounted men, to reconnoitre the roads and works leading to +Richmond. They had gone but a little distance into the Confederate lines, +when they saw a shabby, old-fashioned carriage, drawn by a pair of lean, +lank horses, the occupants waving a white flag. They met this +flag-of-truce party at the line of fortifications, just beyond the +junction of the Osborne turnpike and New Market road. The carriage +contained the mayor of Richmond—Colonel Mayo—Judge Meredith of the +Supreme Court, and Judge Lyons. The fourth worthy I cannot recall. Judge +Lyons, our former minister to England, and one of the representative men +of Virginia, made the introductions in his own characteristic way, and +then Colonel Mayo, who was in command of the flag-of-truce party, handed +to Major Stevens a small slip of wall paper, on which was written the +following: “It is proper to formally surrender to the Federal authorities +the city of Richmond, hitherto capital of the Confederate States of +America, and the defenses protecting it up to this time.” That was all. +The document was approved of, and Major Stevens most courteously accepted +the terms for his commanding general, to whom it was at once transmitted, +and moved his column upon the evacuated city, taking possession and saving +it from ashes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>His first order was to sound the alarm bells and to take command at once +of the fire department, which consisted of fourteen substitute men, those +who were exempt from service because of disease, two steam fire engines, +four worthless hand engines, and a large amount of hose, destroyed by the +retreating half-crazed Confederates. His next order was to raise the stars +and stripes over the Capitol. Quick as thought, two soldiers, one from +Company E and one from Company H of the Fourth Massachusetts cavalry, +crept to the summit and planted the flag of the nation. Two bright, +tasteful guidons were hoisted by the halyards in place of the red cross. +The living colors of the Union were greeted, while our “Warriors’ banner +took its flight to meet the warrior’s soul.”</p> + +<p>That flag, whose design has been accredited alike to both George +Washington and John Adams, was raised over Virginia by Massachusetts, in +place of the one whose kinship and likeness had not, even after renewed +effort, been entirely destroyed. For by the adoption of the stars and bars +(three horizontal bars of equal width—the middle one white, the others +red—with a blue union of nine stars in a circle) by the Confederate +Congress in March, 1861, the Confederate flag was made so akin and so +similar to that of the nation, as to cause confusion; so in 1863 the stars +and bars was supplanted by a flag with a white field, having the battle +flag (a red field charged with a blue saltier, on which were thirteen +stars) for a union. This, having been mistaken for a flag of truce, was +altered by covering the outer half of the field beyond the union with a +vertical red bar. This was the last flag of the Confederacy.</p> + +<p>Richmond will testify that the soldiers of Massachusetts were worthy of +the honor of raising the first United States flag over her Capitol—the +Capitol of the Confederacy—and also to the unvarying courtesy of Major +Stevens, and the fidelity with which he kept his trust.</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><a name="Fourth_Mass" id="Fourth_Mass"></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i027.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center">Capt. A. F. Ray</p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<h2>The Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry</h2> +<h3>In the Closing Scenes of the War<br />for the Maintenance of the Union,<br />From Richmond to Appomattox.</h3> +<h4>BY</h4> +<h3>WM. B. ARNOLD,</h3> +<h4>Formerly Company H 4th Massachusetts Cavalry.</h4> + +<p>During the winter and spring of 1864 and 1865 squadrons E and H of the 4th +Massachusetts cavalry were encamped near the headquarters of General +Weitzel commanding the Twenty-fifth Army Corps, then a part of the Army of +the James. Our command was detached from our regiment and doing duty as +orderlies and couriers at Division and Brigade headquarters and Artillery +Brigade headquarters, as well as performing Provost duty at corps +headquarters.</p> + +<p>Our command numbered about eighty men in charge of Captain A. F. Ray of +Company H, 4th Massachusetts cavalry. He was an officer of unusual +ability. The Army of the James held possession north of the James, their +lines extending from Deep Bottom, a few miles below Dutch Gap to Fort +Harrison and around to the New Market road.</p> + +<p>Our position was made very strong and withstood the attack of the +Confederates several times after it was taken from them in Sept. 1864. +Their defenses in our front were equally strong. In addition they had +several iron clads in the James River to assist in the defense of +Richmond. Our gunboats were down the river, none of them, up to this time, +having ventured above the Dutch Gap canal.</p> + +<p>The afternoon and evening of April second, 1865 indicated that something +unusual was likely to occur. The Artillery firing in the direction of +Petersburg in the evening, and during the night of the second was heavy +and continuous, and in the night the sky was lighted up toward Richmond +which proved to be the Ram Virginia on fire. When the fire reached the +magazine there was a tremendous explosion. Soon after this it was reported +that the Confederates<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> were evacuating the works in our front. An order +came from General Weitzel for a detail of fifty cavalry which was +immediately mounted, and reported at corps headquarters.</p> + +<p>We were commanded by Captain A. F. Ray of H squadron, accompanied by +officers from Twenty-fifth army corps headquarters, and the entire command +in charge of Major Atherton H. Stevens of the 4th Massachusetts cavalry +and Provost Marshall of the 25th Army Corps.</p> + +<p>We proceeded at once through our fortified line and approaching the +Confederate line found that the troops were gone. Working our way several +miles toward Richmond, we could see through the fog a body of Confederate +infantry. Major Stevens immediately ordered a charge, and Captain Ray +quickly responded with his men. At our near approach they surrendered. We +continued “on to Richmond,” and were soon inside the inner works that were +impregnable when manned by a sufficient number for defence. With deep +ditches and fallen trees to entangle attacking parties, the Artillery and +Infantry commanded the approach in every direction without exposing +themselves.</p> + +<p>The elaborate preparations for defense kept our armies at bay for months +around Petersburg, and Richmond was prepared for standing off superior +numbers by the best earthworks that our West Point engineers who were in +the Confederate army could devise. As we entered these works we saw a man +approaching with a flag of truce.</p> + +<p>In the distance were mounted men and carriages. We halted and Major +Stevens and his officers went forward and conferred with the party, who +proved to be the Mayor of Richmond accompanied by Judge Medereth and other +prominent people of Richmond. The city was formally surrendered to Major +Stevens and we then went forward at a rapid pace, and coming round a turn +in the roadway at the Rockets, came in full view of Richmond.</p> + +<p>We halted for a moment to contemplate the scene. A portion of the city +toward the James river was on fire. The black smoke was rolling up in +great volumes. Major Stevens said “everyone of us should feel as proud as +if we were promoted to be Brigadier Generals.” We gave three cheers and +went on, and were soon in the streets of Richmond passing Libby Prison; +and we clattered up the paved street on the gallop to the Capitol, and +were soon in the space in front of the Capitol building.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>Major Stevens, with some of the officers, rushed into the building, and +soon the guidons of Company E and H were fluttering from the top of the +building. We were formed around the equestrian statue of Washington, and +we gave three times three, and a Tiger, that indicated to spectators that +we were there. Richmond was ours, after four long years of tremendous +struggle and sacrifice. I, for one, thought of the splendid services of +thousands of the best troops ever rallied to maintain a just cause. That +our detail was privileged to land first in Richmond with the flags of +Massachusetts, was certainly appreciated by us.</p> + +<p>But our work was not over. A large area of the city toward the river was +on fire. To add to the fury of the flames the Arsenals were blowing up and +the shells were continually exploding. Corporal Macy and myself went with +Captain Ray to ascertain if the bridges connecting Richmond with +Manchester were destroyed by the evacuating Confederates.</p> + +<p>We went up Main street to Eighth street and then across to Cary street, +and turned to the South, and went by burning buildings until we obtained a +view of the bridges. The two bridges were on fire, and burning rapidly +from the Manchester side. Everything in front of us was on fire; buildings +blowing up and flames roaring in every direction.</p> + +<p>We started back and observed on our left a fire in a building which was +stored with ammunition. We galloped past the building and turned the +corner toward Main street nearby when the building exploded. As we emerged +from the smoke and cinders, Captain Ray remarked that we had only five +seconds to spare and a close shave, even where we were when the building +went up. We returned to the Capitol and reported to Major Stevens. I was +sent with a detail to the Davis Mansion with instructions to leave a guard +on the house. I found everything unmolested.</p> + +<p>The desk used by the Confederate President was in disorder and everything +indicated a hasty departure. I returned to my company, and we were kept +busy in restoring order. Soon our troops began to pour into the city and +order reigned. Energetic measures to stop the destruction of the city were +promptly taken. The blue lines looked good to me, and the people soon +realized that instead of destroyers they were saviors, for they saved the +city not already burned by the folly of the retreating Confederates.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>When we arrived in Richmond there was disorder, frenzy and chaos on every +hand. Major Stevens restored order and confidence in a remarkably short +time under conditions that were most trying. The troops as they arrived, +were distributed where they could work effectively. Streets and residences +were immediately guarded. The soldiers did not leave their commands to +enrich themselves, and perfect order was restored before nightfall. Our +little band of cavalry was everywhere, and making good for lack of numbers +by energetic performance until the arrival of the infantry. And after they +came we were in the saddle till late at night.</p> + +<p>We encamped for the night in the yard of the Female Institute building, +and we were a tired but happy band. The next day, April 4th, was quiet. +The infernal condition of fire, smoke and explosion and continuous +bursting of shells was changed to a scene of waste and ruin wrought in the +fire district, which covered about one third of the city. The day was made +eventful by the appearance of President Lincoln in the city. He came up +from City Point and walked up the street alone with his boy. General +Devens immediately received him. Mr. Lincoln met with a splendid ovation +from the troops and the colored people as he rode about the city. He rode +in a carriage accompanied by General Devens and other officers, escorted +by a detail of cavalry from E and H squadrons of the 4th Massachusetts +cavalry, commanded by Captain A. F. Ray.</p> + +<p>On the morning of April 5th, the detachment that composed the detail that +first entered Richmond on the morning of April 3, 1865, started to join +its regiment, commanded by Colonel Washburn. They were with General Ord +commanding the army of the James in pursuit of General Lee’s retreating +forces. We proceeded by way of Petersburg through Dinwiddie County and +Amelia Courthouse to Burkeville Junction, arriving there April 7th. There +we found that Colonel Washburn’s command was engaged at High Bridge the +day before, meeting with heavy loss, but emerging from the conflict with +much honor and a splendid record of achievement.</p> + +<p>The engagement is well described by our comrade, Captain Bouve of the 4th +Massachusetts cavalry and will interest surviving comrades of the +regiment, and all who love the defenders of their country. Colonel +Washburn and many others of our regiment were in the field hospital at +Burkeville Junction and Captain Ray and Lieutenant Miller visited them, +and returning to our camp, gave us a graphic description of the charges of +our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> comrades the day before. Colonel Washburn survived his injuries only +a few days. He told Captain Ray that “if I had the whole of the 4th +regiment with me I would have annihilated Fitz Hugh Lee and Rosser.” This +was the marvelous courage and spirit of the man, “a gentleman and a +soldier.”</p> + +<p>We immediately started on to report to the headquarters of the army of the +Potomac. All the way from Petersburg there was evidence of conflict. At +Amelia Courthouse we found the remnants of Ewell’s corps of the +Confederate army. Artillery, wagons and ammunition piled up in disorder; +from people along the way reports of fighting. The Confederate troops +hurriedly passed down the highway, to be immediately followed by the blue +lines of federal troops. On the morning of the ninth of April we began to +catch up with the army of the Potomac.</p> + +<p>Through the lines of the sixth and ninth corps we rode, until early in the +afternoon came the report that Lee had surrendered. You ought to have seen +the faces of the soldiers of the army of the Potomac then. They looked +like heroes to me. When we reached the Confederate lines we kept on +through their camps and landed at General Meade’s headquarters at +Appomattox C. H., where we were immediately put on duty to assist in the +work of paroling and disbanding the Confederate army.</p> + +<p>A detail from my squadron went to Lynchburg one afternoon with General +Gibbons returning in the night. When the arrangements of paroling the +Confederate army were complete and General Lee was at liberty to depart +from his army, an order came from army headquarters for a detail of +cavalry to escort General Lee from his lines. The escort was made up from +the 4th Massachusetts cavalry and I was privileged to be one of them. +Sixteen men composed the platoon and Lieutenant Lovell of our regiment was +in command. I was right guide of the detail, and I thought at the time +that we were pretty good representatives of the Union cavalry.</p> + +<p>We had H guidon with us which was one of the flags that was the first in +Richmond. We went to General Lee’s headquarters and Lieutenant Lovell +reported to General Lee.</p> + +<p>He was courteously received and asked to wait until General Lee and his +staff had breakfast and completed arrangements for their departure. We +dismounted a short distance away. General Lee seated himself at a table +made from a hard tack box and ate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> his last breakfast (consisting of hard +tack, fried pork and coffee without milk), with the army of Northern +Virginia. He was dressed in a neat, gray uniform and was a splendid +looking soldier. Commanding officers of corps and divisions of the +Confederate army and other officers then came to take leave of him. He was +a short distance from me and his conversation was evidently words of +encouragement and advice. Almost every one of the officers went away in +tears. Then we mounted, and General Lee’s party started through the lines +of the remnant of the Army of Northern Virginia for his home in Richmond.</p> + +<p>Then commenced an ovation that seemed to me a wonderful manifestation of +confidence and affection for this great military chieftain. From the time +we left his camp till we passed the last of his regiments the men seemed +to come from everywhere and the “Rebel Yell” was continuous. The little +guidon of our squadron fluttered in the breeze and seemed silently to +voice the sentiment of Webster, “Liberty and Union now and forever, one +and inseparable.”</p> + +<p>The war was truly over and General Lee was departing for his home to +devote the remainder of his life in peaceful pursuits. We continued with +him a short distance in Buckingham County where the party halted. General +Lee rode up to Lieutenant Lovell and thanked him for the escort, and +saluted as he went his way, while we returned to Appomattox. At night the +army of Northern Virginia was gone. The Union army was preparing to take +up the line of march for their homes. The years of achievement and +sacrifice have been commented on by eloquent orators. I have endeavored to +pen a simple narrative to mention events as they appeared to me.</p> + +<p>When the army started from Appomattox they were rejoiced to contemplate +changed conditions. At night camp fires were burning. The dangerous duty +of <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'pickett'">picket</ins> and scouting and fighting was a thing of the past. Everybody +felt elated and happy.</p> + +<p>The news of President Lincoln’s assassination came, and quiet and sadness +reigned. It seemed a great pity that this should come to put a nation in +mourning, at a time when rejoicing for the Nation redeemed, was universal. +Our detachment returned to Richmond and we remained with our regiment, +doing duty in restoring order in and around Petersburg and Richmond until +late in the fall of 1865 when we were mustered out, the last Massachusetts +Volunteer Regiment to return home.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="War_Horse" id="War_Horse"></a>Death of the War Horse</h2> + +<div class="note"><p class="hang">The Death of the Old War Horse which Col Tilden of the Sixteenth +Maine rode during the war, prompted the Rev. Nathaniel Butler to +write the following lines.</p> + +<p class="hang">The sentiment expressed naturally appeals to anyone and especially to +a soldier who rode a horse during the war to maintain the Union.</p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p class="poem"> +Farewell, my horse! thy work is done,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy splendid form lies low,</span><br /> +Thy limbs of steel have lost their strength,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy flashing eye its glow.</span><br /> +<br /> +No more thy quivering nostrils sniff<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The battle from afar,</span><br /> +No more beneath thy flying feet<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The plains with thunder jar.</span><br /> +<br /> +For thou wert born a hero soul,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In days when heroes fought,</span><br /> +When men, borne by thy glorious strength,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Immortal laurels sought.</span><br /> +<br /> +Seated upon thy nerve-strung form,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Another life was mine,</span><br /> +And well I knew the same high thrill<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ran through my soul and thine.</span><br /> +<br /> +A throne thou wert to sit upon,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And true as steel within,</span><br /> +Whene’er I felt thy brave heart beat,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My own has braver been.</span><br /> +<br /> +And when the bugle’s call to Charge<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Over the column ran,</span><br /> +Thy arching crest, “with thunder clothed,”<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loved best to lead the van.</span><br /> +<br /> +Upon the march, with tireless feet,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through mountain, gorge and plain,</span><br /> +When others strayed thy place was kept,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Through all the long campaign.</span><br /> +<br /> +But now, thy last, long halt is made:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy last campaign is o’er;</span><br /> +The bugle call, the battle shout<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall thrill thee never more.</span><br /> +<br /> +Where art thou gone—old friend and true?<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What place hast thou to fill?</span><br /> +For it may be thy spirit form<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Somewhere is marching still.</span><br /> +<br /> +Here there are those whom we call men,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whose souls full well I know</span><br /> +Another life may not deserve<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One-half so well as thou.</span><br /> +<br /> +And natures such as thine has been<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Another life may claim,</span><br /> +And God may have a place for them<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Within his wide domain.</span><br /> +<br /> +His armies tread their glorious march<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Over the eternal plain,</span><br /> +Their leader rides a snow white steed,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who follow in his train?</span><br /> +<br /> +We may not ever meet again;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But, wheresoe’er I go,</span><br /> +A cherished place within my heart<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou’lt have, old friend, I know.</span><br /> +<br /> +God made us both, and we have marched<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Firm friends whilst thou wert here;</span><br /> +I only know I shall not blush<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To meet thee anywhere.</span><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><b>Transcriber’s Notes:</b></p> + +<p>The Table of Contents does not appear in the original text. It has been generated by the transcriber as an aid for the reader.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry in +the Closing Scenes of the War for the Maintenance of the Union, from Richmond to Appomatox, by William B. Arnold and Edward T. 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