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diff --git a/31990.txt b/31990.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..162dd33 --- /dev/null +++ b/31990.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3351 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of the Town of Fairfax, by Jeanne +Johnson Rust, Illustrated by John H. Rust, Jr., and Paul R. Hoffmaster + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: A History of the Town of Fairfax + + +Author: Jeanne Johnson Rust + + + +Release Date: April 14, 2010 [eBook #31990] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF FAIRFAX*** + + +E-text prepared by Stacy Brown, Mark C. Orton, and the Project Gutenberg +Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 31990-h.htm or 31990-h.zip: + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31990/31990-h/31990-h.htm) + or + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31990/31990-h.zip) + + +Transcriber's note: + + The copyright on this work was not renewed. + + + + + +A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF FAIRFAX + +[Illustration: _Sketch by John H. Rust, Jr._] + +by + +JEANNE JOHNSON RUST + +1960 + +Illustrations by Paul R. Hoffmaster + + + + + + + +First Edition +Second Printing + +Copyright 1960, by Jeanne Johnson Rust +All rights reserved + +Printed by Moore & Moore, Inc., Washington, D. C. + +Designed by William M. Guillet + + + + +To My Husband + +_and his favorite town--his birthplace_. + + + + +[Illustration: Map of Fairfax] + +MAP LEGEND + + 1. _Court House_ Pages 29, 33, 57 + 2. _Duncan's Chapel_ Pages 39, 43 + 3. _Payne's Church_ Page 19 + 4. _Store Site_ Pages 25, 31 + 5. _Ford Building_ Page 25 + 6. _Rose Bower_ Page 38 + 7. _Site of Willcoxon Tavern_ Pages 24, 32, 48 + 8. _Rectory_ Pages 25, 48 + 9. _Truro Church_ Pages 20, 38, 61 + 10. _Coomb Cottage_ Page 36 + 11. _Coomb Cottage Building No. 1_ Page 36 + 12. _Coomb Cottage Building No. 2_ Page 36 + 13. _Cooper Carriage House_ Pages 37, 45 + 14. _Confederate Monument_ Page 64 + 15. _Site of Ratcliffe Home_ Page 32 + 16. _Ratcliffe Grave Yard_ Page 32 + 17. _Earp's Ordinary_ Pages 23, 45 + 18. _Willard Place_ Page 55 + 19. _Blenheim_ Page 24 + 20. _Ratcliffe Race Trace_ Page 32 + 21. _D'Astre Place_ Page 37 + 22. _Richardson House_ Page 38 + 23. _Site of Judge Thomas House_ Page 37 + 24. _Oliver Building_ Pages 25, 44 + 25. _Farr Home_ Page 22 + + + + + +CONTENTS + + + _Introduction_ 6 + + I. _Jamestown_ 7 + + II. _Rebellion_ 10 + + III. _The Gentry and the Convicts_ 14 + + IV. _The Push Inward_ 17 + + V. _The Town_ 23 + + VI. _The Revolutionary War_ 26 + + VII. _The Court House_ 29 + + VIII. _Development of the Town_ 36 + + IX. _The Civil War in Fairfax_ 43 + + X. _Spies_ 53 + + XI. _Stealing of Important Papers_ 57 + + XII. _Reconstruction_ 61 + + _Bibliography_ 68 + + _Index_ 69 + + + + +A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF FAIRFAX + + +_When man reaches out into space to explore a new planet, his +adventure will be comparable in many ways to that of the colonists +who braved the space of water in the early seventeenth century to +establish their proprietary rights on a strange continent called +"America"._ + +_These colonists found themselves confronted with the need to feed, +house and clothe themselves with unknown and untried materials +reaped from a wilderness which hid their enemy, the red man, and +housed the dread mosquito which carried the deadly malaria._ + +_Proof of their danger lies in the history of the Jamestown Colony. +Being attacked by red savages upon landing at the malaria infested +Jamestown and inexperienced with survival under wilderness +conditions, the colonists were reduced to eating their own dead +before help finally arrived._ + +_Strengthened in number and sustained by food and help brought by +Lord de la Warr, the colonists eventually set up a government, +bought peace with their enemy, and settled down to raise tobacco on +the land to which they received proprietary rights. Later they +expanded their holdings; developed their resources; improved their +government; established churches, schools and colleges; gained their +independence from their mother country; survived civil strife; and +advanced their civilization._ + + + + +[Illustration] + +I. JAMESTOWN + + +At Jamestown the colonists found that they could not succeed without +expanding the Indian's agriculture. They found the savages of the +Tidewater section growing corn, muskmelon, pumpkin, watermelon, +squash, maypops, gourds and peas in their fertile well-organized +gardens. Grapevines were cultivated at the edge of clearings and +there were rich harvests of chestnuts, hickory nuts and acorns. +Strawberries and other small fruits grew in abundance and mulberry +trees stood near every village. Tobacco was grown to itself, in +carefully prepared hills arranged in well-organized rows. It +developed into a slender plant less than three feet tall and the +short, thick leaves, when ripe, were pulled from the stalk and dried +before a fire or in the sun. The colonists learned to grow and store +the Indian foods for cold winters and they learned to earn their +livelihood from the export of the tobacco they grew. + +In the northern part of Fairfax County, the Indians grew corn. They +fished, mined, and herded buffalo. In order to have sufficient +grassland for their "cattle", or buffalo, the Indians deliberately +set fire to the forests. They also burned their "old fields" that +had once been cultivated for they found that grass grew voluntarily +on them if the trees were kept down. + +Maxwell in "The Use and Abuse of Forests by Virginia Indians" tells +us, "Virginia, between its mountains and the seas was passing +through its fiery ordeal and was approaching a crisis at the time +the colonists snatched the fagot from the Indian's hand. The tribes +were burning everything that would burn and it can be said of the +Alleghanies that if the discovery of America had been post-poned +five hundred years, Virginia would have been pasture land or +desert." + +This point is further illustrated by the Manahoac Indian's remark to +Captain John Smith that he knew not what lay beyond the Blue Ridge +except the sun, "because the woods were not burnt". + +Although the settlement by colonists helped to slow down this +burning process, it did not stop it altogether. The colonists +cleared their land by burning also and when they had exploited one +area moved on to another. (They did not burn as large areas as the +Indians.) As other freemen came, they pushed upward and inward along +the waterways to find unexploited land. This, of course, hastened +the development of the Fairfax County area but it left acres of "old +fields" going idle for want of a little fertilizer. Many ignorant +overseers of large land holdings knew little of fertilization or +replenishing the soil and they too, when they had exhausted one part +of the proprietorship, moved on to another, which they cleared by +burning. They gathered slaves from other plantations to help fell +the trees and at night large groups of negroes gathered round the +mound of burning trees and raised their voices in the spiritual +singing that was characteristic of them. Sometimes the burning +lasted for two or three days and laughter, song and wine were +plentiful. + +Fairfax County itself was gradually being occupied by men from two +of the colonies: viz., Maryland and Jamestown. The Maryland +colonists were English traders who, for one reason or another, had +left their colony (1632) and taken up their residence among friendly +tribes along the Virginia shore of the Potomac. The Maryland +colonists preceded the Jamestown colonists by a few years. + +The Jamestown colonists in their search for unused land had +gradually started to move into Fairfax County around 1649. Word had +spread that the area farther north (part of which is now known as +Fairfax County) was the "land of opportunity" and wealthy +land-holders began buying large units of five hundred to three +thousand acres for speculation. Among these were the Masons, +Draytons, Baxters, Brents, Vincents, Merriweathers, Fitzhughs, +Hills, Dudleys and Howsings. + +Most of these men were not ready to make their homes here, however, +for this area was still infested with unfriendly Indians. Instead +they hired indentured slaves who came from England, Scotland, +Ireland, France, etc., who worked the land for a few years, earned +their freedom and then became land owners in their own right. It +stands to reason, therefore, that the society of the Fairfax County +area at that time was necessarily crude. These indentures, though +vigorous and having outstanding individuals among them, had the +reputation of not being given to the amenities. Unfortunately, the +men in well established areas south of the indentures did not have a +realistic understanding either of the struggles and trials of these +men who were pioneering the Indian infested areas farther north. +This lack of understanding led to dissension and, in some instances, +rebellion. + + + + +[Illustration] + +II. REBELLION + + +When the wealthy land-owners of the southern part of the colonized +area started buying up land in lower Fairfax County for speculation, +they did not buy out the title of the Doeg Indians, who occupied +this area at that time. (The white man established no relations with +the Doeg except to hold him off whenever possible). A series of +murders were committed on the frontier by Doegs and in retaliation +the colonists mistakenly killed Indians who were not Doegs. By 1675, +through a series of hot-headed misunderstandings the Susquehannock +Indians became involved and they struck whenever and wherever they +could. Captain John Smith described the Susquehannocks as having +booming voices, being seven feet tall and treading on the earth with +much pride, contempt and disdain. + +Although no records were kept at the time, we can assume that many +homes were burned, women and children killed, etc. It is a known +fact that thirty-six people were killed on the Rappahannock in one +raid and that Indian retaliations of one nature or another caused +the English settlements that had reached Hunting Creek to recede to +Aquia, where they stayed for the next ten years. + +Sir William Berkeley in order to help the frontiersmen, unwisely, +and at great expense to the people, commanded a fort to be built at +the mouth of each head river; e.g., one was built at Colchester on +the Occoquan. These forts proved of no value, being made of mud and +dirt. Other precarious forts were built in place of the mud ones. +These proved useless too and the governor and gentry declined to do +more. + +Taking matters into their own hands, two hundred men (including men +from the Fairfax County area) joined under the leadership of +Nathaniel Bacon. They incited the Occannechi to massacre the +Susquehannock. Then, having disposed of the worst enemy, they turned +on the Occannechi and murdered them. The few Indians who survived +stabbed at the colonists occasionally but gradually drifted into +Pennsylvania taking the Doegs with them. The frontiersmen and +governing gentry, however, still remained at odds and another +cleavage began to appear. This one was centered around the men's +livelihood--tobacco. + +From the first, tobacco had been their staple product. It was +Virginia's principal export crop. It was used as money. Salaries of +ministers and civil officers were paid with it. Bounty for wolves +and Indian scalps were offered in it and necessary equipment was +bought with it. + +However, due to English navigation laws forbidding the colonists to +export to other countries, by 1682 England became over-supplied with +tobacco and the planters soon began to feel the effect of this +surplus. Growers began to go deeper and deeper into debt. + +Major Robert Beverly and William Fitzhugh, young planter-lawyer from +this area, concluded along with other prominent men that the +solution lay in some type of crop control but England refused. She +did not want to lose the two shillings tax on each hogshead of +tobacco. She advised the colonists to wait until Thomas, Lord +Culpeper, the titular governor of the colony returned to Virginia. + +Lord Culpeper had received the titular grant to all of this area +and a great deal more besides. He was happy in England, however, and +not at all anxious to come to Virginia. He was 47 years old at the +time and described as "able, lazy, unscrupulous". + +While waiting for his return, the people became desperate. Taking +hoes and farm tools, they roamed the countryside pulling up and +cutting tobacco plants wherever they went. Some destroyed their own +crops. The county militia was called out and plant cutting was +brought under control but by this time 30,000 to 50,000 pounds of +tobacco had been destroyed. + +A few months later the people again became impatient and the +government in Jamestown reacted by declaring the destruction of +tobacco "open and actual rebellion". It promised a reward of 2000 +lbs. of tobacco for information and promised to pardon the +"squealer". + +Finally, in December, Thomas, Lord Culpeper, departed from London +and the arms of his mistress. He was briefed by the Privy Council +before he left and as soon as he arrived in Virginia declared the +offense to be treason. He had several planters executed as examples +and granted amnesty to almost every plant cutter who would take the +oath of loyalty to the king. There were approximately twenty men +from this general area who took the oath. + +In the meantime economic conditions improved for the colonists. The +English began dumping their surplus tobacco upon the continent of +Europe and the diminished colonial supply found a quick market. + +As far as the Indian situation and forts were concerned, Lord +Culpeper suggested that a small band of volunteer light horsemen be +hired to range the woods of the heads of the rivers to protect the +frontiersmen against surprise attack by the Indians. His suggestion +was accepted by the Assembly and the "Rangers" were organized. + +They were comprised of one lieutenant, eleven soldiers, and two +Indians. They were supplied with horses and other necessities to +range and scout the areas they served. + +Lord Culpeper then proceeded to return to England where he was +relieved as governor and his commission was turned over to Lord +Howard of Effingham. It is rather ironic that neither Lord Culpeper +nor Lord Fairfax, who inherited his estate and for whom the County +and Town were named, cared particularly for Virginia. Lord Culpeper +came under duress and returned as soon as possible to England. Lord +Fairfax came, according to tradition, only after he had been +disappointed in love in England and because his holdings demanded +his attention. The people struggled on, however, and gradually the +wealthy land owners began to move northward to occupy the tracts of +land upon which their grandfathers had speculated. + + + + +[Illustration] + +III. THE GENTRY AND THE CONVICTS + + +George Mason II had moved to Pohick in 1690 but his home was +considered such an outpost that runaway slaves were returned there +by Indians. In 1746 the fourth George Mason moved to his property on +Dogue Neck and built Gunston Hall in 1758. By 1734 Captain Augustine +Washington moved his family to his plantation on Little Hunting +Creek. His home was destroyed by fire and he moved back to the north +bank of the Rappahannock in 1739. In the spring of 1741 William +Fairfax built Belvoir. After his daughter married Lawrence +Washington in 1743, the original part of Mt. Vernon was finished. + +Along with the gentry's influx into the county, however, there was +also the influx of convicts. Heretofore this land had, as stated, +been occupied mostly by indentured slaves. When these indentures +achieved their freedom and became land-holders in their own right, +they found they too needed help for harvesting the fields. England, +recognizing this need and being anxious to rid herself of an +undesirable element, began to export convicts to America. Benjamin +Franklin called this "the most cruel insult that perhaps was ever +offered by one people to another". + +Robert Carter, in his first term as proprietary agent, made numerous +grants to the Irish and Hugenots and they took a substantial number +of these convicts who were gin fiends, beggars, murderers and +arsonists. These cheaper servants after serving seven years became +parasitic wanderers, creating hotbeds of undisciplined passion +wherever they went. + +They received credit for burning many warehouses, private homes, +public buildings, churches and finally the Capitol itself in +Williamsburg. Arson became epidemic in the Northern Neck. + +All legislative efforts to abort this infiltration by convicts were +stopped by the "greedy planter" who loved the cheapness of this +labor and the practice of importation survived the Revolution. + +Consequently, this area was comprised of gentry, indentures, +convicts and slaves. Yet the homes of the former two were similar in +many ways. Their houses were made of wood; their roofs were made of +oak shingles. The walls were made of clapboard sealed on the inside +with mortar made of oyster shell lime which gave the room a look of +antiquated whiteness. Some houses were constructed of bricks made by +the colonists themselves. Most houses consisted of only two rooms +and several closets on the ground floor with two prophets chambers +above. They built separate houses for the kitchen, for Christian +servants, for Negro slaves, and several for curing tobacco. Each +household gave the appearance of a small village. There were no +stables. Cattle and horses were allowed to run in the woods. + +Merchandise was supplied by traveling salesmen from England who took +their loaded ships from creek to creek. + +Due to the fact that most people lived on widely separated +plantations there were very few schools. Sometimes a house was +erected on one of the old fields which had outlived its usefulness +and there the children of the plantation owner along with those of +relatives and neighbors would attend school under the supervision of +a tutor hired by the main family. These were called "Old Field +Schools". They were made of logs held together by wooden pins. The +roof was shingled with hand-hewn wood shingles and a large field +stone fireplace was used to heat the room. There were few books +available and the tiresome methods of teaching were heavily +interspersed with strict discipline. School began at eight o'clock +in the morning and a recess was taken at eleven. It opened again at +one o'clock and closed at four o'clock in the afternoon. + +Public school systems did not make their appearance until 1857. As a +rule, the parish halls of the various churches were used to house +the students. + +The children of the poor learned from their parents the art of +working in the fields. The wealthier families sent their eldest son +to England to be educated and other sons were educated at the +College of William and Mary which had been established in 1693. + +Recreation was found in the form of wrestling, playing with quarter +staff, cock fighting, and pursuing wild horses. Beverly gives us a +lively description of the latter: "There is yet another kind of +sport which the young people take great delight in and that is the +Hunting of wild Horses which they pursue sometimes with Dogs and +sometimes without. You must know that they have many Horses foaled +in the Woods of the Uplands that never were in hand and are as shy +as any Savage creature. These having no mark upon them belong to him +that first takes them. However, the Captor commonly purchases these +Horses very dear by spoiling better in the pursuit; in which case he +has little to make him amends beside the pleasure of the Chace. And +very often this is all he has for it, for the Wild Horses are so +swift that tis difficult to catch them; and when they are taken tis +odds but their Grease is melted, or else being old, they are so +sullen that they can't be tamed." (Due to the capture of tame horses +roaming the woods, the sport of capturing wild horses was eventually +outlawed.) + + + + +[Illustration] + +IV. THE PUSH INWARD + + +At this time the northern and central parts of the County were +sparsely settled due to the large tracts of land held by a few. King +Carter, of course, had assigned most of the land to himself during +his second tenure as proprietary agent. However, there were large +tracts owned by William Fitzhugh, William Moore, Cadwallader Jones +and Lewis Saunders, Jr., which consumed most of the land in and near +the Town of Fairfax. Since men could only "seat" themselves on this +land, most of the indentures went over into the valley where they +could work land that belonged to them. Thus the development of this +territory was delayed for years. + +However, when King Carter found what seemed to be substantial +deposits of copper in the northern part of the county, he and his +sons opened up a pre-existing Indian trail which came from Occoquan, +past the future site of Payne's church, near the future site of +Fairfax Court House, where it veered west and continued towards +Chantilly. Ox Road made accessible the area now known as the Town of +Fairfax; became a deciding factor in the future placement of the +Court House that was to serve this area; and created the original +western part of The Little River Turnpike. + +[Illustration: AT A GENERAL ASSEMBLY BEGUN AND HELD AT THE CAPITOL +IN THE CITY OF WILLIAMSBURG, THE SIXTH DAY OF MAY, IN THE FIFTEENTH +YEAR OF THE REIGN OF OUR SOVEREIGN LORD GEORGE II, BY THE GRACE OF +GOD OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE AND IRELAND, KING, DEFENDER OF THE +FAITH &c., AND IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD, 1742: BEING THE FIRST +SESSION OF THIS ASSEMBLY. CHAP. XXVII. AN ACT FOR DIVIDING THE +COUNTY OF PRINCE WILLIAM. + +FOR the greater ease and convenience of the inhabitants of the +county of Prince William, in attending courts, and other public +meetings, Be it enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Council and +Burgesses, of this present General Assembly, and it is hereby +enacted by the Authority of the same. That from and immediately +after the first day of December now next ensuing, the said county of +Prince William shall be divided into two counties: That is to say, +all that part thereof, lying on the south side of Occoquan and Bull +Run; and from the head of the main branch of Bull Run, by a straight +course to the Thorough-fare of the Blue Ridge of mountains, known by +the name of Ashby's Gap, or Bent, shall be one distinct county, and +retain the name of Prince William county: And be one distinct +parish, and retain the name of Hamilton parish. And all that other +part thereof, consisting of the parish of Truro, shall be one other +distinct county, and called and known by the name of Fairfax +county.... And a court for the said county of Fairfax, be constantly +held by the justices of that county, upon the third Thursday in +every month, in such manner, as by the laws of this colony is +provided, and shall lie by their commissions directed.] + +As people followed this road inward to seat land, a new parish was +set up which was named "Truro" by King Carter. He expected the +parish to be a mining district and named it after a borough of +Cornwall, England, which was a shipping port for tin and copper ore. + +Truro tried to provide meeting places for all and called upon a man +by the name of Samuel Littlejohn, who seated land south of the +future site of the Town of Fairfax, for help in supplying a place to +worship for this particular area. Mr. Littlejohn complied by renting +his tobacco barn for regular services. + +He received 1000 lbs. of tobacco a year for its rent. The barn was +fitted with six benches which ran the length of the house and two +benches which stood at each end of the building. A Communion table +and a reading desk with a small window on each side of the desk +concluded the specified alterations. This was in 1765. The exact +location of this barn has not been identified but it seems likely +that it was in the vicinity of Edward Payne's home on middle ridge +near the Ox road, where Payne's church was built in 1766. (The +Virginia Army National Guard Nike Site is now located on part of +Payne's land.) + +At a meeting on February 3rd and 4th, 1766, the vestry resolved that +a new church be built on the middle ridge near Ox Road ... on the +land "supposed to belong" to Mr. Thomazen Ellzey, young +planter-lawyer, "who being present consents to the same". (Mr. +Ellzey owned a large tract of land including the Magner tract of +which "Brecon Ridge" is now a part. According to local tradition, he +gave the "glebe" land which consisted of 40 acres for the minister +who was allowed to collect as salary whatever he could grow on the +"glebe".) Vestrymen present these two days were "Mr. Edward Payne, +Colo. George Washington, Capt. Daniel McCarty, Colo. George William +Fairfax, Mr. Alexander Henderson, Mr. William Gardner, Thomas +Withers Coffer, William Linton and Thomas Ford." + +Edward Payne was to undertake to build the church for 579 lbs. of +Virginia currency agreeable to a plan and articles drawn up by a Mr. +John Ayres who was to be paid 40 shillings for his plan and +estimates. These plans were to be modeled after the Falls Church. + +Hearsay relates that "Edward Payne, vestryman and builder of the +church, and Col. George Washington had an argument concerning the +location of the church. A fist fight insued and Mr. Payne, who was a +tall man but not as tall as Col. Washington, knocked Col. Washington +down--it being the first and only time Washington was ever knocked +down". The church was located according to Mr. Payne's judgment and +records show it was accepted on September 9, 1768, as agreeably +built according to plan, with the exception of the brick pediments +over the door which were to be corrected by Mr. Payne. + +The church was used for services until the time of the Revolution +after which it was used only occasionally. Early in the last century +the Baptists took possession of it as abandoned property, with the +Court's permission, and upon the division of that denomination in +1840 the Jerusalem Baptist Church (new school) was organized in the +building and continued to use it until 1862. + +[Illustration: TRURO EPISCOPAL CHURCH +_Photo by Ollie Atkins_] + +At that time Federal troops camped in the vicinity tore the church +down brick by brick and used the material to build chimneys and +hearths for their winter quarters. A small frame Baptist church now +covers part of the original foundation of Payne's church. A model of +the original Payne's Church can be found in the design and +construction of the present chapel at Truro Episcopal Church in +Fairfax. + +During the development of the parish and its move northward and +inward, the Court in 1752 ordered Lewis Ellzey, Hugh West Jr., James +Hamilton, James Halley and others to view and mark a road to be +cleared for the most convenient way from Alexandria to Rocky Run +Chappell. + +This road is now locally known as the old Braddock Road, named after +General Braddock who presumably traversed it on his way to Ft. +Duquesne. Although historians disagree on the authenticity of this +route being taken by Braddock, around the road has grown a legend of +"buried treasure". + +The story goes that the road was impassable and the weather +extremely inclement when Braddock and his men used it. They had to +cut down trees and other growth to clear their way. Added to this +was the fact that they were carrying a chest of gold coins, with +which to pay the men. They had two cannons, which were proving +extremely burdensome, and were constantly becoming bogged down in +the mud. + +Finally, having lost so much time due to the condition of the road +and the heaviness of his cannons and gold, Braddock decided to +lighten his load. Taking the gold coins, he stuffed the nozzles of +both cannons with the coins and then buried the cannons near a +spring on the road near Centreville. The story continues that the +spring has since dried up and although many people, including the +British, have searched for years for the "buried treasure", it has +never been found. + +Near the intersection of Ox Road and Braddock Road was a tract of +land (the future site of George Mason College, the northern Virginia +branch of the University of Virginia) which was owned by the Farr +family. The large home on this tract of land was burned by Union +forces during the Civil War in retaliation for a very brave act by +the young fourteen year old Farr boy. + +This young boy, knowing that Union troops were located at Fairfax +Station waiting to attack the Court House, built a road block of +logs across the Ox Road over which these troops had to pass. Hiding +himself in the underbrush nearby, he fired so heroically upon the +enemy troops, as they approached, that they assumed there was a +large group of Confederates waiting for them and withdrew to Fairfax +Station. When they learned of the hoax, they returned and burned the +Farr home to the ground. + + + + +[Illustration] + +V. THE TOWN + + +Historically, the most important house in the town of Fairfax is the +Ratcliffe-Logan-Allison House at 10386 Main Street. This little +brick house was built in 1805 when the town was founded and the +original half meets the specifications of the 1805 Virginia State +Legislature. It is sixteen feet square, has a brick chimney, and is +"fit for habitation." The Ratcliffe-Logan-Allison House is +considered to be in "pristine" form and unchanged from its original +condition except for an 1830 addition which is believed to have been +built by the same brick mason.[1] + + [1] _The Richard-Ratcliffe-Allison House is listed on the Virginia + Historic Landmarks Register and on the National Register of + Historical Places. It belongs to the City of Fairfax and is an + integral part of the founding of the town._ + +The little brick house was the first structure completed when +Richard Ratcliffe established his town named Providence (now +Fairfax). Henry Logan bought the house and later sold it to Gordon +and Robert Allison. They added a large parlor and bedroom to +the house and built a stable in the backyard to take care of +the horses of their paying guests and possibly those of the +Alexandria-Winchester Stage Coach Line. + +[Illustration: THE RATCLIFFE-LOGAN-ALLISON HOUSE +_Photo by Ollie Atkins_] + +Richard Ratcliffe's tavern at the northwest corner of the +intersection of Chain Bridge Road and The Little River Turnpike was +one of the larger houses in Fairfax. Caleb Earp operated a store in +the basement of this tavern and the crossroads was known as "Earp's +Corner" when George Mason recommended in 1789 that the court house +be located at this juncture. + +The tavern was extended westward by a Capt. Rizin Willcoxon and +subsequently bought by the Allisons. An 1837 inventory shows there +was a store, a cellar, a granary, a bar, kitchen, parlour, dining +room, tailor's shop, sky parlour, and at least twelve bedrooms in +the tavern. + +Capt. Willcoxon, who was a relative and friend of Richard Ratcliffe, +built the addition to the tavern out of bricks kilned by slaves. The +foundation of the Willcoxon home on Route 237 was also built of +bricks from the same kiln. This home was named "Blenheim." The name +of Union soldiers who occupied the house during the Civil War can be +found etched on the walls of its attic. + +Although "Blenheim" is still standing today, the Ratcliffe tavern +was torn down in the 1920's and the bricks and mantels were +purchased by Col. Francis Pickens Miller who incorporated them into +the large brick building which is now known as Flint Hill Private +School. + +[Illustration: RICHARD RATCLIFFE TAVERN] + +Progress began to embrace Fairfax in the 1900's but before the +1800's there was only a tavern, a store, a tannery, and several +private homes located at "Earp's Corner." + +Still standing today are the Truro Episcopal Church rectory, which +was built as a home by Thomas Love and later sold to Dr. William +Gunnell, the Ford Building and the Oliver Building, both of which +were built by members of the Gunnell family. + +These homes were representative of the times. Georgian architecture +had begun to spread up and down the coast. Plaster and paneling had +begun to replace lime walls. Beautifully carved mantels and +staircases had made their appearance. Mahogany furniture upholstered +in satin or brocade had replaced crudely constructed pieces. +Portrait painters roamed the country. Tutors moved in to educate the +children of the wealthy. Life was much safer and almost as +conventional as country life in England. + + + + +[Illustration] + +VI. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR + + +While the rich progressed from rough shacks to Georgian homes, there +was no such advance for the poor. There was not even any improvement +in agricultural implements and the poor were finding it more and +more difficult to compete with the large landholders and their +scores of slaves. + +They resented the tight band held over them by the mother country, +who, they felt, neither understood their problems nor how to cope +with them, as well as they did (e.g., the impractical way the +English tried to fight the Indians during the French-Indian war). + +[Illustration] + +Added to this was the constant pressure from the mother country for +more money to exploit her domain, felt in the enforcement of the +"Sugar Act", "Stamp Act", "Tea Act", and "Boston Port Act". + +The smoldering embers of hate began to flare in the hearts of the +radicals. The gentry hoped to keep the radicals under control for +they felt the Virginia colony had less cause to fight than the other +colonies. The colony of which they were a part was "the most +populous, prosperous and important one of the thirteen." They had +not felt the sting of taxes like their northern mercantile brothers +nor the sting of poverty like their less fortunate southern +brothers. + +For example, when the "Stamp Act" was being considered. Richard +Henry Lee applied for the position of stamp distributor. When a +fight developed in the House concerning the "Stamp Act", Peyton +Randolph, Edmund Pendleton, Richard Bland and George Wythe opposed +Patrick Henry's resolutions bitterly. + +The gentry in Fairfax seemed to be the exception for George +Johnston, a prominent lawyer living between Alexandria and Mt. +Vernon, backed Patrick Henry in his protest. George Mason wrote the +Non-importation Resolutions in 1769, his Fairfax Resolves in 1774 +and his famous Bill of Rights in 1776. George Washington, Fairfax +planter, was, of course, Commander in Chief of the Continental Army +and brought the country through to victory under the most difficult +circumstances. + +Large numbers of able-bodied citizens in the County served under +Washington in the Revolution. An artillery company was formed out +of the two militia companies in Fairfax and two later drafts took +eighty-two more men. There were a few English sympathizers like the +Fairfax family who did not take part but almost every influential +family in the County fought on the side of Independence. + +During this time Patrick Henry served as Governor of the +Commonwealth of Virginia, and in this capacity, appointed a Sheriff +to serve the County of Fairfax. One of the most interesting +documents in view at the Fairfax County Clerk's Office is the +original of this command signed by P. Henry. + +The County itself was touched by battle on two occasions: (1) The +Continental Army under General Lafayette crossed the Potomac near +Chain Bridge and (2) Rochambeau's Army of French allies came up +through the County over the old King's Highway to Alexandria, where +French transports awaited them. + +The country prospered after the war but economic levels changed. The +new rich who had prospered by government contracts during the war +took the place of men who had lost their business along the coast +line and of men whose homes had been ramshackled by English troops. +Currency fell and prices rose. The farmer, who had by now turned to +wheat instead of tobacco for his livelihood, was receiving high +prices and seemed to be getting rich. However, his labor supply was +extremely limited and he found it difficult to raise enough crops to +supply his own needs. What labor he could find demanded extremely +high wages and the products which the farmer needed came at +extremely costly prices. In spite of difficulties, however, the +farmer saw the need for a good road to Alexandria, where he could +export his wheat. Thus the farmers of Fairfax, Alexandria, and +Loudoun Counties joined together to build The Little River Turnpike, +which was one of the first improved roads in the United States. This +road was completed in 1806 and as stated before, tolls were +collected for it at Earp's Ordinary. Another strong factor in the +completion of this road was the establishment of the County Court +House at the present site in the Town of Fairfax. + + + + +[Illustration] + +VII. THE COURT HOUSE + + +In 1618 Gov. Yeardley established the prototype of the county court +by an order stating that "county courts be held in convenient +places, to sit monthly, and to hear civil and criminal cases." It +determined rates of local taxation, registered legal documents, +licensed inns and exercised control over their prices, directed the +building and repair of roads, and rendered judgments in both civil +and criminal cases. + +While Fairfax County was still a part of the colony, the first +sessions of Court were probably held in Colchester, a thriving +seaport town where large quantities of tobacco were exported. +Charles Broadwater, John Carlyle, Henry Gunnell, Lord Thomas +Fairfax, George Mason, and George Washington were among the +Gentlemen Justices during the period of 1742 to 1776. + +The first entry of the Court's minutes were made in 1742 at a +session held in Colchester. This was an order removing the county +records from Colchester to the new court house two miles north of +Vienna. This court house, where the Fairfax Resolves were written, +was called "Freedom Hill". Ambiguously, a gallows was constructed +here and death sentences were carried out promptly. The court house +remained at Freedom Hill for ten years when it was moved to +Alexandria. + +There are many theories concerning the move to Alexandria: Roads +were poor and slow; there was still Indian hostility--the treaty of +Fontainebleau did not come until 1762; there was pressure from the +more influential citizens of Alexandria to move it to that city. + +At any rate, the Court was moved to Alexandria in 1752 and there it +remained until 1799. The gallows remained at Freedom Hill. When a +death sentence was passed, the prisoner was taken out The Little +River Turnpike from Alexandria to Annandale, thence along "Court +House Road" to the gallows. Eventually the name "Court House Road" +was changed to "Gallows Road", which name a portion of the road +bears today. + +During the forty-seven years court was held in Alexandria, the +building fell into such disrepair that it finally became an unfit +place in which to hold business, thereby speeding the acceptance of +a proposal by George Mason and other influential residents that the +Court be moved to Fairfax. + +At that time there lived in Fairfax a man by the name of Richard +Ratcliffe who held large tracts of land in this area. His holdings +began at the Ravensworth line and swept over and through all the +area that the Town of Fairfax now occupies, traveling on into what +is now Loudoun County. + +When plans became final to move the Court House from Alexandria to +Fairfax, Richard Ratcliffe sold to Charles Little, David Stuart, +William Payne, James Wren and George Minor, for one dollar, four +acres of land "to erect thereupon an house, for holding the Pleas of +the said County of Fairfax, a clerks office for the safe keeping of +the records and papers of the said County, a Goal and all and every +other building and machine necessary for the Justices of the Peace +for the said County from time to time to erect for the purpose of +holding the pleas of the said County, preserving the Records and +publick papers, securing and safe keeping of prisoners and +reserving good order and the publick peace but for no other +use or purpose whatever and also the undisturbed use of and +privilege of all the springs upon the lands of Him the said Richard +Ratcliffe ...", dated June 27, 1799. + +Records show that a Richard Ratcliffe came to this country from +England in 1637 along with John Bristoe, Robert Turner, Henry +Warren, Thomas Clarke and Robert Throckmorton--Lord of the Manor of +Ellington. It is assumed that the descendants of Ratcliffe and +Throckmorton worked their way into the vicinity of the future town +of Fairfax for their names appear often in the records and newspaper +clippings. + +The Richard Ratcliffe who gave the land for the court house came +here from Maryland. He was the son of John Ratcliffe of "Poynton" +and "Doyne" Manors, Port Tobacco, Charles County, Maryland. + +He married Lucian Bolling who was from one of the families who had +moved into this area from the Jamestown Colony. Her father was +Girard Bolling who was one of 18 children and descended from Thomas +Rolfe. + +Mr. Bolling was a planter and merchant who owned a store in Fairfax. +Ratcliffe became associated with his father-in-law in the mercantile +business and took over the business after Mr. Bolling died. In +Ratcliffe's will he left "the brick store and land lot to his sons +for the purpose of keeping store in or on if necessary". + +He and his wife had five daughters and four sons. Penelope married +Spencer Jackson. Nancy married Stephen Daniel. Jane married Thomas +Moss, a future clerk of the court. Patsy married Richard Coleman. +Lucian married George Gunnell. His sons were Robert, who was Deputy +Sheriff in 1801, Charles, John and Samuel. Two of his sons were +evidently a disappointment to him for in his will he speaks of +Samuel "having conducted himself badly for several years past" his +debts were to be paid by the executors, who were Robert and Charles +Ratcliffe, Thomas Moss, Gordon Allison and Roger M. Farr. He also +stated that two of his sons had received more than his daughters +but he hoped his sons would do better and his daughters would +understand. + +The Ratcliffe home place, "Mt. Vineyard" will be recalled by older +citizens in the town as the Rumsey place, which burned years ago. +The family graveyard still exists today. It is located on Moore +Street. + +Besides owning a great deal of land and a mercantile business, Mr. +Ratcliffe owned a race track on the east side of town. Its +approximate location was east of Route 237, north of The Little +River Turnpike and west of Fairview Subdivision. His personal +property was valued at $4445.34. In his will the slaves were divided +among his wife and children. Some of the slaves were valued as high +as $600 each, while others were valued at a dollar. + +[Illustration] + +In 1836, when Mr. Ratcliffe died and the town had to be surveyed in +order for his estate to be divided, John Halley, the surveyor +writes: "In laying off I commenced at the northwest corner of Rizin +Willcoxon's Tavern House, Robert Ratcliffe having represented that +that house was considered when built as being exactly on the corner +of the lot on which it stands, and the side and gable ends of said +house ranged with the streets. I have therefore taken the ...... of +said house as a guide". The tavern was valued at $4000.00 at that +time. + +Robert Ratcliffe had evidently used the northwest corner of the +tavern when in 1805 he laid off the town when An Act of the Assembly +established a "Town at Fairfax Court House on the Land of Richard +Ratcliffe by the name of Providence". + +[Illustration: FAIRFAX COURT HOUSE +_Photo by Ollie Atkins_] + +Meanwhile, a red brick building had been erected for the court +house. It had a gabled roof, an arcaded loggia and a cupola. In the +cupola hung a very fine bell which had been imported from England. +This bell rang to remind the citizens of church time, court, town +meetings, etc. + +The inside of the court house was beautifully paneled with walnut +wainscoating and behind the Justice's chair the wall was paneled +from floor to ceiling. There was a gallery for slaves and rows of +hand carved wooden pews for freemen. + +On the outside was a place for tying horses in the yard and nearby +stood a well with the traditional "old oaken bucket". The +inscription on the bucket read, "He who drinks therefrom will return +to drink again!" + +Among the first Justices of the Peace to serve in the new Court +House after April of 1800 were James Coleman, David Stuart, Charles +Little, William Stanhope, Richard Bland Lee, Robert F. Hooe, William +Payne, Richard Ratcliffe, William Deneale, Humphrey Peake, Richard +W. Poeh, Hancock Lee, William Gunnell, Richard M. Scott, Francy +Adams, James Wiley, Augustine I. Smith, and James Waugh. These men +formed a committee that took turns serving as Justices of the Peace. +They were known as Gentlemen Justices and were appointed and +commissioned by the governor until 1851. + +In 1843 an agricultural journal was published at the Fairfax County +seat. It was called the "Farmer's Intelligencer" and was edited and +published by J. D. Hitt. The first issue which appeared on October +21, 1843, showed agitation for a revision of the Virginia +constitution in advocating a more economical and simplified court +procedure. It may or may not have been indicative of general +feelings at the time, but from 1851 until 1870 Justices were elected +by the voters of the County. Among these were Silas Burke, John B. +Hunter, James Hunter, W. W. Ellzey, Minnan Burke, Ira Williams, M. +R. Selecman, William W. Ball, John Millan, Nelson Conrad, T. M. +Ford, David Fitzhugh, S. T. Stuart and Elcon Jones. + +From 1870 to 1902 the County Court was presided over by a single +judge elected by the state's legislature. During that time Thomas E. +Carper, Richard Coleman, J. R. Taylor, J. F. Mayhugh and John D. +Cross were among those who served. Governor Yeardley's order was +abolished in 1902 by a constitutional convention and by 1904 the +circuit courts took over the former work of the county courts. Their +decline was brought about because they had become the symbol of +opposition to a centralized government. Thomas Jefferson said, "the +justices of the inferior courts are self-chosen, are for life, and +perpetuate their own body in succession forever, so that a faction +once possessing themselves of the bench of a county, can never be +broken up...." + +John Marshall said "there is no part of America where less disquiet +and less ill feeling between man and man is to be found than in this +commonwealth, and I believe most firmly that this state of things is +mainly to be ascribed to the practical operation of our county +courts". + +William Moss served as Clerk of the Court from 1801 to 1833. From +1833 until 1887 F. D. Richardson, Thomas Moss, Alfred Moss, S. M. +Ball, H. T. Brooks, W. B. Gooding, William M. Fitzhugh, D. F. +Dulaney, and F. W. Richardson served as Clerks. F. D. Richardson who +was born in 1800 and entered the Clerk's Office under William Moss +in 1826 was either Clerk, Deputy Clerk or Assistant Clerk to the +date of his death on October 13, 1880, a period of 50 years. His +son, F. W. Richardson, born Dec. 16, 1853, went into the Clerk's +Office when he was 18 years old (1871) and served as Deputy and +Assistant Clerk until the death of his father in 1880, when he was +elected Clerk of the County and Circuit Courts. + +It is said that Ripley wrote in "_Believe It or Not_" that "'Uncle +Tude' (F. W. Richardson) and his father had been Clerks of the +Fairfax Courts continuously for one hundred and five years". + + + + +[Illustration] + +VIII. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOWN + + +As the court house drew men to this area and the population +increased, a school for girls was established on the property west +of Truro Episcopal Church. Known as Coomb's Cottage, it was a +finishing school for young girls and boasted a roster of +approximately one hundred young ladies from both the north and the +south. + +The school was built and established by Dr. and Mrs. Baker, who were +English. In addition to the main house (a white frame building west +of the church), there were a number of other buildings. Two of these +are located across Route 236 from the Church and are still standing +today. One is a professional building, the other a private home. +They were moved to their present location by Judge Love when he +bought the original school property. (The school closed down during +the Civil War and was never re-opened). + +The present Truro Episcopal Rectory had been built as a home by +Judge Love's father, Thomas R. Love, who later sold it to Dr. +William Gunnell and built his home in the large grove of trees on +the Layton Hall property, near the site of the present town hall. +"Dunleith", as the large brick home was called, was destroyed by +Union forces and replaced by an ordinary frame house after the war. + +The Cooper Carriage house was built during this time by a Mr. Cooper +who had come to Fairfax from the North. Mr. Cooper was a highly +respected citizen and a very gallant Confederate soldier. He was +wounded seven times. Cooper Carriage House is located east of the +professional building which was a part of Coomb's Cottage. + +Another house built before the Civil War was the home of Judge Henry +W. Thomas which stood on the site now occupied by the large, +pillared, grey stucco house belonging to Mrs. John Barbour. This +house served as headquarters for the Union officers and afterwards +as a hospital. + +The old cedar posts on the porch of the frame part of this house +were the original posts that held the gallery in the old court +house. When some remodeling of the court house was done, Judge +Thomas bought the posts. They were later removed to a white frame +house which served as a tenement house for the Barbour estate. This +house is still standing today and the porch roof is sustained by +tapering posts, which are more delicate and slender than ones +usually found on outside porches. + +Also built during this era was the D'Astre place, which is the +present home of Mr. A. B. McClure. This home was owned by a +Frenchman who had the reputation for making wonderful wines. The +vineyard of Niagaras, Delawares, Concords bear out the tribute. The +runway from the cellar to the highway where the barrels were loaded +is evidenced today by a road leading to a log house near the grape +arbors. The tenement house, now owned by Mrs. Douglas Murray, boasts +a concealed attic room, hidden behind a closet. Here Confederate +soldiers picked off the Union troops as they marched past. The house +was raided many times by Union troops but still managed to keep its +secret. + +Beyond the D'Astre place was the home of Charles Broadwater, which +has recently been torn down for widening of The Little River +Turnpike. When torn down, the well house revealed numerous musket +balls from the war. The house itself was a study in architectural +beaming. Each wall header was constructed of large hand-hewn oak +timbers. Each timber had hand-hewn slots which received studs +secured by wooden pegs. + +The large colonial brick house at the corner of Sager Avenue and +University Drive was possibly built during this era too. The land +had been part of the Ratcliffe division, designated as Lot 26, and +had passed from the Moss family to the Jackson family. Later, a Mr. +Harry Fitzhugh, who taught school here, bought it and eventually +sold it to Mr. F. W. Richardson. + +The Draper house at the corner of Main and Route 237 was built in +1827 by Dr. S. Draper who occupied it until 1842, at which time a +Mr. William Chapman bought it. The wide upstairs portico and two +immense chimneys at each end of the brick house were characteristic +of the houses built at that time. + +The large white frame house belonging now to Mrs. Fairfax Shield +McCandlish, Sr., and being located across from the Fairfax Post +Office was built before 1839 and was owned and occupied by the +Conrad family. They called it "Rose Bower". A son, Thomas Nelson +Conrad, served as a Captain in the Confederate Army and at one time +as a Rebel Scout. In 1859 it was bought by a Mr. Thomas Murray who +later rented it to a lawyer by the name of Thomas Moore. Mr. Moore +had married one of the young ladies who attended Coomb's Cottage--a +Miss Hannah Morris from Oswego County, New York. Mr. Moore was to +have the distinction of carrying the court records to Warrenton, +when the war clouds gathered around Fairfax. + +By 1843 Zion Church was founded under the leadership of the Reverend +Richard Templeton Brown. He writes: "On the 8th of February last we +had the pleasure of a new congregation at this very destitute place +and prompt measures were adopted for the immediate erection of a +plain and substantial church. The edifice has been commenced, and, +if not entirely finished, will be used during the present year. Some +of the most influential citizens of the place and neighborhood are +interested in the work; the ladies also are zealously engaged; and +we trust that, by the blessing of God, the Church at this place will +exert a wide and purifying influence." + +At that time there were five communicants and twelve families +regularly connected with the church. Services were first held at the +court house, but when for some reason it was forbidden, Mrs. Daniel +Rumsey of "Mount Vineyard"; a Baptist lady, saying that she "could +not see the Ark of the Lord refused shelter", offered her parlor in +which the congregation met until the church was completed. She was +the mother of Mr. William T. Rumsey, who gave the lot for the church +and was one of its first vestrymen. + +The church was completed and consecrated by Right Rev. William +Meade, D. D. on June 28th, 1845, under the name of Zion Church. + +In 1861, when Fairfax became involved in war, the church became a +storehouse for munitions. It soon thereafter rapidly deteriorated +and was finally torn down by Union soldiers to provide material for +their winter quarters on a neighboring hillside. + +In the meantime, the Methodists, it is thought, probably organized +in this vicinity around 1800. The Rev. Melvin Steadman thinks they +may have worshipped at Payne's church for a while or possibly at the +Moss family's home. The first structure built by them, according to +local tradition, was a log cabin which was built around 1822. By +1843 a more elaborate frame building had been built on land given by +a Mr. Bleeker Canfield. Records show that the membership of the +Fairfax Circuit fluctuated between a high of 604 in 1819 to a low of +332 in 1839. The black proportion usually made up a third of the +total, sometimes more. + +Around 1850 the church members found their sympathies divided and +two churches were formed--a southern congregation and a northern +congregation. The latter worshipped in a structure near the +intersection of Routes 236 and 237 known as Ryland Chapel. This +congregation existed until the 1890's. + +The Southern church is first recorded in 1850 with 93 members. It +reached a peak of 212 in 1852, dropped in 1854 and fluctuated around +125 until the war. + +[Illustration] + +In 1846 the era of rail-roading began. Nurtured by Virginia State +legislation, the Manassas Gap railroad was chartered in 1849. It was +to run through the Town of Fairfax as shown by the plat below. Deep +embankments where the railroad bed was laid can still be sighted +today--one particular spot in the town lies east of the old Farr +cottage (now occupied by Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Dennis) on Route 237. +These trenches served as embankments for various battles in this +area but other than that have seen no service due to destruction by +both sides during the Civil War. + +Forerunner of the fabulous county fairs which were held for years at +the county seat was the first fair held on October 16th and 17th, +1852, at the court house. It was sponsored by the Fairfax +Agricultural Society. The officers of this organization were Richard +M. C. Throckmorton, President; H. C. Williams, First Vice-President; +W. W. Ball, Second Vice-President; Levi Burke, Third Vice-President; +S. T. Stuart, Corresponding Secretary and F. D. Richardson, +Recording Secretary and Treasurer. + +Among the exhibitors who were awarded prizes were William Swink, +Ruben Kelsey, Dr. W. P. Gunnell, Charles Kirby, Charles Sutton, +James P. Machen, R. M. C. Throckmorton, Mrs. W. T. Rumsey, Mrs. E. +V. Richardson, Mrs. Mildred Ratcliffe. Mr. Joseph Williams of "Ash +Grove" exhibited corn of "enormous dimensions". The stalks measured +16 ft. 9 inches and the distance to the first ear was twelve feet +six inches and to the second ear thirteen feet one inch. + +It was also the custom at this time to send out notices of funerals. +A typical notice was published in a local newspaper as follows: + + "Yourself and family are respectfully invited to attend the Funeral + of John R. Richardson from the Presbyterian Church to the Public + Cemetery, this afternoon at 3:00 o'clock. Funeral services by Rev. + John Leighton. + + Palmyra, Friday, June 8, 1855" + +By 1859 Providence had taken the name of "Fairfax" when Culpeper +abandoned it, and being located in a border county was destined to +be the scene of the very first skirmish of the Civil War. + +Preceding this skirmish, the citizens of the Town of Fairfax had +debated and appraised the act of seceding from the Union. When on +April 17, 1861, the convention in Richmond adopted "The Ordinance of +Secession" to repeal the ratification of the Constitution of the +United States of America by the State of Virginia, and to resume all +the rights and powers granted under said Constitution, the people in +Fairfax came forth to vote. + +In those days votes were taken orally and penned by the Clerk of the +Court. One page of the voting on secession is still filed among the +records of the Clerk of the Court of Fairfax County. + +The picture below shows 21 out of 22 people in Fairfax voting in +favor of secession. The one dissenter, (on this particular page), +Henry T. Brooks, was later appointed Military Clerk of the Court of +the County of Fairfax, when Union forces took over the Town. + +[Illustration] + + + + +[Illustration] + +IX. THE CIVIL WAR IN FAIRFAX + + +Among the representatives in Richmond in February of 1861 when +Virginia was debating secession from the Union was a young man (35 +yrs. old) by the name of John Quincy Marr. + +He was a graduate and former professor of Virginia Military +Institute. A tall, strong man with black hair and dark eyes, he was +an affable, witty and popular lawyer. + +While the convention at Richmond still hesitated, Marr returned home +to Warrenton to raise a company of infantry, known as the "Warrenton +Rifles", who were being made ready to uphold the secession. + +Late in May in 1861 the "Warrenton Rifles", after having been to +Dumfries, Fauquier Springs, Bristow Station and Centreville, found +themselves bivouacked in the Methodist Church building (Duncan's +Chapel) at Fairfax. + +The village was under the command of Lt. Col. Richard S. Ewell, a +veteran recently resigned from the United States Army, whose +conversation was said to be so full of profanity "that an auditor +declared it could be parsed". He had two mounted companies (one from +Rappahannock County and one from Prince William County) who had +"very few fire-arms and no ammunition". + +Although Colonel Ewell was absent scouting on the day of May 31st, +1861, William (Extra Billy) Smith, who was a neighbor and good +friend of Marr, arrived at Fairfax around supper time that evening. +After chatting with Marr for a while, he retired to the Joshua +Gunnell house (the Oliver Building) which was diagonally across from +the Chapel. + +In the meantime, Lt. Charles H. Tompkins, Co. B, 2nd U. S. Cavalry +was riding with eighty men towards Fairfax Court House to +reconnoiter the country in the vicinity of the court house. + +Tompkins was an Indian type fighter and he made no attempt to seize +the pickets who might warn Marr and his men. Instead, he and his men +rode wildly up and shot at them. One guard rushing into the chapel +shouted, "The enemy's cavalry are approaching". Marr hurried his men +into the surrounding clover fields where they fell in rank. + +Governor Smith, hearing all the racket, jumped out of bed and ran to +join his friend, Marr. In his haste he left his coat behind and, it +is rumored, even his shoes, which were placed outside the bedroom +door to be polished by the old negro servant before morning. + +Upon arriving at the clover field, he looked around for Marr but not +finding him, asked one of his men, "Where is your captain?" + +"We don't know, Sir," was the reply. Marr had disappeared and his +men were in a state of confusion. + +"Boys, you know me. Follow me!" urged the 63 year old governor. + +Halfway to the courthouse more confusion arose when one of the young +Riflemen challenged Col. Ewell, who, having returned to Fairfax, had +been struck in the shoulder and was bare headed, bald and bleeding. +"Extra Billy", coming to the rescue, introduced Col. Ewell, "Men, +this is Lt. Col. Ewell, your commanding officer, a gallant soldier +in whom you may place every confidence." + +The half-company followed Ewell up to Main Street. Then turning the +company over to Smith again, Ewell left to send a messenger for +reinforcements from Fairfax Station. + +"Extra Billy" assumed Tompkins and his men would return by the same +way they had gone. He positioned the remains of the Riflemen around +fence posts in front of Cooper's Carriage Shop. + +At 3:30 A.M. they heard sounds of Tompkins and his men returning. +When Tompkins reached almost to the carriage shop, "Extra Billy" and +his men "let loose", causing Tompkins' men to "run off ingloriously, +pulling down fences and making their escape through fields" while +leaving the ground strewn with "carbines, pistols, sabers, etc." + +Tompkins wrote that he ascertained at least 1000 of the enemy were +in Fairfax, perceived that he was "largely outnumbered" and departed +"in good order", having killed at least twenty-five "rebels". + +Actually only Ewell and one private were injured. Col. Ewell was +taken to "the brick tenement" to have his wound treated and in the +confusion lost his shoulder epaulet. It was found there later and +due to the importance and historical implication of this incident +that it represented, the epaulet was cherished by people of the town +for many years. It is now in the hands of the Clerk of the Court and +Mrs. Thomas P. Chapman, the latter being a descendant of Col. Ewell. + +Only one man was killed and that was Marr. He had been shot by a +random bullet at the outset of the fracas. Jack, a colored servant +of the Moore family, found him later in the morning, face down in +the clover field, gripping his sword in his right hand. The "random, +spent bullet" had probably been fired as far as three hundred yards +away. Directly over Marr's heart was "a perfect circular suffusion +of blood under the skin, something larger than a silver dollar, but +the skin was unbroken, and not a drop of blood was shed". The shock +of impact had stopped his heart. + +Thus it was that the first Confederate officer, to be killed in +action with the enemy, lost his life in the Town of Fairfax. + +On June 8th, 1861, Company B, 2nd United States Cavalry went out on +a scouting expedition. They entered the village of Fairfax where +they had a skirmish with the units in this vicinity. When the +company returned to camp, they realized that two of their members +had been captured. Soon they discovered that these two were to be +hanged the next morning. They mounted their horses, rode down to +Fairfax, found where the two men were imprisoned and rescued them. +The picture above is from the Pictorial War Record. + +[Illustration: BRILLIANT EXPLOIT OF COMPANY B, SECOND CAVALRY, IN +THE RESCUE OF TWO OF THEIR COMRADES, WHO WERE TO BE HUNG BY THE +CONFEDERATES AT FAIRFAX, VA.] + +In July of 1861 Fairfax housed a detachment of Confederates who had +been sent out to delay the Yankees who were on their way to seize +the Manassas Railroad Junction. This junction connected with another +line leading to a point near Richmond (the ultimate Yankee goal). +Unfortunately, when the Unionists under Hunter entered Fairfax, the +Confederate units fled, leaving large quantities of forage and camp +equipment behind. Hunter paraded his men, four abreast, with fixed +bayonets, through the streets of Fairfax. He even had the band play +the national anthem and other patriotic songs as the men marched +along. From here, they proceeded towards Manassas. + +Everyone knows of the inglorious retreat of the Unionists from +their encounter with the Confederates at the first battle of +Manassas. Most people know, too, that spectators had followed the +Union troops out from Washington to watch the battle--that they were +dressed in fancy clothes and riding in everything from wagons to +fine horse-drawn carriages, expecting to applaud an easy Union +victory. What the spectators saw, however, was quite different from +their expectations. + +A combined attack by Confederate forces around 3:45 in the afternoon +overwhelmed the Unionists, who fell back and retired. As they were +retreating in orderly fashion, Kemper's battery reached an +advantageous position on a rise of land and let go with its guns. +The first shot hit a suspension bridge and upset a wagon, which, in +its unwieldy position, served as a barricade for other vehicles. +Other shots followed the first one and soldiers and spectators alike +were seized with panic. Horses ran away, carriages overturned, women +screamed and fainted, soldiers and spectators ran for their lives. +It was every man for himself. "The roar of their flight was like the +rush of a great river". Many of these people made their escape back +through the Town of Fairfax, much to the amusement of citizens who +had viewed Hunter's parade a few days before. + +In the First Battle of Manassas the Confederate forces had trouble +distinguishing their flag, the "Stars and Bars", from the Federal +"Stars and Stripes". When the Confederate flag had been decided upon +in Alabama in March of 1861, the people had voted to keep the red, +white and blue colors and the blue canton. They had voted to use +three (instead of thirteen) alternating stripes of red and white and +to use stars to represent the states. This resulted in a flag so +similar in appearance to the Union flag that Confederate forces, +becoming confused, fired upon their own men. + +General Beauregard stating that he "never wished to see the 'Stars +and Bars' on another battlefield" designed a Battle Flag which +consisted of a St. Andrew's Cross in blue with a white border along +the sides, mounted on a field of red. Thirteen five pointed stars +were placed on the blue stripes. + +Flags of Gen. Beauregard's design were made by three Miss Carys +(Constance, Hetty and Jennie) of this area and sent to Gen. +Johnston, Gen. Beauregard and Gen. Van Dorn in October. The flags +were accepted by these officers before massed troops of the Army in +a ceremony at the fort on "Artillery Hill" in Centreville. + +In December, a spectacular military display was held at Yorkshire, +when Gen. Beauregard presented Battle Flags to various regiments of +the Confederate Army. + +On this occasion a new song, "My Maryland", by J. R. Randall, was +played by the band. However, one of the first renditions of "My +Maryland" had been given in Fairfax in September of 1861, by Miss +Constance Cary and others, when they sang to soldiers of the +"Maryland line". + +On October 1, 1861, President Jefferson Davis with General Joseph E. +Johnston, Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard and General Gustavus W. Smith met +at the Willcoxon Tavern to confer regarding the success of the First +Battle of Manassas. They decided that the Confederates were in no +condition to take advantage of their success and begin an offensive +against Washington. On Oct. 3, 1861, President Davis reviewed "a +brilliant turnout" of troops at the court house. + +There were two more skirmishes at the court house in November of +1861. By December of 1862 the town found itself under the command of +an Unionist, Brigadier General Edwin H. Stoughton, who was living at +the home of Dr. William Presley Gunnell (present Truro Rectory) when +Mosby made his famous raid. + +Here is the story in Mosby's own words, written to a friend in +Richmond. + +"I have already seen something in the newspapers of my recent raid +on the Yankees, though I see they call me Moseley instead of Mosby. +I had only twenty men under my command. I penetrated about ten miles +in their line, rode right up to the General's Headquarters +surrounded by infantry, artillery and cavalry, took him out of his +bed and brought him off. I walked into his room with two of my men +and shaking him in bed said, 'General, get up!' He rose up and +rubbing his eyes, asked what was the meaning of all this. I replied, +'it means, sir, that Stuart's Cavalry are in possession of this +place, and you are a prisoner!...' I did not stay in the place more +than one hour. + +We easily captured the guards around the town, as they never dreamed +we were anybody but Yankees until they saw pistols pointed at their +heads, with a demand to surrender...." + +Stoughton was taken by Mosby to Culpeper and turned over to Fitz +Lee, with whom Stoughton had attended West Point. + +Mosby was disappointed in what happened--"Lee came out of his tent +and welcomed General Stoughton ... as a long lost brother. He took +him into the tent to give him a drink and left me out in the rain!" + +Lincoln was so outraged with Stoughton that he dismissed him from +the Army. + +It is no wonder that Episcopal ministers who have inhabited the +Gunnell home in the past have complained of the lights flashing on +during the wee small hours of the night and of the stairs creaking. +It is hard to tell whether Mosby's ghost is coming again for +Stoughton or whether Stoughton's ghost is wandering through the +house, wary of a second attempt to surprise him at night. + +Mosby writes further about his raid: "Just as we were moving out of +the town a ludicrous incident occurred. As we passed by a house an +upper window was lifted and a voice called out in a preemptory tone +and asked what cavalry that was. It sounded so funny that the men +broke out in a loud laugh. I knew that it must be an officer of +rank; so the column was halted and Joe Nelson and Welt Hatcher were +ordered to search the house. Lt. Col. Johnstone of the Fifth New +York Cavalry, was spending the night there with his wife. For some +reason he suspected something wrong when he heard my men laugh and +immediately took flight in his shirt tail out the back door. Nelson +and Hatcher broke through the front door, but his wife met them +like a lioness in the hall and obstructed them all she could in +order to give time for her husband to make his escape. The officer +could not be found, but my men took some consolation for the loss by +bringing his clothes away with them. He had run out through the back +yard into the garden and crawled for shelter in a place it is not +necessary to describe. He lay there concealed and shivering with +cold and fear until after daylight. He did not know for some time +that we had gone, and he was afraid to come out of his hole to find +out. His wife didn't know where he was. In squeezing himself under +the shelter, he had torn off his shirt and when he appeared before +his wife next morning, as naked as when he was born and smelling a +great deal worse it is reported she refused to embrace him before he +had taken a bath. After he had been scrubbed down with a horse brush +he started in pursuit of us but went in the opposite direction from +which we had gone." + +Mosby's Rangers at this time were composed chiefly of young men from +Fairfax and the adjoining counties, with some Marylanders. Among the +men from Fairfax County were Franklin Williams, Richard Ratcliffe +Farr, Capt. V. Beattie. The men had to arm, equip and supply +themselves, so although they turned captured cattle and mules over +to the Confederacy, they kept any horses they were able to find. +They wore Confederate uniforms and through necessity on occasion +captured overcoats. The "Jessie Scouts" of the Federal Army also +wore the grey uniform in order to deceive the people and gain +information. + +An amusing illustration of the confusion and deception created by +this occurred near Fairfax. + +"A party of Federal soldiers dressed in grey, rode up to a worthy +old farmer and after a short conversation asked him whether he was a +'Unionist' or a 'Secessionist'. The unsuspecting citizen told them +he was a 'Secessionist', whereupon the Federals carried off all of +his horses that were in sight. + +A short while thereafter a party of Confederates rode up, wearing +the blue overcoats which effectually (?) concealed their grey +uniforms and propounded a similar question. Hoping by his +protestations of loyalty to recover his lost property he told them +he was a 'Union man', whereupon they too took such horses as they +could find. + +[Illustration: CONFEDERATE HORSEMEN SCOUTING BETWEEN ANANDALE AND +FAIRFAX.--Sketched by A. R. Waud.] + +Finally a party came along dressed partly in blue and partly in +grey, and asked the same question. Eyeing them critically for a +moment and remembering his past unfortunate experience, he replied: + +'Well, gentlemen, to tell you the truth, I am nothing at all and +d----d little of that.'" + +The fact that the Yankees had an abundance of horses is illustrated +by the following article found in the Pictorial War Record (March +18, 1882). + +"Some people will no doubt be astonished to learn that large +fortunes had been made every year from the commencement of the war +out of the dead horses of the Army of the Potomac. The popular idea +is that when Rosinante yields up the ghost he is buried in some +field, or left to moulder into mother earth in the woods somewhere. +Not so. He has made his last charge, and gnawed his last fence rail, +but there is from $20.00 to $40.00 in the old fellow yet. + +A contract for the purchase of dead horses in the Army of the +Potomac in the year 1864 was let for that year to the highest +bidder, at $1.67 per head, delivered at the factory of the +contractor. During 1863, $60,000.00 was cleared on the contract, and +that year it is thought $100,000.00 was made on it. The animals die +at the rate of about fifty per day at the lowest calculation. + +At the contractor's establishment they are thoroughly dissected. +First the shoes are pulled off; they are usually worth fifty cents a +set. Then the hoofs are cut off; they bring two dollars a set. Then +comes the caudal appendage, worth half a dollar. Then the hide--I +don't know what that sells for. Then the tallow, if it is possible +to extract tallow from the army horse, which I think extremely +doubtful, unless he die immediately after entering the service. And +last, but not least, the shinbones are valuable, being convertible +into a variety of articles that many believe to be composed of pure +ivory, such as candle-heads, knife-handles, etc. By this time the +contractor gets through the "late-lamented" steed, there is hardly +enough of him left to feed a bull-pup on. + +Hereafter, kind reader, when you see a dead "hoss", don't turn up +your nose at him, but regard him thoroughly, as the foundation for a +large fortune in a single year. He may, individually, be a nuisance, +but 'there is that within which passeth show'--$100,000.00 a year." + +Horses, supplies, good fighting men and pickets were important to +the Confederates. So were spies. Mosby was aided greatly by two +young ladies who resided in Fairfax. One was Laura Ratcliffe and the +other was Antonia Ford. + + + + +[Illustration] + +X. SPIES + + +Little is known of Laura Ratcliffe's activities but she was often +called "Mosby's pet" and was the heroine subject of many poems +dedicated to her by Mosby and J. E. B. Stuart. She was devotedly +attached to the Confederate cause and sought every opportunity to +become possessed of the secrets and movements of the Union Forces. +She is reported to have been a maiden lady of great intelligence and +high accomplishments and was very well spoken of by people who knew +her. She resided near Fairfax during the entire war, communicating +with Mosby whenever he came through this section, and it is a +mystery that she succeeded in eluding the vigilance of Union Scouts. + +Not so fortunate was her contemporary, Antonia Ford, who spent many +months in Old Capitol Prison, as the result of a raid made on her +home after Mosby's successful capture of Stoughton. Union officers +felt so strongly that she had had a part in this affair that her +home was ordered searched and they found a commission from J. E. B. +Stuart which read as follows: + + "TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN: + + KNOW YE: + + That reposing special confidence in the patriotism, fidelity and + ability of Antonia J. Ford, I, James E. B. Stuart, by virtue of the + power vested in me as brigadier general in the Provisional Army of + the Confederate States of America, do hereby appoint and commission + her my honorary aide-de-camp, to rank as such from this date. + + She will be obeyed, respected and admired by all true lovers of a + ---- nature. Given under my hand and seal at the headquarters of + the Cavalry Brigade at Camp Beverly the 7th October, A. D., 1861, + and the first year of our independence. + + (signet ring seal) (signed) J. E. B. Stuart + + (X true copy) (signed) L. L. Lomax" + +Antonia was an attractive, young, dark-haired lady, charming to talk +with, witty, and well received in both Washington and Virginia +Society. + +Extracts from a pamphlet written by Alice M. Coates read: + +"In the advance of Federal Troops to Bull Run, some of the Federal +officers stopped overnight with Mr. Ford at Fairfax. + +His daughter, Antonia, a heroic young lady of 22 intensely loyal to +the South, listened at the keyhole and heard the plans proposed. +Next morning she asked for a pass to visit a sick aunt, a few miles +South, which was granted. + +She immediately reported these plans to the Southern troops." + +Antonia aroused no suspicion on this venture in August of 1862, but +only after March 8, 1863, was she questioned and by March 17th, +Major Willard of the Union Army arrived to take Antonia to the Old +Capitol Prison. + +Although Major Willard was quite a few years older than Antonia, he +had been to the Ford home quite frequently as a visitor and had +found Miss Ford most charming. She, in turn, had been attracted to +him. + +How wretched this Union officer must have felt when he was given +the responsibility of personally arresting her and her father and +taking them to prison. + +He fulfilled his duty, however, and then dedicated himself to +securing her release and before many months had passed Antonia and +her father were free again. Evidently they harboured no hard +feelings towards Col. Willard, for they, at a later date, smuggled +him through Confederate lines when they were taking him back to +Washington by wagon after one of his frequent visits to their home. + +In March of 1864 Col. Willard and Antonia were married. Seven years +later Antonia died (some think due to malnutrition suffered from her +stay in prison) and left one son, Joseph. + +This son lived with his grandmother at Fairfax until his marriage +when he built the beautiful large home on the original Willard +estate, which now includes Layton Hall Subdivision, University Drive +extended, the Belle Willard School, the Joseph Willard Health +Center. (His father before him owned the Willard Hotel in +Washington). + +Joseph and his wife lived a life of luxury, traveling abroad and +entertaining in their large spacious home. The fireplace in their +dining room is framed with beautiful blue and white tiles which they +bought in Holland on their wedding trip abroad. + +Many of the schools, churches, and private homes in this area are +landscaped with American and English boxwood which the Willards grew +as a hobby. When the land was bought for development, hundreds of +boxwood bushes became dispersed throughout the town and its +environs. + +Joseph Willard became a lieutenant-governor of Virginia and an +Ambassador to Spain during the administration of Woodrow Wilson. He +had married Belle Layton Wyatt from Middlesex County who was a +distinguished hostess. Their home became the scene of many brilliant +affairs. + +President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943 attended the wedding of Mrs. +Willard's grand-daughter, Belle Wyatt Roosevelt, to John Palfrey of +Boston. Secret service men swarmed around the Willard home and a +special ramp was built from the flag-stone walk at Truro Episcopal +Church onto the sill of the church door, so the President could +attend the wedding in his wheel-chair. + +The United Daughters of the Confederacy (Fairfax Chapter) dedicated +the chimes in the cupola of the Fairfax Methodist Church to Antonia +Ford, commemorating a small Southern girl who left a heritage of +unselfish love and devotion to the South in general, and to the Town +of Fairfax, in particular. + + + + +[Illustration] + +XI. STEALING OF IMPORTANT PAPERS + + +During the time that the Union Army occupied Fairfax a group of +Blenkers Dutch held the court house in the spring or autumn of 1862. +They had been recruited in Pennsylvania from the most ignorant and +reckless German characters and could not understand a word of +English. + +Due to the Blenkers Dutch, many important papers at the court house +were stolen or destroyed. These men broke open the safe and used +wills, deeds, or anything that came into their hands to keep their +fires going. It was only by luck that the will of Martha Washington +was saved. + +A Lt. Col. Thompson who was in command walked in on the men burning +papers and made them stop. Reaching down to see what they were +burning, he picked out a paper at random. Finding it to be the will +of Martha Washington, he put it in his pocket and either mailed it +to his daughter or gave it to her after he returned home. + +[Illustration] + +Years later the people of Fairfax learned that the will had been +sold by Miss Thompson to J. P. Morgan and they set out to recover +it. In the Fairfax County Historical Society Year Book, 1952-53, is +an interesting account of the correspondence between Mr. Morgan's +son and the citizens of the Town, the Governor of Virginia, and +others. The will now rests beside that of George Washington in a +glass enclosed case in the Clerk's Office of Fairfax Court House. + +It is also well known that Washington's will barely escaped being +burned in the fire at Richmond, where it had been sent for safe +keeping. When Union forces took possession of Richmond, they went to +the state library and scattered papers all over the floor, taking +what they wanted. They overlooked Washington's will, however, and +Mr. Lewis, who was Secretary of the Commonwealth, picked it up and +kept it until after the war, when Mr. O. W. Huntt was sent by the +County of Fairfax to Richmond to retrieve the will. + +Later on, at the Centennial, copies of Washington's will were +evidently sold amidst much criticism from a metropolitan newspaper, +for we find a letter from Mr. Richardson, Clerk of the Court, +explaining-- + +"Mr. Andrew Jackson some years ago being a resident of this place +made a complete copy of the will (Washington's) and had it certified +by the Clerk and published as such. He was assisted in this by the +Honorable W. W. Corcoran of Washington, D. C., and these are the +copies sold at the Centennial." + + + + +[Illustration] + +XII. RECONSTRUCTION + + +As the reconstruction period came after the war, Fairfax found +herself in a very destitute position. Most of her churches had been +burned, her fields destroyed by constant skirmishes, her homes used +as headquarters or hospitals by Union soldiers. The Willcoxon +Tavern, Duncan's Chapel and doubtless other places had been used as +stables for Union horses. Deflation closed in; the people again +found themselves having to "pick up the pieces". + +Zion Church had been used as a storehouse for munitions for a while +and had then been torn down by Union soldiers to provide material +for their winter quarters. In February, 1867, Rev. W. A. Alrich was +sent to undertake reorganizing the Church. He found eighteen +communicants for whom he held services in the court house. He +reported "a deep interest manifested in religious matters, and a +willingness to make every sacrifice for the sake of the Master and +his cause. The people, in their impoverished condition, are making +an earnest effort to rebuild their Churches." + +Bishop Whittle visited on December 13th, 1869, and there were +fourteen persons attending services at the Court House. He reported +the new church as being under roof but completion delayed for lack +of funds. He wrote, "I think there is no congregation in the Diocese +more deserving of help than this, where the people have shown such a +determination to help themselves." + +By 1872 the second Zion Church had been completed. By December of +1876 the church had been furnished and freed from debt. Its frame +building had been erected on the foundation of the original church +at a cost of about $2,000.00. In 1882 the present Rectory property +was purchased. + +Among the families who formed the congregation after the war were +the Bakers, Balls, Chichesters, Fairfaxes, Fitzhughs, Fergusons, +Gunnells, Hunters, Mosses, Ratcliffes, Ryers, Stuarts, Terretts, +Towners, Burkes, Coopers, Loves, Rumseys, Moores, Fords, Bowmans, +Keiths, Thorntons, Bleights, Moncures, Ballards, and McWhorters. + +The Methodist Church in the meantime found its strength in the +southern church's Fairfax Circuit and began to replace the first +Duncan's Chapel which had been used by both Confederate and Union +forces and was believed to have been finally burned and destroyed by +Union troops. In 1882 the local board purchased the lot adjoining +Duncan Chapel and built a nine room parsonage. Both of these +buildings are used today for official county business. + +In 1882 the widely scattered rural membership was hampered by severe +winters, bad roads, severe epidemics (diphtheria) and in 1888 Rev. +O. C. Beak wrote of the general business depression in this area +which caused the church to suffer "from removals". (The Methodist +Church did not reach its "Golden Age" until the 1900's.) + +The following map of the 1887's shows a black school located next to +the Fairfax Cemetery. Church services for the black people were +evidently held here too, for older residents of the town speak of +sitting on the opposite side of the road listening to the hymns +pouring forth from the little schoolhouse. + +By 1882 the people began to look forward again throughout the entire +nation. The telephone had been invented in 1876. Better news +service of the papers followed the founding of the Associated Press. +The foundation for the fine art of American printing was being laid. +It was one of the most vigorous artistic and intellectual periods. + +[Illustration] + +In Fairfax telephone service was started in 1887. Offices were +located in Alexandria, Annandale, Fairfax Court House, Centreville, +Gainesville, Haymarket and Thoroughfare. The price of a message to +Alexandria was 15 cents, to any other point 10 cents; there was no +charge for the answer. Messages were limited to five minutes. The +first phone in Fairfax was installed in the Willcoxon Tavern. Here +the town people could go to make or receive calls. + +Captain S. R. Donohue set up a newspaper office at the west corner +of Sager Avenue and Payne Street. He had operated a paper of his own +in Alexandria called "The Alexandria Times". When he moved to +Fairfax, he brought his printing press with him. This press, which +was the first in Fairfax, had to be hand-operated by two men and can +still be seen today in the present Fairfax Herald Building. + +On Oct. 1, 1890, the people of Fairfax held one of the most +spectacular affairs that the town has seen. The occasion was the +erecting of the Confederate monument at the town cemetery. As +Captain Ballard who headed up the affair proclaimed, the "purpose +was to collect together the remains of the Confederate soldiers who, +in defense of a common cause, found sepulchre upon Fairfax soil, and +to erect a monument to the memory of the Confederate dead." + +Two thousand people were to come in all types of conveyances--from +the best Washington had to offer down to the backwoods ox cart. Some +were even to walk as far as thirty miles to pay tribute to their +fellow man. + +The town was appropriately decorated for the occasion. Large +American flags hung suspended across the streets. Red, white, and +blue buntings were artistically draped across the fronts of houses, +archways, and gates. + +R. E. Lee Camp, Confederate Veterans of Alexandria, turned out with +a long line of men, bringing with them Lee Camp, Sons of Confederate +Veterans. They were the two principal organizations present along +with Marr Camp of Fairfax County. Members of other Confederate +Veterans Camps came from all over the state--some singly and some +in groups. The soldier organizations made their headquarters with +Marr Camp just south of the Court House. Here the column was formed +for the parade. + +At the top of the hill on the Fairfax Station Road, Schroeder's full +brass band, dressed in colorful uniforms with the bright yellow +instruments reflecting the sun, waited for the columns of soldiers +to form. The hundreds of people who had come to witness this +historic occasion, in their enthusiasm to view everything, delayed +the parade for one and a half hours. + +Finally, the people were persuaded to make room for the lines to +form and the proud procession began. First came the vivid brass band +playing its lively military music. Next came Judge D. M. Chichester +as Chief Marshal. He was assisted by Capt. J. O. Berry, Dr. W. D. +McWhorter, and Benjamin Simpson, Esquire. Then followed the columns +of veterans. The procession led from the top of the hill at the +court house, turned left up The Little River Turnpike and then +proceeded to the town cemetery. + +Here on a crest stood the monument made of Richmond granite. It +covered the remains of two hundred heroes. As the people gathered +respectfully near the monument, the Rev. J. Cleveland Hall opened +the service with a prayer. Capt. Ballard then gave the presentation +speech. Gov. William Fitzhugh Lee made appropriate response on +behalf of the Ladies' Memorial Association. The Honorable James L. +Gordon, who was poet of the day, rendered an "eloquent poem". + +The assemblage then returned to the court house which had been +decorated with flags and flowers. Here they heard Senator John W. +Daniel, General Eppa Hunton, Gen. M. D. Corse, Col. Arthur Herbert, +and Col. Berkley. Afterwards, they were served a delicious dinner by +the ladies, who also held a fair inside the court house to help +raise money for the monument. (It cost $1200.00). + +Although we do not have a picture of this occasion, through the +courtesy of The Honorable Paul E. Brown, Judge of the Circuit Court +of Fairfax County, we are able to show a picture of the +commemoration of the Marr monument, which took place in June of 1904 +and was probably similar in many ways. + +[Illustration] + +Social life continued and in 1891 a Phantom Ball was given by +Messrs. Joseph E. Willard, C. Vernon Ford, Charles and Fay +Kilbourne, and Dr. W. P. Malone. Miss Helen Moore was listed among +the guests. + +In 1892 when the town was chartered, there were two hundred people +living at Fairfax Court House. There were three white churches--one +Episcopal, one north and one south Methodist. There were two black +churches. There was a school for white and a school for black, three +or four stores, a newspaper office, a number of comfortable old +homes, an old-fashioned tavern, and an undertaker's shop. The bell +at the Court House called three to four hundred people to business, +to law, and to religion. + +_Today, approximately 14,000 people live at Fairfax Court House. +There are seven white churches--Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian, +Baptist, Catholic, Lutheran, and Christian Science. There are two +black churches. There are three schools for elementary students, one +junior high school, and one senior high school, and construction +will begin soon for a college. There are three shopping centers, +several apartment buildings, a medical center, two large telephone +buildings, a library, and a bank. Extensive additions have been made +to the original court house and an eight acre tract of land has been +purchased on South Payne Street for the future Town Hall._ + +_Fairfax is just one small example of the results of colonization. +Through the trials and tribulations endured by the Jamestown and +Maryland colonists, a community was carved out of a wilderness. +Through perseverance and courage the colonists built and held on to +a civilization. They created homes, schools, churches, and +established an independent stronghold on a new continent. It was not +easy. Neither will the conquest of a new planet be easy but +certainly a wonderful heritage has been left by those who went +before._ + +_As a visitor to Fairfax County in 1798 wrote--_ + +_"There is a compound of virtue and vice in every human character; +no man was ever yet faultless; but whatever may be advanced against +Virginians, their good qualities will outweigh their defects; and +when the effervescence of youth has abated, when reason asserts her +empire, there is no man on earth who discovers more exalted +sentiment, more contempt of baseness, more love of justice, more +sensibility of feeling, than a Virginian."_ + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +Bull Run Remembers _by Joseph Mills Hanson_ + +Deed Books and Will Books in Clerk's Office of the Circuit Court of +Fairfax County, Virginia + +Fairfax County, Virginia--1907 + +Fairfax County, Virginia, Yesterday ... Today ... Tomorrow--1952. + +Flags of America _by W. H. Waldron_ + +Gentlemen's Magazine + +Historic Fairfax County _by Columbus D. Choate_ + +Historic, Progressive Fairfax County in Old Virginia--1928 + +Historical Society of Fairfax County, Va., Inc. Yearbook--1951 + +Historical Society of Fairfax County, Va., Inc. Yearbook--1952-1953 + +Historical Society of Fairfax County, Va., Inc. Yearbook--1954 + +Historical Society of Fairfax County, Va., Inc. Yearbook--1955 + +Historical Society of Fairfax County, Va., Inc. Yearbook--1956-1957. + +History of Fairfax County _by Elizabeth Burke_ + +History of Truro Parish in Virginia, _by Rev. Philip Slaughter, +D.D., and edited by the late Rev. Edward L. Goodwin_. + +Landmarks of Old Prince William _by Fairfax Harrison_--Vol. I, II + +Manassas (Bull Run)--1953 + +Memorials of Virginia Clerks (1888). _Compiled by F. Johnston_, +former clerk of Roanoke County. + +Mosby and His Men _by Crawford_ + +Mosby's Rangers _by Williamson_ + +Pictorial War Record + +The Alexandria Gazette + +The Fairfax Herald + +The Falls Church Echo + +The March of Democracy _by James Truslow Adams_, Vol. I, II, III. + +The Memoirs of Col. John S. Mosby, _edited by Charles Wells +Russell_. + +Townsmen Brochure--1945 + +Virginia Cavalcade + +Willards of Washington by _Garnett Laidlaw Eskew_ + + +_The author is indebted to the following people for their help in +compiling the foregoing information_: + + Mr. Ollie Atkins + The Honorable Paul E. Brown + Mr. W. Lindsay Carne + Mrs. Thomas Casey + Mr. Thomas P. Chapman, Jr. + Mrs. H. N. Clark + Mr. Courtland H. Davis + The Rev. Raymond W. Davis + Miss Barbara Duras + Mrs. H. John Elliott, Jr. + Mrs. Earl W. Emerson + Mr. Wilson M. Farr (deceased) + Mr. W. Franklin Gooding + Mr. Alex Haight + Mr. Charles Patton Henry + History Committee of the Fairfax Methodist Church + Mr. F. Wilmer Holbrook + Mr. J. Kenneth Klinge + Mrs. Doreen H. LaFalce + Mrs. Thomas B. Love + Mrs. F. S. McCandlish, Sr. + Mr. and Mrs. F. S. McCandlish, Jr. + Mrs. Douglas Murray + Mrs. Charles H. Pozer + Mrs. Barbara Ritchie + Mr. John W. Rust (deceased) + Mr. Glenn W. Saunders + Mr. Roy A. Swayze + Mr. Byron E. Wales + + + + +INDEX + +by + +John H. Gano + + +A + +Adams, Francy, 34 + +Alabama, 47 + +Alexandria, 4, 21, 27, 28, 30, 64 + +_Alexandria Times_, 64 + +Alexandria-Winchester Stage Coach Line, 23 + +Allison, Gordon, 31 + +Allison, Robert, 23 + +Alrich, Rev. W. A., 61 + +Annandale, 30, 51, 64 + +Aquia, 10 + +"Artillery Hill", 48 + +Ashby's Gap, 18 + +"Ash Grove", 41 + +Associated Press, 63 + +Ayers, John, 19 + + +B + +Bacon, Nathaniel, 11 + +Baker family, 62 + +Baker, Dr. & Mrs., 36 + +Ball family, 62 + +Ball, S. M., 35 + +Ball, WM. W., 34, 41 + +Ballard family, 62 + +Ballard, Capt., 64, 65 + +Baptists, 20, 39, 67 + +Jerusalem Baptist Church, 20 + +Barbour, Mrs. John, 37 + +Baxter family, 9 + +Beak, Rev. O. C., 62 + +Beattie, Capt. V., 50 + +Beauregard, Gen., 47, 48 + +Belvoir, 14 + +Berkeley, Sir Wm., 11 + +Berkley, Col., 65 + +Berry, Capt. J. O., 65 + +Beverly, Maj. Robt., 11, 16 + +Bill of Rights, 27 + +Bland, Richard, 27 + +Bleight family, 62 + +Blenheim, 4, 24 + +Blenkers Dutch, 57 + +Blue Ridge, 18 + +Bolling, Girard, 31 + +Bolling, Lucian, 31 + +Boston Port Act, 27 + +Bowman family, 62 + +Bowman, Gen., 21 + +Braddock, Gen., 21 + +Braddock Road, 21 + +Brecon Ridge, 19 + +Brent family, 9 + +Bristoe, John, 31 + +Bristow Station, 43 + +Broadwater, Chas., 29, 37 + +Brooks, Henry T., 35, 42 + +Brown, Judge Paul E., 65 + +Brown, Rev. R. J., 38 + +Bull Run, 18, 54 + +Burke, 62 + +Burke, Levi, 41 + +Burke, Minnan, 34 + +Burke, Silas, 34 + + +C + +Camp Beverly, 54 + +Canfield, Bleeker, 39 + +Carlyle, John, 29 + +Carper, Thos. E., 34 + +Carter, Robert, 15, 17, 18 + +Carys, Misses Constance, Hetty, Jennie, 48 + +Catholic Church, 67 + +Centennial, 60 + +Centreville, 21, 43, 48, 64 + +Chain Bridge, 28 + +Chain Bridge Road, 23 + +Chantilly, 17 + +Chapman, Mrs. Thos. P., 45 + +Chapman, William, 38 + +Charles County, MD, 31 + +Chichester family, 62 + +Chichester, Judge D. M., 65 + +Christian Scientist Church, 67 + +Circuit Court of Fairfax, 65 + +Civil War, 22, 24, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43-54 + +Clark, Thos., 31 + +Coates, Alice M., 54 + +Coffer, Thos. W., 19 + +Colchester, 11, 29 + +Coleman, James, 34 + +Coleman, Richard, 31, 34 + +Coomb's Cottage, 4, 36, 37, 38 + +Confederate Monument, 4, 64 + +Conrad, Thos. Nelson, 34, 38 + +Continental Army, 28 + +Cooper family 37, 62 + +Cooper Carriage House, 4, 37, 45 + +Corcoran, W. W., 60 + +Cornwall, England, 19 + +Corse, Gen. M. D., 65 + +Country Club Hills, 24 + +Courthouse Road, 30 + +Cross, John D., 34 + +Culpeper, 13, 41, 49 + +Culpeper, Thomas Lord, 11, 12 + + +D + +Daniel, Sen. John W., 65 + +Daniel, Stephen, 31 + +D'Astre Place, 4, 37 + +Davis, Jefferson, 48 + +de la Warr, Lord, 6 + +Deneale, Wm., 34 + +Dennis, Gordon, 41 + +Doeg Indians, 10 + +Dogue Neck, 14 + +Donohue, Capt., S. R., 64 + +Doyne Manor, MD, 31 + +Draper, S., 38 + +Drayton family, 9 + +Dudley family, 9 + +Dulaney, D. F., 35 + +Dumfries, 43 + +Duncan's Chapel, 4, 43, 44, 61, 62 + +"Dunleith", 37 + + +E + +Earp, Caleb, 23 + +Earp's Corner, 23, 24 + +"Earp's Ordinary", 4, 24, 45 + +East Street, 24 + +Ellzey, Lewis, 21 + +Ellzey, Thomazen, 19 + +England/English, 10, 16, 25, 28, 36, 55 + +Episcopal Church, 66, 67 + +Ewell, LCol/Gen. Richard S., 43-45 + + +F + +Fairfax family, 62 + Agricultural Society, 41 + Cemetery, 62 + Col. George Wm., 19 + County, 7-11, 17, 18, 27, 28, 30, 34, 42, 44, 50, 65, 67 + Court House, 4, 17, 28, 29, 32, 33, 38, 39, 41, 44, 57, 60, 61, 63, + 64, 66, 67 + Herald, 64 + Lord, 13, Thos., 29 + Post Office, 38 + Resolves, 27, 29 + Station, 22, 45, 65 + "Store", 4, 25, 31 + Town, 6, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27, 28, 30, 31, 40-42, 44, 46, 51, 55-57, + 61, 64 + William, 14 + +Fairview Subdivision, 32 + +Falls Church, 19 + +"Farmer's Intelligencer", 34 + +Farr, 14-year-old son, 22 + Home, 4, 22, 41 + Richard Ratcliffe, 50 + Roger, M., 31 + +Fauquier Springs, 43 + +Ferguson family, 62 + +Fifth N. Y. Cavalry, 49 + +Fitzhugh family, 9, 62 + David, 34 + Harry, 38 + Wm. M., 11, 17, 35 + +Flint Hill School, 24 + +Fontainebleau, 30 + +Ford family, 62 + Antonia, 52-56 + Building, 4, 25 + C. Vernon, 66 + Thomas, 19 + T. M., 34 + +Fort Duquesne, 21 + +Franklin, Benjamin, 14 + +"Freedom Hill", 29, 30 + +French-Indian War, 26 + + +G + +Gainesville, 64 + +Gallow's Road, 30 + +Gardner, Wm., 19 + +Gentlemen Justices, 34 + +George II, 18 + +George Mason College, 21 + +"Glebe Land", 19 + +Gooding, W. B., 35 + +Gordon, James L., 65 + +Greenway Hills, 24 + +Gunnell Family, 25, 62 + George, 31 + Henry, 29 + Joshua, 44 + Dr. Wm. P., 34, 36, 41, 48 + +Gunston Hall, 14 + + +H + +Hall, Rev. J. Cleveland, 65 + +Halley, James, 21 + John, 32 + +Hamilton, James, 21 + Parish, 18 + +Hatcher, W., 40 + +Haymarket, 64 + +Henderson, Alexander, 19 + +Henry, Patrick, 26-28 + +Herbert, Col. Arthur, 65 + +Hill family, 9 + +Hitt, J. D., 34 + +Hooe, Robert, 34 + +Howard, Lord of Effingham, 13 + +Howsing family, 9 + +Huguenots, 15 + +Hunter family, 62 + Gen., 46, 47 + James, 34 + John, 34 + +Hunting Creek, 10 + +Hunton, Gen. Eppa, 65 + +Huntt, O. W., 60 + + +I + +Indians, 7-9, 11, 12, 30 + Manahoac, 8 + Occannechi, 11 + Susquehannock, 10, 11 + +Irish, 15 + + +J + +Jackson, Andrew, 60 + Family, 38 + Spencer, 31 + +Jamestown Colony, 5-7, 9, 12, 31 + +Jefferson, Thos., 35 + +"Jessie Scouts", 50 + +Johnston, Gen. J. E., 48 + George, 27 + +Johnstone, LCol., 49 + +Jones, Cadwallader, 17 + Elcon, 34 + + +K + +Keith family, 62 + +Kelsey, Ruben, 41 + +Kemper Battery, 47 + +Kilbourne, Chas. & Fay, 66 + +King's Highway, 28 + +Kirby, Chas., 41 + + +L + +Ladies' Memorial Assn., 65 + +Lafayette, Gen., 28 + +Layton Hall, 36, 55 + +Lee Boulevard, 4 + Fitz, 49 + Hancock, 34 + Richard Bland, 34 + Richard Henry, 27, 34 + R. E. Confederate Camp, 64 + Gov. Wm. Fitzhugh, 65 + +Leighton, Rev. John, 41 + +Lewis, Mr., 60 + +Lincoln, Pres., 49 + +Linton, Wm., 19 + +Little, Chas., 30, 34 + +Little Hunting Creek, 14 + +Littlejohn, Samuel, 19 + +Little River Turnpike, 4, 17, 23, 24, 28, 30, 32, 37, 65 + +Logan, Henry, 23 + +Lomax, L. L., 54 + +London, 12 + +Loudoun County, 28, 30 + +Love family, 62 + Judge, 36 + Thos. R., 25, 36 + +Lutheran Church, 67 + + +M + +Machen, James P., 41 + +Magner Tract, 19 + +Main Street, 23, 38, 44 + +Malone, Dr. W. P., 66 + +Manassas, 46, 47 + First Battlefield, 48 + Railroad, 40, 46 + +Manor, "Doyne", 31 + +Marr, Camp (Vets), 64 + Capt. John Q., 43, 44 + Monument, 66 + +Marshall, John, 35 + +Maryland Colonists, 8, 31, 50 + +Mason family, 9 + +Mason, George, 14, 23, 27, 29, 30 + +Maxwell, 8 + +Mayhugh, J. F., 34 + +McCandlish, Mrs. Fairfax Shields, 38 + +McCarty, Capt. Daniel, 19 + +McWhorter family, 62 + Dr. W. D., 65 + +Meade, Rt. Rev. Wm., 39 + +Merriweather family, 9 + +Methodist Church, 39, 43, 56, 62, 66, 67 + +Middlesex County, 55 + +Millan, John, 34 + +Miller, Col. Francis P., 24 + +Minor, George, 30 + +Moncure family, 62 + +Moore family, 62 + Helen, 66 + Street, 32 + Thos., 38 + Wm., 17 + +Morgan, J. P., 57, 59 + +Morris, Mrs. Hannah, 38 + +Mosby, John S., 48-50 + +Moss family, 38, 39, 62 + Alfred, 35 + Thos., 31, 35 + Wm., 35 + +Mount Vernon, 14, 27 + +Mount Vineyard, 32, 39 + +Murray, Mrs. Douglas, 37 + Thos., 38 + +"My Maryland", 48 + + +N + +National Register of Historical Places, 23 + +Negro Slaves, 15 + +Nelson, Jos., 49 + +Non-Importing Resolutions, 27 + +Northern Neck, 15 + + +O + +Occoquan, 11, 17, 18 + +Old Capitol Prison, 54 + +"Old Field Schools", 15 + +"Old Oaken Buckets", 34 + +Oliver House, 4, 25, 44 + +Ordinance of Succession, 42 + +Oswego County, N. Y., 38 + +Ox Road, 17, 19, 21, 22 + + +P + +Palfrey, John, 56 + +Palmyra, 41 + +Payne's Church, 4, 17, 19, 21, 39, 43 + Edward, 19, 20 + Street, 64, 67 + Wm., 30, 34 + +Peake, Humphrey, 34 + +Pendleton, Edmund, 27 + +Pennsylvania, 57 + +"Phantom Ball", 66 + +Pictorial War Record, 46, 51 + +Poeh, Richard W., 34 + +Pohick, 14 + +Port Tobacco, MD, 31 + +Potomac, 28 + +"Poynton" Manor, 31 + +Presbyterian Church, 41, 67 + +Prince William County, 18, 43 + +Privy Council, 12 + +Providence, 23, 33, 41 + + +R + +Randall, J. R., 48 + +Randolph, Peyton, 27 + +"Rangers", 12 + +Rappahannock County, 43 + River, 14 + +Ratcliffe family, 62 + Chas., 31 + Division, 38 + Graveyard, 4, 32 + Home, 4, 32 + Jane, 31 + John, 31 + John of Poynton, 31 + Laura, 52, 53 + Lucian, 31 + Mildred, 41 + Nancy, 31 + Patsy, 31 + Penelope, 31 + Racetrack, 4, 32 + Richard, 22, 24, 30, 31, 33, 34 + Robert, 31, 32, 35 + Samuel, 31 + Tavern, 24 + +Ratcliffe-Logan-Allison House, 23 + +Ravensworth, 30 + +Rebel Scout, 38 + +Revolutionary War, 20, 26-28 + +Richardson, + Mrs. E. V., 41 + F. D., 35, 41 + F. W., 35, 38, 60 + House, 4 + John R., 41 + +Richmond, 42, 43, 46, 48, 60, 65 + +"Ripley's Believe It Or Not", 35 + +Rochambeau, Gen., 28 + +Rocky Run Chappell, 21 + +Rolfe, Thos., 31 + +Roosevelt, F. D., 55 + Belle Wyatt, 55 + +Rose Bower, 4, 38 + +Rumsey family, 62 + Mrs. Daniel, 39 + Place, 32 + Wm. T., 39, 41 + +Ryer family, 62 + +Ryland Chapel, 39 + + +S + +Sager Avenue, 38, 64 + +Saunders, Lewis, Jr., 17 + +Schroeder's Band, 65 + +Scott, Richard M., 34 + +Second US Cavalry, 44, 45 + +Selecman, M. R., 34 + +Simpson, Benjamin, 65 + +Smith, Augustine I., 34 + "Extra Billy", 44, 45 + Gen. Gustavus W., 48 + Capt. John, 8, 10 + +Sons of Confederate Vets, 64 + +Spain, Ambassador To, 55 + +Stamp Act, 27 + +Stanhope, Wm., 34 + +Stars and Bars, 47 + +Steadman, Rev. Melvin, 39 + +Stoughton, Brig. Gen. E. H., 48, 49 + +Stuart family, 62 + David, 30, 34 + J. E. B., 49, 53, 54 + S. T., 34, 41 + +Sugar Act, 27 + +Sutton, Chas., 41 + +Swink, Wm., 41 + + +T + +Taylor, J. R., 34 + +Tea Act, 27 + +Terrett family, 62 + +Thomas, Judge Henry W., 4, 37 + +Thompson, LCol. (USA), 57 + +Thornton family, 62 + +Thoroughfare, 64 + +Throckmorton, Lord of Ellington, 31 + Richard, 41 + Robert, 31 + +Tidewater, 7 + +Tobacco, 11, 19, 29 + +Tompkins, Lt. Chas. H., 44, 45 + +Towner family, 62 + +"Truro", 19 + Episcopal Church, 4, 20, 21, 25, 36, 38, 56, 61 + Parish, 18, 19 + Rectory, 4, 25, 48 + +Turner, Robert, 31 + + +U + +United Daughters of the Confederacy, 56 + +University Drive, 38, 55 + + +V + +Van Dorn, Gen., 38 + +Vienna, 4, 29 + +Vincent family, 9 + +Virginia, 26, 42, 43 + +Va. Historic Landmark Register, 23 + +VMI, 43 + +Va. National Guard, 19 + +Va. State Legislature, 23, 40 + + +W + +Warren, Henry, 31 + +Warrenton, 4, 38, 43 + Rifles, 43 + +Washington, D. C., 4, 54, 60, 64 + Capt. Augustine, 14 + George, 19, 20, 27, 29 + Laurence, 14 + Martha, 57 + Wills, 58, 59, 60 + +Waugh, James, 34 + +West, Hugh Jr., 21 + +West Point, 49 + +Whittle, Bishop, 61 + +Wiley, James, 34 + +Willard Estate, 55 + Hotel, 55 + Joseph, 56, 66 + Major, 54, 55 + Belle Willard School, 55 + Joseph Willard Health Center, 55 + +Willcoxon, Capt. Rizin, 24 + Tavern, 4, 32, 48, 61, 64 + +William & Mary, 16 + +Williamsburg, 15, 18 + +Williams, Franklin, 50 + H. C., 41 + Ira, 34 + Joseph, 41 + +Wilson, Woodrow, 55 + +Wines, Niagara, Delawares, Concords, 37 + +Wren, James, 30 + +Wyatt, Belle Layton, 55 + +Wythe, George, 27 + + +Y + +Yeardley, Gov., 29, 34 + +Yorkshire, 48 + + +Z + +Zion Church, 38, 39, 61, 62 + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF FAIRFAX*** + + +******* This file should be named 31990.txt or 31990.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/1/9/9/31990 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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