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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/32187-8.txt b/32187-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fae4bb --- /dev/null +++ b/32187-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,658 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito +Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, by James S. Findley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico + +Author: James S. Findley + +Release Date: April 30, 2010 [EBook #32187] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLEISTOCENE SORICIDAE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, +Nuevo Leon, Mexico + +BY + +JAMES S. FINDLEY + + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 5, No. 36, pp. 633-639 +December 1, 1953 + + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1953 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 36, pp. 633-639 +December 1, 1953 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1953 + +25-265 + + + + +Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, +Nuevo Leon, Mexico + +By + +JAMES S. FINDLEY + + +Bones of a large number of vertebrates of Pleistocene age have been +removed from San Josecito Cave near Aramberri, Nuevo León, México. +These bones have been reported upon in part by Stock (1942) and Cushing +(1945). A part of this material, on loan to the University of Kansas +from the California Institute of Technology, contains 26 rami and one +rostrum of soricid insectivores. Nothing seems to be known of the +Pleistocene Soricidae of México. The workers cited do not mention them +and no shrews are listed by Maldonado-Koerdell (1948) in his catalog of +the Quaternary mammals of México. Comparison of these specimens with +pertinent Recent material from México, the United States, and Canada +leads me to the conclusion that they represent two genera and at least +three species. The material examined is described below. + + +Sorex cinereus Kerr + +One right ramus, bearing all three molars but lacking the other teeth +and the tip of the coronoid process, needs close comparison only with +certain of the smaller North American species of _Sorex_. From _S. +merriami_ of southeastern Wyoming, it differs in having a shorter, much +shallower dentary, a shorter molar row, and a lower coronoid. In every +particular it is identical with _Sorex cinereus_. _Sorex cinereus_ from +northern British Columbia and the specimen from Nuevo León differ from +_Sorex saussurei_, _S. obscurus_, and _S. vagrans_ in the ratio of the +height of the coronoid to the length of the dentary. This ratio +averages 49.6% in _S. cinereus_ and 53.0% or more (up to 60.0%) in the +other species. _Microsorex hoyi_ differs from _S. cinereus_ and from +the specimen in question in deeper and shorter dentary, more robust +condyle, dentary less bowed dorsally, molars shorter in anteroposterior +diameter and higher in proportion to this dimension. + +This record, as far as I can determine, constitutes a southward +extension of the known Pleistocene or Recent range of this species of +approximately 800 miles. The nearest known occurrence of _S. cinereus_ +in Recent times is in the mountains of north-central New Mexico. The +species now has an extensive range in boreal North America and prefers +mesic and hydric communities from which it rarely wanders. I know of no +instance of the occurrence of the cinereous shrew in desert areas such +as there are between many of the mountain ranges of southern New +Mexico, Coahuila, and Nuevo León. Therefore, unless the habitat +preferences of the species have changed since Pleistocene times, this +find constitutes additional evidence that more humid conditions at one +time prevailed in the regions mentioned. + + +Sorex saussurei Merriam + +Fragments of three other specimens of _Sorex_ occur in the collection. +One of these is a right ramus, C. I. T. No. 3943, and is complete +except for the canine. The other two bear no numbers and I have +designated them "A" and "B." "A" is a left ramus with the dentary +broken off anterior to the canine and bears p4 and the canine. "B" is a +right ramus bearing m2 and the roots of m3 and is broken off at the +middle of the alveolus of m1. Each specimen has certain peculiarities +but they resemble one another so closely that I regard all three as of +the same species. The teeth, where comparable, are of essentially the +same size and configuration. The horizontal rami of the dentaries are +the same. The fossils differ, however, in the configuration of the +coronoid process. In No. 3943 the coronoid is robust and inclined +anteriorly with respect to a line drawn perpendicular to the dentary. +The posterointernal ramal fossa (see Hibbard, 1953) is deeply excavated +with a distinct superior border approximately halfway between its +inferior border and the top of the coronoid. In addition to the +mandibular foramen there is a small foramen immediately posterior to it +opening into the posterointernal ramal fossa. I shall refer to this as +the post-mandibular foramen. The tip of the coronoid is broad, not +tapering, and quadrate, and its entire superior border is inclined +rather sharply medially. Specimen "B" differs from No. 3943 in that the +posterointernal ramal fossa extends nearly to the tip of the coronoid, +which is narrower toward the tip and somewhat tapered dorsally. The +post-mandibular foramen is large and the opening of the mandibular +canal is within the posterointernal ramal fossa. In addition the +coronoid does not incline anteriorly. Specimen "A" is intermediate +between No. 3943 and "B" in the characters mentioned and differs from +both in that the post-mandibular foramen is widely separated from the +mandibular foramen. + +Comparison of the Pleistocene specimens with specimens of Recent +species of North American _Sorex_ reveals that the presence or absence +of the post-mandibular foramen is almost constant in any one species. +In possessing this foramen the fossils differ from most individuals of +the species: _Sorex cinereus_, _S. pacificus_, _S. milleri_, _S. +vagrans_, _S. obscurus_, _S. ornatus_, _S. fumeus_, _S. palustris_, _S. +bendirii_, and _S. veraepacis_. The fossils differ from all these +species in other characters as well; consequently detailed comparisons +with them need not be made here. Species which possess the +post-mandibular foramen include _Sorex saussurei_, _S. merriami_, _S. +trowbridgii_, _S. arcticus_, _S. tundrensis_, and _S. sclateri_. _Sorex +merriami_ differs in smaller size, smaller and weaker dentition, +relatively higher coronoid, and relatively deeper and shorter dentary. +_Sorex trowbridgii_ is similar to the fossils and to _S. saussurei_. +Differences between the jaws of _S. trowbridgii_ and _S. saussurei_ +seem to me to be differences of size only. _Sorex sclateri_ is larger +than the fossils and m2 is longer in relation to m1, being almost the +same size as m1. In the fossils m2 is noticeably shorter than m1, owing +to close appression of the hypoconid and protoconid and in general to a +smaller talonid area. _Sorex arcticus_ differs in larger incisor and +p4. _Sorex tundrensis_ differs in relatively narrower molars. I have +compared the fossils also with the Pliocene and Pleistocene _Sorex +taylori_ Hibbard, and find that the fossils are larger and have larger +teeth and a much wider separation of the protoconid and metaconid. I +can find no significant way in which the fossils differ from _S. +saussurei_. This of course implies similarity to _S. trowbridgii_. +Since _S. saussurei_ is a widespread species in México today and since +it occurs in the vicinity of the San Josecito area the specimens under +discussion are referred to this species. + + +Cryptotis mexicana (Coues) + +The San Josecito collection contains 22 rami of a species of +_Cryptotis_. Many are nearly complete although none possesses the +incisor. In addition there is a rostrum that on the right side bears +the last two unicuspids, P4, M1, and M2. I have compared these fossils +with specimens of the following species of _Cryptotis_: _C. mexicana_, +_C. magna_, _C. nelsoni_, _C. thomasi_, _C. alticola_, _C. parva_, _C. +orophila_, _C. pergracilis_, _C. guerrerensis_, _C. obscura_, _C. +mera_, _C. soricina_, _C. fossor_, _C. goodwini_, _C. griseoventris_, +_C. meridensis_, _C. mayensis_, and _C. micrura_. The four species +first mentioned and the fossils seem to fall into one group. The +remaining species fall into another group characterized by a smaller +occlusal area of the talonid on all three molar teeth with respect to +the trigonid, and especially by the smaller and weaker talonid of m3 +which possesses only one bladelike cusp, the hypoconid. In the first +four species the talonids are larger than in the other species when +compared to the trigonids, and the talonid of m3 possesses a well +developed hypoconid and entoconid with a distinct basin between them. +The rami of San Josecito specimens closely resemble those of _C. +mexicana_ in both size and qualitative characters. The rostrum +mentioned above differs from those of _C. mexicana_ in that the +unicuspids are larger, especially the posteriormost one. _Cryptotis +thomasi_ and _C. magna_ are eliminated from consideration here on +geographical grounds. Little difference may be seen between the rami of +_C. mexicana mexicana_ from Veracruz and _C. nelsoni_. The fossils are +referred to the former species since it has a rather wide distribution +in México in contrast to _C. nelsoni_ which is restricted to Volcán de +Tuxtla, Veracruz. The northernmost Recent occurrence of _C. mexicana_ +known to me is from Las Vigas, Veracruz. As far as I know the species +has not previously been recorded from the Pleistocene. + +Stirton (1930:225), in summarizing the group characters of Recent +Soricidae, listed the bicuspid talonid of m3 as one of the characters +of the "_Blarina_ group," which includes _Neomys_, _Soriculus_, +_Notiosorex_, _Chimarrogale_, _Cryptotis_, and _Blarina_. That this +character does not obtain universally within the group is demonstrated +by the unicuspid structure of the talonid of m3 of the majority of the +species of Mexican _Cryptotis_. + + I am grateful to Drs. David E. Johnson and Henry W. Setzer + of the United States National Museum, and to Dr. John + Aldrich and Miss Viola S. Schantz of the United States Fish + and Wildlife Service for permitting me to examine specimens + in their care. Also I am obliged to Professor E. Raymond + Hall for permission to study the specimens from San Josecito + Cave. The late Professor Chester Stock intrusted the + specimens to Professor Hall for study and description. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +CUSHING, J. E., JR. + + 1945. Quaternary rodents and lagomorphs of San Josecito Cave, + Nuevo León, México. Jour. Mamm., 26:2, 182-186. + +HIBBARD, C. W. + + 1953. The insectivores of the Rexroad fauna, upper Pliocene of + Kansas. Jour. Paleontology, 27:1, 21-32. + +MALDONADO-KOERDELL, M. + + 1948. Los vertebrados fosiles del Cuaternario en Mexico. Revista + de la Soc. Mexicana de Hist. Nat., tomo 9, nos. 1-2. + +STIRTON, R. A. + + 1930. A new genus of Soricidae from the Barstow Miocene of + California. Univ. California Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., + 19:217-228. + +STOCK, C. + + 1942. The cave of San Josecito, México, new discoveries of the + vertebrate life of the ice age. California Inst. Tech., + Balch Grad. School Geol. Sci. Contr., no. 361, 5 pp. + +_Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. +Transmitted July 20, 1953._ + +25-265 + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pleistocene Soricidae from San +Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, by James S. Findley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLEISTOCENE SORICIDAE *** + +***** This file should be named 32187-8.txt or 32187-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/1/8/32187/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Findley. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + + p.title { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 3em; } + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2.5em; + padding-left: 2.5em; text-indent: -2.5em;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito +Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, by James S. Findley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico + +Author: James S. Findley + +Release Date: April 30, 2010 [EBook #32187] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLEISTOCENE SORICIDAE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + +<h1>Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave,<br /> +Nuevo Leon, Mexico +</h1> +<p class="title">BY + +<big>JAMES S. FINDLEY</big><br /><br /><br /> + + +University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History<br /><br /> +Volume 5, No. 36, pp. 633-639<br /> +December 1, 1953<br /><br /><br /> + + +University of Kansas<br /> +LAWRENCE<br /> +1953<br /> +</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + +<p class="title"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,<br /> +Robert W. Wilson<br /> +<br /> +Volume 5, No. 36, pp. 633-639<br /> +<br /> +December 1, 1953<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<small>PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1953<br /> +<br /> +25-265<br /> +</small></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_635" id="Page_635">[Pg 635]</a></span></p> +<h2> +Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave,<br /> +Nuevo Leon, Mexico</h2> + + +<p class="center">By<br /><br /> + +<big>JAMES S. FINDLEY</big></p> + + +<p>Bones of a large number of vertebrates of Pleistocene age have +been removed from San Josecito Cave near Aramberri, Nuevo +León, México. These bones have been reported upon in part by +Stock (1942) and Cushing (1945). A part of this material, on loan +to the University of Kansas from the California Institute of Technology, +contains 26 rami and one rostrum of soricid insectivores. +Nothing seems to be known of the Pleistocene Soricidae of México. +The workers cited do not mention them and no shrews are listed +by Maldonado-Koerdell (1948) in his catalog of the Quaternary +mammals of México. Comparison of these specimens with pertinent +Recent material from México, the United States, and Canada +leads me to the conclusion that they represent two genera and at +least three species. The material examined is described below.</p> + + +<h3>Sorex cinereus <span style="font-weight: normal">Kerr</span></h3> + +<p>One right ramus, bearing all three molars but lacking the other +teeth and the tip of the coronoid process, needs close comparison +only with certain of the smaller North American species of <i>Sorex</i>. +From <i>S. merriami</i> of southeastern Wyoming, it differs in having a +shorter, much shallower dentary, a shorter molar row, and a lower +coronoid. In every particular it is identical with <i>Sorex cinereus</i>. +<i>Sorex cinereus</i> from northern British Columbia and the specimen +from Nuevo León differ from <i>Sorex saussurei</i>, <i>S. obscurus</i>, and +<i>S. vagrans</i> in the ratio of the height of the coronoid to the length +of the dentary. This ratio averages 49.6% in <i>S. cinereus</i> and 53.0% +or more (up to 60.0%) in the other species. <i>Microsorex hoyi</i> differs +from <i>S. cinereus</i> and from the specimen in question in deeper and +shorter dentary, more robust condyle, dentary less bowed dorsally, +molars shorter in anteroposterior diameter and higher in proportion +to this dimension.</p> + +<p>This record, as far as I can determine, constitutes a southward +extension of the known Pleistocene or Recent range of this species +of approximately 800 miles. The nearest known occurrence of +<i>S. cinereus</i> in Recent times is in the mountains of north-central +New Mexico. The species now has an extensive range in boreal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_636" id="Page_636">[Pg 636]</a></span> +North America and prefers mesic and hydric communities from +which it rarely wanders. I know of no instance of the occurrence +of the cinereous shrew in desert areas such as there are between +many of the mountain ranges of southern New Mexico, Coahuila, +and Nuevo León. Therefore, unless the habitat preferences of the +species have changed since Pleistocene times, this find constitutes +additional evidence that more humid conditions at one time prevailed +in the regions mentioned.</p> + + +<h3>Sorex saussurei <span style="font-weight: normal">Merriam</span></h3> + +<p>Fragments of three other specimens of <i>Sorex</i> occur in the collection. +One of these is a right ramus, C. I. T. No. 3943, and is complete +except for the canine. The other two bear no numbers and +I have designated them "A" and "B." "A" is a left ramus with the +dentary broken off anterior to the canine and bears p4 and the +canine. "B" is a right ramus bearing m2 and the roots of m3 and +is broken off at the middle of the alveolus of m1. Each specimen +has certain peculiarities but they resemble one another so closely +that I regard all three as of the same species. The teeth, where +comparable, are of essentially the same size and configuration. The +horizontal rami of the dentaries are the same. The fossils differ, +however, in the configuration of the coronoid process. In No. 3943 +the coronoid is robust and inclined anteriorly with respect to a +line drawn perpendicular to the dentary. The posterointernal ramal +fossa (see Hibbard, 1953) is deeply excavated with a distinct +superior border approximately halfway between its inferior border +and the top of the coronoid. In addition to the mandibular foramen +there is a small foramen immediately posterior to it opening into +the posterointernal ramal fossa. I shall refer to this as the post-mandibular +foramen. The tip of the coronoid is broad, not tapering, +and quadrate, and its entire superior border is inclined rather +sharply medially. Specimen "B" differs from No. 3943 in that the +posterointernal ramal fossa extends nearly to the tip of the coronoid, +which is narrower toward the tip and somewhat tapered dorsally. +The post-mandibular foramen is large and the opening of the +mandibular canal is within the posterointernal ramal fossa. In +addition the coronoid does not incline anteriorly. Specimen "A" +is intermediate between No. 3943 and "B" in the characters mentioned +and differs from both in that the post-mandibular foramen +is widely separated from the mandibular foramen.</p> + +<p>Comparison of the Pleistocene specimens with specimens of Recent +species of North American <i>Sorex</i> reveals that the presence or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_637" id="Page_637">[Pg 637]</a></span> +absence of the post-mandibular foramen is almost constant in any +one species. In possessing this foramen the fossils differ from most +individuals of the species: <i>Sorex cinereus</i>, <i>S. pacificus</i>, <i>S. milleri</i>, +<i>S. vagrans</i>, <i>S. obscurus</i>, <i>S. ornatus</i>, <i>S. fumeus</i>, <i>S. palustris</i>, <i>S. bendirii</i>, +and <i>S. veraepacis</i>. The fossils differ from all these species in other +characters as well; consequently detailed comparisons with them +need not be made here. Species which possess the post-mandibular +foramen include <i>Sorex saussurei</i>, <i>S. merriami</i>, <i>S. trowbridgii</i>, +<i>S. arcticus</i>, <i>S. tundrensis</i>, and <i>S. sclateri</i>. <i>Sorex merriami</i> differs in +smaller size, smaller and weaker dentition, relatively higher coronoid, +and relatively deeper and shorter dentary. <i>Sorex trowbridgii</i> +is similar to the fossils and to <i>S. saussurei</i>. Differences between +the jaws of <i>S. trowbridgii</i> and <i>S. saussurei</i> seem to me to be differences +of size only. <i>Sorex sclateri</i> is larger than the fossils and m2 +is longer in relation to m1, being almost the same size as m1. In +the fossils m2 is noticeably shorter than m1, owing to close appression +of the hypoconid and protoconid and in general to a smaller +talonid area. <i>Sorex arcticus</i> differs in larger incisor and p4. <i>Sorex +tundrensis</i> differs in relatively narrower molars. I have compared +the fossils also with the Pliocene and Pleistocene <i>Sorex taylori</i> +Hibbard, and find that the fossils are larger and have larger teeth +and a much wider separation of the protoconid and metaconid. I +can find no significant way in which the fossils differ from <i>S. saussurei</i>. +This of course implies similarity to <i>S. trowbridgii</i>. Since +<i>S. saussurei</i> is a widespread species in México today and since it +occurs in the vicinity of the San Josecito area the specimens under +discussion are referred to this species.</p> + + +<h3>Cryptotis mexicana <span style="font-weight: normal">(Coues)</span></h3> + +<p>The San Josecito collection contains 22 rami of a species of +<i>Cryptotis</i>. Many are nearly complete although none possesses the +incisor. In addition there is a rostrum that on the right side bears +the last two unicuspids, P4, M1, and M2. I have compared these +fossils with specimens of the following species of <i>Cryptotis</i>: +<i>C. mexicana</i>, <i>C. magna</i>, <i>C. nelsoni</i>, <i>C. thomasi</i>, <i>C. alticola</i>, <i>C. parva</i>, +<i>C. orophila</i>, <i>C. pergracilis</i>, <i>C. guerrerensis</i>, <i>C. obscura</i>, <i>C. mera</i>, +<i>C. soricina</i>, <i>C. fossor</i>, <i>C. goodwini</i>, <i>C. griseoventris</i>, <i>C. meridensis</i>, +<i>C. mayensis</i>, and <i>C. micrura</i>. The four species first mentioned and +the fossils seem to fall into one group. The remaining species fall +into another group characterized by a smaller occlusal area of the +talonid on all three molar teeth with respect to the trigonid, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_638" id="Page_638">[Pg 638]</a></span> +especially by the smaller and weaker talonid of m3 which possesses +only one bladelike cusp, the hypoconid. In the first four species +the talonids are larger than in the other species when compared +to the trigonids, and the talonid of m3 possesses a well developed +hypoconid and entoconid with a distinct basin between them. The +rami of San Josecito specimens closely resemble those of <i>C. mexicana</i> +in both size and qualitative characters. The rostrum mentioned +above differs from those of <i>C. mexicana</i> in that the unicuspids +are larger, especially the posteriormost one. <i>Cryptotis thomasi</i> and +<i>C. magna</i> are eliminated from consideration here on geographical +grounds. Little difference may be seen between the rami of +<i>C. mexicana mexicana</i> from Veracruz and <i>C. nelsoni</i>. The fossils +are referred to the former species since it has a rather wide distribution +in México in contrast to <i>C. nelsoni</i> which is restricted to +Volcán de Tuxtla, Veracruz. The northernmost Recent occurrence +of <i>C. mexicana</i> known to me is from Las Vigas, Veracruz. As far +as I know the species has not previously been recorded from the +Pleistocene.</p> + +<p>Stirton (1930:225), in summarizing the group characters of Recent +Soricidae, listed the bicuspid talonid of m3 as one of the characters +of the "<i>Blarina</i> group," which includes <i>Neomys</i>, <i>Soriculus</i>, +<i>Notiosorex</i>, <i>Chimarrogale</i>, <i>Cryptotis</i>, and <i>Blarina</i>. That this character +does not obtain universally within the group is demonstrated +by the unicuspid structure of the talonid of m3 of the majority of +the species of Mexican <i>Cryptotis</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am grateful to Drs. David E. Johnson and Henry W. Setzer of the United +States National Museum, and to Dr. John Aldrich and Miss Viola S. Schantz +of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for permitting me to examine +specimens in their care. Also I am obliged to Professor E. Raymond Hall for +permission to study the specimens from San Josecito Cave. The late Professor +Chester Stock intrusted the specimens to Professor Hall for study and description.</p></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_639" id="Page_639">[Pg 639]</a></span></p> +<h2>LITERATURE CITED</h2> + + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Cushing, J. E., Jr.</span><br /> +<span class="i4">1945. Quaternary rodents and lagomorphs of San Josecito Cave, +Nuevo León, México. Jour. Mamm., 26:2, 182-186.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Hibbard, C. W.</span><br /> +<span class="i4">1953. The insectivores of the Rexroad fauna, upper Pliocene of +Kansas. Jour. Paleontology, 27:1, 21-32.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Maldonado-Koerdell, M.</span><br /> +<span class="i4">1948. Los vertebrados fosiles del Cuaternario en Mexico. Revista +de la Soc. Mexicana de Hist. Nat., tomo 9, nos. 1-2.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Stirton, R. A.</span><br /> +<span class="i4">1930. A new genus of Soricidae from the Barstow Miocene of +California. Univ. California Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., +19:217-228.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Stock, C.</span><br /> +<span class="i4">1942. The cave of San Josecito, México, new discoveries of the +vertebrate life of the ice age. California Inst. Tech., +Balch Grad. School Geol. Sci. Contr., no. 361, 5 pp.</span><br /></p> + +<p><i>Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. +Transmitted July 20, 1953.</i><br /> +<br /></p> +<p class="center"><small>25-265</small><br /></p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pleistocene Soricidae from San +Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, by James S. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico + +Author: James S. Findley + +Release Date: April 30, 2010 [EBook #32187] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLEISTOCENE SORICIDAE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, +Nuevo Leon, Mexico + +BY + +JAMES S. FINDLEY + + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 5, No. 36, pp. 633-639 +December 1, 1953 + + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1953 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 36, pp. 633-639 +December 1, 1953 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1953 + +25-265 + + + + +Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, +Nuevo Leon, Mexico + +By + +JAMES S. FINDLEY + + +Bones of a large number of vertebrates of Pleistocene age have been +removed from San Josecito Cave near Aramberri, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. +These bones have been reported upon in part by Stock (1942) and Cushing +(1945). A part of this material, on loan to the University of Kansas +from the California Institute of Technology, contains 26 rami and one +rostrum of soricid insectivores. Nothing seems to be known of the +Pleistocene Soricidae of Mexico. The workers cited do not mention them +and no shrews are listed by Maldonado-Koerdell (1948) in his catalog of +the Quaternary mammals of Mexico. Comparison of these specimens with +pertinent Recent material from Mexico, the United States, and Canada +leads me to the conclusion that they represent two genera and at least +three species. The material examined is described below. + + +Sorex cinereus Kerr + +One right ramus, bearing all three molars but lacking the other teeth +and the tip of the coronoid process, needs close comparison only with +certain of the smaller North American species of _Sorex_. From _S. +merriami_ of southeastern Wyoming, it differs in having a shorter, much +shallower dentary, a shorter molar row, and a lower coronoid. In every +particular it is identical with _Sorex cinereus_. _Sorex cinereus_ from +northern British Columbia and the specimen from Nuevo Leon differ from +_Sorex saussurei_, _S. obscurus_, and _S. vagrans_ in the ratio of the +height of the coronoid to the length of the dentary. This ratio +averages 49.6% in _S. cinereus_ and 53.0% or more (up to 60.0%) in the +other species. _Microsorex hoyi_ differs from _S. cinereus_ and from +the specimen in question in deeper and shorter dentary, more robust +condyle, dentary less bowed dorsally, molars shorter in anteroposterior +diameter and higher in proportion to this dimension. + +This record, as far as I can determine, constitutes a southward +extension of the known Pleistocene or Recent range of this species of +approximately 800 miles. The nearest known occurrence of _S. cinereus_ +in Recent times is in the mountains of north-central New Mexico. The +species now has an extensive range in boreal North America and prefers +mesic and hydric communities from which it rarely wanders. I know of no +instance of the occurrence of the cinereous shrew in desert areas such +as there are between many of the mountain ranges of southern New +Mexico, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon. Therefore, unless the habitat +preferences of the species have changed since Pleistocene times, this +find constitutes additional evidence that more humid conditions at one +time prevailed in the regions mentioned. + + +Sorex saussurei Merriam + +Fragments of three other specimens of _Sorex_ occur in the collection. +One of these is a right ramus, C. I. T. No. 3943, and is complete +except for the canine. The other two bear no numbers and I have +designated them "A" and "B." "A" is a left ramus with the dentary +broken off anterior to the canine and bears p4 and the canine. "B" is a +right ramus bearing m2 and the roots of m3 and is broken off at the +middle of the alveolus of m1. Each specimen has certain peculiarities +but they resemble one another so closely that I regard all three as of +the same species. The teeth, where comparable, are of essentially the +same size and configuration. The horizontal rami of the dentaries are +the same. The fossils differ, however, in the configuration of the +coronoid process. In No. 3943 the coronoid is robust and inclined +anteriorly with respect to a line drawn perpendicular to the dentary. +The posterointernal ramal fossa (see Hibbard, 1953) is deeply excavated +with a distinct superior border approximately halfway between its +inferior border and the top of the coronoid. In addition to the +mandibular foramen there is a small foramen immediately posterior to it +opening into the posterointernal ramal fossa. I shall refer to this as +the post-mandibular foramen. The tip of the coronoid is broad, not +tapering, and quadrate, and its entire superior border is inclined +rather sharply medially. Specimen "B" differs from No. 3943 in that the +posterointernal ramal fossa extends nearly to the tip of the coronoid, +which is narrower toward the tip and somewhat tapered dorsally. The +post-mandibular foramen is large and the opening of the mandibular +canal is within the posterointernal ramal fossa. In addition the +coronoid does not incline anteriorly. Specimen "A" is intermediate +between No. 3943 and "B" in the characters mentioned and differs from +both in that the post-mandibular foramen is widely separated from the +mandibular foramen. + +Comparison of the Pleistocene specimens with specimens of Recent +species of North American _Sorex_ reveals that the presence or absence +of the post-mandibular foramen is almost constant in any one species. +In possessing this foramen the fossils differ from most individuals of +the species: _Sorex cinereus_, _S. pacificus_, _S. milleri_, _S. +vagrans_, _S. obscurus_, _S. ornatus_, _S. fumeus_, _S. palustris_, _S. +bendirii_, and _S. veraepacis_. The fossils differ from all these +species in other characters as well; consequently detailed comparisons +with them need not be made here. Species which possess the +post-mandibular foramen include _Sorex saussurei_, _S. merriami_, _S. +trowbridgii_, _S. arcticus_, _S. tundrensis_, and _S. sclateri_. _Sorex +merriami_ differs in smaller size, smaller and weaker dentition, +relatively higher coronoid, and relatively deeper and shorter dentary. +_Sorex trowbridgii_ is similar to the fossils and to _S. saussurei_. +Differences between the jaws of _S. trowbridgii_ and _S. saussurei_ +seem to me to be differences of size only. _Sorex sclateri_ is larger +than the fossils and m2 is longer in relation to m1, being almost the +same size as m1. In the fossils m2 is noticeably shorter than m1, owing +to close appression of the hypoconid and protoconid and in general to a +smaller talonid area. _Sorex arcticus_ differs in larger incisor and +p4. _Sorex tundrensis_ differs in relatively narrower molars. I have +compared the fossils also with the Pliocene and Pleistocene _Sorex +taylori_ Hibbard, and find that the fossils are larger and have larger +teeth and a much wider separation of the protoconid and metaconid. I +can find no significant way in which the fossils differ from _S. +saussurei_. This of course implies similarity to _S. trowbridgii_. +Since _S. saussurei_ is a widespread species in Mexico today and since +it occurs in the vicinity of the San Josecito area the specimens under +discussion are referred to this species. + + +Cryptotis mexicana (Coues) + +The San Josecito collection contains 22 rami of a species of +_Cryptotis_. Many are nearly complete although none possesses the +incisor. In addition there is a rostrum that on the right side bears +the last two unicuspids, P4, M1, and M2. I have compared these fossils +with specimens of the following species of _Cryptotis_: _C. mexicana_, +_C. magna_, _C. nelsoni_, _C. thomasi_, _C. alticola_, _C. parva_, _C. +orophila_, _C. pergracilis_, _C. guerrerensis_, _C. obscura_, _C. +mera_, _C. soricina_, _C. fossor_, _C. goodwini_, _C. griseoventris_, +_C. meridensis_, _C. mayensis_, and _C. micrura_. The four species +first mentioned and the fossils seem to fall into one group. The +remaining species fall into another group characterized by a smaller +occlusal area of the talonid on all three molar teeth with respect to +the trigonid, and especially by the smaller and weaker talonid of m3 +which possesses only one bladelike cusp, the hypoconid. In the first +four species the talonids are larger than in the other species when +compared to the trigonids, and the talonid of m3 possesses a well +developed hypoconid and entoconid with a distinct basin between them. +The rami of San Josecito specimens closely resemble those of _C. +mexicana_ in both size and qualitative characters. The rostrum +mentioned above differs from those of _C. mexicana_ in that the +unicuspids are larger, especially the posteriormost one. _Cryptotis +thomasi_ and _C. magna_ are eliminated from consideration here on +geographical grounds. Little difference may be seen between the rami of +_C. mexicana mexicana_ from Veracruz and _C. nelsoni_. The fossils are +referred to the former species since it has a rather wide distribution +in Mexico in contrast to _C. nelsoni_ which is restricted to Volcan de +Tuxtla, Veracruz. The northernmost Recent occurrence of _C. mexicana_ +known to me is from Las Vigas, Veracruz. As far as I know the species +has not previously been recorded from the Pleistocene. + +Stirton (1930:225), in summarizing the group characters of Recent +Soricidae, listed the bicuspid talonid of m3 as one of the characters +of the "_Blarina_ group," which includes _Neomys_, _Soriculus_, +_Notiosorex_, _Chimarrogale_, _Cryptotis_, and _Blarina_. That this +character does not obtain universally within the group is demonstrated +by the unicuspid structure of the talonid of m3 of the majority of the +species of Mexican _Cryptotis_. + + I am grateful to Drs. David E. Johnson and Henry W. Setzer + of the United States National Museum, and to Dr. John + Aldrich and Miss Viola S. Schantz of the United States Fish + and Wildlife Service for permitting me to examine specimens + in their care. Also I am obliged to Professor E. Raymond + Hall for permission to study the specimens from San Josecito + Cave. The late Professor Chester Stock intrusted the + specimens to Professor Hall for study and description. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +CUSHING, J. E., JR. + + 1945. Quaternary rodents and lagomorphs of San Josecito Cave, + Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 26:2, 182-186. + +HIBBARD, C. W. + + 1953. The insectivores of the Rexroad fauna, upper Pliocene of + Kansas. Jour. Paleontology, 27:1, 21-32. + +MALDONADO-KOERDELL, M. + + 1948. Los vertebrados fosiles del Cuaternario en Mexico. Revista + de la Soc. Mexicana de Hist. Nat., tomo 9, nos. 1-2. + +STIRTON, R. A. + + 1930. A new genus of Soricidae from the Barstow Miocene of + California. Univ. California Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., + 19:217-228. + +STOCK, C. + + 1942. The cave of San Josecito, Mexico, new discoveries of the + vertebrate life of the ice age. California Inst. Tech., + Balch Grad. School Geol. Sci. Contr., no. 361, 5 pp. + +_Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. +Transmitted July 20, 1953._ + +25-265 + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pleistocene Soricidae from San +Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, by James S. Findley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLEISTOCENE SORICIDAE *** + +***** This file should be named 32187.txt or 32187.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/1/8/32187/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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