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Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: May 19, 2010 [EBook #32426] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTH AMERICAN LAGOMORPHA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Simon Gardner, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="trans-note"> +<p class="center">Transcriber's Note</p> + +<p>The scale in several figure captions ("All × 1") is taken from the original +text; actual sizes may be larger or smaller, depending on your monitor and browser settings. +The dimensions correspond to a monitor resolution of 96 pixels per inch and browser magnification of 100%.</p> + +<p>Minor changes to the text have been listed <a href="#Trans_notes2">at the end of this book</a>.</p> + +<p class="center">Table of Contents</p> +<ul> +<li><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a></li> +<li><a href="#Order_LAGOMORPHA_Hares_Rabbits_and_Pikas">Order LAGOMORPHA—Hares, Rabbits and Pikas</a> +<ul class="nest"> +<li><a href="#Family_Ochotonidae">Family <span class="smcap">Ochotonidae</span>—Pikas</a> +<ul class="nest2"> +<li> <a href="#Genus_Ochotona">Genus <span class="smcap">Ochotona</span> Link—Pikas</a> +<ul class="nest3"> + <li><a href="#Subgenus_PIKA">Subgenus PIKA Lacépède</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a href="#Family_Leporidae">Family <span class="smcap">Leporidae</span>—Rabbits and Hares</a> +<ul class="nest2"> + <li> <a href="#Genus_Romerolagus">Genus <span class="smcap">Romerolagus</span> Merriam—Volcano Rabbit</a></li> + <li><a href="#Genus_Sylvilagus">Genus <span class="smcap">Sylvilagus</span> Gray—Cottontails and Allies</a> +<ul class="nest3"> + <li><a href="#Subgenus_BRACHYLAGUS">Subgenus BRACHYLAGUS Miller—Pigmy Rabbit</a></li> + <li><a href="#Subgenus_SYLVILAGUS">Subgenus SYLVILAGUS Gray—Cottontails and Allies</a></li> +</ul> +</li> + <li><a href="#Genus_Lepus">Genus <span class="smcap">Lepus</span> Linnaeus—Hares and Jack Rabbits</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a href="#LITERATURE_CITED">LITERATURE CITED</a></li> +</ul> +</div> + + + +<p class="center" style="font-size: x-large">A Synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha</p> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: smaller">BY</p> + +<p class="center">E. RAYMOND HALL</p> + +<p class="center">University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History</p> + +<p class="center">Volume 5, No. 10, pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text<br /> +December 15, 1951</p> + +<p class="center">University of Kansas<br /> +LAWRENCE<br /> +1951 +</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="center">UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS</p> + + +<p>The University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, +are offered in exchange for the publications of learned societies +and institutions, universities and libraries. For exchanges and information, +address the <span class="smcap">Exchange Desk, University of Kansas Library, +Lawrence, Kansas, U. S. A.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History.</span>—E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Editorial Committee.</p> + +<p>This series contains contributions from the Museum of Natural History. +Cited as Univ. Kans. Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist.</p> + +<ul> +<li>Vol. 1. (Complete) Nos. 1-26. Pp. 1-638. August 15, 1946-January 20, 1951. +</li> +<li>Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. + 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. +</li> +<li>Vol. 3. +<ol style="margin-left: 2em"> + <li>The avifauna of Micronesia its origin, evolution, and + distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. + June 12, 1951.</li> + + <li>A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. + Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951.</li> + + <li>Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. + Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.</li> + + <li>Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, + Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 + tables. October 10, 1951.</li> +</ol> +</li> +<li>Vol. 4. In press. +</li> +<li>Vol. 5. +<ol style="margin-left: 2em"> + <li>Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the Angels Peak + Area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in + text. February 24, 1951.</li> + + <li>Two new moles (genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas. By + Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951.</li> + + <li>Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado. By E. Raymond + Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-32. February 28, + 1951.</li> + + <li>Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the barrier beach + of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 33-47, 1 + figure in text. October 1, 1951.</li> + + <li>Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some + North American rabbits. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. + Pp. 49-58. October 1, 1951.</li> + + <li>Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico and + Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, one figure in text. + October 1, 1951.</li> + + <li>A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and comments + on Microtus canicaudus Miller. By E. Raymond Hall and + Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 73-79. October 1, 1951.</li> + + <li>A new pocket gopher (genus Thomomys) from Eastern Colorado. + By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, 1951.</li> + + <li>Mammals taken along the Alaska highway. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 87-117, 1 figure in text. November 28, 1951.</li> + + <li>A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E. Raymond + Hall. Pp. 110-202, 68 figures in text. December 15, 1951.</li> +</ol> +</li> +</ul> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + + +<p class="center" style="font-size: x-large">A Synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha</p> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: smaller">BY</p> + +<p class="center">E. RAYMOND HALL</p> + +<p class="center">University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History</p> + +<p class="center">Volume 5, No. 10, pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text<br /> +December 15, 1951</p> + +<p class="center">University of Kansas<br /> +LAWRENCE<br /> +1951</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span></p> + +<p class="center">Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson</p> + +<p class="center">Volume 5, No. 10, pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text<br /> +December 15, 1951</p> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1951<br /> +23-7988<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>A Synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha</h1> + +<p class="center" style="font-size: smaller">BY</p> + +<p class="center">E. RAYMOND HALL</p> + + +<p>The most popular small game mammal in nearly every part of +North America is one or another of the species of rabbits or hares. +The rabbit is one of the few species of wild game that still is hunted +commercially and sold for food on the open market. The close +association and repeated contact of man with these animals has resulted +in his contracting such of their diseases as are transmissible +to him. Consequently the rabbits and hares have figured in many +investigations concerned with public health and medicine. Because +the number of such investigations is increasing, there has been +an increasing number of specimens of these animals submitted to +mammalogists for identification; also, inquiries are received as to +the degree of relationship between two or more of the named kinds +of rabbits in which identical, or closely related, disease organisms +have been found; other inquiries have to do with the degree of +relationship of named kinds of rabbits and hares in widely separated +parts of the continent.</p> + +<p>The monographs to which the investigator could turn to obtain +answers to some of these questions are Arthur H. Howell's "Revision +of the American Pikas" (1924), and Edward H. Nelson's "The +Rabbits of North America" (1909) published 27 and 42 years ago, +respectively. These monographs are still excellent sources of detailed +information, as, of course, also is Marcus Ward Lyon's "Classification +of the Hares and their Allies" (1904). The acquisition of +additional study specimens in recent years, however, has provided +new data on the geographic occurrence of several species, and study +of these specimens has given basis for a different arrangement of +several named kinds of the lagomorphs. Two principal aims of the +present synopsis, therefore, are to combine in one publication the +current taxonomic arrangement and as much as is known of the +geographic distribution of the several species and subspecies.</p> + +<p>The maps herewith and listings of marginal localities are the +means chosen to present the information on geographic distribution. +The artificial key is supplemented by line drawings of skulls of certain +species and by a minimum of text to aid the user of the key.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +The skulls are necessary for the identification of some species of +the genus <i>Sylvilagus</i>. The skins, on the contrary, are essential for +the identification of the species of the genus <i>Lepus</i> in central Mexico +and in the Great Basin of the western United States. Consequently, +it has been impossible to construct a key based on external characters +only or on cranial features only. Furthermore, the only apparent +differences between a given pair of species in one region may +not be apparent in another region where the same two species occur +together. A case in point is provided by <i>Sylvilagus floridanus</i> and +<i>Sylvilagus nuttallii</i> where the Great Plains meet the eastern flank +of the Rocky Mountains and where the Sonoran desert meets the +southwestern flank of these mountains. The details are described by +Hall and Kelson (1951:52, 53) and are indicated in the part of the +accompanying artificial key that takes out the species <i>Sylvilagus +nuttallii</i>. Because of this geographic change in specific characters +and because of the slight amount of difference between certain +species of leporids, I have frequently resorted to geography, instead +of to morphology alone, in constructing the artificial key. Despite +this fault of the key to the lagomorphs, it, and the accompanying +account, I hope, will aid workers who need to identify kinds of +lagomorphs and to know about their geographic distribution.</p> + +<p>Another reason for presenting a synopsis of the lagomorphs at this +time is that the presentation may bring suggestions for improvement +in the arrangement of the kind of information presented here; an account +along similar lines for all of the kinds of mammals native to +North America is in prospect. Corrections of, and additions to, the +material presented here will be welcomed and I shall be especially +grateful for suggestions as to a more useful arrangement of the data.</p> + +<p>In arranging the families, genera and species the aim has been, +in each category, to list the most primitive members first and to +list last the one which presents the highest total of specialization. +The term <i>total of specialization</i> is used here, as Miller (1924:2) +used it, to denote the sum of the physical modifications which any +mammal, or taxonomic category of mammals, is supposed by the +author to have undergone during the course of its development +away from its original or generalized mammalian stock.</p> + +<p>Subspecies of any one species are arranged alphabetically. On +the maps, of course, the subspecies are shown in their correct geographic +positions.</p> + +<p>For each subspecies, or species if it has not been divided into +subspecies, there is given (1) the accepted scientific name (selected<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +in accordance with the rules of the International Commission of +Zoological Nomenclature); (2) a citation to the account in which +the terminal part of the name was first proposed (the original description +of zoological parlance) followed by a statement of the +type locality; (3) a citation to the account in which the combination +of names (generic, specific and subspecific) used in the +present account first was employed unless the name combination +used here is the same as that in the original description; (4) synonyms +arranged in chronological order, and (5) marginal record +stations of occurrence.</p> + +<p>These marginal records are arranged in clockwise order beginning +with the northernmost locality. If more than one of the marginal +localities lies on the line of latitude that is northernmost for +a given kind of mammal, the westernmost of these is recorded first. +The marginal localities that are represented by symbols on the corresponding +distribution map are in Roman type. Italic type is used +for those marginal localities that could not be represented by symbols +on the map because undue crowding, or overlapping, of the +symbols would have occurred. An understanding of how these +localities are arranged and knowledge as to which of these localities +are shown on the map will permit a person to associate any symbol +on a map with its corresponding place name.</p> + +<p>Measurements are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated. +Capitalized color terms are after Ridgway (Color Standards and +Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912), and uncapitalized +terms refer to no particular color standard. Several of the drawings +of skulls were reproduced originally in the "Mammals of Nevada" +(Hall, 1946) and I am grateful to the University of California Press +for permission to use them here. Those drawings were made by +Miss Viola Memmler. The other drawings are the work of Mrs. +Frieda Abernathy, Mrs. Diane (Danley) Sandidge, and Mrs. Virginia +(Cassel) Unruh. Initials on the drawings identify the individual's +work. The study here reported upon was aided by a contract +between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the +Navy, and the University of Kansas (NR 161-791). Also, assistance +with some of the field work was given by the Kansas University Endowment +Association and by Dr. Curt von Wedel. For the corrected +dates on several publications I am indebted to Dr. A. Remington +Kellogg. For assistance with the organization of the data for +the present account I am grateful to several persons, especially +to my wife, Mary F. Hall, and to Dr. Keith R. Kelson.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Order_LAGOMORPHA_Hares_Rabbits_and_Pikas" id="Order_LAGOMORPHA_Hares_Rabbits_and_Pikas"></a>Order LAGOMORPHA—Hares, Rabbits and Pikas</h2> + +<div class="blockpara"><p>Families and genera revised by Lyon, Smithsonian Miscl. Coll., 45:321-447, +June 15, 1904. For taxonomic status of group see Gidley, Science, n. s., 36:285-286, +August 30, 1912.</p></div> + +<p>The order Lagomorpha is old in the geological sense; fossilized +bones and teeth of both pikas and rabbits are known from deposits of +Oligocene age and even at that early time the structural features distinguishing +these animals from other orders were well developed.</p> + +<p>A noteworthy character of the order is the presence of four upper +incisor teeth (instead of only two as in the Rodentia); also, the +fibula is ankylosed to the tibia and articulates with the calcaneum. +Each of the first upper incisors has a longitudinal groove on its +anterior face.</p> + +<p>All lagomorphs are herbivorous. They eat principally leaves +and non-woody stems although the bark of sprouts and bushes is +taken as second choice by rabbits and hares.</p> + +<p>Correlation of structure and function is well illustrated among +the lagomorphs by the means which the different species employ +to detect and escape from their enemies. A gradient series is evident +in which the pikas and jack rabbits are the extremes. The +black-tailed jack rabbit, for example, in relation to size of the entire +animal, has the longest ears and longest hind legs. This kind of +lagomorph takes alarm when an enemy, for example, a coyote, is +yet a long way off. The jack rabbit seeks safety in running; even +when being overtaken by a pursuer that is close behind, the jack +rabbit still relies on its running ability instead of entering thick +brush or a hole in the ground where its larger-sized pursuer would +be unable to follow. A cottontail has shorter ears and shorter hind +legs. It allows the enemy to approach more closely than the jack +rabbit does before running, and then, although relying in some +measure on its running ability for escape, flees to a burrow or +thicket for safety from its pursuer. The brush rabbit with ears and +hind legs shorter than those of the cottontail seldom if ever ventures +farther than 45 feet away from the edge of dense cover. After an +enemy is near, the brush rabbit has merely to scamper back into +the brush. Still shorter of ear and hind leg is the pigmy rabbit +which ventures outside its burrow to feed only among the tall and +closely-spaced bushes of sagebrush among which its burrow is dug. +Detection of the slightest movement of an enemy on the opposite +side of the bush sends the pigmy rabbit, in one or a few jumps, into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +the mouth of its burrow and, if need be, below ground. The pika, +with the shortest ears and legs of all, lives in the rock slides and has +to do little more than drop off the top of a rock into a space between +the broken rocks when an enemy is detected near enough to +the pika to have a chance of seizing it.</p> + +<p>The number of molts in a year, depending on the kind of lagomorph, +varies in adults from one (according to Nelson, 1909:31) +in the cottontails (genus <i>Sylvilagus</i>) to as many as three (according +to Lyman, 1943, and Severaid, 1945) in the varying hare (<i>Lepus +americanus</i>). Difficulties that I have experienced in attempting to +account for the variations in color and wear of the pelage of the +pika, <i>Ochotona princeps</i>, on the basis of two molts per year, make +me wonder if it, too, has three molts. <i>Lepus townsendii</i> certainly +has at least two molts per year.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Key to Families and Genera of Lagomorpha</span></p> + +<ul> +<li class="key-in1"> +1. Hind legs scarcely larger than forelegs; hind foot less than 40; + nasals widest anteriorly; no supraorbital process on frontal; five + cheek teeth on each side above +</li> +<li class="key-out"> +Family Ochotonidae, Genus <i>Ochotona</i>, p. <a href="#Page_125">125</a> +</li> +<li class="key-in1"> +1´. Hind legs notably larger than forelegs; hind foot more than 40; + nasals widest posteriorly; supraorbital process on frontal; six + cheek teeth on each side above +</li> +<li class="key-out"> +Family Leporidae, p. <a href="#Page_134">134</a> +</li> +<li class="key-in2"> + 2. Interparietal fused with parietals (see fig. 49); hind foot + usually more than 105 +</li> +<li class="key-out"> + Genus <i>Lepus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_170">170</a> +</li> +<li class="key-in2"> + 2´. Interparietal not fused with parietals (see fig. 10); hind foot + usually less than 105 +</li> +<li class="key-out"> +Genera <i>Romerolagus</i> and <i>Sylvilagus</i>, pp. <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a> +</li> +</ul> + +<h3><a name="Family_Ochotonidae" id="Family_Ochotonidae"></a>Family <span class="smcap">Ochotonidae</span>—Pikas</h3> + +<p>Certain characters in which this family differs from the Leporidae (hares +and rabbits) are: hind legs scarcely longer than forelegs; ears short, approximately +as wide as high; no postorbital process on frontal; rostrum slender; +nasals widest anteriorly; maxilla not conspicuously fenestrated; jugal long and +projecting far posteriorly to zygomatic arm of squamosal; no pubic symphysis; +one less cheek-tooth above, the dental formula being i. 2/1, c. 0/0, p. 3/2, m. 2/3; +second upper maxillary tooth unlike third in form; last lower molar simple +(not double) or absent (in the extinct genus <i>Oreolagus</i>); cutting edge of +first upper incisor V-shaped; mental foramen situated under last lower molar.</p> + + +<h4><a name="Genus_Ochotona" id="Genus_Ochotona"></a>Genus <span class="smcap">Ochotona</span> Link—Pikas</h4> + +<p>Revised by A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:1-57, August 21, 1924.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1795. <i>Ochotona</i> Link, Beyträge zur Naturgesch, I (pt. 2):74. Type, +<i>Lepus ogotona</i> Pallas.</p></div> + +<p><i>Characters</i>.—Five teeth (excluding incisor) in lower jaw; first cheek-tooth +(p3) with more than one re-entrant angle; columns of lower molars angular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +internally; transverse width of any one column of a lower molariform tooth +more than double the width of the neck connecting it to the other column.</p> + + +<h5><a name="Subgenus_PIKA" id="Subgenus_PIKA"></a>Subgenus PIKA Lacépède</h5> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1799. <i>Pika</i> Lacépède, Tableau des Divisions &c., Mamm., p. 9. Type, +<i>Lepus alpinus</i> Pallas.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Pika</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:438, June 15.</p></div> + +<p><i>Characters.</i>—Skull flattened; interorbital region wide; maxillary orifice +roundly triangular; palatal foramina separate from anterior palatine foramina.</p> + +<p>All of the living members of the family Ochotonidae belong to this genus. +American pikas all belong to the subgenus <i>Pika</i>, which occurs also in Eurasia.</p> + +<p>The distribution is boreal and the animals live in talus. This broken rock +at the foot of a cliff provides interstices in which the animals live and store +grass and herbs. These plant materials are cut for food and stacked in piles +to dry in the sun, often beneath slabs of rock which protect the hay-piles +from rain. Pikas are diurnal, active throughout the year, and have a characteristic +call, "chickck-chickck." Young number two to five per litter.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;"> +<a name="Figure_1_to_4" id="Figure_1_to_4"></a> +<a href="images/i010.jpg"><img src="images/i010_tn.jpg" width="367" height="159" alt="" title="Show larger image of Figures 1 to 4." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 1-4. Ochotona princeps tutelata, Greenmonster Canyon, 8150 feet, +No. 38519 MVZ, ♂, × 1.</span> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Key to Nominal Species of Ochotona</span></p> + +<ul> +<li class="key-in1"> +1. North of 58° N latitude; underparts creamy white, without buffy + wash; an indistinct grayish "collar" on shoulders</li> +<li class="key-out"> +<i>collaris</i>, p. <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li class="key-in1"> +1´. South of 58° N latitude; underparts washed with buff; no grayish + "collar" on shoulders</li> +<li class="key-out"> +<i>princeps</i>, p. <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +</ul> + +<h6><b>Ochotona collaris</b> (Nelson)<br /> +Collared Pika</h6> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1893. <i>Lagomys collaris</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 8:117, +December 21, type from near head of Tanana River, Alaska.</p> + +<p>1897. [<i>Ochotona</i>] <i>collaris</i>, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., p. 648</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Alaska: Mt. McKinley (A. H. Howell, 1924:36). Yukon: +head of Coal Creek, Ogilvie Mountains (<i>ibid.</i>). Mackenzie: mile 63E<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +on Little Keel River, Canol Road (Anderson, 1947:94). Yukon: <i>Macmillan +Pass, mile 282, Canol Road</i> (<i>ibid.</i>); Ross River, mile 96, Canol Road +(<i>ibid.</i>); vic. Teslin Lake (A. H. Howell, 1924:36). British Columbia: +Tagish Lake (<i>ibid.</i>); Stonehouse Creek, 5-1/2 mi. W jct. Stonehouse Creek and +Kelsall River (29088 KU). Alaska: Tanana River (A. H. Howell, 1924:36).</p> + +<p>Upper parts Drab to Light Drab; underparts creamy white; grayish patch +on nape and shoulders; skull broad; tympanic bullae large; total length 189; +hind foot, 30.</p></div> + +<h6><b>Ochotona princeps</b><br /> +Pika</h6> + +<p>Total length, 162-216; hind foot, 25-35; weight of <i>O. p. tulelata</i>, 6 ♂ 121 +(108-128), 2 ♀ 121 and 129 grams. Upper parts varying from grayish to +Cinnamon-Buff depending on the subspecies; underparts with wash of buff. +Eight Nevadan females had an average of 3.1 (2-4) embryos. The mode +was 3.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps albata</span> Grinnell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1912. <i>Ochotona albatus</i> Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 10:125, January +31, type from 11,000 ft., near Cottonwood Lakes, Sierra Nevada, +Inyo County, California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (A. H. Howell, 1924:45).—California: Bullfrog Lake; +10,000 ft., Independence Creek; type locality; Mineral King, E. Fork +Kaweah River.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps brooksi</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps brooksi</i> A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:30, +August 21, type from Sicamous, British Columbia.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i>.—British Columbia: Mountains E Shuswap Lake (Anderson, +1947:95); type locality; McGillivary Creek, Lillooet Dist. (A. H. Howell, +1924:31).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps brunnescens</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1919. <i>Ochotona fenisex brunnescens</i> A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +32:108, May 20, type from Keechelus, Kittitas County, Washington.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps brunnescens</i> A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:31, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i>.—British Columbia: Alta Lake (Anderson, 1947:95); +Hope, Lake House (A. H. Howell, 1924:33). Washington: <i>Whatcom +Pass</i> (Dalquest, 1948:380); Stevens Pass (A. H. Howell, 1924:33); <i>Cowlitz +Pass</i> (Dalquest, 1948:380). Oregon: Mt. Hood (A. H. Howell, 1924:33); +Crater Lake (<i>ibid.</i>); Mt. McLoughlin (V. Bailey, 1936:116); Diamond +Lake (A. H. Howell, 1924:33). Washington: Tumtum Mtn. (Dalquest, +1948:380); Mt. Index (A. H. Howell, 1924:33). British Columbia: Chilliwack +(ibid.); Vancouver (<i>ibid.</i>).</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 268px; margin-right: 10%;"> +<a name="Figure_5" id="Figure_5"></a> +<a href="images/i012.jpg"><img src="images/i012_tn.jpg" width="268" height="400" alt="" title="Show larger image of Figure 5." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 5. Distribution of Ochotona collaris and Ochotona princeps.</span> +</div> + +<ol class="mapkey" style="margin-left: 10%;"> +<li><i>O. collaris</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. princeps</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. lutescens</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. septentrionalis</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. brooksi</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. cuppes</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. brunnescens</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. fenisex</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. fumosa</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. jewetti</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. taylori</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. schisticeps</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. muiri</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. albatus</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. sheltoni</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. tutelata</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. nevadensis</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. uinta</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. moorei</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. cinnamomea</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. fuscipes</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. utahensis</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. howelli</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. lemhi</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. goldmani</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. clamosa</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. ventorum</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. levis</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. figginsi</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. saxatilis</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. nigrescens</i></li> +<li><i>O. p. incana</i></li> +</ol> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps cinnamomea</span> J. A. Allen.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1905. <i>Ochotona cinnamomea</i> J. A. Allen, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci., +Sci. Bull., 1:121, March 31, type from 11,000 ft., Briggs [=Britts] +Meadows, Beaver Range, Beaver County, Utah (5 mi. by road W Puffer +Lake, according to Hardy, Jour. Mamm., 26:432, February 12, 1946). +Known from type locality only.</p> + +<p>1934. <i>Ochotona princeps cinnamomea</i>, Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +47:103, June 13.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps clamosa</span> Hall and Bowlus.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1938. <i>Ochotona princeps clamosa</i> Hall and Bowlus, Univ. California Publ. +Zool., 42:335, October 12, type from 8400 ft., north rim Copenhagen +Basin, Bear Lake County, Idaho.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Idaho: type locality; <i>Deep Lake, Bear River Mts.</i> (Hall +and Bowlus, 1938:336) <i>2 mi. E Strawberry Creek Ranger Station, Wasatch +Mts.</i> (Davis, 1939:352).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps cuppes</span> Bangs.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Ochotona cuppes</i> Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:40, June +5, type from 4000 ft., Monashee Divide, Gold Range, British Columbia.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps cuppes</i>, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:27, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—British Columbia: Glacier (A. H. Howell, 1924:28); +Nelson (Anderson, 1947:95). Idaho: Cabinet Mts. (Davis, 1939:348). +Washington: Sullivan Lake (A. H. Howell, 1924:28). British Columbia: +Rossland (<i>ibid.</i>); type locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps fenisex</span> Osgood.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1913. <i>Ochotona fenisex</i> Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26:80, March +22 (substitute for <i>minimus</i> Lord, type from 7000 ft., Ptarmigan Hill, near +head of Ashnola River, Cascade Range, British Columbia).</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps fenisex</i>, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:28, +September 23.</p> + +<p>1863. <i>Lagomys minimus</i> Lord, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 98. (Not of +Schinz, 1821.)</p> + +<p>1899. <i>Ochotona minimus</i>, Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:39, +June 5.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—British Columbia: Okanagan (A. H. Howell, 1924:30). +Washington: Horseshoe Basin, "near" Mt. Chopaka (<i>ibid.</i>); mts. near +Wenatchee (<i>ibid.</i>); Steamboat Mtn. (Dalquest, 1948:380); Easton (<i>ibid.</i>); +Lyman Lake (<i>ibid.</i>); Barron (A. H. Howell, 1924:30). British Columbia: +Tulameen (<i>ibid.</i>); 2500 ft., mts. W Okanagan Lake (<i>ibid.</i>).</p></div> + +<p><i>Ochotona princeps figginsi</i> J. A. Allen.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1912. <i>Ochotona figginsi</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31:103, +May 28, type from Pagoda Peak, Rio Blanco County, Colorado.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps figginsi</i>, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:21, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (A. H. Howell, 1924:22).—Wyoming: Bridger Peak, +Sierra Madre. Colorado: Mt. Zirkel; Trappers Lake; <i>Crested Butte</i>; Irwin; +type locality; Sand Mtn., 9 mi. SW Hahns Peak P. O.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps fumosa</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1919. <i>Ochotona fenisex fumosa</i> A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +32:109, May 20, type from Permilia Lake, W base Mt. Jefferson, Linn +County, Oregon.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps fumosa</i> A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:33, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (A. H. Howell, 1924:34).—Oregon: About 900 ft., 15 mi. +above Estacada; Paulina Lake; <i>Three Sisters</i>; Lost Creek Ranger Station, 10 +mi. SE McKenzie Bridge.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps fuscipes</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1919. <i>Ochotona schisticeps fuscipes</i> A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +32:110, May 20, type from Brian Head, Parowan Mts., Iron +County, Utah.</p> + +<p>1941. <i>O[chotona]. p[rinceps]. fuscipes</i>, Hall and Hayward, The Great +Basin Naturalist, 2:108, July 20.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Utah: type locality; 9000 ft., Duck Creek (Durrant, +MS).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps goldmani</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1924. <i>Ochotona schisticeps goldmani</i> A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, +47:40, September 23, type from Echo Crater, Snake River Desert, 20 mi. +SW Arco, Idaho.</p> + +<p>1938. <i>Ochotona princeps goldmani</i>, Hall and Bowlus, Univ. California +Publ. Zool., 42:337, October 12.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Idaho: <i>S base Grassy Cone</i> (Davis, 1939:350); type +locality; <i>Fissure Crater</i> (A. H. Howell, 1924:41); <i>Great Owl Cavern</i> (Davis, +1939:350).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps howelli</span> Borell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1931. <i>Ochotona princeps howelli</i> Borell, Jour. Mamm., 12:306, August +24, type from 7500 ft., near head of Bear Creek, summit of Smith Mtn., +S end Seven Devils Mts., Adams County, Idaho.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Idaho: <i>1/2 mi. E Black Lake</i> (Davis, 1939:350); type +locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps incana</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1919. <i>Ochotona saxatilis incana</i> A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +32:107, May 20, type from 12,000 ft., Pecos Baldy, Santa Fe County, +New Mexico.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps incana</i> A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:25, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Colorado: Medano Creek (A. H. Howell, 1924:25). +New Mexico: Wheeler Peak (V. Bailey, 1932:64); type locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps jewetti</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1919. <i>Ochotona schisticeps jewetti</i> A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +32:109, May 20, type from head of Pine Creek, near Cornucopia, +S slope Wallowa Mts., Baker County, Oregon.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (A. H. Howell, 1924:42).—Oregon: Wallowa Lake; Cornucopia, +near head East Pine Creek; <i>Anthony</i>; Strawberry Butte; Austin.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps lemhi</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1919. <i>Ochotona uinta lemhi</i> A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +32:106, May 20, type from Lemhi Mountains, 10 mi. W Junction, Lemhi +County, Idaho.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps lemhi</i> A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:16, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Idaho: Elk Summit, about 15 mi. SE Warren (A. H. +Howell, 1924:18); mts. E of Leadore (<i>ibid.</i>); mts. E of Birch Creek (<i>ibid.</i>); +Ketchum (<i>ibid.</i>); <i>Stanley Lake</i> (<i>ibid.</i>); 5 mi. W Cape Horn (Davis, 1939:348).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps levis</span> Hollister.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1912. <i>Ochotona levis</i> Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 25:57, April +13, type from Chief Mountain [= Waterton] Lake, Alberta.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps levis</i>, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:16, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (A. H. Howell, 1924:16).—Alberta: type locality. Montana: +Little Belt Mts.; Belt Mts.; Chief Mountain Lake.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps lutescens</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1919. <i>Ochotona princeps lutescens</i> A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +32:105, May 20, type from approximately 8000 ft., Mount Inglismaldie, +near Banff, Alberta.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Alberta: Mistaya Creek, Banff-Jasper Highway (Anderson, +1947:96); Canmore (A. H. Howell, 1924:15); Mt. Forget-me-not, +50 to 75 mi. SW Calgary (<i>ibid.</i>).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps moorei</span> Gardner.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1950. <i>Ochotona princeps moorei</i> Gardner, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., +40:344, October 23, 1950, type from 10,000 ft., 1 mi. NE Baldy Ranger +Station, Manti Nat'l Forest, Sanpete County, Utah. Known from type +locality only.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps muiri</span> Grinnell and Storer.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1916. <i>Ochotona schisticeps muiri</i> Grinnell and Storer, Univ. California +Publ. Zool., 17:6, August 23, type from 9300 ft., Ten Lakes, Yosemite +Nat'l Park, California.</p> + +<p>1934. <i>Ochotona princeps muiri</i>, Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:103, +June 13.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Nevada (Hall, 1946:593): 8500 ft., 3 mi. S Mt. Rose, +California (A. H. Howell, 1924:44): Markleeville; mts. W Bishop Creek; +Washburn Lake; Latitude 39°, summit of Sierra.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps nevadensis</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1919. <i>Ochotona uinta nevadensis</i> A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +32:107, May 20, type from 10,500 ft., Ruby Mts., SW Ruby Valley +P. O., Elko County, Nevada.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps nevadensis</i> A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:21, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Nevada: 7830 ft., Long Creek (Hall, 1946:590); type +locality.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps nigrescens</span> V. Bailey.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1913. <i>Ochotona nigrescens</i> V. Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26:133, +May 21, type from 10,000 ft., Jemez Mountains, Bernalillo County, New +Mexico.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps nigrescens</i>, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:26, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (A. H. Howell, 1924:26).—Colorado: Upper Navajo River; +Osier. New Mexico: type locality. Colorado: Navajo Peaks.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps princeps</span> (Richardson).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1828. <i>Lepus</i> (<i>Lagomys</i>) <i>princeps</i> Richardson, Zool. Jour., 3:520, type from +headwaters of Athabaska River, near Athabaska Pass, Alberta.</p> + +<p>1897. [<i>Ochotona</i>] <i>princeps</i>, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium, +p. 648.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—British Columbia: headwaters South Pine River (Anderson, +1947:95). Alberta: Muskeg Creek "about" 60 mi. N Jasper House +(<i>ibid.</i>). British Columbia: Morrissey (<i>ibid.</i>). Montana: mts. near St. +Marys Lake (A. H. Howell, 1924:14); mts. 15 mi. E Corvallis (<i>ibid.</i>); Lake +Como, Bitterroot Mts. (<i>ibid.</i>). Idaho: Coeur d' Alene Nat'l Forest (Rust, +1946:322). British Columbia: Mt. Evans, "near" Cranbrook (A. H. Howell, +1924:14); Spillamacheen River (<i>ibid.</i>)</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps saxatilis</span> Bangs.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Ochotona saxatilis</i> Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:41, June +5, type from Montgomery, "near" Mt. Lincoln, Park County, Colorado.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps saxatilis</i>, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:23, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (A. H. Howell, 1924:24, except as otherwise noted).—Wyoming: +Medicine Bow Mts.; just above Centennial in mts. (Martin, +1943:394). Colorado: Estes Park; Pikes Peak; Silverton. Utah: La Sal +Mts. Colorado: Crystal Lake, 5 mi. W Lake City; Middle Brush Creek; +Ten Mile Creek; Berthoud Pass; <i>Irwin Lakes</i> (A. H. Howell, <i>loc. cit.</i>) not +found.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps schisticeps</span> (Merriam).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1889. <i>Lagomys schisticeps</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 2:11, October +30, type from Donner, Placer County, California.</p> + +<p>1936. <i>Ochotona princeps schisticeps</i>, A. H. Miller, Jour. Mamm., +17:174, May 18.</p> + +<p>1897. <i>Ochotona schisticeps</i> Merriam, Mazama, 1:223, October.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Nevada (Hall, 1946:590): 12 mi. E and 3 mi. N +Ft. Bidwell, 5700 ft.; 8400-8600 ft., Duffer Peak, Pine Forest Mts. +California (A. H. Howell, 1924:39): Tahoe; <i>Donner Pass</i>; 12 mi. NE +Prattville; Lassen Peak; Mt. Shasta.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps septentrionalis</span> Cowan and Racey.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1947. <i>Ochotona princeps septentrionalis</i> Cowan and Racey, Canadian Field-Nat., +60:102, March 17, type from 6500 ft., Itcha Mountains, 52° 45´ N +lat., 125° W long., British Columbia. Known from type locality only.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps sheltoni</span> Grinnell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1918. <i>Ochotona schisticeps sheltoni</i> Grinnell, Univ. California +Publ. Zool., 17:429, April 25, type from 11,000 ft., "near" Big +Prospector Meadow, White Mountains, Mono County, California.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> + +<p>1946. <i>Ochotona princeps sheltoni</i>, Hall, Mammals of Nevada, p. 593, +July 1.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Nevada: 8700 ft., Pinchot Creek (Hall, 1946:593). +California: type locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps taylori</span> Grinnell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1912. <i>Ochotona taylori</i> Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 25:129, July +31, type from 9000 ft., Warren Peak, Warner Mts., Modoc Co., Calif.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (V. Bailey, 1936:113, unless otherwise noted).—Oregon: +N end of Steens Mts.; Guano Valley; Jack Lake, 20 mi. NE Adel; Adel. California +(A. H. Howell, 1924:40): type locality; 5400 ft., "near" Termo, +Madeline Plains; nr. head Little Shasta Riv. Oregon: Lower Klamath Lake.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps tutelata</span> Hall.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1934. <i>Ochotona princeps tutelata</i> Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:103, +June 13, type from 8150 ft., Greenmonster Canyon, Monitor Mts., Nye +County, Nevada.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Hall, 1946:591).—Nevada: 7500 ft., Smiths Creek, +Desatoya Mts.; 8600 ft., type locality; 8700-11,000 ft., SW and W slopes Mt. +Jefferson, Toquima Range; South Twin River; <i>Arc Dome</i>.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps uinta</span> Hollister.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1912. <i>Ochotona uinta</i> Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 25:58, April +13, type from "near" head E. Fork Bear River, Uinta Mts., Utah.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps uinta</i>, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:19, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Utah: type locality; Elk Park (Hall and Bowlus, 1938:337); +<i>11,000 to 11,500 ft., The Nipple</i> (<i>ibid.</i>); 10,500 ft., SW slope Bald +Mtn. (<i>op. cit.</i>:336); Mt. Timpanogos (<i>op. cit.</i>:337); 8500 ft., Morehouse +Canyon, 5 mi. above Weber River (<i>op. cit.</i>:337); <i>Spirit Lake</i> (<i>op. cit.</i>:336) +not found.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps utahensis</span> Hall and Hayward.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1941. <i>Ochotona princeps utahensis</i> Hall and Hayward, Great Basin Nat., +2:107, July 20, type from 2 mi. W Deer Lake, Garfield County, Utah.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Utah: 9000 ft., Donkey Lake, Boulder Mtn. (Durrant, +MS); type locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ochotona princeps ventorum</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1919. <i>Ochotona uinta ventorum</i> A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +32:106, May 20, type from Fremont Peak, Wind River Mts., Fremont +County, Wyoming.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Ochotona princeps ventorum</i> A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:18, +September 23.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Montana: Emigrant Peak (A. H. Howell, 1924:19); +Beartooth Mts. (<i>ibid.</i>). Wyoming: 9600 ft., 19-1/2 mi. E and 4-1/2 mi. S Shell +(20882 KU); head of Trappers Creek (A. H. Howell, 1924:19); Medicine +Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell (32919 KU); Needle Mtn. (A. H. Howell, +1924:19); Lake Fork (<i>ibid.</i>); 8450 ft., 17-1/2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. W Lander +(37994 KU); Middle Piney Lake, "near" Stanley (A. H. Howell, 1924:19); +Salt River, 16 mi. S Afton (Hall and Bowlus, 1938:337); Teton Pass (A. H. +Howell, 1924:19). Idaho: Teton Canyon (Davis, 1939:349).</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> + + +<h3><a name="Family_Leporidae" id="Family_Leporidae"></a>Family <span class="smcap">Leporidae</span>—Rabbits and Hares</h3> + +<p>Hind legs longer than forelegs; ears longer than wide; frontal bone +carrying supraorbital process consisting always of posterior arm and +sometimes of anterior arm; rostrum wide; nasals not wider anteriorly +than posteriorly; maxillae conspicuously fenestrated; jugal +projecting less than half way from zygomatic root of squamosal to +external auditory meatus (except in <i>Romerolagus</i>); pubic symphysis +well marked; dental formula, i. 2/1, c. 0/0, p. 3/2, m. 3/3 (but m. 2/3 in <i>Pentalagus</i> +of Liu Kiu Islands south of Japan); second upper maxillary +tooth like third in form; last lower molar double; cutting edge +of first upper incisor straight; mental foramen of mandible situated +under first lower cheek-tooth. Females average larger than males +in all members of this family. (See Orr, 1940:20.) The reverse is +true in most other families of mammals.</p> + +<p>Hare is a name applied to any lagomorph whose young are born +fully haired, with the eyes open, and able to run about a few minutes +after birth. The young are born in the open, not in a nest. +All of the species of the genus <i>Lepus</i> are hares. The species of +leporids of all genera other than <i>Lepus</i>, in North America at least, +are rabbits. Their young are born naked, blind, and helpless, in a +nest especially built for them and lined with fur. Considering the +degree of development of the young at birth, the gestation periods +are about what a person would expect: 26 to 30 days in <i>Sylvilagus</i> +and 36 to 47 days in <i>Lepus</i> (see Severaid, 1950:356-357). Vernacular +names are misleading because the names jack rabbit and snowshoe +rabbit are applied to hares; also, Belgian hare is a name applied +to a rabbit (genus <i>Oryctolagus</i>) that is commonly bred in captivity. +There are many domestic strains and varieties of <i>Oryctolagus</i> and +the animals are second only to poultry in some areas as a protein +food for man. Also, the pelts are sold as a source of felt and many +of the skins are dyed and processed for making fur coats and other +fur-pieces that appear on the market under names not readily associated +with rabbit.</p> + +<p>Rabbits and hares are crepuscular and possibly more nocturnal +than diurnal. So far as I know they do not store food as do their +diurnal relatives, the pikas. Some leporids, however, have an unusual, +and possibly unique, method of processing food: Two types +of vegetable pellets are expelled from the anal opening of the +digestive tract; the dark brownish pellets, from which the nutriments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +have been extracted, are feces, but the greenish pellets seem +to be only slightly predigested foods which are re-eaten. Southern +(1942:553), among others, has written about this. This system +functionally resembles that in the ruminants where a cud of vegetation +is returned to the mouth, from one part of the stomach, to be +re-chewed and finally swallowed.</p> + +<p>Because the causative organism of a disease that decimates dense +populations of small mammals, and some other kinds of vertebrates, +was isolated first in leporids, this disease, tularemia, is more associated +in the popular mind with rabbits than with other kinds of +mammals. Actually, many kinds of mammals are quite as likely +to have tularemia as are rabbits. Now that streptomycin is available, +cases of tularemia in persons are easily cured.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Key to Species of the Genera Sylvilagus and Romerolagus</span></p> + +<ul> +<li class="key-in1"> +1. Antorbital extension of supraorbital process more than 1/2 length of + posterior extension; first upper cheek-tooth with only one + re-entrant angle on anterior face; re-entrant angle of second upper + cheek-tooth not crenate</li> <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus idahoensis</i>, p. <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li class="key-in1"> +1´. Antorbital extension of supraorbital process less than 1/2 of + posterior extension or entirely absent; first upper cheek-tooth with + more than one (usually 3) re-entrant angles on anterior face; + re-entrant angle of second upper cheek-tooth crenate.</li> +<li class="key-in2"> + 2. Anterior extension of supraorbital process absent (or if a point is + barely indicated, then 5/6 or all of posterior process fused to + braincase).</li> +<li class="key-in3"> + 3. Tympanic bulla smaller than foramen magnum; hind foot more than + 74; geographic range wholly in United States.</li> +<li class="key-in4"> + 4. Ear more than 58 from notch in dried skin; basilar length of + skull more than 63</li> <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus aquaticus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li class="key-in4"> + 4´. Ear less than 58 from notch in dried skin; basilar length of + skull less than 63.</li> +<li class="key-in5"> + 5. Underside of tail white; posterior extension of supraorbital + process tapering to a slender point, this point free of + braincase or barely touching it and leaving a slit or long + foramen</li> <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus transitionalis</i>, p. <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li class="key-in5"> + 5´. Underside of tail brown or gray; posterior extension of + supraorbital process always fused to skull, usually for + entire length but in occasional specimens there is small + foramen at middle of posterior extension of supraorbital + process</li> <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus palustris</i>, p. <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li class="key-in3"> + 3´. Tympanic bulla as large as foramen magnum; hind foot less than + 74; geographic range limited to southern edge of Mexican + tableland at high elevations</li> <li class="key-out"><i>Romerolagus diazi</i>, p. <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li class="key-in2"> + 2´. Anterior extension of supraorbital process present, and posterior + extension free of braincase or leaving a slit between the process + and braincase.</li> +<li class="key-in6"> + 6. Tympanic bullae large (see <a href="#Figure_25_to_29">fig. 26</a>).</li> + <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus audubonii</i>, p. <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li class="key-in6"> + 6´. Tympanic bullae small (see figs. <a href="#Figure_20_to_24">23</a>,<a href="#Figure_25_to_29"> 25 and 27</a>).</li> +<li class="key-in7"> + 7. Restricted to Pacific coastal strip from Columbia River + south to tip of Baja California, west of Sierra + Nevada-Cascade Mountain Chain; hind foot less than 81.</li> + <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus bachmani</i> and <i>S. mansuetus</i>, pp. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li class="key-in7"> + 7´. East of the Pacific coastal strip mentioned in 7; hind + foot usually more than 81.</li> +<li class="key-in8"> + 8. If north of United States-Mexican boundary:</li> +<li class="key-in9"> + 9. In Arizona, New Mexico and southern Colorado + posterior extension of supraorbital process free of + braincase, and supraoccipital shield posteriorly + pointed; from central Colorado north into Canada + diameter of external auditory meatus more than crown + length of last three cheek-teeth</li> + <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus nuttallii</i>, p. <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li class="key-in9"> + 9´. In Arizona, New Mexico and southeastern Colorado + posterior extension of supraorbital process of + frontal with its tip against, or fused to, + braincase, and supraoccipital shield posteriorly + truncate or notched; from central Colorado north + into Canada, diameter of external auditory meatus + less than crown length of last three cheek-teeth</li> + <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus floridanus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li class="key-in8"> + 8´. If south of United States-Mexican boundary:</li> +<li class="key-in10"> + 10. Geographic range restricted to Tres Marias Islands</li> + <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus graysoni</i>, p. <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="key-in10"> + 10´. Geographic range not including Tres Marias + Islands.</li> +<li class="key-in11"> + 11. Underside of tail dingy gray or buffy (not + white).</li> +<li class="key-in12"> + 12. Tail short (less than 30) and brown like rump; + ear from notch (dry) less than 53; + interorbital breadth less than 16.</li> + <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis</i>, p. <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li class="key-in12"> + 12´. Tail of moderate length (more than 30) and + dingy gray; ear from notch (dry) more than + 53; interorbital breadth more than 16</li> + <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus insonus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li class="key-in11"> + 11´. Underside of tail distinctly white.</li> + +<li class="key-in13"> + 13. Total length more than 476; ear from notch + (dry) more than 64; interorbital breadth + usually more than 19.3; geographic range, + southwestern Mexico north of the Isthmus of + Tehuantepec.</li> <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus cunicularius</i>, p. <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li class="key-in13"> + 13´. Total length less than 476; ear from notch + (dry) less than 64; interorbital breadth + usually less than 19.3; geographic range, + Canada to Panamá</li> + <li class="key-out"><i>Sylvilagus floridanus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<h4><a name="Genus_Romerolagus" id="Genus_Romerolagus"></a>Genus <span class="smcap">Romerolagus</span> Merriam—Volcano Rabbit</h4> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1896. <i>Romerolagus</i> Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10:173, December +29. Type, <i>Romerolagus nelsoni</i> Merriam = <i>Lepus diazi</i> Diaz.</p></div> + +<p>Total length 300 to 311; tail rudimentary; hind foot, 52; ear from notch +(dry), 36; upper parts grizzled buffy brown or dull cinnamon brown; underparts +dingy gray; anterior projection of supraorbital process absent; jugal projecting +posteriorly past squamosal root of zygomatic arch more than half way +to external auditory meatus. The two cranial characters mentioned are resemblances +to pikas although the skull otherwise resembles that of the true +rabbits. The genus contains only the one living species.</p> + +<p>Living in well defined runways in the dense sacoton grass, these small +rabbits are mainly nocturnal and crepuscular, but sometimes are active by day, +especially in cloudy weather in the period of mating.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Figure_6" id="Figure_6"></a> +<a href="images/i021.jpg"><img src="images/i021_tn.jpg" width="400" height="296" alt="" title="Show larger image of Figure 6." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 6. Distribution of Romerolagus diazi.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + + +<h6><b>Romerolagus diazi</b> (Diaz)<br /> +Volcano Rabbit</h6> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1893. <i>Lepus diazi</i> Diaz, Catal. Com. Geográf.-Expl. Repub. Mex. Expos. +Internac. Columb. Chicago, pl. 42, March, 1893, type from eastern slope +of Mount Ixtaccihuatl, Puebla.</p> + +<p>1911. <i>Romerolagus diazi</i> Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24:228, October +31, 1911.</p> + +<p>1896. <i>Romerolagus nelsoni</i> Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10:173, +December 29, 1896, type from west slope Mount Popocatepetl, 11,000 +feet, México.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Range.</i>—Canadian Life-zone of the mountains bounding the eastern, southern +and western sides of the Valley of Mexico. <i>Marginal records.</i>—México: +Monte Río Frío, 45 km. ESE Mexico City (Davis, 1944:401). Puebla: +type locality. México: Mt. Popocatepetl (Nelson, 1909:280). Distrito +Federal: 31 km. S Mexico City (30815 KU). México: Llano Grande, 3 +km. W Tlalmanalco (28278 KU).</p></div> + + +<h4><a name="Genus_Sylvilagus" id="Genus_Sylvilagus"></a>Genus <span class="smcap">Sylvilagus</span> Gray—Cottontails and Allies</h4> + +<div class="blockpara"><p>Revised by Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:58-158, August 31, 1909.</p></div> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1867. <i>Sylvilagus</i> Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 20 (ser. 3):221. Type, +<i>Lepus sylvaticus</i> Bachman, <i>Lepus nuttalli mallurus</i> Thomas.</p></div> + +<p>Total length, 291-538; tail, 18-73; hind foot, 71-110; ear from notch +(dry) 41-74. Grayish to dark brownish above and lighter below; +sutures of interparietal bone distinct throughout life; second to +fourth cervical vertebrae broader than long with dorsal surface +flattened and without carination.</p> + +<p>The delectable flesh of members of this genus, the large numbers +that occur on a small area, even in thickly settled rural areas, and the +wariness that rabbits soon develop when much hunted, give them +top ranking among small game mammals. Tens of thousands of +cottontails in Kansas and Missouri (<i>Sylvilagus floridanus</i> and some +<i>S. audubonii</i>) are captured alive, transported to the eastern United +States and released there to bolster the local supply of game. Considering +that certain ectoparasites are limited to certain hosts and +that some ectoparasites transmit such diseases as Rocky Mountain +Spotted Fever whereas other ectoparasites do not, this transplantation +of rabbits is dangerous. Also, expenditure of $100.00 on improving +the habitat for <i>Sylvilagus</i> in a given area in the eastern +United States would produce more cottontails than the expenditure +of the same sum for live animals, from the Middlewest, that are to +be released (see Langenbach and Beule, 1942:14, 15 and 30).</p> + +<p>Different species venture different distances from cover to feed. +The Audubon cottontail of west-central California ventures a hundred +feet and more from cover but the brush rabbit was never seen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> +(Orr, 1940:182) farther than 42 feet from cover. In the thirties, +when a gladiolus farmer from the chaparral belt of Santa Clara +County, California, visited the University of California seeking advice +on how to prevent damage by "cottontails" to his gladioli +plantings, we asked the farmer if brush rabbits or cottontails were +responsible and suggested to the farmer, who was unable to distinguish +between the two, that an animal be killed and submitted +for identification. When this was done, the brush rabbit (<i>Sylvilagus +bachmani</i>) was found to be responsible for the damage. Robert +T. Orr's recommendation that the chaparral (brush) be cut back +45 feet from the gladioli plantings was reluctantly followed and +proved to be effective. A letter from a Santa Clara County agricultural +official a couple of years later expressed thanks for the recommendation +made by Orr, and estimated that adoption of his recommendations +saved farmers of that one county $40,000 annually. +This incident illustrates how detailed knowledge of the life history +of a given kind of animal and control of its environment, rather than +direct "control" of the animal, is sometimes of value to man.</p> + +<p>The genus <i>Sylvilagus</i> is restricted to the New World; the two +species <i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis</i> and <i>S. floridanus</i> are the only two +which occur in South America and they occur also in North America.</p> + + +<h5><a name="Subgenus_BRACHYLAGUS" id="Subgenus_BRACHYLAGUS"></a>Subgenus BRACHYLAGUS Miller—Pigmy Rabbit</h5> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1900. <i>Brachylagus</i> Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13:157, June 13. +Type, <i>Lepus idahoensis</i> Merriam. For characters see subgenus <i>Sylvilagus</i>.</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus idahoensis</b> (Merriam)<br /> +Pigmy Rabbit</h6> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1891. <i>Lepus idahoensis</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:76, July 30, type +from head of Pahsimeroi Valley, near Goldburg, Custer County, Idaho +(Davis, Recent Mammals of Idaho, p. 363, April 9, 1939).</p> + +<p>1930. <i>Sylvilagus idahoensis</i>, Grinnell, Dixon and Linsdale, Univ. California +Publ. Zool., 35:553, October 10.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—In southeastern Washington: Ritzville (Taylor and +Shaw, 1929:29); Lind (243344 USBS); Warden (Taylor and Shaw, 1929:29). +In remainder of range: Montana: Bannack (Davis, 1937:27). +Idaho: Trail Creek near Pocatello (Davis, 1939:366). Utah: 3 mi. NE +Clarkson (Durrant, MS); W side Utah Lake (<i>ibid.</i>); 20 mi. W Parowan +(<i>ibid.</i>); 10 mi. SW Cedar City (<i>ibid.</i>). Nevada: 8-1/2 mi. NE Sharp (Hall, +1946:618); Fallon (Schantz, 1947:187). California: Bodie (Severaid, +1950:2); 5000 ft., 3 mi. S Ravendale (Orr, 1940:194). Oregon: Silver +Lake (Bailey, 1936:110, fig. 17, 206518 USBS); Fremont (<i>ibid.</i>, 205005 +USBS); Redmond (<i>ibid.</i>, 242302 USBS); 10 mi. N Baker (Dice, 1926:27). +Idaho: type locality; Junction (Davis, 1939:366).</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> +<p>Total length, 250-290; tail, 20-30; hind foot, 65-72; ear from notch (dry), +36-48; weight, 6 ♂ 409(375-435), 9 ♀ 398(246-458) grams. Upper +parts pinkish to blackish or dark grayish depending on amount of wear. +The pigmy rabbit lives in burrows, mostly dug by itself, preferably where +tall sagebrush grows densely. This species feeds extensively on sagebrush, +at least in winter. Six young seem to be the rule and they are born any +time from late in May until early in August.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 287px;"> +<a name="Figure_7" id="Figure_7"></a> +<a href="images/i024.jpg"><img src="images/i024_tn.jpg" width="287" height="400" alt="" title="Show larger image of Figure 7." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 7. Distribution of Sylvilagus idahoensis.</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + + +<h5><a name="Subgenus_SYLVILAGUS" id="Subgenus_SYLVILAGUS"></a>Subgenus SYLVILAGUS Gray—Cottontails and Allies</h5> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1867. <i>Sylvilagus</i> Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 20 (ser. 3):221. +Type, <i>Lepus sylvaticus</i> Bachman [= <i>Lepus nuttalli mallurus</i> Thomas].</p> + +<p>1867. <i>Tapeti</i> Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 20 (ser. 3):224, September. +Type <i>Lepus brasiliensis</i> Linnaeus.</p> + +<p>1897. <i>Microlagus</i> Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., p. 660. +Type, <i>Lepus cinerascens</i> J. A. Allen.</p> + +<p>1897. <i>Limnolagus</i> Mearns, Science, n. s., 5:393, March 5. Type <i>Lepus +aquaticus</i> Bachman.</p> + +<p>1950. <i>Paludilagus</i> Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 100:333, May 26. +Type <i>Lepus palustris</i> Bachman.</p></div> + +<p>Characters of subgeneric worth, in contrast to those of the subgenus +<i>Brachylagus</i>, are: First premolar, in upper jaw and in lower +jaw, with more than one fold in the enamel; infolded enamel, which +divides each molar tooth into two parts, crenate.</p> + +<p>The many nominal species of the subgenus <i>Sylvilagus</i> belong +to no more than 12 and perhaps to only ten full species. The now +more abundant specimens than were available a half century ago +reveal also that there are less trenchant differences between some of +the species than were supposed to exist when the five names for +genera or subgenera listed immediately above were proposed. +Some species can be placed in each of two subgenera with almost +equal propriety. If used, four of the five subgeneric names mentioned +above would contain only one species each. It seems that +no useful purpose is served by attempting to fit the several species +of the genus <i>Sylvilagus</i> into more than the two subgenera <i>Brachylagus</i> +and <i>Sylvilagus</i>; the other names, <i>Tapeti</i> Gray, <i>Microlagus</i> +Trouessart, <i>Limnolagus</i> Mearns, and <i>Paludilagus</i> Hershkovitz, are +here arranged as synonyms of the subgeneric name <i>Sylvilagus</i> Gray.</p> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus brasiliensis</b><br /> +Forest Rabbit</h6> + +<p>Total length, 380-420; tail, 20-21; hind foot, 77-80; ear from notch +(dry), 39-46. The principal characters of this species are small size, +dark color, short tail, and dingy buffy (not white) undersurface of +the tail. These rabbits rest in forests or other thick vegetative cover +and do not venture far from such cover to feed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus brasiliensis consobrinus</span> Anthony.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1917. <i>Sylvilagus gabbi consobrinus</i> Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +37:335, May 28, type from Old Panamá, Panamá. Known from type +locality only.</p> + +<p>1950. <i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis consobrinus</i>, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. +Mus., 100:353, May 26.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus brasiliensis dicei</span> Harris.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1932. <i>Sylvilagus dicei</i> Harris, Occas. Papers Univ. Michigan, Mus. Zool., +248:1, August 4, type from 6000 ft., El Copey de Dota, in the Cordillera +de Talamanca, Costa Rica.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> + +<p>1950. <i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis dicei</i>, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 100:352, +May 26.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Costa Rica (Goodwin, 1946:359); Rancho de Río +Jimenez; Juan Viñas; type locality; <i>San José</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Figure_8" id="Figure_8"></a> +<a href="images/i026.jpg"><img src="images/i026_tn.jpg" width="400" height="339" alt="" title="Show larger image of Figure 8." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 8. Distribution of Sylvilagus brasiliensis.</span> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>S. b. truei</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. gabbi</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. dicei</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. consobrinus</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. messorius</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. incitatus</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + + + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus brasiliensis gabbi</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1877. <i>Lepus brasiliensis</i> var. <i>gabbi</i> J. A. Allen, Monogr. N. Amer. Rodentia, +p. 349, August, type locality Costa Rica and Chiriquí; restricted by Nelson +(N. Amer. Fauna, 29:259, August 31, 1909), by designation of type +specimen, to Talamanca [= Sipurio, Río Sixaola, near Caribbean Coast], +Costa Rica.</p> + +<p>1950. <i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis gabbi</i>, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 100:351, +May 26.</p> + +<p>1908. <i>Lepus gabbi tumacus</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 24:649, +October 13, type from Tuma, Nicaragua.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Honduras: San Pedro Sula (Nelson, 1909:261); to +Gulf Coast and southward along coast to Panamá Canal, Panamá: Gatun +(Goldman, 1920:146); Corozal (<i>ibid.</i>); Gobernador Island (<i>ibid.</i>); Divala +(<i>ibid.</i>); <i>Chiriquí</i> (Goodwin, 1946:358). Northward east of the range of +<i>S. b. dicei</i>, thence westward in Costa Rica: Vijaqual, San Carlos (Goodwin, +1946:358). Nicaragua: Matagalpa (Allen, 1910:96); Ocotal (<i>ibid.</i>). +Honduras: San José, Santa Barbara (Goodwin, 1942:151).</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus brasiliensis incitatus</span> (Bangs).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1901. <i>Lepus</i> (<i>Tapeti</i>) <i>incitatus</i> Bangs, Amer. Nat., 35:633, August, type +from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panamá. Known from type locality +only.</p> + +<p>1950. <i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis incitatus</i>, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., +100:352, May 26.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus brasiliensis messorius</span> Goldman.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1912. <i>Sylvilagus gabbi messorius</i> Goldman, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 60 (no. 2):13, +September 20, type from Cana, 1800 ft., mts. of eastern Panamá.</p> + +<p>1950. <i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis messorius</i>, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., +100:352, May 26.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Panamá (Goldman, 1920:147): Boca de Cupe; <i>Tacarcuna</i>; +<i>Tapalisa</i>; type locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1890. <i>Lepus truei</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:192, December +10, type from Mirador, Veracruz.</p> + +<p>1950. <i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei</i>, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 100:351, +May 26.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:264, unless otherwise noted).—San Luis +Potosí: Rancho Apetsco, Xilitla (Dalquest, 1950:4), thence down coast to +Tabasco: Teapa. Chiapas: Huehuetan. Oaxaca: Santo Domingo. Veracruz: +Buena Vista; Motzorongo. Puebla: Metlaltoyuca.</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus bachmani</b><br /> +Brush Rabbit</h6> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 294px;"> +<a name="Figure_9" id="Figure_9"></a> +<img src="images/i028.jpg" width="294" height="800" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 9. Distribution of Sylvilagus bachmani +and Sylvilagus mansuetus.</span> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>S. b. ubericolor</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. tehamae</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. macrorhinus</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. riparius</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. mariposae</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. bachmani</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. virgulti</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. cinerascens</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. rosaphagus</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. howelli</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. exiguus</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. peninsularis</i></li> +<li><i>S. b. cerrosensis</i></li> +<li><i>S. mansuetus</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + +<p>Size small. Total length, 300-375; tail, 20-43; hind foot, 64-81; +ear from notch (dry), 50-64; weight (topotypes of <i>S. b. macrorhinus</i>) +16 ♂ 679 (561-832), 22 ♀ 707 (517-843) grams. Body +uniformly dark brown or brownish gray, but tail whitish beneath; +hair on midventral part of body gray at base; only a slight crenulation +of ridge of enamel which separates an individual molariform +tooth into anterior and posterior sections. From <i>Sylvilagus audubonii</i>, +the only other species of <i>Sylvilagus</i> in the same geographic +area, <i>S. bachmani</i> differs in smaller size, less white on underparts +(the hairs on the midventral part of the body being gray instead of +white at base), shorter ears and legs, and a less crenulated ridge of +enamel separating the anterior and posterior parts of a molariform +tooth.</p> + +<p>The brush rabbit is a Pacific Coastal species; as may be seen from +figure 9 on the next page, this species occurs from the Columbia +River on the north to the tip of Baja California on the south. Nowhere, +so far as I can learn, does it occur as far east as the crest +of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountain Chain. Throughout its +range the brush rabbit is closely associated with—in fact, lives in—the +chaparral that is dense enough to afford protection from +raptorial birds and the larger carnivorous mammals. The rabbit's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +reliance on protective cover is +so great that, as pointed out on +an earlier page, a person can +turn this trait to advantage in +protecting cultivated crops +from inroads that the rabbits +might make on them. The protection +is afforded by clearing +the brush from a strip forty-five +feet wide so that the cleared +strip intervenes between the +cultivated crops and the brushy +shelter. The rabbits will not +risk crossing the open strip and +hence do not reach the growing +crops.</p> + +<p>Brush rabbits use simple +"forms" in the brush for resting. +Only one observer (Orr, 1940: +173) has reported an individual +entering a hole. In patches of +chaparral in which the rabbits +live they make runways that +are especially well defined +at the edges of the brush. The +outer entrance to a runway is +tunnellike and one to two feet +from the outer entrance there +is a special form that serves as +a lookout post. A brush rabbit +that is about to venture into the +open ordinarily pauses in such +a form for several minutes, presumably +to satisfy itself that no +enemy is in the open area +whither the rabbit is bound.</p> + +<p>The breeding season is from +January to June, at least in +California. There are 2 to 5 +young, averaging 3.5 per litter. +They are born in a nest.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani bachmani</span> (Waterhouse).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1839. <i>Lepus bachmani</i> Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Pt. 6 (for +1838):103, February 7, type from California, probably between Monterey +and Santa Barbara.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus</i> (<i>microlagus</i>) <i>bachmani</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:336, +June 15.</p> + +<p>1855. <i>Lepus trowbridgei</i> Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 333, +type from Monterey County, California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—California (Orr, 1940:150): 2 mi. S mouth Salinas River; +near Morro.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani cerrosensis</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1898. <i>Lepus cerrosensis</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:145, +April 12, type from Cerros [=Cedros] Island, Baja California. Known +from type locality only.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani cerrosensis</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:255, +August 31.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1890. <i>Lepus cinerascens</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:159, +October 8, type from San Fernando, Los Angeles County, California.</p> + +<p>1907. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens</i>, Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +20:84, July 22.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—California (Orr, 1940:168): 5700 ft., San Emigdio +Canyon; 3 mi. E San Fernando; Reche Canyon (Orr, 1940:169); 3500 ft., +Dos Palmas Springs, Santa Rosa Mts. Baja California (Nelson, 1909:253): +La Huerta, thence northward up-coast to point of beginning.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani exiguus</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani exiguus</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +20:84, July 22, type from Yubay, central Baja California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Baja California (Nelson, 1909:254): Agua Dulce; +Santana.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani howelli</span> Huey.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1927. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani howelli</i> Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., +5:67, July 6, type from 10 mi. SE Alamo, Baja California, lat. 31° 35´ N, +long. 116° 03´ W.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Baja California (Huey, 1927:68): Laguna Hanson, +Sierra Juarez; type locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani macrorhinus</span> Orr.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1935. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani macrorhinus</i> Orr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +48:28, February 6, type from Alpine Creek Ranch, 3-1/2 mi. S and 2-1/3 mi. +E Portola, 1700 ft., San Mateo County, California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—California (Orr, 1940:163): 10 mi. SW Suisun; W +side Mt. Diablo; Summit Station, Santa Cruz Mts., thence north along coast +to Golden Gate.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani mariposae</span> Grinnell and Storer.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1916. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani mariposae</i> Grinnell and Storer, Univ. California +Publ. Zool., 17:7, August 23, type from McCauley Trail, 4000 +ft., near El Portal, Mariposa County, California.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—California (Orr, 1940): Carbondale (p. 158); French +Gulch, 6700 ft., Piute Mtn. (p. 159).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani peninsularis</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1898. <i>Lepus peninsularis</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:144, +April 12, type from Santa Anita, Baja California.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani peninsularis</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:255, +August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Baja California (Nelson, 1909:255): type locality; +Cape San Lucas.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani riparius</span> Orr.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1935. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani riparius</i> Orr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 48:29, +February 6, type from west side San Joaquin River, 2 mi. NE Vernalis, +in Stanislaus County, California. Known from type locality only.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani rosaphagus</span> Huey.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1940. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani rosaphagus</i> Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. +Hist., 9:221, July 31, type from 2 mi. W Santo Domingo Mission, Baja +California, México, lat. 30° 45´ N, long. 115° 58´ W, or precisely, near +the huge red cliff that marks the entrance of the Santo Domingo River +Cañon from the coastal plain.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Baja California (Huey, 1940): San Quintín (p. 223); El +Rosario (p. 222).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani tehamae</span> Orr.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1935. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani tehamae</i> Orr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 48:27, +February 6, type from Dale's, on Paine's Creek, 600 ft., Tehama +County, California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Oregon (Orr, 1935:28): Prospect. California (Orr, +1940:156): Auburn; 7 mi. W and 14 mi. S Chico; Rumsey; Castle Springs; +3 mi. S Covelo; Mad River Bridge, S. Fork Mtn.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani ubericolor</span> (Miller).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Lepus bachmani ubericolor</i> Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +p. 383, September 29, type from Beaverton, Washington County, Oregon.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus</i> (<i>Microlagus</i>) <i>bachmani ubericolor</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. +Coll., 45:337, June 15.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Range.</i>—Columbia River, Oregon, south to San Francisco Bay, California, +and from the Pacific Coast eastward to a line connecting the following +marginal records.—Oregon (V. Bailey, 1936:109, unless otherwise noted): +Portland (Nelson, 1909:251); Mackenzie Bridge; above Grants Pass. California +(Orr, 1940:153): Laytonville; Maillard [=4 mi. E Lagunitas].</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus bachmani virgulti</span> Dice.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1926. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani virgulti</i> Dice, Occas. papers Mus. Zool. Univ. +Michigan, 166:24, February 11, Soledad, Monterey County, California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—California (Orr, 1940:166): The Pinnacles; Waltham +Cr., 4-1/2 mi. SE Priest Valley; 2 mi. S San Miguel; Bryson.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus mansuetus</b><br /> +Brush Rabbit</h6> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Sylvilagus mansuetus</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:83, +July 22, type from San José Island, Gulf of California, Baja California. +Known from San José Island only.</p></div> + +<p>This insular species is closely related to <i>Sylvilagus bachmani</i> and +is distinguished by paleness, proportionately longer and narrower +skull, fusion to skull of anterior arm of supraorbital process, and +larger jugal.</p> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus palustris</b><br /> +Marsh Rabbit<br /> +(See <a href="#Figure_42">figure 42</a>)</h6> + +<p>Total length, 425-440; tail, 33-39; hind foot, 88-91; ear from notch +(dry), 45-52. Upper parts blackish brown or reddish brown; underside +of tail brownish or dingy gray (not white); ears, tail and hind +feet short; posterior and anterior extensions of supraorbital processes +joined to skull along most (or all) of their extent. The lack +of white on the underside of the tail is a ready means of distinguishing +this species from the other species of the genus which occur +within its geographic range. The species occurs in the lowlands, +possibly not above 500 feet altitude, of the Lower Austral and +Tropical life-zones. In Florida, Blair (1936) found that the marsh +rabbit ate 29 per cent of its bodily weight in green food each day +and that the number of embryos in 3 females was 4, 4 and 3.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus palustris paludicola</span> (Miller and Bangs).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1894. <i>Lepus paludicola</i> Miller and Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +9:105, June 9, type from Ft. Island, near Crystal Riv., Citrus Co., Fla.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus palustris paludicola</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:269, +August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Florida (Nelson, 1909:270): Hibernia [= Green Cove +Springs]; San Mateo; along Atlantic Coast at least to Micco; Kissimmee +River; Cape Sable; northward along Gulf Coast and on coastal islands at +least to Suwanee River.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus palustris palustris</span> (Bachman).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1837. <i>Lepus palustris</i> Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:194, +type locality eastern South Carolina.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus palustris</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:266, August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Nansemond County (Handley and Patton, 1947:190), +southward along Atlantic Coast to northern Florida: Anastasia Island +(Nelson, 1909:269). West to Gulf Coast and along Coast to Alabama: Bon +Secour (Nelson, 1909:269); Flomaton (Howell, 1921:74); Dothan (<i>ibid.</i>). +Georgia: Americus (Nelson, 1909:269). South Carolina: Society Hill (<i>ibid.</i>).</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;"> +<a name="Figure_10_to_14" id="Figure_10_to_14"></a> +<a href="images/i032.jpg"><img src="images/i032_tn.jpg" width="367" height="567" alt="" title="Show larger image of Figures 10 to 14." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 10-14. Dorsal views of skulls of rabbits. All × 1.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 10. <i>Romerolagus diazi</i>, 31 km. S Mexico City, D. F. No. +30815 KU, ♀.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 11. <i>Sylvilagus idahoensis</i>, Millett P. O., Nevada. No. +37275 MVZ, ♂.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 12. <i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei</i>, 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, +Veracruz. No. 32128 KU, ♂.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 13. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani macrorhinus</i>, 1700 feet, Alpine +Creek Ranch, San Mateo County, California. No. 53382 MVZ, ♀.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 14. <i>Sylvilagus palustris palustris</i>, Riceboro, Georgia. No. +45502 USNM, ♀. (After Nelson, 1909: pl. 12, fig. 3.)</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;"> +<a name="Figure_15_to_19" id="Figure_15_to_19"></a> +<a href="images/i033.jpg"><img src="images/i033_tn.jpg" width="395" height="602" alt="" title="Show larger image of figures 15 to 19." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 15-19. Dorsal views of skulls of rabbits. All × 1.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 15. <i>Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri</i>, 1/2 mi. E. Jefferson, Nev. No. 58527, ♀.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 16. <i>Sylvilagus audubonii minor</i>, 3290 ft., Neville Spring, Grapevine +Mts., Big Bend, Brewster Co., Texas. No. 80519 MVZ, ♂.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 17. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi</i>, 4 mi. NE Lawrence, Douglas Co., +Kansas. No. 3774 KU, ♂.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 18. <i>Sylvilagus a. aquaticus</i>, Crawford Co., Kansas. No. 8544 KU. ♂.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 19. <i>Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius</i>, 3 km. W Acultzingo, Veracruz. +No. 30749 KU, ♂.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;"> +<a name="Figure_20_to_24" id="Figure_20_to_24"></a> +<a href="images/i034.jpg"><img src="images/i034_tn.jpg" width="367" height="566" alt="" title="Show larger image of figures 20 to 24." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 20-24. Ventral views of skulls of rabbits. All × 1. Different views of +the first four of these skulls are shown in figs. 10-13.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 20. <i>Romerolagus diazi.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 21. <i>Sylvilagus idahoensis.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 22. <i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 23. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani macrorhinus.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 24. <i>Sylvilagus palustris palustris</i>, Society Hill, South Carolina. No. 2089 +USNM (after Lyon, 1904: pl. 76, fig. 6).</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;"> +<a name="Figure_25_to_29" id="Figure_25_to_29"></a> +<a href="images/i035.jpg"><img src="images/i035_tn.jpg" width="395" height="599" alt="" title="Show larger image of figures 25 to 29." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 25-29. Ventral views of skulls of rabbits. All × 1. Different views +of these skulls are shown in <a href="#Figure_15_to_19">figs. 15-19</a>.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 25. <i>Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 26. <i>Sylvilagus audubonii minor.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 27. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 28. <i>Sylvilagus aquaticus aquaticus.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 29. <i>Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius.</i></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 293px;"> +<a name="Figure_30_to_34" id="Figure_30_to_34"></a> +<a href="images/i036.jpg"><img src="images/i036_tn.jpg" width="293" height="565" alt="" title="Show larger image of figures 30 to 34." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 30-34. Lateral views of skulls of rabbits. All × 1. +Different views of these skulls are shown in <a href="#Figure_10_to_14">figs. 10-15</a>.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 30. <i>Romerolagus diazi.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 31. <i>Sylvilagus idahoensis.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 32. <i>Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 33. <i>Sylvilagus bachmani macrorhinus.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 34. <i>Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri.</i></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 347px;"> +<a name="Figure_35_to_38" id="Figure_35_to_38"></a> +<a href="images/i037.jpg"><img src="images/i037_tn.jpg" width="347" height="566" alt="" title="Show larger image of figures 35 to 38." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 35-38. Lateral views of skulls of rabbits. All × 1. +Different views of these skulls are shown in <a href="#Figure_15_to_19">figs. 16-19</a>.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 35. <i>Sylvilagus audubonii minor.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 36. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 37. <i>Sylvilagus aquaticus aquaticus.</i></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 38. <i>Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius.</i></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus floridanus</b> +<br />Florida Cottontail</h6> + +<p>Total length, 375-463; tail, 39-65; hind foot, 87-104; ear from +notch (dry), 49-68; upper parts brownish or grayish; underside +of tail white; skull with transversely thick posterior extension of +supraorbital process of frontal. The geographic range is the largest +of all of the North American species of the genus <i>Sylvilagus</i>; +from Canada the species occurs south at least to Costa Rica and +it may occur in Panamá for the species is recorded also from South +America.</p> + +<p>In the western part of the Great Plains this species is confined to +the riparian growth along streams and <i>Sylvilagus audubonii</i> occupies +the remainder of the terrain. In New Mexico and southwestern +Texas <i>S. floridanus</i> is confined to the boreal life-zones where +timber provides denser cover than is found in the lower life-zones. +The zonal range is from the Canadian Life-zone into the Tropical +Life-zone. It is not surprising, therefore, that there is much geographic +variation in the shape and size of the skull. There is so +much geographic variation in the skull that it is impossible, at this +writing at least, to frame a description that will enable the reader +to distinguish the skull from those of all other species of the genus. +In any given area, however, it is possible, easily and certainly, to +distinguish the skulls of <i>S. floridanus</i> from those of the other species +which occur in that area.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus alacer</span> (Bangs).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1896. <i>Lepus sylvaticus alacer</i> Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10:136, +December 28, type from Stilwell, Boston Mountains, Adair County, +Oklahoma.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Missouri (Nelson, 1909:176): Columbia; St. Louis. +Illinois: Ozark (Necker and Hatfield, 1941:56). Tennessee (Nelson, +1909:176): Samburg; Raleigh. Mississippi (Nelson, 1909:176): Michigan +City; Bay St. Louis. Texas (Nelson, 1909:176): Port Lavaca; Brazos; +Henrietta. Oklahoma: Norman (Blair, 1939:128). Kansas: <i>8 mi. NE +Harper</i> (12917 KU); Rago (12508 KU); Halstead (3110 KU); <i>4 mi. S</i> +and <i>14 mi. W Hamilton</i> (13673 KU); 3 mi. N Chanute (22026 KU).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus ammophilus</span> A. H. Howell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1939. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus ammophilus</i> A. H. Howell, Jour. Mamm., 20:365, +August 14, type from "Oak Lodge", on peninsula opposite Micco, +Florida. Known from type locality only.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 362px; margin-right: 10%"> +<a name="Figure_39" id="Figure_39"></a> +<a href="images/i039.jpg"><img src="images/i039_tn.jpg" width="362" height="400" alt="" title="Show larger image of figure 39." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 39. Distribution of Sylvilagus nuttallii, S. floridanus and S. insonus.</span> +</div> + +<div style="margin-left: 10%"> +<p> +Guide to kinds: +</p> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>S. n. nuttallii</i></li> +<li><i>S. n. grangeri</i></li> +<li><i>S. n. pinetis</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. similis</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. mearnsi</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. llanensis</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. alacer</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. mallurus</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. hitchensi</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. floridanus</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. ammophilus</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. cognatus</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. robustus</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. chapmani</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. holzneri</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. restrictus</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. subcinctus</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. orizabae</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. connectens</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. russatus</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. aztecus</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. chiapensis</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. yucatanicus</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. hondurensis</i></li> +<li><i>S. f. costaricensis</i></li> +<li><i>S. insonus</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1890. <i>Lepus sylvaticus aztecus</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +3:188, December 10, type from Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus</i> (<i>Sylvilagus</i>) <i>floridanus aztecus</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., +45:336, June 15.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:188, unless otherwise noted).—Oaxaca: +Santa Maria Petapa; Santa Efigenia. Chiapas: Tonala, 50 M (Hooper, +1947:56). Oaxaca: Salina Cruz; <i>type locality</i>.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Lepus floridanus chapmani</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +12:12, March 4, type from Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus</i> (<i>Sylvilagus</i>) <i>floridanus chapmani</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. +Coll., 45:336, June 15.</p> + +<p>1899. <i>Lepus floridanus caniclunis</i> Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +p. 388, October 5, type from Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas.</p> + +<p>1902. <i>Lepus simplicicanus</i> Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 15:81, +April 25, type from Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:178).—Texas: Clyde; Victoria County; +<i>Rockport</i>. Tamaulipas: Soto la Marina; Juamave. Coahuila: Monclova; +Sabinas. Texas: Comstock; Stanton.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus chiapensis</span> (Nelson).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. <i>Lepus floridanus chiapensis</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +17:106, May 18, type from San Cristobal, Chiapas.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus chiapensis</i>, Lyon and Osgood, Bull. U. S. Nat. +Mus., 62:32, January 28.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:190, unless otherwise noted).—Chiapas: +type locality; Comitan. Guatemala: Hacienda Chancol; Panajachel (Goodwin, +1934:56). Chiapas: Tuxtla.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus cognatus</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Sylvilagus cognatus</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:82, July +22, type from near summit of the Manzano Mountains, Valencia County, +New Mexico.</p> + +<p>1951. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus cognatus</i>, Hall and Kelson, Univ. Kansas Publ., +Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:55, October 1, 1951.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:193).—New Mexico: Santa Rosa, 35 mi. +N on Conchas River; Capitan Mts.; Datil Mts.; type locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus connectens</span> (Nelson).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. <i>Lepus floridanus connectens</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +17:105, May 18, type from Chichicaxtle, central Veracruz.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus connectens</i>, Lyon and Osgood, Bull. U. S. Nat. +Mus., 62:32, January 28.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:186).—Tamaulipas: Altamira. Veracruz: +type locality. Oaxaca: Mt. Zempoaltepec. Veracruz: Orizaba (City of); +Jico. Puebla: Metlaltoyuca. Queretaro: Pinal de Amoles. San Luis +Potosí: Valles.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus costaricensis</span> Harris.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1933. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus costaricensis</i> Harris, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., +Univ. Michigan, 266:3, June 28, type from Hacienda Santa Maria, +Province of Guanacaste, 3200 ft, Costa Rica.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Goodwin, 1946:358).—Costa Rica: El Pelón; type locality; +Tenorio.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1890. <i>Lepus sylvaticus floridanus</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +3:160, October 8, type from Sebastian River, Brevard County, Florida.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:322, June 15.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Florida: San Mateo (Sherman, 1936:122); <i>Enterprise</i> +(<i>ibid.</i>); Miakka Lake (230812 USBS); Blitches Ferry (Sherman, 1936:122).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus hitchensi</span> Mearns.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1911. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus hitchensi</i> Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 39:227, +January 9, type from Smiths Island, Northampton County, Virginia.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Virginia: type locality; Fishermans Island (Handley +and Patton, 1947:187).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri</span> (Mearns).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1896. <i>Lepus sylvaticus holzneri</i> Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:554, +June 24, type from Douglas spruce zone, near summit of Huachuca +Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus</i> (<i>Sylvilagus</i>) <i>floridanus holzneri</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., +45:336, June 15.</p> + +<p>1896. [<i>Lepus sylvaticus</i>] subspecies <i>rigidus</i> Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., +18:555, June 24, type from Carrizalillo Mts., near monument No. 31, +Mexican boundary line, Grant County, New Mexico.</p> + +<p>1903. <i>Lepus</i> (<i>Sylvilagus</i>) <i>durangae</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. +Hist., 19:609, November 12, type from Rancho Bailon, northwestern +Durango.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Arizona: Pine Springs, 15 mi. S of Canyon of Colorado +(Hall and Kelson, 1951:54); Reynolds Creek R. S., Sierra Ancha Mts. +(<i>ibid.</i>); W base Mt. Turnbull, 4500 ft. (<i>ibid.</i>). New Mexico: Silver +City (Nelson, 1909:180); <i>Animas Mts.</i> (<i>ibid.</i>). Zacatecas: Valparaiso +(<i>ibid.</i>); Plateado (<i>ibid.</i>). Chihuahua: Guadalupe y Calvo (<i>ibid.</i>). Arizona: +Thomas Cañon, 2 mi. E Baboquivari Mts. (Hall and Kelson, 1951:54), +Hualapi Mts. (<i>ibid.</i>).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis</span> Goldman.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1932. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis</i> Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +45:122, July 30, type from Monte Redondo, approximately 30 mi. +NW Tegucigalpa, 5100 ft., Honduras.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Honduras: Santa Barbara (Goodwin, 1942:150); Cedros +(<i>ibid.</i>). Nicaragua: Jinotega (Nelson, 1909:190); Chontales ["District" +of] (<i>ibid.</i>); Leon. Honduras: Ocotepeque (Goodwin, 1942:150).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus llanensis</span> Blair.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1938. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus llanensis</i> Blair, Occas. Papers. Mus. Zool., Univ. +Michigan, 380:1, June 21, type from Old "F" Ranch headquarters, +Quitaque, Briscoe County, Texas.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Kansas: 15 mi. N and 3 mi. E Stafford (5547 KU); +1 mi. NE Aetna (12144 KU). Oklahoma: 3 mi SE Southard (10063 KU); +<i>Fort Cobb</i> (Blair, 1939:129); Mt. Scott (<i>ibid.</i>). Texas: 6 mi. E Coahoma +(Blair, 1938:3); 6 mi. southwest of Muleshoe (<i>ibid.</i>). Kansas: Coolidge +(18462 KU).</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus</span> (Thomas).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1898. <i>L[epus]. n[uttalli]. mallurus</i> Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., +2(ser. 7):320, October, type from Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:323, +June 15.</p> + +<p>1837. <i>Lepus sylvaticus</i> Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +7:403, no type or type locality. Name given to the "common gray rabbit" +of the eastern United States and probably with particular reference +to the animal in South Carolina. Name preoccupied by <i>Lepus borealis +sylvaticus</i> Nilson, 1832, from Sweden.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Connecticut: Bear Mountain (Goodwin, 1935:163), +south along coast to Florida: Lake Julian (Nelson, 1909:168); Rock Bluff +(Sherman, 1936:122). Alabama: Bayou Labatre (A. H. Howell, 1921:71); +Leighton (<i>ibid.</i>). Tennessee (Kellogg, 1939:291): Arlington; Hornbeak; +Highcliff; Watauga Valley. West Virginia: <i>Ernshaw</i> (Kellogg, 1937:472). +Pennsylvania (Nelson, 1909:169): Waynesburg; Potts Grove. New York: +Palenville (<i>ibid.</i>).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsii</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1894. <i>Lepus sylvaticus mearnsii</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +6:171, May 31, type from Fort Snelling, Hennepin County, Minnesota.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus</i> (<i>Sylvilagus</i>) <i>floridanus mearnsi</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., +45:336, June 15.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Minnesota: Fertile (Swanson, Surber and Roberts, +1945:97); Duluth (<i>ibid.</i>). Michigan: Marquette County (Burt, 1946:249). +Ontario: Lake Simcoe (Miller, 1924:464). Quebec (Anderson, 1947): +Montreal (p. 103); Quebec-side Ottawa River in Laurentian Hills (p. 104). +New York: "eastern New York" (Hamilton, 1943:383). Pennsylvania: +Lopez (Nelson, 1909:172). West Virginia: 7 mi. E Phillipi (Kellogg, 1937:473); +Gilboa (<i>ibid.</i>). Illinois: Sangamon (Nelson, 1909:172). Kansas: +Neosho Falls (5104 KU); 1 mi. N and 1/2 mi. E Lincolnville (12964 KU); +<i>6 mi. SW Clay Center</i> (12398 KU); Strawberry (4510 KU). Minnesota: +Otter Tail County (Surber, 1932:74).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae</span> (Merriam).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1893. <i>Lepus orizabae</i> Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 8:143, December +29, type from Mt. Orizaba, 9500 ft., Puebla.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:183, August +31.</p> + +<p>1903. <i>Lepus floridanus persultator</i> Elliott, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 71, +zool. ser., 3:147, March 20, type from Puebla, Puebla.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:185).—Coahuila: Sierra Encarnación. +Hidalgo: Encarnación. Veracruz: <i>Las Vigas</i>; Mt. Orizaba. <i>Puebla: Chalchicomula</i>. +México: Mt. Popocatepetl; Volcano of Toluca. Guanajuato: +Santa Rosa. San Luis Potosí: San Luis Potosí.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus restrictus</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus restrictus</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +20:82, July 22, type from Zapotlan, Jalisco.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:183).—Nayarit: Tepic; Ojo de Agua. +Jalisco: <i>La Cienega</i>; <i>Atenguillo</i>. Michoacán: Mt. Tancítaro; Pátzcuaro. +Jalisco: type locality; Las Canoas; La Laguna.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus robustus</span> (V. Bailey).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1905. <i>Lepus pinetus robustus</i> V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:159, October +24, type from 6000 ft., Davis Mts., Jeff Davis County, Texas.</p> + +<p>1951. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus robustus</i>, Hall and Kelson, Univ. Kansas Publ., +Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:56, October 1, 1951.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Texas: The Bowl, Guadalupe Mts. (Hall and Kelson, +1951:56); Chisos Mts. (Nelson, 1909:195); 35 mi. S Marfa (<i>ibid.</i>).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus russatus</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. <i>Lepus</i> (<i>Sylvilagus</i>) <i>russatus</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +20:31, February 29, type from Pasa Nueva, southern Veracruz.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus russatus</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:186, +August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:187).—Veracruz: Catemaco; Coatzacoalcos; +<i>Minatitlan</i>; type locality; <i>Jimba</i> (KU 19895).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus similis</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus similis</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +20:82, July 22, type from Valentine, Cherry County, Nebraska.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Manitoba: Dauphin (Anderson and Rand, 1943:24). +Minnesota: Ten Mile Lake (Surber, 1932:74). Nebraska: Neligh (Nelson, +1909:174). Kansas: <i>Long Island</i> (<i>ibid.</i>); 3 mi. N and 2 mi. W Hoisington +(16509 KU); Lane County (5520 KU); Elkader (5595 KU). Colorado: +Arvada (Cary, 1911:158). Wyoming: 6400 ft., 3 mi. E Horse +Creek, P. O. (15936 KU). Nebraska: 8 mi. E Chadron (39380 KU). +Montana: <i>Little Missouri River, 7 mi. NE Albion</i> (Hall and Kelson, +1951:52); Box Elder Creek, 25 mi. SW Sykes (<i>ibid.</i>). North Dakota: +Oakdale (Bailey, 1927:134).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus subcinctus</span> (Miller).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Lepus floridanus subcinctus</i> Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +p. 386, October 5, type from Hacienda El Molino, near Negrete, +Michoacán.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus subcinctus</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:336, +June 15.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:181).—Jalisco: Lagos. Guanajuato: +Acámbaro. Michoacán: <i>Querendaro</i>. Jalisco: <i>Ameca</i>; Etzatlán.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus</span> (Miller).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Lepus floridanus yucatanicus</i> Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +p. 384, September 29, type from Mérida, Yucatán.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:336, +June 15.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:191).—Yucatán: Progreso; type locality. +Campeche: Campeche.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus transitionalis</b> (Bangs)<br /> +New England Cottontail</h6> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1895. <i>Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis</i> Bangs, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., +26:405, January 31, type from Liberty Hill, New London County, Connecticut.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus transitionalis</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:195, August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Vermont: west side at Canadian boundary (Osgood, +F. L., Jr., 1938:440); Montpelier (<i>ibid.</i>). Maine: Sagadahoc County +(Palmer, 1944:194); <i>Androscoggin County</i> (<i>ibid.</i>). New York: Miller +Place (Nelson, 1909:199). Virginia: Roanoke County (Llewellyn and +Handley, 1946:385). North Carolina: Roan Mtn. (Nelson, 1909:199). +Georgia: Brasstown Bald Mtn. (A. H. Howell, 1921:71). Alabama: Erin +(<i>ibid.</i>); Ardell (<i>ibid.</i>). Tennessee: Walden Ridge, "near" Soddy (Kellogg, +1939:291). West Virginia: Ronceverte (Kellogg, 1937:473). Pennsylvania: +Renovo (Nelson, 1909:199). New York: Lake George (<i>ibid.</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 388px;"> +<a name="Figure_40" id="Figure_40"></a> +<a href="images/i044.jpg"><img src="images/i044_tn.jpg" width="388" height="400" alt="" title="Show larger image of figure 40." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 40. Distribution of Sylvilagus transitionalis.</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + +<p>Total length, 388; tail, 39; hind foot, 95; ear from notch (dry), +52. Upper parts almost pinkish buff, varying to almost ochraceous +buff; back overlaid by a distinct black wash giving a penciled effect; +anterior extension of supraorbital process obsolete or short and +closely appressed to orbital rim; tympanic bullae small, smaller than +in any subspecies of <i>S. floridanus</i> in the United States. <i>S. transitionalis</i> +is a forest-inhabiting species—more so than is <i>S. floridanus</i>.</p> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus nuttallii</b><br /> +Nuttall Cottontail<br /> +(See <a href="#Figure_39">figure 39</a>)</h6> + +<p>Total length, 350-390; tail, 44-50; hind foot, 88-100; ear from +notch (dry), 55-56; weight in Nevada, ♂ 678, 3 ♀ 928 (868-1032) +grams. Hind feet densely covered with long hair; ear short; tympanic +bulla of moderate size. In the northern part of its range +<i>S. nuttallii</i> occurs principally in the sagebrush areas but it occurs +also in the timbered areas of the Transition Life-zone and almost exclusively +in timbered areas in the southern part of its range. From +<i>S. floridanus</i>, <i>S. nuttallii</i> along the eastern margin of its range differs +in more slender rostrum, and larger external auditory meatus. In +New Mexico and Arizona, <i>S. nuttallii</i> differs from <i>S. floridanus</i> in +the posteriorly pointed and un-notched supraoccipital shield and +in the posterior extension of the supraorbital process, the tip of +which projects free from the braincase or merely lies against the +braincase instead of being firmly welded to the side of the skull. +From <i>S. audubonii</i>, <i>S. nuttallii</i> differs in shorter ears, smaller tympanic +bullae and smaller hind legs; <i>S. nuttallii</i> usually occurs at +higher elevations, or where the two occur at approximately the +same elevation <i>S. nuttallii</i> occurs in wooded or brushy areas and +<i>S. audubonii</i> lives on the plains or in relatively open country. Eight +females contained an average of 6.1 (4-8) embryos.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1895. <i>Lepus sylvaticus grangeri</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +7:264, August 21, type from Hill City, Black Hills, Pennington County, +South Dakota.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:204, August +31.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Lepus l[aticinctus]. perplicatus</i> Elliott, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 87, +zool. ser., 3:255, January 7, type from Hannopee [= Hannaupah] Canyon, +Panamint Mts., Inyo County, California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Alberta: Steveville (Anderson, 1943:25). Saskatchewan +(<i>ibid.</i>): Cypress Hills; Johnston Lake; Big Muddy Lake. North Dakota:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +Goodall (V. Bailey, 1927:137). South Dakota: Custer (Nelson, +1909:207). Wyoming: 2 mi. W Horse Creek P. O. (15935 KU); Sherman +(Nelson, 1909:207). Colorado: Meeker (Warren, 1942:272). Utah (Nelson, +1909:207): Mt. Ellen; "Upper Kanab"; Panguitch. Nevada (Hall, 1946:612): +1/4 mi. W Utah-Nev. boundary, 38° 17´ N, 7300 ft.; S end Belted +Range, 5 mi. NW Whiterock Spring, 7200 ft.; Chiatovich Creek, 7000 ft.; +2-1/2 mi. E and 1 mi. S Grapevine Peak, 6700 ft.; Charleston Park, Kyle +Cañon, 8000 ft. California (Orr, 1940:103): Johnson Canyon, 6500 ft.; nr. +Woodfords, 5500 ft. Nevada (Hall, 1946:612): Calvada; Hardscrabble +Canyon; Paradise Valley. Idaho (Davis, 1939:363): S. Fork Owyhee River, +12 mi. N Nevada line; Crane Creek, 15 mi. E Midvale; Lemhi. Montana: +4 mi. W Hamilton (Jellison, MS); 2 mi. N Moise Lake (<i>ibid.</i>). Alberta: +Cardston (Anderson, 1947:105).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus nuttallii nuttallii</span> (Bachman).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1837. <i>Lepus nuttallii</i> Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:345, +type locality probably eastern Oregon near mouth of Malheur River.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus nuttallii</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:323, June 15.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—British Columbia: Anarchist Mtn., Osoyoos (Cowan, +1940:9). Washington: Kettle Falls (Dalquest, 1941:408). Idaho: Couer +d' Alene (Rust, 1946:322); <i>Lewiston</i> (Davis, 1939:361); Fiddle Creek +(<i>ibid.</i>). Nevada (Hall, 1946:612): 5800 ft., Quinn River Crossing; <i>1/2 mi. +S Granite Cr., Granite Mts.</i>; <i>Smoke Creek, 9 mi. E California line</i>; 4-1/2 mi. S +Flanigan. California: Truckee (Orr, 1940:101); <i>Beckwith</i> (<i>ibid.</i>); Weed +(Orr, 1940:100); Yreka (<i>ibid.</i>). Oregon (V. Bailey, 1936:107): near Ashland; +Bend; The Dalles. Washington: Grand Dalles (Taylor and Shaw, +1929:29); Yakima Valley (<i>ibid.</i>); Douglas (Nelson, 1909:203).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus nuttallii pinetis</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1894. <i>Lepus sylvaticus pinetis</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +6:348, December 7, type from White Mts., south of Mt. Ord, Apache +County, Arizona, according to Warren (Mammals of Colorado, 1942:270).</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus nuttalli pinetis</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:207, August +31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Colorado (Nelson, 1909:210): Arkins; Golden; Greenhorn +Mts. New Mexico: Sierra Grande (Nelson, 1909:211); Willis (<i>ibid.</i>); +Zuni Mts. (V. Bailey, 1932:60). Arizona: type locality. Utah (Durrant, +MS): 4-1/2 mi. NW Bluff; Block Canyon, 19 mi. SE Moab, 5400 ft.; +<i>5 mi. NE La Sal P. O., 8000 ft.</i></p></div> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus audubonii</b><br /> +Audubon Cottontail</h6> + +<p>Total length, 350-420; tail, 45-75; hind foot, 75-100; ear from notch +(dry), 55-70; weight of <i>S. a. vallicola</i>, 7 ♂ 912 (835-988), 2 ♀ 1096, +1191 grams. Long hind legs, long ears, sparseness of hair on the ears, +shortness of hair on the feet, prominent (upturned) supraorbital +process of the skull and much inflated tympanic bullae are characters +of this wide-spread species. Embryos in 19 Californian females +averaged 3.6 (2-6) per female.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 248px; margin-right: 10%"> +<a name="Figure_41" id="Figure_41"></a> +<a href="images/i047.jpg"><img src="images/i047_tn.jpg" width="248" height="400" alt="" title="Show larger image of figure 41." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 41. Distribution of Sylvilagus audubonii.</span> +</div> +<div style="height: 450px; margin-left: 10%"> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>S. a. audubonii</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. vallicola</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. sanctidiegi</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. confinis</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. arizonae</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. warreni</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. baileyi</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. cedrophilus</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. neomexicanus</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. minor</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. goldmani</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. parvulus</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii arizonae</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1877. [<i>Lepus sylvaticus</i>] var. <i>arizonae</i> J. A. Allen, Monogr. North Amer. +Rodentia, p. 332, August, type from Beals Spring, Yavapai Co., Arizona.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni arizonae</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:222, +August 31.</p> + +<p>1896. <i>Lepus arizonae major</i> Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:557, June +24, type from Calabasas, Pima County, Arizona.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Lepus laticinctus</i> Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 87, zool. ser., +3:254, January 7, type from Oro Grande, Mohave Desert, San Bernardino +County, California.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Lepus l[aticinctus]. rufipes</i> Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 87, +zool. ser., 3:254, January 7, type from Furnace Cr., Inyo Co., California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Utah (Durrant, MS): 2 mi. SW Fish Springs; Holden; +7 mi. SW Tropic. Arizona (Nelson, 1909:225): Seligman; Ft. Verde; Dos +Cabesos. Sonora (Burt, 1938:69): Tecoripa; La Libertad Ranch. Baja +California: San Matias Pass (Nelson, 1909:225). California: Vallecito +(Orr, 1940:126); Fairmont, Antelope Valley (<i>ibid.</i>); Little Lake, 3300 ft. +(Orr, 1940:125); 5300-5639 ft., near Benton (<i>ibid.</i>). Nevada (Hall, 1946:614): +Arlemont; 4 mi. E Smith Creek Cave.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii audubonii</span> (Baird).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1858. <i>Lepus audubonii</i> Baird, Mamm. N. Amer., p. 608, July 14, type +from San Francisco, San Francisco County, California.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:214, August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Orr, 1940:115).—California: 600 ft., Paines Creek; +Rackerby; Pleasant Valley; Snelling; 2 mi. S mouth Salinas River, northward +not reaching coast again except at San Francisco, thence around shores of +San Francisco Bay to mouth of Carquinez Straits and northward along +western side of Sacramento Valley to Winslow, 5 mi. W Fruto.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii baileyi</span> (Merriam).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1897. <i>Lepus baileyi</i> Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:148, June +9, type from Spring Creek, east side of Bighorn Basin, Bighorn County, +Wyoming.</p> + +<p>1908. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni baileyi</i>, Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 22:336.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Montana: Great Falls of the Missouri (Nelson, 1909:234). +North Dakota: Wade on the Cannonball River (V. Bailey, 1927:138). +South Dakota: Corral Draw (Nelson, 1909:234). Nebraska: Glen +(<i>ibid.</i>). Kansas: 2-1/2 mi. S and 4 mi. W Oberlin (19035 KU); Wakeeney +(1203 KU). Colorado (Nelson, 1909:234): Monon; The Cedars; Quenda +[=Querida]; Salida. Wyoming: 1/2 mi. W Horse Creek P. O. (15948 KU). +Colorado (Nelson, 1909:234): White Rock [2 mi. above Meeker, 6400 +ft.]; 20 mi. SW Rangely. Utah (Durrant, MS): 8 mi. S Myton; 6 mi. NW +Duchesne; 10 mi. E Mountain Home. Wyoming (Nelson, 1909:234): Ft. +Bridger; Big Piney; Circle. Montana: Stillwater (<i>ibid.</i>). Phillips Creek, +Montana (Nelson 1909:234) not found.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii cedrophilus</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni cedrophilus</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +20:83, July 22, type from Cactus Flat, 20 mi. N Cliff, Grant County, +New Mexico.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:230).—Arizona: San Francisco Mts. +New Mexico: Gallup; Santa Rosa; Capitan; Ancho; Isleta; Burro Mts. +Arizona: Springerville.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii confinis</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1898. <i>Lepus arizonae confinis</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10: +146, April 12, type from Playa Maria, Baja California.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni confinis</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:220, +August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:221).—Baja California: type locality; +San Bruno, thence southerly over peninsula to tip.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii goldmani</span> (Nelson).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. <i>Lepus arizonae goldmani</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:107, +May 18, type from Culiacán, Sinaloa.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni goldmani</i> Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:225, +August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:226).—Sonora: Ortiz; Camoa. Sinaloa: +Bacubirito; type locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii minor</span> (Mearns).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1896. <i>Lepus arizonae minor</i> Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:557, June +24, type from El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.</p> + +<p>1907. <i>S[ylvilagus]. a[uduboni]</i>. minor, Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +20:83, July 22.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:228, unless otherwise noted).—New Mexico: +[12 mi. N] Tularosa. Texas: Kent; Haymond; Langtry. Durango (Nelson, +1909:229): Inde; Rancho Bailon; Río Campo. Arizona: San Bernardino +Ranch. New Mexico: Red Rock; <i>Lordsburg</i>.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii neomexicanus</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni neomexicanus</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +20:83, July 22, type from Fort Sumner, Guadalupe County, New +Mexico.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Kansas: 1 mi. E Coolidge (12976 KU); Rezeau Ranch, +5 mi. N Belvidere (13208 KU). Texas: Wichita Falls (Nelson, 1909:236); +San Angelo (<i>ibid.</i>); Adam [=15 mi. E Adams] (Nelson, 1909:236); +28 mi. S Alpine (Borell and Bryant, 1942:39); <i>15 mi. S Alpine</i>, (Hall and +Kelson, 1951:57); 7 mi. NE Marfa (Blair, 1940:34); Toyahvale [= 10 mi. S +of] (Nelson, 1909:236); McKittrick Canyon (Davis and Robertson, 1944:271). +New Mexico: Roswell (V. Bailey, 1932:54); Emory Peak (<i>ibid.</i>).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii parvulus</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. <i>Lepus</i> (<i>Sylvilagus</i>) <i>parvulus</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +20:34, February 29, type from Apam, Hidalgo.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni parvulus</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:236, +August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:237, unless otherwise noted).—Texas: +Llano; San Diego; Rio Grande City. Tamaulipas: El Mulato (Dice, 1937:256); +Miquihuana. San Luis Potosí: Rio Verde. Veracruz: Perote. +Puebla: Chalchicomula. Guanajuato: Silao. Durango: Durango City. +Coahuila: Monclova. Texas: Comstock.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii sanctidiegi</span> (Miller).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Lepus floridanus sanctidiegi</i> Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +51:389, October 5, type from Mexican Boundary Monument No. 258, +shore of Pacific Ocean, San Diego County, California.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni sanctidiegi</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:218, +August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—California (Orr, 1940:122): Sespe; Reche Canyon +near Colton; San Felipe Canyon. Baja California (Nelson, 1909:220): +Nachogüero Valley; Santo Tomas, thence northerly along coast.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii vallicola</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni vallicola</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +20:82, July 22, type from San Emigdio Ranch, Kern County, California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Orr, 1940:118, unless otherwise noted).—California: +Fresno Flat (Nelson, 1909:218); Badger (<i>ibid.</i>); 2750 ft., Onyx; Tehachapi +(Nelson, 1909:218); Mt. Pinos (Orr, 1940:119), northwesterly, seldom +actually reaching coast, to central Monterey County thence easterly to point +of beginning.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus audubonii warreni</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Sylvilagus auduboni warreni</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +20:83, July 22, type from Coventry, Montrose County, Colorado.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Utah: 5250 ft., Willow Creek (Durrant, MS). Colorado +(Nelson, 1909:232): Rifle; Villa Grove; Medano Ranch. New Mexico: +Hondo Canyon (Nelson, 1909:232); Cieneguilla (<i>ibid.</i>); Juan Tafoya +(Bailey, 1932:59). Arizona (Nelson, 1909:232): Holbrook; Winslow. +Utah: Canesville (<i>sic</i>) (Nelson, 1909:232); Wellington (Durrant, MS).</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus aquaticus</b><br /> +Swamp Rabbit</h6> + +<p>Total length, 530-540; tail, 67-71; hind foot, 105-110; length of +ear from notch (dry), 63-67. Upper parts blackish brown or reddish +brown; underparts with some white; under side of tail white; +skull robust; posterior extensions of supraorbital processes joined +for their entire length with side of braincase or, in some specimens, +with a small foramen between the braincase and the base of the +posterior extension of the supraorbital process. This big rabbit is +a stronger runner than the smaller marsh rabbit and is easily distinguished +from the smaller species by larger size and white, instead +of brownish or grayish, underside of the tail.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus aquaticus aquaticus</span> (Bachman).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1837. <i>Lepus aquaticus</i> Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:319, +type locality western Alabama.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus aquaticus</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:270, August 31.</p> + +<p>1895. <i>Lepus aquaticus attwateri</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +7:327, November 8, type from Medina River, 18 mi. S San Antonio, Bexar +County, Texas.</p> + +<p>1899. <i>Lepus telmalemonus</i> Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 38, zool. ser., +1:285, May 25, type from Washita River, near Dougherty, Murray +County, Oklahoma.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Illinois: 6 mi. N Sesser (Cockrum, 1949:427). Indiana: +Point Township (Harrison and Hickie, 1931:319). Tennessee: 5 +mi. W Hornbeak (Kellogg, 1939:292); Henryville (A. H. Howell, 1909:63). +Alabama: Huntsville (Nelson, 1909:273); Big Crow Creek near +Stevenson (A. H. Howell, 1921:71). South Carolina: "about" 3 mi. SE +Westminster (F. Sherman, 1939:259); "about" 5 mi. W Iva (<i>ibid.</i>). +Georgia: Fulton County (<i>ibid.</i>); Lumpkin (Nelson, 1909:273). Alabama: +Castleberry (<i>ibid.</i>). Louisiana: Covington (Lowery, 1936:32); Kleinpeter +(<i>ibid.</i>). Texas (Nelson, 1909:273): Sourlake; Richmond; Medina +River, 18 mi. SW San Antonio; Gurley. Oklahoma: 7 mi. NW Stillwater +(Blair, 1939:129). Kansas: Crawford County (8826 KU). Arkansas: +along White River near Springdale (Black, 1936:34). Missouri: 3 mi. SW +Udall (Leopold and Hall, 1945:145). Arkansas: White River near Augusta +(Dellinger and Black, 1940:190). Missouri: St. Francis River, W of +Senath (Nelson, 1909:273).</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Figure_42" id="Figure_42"></a> +<a href="images/i051.jpg"><img src="images/i051_tn.jpg" width="400" height="325" alt="" title="Show larger image of figure 42." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 42. Distribution of Sylvilagus palustris and Sylvilagus aquaticus.</span> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>S. p. palustris</i></li> +<li><i>S. p. paludicola</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. aquaticus</i></li> +<li><i>S. a. littoralis</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + + + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus aquaticus littoralis</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus aquaticus littoralis</i> Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:273, +August 31, type from Houma, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Range.</i>—Swamps and marshes along Gulf Coast, wholly within Lower +Austral Life-zone, below 50 ft., from Mobile Bay west to Matagordo Bay. +Inland <i>Marginal records</i>.—Alabama: Blakely Island opposite Mobile (A. H.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +Howell, 1921:73). Mississippi: Bay St. Louis (Nelson, 1909:275). Louisiana: +Rayne (Lowery, 1936:32); Hackberry (Nelson, 1909:275). Texas: +Matagorda (Nelson, 1909:275).</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus insonus</b> (Nelson)<br /> +Omilteme Cottontail<br /> +(See <a href="#Figure_39">figure 39</a>)</h6> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. <i>Lepus insonus</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:103, May 18, +type from Omilteme, Guerrero. Known from type locality only.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus insonus</i>, Lyon and Osgood, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 62:34, +January 28 (see Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 100:335, May 26, +1950, for allocation of <i>S. insonus</i> to subgenus <i>Sylvilagus</i> instead of to +subgenus <i>Tapeti</i>).</p></div> + +<p>Total length, 435; tail, 42.5; hind foot, 95; ear from notch (dry), +61. Color grayish brown above and dingy (not white) below; tail +dingy buffy below and dull rusty brown above. The collectors +thought that the species was restricted to the forested parts of the +Sierra Madre del Sur between 7000 and 10,000 feet altitude in the +Mexican state of Guerrero.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Figure_43" id="Figure_43"></a> +<a href="images/i052.jpg"><img src="images/i052_tn.jpg" width="400" height="363" alt="" title="Show larger image of figure 43." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 43. Distribution of Sylvilagus cunicularius and Sylvilagus graysoni.</span> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>Sylvilagus cunicularius insolitas</i></li> +<li><i>Sylvilagus cunicularius pacificus</i></li> +<li><i>Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius</i></li> +<li><i>Sylvilagus graysoni</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus cunicularius</b><br /> +Mexican Cottontail</h6> + +<p>Total length, 485-515; tail, 54-68; hind foot, 108-111; ear from +notch (dry), 60-63. Pelage coarse; upper parts brownish gray; +skull massive; posterior extensions of supraorbital processes varying +from those that project free to those that have the tips, or tips and a +considerable part of the processes, attached to the braincase.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius</span> (Waterhouse).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1848. <i>Lepus cunicularius</i> Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mammalia, 2:132, type +from Zacualpan (probably in state of México).</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus cunicularius</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:239, August 31.</p> + +<p>1890. <i>Lepus verae-crucis</i> Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 74, June, +type from Las Vigas, Veracruz.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:241).—Hidalgo: Tulancingo. Veracruz: +Las Vigas; Orizaba. Oaxaca: Mt. Zempoaltepec; Suchixtepec. Guerrero: +Chilpancingo. Michoacán (Hall and Villa, 1949:469). Pátzcuaro; Tancítaro.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus cunicularius insolitus</span> (J. A. Allen).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1890. <i>Lepus insolitus</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:189, December +10, type from plains of Colima, Jalisco.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus cunicularius insolitus</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:243, +August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:244).—Sinaloa: Mazatlan; Rosario; Esquinapa. +Nayarit: Acaponeta. Colima: Colima; Armeria, thence northward +along Pacific Coast.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sylvilagus cunicularius pacificus</span> (Nelson).</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. <i>Lepus veraecrucis pacificus</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:104, +May 18, type from Acapulco, Guerrero.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Sylvilagus cunicularius pacificus</i>, Lyon and Osgood, Catal. Bull. U. S. +Nat. Mus., 62:35, January 28.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:242).—Guerrero: El Limón. Oaxaca: +Llano Grande, thence westward along Pacific Coast.</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Sylvilagus graysoni</b> (J. A. Allen)<br /> +Tres Marias Cottontail</h6> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1877. <i>Lepus graysoni</i> J. A. Allen, Monogr. N. Amer. Rodentia, p. 347, +August, type from Tres Marias Islands, Jalisco; probably María Madre +Island. (See Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14:16, April 29, 1899.)</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Sylvilagus</i> (<i>Sylvilagus</i>) <i>graysoni</i>, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:336, +June 15.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:245): María Madre Island; María Magdalena +Island.</p></div> + +<p>Total length, 480; tail, 51; hind foot, 99; ear from notch (dry), +57. This insular species is closely related to <i>Sylvilagus cunicularius</i> +of the adjacent mainland but has notably shorter ears and more reddish +on the upper parts, sides and legs; the skull is slenderer, es<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>pecially +in the rostral region. The posterior extensions of the supraorbital +process are united to the braincase throughout most of their +length as in <i>Sylvilagus palustris</i>. The species seems to have a +narrow vertical range, occurring from sea level up to only 200 feet.</p> + + +<h4><a name="Genus_Lepus" id="Genus_Lepus"></a>Genus <span class="smcap">Lepus</span> Linnaeus—Hares and Jack Rabbits</h4> + +<div class="blockpara"><p>Revised by Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:59-158, August 31, 1909. Concerning +Shamel's (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:25, May 12, 1942) proposed +changes of names for several species, see Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., +Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:45, October 1, 1951.</p></div> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1758. <i>Lepus</i> Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 1:57. Type <i>Lepus timidus</i> +Linnaeus.</p> + +<p>1895. <i>Macrotolagus</i> Mearns, Science, n. s., 1:698, June 21. Type, <i>Lepus +alleni</i> Mearns. (See Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:552, June 24, +1896.)</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Poecilolagus</i> Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:395, June 15. Type, <i>Lepus +americanus</i> Erxleben.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Lagos</i> Palmer. N. Amer. Fauna, 23:361, January 23. Type, <i>Lepus +arcticus</i> Ross. <i>Lagos</i> J. Brooks, a catalogue of the anatomical and zoological +museum, pt. 1, p. 54, July, 1828, appears to be a <i>nomen nudum</i>.</p> + +<p>1911. <i>Boreolepus</i> Barrett-Hamilton, History of the British Mammalia, pt. +9, p. 160, November 17. Type, <i>Lepus groenlandicus</i> Rhoads. (For +status see Sutton and Hamilton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12 (pt. 2, sec. 1):78, +August 4, 1932; also A. H. Howell, Jour. Mamm., 17:331, November +16.)</p></div> + +<p>Total length, 363-664; tail, 25-112; hind foot, 112-189; ear from +notch (dry), 62-144. Upper parts grayish, brownish or black; interparietal +bone fused to surrounding bones; cervical vertabrae long, +2nd and 3rd being longer than wide; transverse processes of lumbar +vertabrae long, the longest one equal to the length of the centrum +to which it is attached plus half of the length of the preceding +centrum; free extremity of transverse process of lumbar vertebra +considerably expanded; distance from anterior edge of acetabulum +to extreme anterior point of ilium less than distance from former +point to most distant point of ischium; ulna reduced in size along +middle part of shaft, and, excepting the lower extremity, placed +almost entirely behind radius.</p> + +<p>All members of the genus <i>Lepus</i> are technically hares, as these +are defined in the account of the family Leporidae. The largest +members of the order Lagomorpha are members of the genus +<i>Lepus</i>. No domestic strains have been developed but effort in this +direction might be profitable, in as much as the so-called Belgian +hares of the related genus, <i>Oryctolagus</i>, have done well in captivity.</p> + +<p>In the past it has been customary to recognize two or more subgenera +of the genus <i>Lepus</i>. The species are a less diverse lot than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> +those in some other genera, however, and it seems that no useful +purpose is served by recognizing subgenera. Accordingly, the +several names proposed for this purpose are arranged here as +synonyms of the generic name <i>Lepus</i> Linnaeus.</p> + +<p>The introduction of the European Hare (<i>Lepus europaeus</i>) into +the eastern part of the North American Continent has been successful +in the sense that the animal is multiplying. If it continues +to increase, the increase almost certainly will be at the expense of +some native species of rabbit. This circumstance and the unfortunate +consequences of the introduction of the European rabbit +(<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) in New Zealand (see Wodzicki, 1950:107-141) +and Australia (see Stead, 1925:355-358) give basis for effort +to exterminate the alien species before it spreads more widely.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Key to the Species of the Genus Lepus</span></p> + +<ul> +<li class="key-in1"> +1. North of 34° N latitude.</li> +<li class="key-in2"> + 2. All white pelage (tips of ears sometimes black).</li> +<li class="key-in3"> + 3. North of line from Port Simpson, British Columbia, to Halifax, + Nova Scotia.</li> +<li class="key-in4"> + 4. Basilar length of skull more than 67; ear from notch usually + more than 73 dry (77 fresh); first upper incisors inscribing + an arch of a circle the radius of which is more than 9.6 mm.</li> +<li class="key-in5"> + 5. Geographic range east of Mackenzie River.</li> +<li class="key-out"> + <i>Lepus arcticus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li class="key-in5"> + 5´. Geographic range west of Mackenzie River.</li> +<li class="key-out"><i>Lepus othus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li class="key-in4"> + 4´. Basilar length of skull less than 67; ear from notch usually + less than 73 dry (77 fresh); first upper incisors inscribing + an arch of a circle the radius of which is less than 9.6 mm.</li> +<li class="key-out"> + <i>Lepus americanus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="key-in3"> + 3´. South of a line from Port Simpson, British Columbia to Halifax, + Nova Scotia.</li> +<li class="key-in5"> + 5. Ear from notch more than 82 dry (87 fresh); least + interorbital breadth more than 26</li> +<li class="key-out"> +<i>Lepus townsendii</i>, p. <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li class="key-in5"> + 5´. Ear from notch less than 82 dry (87 fresh); least + interorbital breadth less than 26</li> +<li class="key-out"> +<i>Lepus americanus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li class="key-in2"> + 2´. Brownish or grayish pelage.</li> +<li class="key-in6"> + 6. Tail blackish or brownish all around (in specimens not + having completed molt on tail, white winter pelage may be + present); basilar length less than 67 mm.</li> +<li class="key-out"> + <i>Lepus americanus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li class="key-in6"> + 6´. Tail partly or wholly white.</li> +<li class="key-in7"> + 7. Tail black on upper surface.</li> + +<li class="key-in8"> + 8. Upper sides of hind feet without a trace of white; + upper parts tawny.</li> +<li class="key-out"> +<i>Lepus europaeus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li class="key-in8"> + 8´. Upper sides of hind feet with more or less white or + whitish; upper parts grayish or brownish</li> +<li class="key-out"> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span><i>Lepus californicus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li class="key-in7"> + 7´. Tail all white or (in some <i>Lepus townsendii</i>) with + faint buffy or dusky median line on top but this line + not extending on to rump (as in <i>L. californicus</i>).</li> +<li class="key-in9"> + 9. Geographic range north of a line from Port Simpson, + British Columbia, to Halifax, Nova Scotia.</li> +<li class="key-in10"> + 10. Geographic range east of Mackenzie River</li> +<li class="key-out"> + <i>Lepus arcticus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li class="key-in10"> + 10´. Geographic range west of Mackenzie River</li> +<li class="key-out"> + <i>Lepus othus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li class="key-in9"> + 9´. Geographic range south of a line from Port Simpson, + British Columbia, to Halifax, Nova Scotia</li> +<li class="key-out"> + <i>Lepus townsendii</i>, p. <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li class="key-in1"> +1´. South of 34° N latitude.</li> +<li class="key-in11"> + 11. In state of Tamaulipas, México.</li> +<li class="key-out"> + <i>Lepus californicus</i>, p. <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li class="key-in11"> + 11´. Range outside Tamaulipas, México.</li> +<li class="key-in12"> + 12. Ears with terminal black patch (on outside).</li> +<li class="key-out"> + <i>Lepus californicus</i> and <i>Lepus insularis</i>, + pp. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li class="key-in12"> + 12´. Ears without terminal black patch.</li> +<li class="key-in13"> + 13. Ear from notch, dry more than 130 (137 + fresh),</li> +<li class="key-out"> +<i>Lepus alleni</i>, p. <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li class="key-in13"> + 13´. Ear from notch, dry less than 130 (137 + fresh).</li> +<li class="key-in14"> + 14. Nape more or less black.</li> +<li class="key-in15"> + 15. Ears yellow; range Pacific Coastal + region of Isthmus of Tehuantepec in + southern Oaxaca and Chiapas.</li> +<li class="key-out"> + <i>Lepus flavigularis</i>, p. <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li class="key-in15"> + 15´. Ears dark buff, grayish, white and + black; range north of Isthmus of + Tehuantepec.</li> +<li class="key-out"> +<i>Lepus callotis</i>, p. <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li class="key-in14"> + 14´. Nape gray or grayish buff.</li> +<li class="key-out"> + <i>Lepus gaillardi</i>, p. <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +</ul> +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px; margin-right: 10%"> +<a name="Figure_44" id="Figure_44"></a> +<a href="images/i057.jpg"><img src="images/i057_tn.jpg" width="400" height="384" alt="" title="Show larger image of figure 44." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 44. Distribution of Lepus americanus.</span> +</div> +<div style="margin-left: 10%; height: 450px;"> +<p> +Guide to subspecies: +</p> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>L. a. dalli</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. macfarlani</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. americanus</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. pallidus</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. columbiensis</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. cascadensis</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. washingtoni</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. klamathensis</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. tahoensis</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. pineus</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. oregonus</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. bairdii</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. seclusus</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. phaenotus</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. struthopus</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. virginianus</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + + +<h6><b>Lepus americanus</b><br /> +American Varying Hare</h6> + +<p>Total length, 363-520; tail, 25-55; hind foot, 112-150; ear from +notch (dry), 62-70. Upper parts brownish or dusky grayish; hind +feet brownish or white depending on subspecies; winter pelage +white except in certain populations along Pacific Coast; basilar +length less than 67; first upper incisors inscribing an arc of a circle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> +the radius of which is less than 9.6 mm. There are two to six young +in a litter according to Orr (1940:59).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus americanus</span> Erxleben.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1777. [<i>Lepus</i>] <i>americanus</i> Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis ..., +1:330, type locality Hudson Bay, Canada.</p> + +<p>1778. <i>Lepus hudsonius</i> Pallas, Glires, p. 30, type locality not stated.</p> + +<p>1790. <i>Lepus nanus</i> Schreber, Säugethiere, 4:880-885, pl. 234B, a composite +of <i>Lepus americanus</i> and <i>Sylvilagus floridanus</i>. No type or type locality +designated. Range given as from Hudson Bay to Florida.</p> + +<p>1899. <i>Lepus bishopi</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12:11, March +4, type from Mill Lake, Turtle Mts., North Dakota (inseparable from +<i>L. a. americanus</i> according to V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 49:138, January +8, 1927 [not December, 1926]).</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:89, unless otherwise noted).—Keewatin: +Hudson Bay (Anderson, 1947:100). Ontario: Fort Severn (Nelson, 1909:88); +around shore of Hudson Bay to approximately 56° N thence to Ungava: +Fort Chimo. Labrador: Hamilton Inlet. Ontario: North Bay of Lake +Nipissing; Michipicoten Island; Isle Royal (Anderson, 1947:100). Manitoba: +Dog Lake. Saskatchewan: Indian Head. North Dakota (V. Bailey, +1927:139): Mill Lake, Turtle Mts.; Grafton; "near" Fargo; Elbowoods; +Buford. Saskatchewan: Battle Creek (Soper, 1946:149). Alberta: Red +Deer; 50 mi. N Edmonton; Fort Chipewyan; Govt. Hay Camp, Slave River +(Soper, 1942:140).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus bairdii</span> Hayden.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1869. <i>Lepus bairdii</i> Hayden, Amer. Nat., 3:115, May, type locality Columbia +Valley, Wind River Mts., Fremont County, Wyoming.</p> + +<p>1875. [<i>Lepus americanus</i>] var. <i>bairdii</i>, J. A. Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. +Hist., 17:431, February 17.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—British Columbia: Elko (Anderson, 1947:100); Waterton +Lakes Nat'l Park (<i>ibid.</i>). Montana (Nelson, 1909:112): Fort Benton; +Big Snowy Mts. Wyoming: 5 mi. E and 9 mi. N Pinedale (15924 KU); +3 mi. ESE Browns Peak (17603 KU). Colorado: Boulder Co. (Nelson, +1909:112). New Mexico: 10,500 ft., Agua Fria Mtn. (Hill, 1942:82); +Pecos Baldy (V. Bailey, 1932:45); Chama (<i>ibid.</i>). Utah (Durrant, MS unless +otherwise noted): 18 mi. SE Manila; <i>30 mi. N Fort Duchesne</i>; <i>23 mi. +N Fruitland</i>; 21 mi. N Escalante; 10 mi. E Marysvale; City Creek Canyon, +Salt Lake City (Barnes, 1927:145). Idaho (Dalquest, 1942:181): Pocatello; +<i>Payette</i>; Cuddy Mtn.; <i>Weippe</i>; Bitterroot Valley. <i>British Columbia: +Newgate</i> (Anderson, 1947:100).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus cascadensis</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Lepus bairdi cascadensis</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:87, +December 11, type from Roab's ranch, near Hope, British Columbia.</p> + +<p>1935. <i>Lepus americanus cascadensis</i>, Racey and Cowan, Rep't Prov. Mus. +British Columbia, 1935:H28.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Dalquest, 1942:177, unless otherwise noted).—British +Columbia: type locality; Fairview-Keremeos Summit (Anderson, 1947:101). +Washington: Lake Chelan; Trout Lake; Vance; <i>Mt. Rainier</i>; Entiat +River, 20 mi. from mouth. British Columbia: Alta Lake.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus columbiensis</span> Rhoads.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1895. <i>Lepus americanus columbiensis</i> Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, p. 242, July 2, type from Vernon, British Columbia.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Alberta: Banff Nat'l Park (Anderson, 1947:101); Jasper +Nat'l Park (<i>ibid.</i>). British Columbia: Creston (Dalquest, 1942:182). +Washington: Republic (Dalquest, 1948:385); Moulson (Dalquest, 1942:182). +British Columbia: Cottonwood Post Office (Dalquest, 1942:182); +Indianpoint Lake (<i>ibid.</i>).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus dalli</span> Merriam.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1900. <i>Lepus americanus dalli</i> Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:29, +March 14, type from Nulato, Alaska.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Noatak River (Bailey and Hendee, 1926:21); Upper +St. John River (Rausch, 1950:466); Koyukuk (Nelson, 1909:102); Anvik +(<i>ibid.</i>); Yukon Delta (<i>ibid.</i>); thence northerly, in suitable habitat, along +coast to Noatak River.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus klamathensis</span> Merriam.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Lepus klamathensis</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16:100, October 28, +type from head of Wood River, near Fort Klamath, Klamath County, +Oregon.</p> + +<p>1936. <i>Lepus americanus klamathensis</i>, V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 55:95, +August 29.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Oregon (Dalquest, 1942:176): Mt. Hood; mouth Davis +Creek. California (Orr, 1940:53): vicinity Fort Bidwell; 3000 ft., Rush +Creek, 12 mi. from [N of] Weaverville. <i>Oregon: Estacada</i> (Dalquest, +1942:176).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus macfarlani</span> Merriam.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1900. <i>Lepus americanus macfarlani</i> Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., +2:30, March 14, type from Fort Anderson, near mouth of Anderson River, +Mackenzie.</p> + +<p>1900. <i>Lepus saliens</i> Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 19:39, October 6, type from +Caribou Crossing, between Lake Bennett and Lake Tagish, Yukon.</p> + +<p>1907. ? <i>Lepus niediecki</i> Matschie, Niedieck's Kreuzfahrten im Beringmeer, +p. 240, type locality Kasilof Lake, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:100, unless otherwise noted).—Mackenzie: +type locality; Fort Franklin; Fort Rae; Fort Resolution; Fort Smith. British +Columbia: Peace River and Alaska Highway (Anderson, 1947:101); Bennett. +Alaska: Cordova (Philip, 1939:84); Mills Creek (<i>ibid.</i>); Lake Clark; +E. Fork Kuskokwim River (Dice, 1921:27); head N. Fork Kuskokwim +(<i>ibid.</i>); Fort Yukon. Yukon: Russell Mts.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus oregonus</span> Orr.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1934. <i>Lepus bairdii oregonus</i> Orr, Jour. Mamm., 15:152, May 15, type +from 12 mi. S Canyon City, 5500 ft., Grant County, Oregon.</p> + +<p>1942. <i>Lepus americanus oregonus</i>, Dalquest, Jour. Mamm., 23:179, June 3.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Oregon (Dalquest, 1942:180): 22 mi. N Enterprise; +<i>Wallowa Lake</i>; <i>summit of Blue Mts.</i>; Ochoco Nat'l Forest, Harney County.</p></div> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1938. <i>Lepus americanus pallidus</i> Cowan, Jour. Mamm., 19:242, May 12, +type from Chezacut Lake, Chiloctin River, British Columbia.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus pallidus</span> Cowan.</p> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—British Columbia: 23 mi. N Hazelton (Dalquest, 1942:183); +Berg Lake (<i>ibid.</i>); Quesnel (Cowan, 1938:243); Lac La Hache +(<i>ibid.</i>); Bonaparte River, 5 days N Ashcroft (Dalquest, 1942:183); Kimsquit, +Dean Channel (Anderson, 1947:102); Hazelton (Dalquest, 1942:183).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus phaeonotus</span> J. A. Allen.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Lepus americanus phaeonotus</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. +Hist., 12:11, March 4, type from Hallock, Kittson County, Minnesota.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:96, unless otherwise noted).—Manitoba: +Selkirk Settlement. Ontario: Lake of the Woods (Anderson, 1947:102); +Rainy Lake. Michigan: Houghton; Chippewa County (Burt, 1946:244); +Presque Isle County (<i>ibid.</i>); Wayne County (<i>ibid.</i>); Jackson County +(<i>ibid.</i>); Allegan County (<i>ibid.</i>). Wisconsin: Rhinelander; St. Croix River, +Douglas Co. Minnesota: Elk River; Moores Lake; Warren; St. Vincent. +Saskatchewan: Glen Ewen (Soper, 1946:149). Manitoba: Carberry +(Anderson, 1947:102).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus pineus</span> Dalquest.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1942. <i>Lepus americanus pineus</i> Dalquest, Jour. Mamm., 23:178, June 3, +type from Cedar Mtn., Latah County, Idaho.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—British Columbia (Anderson, 1947:102): Trail; Nelson +Range south of Creston. Idaho (Dalquest, 1942:179): 5 mi. W Cocolalla; +Troy. Washington (Dalquest, 1942:179): Blue Mts., Columbia County; +<i>Marcus</i>. <i>British Columbia</i>: <i>Rossland</i> (Anderson, 1947:102).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus seclusus</span> Baker and Hankins.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1950. <i>Lepus americanus seclusus</i> Baker and Hankins, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +63:63, May 25, type from 12 mi. E and 2 mi. N Shell, 7900 ft., +Bighorn Mts., Big Horn County, Wyoming. Type locality is only precise +locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus struthopus</span> Bangs.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1898. <i>Lepus americanus struthopus</i> Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +12:81, March 24, type from Digby, Nova Scotia.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:92, unless otherwise noted).—Newfoundland +(introduced in 1864): Bay of Islands; Bay of St. George. Nova Scotia: +type locality. Maine: Bucksport. Quebec: south of St. Lawrence River +(Anderson, 1947:102). New Brunswick: Andover. Prince Edward Island: +Alberton. Quebec: Grosse Isle, Magdalen Islands.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus tahoensis</span> Orr.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1933. <i>Lepus washingtonii tahoensis</i> Orr, Jour. Mamm., 14:54, February 14, +type from 1/2 mi. S Tahoe Tavern, Placer County, California.</p> + +<p>1942. [<i>Lepus americanus</i>] <i>tahoensis</i>, Dalquest, Jour. Mamm., 23:176, +June 3.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—California: vic. Mineral (Orr, 1940:56). Nevada: 350 +yards NE junction of Nevada state line and N shore Lake Tahoe (Hall, +1946:601). California: Niagara Creek (Orr, 1940:55); Cisco (Orr, 1940:56).</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus virginianus</span> Harlan.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1825. <i>Lepus virginianus</i> Harlan, Fauna Americana, p. 196, type locality +Blue Mountains, northeast of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>1875. <i>Lepus americanus</i> var. <i>virginianus</i>, J. A. Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. +Hist., 17:431, February 17.</p> + +<p>1825. <i>Lepus wardii</i> Schinz, Das Thierreich ..., 4:428, based on the +varying hare of the southern part of the United States (Warden, D. B., +in A statistical, political, and historical account of the United States +of North America ..., 1:233, 1819).</p> + +<p>1845. <i>Lepus borealis</i> Schinz, Synopsis Mammalium, 2:286-287. No type +or type locality mentioned. From Virginia and the Alleghenies.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:94, unless otherwise noted).—Quebec (Anderson, +1947:103): Ottawa River; Megantic County. Maine: <i>Greenville</i> +(Nelson, 1909:95); Sebec Lake (<i>ibid.</i>); Mt. Desert Island (Manville, 1942:397). +<i>Massachusetts</i>: <i>Concord</i>; <i>Middleboro</i>. <i>Rhode Island</i>: <i>Washington +County</i>. New York: Locust Grove. Pennsylvania: type locality. Tennessee: +White Rock (Kellogg, 1939:289). Ohio: Ashtabula Co. (Bole and +Moulthrop, 1942:174). Ontario: Holland Riv. (Snyder and Logier, +1930:180).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus americanus washingtonii</span> Baird.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1855. <i>Lepus washingtonii</i> Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:333, +type from Steilacoom, Washington.</p> + +<p>1875. <i>Lepus americanus</i> var. <i>washingtoni</i>, J. A. Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. +Nat. Hist., 18:431, February 17.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Dalquest, 1942:175, unless otherwise noted).—British +Columbia (Nelson, 1909:107): Sumas; Chilliwack. Washington: <i>Mt. +Vernon</i>; Lake Kapowsin; White Salmon. Oregon: Drew; Florence; <i>Tillamook</i>. +Washington: Sekiu River.</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Lepus othus</b><br /> +Alaskan Hare</h6> + +<p>Total length, 565-690; tail, 53-104; hind foot, 147-189; ear from +notch (dry), 75-78. Color brownish in summer; white in winter; +but tips of ears always black. General comparisons indicate that +this is the species which, in Eurasia, bears the name <i>Lepus timidus</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus othus othus</span> Merriam.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1900. <i>Lepus othus</i> Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:28, March 14, +type from St. Michael, Norton Sound, Alaska.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Alaska (A. H. Howell, 1936:334): Kotzebue Sound; +mts. NW Nulato River; Akiak; 75 mi. below Bethel; thence N along coast.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus othus poadromus</span> Merriam.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1900. <i>Lepus poadromus</i> Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:29, +March 14, type from Stepovak Bay, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska.</p> + +<p>1936. <i>Lepus othus poadromus</i>, A. H. Howell, Jour. Mamm., 17:334, November +16.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Alaska (A. H. Howell, 1936:335): Nushagak; Kawatna +Bay, Shelikof Strait; <i>Cold Bay</i>; <i>Chignik</i>; <i>type locality</i>; <i>Sand Point</i>; 15 mi. W +Pavlof Mtn.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> + + +<h6><b>Lepus arcticus</b><br /> +Arctic Hare</h6> + +<div class="blockpara"><p>Revised by A. H. Howell, Jour. Mamm., 17:315-332, November 16, 1936. +For the taxonomic status of the technical names <i>arcticus</i> and <i>glacialis</i> +see Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 30:234-235, March, 1896; Merriam, Science, +n. s., 3:564-565, April 10, 1896; Rhoads, Science, n. s., 3:843-845, June +5, 1896; Merriam, Science, n. s., 3:845, June 5, 1896.</p></div> + +<p>Total length, 480-678; tail, 34-80; hind foot, 132-174; ear from +notch (dry), 70-84. Upper parts gray in summer in southern subspecies; +in others white; in winter white in all subspecies, except +black tips of ears. Weights of lean individuals reach 12 pounds. +Hopping on the hind feet without touching the forefeet to the +ground has repeatedly been recorded for this species. There are +four to eight young in a litter.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Figure_45" id="Figure_45"></a> +<a href="images/i062.jpg"><img src="images/i062_tn.jpg" width="400" height="271" alt="" title="Show larger image of figure 45." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 45. Distribution of Lepus othus and Lepus arcticus.</span> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>L. o. othus</i></li> +<li><i>L. o. poadromus</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. groenlandicus</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. porsildi</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. monstrabilis</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. arcticus</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. andersoni</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. labradorius</i></li> +<li><i>L. a. bangsi</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus arcticus arcticus</span> Ross.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1819. <i>Lepus arcticus</i> Ross, Voyage of Discovery, ed. 2, vol. 2, appendix 4, +p. 151, type locality Possession Bay, Bylot Island, lat. 73° 37´ N.</p> + +<p>1819. <i>Lepus glacialis</i> Leach, in Ross, Voyage of Discovery, ed. 2, vol. 2, +p. 170, type locality same as for <i>Lepus arcticus</i> Ross.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Franklin: type locality; Egukjuak, 8 mi. E Pond Inlet, +Baffin Island (A. H. Howell, 1936:322); W coast Baffin Island, 67° 30´ +(Anderson, 1947:96); Winter Island, Melville Peninsula (A. H. Howell, +1936:321); Repulse Bay, Melville Peninsula (<i>ibid.</i>)</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus arcticus andersoni</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1934. <i>Lepus arcticus andersoni</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:85, +March 8, type from Cape Barrow, Coronation Gulf, Northwest Territory.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (A. H. Howell, 1936:328).—Franklin: Cape Kellett, +Banks Island; Cambridge Bay, Victoria Island. Mackenzie: Bathurst Inlet; +Backs River near Lake Beechey; Lake Hanbury; Fort Rae; Fort Anderson.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus arcticus bangsii</span> Rhoads.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1896. <i>Lepus arcticus bangsii</i> Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 30:253[=236 of March +issue], author's separates (preprints) published February 20, 1896, type +from Codroy, Newfoundland.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (A. H. Howell, 1936:327).—Labrador: Hopedale; Makkovik. +Newfoundland: Saint Johns; type locality; Mt. St. Gregory.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus arcticus groenlandicus</span> Rhoads.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1896. <i>Lepus groenlandicus</i> Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 30:254(=237 of March +issue), author's separates (preprints) issued February 20, type from Robertson +Bay, NW Greenland.</p> + +<p>1934. [<i>Lepus arcticus</i>] <i>groenlandicus</i>, Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +47:83, March 8.</p> + +<p>1912. <i>Boreolepus groenlandicus</i>, Barrett-Hamilton, Hist. British Mammals, +pt. 12, p. 298, October.</p> + +<p>1930. <i>Lepus variabilis hyperboreus</i> Pedersen, Medd. om Grönland, 77:363, +no type or type locality designated but name applied to hares of east +Greenland in the general vicinity of Scoresby Sound (preoccupied by +<i>Lepus hyperboreas</i> Pallas, Zoogeographica Rosso Asiatica, 1:152, 1831, +a species of <i>Ochotona</i>).</p> + +<p>1934. <i>Lepus arcticus persimilis</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:84, +March 8, type from S side Clavering Island, east Greenland.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Greenland (A. H. Howell, 1936:331): Cape Alexander; +on east coast to Francis Joseph Fiord; on west coast to <i>Nugsuak +Peninsula</i>; Disko Island; Holsteinsborg.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus arcticus labradorius</span> Miller.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Lepus labradorius</i> Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13:39, May +29, type from Fort Chimo, Ungava, Canada.</p> + +<p>1924. <i>Lepus arcticus labradorius</i>, G. M. Allen and Copeland, Jour. Mamm., +5:12, February 9.</p> + +<p>1902. <i>Lepus arcticus canus</i> Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 22:59, October 31, +type from Hubbart Point, W coast Hudson Bay, Keewatin.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (A. H. Howell, 1936:323).—Franklin: Pangnirtung Fiord; +Nunata, Kingua Fiord; Cumberland Sound, Blacklead Island; Weddell +Harbor, Frobisher Bay. Labrador: Ramah; Solomons Island, near Davis +Inlet. Quebec: <i>type locality</i>; Great Whale River, Hudson Bay; Belcher +Islands. Manitoba: Fort Churchill; <i>Hubbart Point</i>. Keewatin: Cape Fullerton; +Southampton Island. Franklin: <i>Cape Dorset</i>; Camp Kungovik, W +coast Baffin Island, 65° 35´ N lat.; <i>Nettilling Fiord</i>.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus arcticus monstrabilis</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1934. <i>Lepus arcticus monstrabilis</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +47:85, March 8, type from Buchanan Bay, Ellesmere Island.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Franklin (A. H. Howell, 1936:329): Cape Sheridan; +Craig Harbor; Dundas Harbor, Devon Island.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus arcticus porsildi</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1934. <i>Lepus arcticus porsildi</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:83, +March 8, type from near Julianehaab, 61° 20´ N lat., Greenland.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Greenland (A. H. Howell, 1936:332): Sukkertoppen; +<i>Neria, 61° 36´ N lat</i>.; 60° 42´ N lat.</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Lepus townsendii</b><br /> +White-tailed Jack Rabbit</h6> + +<p>Total length, 565-655; tail, 66-112; hind foot, 145-172; ear from +notch (dry), 96-113. Upper parts grayish brown; tail all white +or with dusky or buffy mid-dorsal stripe which does not extend +onto back; white in winter in northern parts of its range. Two +adult males weighed 2945 and 2494 grams (Orr, 1940:43) and +there are 3 to 6 young in a litter.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="Figure_46" id="Figure_46"></a> +<a href="images/i064.jpg"><img src="images/i064_tn.jpg" width="400" height="334" alt="" title="Show larger image of figure 46." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 46. Distribution of Lepus townsendii.</span> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>Lepus townsendii townsendii</i></li> +<li><i>Lepus townsendii campanius</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus townsendii campanius</span> Hollister.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1837. <i>Lepus campestris</i> Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7:349, +not of Meyer, 1790; type locality plains of the Saskatchewan, probably +near Carlton House.</p> + +<p>1915. <i>Lepus townsendii campanius</i> Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +28:70, March 12.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:78, unless otherwise noted).—Saskatchewan: +Indian Head (Nelson, 1909:77). Manitoba: Carberry (<i>ibid.</i>). Ontario: +Rainy River (Anderson, 1947:100). Minnesota (Swanson, Surber +and Roberts, 1945:97): Polk County; Otter Tail County; Sherburne County: +Washington County. Illinois: Blanding, 6 mi. WNW Hanover (Hoffmeister, +1948:1). Kansas: Red Fork, 60 mi. W Fort Riley; Greensburg +(Brown, 1940:387). New Mexico: "near" Taos (V. Bailey, 1932:47); +Hopewell. Colorado: Antonito; Fort Garland; Villa Grove; Salida; Como; +<i>Denver</i>; Mt. Whitely, 25 mi. N Kremmling. Wyoming: Spring Creek; Big +Piney; head Glenn Creek, Yellowstone Nat'l Park. Alberta: Great Plains +region (Anderson, 1947:99).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus townsendii townsendii</span> Bachman.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1839. <i>Lepus townsendii</i> Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +8(pt. 1):90, pl. 2, type from Fort Walla Walla, near present town of +Wallula, Walla Walla County, Washington.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Lepus campestris sierrae</i> Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +17:132, July 14, type from 7800 ft., Hope Valley, Alpine County, California. +Regarded as inseparable from <i>L. t. townsendii</i> by Orr, Occas. +Papers, California Acad. Sci., 19:42, May 25, 1940.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:82, unless otherwise noted).—British Columbia: +Fairview, Okanagan Valley. Idaho: Rathdrum Prairie (Rust, +1946:322); Lemhi River; Teton Basin. Wyoming: Hamsfork; Henrys +Fork. Colorado: Hot Sulphur Springs; Mt. Baldy; Crested Butte; Mill City. +Utah: Kanab. Nevada (Hall, 1946:600): Hamilton; Desatoya Mts.; Santa +Rosa Mts. California: Parker Creek, 6300 ft., Warner Mts. Nevada (Hall, +1946:600): 8600 ft., 3 mi. S Mt. Rose; 8900 ft., Lapon Canyon, Mt. Grant; +Mt. Magruder. California (Orr, 1940:43): Tuolumne Meadows; Woodfords; +Tahoe City; 4700 ft., Steele Meadows. Oregon: Antelope. Washington: +Manson (Dalquest, 1948:382).</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Lepus californicus</b><br /> +Black-tailed Jack Rabbit</h6> + +<p>Total length, 465-630; tail, 50-112; hind foot, 112-145; ear from +notch (dry), 99-131. Upper parts gray to blackish; tail with black +mid-dorsal stripe extending onto back; never all white in winter. +On the tableland of Mexico and in the southwestern United States +where this species occurs together with the white-sided jack rabbits, +<i>L. californicus</i> can be recognized by the terminal black patch +on the outside of each ear and by the less extensive area of white +on the flank. To the eastward, in Tamaulipas, where only the black-tailed +jack rabbit occurs, it too, has extensively white flanks and +some individuals lack the terminal black patch on the ear.</p> + +<p>A certain means for distinguishing the skulls of the black-tailed +jack rabbit from those of all of the white-sided jack rabbits has not +yet been found. The same is true of the skulls of the white-tailed +jack rabbit and the black-tailed jack rabbit in the Great Basin region +of Nevada. The skulls, at least of adults, of these two species, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> +region east of the Rocky Mountains can be readily distinguished by +the pattern of infolding of the enamel on the front of the first upper +incisor teeth; <i>L. townsendii</i> has a simple groove on the anterior face +of the tooth and <i>L. californicus</i>, east of the Rocky Mountains, has a +bifurcation, or even trifurcation, of the infold that can readily be +seen by examining the occlusal surface of the incisor.</p> + +<p>In Arizona, Vorhies and Taylor (1933:478) found the weight of +23 adult males to average 5.1 (4.4-6.1) lbs. In that state, 70 pregnant +females averaged 2.24 (1-6) young per litter and the authors +(<i>op. cit.</i>) thought that a female had three or four litters each year.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus altamirae</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. <i>Lepus merriami altamirae</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:109, +May 18, type from Alta Mira, Tamaulipas. Known from type locality +only.</p> + +<p>1951. <i>Lepus californicus altamirae</i>, Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. +Hist., 5:45, October 1, 1951.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus asellus</span> Miller.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1899. <i>Lepus asellus</i> Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p. 380, +September 29, type from San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Lepus californicus asellus</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:150, August +31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:151).—Coahuila: Jaral. Nuevo Leon: +Miquihuana. San Luis Potosí: Río Verde. Aguascalientes: Chicalote. +Zacatecas: Valparaiso.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus bennettii</span> Gray.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1844. <i>Lepus bennettii</i> Gray, Zoology Voy. <i>Sulphur</i>, p. 35, pl. 14, type +from San Diego, San Diego County, California.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Lepus californicus bennetti</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:136, August +31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—California: Mt. Piños (Orr, 1940:73); Arroyo Seco, +Pasadena (Orr, 1940:74); San Felipe Valley (<i>ibid.</i>); Jacumba (Nelson, +1909:137), Baja California: San Quintín (Nelson, 1909:137). Northward +along coast at least to California: Montalvo (Orr, 1940:73).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus californicus</span> Gray.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1837. <i>Lepus californica</i> Gray, Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., 1:586, +type from "St. Antoine," California (probably on coastal slope of mts. +near the Mission of San Antonio, Jolon, Monterey County).</p> + +<p>1926. <i>Lepus californicus vigilax</i> Dice, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. +Michigan, 166:11, February 11, type from Balls Ferry, Shasta County, +California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Oregon (Nelson, 1909:132): Drain; Grants Pass. +California (Orr, 1940:68-69): Callahan, Scott River; 3300 ft, Lymans, +NW of Lyonsville; Dry Creek, Oroville-Chico Road; Snelling; Hernandez; +Morro; <i>Carmel Point</i>; <i>Bolinas Bay</i>; <i>Freestone</i>; <i>Sherwood</i>; <i>Ferndale</i>; 3 mi. W +Arcata. Oregon: Rogue River Valley (Nelson, 1909:132).</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Lepus californicus curti</i> Hall.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1951. <i>Lepus californicus curti</i> Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., +5:42, October 1, 1951, type from 88 mi. S and 10 mi. W Matamoros, +Tamaulipas. Known from type locality only.</p></div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 317px; margin-right: 10%"> +<a name="Figure_47" id="Figure_47"></a> +<a href="images/i067.jpg"><img src="images/i067_tn.jpg" width="317" height="400" alt="" title="Show larger image of figure 47." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 47. Distribution of Lepus californicus and Lepus insularis.</span> +</div> +<div style="height: 450px; margin-left: 10%"> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>L. c. wallawalla</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. californicus</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. deserticola</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. richardsonii</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. bennettii</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. martirensis</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. xanti</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. sheldoni</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. magdalenae</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. eremicus</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. texianus</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. melanotis</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. merriami</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. asellus</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. festinus</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. altamirae</i></li> +<li><i>L. c. curti</i></li> +<li><i>L. insularis</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus deserticola</span> Mearns.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1896. <i>Lepus texianus deserticola</i> Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:564, +June 24, type from western edge Colorado Desert, at base of Coast Range +Mts., Imperial County, California.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Lepus californicus deserticola</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:137, +August 31.</p> + +<p>1932. <i>Lepus californicus depressus</i> Hall and Whitlow, Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 45:71, April 2, type from 1/2 mi. S. Pocatello, Bannock +County, Idaho. (Regarded as inseparable from <i>L. c. deserticola</i> by +Davis, The Recent Mammals of Idaho, p. 359, April 5, 1939.)</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:140, unless otherwise noted).—Idaho +(Davis, 1939:360): Boise River; Sawtooth Nat'l Forest; Arco; Blackfoot. +Utah: Ogden; Provo; Loa. Arizona: San Francisco Mtn.; Fort Whipple; +Phoenix; Rancho Bonito, Abra Valley (Huey, 1942:362). Sonora: El Doctor. +Baja California: Calamahue; Esperanza Canyon. California (Orr, +1940-76): Coyote Wells; Kenworthy; Victorville; Farrington Ranch; 5 mi. +SW Lone Pine; 10,000 ft., head Silver Canyon; Mono Mills; 5600 ft., near +Woodfords. Nevada (Hall, 1946:606): Sutcliffe; 3/4 mi. S Sulphur. Idaho: +6 mi. S Murphy (Davis, 1939:360).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus eremicus</span> J. A. Allen.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1894. <i>Lepus texianus eremicus</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +6:347, December 7, type from Fairbank, Cochise County, Arizona.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Lepus californicus eremicus</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:140, August +31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:141, unless otherwise noted).—Arizona: +Casa Grande; Fort Bowie; 2 mi. E Portal (Cahalane, 1939:435). Chihuahua: +San Bernardino Ranch (possibly Nelson should have placed this +in Sonora); Colonia Garcia. Sonora: Hermosillo; La Libertad (Burt, +1938:68); Agua Dulce (of Sonora, not of Arizona).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus festinus</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. <i>Lepus festinus</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:108, May 18, +type from Irolo, Hidalgo.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Lepus californicus festinus</i> Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:151, August +31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:152).—Hidalgo: Zimapan; <i>Tulancingo</i>; +type locality; Queretaro: Tequisquiapam.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus magdalenae</span> Nelson.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1907. <i>Lepus californicus magdalenae</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +20:81, July 22, type from Magdalena Island, Baja California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Baja California (Nelson, 1909:155): type locality; Margarita +Island.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus martirensis</span> Stowell.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1895. <i>Lepus martirensis</i> Stowell, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 5(ser. 2):51, +May 28, type specimen from the San Pedro Mártir Mountains of Baja +California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Baja California (Nelson, 1909:154): La Huerta; Calamahue; +San Bruno; Rancho San José; San Simon.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus melanotis</span> Mearns.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1890. <i>Lepus melanotis</i> Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:297, February +21, type from Independence, Montgomery County, Kansas.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Lepus californicus melanotis</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:146, August +31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—South Dakota: Lyman Co. (Over and Churchill, 1945:48). +Nebraska: Oakland (12399 KU). Kansas: near Doniphan Lake +(Linsdale, 1928:146). Missouri: Saline Co. (Enders, 1932:120); 5 mi. E +Rockbridge (Leopold and Hall, 1945:145). Arkansas: "about" 2 mi. S +Evansville (Dellinger and Black, 1940:190). Oklahoma: 3 mi. E Wainwright +(Blair, 1939:128). Texas: Brazos County (Petersen, 1946:166); +Golinda (Nelson, 1909:148); Washburn (<i>ibid.</i>). New Mexico: Santa Rosa +(<i>ibid.</i>); vicinity of Cimarron (Hill, 1942:82). Colorado: Semper (Nelson, +1909:148). Wyoming: 3 mi. W Meriden along Horse Cr. (15926 KU).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus merriami</span> Mearns.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1896. <i>Lepus merriami</i> Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals +from the Mexican border of the United States, p. 2, March 25, (Reprint: +Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:444, May 23, 1896) type from Fort +Clark, Kinney County, Texas.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:150, unless otherwise noted).—Texas: +Mason; Lott; Antioch; Houston. Tamaulipas: Matamoros; Tamaulipeca, +San Carlos Mts. (Dice, 1937:255). Nuevo Leon: Santa Catariña. Coahuila: +Monclova; Sabinas.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus richardsonii</span> Bachman.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1839. <i>Lepus richardsonii</i> Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +8(pt. 1):88, type from California (exact locality unknown, but probably +on interior slope of mts. near Jolon, Monterey County).</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Lepus californicus richardsoni</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:133, +August 31.</p> + +<p>1904. <i>Lepus tularensis</i> Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:136, July +14, type from Alila, Tulare County, California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—California (Orr, 1940:71): Minkler; Thompson Valley, +Walker Basin; Kern Lake Basin; Carrizo Plains, 7 mi. SE Simmler; <i>2 mi. +E Bryson</i>; Jolon.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus sheldoni</span> Burt.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1933. <i>Lepus californicus sheldoni</i> Burt, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:37, +February 20, type from Carmen Island [(lat. 26° N, long. 111° 12´ W) +Gulf of Calif.], Baja California. Known from type locality only.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus texianus</span> Waterhouse.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1848. <i>Lepus texianus</i> Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm., 2:136, type locality +unknown, but probably in western Texas.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Lepus californicus texianus</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:142, +August 31.</p> + +<p>1896. <i>Lepus texianus griseus</i> Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:562, June +24, type from Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas.</p> + +<p>1903. <i>Lepus</i> (<i>Macrotolagus</i>) <i>texianus micropus</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 19:605, November 12, type from Río del Bocas, NW +Durango.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:146, unless otherwise noted).—Colorado: +between Grand Junction and the Utah boundary (Cary, 1911:158). New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> +Mexico: Roswell (Nelson, 1909:145). Texas (Nelson, 1909:145). Colorado: +Comstock. Coahuila: 8 mi. SE San Pedro de los Colonias, 3700 ft. +(40206 KU). Durango: Río Sestín; Río del Bocas. Chihuahua: Santa +Rosalia; Pacheco; San Luis Mts. New Mexico (Nelson, 1909:145): +Guadalupe Ranch. Arizona: Painted Desert. Utah: Abajo (Blue Mts.) +(Barnes, 1927:149).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus wallawalla</span> Merriam.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. <i>Lepus texianus wallawalla</i> Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +17:137, July 14, type from Touchet, Plains of the Columbia, Walla Walla +County, Washington.</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Lepus californicus wallawalla</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:132, +August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Washington: Moses Coulee (Dalquest, 1948:386); +Touchet (Nelson, 1909:133). Oregon: Ontario (Nelson, 1909:133). +Nevada (Hall, 1946:606): 4100 ft., Quinn River Crossing; 4200 ft., 4-1/2 +mi. W Flanigan. California (Orr, 1940:79): 5000 ft., 7 mi. E Ravendale; +3600 ft., 1 mi. SE Weed; Hornbrook. Oregon (Nelson, 1909:133): Hay +Creek; Willow Junction.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus californicus xanti</span> Thomas.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1898. <i>Lepus californicus xanti</i> Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1(ser. +7):45, January, type from Santa Anita, Baja California.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Baja California (Nelson, 1909:156): Southern part +of the Peninsula. Santa Clara Mts., southward around range of <i>L. c. +martirensis</i> to and down east coast; La Paz; Cape St. Lucas; San Jorgé; +20 mi. W San Ignacio.</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Lepus insularis</b> Bryant<br /> +Black Jack Rabbit</h6> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1891. <i>Lepus insularis</i> Bryant, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 3(ser. 2):92, +April 23, type from Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Baja +California. Known from Espiritu Santo Island only.</p> + +<p>1895. <i>Lepus edwardsi</i> St. Loup, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1:5, type +from Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Baja California.</p></div> + +<p>Total length, 574; tail, 96; hind foot, 121; ear from notch (dry), +105. This insular species, clearly a close relative of <i>Lepus californicus</i> +of the adjacent peninsula of Baja California, is mainly +glossy black on the upper parts but grizzled and suffused on sides +of back and body, and in some specimens on head, with dark buffy +or reddish brown; underparts dark cinnamon buffy or dusky brown; +ears and sides of head grayish dusky; jugals heavier than in <i>Lepus +californicus</i> of the adjacent peninsula of Baja California.</p> + + +<h6><b>Lepus callotis</b> Wagler<br /> +White-sided Jack Rabbit</h6> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1830. <i>Lepus callotis</i> Wagler, Nat. Syst. der Amphibien, p. 23, type from +southern end of Mexican Tableland.</p> + +<p>1830. <i>Lepus mexicanus</i> Lichtenstein, Abhandl. k. Akad. Wiss., Berlin., +p. 101, type from México (southern end of Mexican Tableland).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> + +<p>1833. <i>Lepus nigracaudatus</i> Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 41, type +from "that part of California which adjoins to Mexico" (probably southwestern +part of Mexican Tableland).</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records</i> (Nelson, 1909:124).—Durango: Durango (city of). San +Luis Potosí: Arenal. Hidalgo: Tulancingo. Oaxaca: Oaxaca (city of); +Tlapancingo. Jalisco: Atenquiqui; Reyes.</p></div> + +<p>Total length, 560; tail, 71; length of hind foot, 133; ear from notch +(dry), 117. Upper parts dark, slightly pinkish, buff heavily washed +with black; backs of ears mainly white without terminal patch of +black; flanks white; rump iron gray.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 346px;"> +<a name="Figure_48" id="Figure_48"></a> +<a href="images/i071.jpg"><img src="images/i071_tn.jpg" width="346" height="400" alt="" title="Show larger image of figure 48." /></a> +<span class="caption">Fig. 48. Distribution of the White-sided Jack Rabbits.</span> +<p> +Guide to kinds:</p> +<ol class="mapkey"> +<li><i>Lepus callotis</i></li> +<li><i>Lepus flavigularis</i></li> +<li><i>Lepus gaillardi gaillardi</i></li> +<li><i>Lepus gaillardi battyi</i></li> +<li><i>Lepus alleni alleni</i></li> +<li><i>Lepus alleni palitans</i></li> +<li><i>Lepus alleni tiburonensis</i></li> +</ol> +</div> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> + + +<h6><b>Lepus flavigularis</b> Wagner<br /> +Tehuantepec Jack Rabbit</h6> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1844. <i>Lepus callotis</i> var [gamma] <i>flavigularis</i> Wagner, Schreber's Säugthiere, Suppl., +4:106, type from México (probably near Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca).</p> + +<p>1909. <i>Lepus flavigularis</i>, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:125, August 31.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Oaxaca (Nelson, 1909:126): Santa Efigenia; San Mateo +del Mar; Huilotepec.</p></div> + +<p>Total length, 595; tail, 77; hind foot, 133; ear from notch (dry), +112. Upper parts bright ochraceous buff strongly washed with black; +ears entirely buff; nape with black stripe extending back from base of +each ear and median stripe of buff; flanks and underparts of body +white; rump iron gray; tympanic bullae smaller than in any other +<i>Lepus</i> of México.</p> + + +<h6><b>Lepus gaillardi</b><br /> +Gaillard Jack Rabbit</h6> + +<p>Total length, 450-536; tail, 59-80; hind foot, 124-133; ear from +notch (dry), 110-112. Coloration essentially as in <i>Lepus callotis</i> +except that nape is plain buff, without a trace of black, and upper +parts paler, more vinaceous buff.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus gaillardi battyi</span> J. A. Allen.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1903. <i>Lepus</i> (<i>Microtolagus</i> [<i>sic</i>]) <i>gaillardi battyi</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 19:607, November 12, type from Rancho Santuario, +northwestern Durango.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Durango (Nelson, 1909:122): Río Campo; type locality.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus gaillardi gaillardi</span> Mearns.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1896. <i>Lepus gaillardi</i> Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:560, June 24, type +from West Fork of Playas Valley, near monument No. 63, Mexican boundary +line, Grant County, New Mexico.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—New Mexico: Animas Valley (V. Bailey, 1932:53). +Chihuahua (Nelson, 1909:121): Whitewater; Colonia Juarez. New Mexico; +type locality.</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Lepus alleni</b><br /> +Antelope Jack Rabbit</h6> + +<p>Total length, 553-670; tail, 48-76; hind foot, 127-150, ear from +notch, in flesh, 138-173. Top and sides of head creamy buff, slightly +washed on top with black; tail white except for mid-dorsal line of +black extending onto rump; sides of shoulders, flanks, sides of +abdomen, rump, and outside of hind legs uniform iron gray. The +average weight of 61 adult males from Arizona was 8.2 lbs. In that +state 124 pregnant females had an average of 1.93 young (1-5) and +Vorhies and Taylor (1933:580) thought that a female had three or +four litters per year.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus alleni alleni</span> Mearns.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1890. <i>Lepus alleni</i> Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:294, February +21, type from Rillito, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, Pima County, +Arizona.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Arizona: Queen Creek (Vorhies and Taylor, 1933:480); +Cascabel (<i>ibid.</i>); Calabasas (Nelson, 1909:118). Sonora (Burt, 1938): +Cerro Blanco (p. 67); Oputo (p. 66); Batamotal (p. 66); La Libertad +Ranch (p. 67); Picu Pass (p. 67). Arizona: 2 mi. W Quitovaquita (Huey, +1942:362); Casa Grande (Nelson, 1909:118).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus alleni palitans</span> Bangs.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1900. <i>Lepus</i> (<i>Macrotolagus</i>) <i>alleni palitans</i> Bangs, Proc. New England +Zool. Club, 1:85, February 23, type from Aguacaliente, about 40 mi. +SE Mazatlan, Sinaloa.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Marginal records.</i>—Sonora: near San Bernardo on Río Mayo on Sonora side +of Sonora-Chihuahua boundary (Burt and Hooper, 1941:7): <i>Alamos</i> (Nelson, +1909:119); Guirocoba (Burt, 1938:68). Nayarit: Acaponeta (Nelson, +1909:119). Sinaloa (Nelson, 1909:119): Esquinapa; <i>Rosario</i>; Culiacán. +Sonora: "near" Navajoa (Burt, 1938:68).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus alleni tiburonensis</span> Townsend.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1912. <i>Lepus alleni tiburonensis</i> Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +31:120, June 14, type from Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Sonora. +Known from Tiburon Island only.</p></div> + + +<h6><b>Lepus europaeus</b><br /> +European Hare</h6> + +<p>Total length, 640-700; tail, 70-100; hind foot, 130-150; ear from +notch (dry), 79-100; weight, 3000 to 5000 grams. Upper parts +tawny, mixed with blackish hairs on back; underparts white including +underside of tail; upper side of tail and terminal patch at +distal end of outside of ears black; upper side of feet tawny like +sides (not white or whitish). This is an introduced species.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus europaeus europaeus</span> Pallas.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1778. <i>Lepus europaeus</i> Pallas, Nov. Spec. Quadr. Glir. Ord., p. 30. Type +locality, Burgundy, France. (Introduced and established in Ontario and +parts of the northern United States; slowly spreading in southern Ontario +north of Lake Erie (St. Thomas and Woodstock), west and north +of Lake Ontario (Toronto) to Goodrich on east side of Lake Huron. +See Anderson, Canadian Field-Naturalist, 37:75-76, April, 1923; Anderson, +Nat. Mus. Canada Bull., 102:100, January 24, 1947; Burt, Mammals +of Michigan, p. 247, 1946.)</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lepus europaeus hybridus</span> Desmarest.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1822. <i>Lepus hybridus</i> Desmarest, Encyclopedie methodique (Zoologie) +Mammalogie, pt. 1, p. 349 (Name based on "Russac" of Pallas, Nov. +Spec. Quadr. Glir. Ord., p. 5, 1778), type locality central Russia.</p> + +<p>1912. <i>Lepus europaeus hybridus</i>, Miller, Cat. Mamm., western Europe, +Publ., British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), p. 508, November 23, 1912.</p></div> + +<div class="blockpara"><p><i>Range.</i>—Introduced and established in New York and Connecticut (see +Goodwin, Connecticut Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. 53:159-162, 1935).</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;"> +<a name="Figure_49_to_51" id="Figure_49_to_51"></a> +<a href="images/i074.jpg"><img src="images/i074_tn.jpg" width="401" height="580" alt="" title="Show larger image of figures 49 to 51." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 49-51. Dorsal views of skulls of hares. All × 1.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 49. <i>Lepus americanus tahoensis</i>, 1/2 mi. S Tahoe Tavern, +Lake Tahoe, Placer County, California. No. 37522 MVZ, ♂.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 50. <i>Lepus alleni alleni</i>, Santa Rita Mountains, 30 mi. S +Tucson, Pima County, Arizona. No. 8621 KU, ♂.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 51. <i>Lepus arcticus groenlandicus</i>, Cape Alexander, Greenland. +No. 114850 USNM, ♂.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 396px;"> +<a name="Figure_52_to_54" id="Figure_52_to_54"></a> +<a href="images/i075.jpg"><img src="images/i075_tn.jpg" width="396" height="578" alt="" title="Show larger image of figures 52 to 54. " /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 52-54. Dorsal views of skulls of hares. All × 1.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 52. <i>Lepus townsendii townsendii</i>, north end Ruby Valley, east base +Ruby Mountains, Elko County, Nevada. No. 4686, coll. of Ralph Ellis, ♀.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 53. <i>Lepus callotis</i>, 3-1/2 mi. S Tecolotlán, Jalisco. No. 31842 KU, ♀.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 54. <i>Lepus californicus deserticola</i>, 4 mi. W Fallon, Churchill County, +Nevada. No. 900061 MVZ, ♂.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;"> +<a name="Figure_55_to_57" id="Figure_55_to_57"></a> +<a href="images/i076.jpg"><img src="images/i076_tn.jpg" width="401" height="557" alt="" title="Show larger image of figures 55 to 57." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 55-57. Ventral views of skulls of hares. All × 1. Different views of +these skulls are shown in <a href="#Figure_49_to_51">figs. 49-51</a>.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 55. <i>Lepus americanus tahoensis</i>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 56. <i>Lepus alleni alleni</i>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 57. <i>Lepus arcticus groenlandicus</i>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 372px;"> +<a name="Figure_58_to_60" id="Figure_58_to_60"></a> +<a href="images/i077.jpg"><img src="images/i077_tn.jpg" width="372" height="600" alt="" title="Show larger image of figures 58 to 60." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 58-60. Ventral views of skulls of hares. All × 1. Different views of +these skulls are shown in <a href="#Figure_49_to_51">figs. 49-51</a>.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 58. <i>Lepus townsendii townsendii</i>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 59. <i>Lepus callotis</i>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 60. <i>Lepus californicus deserticola</i>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 415px;"> +<a name="Figure_61_to_64" id="Figure_61_to_64"></a> +<a href="images/i078.jpg"><img src="images/i078_tn.jpg" width="415" height="638" alt="" title="Show larger image of figures 61 to 64." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 61-64. Lateral views of skulls (one lower jaw) of hares. <br />All × 1. <br />Different views of +these skulls are shown in <a href="#Figure_49_to_51">figs. 49-51</a>.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 61. <i>Lepus alleni alleni</i>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 62. <i>Lepus americanus tahoensis</i>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Figs</span>. 63-64. <i>Lepus arcticus groenlandicus</i>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;"> +<a name="Figure_65_to_68" id="Figure_65_to_68"></a> +<a href="images/i079.jpg"><img src="images/i079_tn.jpg" width="371" height="626" alt="" title="Sho w larger image of figures 65 to 68." /></a> +<span class="caption">Figs. 65-68. Lateral views of skulls (one lower jaw) of hares. All × 1. +Different views of these skulls are shown in <a href="#Figure_52_to_54">figs. 52-54</a>.</span> +<ul class="figkey"> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 65. <i>Lepus townsendii townsendii</i>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 66. <i>Lepus callotis</i>.</li> +<li><span class="smcap">Figs</span>. 67-68. <i>Lepus californicus deserticola</i>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="LITERATURE_CITED" id="LITERATURE_CITED"></a>LITERATURE CITED</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">Allen</span>, J. A.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1910. Additional mammals from Nicaragua. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +28:87-115, April 30.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Anderson</span>, R. M.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1947. Catalogue of Canadian Recent mammals. Bull. Nat. Mus. Canada, +102:v + 238, January 24.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Anderson</span>, R. M., and <span class="smcap">Rand</span>, A. L.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1943. A synopsis of the rodents of the southern parts of the Prairie Provinces +of Canada. Special contribution-43-1, Canada, Dept. Mines and +Resources, Mines and Geol. Branch, pp. 1-25, 13 illustrations (mimeographed +MS). On the front of the self cover below the date 1943 +there is stamped "April 27, 1939".</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bailey</span>, A. M., and <span class="smcap">Hendee</span>, R. W.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1926. Notes on the mammals of northwestern Alaska. Jour. Mamm., +7:9-28, 3 pls., February 15.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bailey</span>, V.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1927. A biological survey of North Dakota. N. Amer. Fauna, 49:vi + 226, +21 pls., 8 figs. in text, January 8.</p> + +<p>1932. Mammals of New Mexico. N. Amer. Fauna, 53:1-412, 22 pls., 56 +figs. in text, March 1.</p> + +<p>1936. The mammals and life zones of Oregon. N. Amer. Fauna, 55:1-416, +51 pls. (nos. 2-52), 102 figs. in text, 1 map, August 29.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Barnes</span>, C. T.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1927. Utah mammals. Bull. Univ. of Utah, 17(12):1-183, Frontispiece, 31 +maps, June.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Black</span>, J. D.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1936. Mammals of northwestern Arkansas. Jour. Mamm., 17:29-35, February +17.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Blair</span>, W. F.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1936. The Florida Marsh rabbit. Jour. Mamm., 17:197-207, August 17.</p> + +<p>1938. A new race of the eastern cottontail from the Texas Panhandle. +Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 380:1-3, June 21.</p> + +<p>1939. Faunal relationships and geographic distribution of mammals in +Oklahoma. Amer. Midl. Natur., 22:85-133, 1 fig., July.</p> + +<p>1940. A contribution to the ecology and faunal relationships of the mammals +of the Davis Mountain Region, Southwestern Texas. Misc. +Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 46:1-39, 3 pls., June 28.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bole</span>, B. P., <span class="smcap">Jr</span>., and <span class="smcap">Moulthrop</span>, P. N.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1942. The Ohio Recent mammal collection in the Cleveland Museum of +Natural History. Scientific Publs., Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:83-181, +September 11.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Borell</span>, A. E., and <span class="smcap">Bryant</span>, M. D.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1942. Mammals of the Big Bend area of Texas. Univ. California Publ. +Zool., 48:1-62, 5 pls., 1 fig. in text, August 7.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brown</span>, L.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1940. The distribution of the white-tailed jack rabbit (<i>Lepus townsendii +campanius</i> Hollister) in Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 43:385-389.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Burt</span>, W. H.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1938. Faunal relationships and geographic distribution of mammals in +Sonora, Mexico. Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 39:1-77, +3 tables, 26 maps, February 15.</p> + +<p>1946. The mammals of Michigan. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, +xv + 1-288 pp., illustrated.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Burt</span>, W. H., and <span class="smcap">Hooper</span>, E. T.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1941. Notes on mammals from Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. Occas. +Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 430:1-7, May 27.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cahalane</span>, V. H.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1939. Mammals of the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona. +Jour. Mamm., 20:418-440, 3 figs. in text, November 14.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cary</span>, M.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1911. A Biological survey of Colorado. N. Amer. Fauna, 33:1-256, 12 pls., +39 figs. in text, August 17.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cockrum</span>, E. L.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1949. Range-extension of the swamp rabbit in Illinois. Jour. Mamm., +30:427-429, 1 fig. in text, November 17.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cowan, I. McT</span>.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1938. Notes on the hares of British Columbia with the description of a +new race. Jour. Mamm., 19:240-243, May 12.</p> + +<p>1940. Two mammals new to the known fauna of British Columbia. The +Murrelet, 21:9, April 30.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dalquest</span>, W. W.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1941. Distribution of cottontail rabbits in Washington. Jour. Wildlife +Manag., 5:408-411, October.</p> + +<p>1942. Geographic variation in northwestern snowshoe hares. Jour. Mamm., +23:166-183, 2 figs. in text, June 3.</p> + +<p>1948. Mammals of Washington. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., +2:1-444, 140 figs. in text, April 9.</p> + +<p>1950. Records of mammals from the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. +Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., 23:1-15, July 10.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Davis</span>, W. B.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1937. Some mammals from western Montana and eastern Idaho. Murrelet +18:22-27, September 4.</p> + +<p>1939. The Recent mammals of Idaho. The Caxton Printers, Caldwell, +Idaho, 400 pp., 2 full pages half tones, 33 figs. in text, April 5.</p> + +<p>1944. Notes on Mexican mammals. Jour. Mamm., 25:370-403, 1 fig. in +text, December 12.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Davis</span>, W. B., and <span class="smcap">Robertson</span>, J. L., Jr.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1944. The mammals of Culberson County, Texas. Jour. Mamm., 25:254-273, +1 pl., 2 figs. in text, September 8.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dellinger</span>, S. C., and <span class="smcap">Black</span>, J. D.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1940. Notes on Arkansas mammals. Jour. Mamm., 21:187-191, May 16.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dice</span>, L. R.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1921. Notes on the mammals of interior Alaska. Jour. Mamm., 2:20-28, +February 10.</p> + +<p>1926. Notes on Pacific Coast rabbits and pikas. Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool., +Univ. Michigan, 166:1-28, February 11.</p> + +<p>1937. Mammals of the San Carlos Mountains and vicinity. Michigan +studies, Sci. Ser., 12:245-268, 3 pls.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Durrant</span>, S. D.</p> + +<div class="blockpara"><p>MS. The mammals of Utah. 826 pp., illustrated—on file Mus. Nat. Hist., +Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, as of May, 1950.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Enders</span>, R. K.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1932. Mammal distribution in Saline and Camden counties, Missouri. Amer. +Midland Nat., 13:114-123, May.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Goldman</span>, E. A.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1920. Mammals of Panama. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 69(5):1-309, 39 pls., +24 figs. in text, April 24.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Goodwin</span>, G. G.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1934. Mammals collected by A. W. Anthony in Guatemala 1924-1928. +Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 68:1-60, 5 pls., December 12.</p> + +<p>1935. The mammals of Connecticut. Bull. Connecticut State Geol. and +Nat. Hist. Surv., 53:1-221, 33 pls., 19 figs. in text.</p> + +<p>1942. Mammals of Honduras. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 79:107-195, +May 29.</p> + +<p>1946. Mammals of Costa Rica. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 87:271-473, +1 pl., 50 figs. in text, 1 map, December 31.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hall</span>, E. R.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, xi + 710, +colored frontispiece, 11 pls., 485 figs, in text, plus 54 silhouettes, +July 1.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hall</span>, E. R., and <span class="smcap">Bowlus</span>, H. L.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1938. A new pika (mammalian genus Ochotona) from southeastern Idaho +with notes on near-by subspecies. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 42:335-339, +1 fig. in text, July 7.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hall</span>, E. R., and <span class="smcap">Kelson</span>, K. R.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1951. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some +North American rabbits. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., +5:49-58, October 1, 1951.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hall</span>, E. R., and <span class="smcap">Villa</span> R. B.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1949. An annotated check list of the mammals of Michoacán, México. +Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 1:433-472, 2 pls., 1 fig. in text, +December 27.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hamilton, W. J., Jr.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1943. The mammals of eastern United States. Comstock Publishing Co., +Inc., Ithaca, pp. 1-432, illustrated.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Handley, C. O., Jr.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Patton, C. P.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1947. Wild mammals of Virginia. Commonwealth of Virginia Comm. +Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond, vi + 220 pp. Frontispiece ++ 103 figs. in text.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Harrison, T.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Nickie, P. F.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1931. Indiana's swamp rabbit. Jour. Mamm., 12:319-320, August 24.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hill, J. E.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1942. Notes on mammals of northeastern New Mexico. Jour. Mamm., +23:75-82, 1 fig. in text, February 16.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hoffmeister, D. F.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1948. A specimen of the white-tailed jack rabbit, <i>Lepus townsendii</i>, from +Illinois. Chicago Acad. Sci., Nat. Hist. Miscellanea, 29:1-2, October +15.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hooper, E. T.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1947. Notes on Mexican mammals. Jour. Mamm., 28:40-57, February 17.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Howell, A. H.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1909. Notes on the distribution of certain mammals in the southeastern +United States. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:55-68, April 17.</p> + +<p>1921. A biological survey of Alabama. N. Amer. Fauna, 45:1-88, 10 figs. +in text, October 28.</p> + +<p>1924. Revision of the American pikas. N. Amer. Fauna, 47:iv + 57, 6 +pls., 4 figs., September 23.</p> + +<p>1936. A revision of the American Arctic hares. Jour. Mamm., 17:315:337, +4 figs, in text, November 16.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Huey, L. M.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1927. A new kangaroo rat and a new brush rabbit from Lower California, +Mexico. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 5:65-68, July 6.</p> + +<p>1940. A new coastal form of brush rabbit from the vicinity of San Quintín, +Lower California, Mexico. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9:221-224, +July 31.</p> + +<p>1942. A vertebrate faunal survey of the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, +Arizona. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9:353-375, 1 map, +February 17.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kellogg, R.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1937. Annotated list of West Virginia mammals. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., +84:443-479, prior to November 17.</p> + +<p>1939. Annotated list of Tennessee mammals. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 86:245-303, +prior to March 27.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Langenbach, J. R.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Beule, J. D.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1942. A progress report on cottontail rabbits in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania +Game News, 13(8):14, 15, and 30, 3 photos., 2 tables. Only +the reprint (lacking photos.) seen.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leopold, A. S.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Hall, E. R.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1945. Some mammals of Ozark County, Missouri. Jour. Mamm., 26:142-145, +July 19.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Linsdale, J.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1928. Mammals of a small area along the Missouri River. Jour. Mamm., +9:140-146, May 9.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Llewellyn, L. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Handley, C. O.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1946. The cottontail rabbits of Virginia. Jour. Mamm., 26:379-390, February +12.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lowery, G. H., Jr.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1936. A preliminary report on the distribution of the mammals of Louisiana. +Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., 3:11-39, 4 pls., 2 figs. in text, March.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyman</span>, C. P.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1943. Control of coat color in the varying hare, <i>Lepus americanus</i> Erxleben. +Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 93:393-461, illustrated.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyon, M. W., Jr.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1904. Classification of the hares and their allies. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., +45:321-447, pls. 74-100, figs. 44-45, June 15.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Manville</span>, R. H.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1942. Notes on the mammals of Mount Desert Island, Maine. Jour. Mamm., +23:391-398, December 30.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Martin</span>, K.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1943. The Colorado pika. Jour. Mamm., 24:394-396, August 18.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Miller, G. S., Jr.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1924. List of North American Recent mammals. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., +128:xvi + 673, April 29.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Necker</span>, W. L., and <span class="smcap">Hatfield</span>, D. M.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1941. Mammals of Illinois. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 6:17-60, 15 figs. in +text, May 15.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nelson</span>, E. W.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1909. The rabbits of North America. N. Amer. Fauna, 29:1-314, 13 pls., +19 figs. in text, August 31.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Orr</span>, R. T.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1935. Descriptions of three new races of brush rabbit from California. +Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 48:27-30, February 6.</p> + +<p>1940. The rabbits of California. Occas. Papers, California Acad. Sci., +19:1-227, 10 pls., 30 figs. in text, May 25.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Osgood, F. L., Jr.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1938. The mammals of Vermont. Jour. Mamm., 19:435-441, November 14.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Over</span>, W. H., and <span class="smcap">Churchhill</span>, F. P.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1945. Mammals of South Dakota. Museum, Univ. S. Dakota, pp. 3 + +56 + 3 (MS, mimeographed, including one map).</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Palmer</span>, R. S.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1944. New England Cottontail in Maine. Jour. Mamm., 25:193-195, May +26.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Peterson</span>, R. L.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1946. Recent and Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Brazos County, Texas. +Jour. Mamm., 27:162-169, 5 figs. in text, May 14.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Philip</span>, C. B.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1939. A parasitological reconnaissance in Alaska with particular reference +to varying hares. Jour. Mamm., 20:82-86, February 15.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rausch</span>, R.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1950. Notes on the distribution of some Arctic mammals. Jour. Mamm., +31:464-466, November 21.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rust</span>, H. J.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1946. Mammals of Northern Idaho. Jour. Mamm., 27:308-327, 1 fig., 1 +tab., November 25.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Schantz, V. S.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1947. Extension of the range of Brachylagus idahoensis. Jour. Mamm., +28:187-188, 1 fig. in text, June 1.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Severaid, J. H.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1945. Pelage changes in the snowshoe hare.... Jour. Mamm., 26:41-63, +15 figs. in text, February 27.</p> + +<p>1950. The pigmy rabbit (<i>Sylvilagus idahoensis</i>) in Mono County, California. +Jour. Mamm., 31:1-4, February 21.</p> + +<p>1950. The gestation period of the pika (<i>Ochotona princeps</i>). Jour. Mamm., +31:356-357, August 21.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sherman, H. B.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1936. A list of the Recent land mammals of Florida. Proc. Florida Acad. +Sci., 1:102-128.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sherman, F.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1939. The swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus aquaticus) in South Carolina. +Jour. Mamm., 20:259, May 15.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Silver, J.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1924. The European hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas) in North America. +Jour. Agric. Research, 28:1133-1137, 1 fig. in text, June 14.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Snyder, L. L.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Logier, E. B. S.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1930. A faunal investigation of King Township, York County, Ontario. +Trans. Royal Canadian Inst., 17(pt. 2):167-208, 3 pls.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Soper, J. D.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1942. Mammals of Wood Buffalo Park, northern Alberta and District of +Mackenzie. Jour. Mamm., 23:119-145, 2 pls. 1 fig. in text, June 3.</p> + +<p>1946. Mammals of the northern Great Plains along the international boundary +in Canada. Jour. Mamm., 27:127-153, 1 fig. in text, May 14.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Southern, H. N.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1942. Periodicity of refection in the wild rabbit. Nature, 149:553, May 16.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Stead, D. G.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1925. Australian Encyclopedia, vol. 2, pp. 355-358—article on rabbit.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Surber, T.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1932. The mammals of Minnesota. Minnesota Dept. Conservation, 8 vo., +pp. 1-84, illustrated.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Swanson, G.</span>, <span class="smcap">Surber, T.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Roberts, T. S.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1945. The mammals of Minnesota. Minnesota Dept. Conservation, Tech. +Publ., 2:1-108, numerous unnumbered pls. and figs.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Taylor, W. P.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Shaw, W. T.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1929. Provisional list of land mammals of the State of Washington. Occas. +Pap. Chas. R. Conner Mus., No. 2, pp. 1-32, December.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vorhies, C. T.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Taylor, W. P.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1933. The life-histories and ecology of jack rabbits, <i>Lepus alleni</i> and <i>Lepus +californicus</i> ssp., in relation to grazing in Arizona. Tech. Bull., +Univ. Arizona, College Agric., Agric. Exp. Station, 49:468-587, 12 +pls., 5 figs, in text, 17 tables, May 31.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Warren, E. R.</span></p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1942. The mammals of Colorado. Univ. of Oklahoma Press. xviii + 330 pp., +50 pls.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wodzicki</span>, K. A.</p> + +<div class="blockcite"><p>1950. Introduced mammals of New Zealand.... x + 255 pp., illustrated. +Published by Dept. Sci. and Industrial Res., Wellington, New +Zealand.</p></div> + +<p><i>Transmitted May 8, 1951. Museum of Natural History, University +of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.</i></p> + +<p>23-7988</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="trans-note"> +<a name="Trans_notes2" id="Trans_notes2"></a><p>Transcriber's Notes:</p> + +<p>page <a href="#Page_121">121</a> Changed "are are" to "as are" (such of their diseases as are transmissible to him)</p> + +<p>page <a href="#Page_131">131</a> Changed "Inglesmaldie" to "Inglismaldie" (Mount Inglismaldie, near Banff, Alberta).</p> + +<p>page <a href="#Page_142">142</a> Changed "Carribean" to "Caribbean" (Sipurio, Río Sixaola, near Caribbean Coast).</p> + +<p>page <a href="#Page_146">146</a> Changed "Quintin" to "Quintín" (Baja California (Huey, 1940): San Quintín)</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Synopsis of the North American +Lagomorpha, by E. 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