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diff --git a/32426.txt b/32426.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a113e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/32426.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4709 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha, by +E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: May 19, 2010 [EBook #32426] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTH AMERICAN LAGOMORPHA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Simon Gardner, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES: + +This text version uses the 7-bit ASCII character set only. Characters +and symbols not in the ASCII character set are represented as follows: + + Acute accent is represented by ['a], ['e], ['i], ['o]. + Grave accent is represented by [e']. + Umlaut is represented by [:a], [:o] [:u]. + Tilde is represented by [~n]. + +The multiplication ("times") symbol is represented by the letter x. + +The degree symbol is represented by [deg]. + +The prime symbol (also used to denote minutes of latitude and longitude) +is represented by a single quote mark ('). + +Symbols for "male" and "female" are transcribed [MALE] and [FEMALE]. + +Bold typeface in the original is indicated by the use of =equals signs=. +Italic typeface in the original is indicated by the use of +_underscores_. Small capital typeface in the original is indicated by the +use of UPPER CASE. + +Minor inconsistencies in punctuation in the original have been corrected +in this version. Inconsistent spellings have mainly been retained except +for corrections as listed after the end of the book. + + * * * * * + + + + A Synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha + + + BY + + E. RAYMOND HALL + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 5, No. 10, pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text + December 15, 1951 + + University of Kansas + + LAWRENCE + + 1951 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + + +The University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, are +offered in exchange for the publications of learned societies and +institutions, universities and libraries. For exchanges and information, +address the EXCHANGE DESK, UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LIBRARY, LAWRENCE, +KANSAS, U. S. A. + + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.--E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Editorial + Committee. + + This series contains contributions from the Museum of Natural + History. Cited as Univ. Kans. Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist. + + Vol. 1. (Complete) Nos. 1-26. Pp. 1-638. August 15, 1946-January 20, + 1951. + + Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. + 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948. + + Vol. 3. 1. The avifauna of Micronesia its origin, evolution, and + distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in + text. June 12, 1951. + + 2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. + Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951. + + 3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. + Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951. + + 4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, + Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 + tables. October 10, 1951. + + Vol. 4. In press. + + Vol. 5. 1. Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the Angels Peak + Area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in + text. February 24, 1951. + + 2. Two new moles (genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas. By + Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951. + + 3. Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado. By + E. Raymond Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-32. February + 28, 1951. + + 4. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the barrier beach + of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 33-47, 1 + figure in text. October 1, 1951. + + 5. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some + North American rabbits. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. + Kelson. Pp. 49-58. October 1, 1951. + + 6. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico and + Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, one figure in text. + October 1, 1951. + + 7. A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and + comments on Microtus canicaudus Miller. By E. Raymond Hall and + Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 73-79. October 1, 1951. + + 8. A new pocket gopher (genus Thomomys) from Eastern Colorado. + By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, 1951. + + 9. Mammals taken along the Alaska highway. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 87-117, 1 figure in text. November 28, 1951. + + 10. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E. Raymond + Hall. Pp. 110-202, 68 figures in text. December 15, 1951. + + + + + A Synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha + + BY + + E. RAYMOND HALL + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 5, No. 10, pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text + + December 15, 1951 + + University of Kansas + + LAWRENCE + + 1951 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Edward H. Taylor, +Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 10, pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text December 15, 1951 + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1951 + + 23-7988 + + + + +A Synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL + + +The most popular small game mammal in nearly every part of North America +is one or another of the species of rabbits or hares. The rabbit is one +of the few species of wild game that still is hunted commercially and +sold for food on the open market. The close association and repeated +contact of man with these animals has resulted in his contracting such +of their diseases as are transmissible to him. Consequently the rabbits +and hares have figured in many investigations concerned with public +health and medicine. Because the number of such investigations is +increasing, there has been an increasing number of specimens of these +animals submitted to mammalogists for identification; also, inquiries +are received as to the degree of relationship between two or more of the +named kinds of rabbits in which identical, or closely related, disease +organisms have been found; other inquiries have to do with the degree of +relationship of named kinds of rabbits and hares in widely separated +parts of the continent. + +The monographs to which the investigator could turn to obtain answers to +some of these questions are Arthur H. Howell's "Revision of the American +Pikas" (1924), and Edward H. Nelson's "The Rabbits of North America" +(1909) published 27 and 42 years ago, respectively. These monographs are +still excellent sources of detailed information, as, of course, also is +Marcus Ward Lyon's "Classification of the Hares and their Allies" +(1904). The acquisition of additional study specimens in recent years, +however, has provided new data on the geographic occurrence of several +species, and study of these specimens has given basis for a different +arrangement of several named kinds of the lagomorphs. Two principal aims +of the present synopsis, therefore, are to combine in one publication +the current taxonomic arrangement and as much as is known of the +geographic distribution of the several species and subspecies. + +The maps herewith and listings of marginal localities are the means +chosen to present the information on geographic distribution. The +artificial key is supplemented by line drawings of skulls of certain +species and by a minimum of text to aid the user of the key. The skulls +are necessary for the identification of some species of the genus +_Sylvilagus_. The skins, on the contrary, are essential for the +identification of the species of the genus _Lepus_ in central Mexico and +in the Great Basin of the western United States. Consequently, it has +been impossible to construct a key based on external characters only or +on cranial features only. Furthermore, the only apparent differences +between a given pair of species in one region may not be apparent in +another region where the same two species occur together. A case in +point is provided by _Sylvilagus floridanus_ and _Sylvilagus nuttallii_ +where the Great Plains meet the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains and +where the Sonoran desert meets the southwestern flank of these +mountains. The details are described by Hall and Kelson (1951:52, 53) +and are indicated in the part of the accompanying artificial key that +takes out the species _Sylvilagus nuttallii_. Because of this geographic +change in specific characters and because of the slight amount of +difference between certain species of leporids, I have frequently +resorted to geography, instead of to morphology alone, in constructing +the artificial key. Despite this fault of the key to the lagomorphs, it, +and the accompanying account, I hope, will aid workers who need to +identify kinds of lagomorphs and to know about their geographic +distribution. + +Another reason for presenting a synopsis of the lagomorphs at this time +is that the presentation may bring suggestions for improvement in the +arrangement of the kind of information presented here; an account along +similar lines for all of the kinds of mammals native to North America is +in prospect. Corrections of, and additions to, the material presented +here will be welcomed and I shall be especially grateful for suggestions +as to a more useful arrangement of the data. + +In arranging the families, genera and species the aim has been, in each +category, to list the most primitive members first and to list last the +one which presents the highest total of specialization. The term _total +of specialization_ is used here, as Miller (1924:2) used it, to denote +the sum of the physical modifications which any mammal, or taxonomic +category of mammals, is supposed by the author to have undergone during +the course of its development away from its original or generalized +mammalian stock. + +Subspecies of any one species are arranged alphabetically. On the maps, +of course, the subspecies are shown in their correct geographic +positions. + +For each subspecies, or species if it has not been divided into +subspecies, there is given (1) the accepted scientific name (selected +in accordance with the rules of the International Commission of +Zoological Nomenclature); (2) a citation to the account in which the +terminal part of the name was first proposed (the original description +of zoological parlance) followed by a statement of the type locality; +(3) a citation to the account in which the combination of names +(generic, specific and subspecific) used in the present account first +was employed unless the name combination used here is the same as that +in the original description; (4) synonyms arranged in chronological +order, and (5) marginal record stations of occurrence. + +These marginal records are arranged in clockwise order beginning with +the northernmost locality. If more than one of the marginal localities +lies on the line of latitude that is northernmost for a given kind of +mammal, the westernmost of these is recorded first. The marginal +localities that are represented by symbols on the corresponding +distribution map are in Roman type. Italic type is used for those +marginal localities that could not be represented by symbols on the map +because undue crowding, or overlapping, of the symbols would have +occurred. An understanding of how these localities are arranged and +knowledge as to which of these localities are shown on the map will +permit a person to associate any symbol on a map with its corresponding +place name. + +Measurements are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated. Capitalized +color terms are after Ridgway (Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, +Washington, D. C., 1912), and uncapitalized terms refer to no particular +color standard. Several of the drawings of skulls were reproduced +originally in the "Mammals of Nevada" (Hall, 1946) and I am grateful to +the University of California Press for permission to use them here. +Those drawings were made by Miss Viola Memmler. The other drawings are +the work of Mrs. Frieda Abernathy, Mrs. Diane (Danley) Sandidge, and +Mrs. Virginia (Cassel) Unruh. Initials on the drawings identify the +individual's work. The study here reported upon was aided by a contract +between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the +University of Kansas (NR 161-791). Also, assistance with some of the +field work was given by the Kansas University Endowment Association and +by Dr. Curt von Wedel. For the corrected dates on several publications I +am indebted to Dr. A. Remington Kellogg. For assistance with the +organization of the data for the present account I am grateful to +several persons, especially to my wife, Mary F. Hall, and to Dr. Keith +R. Kelson. + + + + +Order LAGOMORPHA--Hares, Rabbits and Pikas + + Families and genera revised by Lyon, Smithsonian Miscl. Coll., + 45:321-447, June 15, 1904. For taxonomic status of group see Gidley, + Science, n. s., 36:285-286, August 30, 1912. + +The order Lagomorpha is old in the geological sense; fossilized bones +and teeth of both pikas and rabbits are known from deposits of Oligocene +age and even at that early time the structural features distinguishing +these animals from other orders were well developed. + +A noteworthy character of the order is the presence of four upper +incisor teeth (instead of only two as in the Rodentia); also, the fibula +is ankylosed to the tibia and articulates with the calcaneum. Each of +the first upper incisors has a longitudinal groove on its anterior face. + +All lagomorphs are herbivorous. They eat principally leaves and +non-woody stems although the bark of sprouts and bushes is taken as +second choice by rabbits and hares. + +Correlation of structure and function is well illustrated among the +lagomorphs by the means which the different species employ to detect and +escape from their enemies. A gradient series is evident in which the +pikas and jack rabbits are the extremes. The black-tailed jack rabbit, +for example, in relation to size of the entire animal, has the longest +ears and longest hind legs. This kind of lagomorph takes alarm when an +enemy, for example, a coyote, is yet a long way off. The jack rabbit +seeks safety in running; even when being overtaken by a pursuer that is +close behind, the jack rabbit still relies on its running ability +instead of entering thick brush or a hole in the ground where its +larger-sized pursuer would be unable to follow. A cottontail has shorter +ears and shorter hind legs. It allows the enemy to approach more closely +than the jack rabbit does before running, and then, although relying in +some measure on its running ability for escape, flees to a burrow or +thicket for safety from its pursuer. The brush rabbit with ears and hind +legs shorter than those of the cottontail seldom if ever ventures +farther than 45 feet away from the edge of dense cover. After an enemy +is near, the brush rabbit has merely to scamper back into the brush. +Still shorter of ear and hind leg is the pigmy rabbit which ventures +outside its burrow to feed only among the tall and closely-spaced bushes +of sagebrush among which its burrow is dug. Detection of the slightest +movement of an enemy on the opposite side of the bush sends the pigmy +rabbit, in one or a few jumps, into the mouth of its burrow and, if +need be, below ground. The pika, with the shortest ears and legs of all, +lives in the rock slides and has to do little more than drop off the top +of a rock into a space between the broken rocks when an enemy is +detected near enough to the pika to have a chance of seizing it. + +The number of molts in a year, depending on the kind of lagomorph, +varies in adults from one (according to Nelson, 1909:31) in the +cottontails (genus _Sylvilagus_) to as many as three (according to +Lyman, 1943, and Severaid, 1945) in the varying hare (_Lepus +americanus_). Difficulties that I have experienced in attempting to +account for the variations in color and wear of the pelage of the pika, +_Ochotona princeps_, on the basis of two molts per year, make me wonder +if it, too, has three molts. _Lepus townsendii_ certainly has at least +two molts per year. + + +KEY TO FAMILIES AND GENERA OF LAGOMORPHA + + 1. Hind legs scarcely larger than forelegs; hind foot less than 40; + nasals widest anteriorly; no supraorbital process on frontal; five + cheek teeth on each side above + Family Ochotonidae, Genus _Ochotona_, p. 125 + + 1'. Hind legs notably larger than forelegs; hind foot more than 40; + nasals widest posteriorly; supraorbital process on frontal; six + cheek teeth on each side above + Family Leporidae, p. 134 + + 2. Interparietal fused with parietals (see fig. 49); hind foot + usually more than 105 + Genus _Lepus_, p. 170 + + 2'. Interparietal not fused with parietals (see fig. 10); hind foot + usually less than 105 + Genera _Romerolagus_ and _Sylvilagus_, pp. 137, 138 + + +Family OCHOTONIDAE--Pikas + +Certain characters in which this family differs from the Leporidae +(hares and rabbits) are: hind legs scarcely longer than forelegs; ears +short, approximately as wide as high; no postorbital process on frontal; +rostrum slender; nasals widest anteriorly; maxilla not conspicuously +fenestrated; jugal long and projecting far posteriorly to zygomatic arm +of squamosal; no pubic symphysis; one less cheek-tooth above, the dental +formula being i. 2/1, c. 0/0, p. 3/2, m. 2/3; second upper maxillary +tooth unlike third in form; last lower molar simple (not double) or +absent (in the extinct genus _Oreolagus_); cutting edge of first upper +incisor V-shaped; mental foramen situated under last lower molar. + + +Genus OCHOTONA Link--Pikas + +Revised by A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:1-57, August 21, 1924. + + 1795. _Ochotona_ Link, Beytr[:a]ge zur Naturgesch, I (pt. 2):74. Type, + _Lepus ogotona_ Pallas. + +_Characters_.--Five teeth (excluding incisor) in lower jaw; first +cheek-tooth (p3) with more than one re-entrant angle; columns of lower +molars angular internally; transverse width of any one column of a +lower molariform tooth more than double the width of the neck connecting +it to the other column. + + +Subgenus PIKA Lac['e]p[e']de + + 1799. _Pika_ Lac['e]p[e']de, Tableau des Divisions &c., Mamm., p. 9. + Type, _Lepus alpinus_ Pallas. + + 1904. _Pika_, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:438, June 15. + +_Characters._--Skull flattened; interorbital region wide; maxillary +orifice roundly triangular; palatal foramina separate from anterior +palatine foramina. + +All of the living members of the family Ochotonidae belong to this +genus. American pikas all belong to the subgenus _Pika_, which occurs +also in Eurasia. + +The distribution is boreal and the animals live in talus. This broken +rock at the foot of a cliff provides interstices in which the animals +live and store grass and herbs. These plant materials are cut for food +and stacked in piles to dry in the sun, often beneath slabs of rock +which protect the hay-piles from rain. Pikas are diurnal, active +throughout the year, and have a characteristic call, "chickck-chickck." +Young number two to five per litter. + +[Illustration: FIGS. 1-4. _Ochotona princeps tutelata_, Greenmonster +Canyon, 8150 feet, No. 38519 MVZ, [MALE], x 1.] + + +KEY TO NOMINAL SPECIES OF OCHOTONA + + 1. North of 58[deg] N latitude; underparts creamy white, without buffy + wash; an indistinct grayish "collar" on shoulders + _collaris_, p. 126 + + 1'. South of 58[deg] N latitude; underparts washed with buff; no grayish + "collar" on shoulders + _princeps_, p. 127 + + +=Ochotona collaris= (Nelson) + +Collared Pika + + 1893. _Lagomys collaris_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 8:117, + December 21, type from near head of Tanana River, Alaska. + + 1897. [_Ochotona_] _collaris_, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., + p. 648 + + _Marginal records._--Alaska: Mt. McKinley (A. H. Howell, 1924:36). + Yukon: head of Coal Creek, Ogilvie Mountains (_ibid._). Mackenzie: + mile 63E on Little Keel River, Canol Road (Anderson, 1947:94). + Yukon: _Macmillan Pass, mile 282, Canol Road_ (_ibid._); Ross River, + mile 96, Canol Road (_ibid._); vic. Teslin Lake (A. H. Howell, + 1924:36). British Columbia: Tagish Lake (_ibid._); Stonehouse Creek, + 5-1/2 mi. W jct. Stonehouse Creek and Kelsall River (29088 KU). Alaska: + Tanana River (A. H. Howell, 1924:36). + + Upper parts Drab to Light Drab; underparts creamy white; grayish + patch on nape and shoulders; skull broad; tympanic bullae large; + total length 189; hind foot, 30. + + +=Ochotona princeps= + +Pika + +Total length, 162-216; hind foot, 25-35; weight of _O. p. tulelata_, 6 +[MALE] 121 (108-128), 2 [FEMALE] 121 and 129 grams. Upper parts varying +from grayish to Cinnamon-Buff depending on the subspecies; underparts +with wash of buff. Eight Nevadan females had an average of 3.1 (2-4) +embryos. The mode was 3. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS ALBATA Grinnell. + + 1912. _Ochotona albatus_ Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., + 10:125, January 31, type from 11,000 ft., near Cottonwood Lakes, + Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. + + _Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1924:45).--California: Bullfrog + Lake; 10,000 ft., Independence Creek; type locality; Mineral King, + E. Fork Kaweah River. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS BROOKSI A. H. Howell. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps brooksi_ A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:30, August 21, type from Sicamous, British Columbia. + + _Marginal records_.--British Columbia: Mountains E Shuswap Lake + (Anderson, 1947:95); type locality; McGillivary Creek, Lillooet + Dist. (A. H. Howell, 1924:31). + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS BRUNNESCENS A. H. Howell. + + 1919. _Ochotona fenisex brunnescens_ A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 32:108, May 20, type from Keechelus, Kittitas County, + Washington. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps brunnescens_ A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:31, September 23. + + _Marginal records_.--British Columbia: Alta Lake (Anderson, + 1947:95); Hope, Lake House (A. H. Howell, 1924:33). Washington: + _Whatcom Pass_ (Dalquest, 1948:380); Stevens Pass (A. H. Howell, + 1924:33); _Cowlitz Pass_ (Dalquest, 1948:380). Oregon: Mt. Hood (A. + H. Howell, 1924:33); Crater Lake (_ibid._); Mt. McLoughlin (V. + Bailey, 1936:116); Diamond Lake (A. H. Howell, 1924:33). Washington: + Tumtum Mtn. (Dalquest, 1948:380); Mt. Index (A. H. Howell, 1924:33). + British Columbia: Chilliwack (ibid.); Vancouver (_ibid._). + +[Illustration: FIG. 5. Distribution of _Ochotona collaris_ and _Ochotona +princeps_. + + 1. _O. collaris_ + 2. _O. p. princeps_ + 3. _O. p. lutescens_ + 4. _O. p. septentrionalis_ + 5. _O. p. brooksi_ + 6. _O. p. cuppes_ + 7. _O. p. brunnescens_ + 8. _O. p. fenisex_ + 9. _O. p. fumosa_ + 10. _O. p. jewetti_ + 11. _O. p. taylori_ + 12. _O. p. schisticeps_ + 13. _O. p. muiri_ + 14. _O. p. albatus_ + 15. _O. p. sheltoni_ + 16. _O. p. tutelata_ + 17. _O. p. nevadensis_ + 18. _O. p. uinta_ + 19. _O. p. moorei_ + 20. _O. p. cinnamomea_ + 21. _O. p. fuscipes_ + 22. _O. p. utahensis_ + 23. _O. p. howelli_ + 24. _O. p. lemhi_ + 25. _O. p. goldmani_ + 26. _O. p. clamosa_ + 27. _O. p. ventorum_ + 28. _O. p. levis_ + 29. _O. p. figginsi_ + 30. _O. p. saxatilis_ + 31. _O. p. nigrescens_ + 32. _O. p. incana_ ] + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS CINNAMOMEA J. A. Allen. + + 1905. _Ochotona cinnamomea_ J. A. Allen, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts + and Sci., Sci. Bull., 1:121, March 31, type from 11,000 ft., + Briggs [=Britts] Meadows, Beaver Range, Beaver County, Utah (5 mi. + by road W Puffer Lake, according to Hardy, Jour. Mamm., 26:432, + February 12, 1946). Known from type locality only. + + 1934. _Ochotona princeps cinnamomea_, Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 47:103, June 13. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS CLAMOSA Hall and Bowlus. + + 1938. _Ochotona princeps clamosa_ Hall and Bowlus, Univ. California + Publ. Zool., 42:335, October 12, type from 8400 ft., north rim + Copenhagen Basin, Bear Lake County, Idaho. + + _Marginal records._--Idaho: type locality; _Deep Lake, Bear River + Mts._ (Hall and Bowlus, 1938:336) _2 mi. E Strawberry Creek Ranger + Station, Wasatch Mts._ (Davis, 1939:352). + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS CUPPES Bangs. + + 1899. _Ochotona cuppes_ Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:40, + June 5, type from 4000 ft., Monashee Divide, Gold Range, British + Columbia. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps cuppes_, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:27, September 23. + + _Marginal records._--British Columbia: Glacier (A. H. Howell, + 1924:28); Nelson (Anderson, 1947:95). Idaho: Cabinet Mts. (Davis, + 1939:348). Washington: Sullivan Lake (A. H. Howell, 1924:28). + British Columbia: Rossland (_ibid._); type locality. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS FENISEX Osgood. + + 1913. _Ochotona fenisex_ Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26:80, + March 22 (substitute for _minimus_ Lord, type from 7000 ft., + Ptarmigan Hill, near head of Ashnola River, Cascade Range, British + Columbia). + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps fenisex_, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:28, September 23. + + 1863. _Lagomys minimus_ Lord, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 98. (Not + of Schinz, 1821.) + + 1899. _Ochotona minimus_, Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:39, + June 5. + + _Marginal records._--British Columbia: Okanagan (A. H. Howell, + 1924:30). Washington: Horseshoe Basin, "near" Mt. Chopaka (_ibid._); + mts. near Wenatchee (_ibid._); Steamboat Mtn. (Dalquest, 1948:380); + Easton (_ibid._); Lyman Lake (_ibid._); Barron (A. H. Howell, + 1924:30). British Columbia: Tulameen (_ibid._); 2500 ft., mts. W + Okanagan Lake (_ibid._). + +_Ochotona princeps figginsi_ J. A. Allen. + + 1912. _Ochotona figginsi_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 31:103, May 28, type from Pagoda Peak, Rio Blanco County, + Colorado. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps figginsi_, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:21, September 23. + + _Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1924:22).--Wyoming: Bridger Peak, + Sierra Madre. Colorado: Mt. Zirkel; Trappers Lake; _Crested Butte_; + Irwin; type locality; Sand Mtn., 9 mi. SW Hahns Peak P. O. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS FUMOSA A. H. Howell. + + 1919. _Ochotona fenisex fumosa_ A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 32:109, May 20, type from Permilia Lake, W base Mt. + Jefferson, Linn County, Oregon. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps fumosa_ A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:33, September 23. + + _Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1924:34).--Oregon: About 900 ft., + 15 mi. above Estacada; Paulina Lake; _Three Sisters_; Lost Creek + Ranger Station, 10 mi. SE McKenzie Bridge. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS FUSCIPES A. H. Howell. + + 1919. _Ochotona schisticeps fuscipes_ A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 32:110, May 20, type from Brian Head, Parowan Mts., + Iron County, Utah. + + 1941. _O[chotona]. p[rinceps]. fuscipes_, Hall and Hayward, The + Great Basin Naturalist, 2:108, July 20. + + _Marginal records._--Utah: type locality; 9000 ft., Duck Creek + (Durrant, MS). + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS GOLDMANI A. H. Howell. + + 1924. _Ochotona schisticeps goldmani_ A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:40, September 23, type from Echo Crater, Snake River Desert, 20 + mi. SW Arco, Idaho. + + 1938. _Ochotona princeps goldmani_, Hall and Bowlus, Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 42:337, October 12. + + _Marginal records._--Idaho: _S base Grassy Cone_ (Davis, 1939:350); + type locality; _Fissure Crater_ (A. H. Howell, 1924:41); _Great Owl + Cavern_ (Davis, 1939:350). + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS HOWELLI Borell. + + 1931. _Ochotona princeps howelli_ Borell, Jour. Mamm., 12:306, + August 24, type from 7500 ft., near head of Bear Creek, summit of + Smith Mtn., S end Seven Devils Mts., Adams County, Idaho. + + _Marginal records._--Idaho: _1/2 mi. E Black Lake_ (Davis, 1939:350); + type locality. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS INCANA A. H. Howell. + + 1919. _Ochotona saxatilis incana_ A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 32:107, May 20, type from 12,000 ft., Pecos Baldy, + Santa Fe County, New Mexico. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps incana_ A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:25, September 23. + + _Marginal records._--Colorado: Medano Creek (A. H. Howell, 1924:25). + New Mexico: Wheeler Peak (V. Bailey, 1932:64); type locality. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS JEWETTI A. H. Howell. + + 1919. _Ochotona schisticeps jewetti_ A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 32:109, May 20, type from head of Pine Creek, near + Cornucopia, S slope Wallowa Mts., Baker County, Oregon. + + _Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1924:42).--Oregon: Wallowa Lake; + Cornucopia, near head East Pine Creek; _Anthony_; Strawberry Butte; + Austin. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS LEMHI A. H. Howell. + + 1919. _Ochotona uinta lemhi_ A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 32:106, May 20, type from Lemhi Mountains, 10 mi. W + Junction, Lemhi County, Idaho. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps lemhi_ A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 47:16, + September 23. + + _Marginal records._--Idaho: Elk Summit, about 15 mi. SE Warren (A. + H. Howell, 1924:18); mts. E of Leadore (_ibid._); mts. E of Birch + Creek (_ibid._); Ketchum (_ibid._); _Stanley Lake_ (_ibid._); 5 mi. + W Cape Horn (Davis, 1939:348). + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS LEVIS Hollister. + + 1912. _Ochotona levis_ Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 25:57, April 13, type from Chief Mountain [= Waterton] Lake, + Alberta. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps levis_, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:16, September 23. + + _Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1924:16).--Alberta: type locality. + Montana: Little Belt Mts.; Belt Mts.; Chief Mountain Lake. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS LUTESCENS A. H. Howell. + + 1919. _Ochotona princeps lutescens_ A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 32:105, May 20, type from approximately 8000 ft., + Mount Inglismaldie, near Banff, Alberta. + + _Marginal records._--Alberta: Mistaya Creek, Banff-Jasper Highway + (Anderson, 1947:96); Canmore (A. H. Howell, 1924:15); Mt. + Forget-me-not, 50 to 75 mi. SW Calgary (_ibid._). + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS MOOREI Gardner. + + 1950. _Ochotona princeps moorei_ Gardner, Jour. Washington Acad. + Sci., 40:344, October 23, 1950, type from 10,000 ft., 1 mi. NE + Baldy Ranger Station, Manti Nat'l Forest, Sanpete County, Utah. + Known from type locality only. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS MUIRI Grinnell and Storer. + + 1916. _Ochotona schisticeps muiri_ Grinnell and Storer, Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 17:6, August 23, type from 9300 ft., Ten + Lakes, Yosemite Nat'l Park, California. + + 1934. _Ochotona princeps muiri_, Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 47:103, June 13. + + _Marginal records._--Nevada (Hall, 1946:593): 8500 ft., 3 mi. S Mt. + Rose, California (A. H. Howell, 1924:44): Markleeville; mts. W + Bishop Creek; Washburn Lake; Latitude 39[deg], summit of Sierra. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS NEVADENSIS A. H. Howell. + + 1919. _Ochotona uinta nevadensis_ A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 32:107, May 20, type from 10,500 ft., Ruby Mts., SW + Ruby Valley P. O., Elko County, Nevada. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps nevadensis_ A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:21, September 23. + + _Marginal records._--Nevada: 7830 ft., Long Creek (Hall, 1946:590); + type locality. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS NIGRESCENS V. Bailey. + + 1913. _Ochotona nigrescens_ V. Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 26:133, May 21, type from 10,000 ft., Jemez Mountains, Bernalillo + County, New Mexico. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps nigrescens_, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:26, September 23. + + _Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1924:26).--Colorado: Upper Navajo + River; Osier. New Mexico: type locality. Colorado: Navajo Peaks. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS PRINCEPS (Richardson). + + 1828. _Lepus_ (_Lagomys_) _princeps_ Richardson, Zool. Jour., 3:520, + type from headwaters of Athabaska River, near Athabaska Pass, + Alberta. + + 1897. [_Ochotona_] _princeps_, Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium, p. + 648. + + _Marginal records._--British Columbia: headwaters South Pine River + (Anderson, 1947:95). Alberta: Muskeg Creek "about" 60 mi. N Jasper + House (_ibid._). British Columbia: Morrissey (_ibid._). Montana: + mts. near St. Marys Lake (A. H. Howell, 1924:14); mts. 15 mi. E + Corvallis (_ibid._); Lake Como, Bitterroot Mts. (_ibid._). Idaho: + Coeur d' Alene Nat'l Forest (Rust, 1946:322). British Columbia: Mt. + Evans, "near" Cranbrook (A. H. Howell, 1924:14); Spillamacheen River + (_ibid._) + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS SAXATILIS Bangs. + + 1899. _Ochotona saxatilis_ Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, + 1:41, June 5, type from Montgomery, "near" Mt. Lincoln, Park + County, Colorado. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps saxatilis_, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:23, September 23. + + _Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1924:24, except as otherwise + noted).--Wyoming: Medicine Bow Mts.; just above Centennial in mts. + (Martin, 1943:394). Colorado: Estes Park; Pikes Peak; Silverton. + Utah: La Sal Mts. Colorado: Crystal Lake, 5 mi. W Lake City; Middle + Brush Creek; Ten Mile Creek; Berthoud Pass; _Irwin Lakes_ (A. H. + Howell, _loc. cit._) not found. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS SCHISTICEPS (Merriam). + + 1889. _Lagomys schisticeps_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 2:11, October + 30, type from Donner, Placer County, California. + + 1936. _Ochotona princeps schisticeps_, A. H. Miller, Jour. Mamm., + 17:174, May 18. + + 1897. _Ochotona schisticeps_ Merriam, Mazama, 1:223, October. + + _Marginal records._--Nevada (Hall, 1946:590): 12 mi. E and 3 mi. N + Ft. Bidwell, 5700 ft.; 8400-8600 ft., Duffer Peak, Pine Forest Mts. + California (A. H. Howell, 1924:39): Tahoe; _Donner Pass_; 12 mi. NE + Prattville; Lassen Peak; Mt. Shasta. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS SEPTENTRIONALIS Cowan and Racey. + + 1947. _Ochotona princeps septentrionalis_ Cowan and Racey, Canadian + Field-Nat., 60:102, March 17, type from 6500 ft., Itcha Mountains, + 52[deg] 45' N lat., 125[deg] W long., British Columbia. Known from + type locality only. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS SHELTONI Grinnell. + + 1918. _Ochotona schisticeps sheltoni_ Grinnell, Univ. California + Publ. Zool., 17:429, April 25, type from 11,000 ft., "near" Big + Prospector Meadow, White Mountains, Mono County, California. + + 1946. _Ochotona princeps sheltoni_, Hall, Mammals of Nevada, p. 593, + July 1. + + _Marginal records._--Nevada: 8700 ft., Pinchot Creek (Hall, + 1946:593). California: type locality. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS TAYLORI Grinnell. + + 1912. _Ochotona taylori_ Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 25:129, July 31, type from 9000 ft., Warren Peak, Warner Mts., + Modoc Co., Calif. + + _Marginal records_ (V. Bailey, 1936:113, unless otherwise + noted).--Oregon: N end of Steens Mts.; Guano Valley; Jack Lake, 20 + mi. NE Adel; Adel. California (A. H. Howell, 1924:40): type + locality; 5400 ft., "near" Termo, Madeline Plains; nr. head Little + Shasta Riv. Oregon: Lower Klamath Lake. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS TUTELATA Hall. + + 1934. _Ochotona princeps tutelata_ Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 47:103, June 13, type from 8150 ft., Greenmonster + Canyon, Monitor Mts., Nye County, Nevada. + + _Marginal records_ (Hall, 1946:591).--Nevada: 7500 ft., Smiths + Creek, Desatoya Mts.; 8600 ft., type locality; 8700-11,000 ft., SW + and W slopes Mt. Jefferson, Toquima Range; South Twin River; _Arc + Dome_. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS UINTA Hollister. + + 1912. _Ochotona uinta_ Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 25:58, April 13, type from "near" head E. Fork Bear River, Uinta + Mts., Utah. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps uinta_, A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:19, September 23. + + _Marginal records._--Utah: type locality; Elk Park (Hall and Bowlus, + 1938:337); _11,000 to 11,500 ft., The Nipple_ (_ibid._); 10,500 ft., + SW slope Bald Mtn. (_op. cit._:336); Mt. Timpanogos (_op. + cit._:337); 8500 ft., Morehouse Canyon, 5 mi. above Weber River + (_op. cit._:337); _Spirit Lake_ (_op. cit._:336) not found. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS UTAHENSIS Hall and Hayward. + + 1941. _Ochotona princeps utahensis_ Hall and Hayward, Great Basin + Nat., 2:107, July 20, type from 2 mi. W Deer Lake, Garfield + County, Utah. + + _Marginal records._--Utah: 9000 ft., Donkey Lake, Boulder Mtn. + (Durrant, MS); type locality. + +OCHOTONA PRINCEPS VENTORUM A. H. Howell. + + 1919. _Ochotona uinta ventorum_ A. H. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 32:106, May 20, type from Fremont Peak, Wind River + Mts., Fremont County, Wyoming. + + 1924. _Ochotona princeps ventorum_ A. H. Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, + 47:18, September 23. + + _Marginal records._--Montana: Emigrant Peak (A. H. Howell, 1924:19); + Beartooth Mts. (_ibid._). Wyoming: 9600 ft., 19-1/2 mi. E and 4-1/2 + mi. S Shell (20882 KU); head of Trappers Creek (A. H. Howell, + 1924:19); Medicine Wheel Ranch, 28 mi. E Lovell (32919 KU); Needle + Mtn. (A. H. Howell, 1924:19); Lake Fork (_ibid._); 8450 ft., 17-1/2 + mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. W Lander (37994 KU); Middle Piney Lake, "near" + Stanley (A. H. Howell, 1924:19); Salt River, 16 mi. S Afton (Hall and + Bowlus, 1938:337); Teton Pass (A. H. Howell, 1924:19). Idaho: Teton + Canyon (Davis, 1939:349). + + +Family LEPORIDAE--Rabbits and Hares + +Hind legs longer than forelegs; ears longer than wide; frontal bone +carrying supraorbital process consisting always of posterior arm and +sometimes of anterior arm; rostrum wide; nasals not wider anteriorly +than posteriorly; maxillae conspicuously fenestrated; jugal projecting +less than half way from zygomatic root of squamosal to external auditory +meatus (except in _Romerolagus_); pubic symphysis well marked; dental +formula, i. 2/1, c. 0/0, p. 3/2, m. 3/3 (but m. 2/3 in _Pentalagus_ of +Liu Kiu Islands south of Japan); second upper maxillary tooth like third +in form; last lower molar double; cutting edge of first upper incisor +straight; mental foramen of mandible situated under first lower +cheek-tooth. Females average larger than males in all members of this +family. (See Orr, 1940:20.) The reverse is true in most other families +of mammals. + +Hare is a name applied to any lagomorph whose young are born fully +haired, with the eyes open, and able to run about a few minutes after +birth. The young are born in the open, not in a nest. All of the species +of the genus _Lepus_ are hares. The species of leporids of all genera +other than _Lepus_, in North America at least, are rabbits. Their young +are born naked, blind, and helpless, in a nest especially built for them +and lined with fur. Considering the degree of development of the young +at birth, the gestation periods are about what a person would expect: 26 +to 30 days in _Sylvilagus_ and 36 to 47 days in _Lepus_ (see Severaid, +1950:356-357). Vernacular names are misleading because the names jack +rabbit and snowshoe rabbit are applied to hares; also, Belgian hare is a +name applied to a rabbit (genus _Oryctolagus_) that is commonly bred in +captivity. There are many domestic strains and varieties of +_Oryctolagus_ and the animals are second only to poultry in some areas +as a protein food for man. Also, the pelts are sold as a source of felt +and many of the skins are dyed and processed for making fur coats and +other fur-pieces that appear on the market under names not readily +associated with rabbit. + +Rabbits and hares are crepuscular and possibly more nocturnal than +diurnal. So far as I know they do not store food as do their diurnal +relatives, the pikas. Some leporids, however, have an unusual, and +possibly unique, method of processing food: Two types of vegetable +pellets are expelled from the anal opening of the digestive tract; the +dark brownish pellets, from which the nutriments have been extracted, +are feces, but the greenish pellets seem to be only slightly predigested +foods which are re-eaten. Southern (1942:553), among others, has written +about this. This system functionally resembles that in the ruminants +where a cud of vegetation is returned to the mouth, from one part of the +stomach, to be re-chewed and finally swallowed. + +Because the causative organism of a disease that decimates dense +populations of small mammals, and some other kinds of vertebrates, was +isolated first in leporids, this disease, tularemia, is more associated +in the popular mind with rabbits than with other kinds of mammals. +Actually, many kinds of mammals are quite as likely to have tularemia as +are rabbits. Now that streptomycin is available, cases of tularemia in +persons are easily cured. + + +KEY TO SPECIES OF THE GENERA SYLVILAGUS AND ROMEROLAGUS + + 1. Antorbital extension of supraorbital process more than 1/2 length of + posterior extension; first upper cheek-tooth with only one + re-entrant angle on anterior face; re-entrant angle of second upper + cheek-tooth not crenate + _Sylvilagus idahoensis_, p. 139 + + 1'. Antorbital extension of supraorbital process less than 1/2 of + posterior extension or entirely absent; first upper cheek-tooth with + more than one (usually 3) re-entrant angles on anterior face; + re-entrant angle of second upper cheek-tooth crenate. + + 2. Anterior extension of supraorbital process absent (or if a point is + barely indicated, then 5/6 or all of posterior process fused to + braincase). + + 3. Tympanic bulla smaller than foramen magnum; hind foot more than + 74; geographic range wholly in United States. + + 4. Ear more than 58 from notch in dried skin; basilar length of + skull more than 63 + _Sylvilagus aquaticus_, p. 166 + + 4'. Ear less than 58 from notch in dried skin; basilar length of + skull less than 63. + + 5. Underside of tail white; posterior extension of supraorbital + process tapering to a slender point, this point free of + braincase or barely touching it and leaving a slit or long + foramen + _Sylvilagus transitionalis_, p. 160 + + 5'. Underside of tail brown or gray; posterior extension of + supraorbital process always fused to skull, usually for + entire length but in occasional specimens there is small + foramen at middle of posterior extension of supraorbital + process + _Sylvilagus palustris_, p. 147 + + 3'. Tympanic bulla as large as foramen magnum; hind foot less than + 74; geographic range limited to southern edge of Mexican + tableland at high elevations + _Romerolagus diazi_, p. 138 + + 2'. Anterior extension of supraorbital process present, and posterior + extension free of braincase or leaving a slit between the process + and braincase. + + 6. Tympanic bullae large (see fig. 26). + _Sylvilagus audubonii_, p. 162 + + 6'. Tympanic bullae small (see figs. 23, 25 and 27). + + 7. Restricted to Pacific coastal strip from Columbia River + south to tip of Baja California, west of Sierra + Nevada-Cascade Mountain Chain; hind foot less than 81. + _Sylvilagus bachmani_ and _S. mansuetus_, pp. 143, 147 + + 7'. East of the Pacific coastal strip mentioned in 7; hind + foot usually more than 81. + + 8. If north of United States-Mexican boundary: + + 9. In Arizona, New Mexico and southern Colorado + posterior extension of supraorbital process free of + braincase, and supraoccipital shield posteriorly + pointed; from central Colorado north into Canada + diameter of external auditory meatus more than crown + length of last three cheek-teeth + _Sylvilagus nuttallii_, p. 161 + + 9'. In Arizona, New Mexico and southeastern Colorado + posterior extension of supraorbital process of + frontal with its tip against, or fused to, + braincase, and supraoccipital shield posteriorly + truncate or notched; from central Colorado north + into Canada, diameter of external auditory meatus + less than crown length of last three cheek-teeth + _Sylvilagus floridanus_, p. 154 + + 8'. If south of United States-Mexican boundary: + + 10. Geographic range restricted to Tres Marias Islands + _Sylvilagus graysoni_, p. 169 + + 10'. Geographic range not including Tres Marias + Islands. + + 11. Underside of tail dingy gray or buffy (not + white). + + 12. Tail short (less than 30) and brown like rump; + ear from notch (dry) less than 53; + interorbital breadth less than 16. + _Sylvilagus brasiliensis_, p. 141 + + 12'. Tail of moderate length (more than 30) and + dingy gray; ear from notch (dry) more than + 53; interorbital breadth more than 16 + _Sylvilagus insonus_, p. 168 + + 11'. Underside of tail distinctly white. + + 13. Total length more than 476; ear from notch + (dry) more than 64; interorbital breadth + usually more than 19.3; geographic range, + southwestern Mexico north of the Isthmus of + Tehuantepec. + _Sylvilagus cunicularius_, p. 169 + + 13'. Total length less than 476; ear from notch + (dry) less than 64; interorbital breadth + usually less than 19.3; geographic range, + Canada to Panam['a] + _Sylvilagus floridanus_, p. 154 + + +Genus ROMEROLAGUS Merriam--Volcano Rabbit + + 1896. _Romerolagus_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10:173, + December 29. Type, _Romerolagus nelsoni_ Merriam = _Lepus diazi_ + Diaz. + +Total length 300 to 311; tail rudimentary; hind foot, 52; ear from notch +(dry), 36; upper parts grizzled buffy brown or dull cinnamon brown; +underparts dingy gray; anterior projection of supraorbital process +absent; jugal projecting posteriorly past squamosal root of zygomatic +arch more than half way to external auditory meatus. The two cranial +characters mentioned are resemblances to pikas although the skull +otherwise resembles that of the true rabbits. The genus contains only +the one living species. + +Living in well defined runways in the dense sacoton grass, these small +rabbits are mainly nocturnal and crepuscular, but sometimes are active +by day, especially in cloudy weather in the period of mating. + +[Illustration: FIG. 6. Distribution of _Romerolagus diazi_.] + + +=Romerolagus diazi= (Diaz) + +Volcano Rabbit + + 1893. _Lepus diazi_ Diaz, Catal. Com. Geogr['a]f.-Expl. Repub. Mex. + Expos. Internac. Columb. Chicago, pl. 42, March, 1893, type from + eastern slope of Mount Ixtaccihuatl, Puebla. + + 1911. _Romerolagus diazi_ Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 24:228, October 31, 1911. + + 1896. _Romerolagus nelsoni_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 10:173, December 29, 1896, type from west slope Mount + Popocatepetl, 11,000 feet, M['e]xico. + +_Range._--Canadian Life-zone of the mountains bounding the eastern, +southern and western sides of the Valley of Mexico. _Marginal +records._--M['e]xico: Monte R['i]o Fr['i]o, 45 km. ESE Mexico City (Davis, +1944:401). Puebla: type locality. M['e]xico: Mt. Popocatepetl (Nelson, +1909:280). Distrito Federal: 31 km. S Mexico City (30815 KU). M['e]xico: +Llano Grande, 3 km. W Tlalmanalco (28278 KU). + + +Genus SYLVILAGUS Gray--Cottontails and Allies + +Revised by Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:58-158, August 31, 1909. + + 1867. _Sylvilagus_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 20 (ser. 3):221. + Type, _Lepus sylvaticus_ Bachman, _Lepus nuttalli mallurus_ + Thomas. + +Total length, 291-538; tail, 18-73; hind foot, 71-110; ear from notch +(dry) 41-74. Grayish to dark brownish above and lighter below; sutures +of interparietal bone distinct throughout life; second to fourth +cervical vertebrae broader than long with dorsal surface flattened and +without carination. + +The delectable flesh of members of this genus, the large numbers that +occur on a small area, even in thickly settled rural areas, and the +wariness that rabbits soon develop when much hunted, give them top +ranking among small game mammals. Tens of thousands of cottontails in +Kansas and Missouri (_Sylvilagus floridanus_ and some _S. audubonii_) +are captured alive, transported to the eastern United States and +released there to bolster the local supply of game. Considering that +certain ectoparasites are limited to certain hosts and that some +ectoparasites transmit such diseases as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever +whereas other ectoparasites do not, this transplantation of rabbits is +dangerous. Also, expenditure of $100.00 on improving the habitat for +_Sylvilagus_ in a given area in the eastern United States would produce +more cottontails than the expenditure of the same sum for live animals, +from the Middlewest, that are to be released (see Langenbach and Beule, +1942:14, 15 and 30). + +Different species venture different distances from cover to feed. The +Audubon cottontail of west-central California ventures a hundred feet +and more from cover but the brush rabbit was never seen (Orr, 1940:182) +farther than 42 feet from cover. In the thirties, when a gladiolus +farmer from the chaparral belt of Santa Clara County, California, +visited the University of California seeking advice on how to prevent +damage by "cottontails" to his gladioli plantings, we asked the farmer +if brush rabbits or cottontails were responsible and suggested to the +farmer, who was unable to distinguish between the two, that an animal be +killed and submitted for identification. When this was done, the brush +rabbit (_Sylvilagus bachmani_) was found to be responsible for the +damage. Robert T. Orr's recommendation that the chaparral (brush) be cut +back 45 feet from the gladioli plantings was reluctantly followed and +proved to be effective. A letter from a Santa Clara County agricultural +official a couple of years later expressed thanks for the recommendation +made by Orr, and estimated that adoption of his recommendations saved +farmers of that one county $40,000 annually. This incident illustrates +how detailed knowledge of the life history of a given kind of animal and +control of its environment, rather than direct "control" of the animal, +is sometimes of value to man. + +The genus _Sylvilagus_ is restricted to the New World; the two species +_Sylvilagus brasiliensis_ and _S. floridanus_ are the only two which +occur in South America and they occur also in North America. + + +Subgenus BRACHYLAGUS Miller--Pigmy Rabbit + + 1900. _Brachylagus_ Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13:157, + June 13. Type, _Lepus idahoensis_ Merriam. For characters see + subgenus _Sylvilagus_. + + +Sylvilagus idahoensis (Merriam) + +Pigmy Rabbit + + 1891. _Lepus idahoensis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:76, July 30, + type from head of Pahsimeroi Valley, near Goldburg, Custer County, + Idaho (Davis, Recent Mammals of Idaho, p. 363, April 9, 1939). + + 1930. _Sylvilagus idahoensis_, Grinnell, Dixon and Linsdale, Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 35:553, October 10. + + _Marginal records._--In southeastern Washington: Ritzville (Taylor + and Shaw, 1929:29); Lind (243344 USBS); Warden (Taylor and Shaw, + 1929:29). In remainder of range: Montana: Bannack (Davis, 1937:27). + Idaho: Trail Creek near Pocatello (Davis, 1939:366). Utah: 3 mi. NE + Clarkson (Durrant, MS); W side Utah Lake (_ibid._); 20 mi. W Parowan + (_ibid._); 10 mi. SW Cedar City (_ibid._). Nevada: 8-1/2 mi. NE Sharp + (Hall, 1946:618); Fallon (Schantz, 1947:187). California: Bodie + (Severaid, 1950:2); 5000 ft., 3 mi. S Ravendale (Orr, 1940:194). + Oregon: Silver Lake (Bailey, 1936:110, fig. 17, 206518 USBS); + Fremont (_ibid._, 205005 USBS); Redmond (_ibid._, 242302 USBS); 10 + mi. N Baker (Dice, 1926:27). Idaho: type locality; Junction (Davis, + 1939:366). + + Total length, 250-290; tail, 20-30; hind foot, 65-72; ear from notch + (dry), 36-48; weight, 6 [MALE] 409(375-435), 9 [FEMALE] 398(246-458) + grams. Upper parts pinkish to blackish or dark grayish depending on + amount of wear. The pigmy rabbit lives in burrows, mostly dug by + itself, preferably where tall sagebrush grows densely. This species + feeds extensively on sagebrush, at least in winter. Six young seem + to be the rule and they are born any time from late in May until + early in August. + +[Illustration: FIG. 7. Distribution of _Sylvilagus idahoensis_.] + + +Subgenus SYLVILAGUS Gray--Cottontails and Allies + + 1867. _Sylvilagus_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 20 (ser. 3):221. + Type, _Lepus sylvaticus_ Bachman [= _Lepus nuttalli mallurus_ + Thomas]. + + 1867. _Tapeti_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 20 (ser. 3):224, + September. Type _Lepus brasiliensis_ Linnaeus. + + 1897. _Microlagus_ Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium ..., p. 660. + Type, _Lepus cinerascens_ J. A. Allen. + + 1897. _Limnolagus_ Mearns, Science, n. s., 5:393, March 5. Type + _Lepus aquaticus_ Bachman. + + 1950. _Paludilagus_ Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 100:333, May + 26. Type _Lepus palustris_ Bachman. + +Characters of subgeneric worth, in contrast to those of the subgenus +_Brachylagus_, are: First premolar, in upper jaw and in lower jaw, with +more than one fold in the enamel; infolded enamel, which divides each +molar tooth into two parts, crenate. + +The many nominal species of the subgenus _Sylvilagus_ belong to no more +than 12 and perhaps to only ten full species. The now more abundant +specimens than were available a half century ago reveal also that there +are less trenchant differences between some of the species than were +supposed to exist when the five names for genera or subgenera listed +immediately above were proposed. Some species can be placed in each of +two subgenera with almost equal propriety. If used, four of the five +subgeneric names mentioned above would contain only one species each. It +seems that no useful purpose is served by attempting to fit the several +species of the genus _Sylvilagus_ into more than the two subgenera +_Brachylagus_ and _Sylvilagus_; the other names, _Tapeti_ Gray, +_Microlagus_ Trouessart, _Limnolagus_ Mearns, and _Paludilagus_ +Hershkovitz, are here arranged as synonyms of the subgeneric name +_Sylvilagus_ Gray. + + +Sylvilagus brasiliensis + +Forest Rabbit + +Total length, 380-420; tail, 20-21; hind foot, 77-80; ear from notch +(dry), 39-46. The principal characters of this species are small size, +dark color, short tail, and dingy buffy (not white) undersurface of the +tail. These rabbits rest in forests or other thick vegetative cover and +do not venture far from such cover to feed. + +SYLVILAGUS BRASILIENSIS CONSOBRINUS Anthony. + + 1917. _Sylvilagus gabbi consobrinus_ Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 37:335, May 28, type from Old Panam['a], Panam['a]. Known from + type locality only. + + 1950. _Sylvilagus brasiliensis consobrinus_, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. + S. Nat. Mus., 100:353, May 26. + +SYLVILAGUS BRASILIENSIS DICEI Harris. + + 1932. _Sylvilagus dicei_ Harris, Occas. Papers Univ. Michigan, Mus. + Zool., 248:1, August 4, type from 6000 ft., El Copey de Dota, in + the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. + + 1950. _Sylvilagus brasiliensis dicei_, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. + Mus., 100:352, May 26. + + _Marginal records._--Costa Rica (Goodwin, 1946:359); Rancho de R['i]o + Jimenez; Juan Vi[~n]as; type locality; _San Jos['e]_. + +[Illustration: FIG. 8. Distribution of _Sylvilagus brasiliensis_. + + 1. _S. b. truei_ + 2. _S. b. gabbi_ + 3. _S. b. dicei_ + 4. _S. b. consobrinus_ + 5. _S. b. messorius_ + 6. _S. b. incitatus_ ] + +SYLVILAGUS BRASILIENSIS GABBI (J. A. Allen). + + 1877. _Lepus brasiliensis_ var. _gabbi_ J. A. Allen, Monogr. N. + Amer. Rodentia, p. 349, August, type locality Costa Rica and + Chiriqu['i]; restricted by Nelson (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:259, August 31, + 1909), by designation of type specimen, to Talamanca [= Sipurio, + R['i]o Sixaola, near Caribbean Coast], Costa Rica. + + 1950. _Sylvilagus brasiliensis gabbi_, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. + Mus., 100:351, May 26. + + 1908. _Lepus gabbi tumacus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 24:649, October 13, type from Tuma, Nicaragua. + + _Marginal records._--Honduras: San Pedro Sula (Nelson, 1909:261); + to Gulf Coast and southward along coast to Panam['a] Canal, + Panam['a]: Gatun (Goldman, 1920:146); Corozal (_ibid._); Gobernador + Island (_ibid._); Divala (_ibid._); _Chiriqu['i]_ (Goodwin, + 1946:358). Northward east of the range of _S. b. dicei_, thence + westward in Costa Rica: Vijaqual, San Carlos (Goodwin, 1946:358). + Nicaragua: Matagalpa (Allen, 1910:96); Ocotal (_ibid._). Honduras: + San Jos['e], Santa Barbara (Goodwin, 1942:151). + +SYLVILAGUS BRASILIENSIS INCITATUS (Bangs). + + 1901. _Lepus_ (_Tapeti_) _incitatus_ Bangs, Amer. Nat., 35:633, + August, type from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panam['a]. Known from + type locality only. + + 1950. _Sylvilagus brasiliensis incitatus_, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. + Nat. Mus., 100:352, May 26. + +SYLVILAGUS BRASILIENSIS MESSORIUS Goldman. + + 1912. _Sylvilagus gabbi messorius_ Goldman, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 60 + (no. 2):13, September 20, type from Cana, 1800 ft., mts. of + eastern Panam['a]. + + 1950. _Sylvilagus brasiliensis messorius_, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. + Nat. Mus., 100:352, May 26. + + _Marginal records._--Panam['a] (Goldman, 1920:147): Boca de Cupe; + _Tacarcuna_; _Tapalisa_; type locality. + +SYLVILAGUS BRASILIENSIS TRUEI (J. A. Allen). + + 1890. _Lepus truei_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:192, + December 10, type from Mirador, Veracruz. + + 1950. _Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei_, Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. + Mus., 100:351, May 26. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:264, unless otherwise noted).--San + Luis Potos['i]: Rancho Apetsco, Xilitla (Dalquest, 1950:4), thence down + coast to Tabasco: Teapa. Chiapas: Huehuetan. Oaxaca: Santo Domingo. + Veracruz: Buena Vista; Motzorongo. Puebla: Metlaltoyuca. + + +=Sylvilagus bachmani= + +Brush Rabbit + +Size small. Total length, 300-375; tail, 20-43; hind foot, 64-81; ear +from notch (dry), 50-64; weight (topotypes of _S. b. macrorhinus_) 16 +[MALE] 679 (561-832), 22 [FEMALE] 707 (517-843) grams. Body uniformly +dark brown or brownish gray, but tail whitish beneath; hair on +midventral part of body gray at base; only a slight crenulation of ridge +of enamel which separates an individual molariform tooth into anterior +and posterior sections. From _Sylvilagus audubonii_, the only other +species of _Sylvilagus_ in the same geographic area, _S. bachmani_ +differs in smaller size, less white on underparts (the hairs on the +midventral part of the body being gray instead of white at base), +shorter ears and legs, and a less crenulated ridge of enamel separating +the anterior and posterior parts of a molariform tooth. + +The brush rabbit is a Pacific Coastal species; as may be seen from +figure 9 on the next page, this species occurs from the Columbia River +on the north to the tip of Baja California on the south. Nowhere, so far +as I can learn, does it occur as far east as the crest of the +Cascade-Sierra Nevada Mountain Chain. Throughout its range the brush +rabbit is closely associated with--in fact, lives in--the chaparral that +is dense enough to afford protection from raptorial birds and the larger +carnivorous mammals. The rabbit's reliance on protective cover is so +great that, as pointed out on an earlier page, a person can turn this +trait to advantage in protecting cultivated crops from inroads that the +rabbits might make on them. The protection is afforded by clearing the +brush from a strip forty-five feet wide so that the cleared strip +intervenes between the cultivated crops and the brushy shelter. The +rabbits will not risk crossing the open strip and hence do not reach the +growing crops. + +[Illustration: FIG. 9. Distribution of _Sylvilagus bachmani_ and +_Sylvilagus mansuetus_. + + 1. _S. b. ubericolor_ + 2. _S. b. tehamae_ + 3. _S. b. macrorhinus_ + 4. _S. b. riparius_ + 5. _S. b. mariposae_ + 6. _S. b. bachmani_ + 7. _S. b. virgulti_ + 8. _S. b. cinerascens_ + 9. _S. b. rosaphagus_ + 10. _S. b. howelli_ + 11. _S. b. exiguus_ + 12. _S. b. peninsularis_ + 13. _S. b. cerrosensis_ + 14. _S. mansuetus_ ] + +Brush rabbits use simple "forms" in the brush for resting. Only one +observer (Orr, 1940: 173) has reported an individual entering a hole. In +patches of chaparral in which the rabbits live they make runways that +are especially well defined at the edges of the brush. The outer +entrance to a runway is tunnellike and one to two feet from the outer +entrance there is a special form that serves as a lookout post. A brush +rabbit that is about to venture into the open ordinarily pauses in such +a form for several minutes, presumably to satisfy itself that no enemy +is in the open area whither the rabbit is bound. + +The breeding season is from January to June, at least in California. +There are 2 to 5 young, averaging 3.5 per litter. They are born in a +nest. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI BACHMANI (Waterhouse). + + 1839. _Lepus bachmani_ Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Pt. 6 + (for 1838):103, February 7, type from California, probably between + Monterey and Santa Barbara. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus_ (_microlagus_) _bachmani_, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. + Coll., 45:336, June 15. + + 1855. _Lepus trowbridgei_ Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, + p. 333, type from Monterey County, California. + + _Marginal records._--California (Orr, 1940:150): 2 mi. S mouth + Salinas River; near Morro. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI CERROSENSIS (J. A. Allen). + + 1898. _Lepus cerrosensis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 10:145, April 12, type from Cerros [=Cedros] Island, Baja + California. Known from type locality only. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus bachmani cerrosensis_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:255, August 31. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI CINERASCENS (J. A. Allen). + + 1890. _Lepus cinerascens_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 3:159, October 8, type from San Fernando, Los Angeles County, + California. + + 1907. _Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens_, Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:84, July 22. + + _Marginal records._--California (Orr, 1940:168): 5700 ft., San + Emigdio Canyon; 3 mi. E San Fernando; Reche Canyon (Orr, 1940:169); + 3500 ft., Dos Palmas Springs, Santa Rosa Mts. Baja California + (Nelson, 1909:253): La Huerta, thence northward up-coast to point of + beginning. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI EXIGUUS Nelson. + + 1907. _Sylvilagus bachmani exiguus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:84, July 22, type from Yubay, central Baja + California. + + _Marginal records._--Baja California (Nelson, 1909:254): Agua Dulce; + Santana. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI HOWELLI Huey. + + 1927. _Sylvilagus bachmani howelli_ Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. + Hist., 5:67, July 6, type from 10 mi. SE Alamo, Baja California, + lat. 31[deg] 35' N, long. 116[deg] 03' W. + + _Marginal records._--Baja California (Huey, 1927:68): Laguna Hanson, + Sierra Juarez; type locality. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI MACRORHINUS Orr. + + 1935. _Sylvilagus bachmani macrorhinus_ Orr, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 48:28, February 6, type from Alpine Creek Ranch, 3-1/2 + mi. S and 2-1/3 mi. E Portola, 1700 ft., San Mateo County, + California. + + _Marginal records._--California (Orr, 1940:163): 10 mi. SW Suisun; W + side Mt. Diablo; Summit Station, Santa Cruz Mts., thence north along + coast to Golden Gate. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI MARIPOSAE Grinnell and Storer. + + 1916. _Sylvilagus bachmani mariposae_ Grinnell and Storer, Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 17:7, August 23, type from McCauley Trail, + 4000 ft., near El Portal, Mariposa County, California. + + _Marginal records._--California (Orr, 1940): Carbondale (p. 158); + French Gulch, 6700 ft., Piute Mtn. (p. 159). + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI PENINSULARIS (J. A. Allen). + + 1898. _Lepus peninsularis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 10:144, April 12, type from Santa Anita, Baja California. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus bachmani peninsularis_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:255, August 31. + + _Marginal records._--Baja California (Nelson, 1909:255): type + locality; Cape San Lucas. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI RIPARIUS Orr. + + 1935. _Sylvilagus bachmani riparius_ Orr, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 48:29, February 6, type from west side San Joaquin + River, 2 mi. NE Vernalis, in Stanislaus County, California. Known + from type locality only. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI ROSAPHAGUS Huey. + + 1940. _Sylvilagus bachmani rosaphagus_ Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. + Nat. Hist., 9:221, July 31, type from 2 mi. W Santo Domingo + Mission, Baja California, M['e]xico, lat. 30[deg] 45' N, long. + 115[deg] 58' W, or precisely, near the huge red cliff that marks + the entrance of the Santo Domingo River Ca[~n]on from the coastal + plain. + + _Marginal records._--Baja California (Huey, 1940): San Quint['i]n (p. + 223); El Rosario (p. 222). + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI TEHAMAE Orr. + + 1935. _Sylvilagus bachmani tehamae_ Orr, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 48:27, February 6, type from Dale's, on Paine's Creek, + 600 ft., Tehama County, California. + + _Marginal records._--Oregon (Orr, 1935:28): Prospect. California + (Orr, 1940:156): Auburn; 7 mi. W and 14 mi. S Chico; Rumsey; Castle + Springs; 3 mi. S Covelo; Mad River Bridge, S. Fork Mtn. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI UBERICOLOR (Miller). + + 1899. _Lepus bachmani ubericolor_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 383, September 29, type from Beaverton, + Washington County, Oregon. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus_ (_Microlagus_) _bachmani ubericolor_, Lyon, + Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:337, June 15. + + _Range._--Columbia River, Oregon, south to San Francisco Bay, + California, and from the Pacific Coast eastward to a line connecting + the following marginal records.--Oregon (V. Bailey, 1936:109, unless + otherwise noted): Portland (Nelson, 1909:251); Mackenzie Bridge; + above Grants Pass. California (Orr, 1940:153): Laytonville; Maillard + [=4 mi. E Lagunitas]. + +SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI VIRGULTI Dice. + + 1926. _Sylvilagus bachmani virgulti_ Dice, Occas. papers Mus. Zool. + Univ. Michigan, 166:24, February 11, Soledad, Monterey County, + California. + + _Marginal records._--California (Orr, 1940:166): The Pinnacles; + Waltham Cr., 4-1/2 mi. SE Priest Valley; 2 mi. S San Miguel; Bryson. + + +=Sylvilagus mansuetus= + +Brush Rabbit + + 1907. _Sylvilagus mansuetus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 20:83, July 22, type from San Jos['e] Island, Gulf of California, + Baja California. Known from San Jos['e] Island only. + +This insular species is closely related to _Sylvilagus bachmani_ and is +distinguished by paleness, proportionately longer and narrower skull, +fusion to skull of anterior arm of supraorbital process, and larger +jugal. + + +=Sylvilagus palustris= + +Marsh Rabbit + +(See figure 42) + +Total length, 425-440; tail, 33-39; hind foot, 88-91; ear from notch +(dry), 45-52. Upper parts blackish brown or reddish brown; underside of +tail brownish or dingy gray (not white); ears, tail and hind feet short; +posterior and anterior extensions of supraorbital processes joined to +skull along most (or all) of their extent. The lack of white on the +underside of the tail is a ready means of distinguishing this species +from the other species of the genus which occur within its geographic +range. The species occurs in the lowlands, possibly not above 500 feet +altitude, of the Lower Austral and Tropical life-zones. In Florida, +Blair (1936) found that the marsh rabbit ate 29 per cent of its bodily +weight in green food each day and that the number of embryos in 3 +females was 4, 4 and 3. + +SYLVILAGUS PALUSTRIS PALUDICOLA (Miller and Bangs). + + 1894. _Lepus paludicola_ Miller and Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 9:105, June 9, type from Ft. Island, near Crystal + Riv., Citrus Co., Fla. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus palustris paludicola_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:269, August 31. + + _Marginal records._--Florida (Nelson, 1909:270): Hibernia [= Green + Cove Springs]; San Mateo; along Atlantic Coast at least to Micco; + Kissimmee River; Cape Sable; northward along Gulf Coast and on + coastal islands at least to Suwanee River. + +SYLVILAGUS PALUSTRIS PALUSTRIS (Bachman). + + 1837. _Lepus palustris_ Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, + 7:194, type locality eastern South Carolina. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus palustris_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:266, August + 31. + + _Marginal records._--Nansemond County (Handley and Patton, + 1947:190), southward along Atlantic Coast to northern Florida: + Anastasia Island (Nelson, 1909:269). West to Gulf Coast and along + Coast to Alabama: Bon Secour (Nelson, 1909:269); Flomaton (Howell, + 1921:74); Dothan (_ibid._). Georgia: Americus (Nelson, 1909:269). + South Carolina: Society Hill (_ibid._). + +[Illustration: FIGS. 10-14. Dorsal views of skulls of rabbits. All x 1.] + + FIG. 10. _Romerolagus diazi_, 31 km. S Mexico City, D. F. No. 30815 + KU, [FEMALE]. + + FIG. 11. _Sylvilagus idahoensis_, Millett P. O., Nevada. No. 37275 + MVZ, [MALE]. + + FIG. 12. _Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei_, 30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, + Veracruz. No. 32128 KU, [MALE]. + + FIG. 13. _Sylvilagus bachmani macrorhinus_, 1700 feet, Alpine Creek + Ranch, San Mateo County, California. No. 53382 MVZ, [FEMALE]. + + FIG. 14. _Sylvilagus palustris palustris_, Riceboro, Georgia. No. + 45502 USNM, [FEMALE]. (After Nelson, 1909: pl. 12, fig. 3.) + +[Illustration: FIGS. 15-19. Dorsal views of skulls of rabbits. All x 1.] + + FIG. 15. _Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri_, 1/2 mi. E. Jefferson, Nev. + No. 58527, [FEMALE]. + + FIG. 16. _Sylvilagus audubonii minor_, 3290 ft., Neville Spring, + Grapevine Mts., Big Bend, Brewster Co., Texas. No. 80519 MVZ, + [MALE]. + + FIG. 17. _Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi_, 4 mi. NE Lawrence, Douglas + Co., Kansas. No. 3774 KU, [MALE]. + + FIG. 18. _Sylvilagus a. aquaticus_, Crawford Co., Kansas. No. 8544 + KU. [MALE]. + + FIG. 19. _Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius_, 3 km. W Acultzingo, + Veracruz. No. 30749 KU, [MALE]. + +[Illustration: FIGS. 20-24. Ventral views of skulls of rabbits. All x 1. +Different views of the first four of these skulls are shown in figs. +10-13.] + + FIG. 20. _Romerolagus diazi._ + + FIG. 21. _Sylvilagus idahoensis._ + + FIG. 22. _Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei._ + + FIG. 23. _Sylvilagus bachmani macrorhinus._ + + FIG. 24. _Sylvilagus palustris palustris_, Society Hill, South + Carolina. No. 2089 USNM (after Lyon, 1904: pl. 76, fig. 6). + +[Illustration: FIGS. 25-29. Ventral views of skulls of rabbits. All x 1. +Different views of these skulls are shown in figs. 15-19.] + + FIG. 25. _Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri._ + + FIG. 26. _Sylvilagus audubonii minor._ + + FIG. 27. _Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi._ + + FIG. 28. _Sylvilagus aquaticus aquaticus._ + + FIG. 29. _Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius._ + +[Illustration: FIGS. 30-34. Lateral views of skulls of rabbits. All x 1. +Different views of these skulls are shown in figs. 10-15.] + + FIG. 30. _Romerolagus diazi._ + + FIG. 31. _Sylvilagus idahoensis._ + + FIG. 32. _Sylvilagus brasiliensis truei._ + + FIG. 33. _Sylvilagus bachmani macrorhinus._ + + FIG. 34. _Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri._ + +[Illustration: FIGS. 35-38. Lateral views of skulls of rabbits. All x 1. +Different views of these skulls are shown in figs. 16-19.] + + FIG. 35. _Sylvilagus audubonii minor._ + + FIG. 36. _Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi._ + + FIG. 37. _Sylvilagus aquaticus aquaticus._ + + FIG. 38. _Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius._ + + +=Sylvilagus floridanus= + +Florida Cottontail + +Total length, 375-463; tail, 39-65; hind foot, 87-104; ear from notch +(dry), 49-68; upper parts brownish or grayish; underside of tail white; +skull with transversely thick posterior extension of supraorbital +process of frontal. The geographic range is the largest of all of the +North American species of the genus _Sylvilagus_; from Canada the +species occurs south at least to Costa Rica and it may occur in Panam['a] +for the species is recorded also from South America. + +In the western part of the Great Plains this species is confined to the +riparian growth along streams and _Sylvilagus audubonii_ occupies the +remainder of the terrain. In New Mexico and southwestern Texas _S. +floridanus_ is confined to the boreal life-zones where timber provides +denser cover than is found in the lower life-zones. The zonal range is +from the Canadian Life-zone into the Tropical Life-zone. It is not +surprising, therefore, that there is much geographic variation in the +shape and size of the skull. There is so much geographic variation in +the skull that it is impossible, at this writing at least, to frame a +description that will enable the reader to distinguish the skull from +those of all other species of the genus. In any given area, however, it +is possible, easily and certainly, to distinguish the skulls of _S. +floridanus_ from those of the other species which occur in that area. + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS ALACER (Bangs). + + 1896. _Lepus sylvaticus alacer_ Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 10:136, December 28, type from Stilwell, Boston Mountains, Adair + County, Oklahoma. + + _Marginal records._--Missouri (Nelson, 1909:176): Columbia; St. + Louis. Illinois: Ozark (Necker and Hatfield, 1941:56). Tennessee + (Nelson, 1909:176): Samburg; Raleigh. Mississippi (Nelson, + 1909:176): Michigan City; Bay St. Louis. Texas (Nelson, 1909:176): + Port Lavaca; Brazos; Henrietta. Oklahoma: Norman (Blair, 1939:128). + Kansas: _8 mi. NE Harper_ (12917 KU); Rago (12508 KU); Halstead + (3110 KU); _4 mi. S_ and _14 mi. W Hamilton_ (13673 KU); 3 mi. N + Chanute (22026 KU). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS AMMOPHILUS A. H. Howell. + + 1939. _Sylvilagus floridanus ammophilus_ A. H. Howell, Jour. Mamm., + 20:365, August 14, type from "Oak Lodge", on peninsula opposite + Micco, Florida. Known from type locality only. + +[Illustration: FIG. 39. Distribution of _Sylvilagus nuttallii_, _S. +floridanus_ and _S. insonus_. + + Guide to kinds: + + 1. _S. n. nuttallii_ + 2. _S. n. grangeri_ + 3. _S. n. pinetis_ + 4. _S. f. similis_ + 5. _S. f. mearnsi_ + 6. _S. f. llanensis_ + 7. _S. f. alacer_ + 8. _S. f. mallurus_ + 9. _S. f. hitchensi_ + 10. _S. f. floridanus_ + 11. _S. f. ammophilus_ + 12. _S. f. cognatus_ + 13. _S. f. robustus_ + 14. _S. f. chapmani_ + 15. _S. f. holzneri_ + 16. _S. f. restrictus_ + 17. _S. f. subcinctus_ + 18. _S. f. orizabae_ + 19. _S. f. connectens_ + 20. _S. f. russatus_ + 21. _S. f. aztecus_ + 22. _S. f. chiapensis_ + 23. _S. f. yucatanicus_ + 24. _S. f. hondurensis_ + 25. _S. f. costaricensis_ + 26. _S. insonus_ ] + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS AZTECUS (J. A. Allen). + + 1890. _Lepus sylvaticus aztecus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 3:188, December 10, type from Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus_ (_Sylvilagus_) _floridanus aztecus_, Lyon, + Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:336, June 15. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:188, unless otherwise + noted).--Oaxaca: Santa Maria Petapa; Santa Efigenia. Chiapas: + Tonala, 50 M (Hooper, 1947:56). Oaxaca: Salina Cruz; _type + locality_. + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS CHAPMANI (J. A. Allen). + + 1899. _Lepus floridanus chapmani_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 12:12, March 4, type from Corpus Christi, Nueces County, + Texas. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus_ (_Sylvilagus_) _floridanus chapmani_, Lyon, + Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:336, June 15. + + 1899. _Lepus floridanus caniclunis_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 388, October 5, type from Fort Clark, Kinney + County, Texas. + + 1902. _Lepus simplicicanus_ Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 15:81, April 25, type from Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:178).--Texas: Clyde; Victoria + County; _Rockport_. Tamaulipas: Soto la Marina; Juamave. Coahuila: + Monclova; Sabinas. Texas: Comstock; Stanton. + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS CHIAPENSIS (Nelson). + + 1904. _Lepus floridanus chiapensis_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 17:106, May 18, type from San Cristobal, Chiapas. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus floridanus chiapensis_, Lyon and Osgood, Bull. U. + S. Nat. Mus., 62:32, January 28. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:190, unless otherwise + noted).--Chiapas: type locality; Comitan. Guatemala: Hacienda + Chancol; Panajachel (Goodwin, 1934:56). Chiapas: Tuxtla. + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS COGNATUS Nelson. + + 1907. _Sylvilagus cognatus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 20:82, July 22, type from near summit of the Manzano Mountains, + Valencia County, New Mexico. + + 1951. _Sylvilagus floridanus cognatus_, Hall and Kelson, Univ. + Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:55, October 1, 1951. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:193).--New Mexico: Santa Rosa, 35 + mi. N on Conchas River; Capitan Mts.; Datil Mts.; type locality. + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS CONNECTENS (Nelson). + + 1904. _Lepus floridanus connectens_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 17:105, May 18, type from Chichicaxtle, central + Veracruz. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus floridanus connectens_, Lyon and Osgood, Bull. U. + S. Nat. Mus., 62:32, January 28. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:186).--Tamaulipas: Altamira. + Veracruz: type locality. Oaxaca: Mt. Zempoaltepec. Veracruz: Orizaba + (City of); Jico. Puebla: Metlaltoyuca. Queretaro: Pinal de Amoles. + San Luis Potos['i]: Valles. + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS COSTARICENSIS Harris. + + 1933. _Sylvilagus floridanus costaricensis_ Harris, Occas. Papers + Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 266:3, June 28, type from Hacienda + Santa Maria, Province of Guanacaste, 3200 ft, Costa Rica. + + _Marginal records_ (Goodwin, 1946:358).--Costa Rica: El Pel['o]n; type + locality; Tenorio. + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS FLORIDANUS (J. A. Allen). + + 1890. _Lepus sylvaticus floridanus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist., 3:160, October 8, type from Sebastian River, Brevard + County, Florida. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus floridanus_, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:322, + June 15. + + _Marginal records._--Florida: San Mateo (Sherman, 1936:122); + _Enterprise_ (_ibid._); Miakka Lake (230812 USBS); Blitches Ferry + (Sherman, 1936:122). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS HITCHENSI Mearns. + + 1911. _Sylvilagus floridanus hitchensi_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. + Mus., 39:227, January 9, type from Smiths Island, Northampton + County, Virginia. + + _Marginal records._--Virginia: type locality; Fishermans Island + (Handley and Patton, 1947:187). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS HOLZNERI (Mearns). + + 1896. _Lepus sylvaticus holzneri_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., + 18:554, June 24, type from Douglas spruce zone, near summit of + Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus_ (_Sylvilagus_) _floridanus holzneri_, Lyon, + Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:336, June 15. + + 1896. [_Lepus sylvaticus_] subspecies _rigidus_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. + Nat. Mus., 18:555, June 24, type from Carrizalillo Mts., near + monument No. 31, Mexican boundary line, Grant County, New Mexico. + + 1903. _Lepus_ (_Sylvilagus_) _durangae_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist., 19:609, November 12, type from Rancho Bailon, + northwestern Durango. + + _Marginal records._--Arizona: Pine Springs, 15 mi. S of Canyon of + Colorado (Hall and Kelson, 1951:54); Reynolds Creek R. S., Sierra + Ancha Mts. (_ibid._); W base Mt. Turnbull, 4500 ft. (_ibid._). New + Mexico: Silver City (Nelson, 1909:180); _Animas Mts._ (_ibid._). + Zacatecas: Valparaiso (_ibid._); Plateado (_ibid._). Chihuahua: + Guadalupe y Calvo (_ibid._). Arizona: Thomas Ca[~n]on, 2 mi. E + Baboquivari Mts. (Hall and Kelson, 1951:54), Hualapi Mts. (_ibid._). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS HONDURENSIS Goldman. + + 1932. _Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis_ Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 45:122, July 30, type from Monte Redondo, + approximately 30 mi. NW Tegucigalpa, 5100 ft., Honduras. + + _Marginal records._--Honduras: Santa Barbara (Goodwin, 1942:150); + Cedros (_ibid._). Nicaragua: Jinotega (Nelson, 1909:190); Chontales + ["District" of] (_ibid._); Leon. Honduras: Ocotepeque (Goodwin, + 1942:150). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS LLANENSIS Blair. + + 1938. _Sylvilagus floridanus llanensis_ Blair, Occas. Papers. Mus. + Zool., Univ. Michigan, 380:1, June 21, type from Old "F" Ranch + headquarters, Quitaque, Briscoe County, Texas. + + _Marginal records._--Kansas: 15 mi. N and 3 mi. E Stafford (5547 + KU); 1 mi. NE Aetna (12144 KU). Oklahoma: 3 mi SE Southard (10063 + KU); _Fort Cobb_ (Blair, 1939:129); Mt. Scott (_ibid._). Texas: 6 + mi. E Coahoma (Blair, 1938:3); 6 mi. southwest of Muleshoe + (_ibid._). Kansas: Coolidge (18462 KU). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS MALLURUS (Thomas). + + 1898. _L[epus]. n[uttalli]. mallurus_ Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. + Hist., 2(ser. 7):320, October, type from Raleigh, Wake County, + North Carolina. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus_, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., + 45:323, June 15. + + 1837. _Lepus sylvaticus_ Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, 7:403, no type or type locality. Name given to the + "common gray rabbit" of the eastern United States and probably + with particular reference to the animal in South Carolina. Name + preoccupied by _Lepus borealis sylvaticus_ Nilson, 1832, from + Sweden. + + _Marginal records._--Connecticut: Bear Mountain (Goodwin, 1935:163), + south along coast to Florida: Lake Julian (Nelson, 1909:168); Rock + Bluff (Sherman, 1936:122). Alabama: Bayou Labatre (A. H. Howell, + 1921:71); Leighton (_ibid._). Tennessee (Kellogg, 1939:291): + Arlington; Hornbeak; Highcliff; Watauga Valley. West Virginia: + _Ernshaw_ (Kellogg, 1937:472). Pennsylvania (Nelson, 1909:169): + Waynesburg; Potts Grove. New York: Palenville (_ibid._). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS MEARNSII (J. A. Allen). + + 1894. _Lepus sylvaticus mearnsii_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 6:171, May 31, type from Fort Snelling, Hennepin County, + Minnesota. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus_ (_Sylvilagus_) _floridanus mearnsi_, Lyon, + Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:336, June 15. + + _Marginal records._--Minnesota: Fertile (Swanson, Surber and + Roberts, 1945:97); Duluth (_ibid._). Michigan: Marquette County + (Burt, 1946:249). Ontario: Lake Simcoe (Miller, 1924:464). Quebec + (Anderson, 1947): Montreal (p. 103); Quebec-side Ottawa River in + Laurentian Hills (p. 104). New York: "eastern New York" (Hamilton, + 1943:383). Pennsylvania: Lopez (Nelson, 1909:172). West Virginia: 7 + mi. E Phillipi (Kellogg, 1937:473); Gilboa (_ibid._). Illinois: + Sangamon (Nelson, 1909:172). Kansas: Neosho Falls (5104 KU); 1 mi. N + and 1/2 mi. E Lincolnville (12964 KU); _6 mi. SW Clay Center_ (12398 + KU); Strawberry (4510 KU). Minnesota: Otter Tail County (Surber, + 1932:74). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS ORIZABAE (Merriam). + + 1893. _Lepus orizabae_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 8:143, + December 29, type from Mt. Orizaba, 9500 ft., Puebla. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:183, August 31. + + 1903. _Lepus floridanus persultator_ Elliott, Field Columb. Mus., + publ. 71, zool. ser., 3:147, March 20, type from Puebla, Puebla. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:185).--Coahuila: Sierra + Encarnaci['o]n. Hidalgo: Encarnaci['o]n. Veracruz: _Las Vigas_; Mt. + Orizaba. _Puebla: Chalchicomula_. M['e]xico: Mt. Popocatepetl; Volcano + of Toluca. Guanajuato: Santa Rosa. San Luis Potos['i]: San Luis + Potos['i]. + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS RESTRICTUS Nelson. + + 1907. _Sylvilagus floridanus restrictus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:82, July 22, type from Zapotlan, Jalisco. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:183).--Nayarit: Tepic; Ojo de Agua. + Jalisco: _La Cienega_; _Atenguillo_. Michoac['a]n: Mt. Tanc['i]taro; + P['a]tzcuaro. Jalisco: type locality; Las Canoas; La Laguna. + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS ROBUSTUS (V. Bailey). + + 1905. _Lepus pinetus robustus_ V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:159, + October 24, type from 6000 ft., Davis Mts., Jeff Davis County, + Texas. + + 1951. _Sylvilagus floridanus robustus_, Hall and Kelson, Univ. + Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:56, October 1, 1951. + + _Marginal records._--Texas: The Bowl, Guadalupe Mts. (Hall and + Kelson, 1951:56); Chisos Mts. (Nelson, 1909:195); 35 mi. S Marfa + (_ibid._). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS RUSSATUS (J. A. Allen). + + 1904. _Lepus_ (_Sylvilagus_) _russatus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:31, February 29, type from Pasa Nueva, + southern Veracruz. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus floridanus russatus_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:186, August 31. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:187).--Veracruz: Catemaco; + Coatzacoalcos; _Minatitlan_; type locality; _Jimba_ (KU 19895). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS SIMILIS Nelson. + + 1907. _Sylvilagus floridanus similis_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:82, July 22, type from Valentine, Cherry County, + Nebraska. + + _Marginal records._--Manitoba: Dauphin (Anderson and Rand, 1943:24). + Minnesota: Ten Mile Lake (Surber, 1932:74). Nebraska: Neligh + (Nelson, 1909:174). Kansas: _Long Island_ (_ibid._); 3 mi. N and 2 + mi. W Hoisington (16509 KU); Lane County (5520 KU); Elkader (5595 + KU). Colorado: Arvada (Cary, 1911:158). Wyoming: 6400 ft., 3 mi. E + Horse Creek, P. O. (15936 KU). Nebraska: 8 mi. E Chadron (39380 KU). + Montana: _Little Missouri River, 7 mi. NE Albion_ (Hall and Kelson, + 1951:52); Box Elder Creek, 25 mi. SW Sykes (_ibid._). North Dakota: + Oakdale (Bailey, 1927:134). + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS SUBCINCTUS (Miller). + + 1899. _Lepus floridanus subcinctus_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 386, October 5, type from Hacienda El Molino, + near Negrete, Michoac['a]n. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus floridanus subcinctus_, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., + 45:336, June 15. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:181).--Jalisco: Lagos. Guanajuato: + Ac['a]mbaro. Michoac['a]n: _Querendaro_. Jalisco: _Ameca_; Etzatl['a]n. + +SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS YUCATANICUS (Miller). + + 1899. _Lepus floridanus yucatanicus_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 384, September 29, type from M['e]rida, Yucat['a]n. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus_, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. + Coll., 45:336, June 15. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:191).--Yucat['a]n: Progreso; type + locality. Campeche: Campeche. + + +=Sylvilagus transitionalis= (Bangs) + +New England Cottontail + + 1895. _Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis_ Bangs, Proc. Boston Soc. + Nat. Hist., 26:405, January 31, type from Liberty Hill, New London + County, Connecticut. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus transitionalis_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:195, + August 31. + + _Marginal records._--Vermont: west side at Canadian boundary + (Osgood, F. L., Jr., 1938:440); Montpelier (_ibid._). Maine: + Sagadahoc County (Palmer, 1944:194); _Androscoggin County_ + (_ibid._). New York: Miller Place (Nelson, 1909:199). Virginia: + Roanoke County (Llewellyn and Handley, 1946:385). North Carolina: + Roan Mtn. (Nelson, 1909:199). Georgia: Brasstown Bald Mtn. (A. H. + Howell, 1921:71). Alabama: Erin (_ibid._); Ardell (_ibid._). + Tennessee: Walden Ridge, "near" Soddy (Kellogg, 1939:291). West + Virginia: Ronceverte (Kellogg, 1937:473). Pennsylvania: Renovo + (Nelson, 1909:199). New York: Lake George (_ibid._). + +[Illustration: FIG. 40. Distribution of _Sylvilagus transitionalis_.] + +Total length, 388; tail, 39; hind foot, 95; ear from notch (dry), 52. +Upper parts almost pinkish buff, varying to almost ochraceous buff; back +overlaid by a distinct black wash giving a penciled effect; anterior +extension of supraorbital process obsolete or short and closely +appressed to orbital rim; tympanic bullae small, smaller than in any +subspecies of _S. floridanus_ in the United States. _S. transitionalis_ +is a forest-inhabiting species--more so than is _S. floridanus_. + + +=Sylvilagus nuttallii= + +Nuttall Cottontail + +(See figure 39) + +Total length, 350-390; tail, 44-50; hind foot, 88-100; ear from notch +(dry), 55-56; weight in Nevada, [MALE] 678, 3 [FEMALE] 928 (868-1032) +grams. Hind feet densely covered with long hair; ear short; tympanic +bulla of moderate size. In the northern part of its range _S. nuttallii_ +occurs principally in the sagebrush areas but it occurs also in the +timbered areas of the Transition Life-zone and almost exclusively in +timbered areas in the southern part of its range. From _S. floridanus_, +_S. nuttallii_ along the eastern margin of its range differs in more +slender rostrum, and larger external auditory meatus. In New Mexico and +Arizona, _S. nuttallii_ differs from _S. floridanus_ in the posteriorly +pointed and un-notched supraoccipital shield and in the posterior +extension of the supraorbital process, the tip of which projects free +from the braincase or merely lies against the braincase instead of being +firmly welded to the side of the skull. From _S. audubonii_, _S. +nuttallii_ differs in shorter ears, smaller tympanic bullae and smaller +hind legs; _S. nuttallii_ usually occurs at higher elevations, or where +the two occur at approximately the same elevation _S. nuttallii_ occurs +in wooded or brushy areas and _S. audubonii_ lives on the plains or in +relatively open country. Eight females contained an average of 6.1 (4-8) +embryos. + +SYLVILAGUS NUTTALLII GRANGERI (J. A. Allen). + + 1895. _Lepus sylvaticus grangeri_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 7:264, August 21, type from Hill City, Black Hills, + Pennington County, South Dakota. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:204, August 31. + + 1904. _Lepus l[aticinctus]. perplicatus_ Elliott, Field Columb. + Mus., publ. 87, zool. ser., 3:255, January 7, type from Hannopee + [= Hannaupah] Canyon, Panamint Mts., Inyo County, California. + + _Marginal records._--Alberta: Steveville (Anderson, 1943:25). + Saskatchewan (_ibid._): Cypress Hills; Johnston Lake; Big Muddy Lake. + North Dakota: Goodall (V. Bailey, 1927:137). South Dakota: Custer + (Nelson, 1909:207). Wyoming: 2 mi. W Horse Creek P. O. (15935 KU); + Sherman (Nelson, 1909:207). Colorado: Meeker (Warren, 1942:272). Utah + (Nelson, 1909:207): Mt. Ellen; "Upper Kanab"; Panguitch. Nevada + (Hall, 1946:612): 1/4 mi. W Utah-Nev. boundary, 38[deg] 17' N, 7300 + ft.; S end Belted Range, 5 mi. NW Whiterock Spring, 7200 ft.; + Chiatovich Creek, 7000 ft.; 2-1/2 mi. E and 1 mi. S Grapevine Peak, + 6700 ft.; Charleston Park, Kyle Ca[~n]on, 8000 ft. California (Orr, + 1940:103): Johnson Canyon, 6500 ft.; nr. Woodfords, 5500 ft. Nevada + (Hall, 1946:612): Calvada; Hardscrabble Canyon; Paradise Valley. + Idaho (Davis, 1939:363): S. Fork Owyhee River, 12 mi. N Nevada line; + Crane Creek, 15 mi. E Midvale; Lemhi. Montana: 4 mi. W Hamilton + (Jellison, MS); 2 mi. N Moise Lake (_ibid._). Alberta: Cardston + (Anderson, 1947:105). + +SYLVILAGUS NUTTALLII NUTTALLII (Bachman). + + 1837. _Lepus nuttallii_ Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, + 7:345, type locality probably eastern Oregon near mouth of Malheur + River. + + 1904. _Sylvilagus nuttallii_, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:323, + June 15. + + _Marginal records._--British Columbia: Anarchist Mtn., Osoyoos + (Cowan, 1940:9). Washington: Kettle Falls (Dalquest, 1941:408). + Idaho: Couer d' Alene (Rust, 1946:322); _Lewiston_ (Davis, + 1939:361); Fiddle Creek (_ibid._). Nevada (Hall, 1946:612): 5800 + ft., Quinn River Crossing; _1/2 mi. S Granite Cr., Granite Mts._; + _Smoke Creek, 9 mi. E California line_; 4-1/2 mi. S Flanigan. + California: Truckee (Orr, 1940:101); _Beckwith_ (_ibid._); Weed + (Orr, 1940:100); Yreka (_ibid._). Oregon (V. Bailey, 1936:107): near + Ashland; Bend; The Dalles. Washington: Grand Dalles (Taylor and + Shaw, 1929:29); Yakima Valley (_ibid._); Douglas (Nelson, 1909:203). + +SYLVILAGUS NUTTALLII PINETIS (J. A. Allen). + + 1894. _Lepus sylvaticus pinetis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 6:348, December 7, type from White Mts., south of Mt. Ord, + Apache County, Arizona, according to Warren (Mammals of Colorado, + 1942:270). + + 1909. _Sylvilagus nuttalli pinetis_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:207, + August 31. + + _Marginal records._--Colorado (Nelson, 1909:210): Arkins; Golden; + Greenhorn Mts. New Mexico: Sierra Grande (Nelson, 1909:211); Willis + (_ibid._); Zuni Mts. (V. Bailey, 1932:60). Arizona: type locality. + Utah (Durrant, MS): 4-1/2 mi. NW Bluff; Block Canyon, 19 mi. SE Moab, + 5400 ft.; _5 mi. NE La Sal P. O., 8000 ft._ + + +=Sylvilagus audubonii= + +Audubon Cottontail + +Total length, 350-420; tail, 45-75; hind foot, 75-100; ear from notch +(dry), 55-70; weight of _S. a. vallicola_, 7 [MALE] 912 (835-988), 2 +[FEMALE] 1096, 1191 grams. Long hind legs, long ears, sparseness of hair +on the ears, shortness of hair on the feet, prominent (upturned) +supraorbital process of the skull and much inflated tympanic bullae are +characters of this wide-spread species. Embryos in 19 Californian +females averaged 3.6 (2-6) per female. + +[Illustration: FIG. 41. Distribution of _Sylvilagus audubonii_. + + 1. _S. a. audubonii_ + 2. _S. a. vallicola_ + 3. _S. a. sanctidiegi_ + 4. _S. a. confinis_ + 5. _S. a. arizonae_ + 6. _S. a. warreni_ + 7. _S. a. baileyi_ + 8. _S. a. cedrophilus_ + 9. _S. a. neomexicanus_ + 10. _S. a. minor_ + 11. _S. a. goldmani_ + 12. _S. a. parvulus_ ] + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII ARIZONAE (J. A. Allen). + + 1877. [_Lepus sylvaticus_] var. _arizonae_ J. A. Allen, Monogr. + North Amer. Rodentia, p. 332, August, type from Beals Spring, + Yavapai Co., Arizona. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus auduboni arizonae_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:222, August 31. + + 1896. _Lepus arizonae major_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:557, + June 24, type from Calabasas, Pima County, Arizona. + + 1904. _Lepus laticinctus_ Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 87, + zool. ser., 3:254, January 7, type from Oro Grande, Mohave Desert, + San Bernardino County, California. + + 1904. _Lepus l[aticinctus]. rufipes_ Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., + publ. 87, zool. ser., 3:254, January 7, type from Furnace Cr., + Inyo Co., California. + + _Marginal records._--Utah (Durrant, MS): 2 mi. SW Fish Springs; + Holden; 7 mi. SW Tropic. Arizona (Nelson, 1909:225): Seligman; Ft. + Verde; Dos Cabesos. Sonora (Burt, 1938:69): Tecoripa; La Libertad + Ranch. Baja California: San Matias Pass (Nelson, 1909:225). + California: Vallecito (Orr, 1940:126); Fairmont, Antelope Valley + (_ibid._); Little Lake, 3300 ft. (Orr, 1940:125); 5300-5639 ft., + near Benton (_ibid._). Nevada (Hall, 1946:614): Arlemont; 4 mi. E + Smith Creek Cave. + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII AUDUBONII (Baird). + + 1858. _Lepus audubonii_ Baird, Mamm. N. Amer., p. 608, July 14, type + from San Francisco, San Francisco County, California. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus auduboni_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:214, August + 31. + + _Marginal records_ (Orr, 1940:115).--California: 600 ft., Paines + Creek; Rackerby; Pleasant Valley; Snelling; 2 mi. S mouth Salinas + River, northward not reaching coast again except at San Francisco, + thence around shores of San Francisco Bay to mouth of Carquinez + Straits and northward along western side of Sacramento Valley to + Winslow, 5 mi. W Fruto. + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII BAILEYI (Merriam). + + 1897. _Lepus baileyi_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:148, + June 9, type from Spring Creek, east side of Bighorn Basin, + Bighorn County, Wyoming. + + 1908. _Sylvilagus auduboni baileyi_, Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. + Sci., 22:336. + + _Marginal records._--Montana: Great Falls of the Missouri (Nelson, + 1909:234). North Dakota: Wade on the Cannonball River (V. Bailey, + 1927:138). South Dakota: Corral Draw (Nelson, 1909:234). Nebraska: + Glen (_ibid._). Kansas: 2-1/2 mi. S and 4 mi. W Oberlin (19035 KU); + Wakeeney (1203 KU). Colorado (Nelson, 1909:234): Monon; The Cedars; + Quenda [=Querida]; Salida. Wyoming: 1/2 mi. W Horse Creek P. O. (15948 + KU). Colorado (Nelson, 1909:234): White Rock [2 mi. above Meeker, + 6400 ft.]; 20 mi. SW Rangely. Utah (Durrant, MS): 8 mi. S Myton; 6 + mi. NW Duchesne; 10 mi. E Mountain Home. Wyoming (Nelson, 1909:234): + Ft. Bridger; Big Piney; Circle. Montana: Stillwater (_ibid._). + Phillips Creek, Montana (Nelson 1909:234) not found. + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII CEDROPHILUS Nelson. + + 1907. _Sylvilagus auduboni cedrophilus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:83, July 22, type from Cactus Flat, 20 mi. N Cliff, + Grant County, New Mexico. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:230).--Arizona: San Francisco Mts. + New Mexico: Gallup; Santa Rosa; Capitan; Ancho; Isleta; Burro Mts. + Arizona: Springerville. + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII CONFINIS (J. A. Allen). + + 1898. _Lepus arizonae confinis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 10: 146, April 12, type from Playa Maria, Baja California. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus auduboni confinis_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:220, August 31. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:221).--Baja California: type + locality; San Bruno, thence southerly over peninsula to tip. + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII GOLDMANI (Nelson). + + 1904. _Lepus arizonae goldmani_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 17:107, May 18, type from Culiac['a]n, Sinaloa. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus auduboni goldmani_ Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:225, + August 31. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:226).--Sonora: Ortiz; Camoa. + Sinaloa: Bacubirito; type locality. + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII MINOR (Mearns). + + 1896. _Lepus arizonae minor_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:557, + June 24, type from El Paso, El Paso County, Texas. + + 1907. _S[ylvilagus]. a[uduboni]_. minor, Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:83, July 22. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:228, unless otherwise noted).--New + Mexico: [12 mi. N] Tularosa. Texas: Kent; Haymond; Langtry. Durango + (Nelson, 1909:229): Inde; Rancho Bailon; R['i]o Campo. Arizona: San + Bernardino Ranch. New Mexico: Red Rock; _Lordsburg_. + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII NEOMEXICANUS Nelson. + + 1907. _Sylvilagus auduboni neomexicanus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:83, July 22, type from Fort Sumner, Guadalupe + County, New Mexico. + + _Marginal records._--Kansas: 1 mi. E Coolidge (12976 KU); Rezeau + Ranch, 5 mi. N Belvidere (13208 KU). Texas: Wichita Falls (Nelson, + 1909:236); San Angelo (_ibid._); Adam [=15 mi. E Adams] (Nelson, + 1909:236); 28 mi. S Alpine (Borell and Bryant, 1942:39); _15 mi. S + Alpine_, (Hall and Kelson, 1951:57); 7 mi. NE Marfa (Blair, + 1940:34); Toyahvale [= 10 mi. S of] (Nelson, 1909:236); McKittrick + Canyon (Davis and Robertson, 1944:271). New Mexico: Roswell (V. + Bailey, 1932:54); Emory Peak (_ibid._). + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII PARVULUS (J. A. Allen). + + 1904. _Lepus_ (_Sylvilagus_) _parvulus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:34, February 29, type from Apam, Hidalgo. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus auduboni parvulus_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:236, August 31. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:237, unless otherwise + noted).--Texas: Llano; San Diego; Rio Grande City. Tamaulipas: El + Mulato (Dice, 1937:256); Miquihuana. San Luis Potos['i]: Rio Verde. + Veracruz: Perote. Puebla: Chalchicomula. Guanajuato: Silao. Durango: + Durango City. Coahuila: Monclova. Texas: Comstock. + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII SANCTIDIEGI (Miller). + + 1899. _Lepus floridanus sanctidiegi_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, 51:389, October 5, type from Mexican Boundary + Monument No. 258, shore of Pacific Ocean, San Diego County, + California. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus auduboni sanctidiegi_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:218, August 31. + + _Marginal records._--California (Orr, 1940:122): Sespe; Reche Canyon + near Colton; San Felipe Canyon. Baja California (Nelson, 1909:220): + Nachog[:u]ero Valley; Santo Tomas, thence northerly along coast. + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII VALLICOLA Nelson. + + 1907. _Sylvilagus auduboni vallicola_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:82, July 22, type from San Emigdio Ranch, Kern + County, California. + + _Marginal records_ (Orr, 1940:118, unless otherwise + noted).--California: Fresno Flat (Nelson, 1909:218); Badger + (_ibid._); 2750 ft., Onyx; Tehachapi (Nelson, 1909:218); Mt. Pinos + (Orr, 1940:119), northwesterly, seldom actually reaching coast, to + central Monterey County thence easterly to point of beginning. + +SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII WARRENI Nelson. + + 1907. _Sylvilagus auduboni warreni_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:83, July 22, type from Coventry, Montrose County, + Colorado. + + _Marginal records._--Utah: 5250 ft., Willow Creek (Durrant, MS). + Colorado (Nelson, 1909:232): Rifle; Villa Grove; Medano Ranch. New + Mexico: Hondo Canyon (Nelson, 1909:232); Cieneguilla (_ibid._); Juan + Tafoya (Bailey, 1932:59). Arizona (Nelson, 1909:232): Holbrook; + Winslow. Utah: Canesville (_sic_) (Nelson, 1909:232); Wellington + (Durrant, MS). + + +=Sylvilagus aquaticus= + +Swamp Rabbit + +Total length, 530-540; tail, 67-71; hind foot, 105-110; length of ear +from notch (dry), 63-67. Upper parts blackish brown or reddish brown; +underparts with some white; under side of tail white; skull robust; +posterior extensions of supraorbital processes joined for their entire +length with side of braincase or, in some specimens, with a small +foramen between the braincase and the base of the posterior extension of +the supraorbital process. This big rabbit is a stronger runner than the +smaller marsh rabbit and is easily distinguished from the smaller +species by larger size and white, instead of brownish or grayish, +underside of the tail. + +SYLVILAGUS AQUATICUS AQUATICUS (Bachman). + + 1837. _Lepus aquaticus_ Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, + 7:319, type locality western Alabama. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus aquaticus_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:270, August + 31. + + 1895. _Lepus aquaticus attwateri_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 7:327, November 8, type from Medina River, 18 mi. S San + Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. + + 1899. _Lepus telmalemonus_ Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 38, + zool. ser., 1:285, May 25, type from Washita River, near + Dougherty, Murray County, Oklahoma. + + _Marginal records._--Illinois: 6 mi. N Sesser (Cockrum, 1949:427). + Indiana: Point Township (Harrison and Hickie, 1931:319). Tennessee: + 5 mi. W Hornbeak (Kellogg, 1939:292); Henryville (A. H. Howell, + 1909:63). Alabama: Huntsville (Nelson, 1909:273); Big Crow Creek + near Stevenson (A. H. Howell, 1921:71). South Carolina: "about" 3 + mi. SE Westminster (F. Sherman, 1939:259); "about" 5 mi. W Iva + (_ibid._). Georgia: Fulton County (_ibid._); Lumpkin (Nelson, + 1909:273). Alabama: Castleberry (_ibid._). Louisiana: Covington + (Lowery, 1936:32); Kleinpeter (_ibid._). Texas (Nelson, 1909:273): + Sourlake; Richmond; Medina River, 18 mi. SW San Antonio; Gurley. + Oklahoma: 7 mi. NW Stillwater (Blair, 1939:129). Kansas: Crawford + County (8826 KU). Arkansas: along White River near Springdale + (Black, 1936:34). Missouri: 3 mi. SW Udall (Leopold and Hall, + 1945:145). Arkansas: White River near Augusta (Dellinger and Black, + 1940:190). Missouri: St. Francis River, W of Senath (Nelson, + 1909:273). + +[Illustration: FIG. 42. Distribution of _Sylvilagus palustris_ and +_Sylvilagus aquaticus_. + + 1. _S. p. palustris_ + 2. _S. p. paludicola_ + 3. _S. a. aquaticus_ + 4. _S. a. littoralis_ ] + +SYLVILAGUS AQUATICUS LITTORALIS Nelson. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus aquaticus littoralis_ Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:273, August 31, type from Houma, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. + + _Range._--Swamps and marshes along Gulf Coast, wholly within Lower + Austral Life-zone, below 50 ft., from Mobile Bay west to Matagordo + Bay. Inland _Marginal records_.--Alabama: Blakely Island opposite + Mobile (A. H. Howell, 1921:73). Mississippi: Bay St. Louis (Nelson, + 1909:275). Louisiana: Rayne (Lowery, 1936:32); Hackberry (Nelson, + 1909:275). Texas: Matagorda (Nelson, 1909:275). + + +=Sylvilagus insonus= (Nelson) + +Omilteme Cottontail + +(See figure 39) + + 1904. _Lepus insonus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:103, + May 18, type from Omilteme, Guerrero. Known from type locality + only. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus insonus_, Lyon and Osgood, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., + 62:34, January 28 (see Hershkovitz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., + 100:335, May 26, 1950, for allocation of _S. insonus_ to subgenus + _Sylvilagus_ instead of to subgenus _Tapeti_). + +Total length, 435; tail, 42.5; hind foot, 95; ear from notch (dry), 61. +Color grayish brown above and dingy (not white) below; tail dingy buffy +below and dull rusty brown above. The collectors thought that the +species was restricted to the forested parts of the Sierra Madre del Sur +between 7000 and 10,000 feet altitude in the Mexican state of Guerrero. + +[Illustration: FIG. 43. Distribution of _Sylvilagus cunicularius_ and +_Sylvilagus graysoni_. + + 1. _Sylvilagus cunicularius insolitas_ + 2. _Sylvilagus cunicularius pacificus_ + 3. _Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius_ + 4. _Sylvilagus graysoni_ ] + + +=Sylvilagus cunicularius= + +Mexican Cottontail + +Total length, 485-515; tail, 54-68; hind foot, 108-111; ear from notch +(dry), 60-63. Pelage coarse; upper parts brownish gray; skull massive; +posterior extensions of supraorbital processes varying from those that +project free to those that have the tips, or tips and a considerable +part of the processes, attached to the braincase. + +SYLVILAGUS CUNICULARIUS CUNICULARIUS (Waterhouse). + + 1848. _Lepus cunicularius_ Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mammalia, 2:132, + type from Zacualpan (probably in state of M['e]xico). + + 1909. _Sylvilagus cunicularius_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:239, + August 31. + + 1890. _Lepus verae-crucis_ Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 74, + June, type from Las Vigas, Veracruz. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:241).--Hidalgo: Tulancingo. + Veracruz: Las Vigas; Orizaba. Oaxaca: Mt. Zempoaltepec; Suchixtepec. + Guerrero: Chilpancingo. Michoac['a]n (Hall and Villa, 1949:469). + P['a]tzcuaro; Tanc['i]taro. + +SYLVILAGUS CUNICULARIUS INSOLITUS (J. A. Allen). + + 1890. _Lepus insolitus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 3:189, December 10, type from plains of Colima, Jalisco. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus cunicularius insolitus_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:243, August 31. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:244).--Sinaloa: Mazatlan; Rosario; + Esquinapa. Nayarit: Acaponeta. Colima: Colima; Armeria, thence + northward along Pacific Coast. + +SYLVILAGUS CUNICULARIUS PACIFICUS (Nelson). + + 1904. _Lepus veraecrucis pacificus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 17:104, May 18, type from Acapulco, Guerrero. + + 1909. _Sylvilagus cunicularius pacificus_, Lyon and Osgood, Catal. + Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 62:35, January 28. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:242).--Guerrero: El Lim['o]n. Oaxaca: + Llano Grande, thence westward along Pacific Coast. + + +=Sylvilagus graysoni= (J. A. Allen) + +Tres Marias Cottontail + + 1877. _Lepus graysoni_ J. A. Allen, Monogr. N. Amer. Rodentia, p. + 347, August, type from Tres Marias Islands, Jalisco; probably + Mar['i]a Madre Island. (See Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14:16, April 29, + 1899.) + + 1904. _Sylvilagus_ (_Sylvilagus_) _graysoni_, Lyon, Smiths. Misc. + Coll., 45:336, June 15. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:245): Mar['i]a Madre Island; Mar['i]a + Magdalena Island. + +Total length, 480; tail, 51; hind foot, 99; ear from notch (dry), 57. +This insular species is closely related to _Sylvilagus cunicularius_ of +the adjacent mainland but has notably shorter ears and more reddish on +the upper parts, sides and legs; the skull is slenderer, especially in +the rostral region. The posterior extensions of the supraorbital process +are united to the braincase throughout most of their length as in +_Sylvilagus palustris_. The species seems to have a narrow vertical +range, occurring from sea level up to only 200 feet. + + +Genus LEPUS Linnaeus--Hares and Jack Rabbits + + Revised by Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:59-158, August 31, 1909. + Concerning Shamel's (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:25, May 12, + 1942) proposed changes of names for several species, see Hall, Univ. + Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:45, October 1, 1951. + + 1758. _Lepus_ Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 1:57. Type _Lepus + timidus_ Linnaeus. + + 1895. _Macrotolagus_ Mearns, Science, n. s., 1:698, June 21. Type, + _Lepus alleni_ Mearns. (See Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:552, + June 24, 1896.) + + 1904. _Poecilolagus_ Lyon, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 45:395, June 15. + Type, _Lepus americanus_ Erxleben. + + 1904. _Lagos_ Palmer. N. Amer. Fauna, 23:361, January 23. Type, + _Lepus arcticus_ Ross. _Lagos_ J. Brooks, a catalogue of the + anatomical and zoological museum, pt. 1, p. 54, July, 1828, + appears to be a _nomen nudum_. + + 1911. _Boreolepus_ Barrett-Hamilton, History of the British + Mammalia, pt. 9, p. 160, November 17. Type, _Lepus groenlandicus_ + Rhoads. (For status see Sutton and Hamilton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., + 12 (pt. 2, sec. 1):78, August 4, 1932; also A. H. Howell, Jour. + Mamm., 17:331, November 16.) + +Total length, 363-664; tail, 25-112; hind foot, 112-189; ear from notch +(dry), 62-144. Upper parts grayish, brownish or black; interparietal +bone fused to surrounding bones; cervical vertabrae long, 2nd and 3rd +being longer than wide; transverse processes of lumbar vertabrae long, +the longest one equal to the length of the centrum to which it is +attached plus half of the length of the preceding centrum; free +extremity of transverse process of lumbar vertebra considerably +expanded; distance from anterior edge of acetabulum to extreme anterior +point of ilium less than distance from former point to most distant +point of ischium; ulna reduced in size along middle part of shaft, and, +excepting the lower extremity, placed almost entirely behind radius. + +All members of the genus _Lepus_ are technically hares, as these are +defined in the account of the family Leporidae. The largest members of +the order Lagomorpha are members of the genus _Lepus_. No domestic +strains have been developed but effort in this direction might be +profitable, in as much as the so-called Belgian hares of the related +genus, _Oryctolagus_, have done well in captivity. + +In the past it has been customary to recognize two or more subgenera of +the genus _Lepus_. The species are a less diverse lot than those in +some other genera, however, and it seems that no useful purpose is +served by recognizing subgenera. Accordingly, the several names proposed +for this purpose are arranged here as synonyms of the generic name +_Lepus_ Linnaeus. + +The introduction of the European Hare (_Lepus europaeus_) into the +eastern part of the North American Continent has been successful in the +sense that the animal is multiplying. If it continues to increase, the +increase almost certainly will be at the expense of some native species +of rabbit. This circumstance and the unfortunate consequences of the +introduction of the European rabbit (_Oryctolagus cuniculus_) in New +Zealand (see Wodzicki, 1950:107-141) and Australia (see Stead, +1925:355-358) give basis for effort to exterminate the alien species +before it spreads more widely. + +KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS LEPUS + + 1. North of 34[deg] N latitude. + + 2. All white pelage (tips of ears sometimes black). + + 3. North of line from Port Simpson, British Columbia, to Halifax, + Nova Scotia. + + 4. Basilar length of skull more than 67; ear from notch usually + more than 73 dry (77 fresh); first upper incisors inscribing + an arch of a circle the radius of which is more than 9.6 mm. + + 5. Geographic range east of Mackenzie River. + _Lepus arcticus_, p. 178 + + 5'. Geographic range west of Mackenzie River. + _Lepus othus_, p. 177 + + 4'. Basilar length of skull less than 67; ear from notch usually + less than 73 dry (77 fresh); first upper incisors inscribing + an arch of a circle the radius of which is less than 9.6 mm. + _Lepus americanus_, p. 173 + + + 3'. South of a line from Port Simpson, British Columbia to Halifax, + Nova Scotia. + + 5. Ear from notch more than 82 dry (87 fresh); least + interorbital breadth more than 26 + _Lepus townsendii_, p. 180 + + 5'. Ear from notch less than 82 dry (87 fresh); least + interorbital breadth less than 26 + _Lepus americanus_, p. 173 + + 2'. Brownish or grayish pelage. + + 6. Tail blackish or brownish all around (in specimens not + having completed molt on tail, white winter pelage may be + present); basilar length less than 67 mm. + _Lepus americanus_, p. 173 + + 6'. Tail partly or wholly white. + + 7. Tail black on upper surface. + + + 8. Upper sides of hind feet without a trace of white; + upper parts tawny. + _Lepus europaeus_, p. 189 + + 8'. Upper sides of hind feet with more or less white or + whitish; upper parts grayish or brownish + _Lepus californicus_, p. 181 + + 7'. Tail all white or (in some _Lepus townsendii_) with + faint buffy or dusky median line on top but this line + not extending on to rump (as in _L. californicus_). + + 9. Geographic range north of a line from Port Simpson, + British Columbia, to Halifax, Nova Scotia. + + 10. Geographic range east of Mackenzie River + _Lepus arcticus_, p. 178 + + 10'. Geographic range west of Mackenzie River + _Lepus othus_, p. 177 + + 9'. Geographic range south of a line from Port Simpson, + British Columbia, to Halifax, Nova Scotia + _Lepus townsendii_, p. 180 + + 1'. South of 34[deg] N latitude. + + 11. In state of Tamaulipas, M['e]xico. + _Lepus californicus_, p. 181 + + 11'. Range outside Tamaulipas, M['e]xico. + + 12. Ears with terminal black patch (on outside). + _Lepus californicus_ and _Lepus insularis_, + pp. 181, 186 + + 12'. Ears without terminal black patch. + + 13. Ear from notch, dry more than 130 (137 + fresh), + _Lepus alleni_, p. 188 + + 13'. Ear from notch, dry less than 130 (137 + fresh). + + 14. Nape more or less black. + + 15. Ears yellow; range Pacific Coastal + region of Isthmus of Tehuantepec in + southern Oaxaca and Chiapas. + _Lepus flavigularis_, p. 188 + + 15'. Ears dark buff, grayish, white and + black; range north of Isthmus of + Tehuantepec. + _Lepus callotis_, p. 186 + + 14'. Nape gray or grayish buff. + _Lepus gaillardi_, p. 188 + +[Illustration: FIG. 44. Distribution of _Lepus americanus_. + + Guide to subspecies: + + 1. _L. a. dalli_ + 2. _L. a. macfarlani_ + 3. _L. a. americanus_ + 4. _L. a. pallidus_ + 5. _L. a. columbiensis_ + 6. _L. a. cascadensis_ + 7. _L. a. washingtoni_ + 8. _L. a. klamathensis_ + 9. _L. a. tahoensis_ + 10. _L. a. pineus_ + 11. _L. a. oregonus_ + 12. _L. a. bairdii_ + 13. _L. a. seclusus_ + 14. _L. a. phaenotus_ + 15. _L. a. struthopus_ + 16. _L. a. virginianus_ ] + + +=Lepus americanus= + +American Varying Hare + +Total length, 363-520; tail, 25-55; hind foot, 112-150; ear from notch +(dry), 62-70. Upper parts brownish or dusky grayish; hind feet brownish +or white depending on subspecies; winter pelage white except in certain +populations along Pacific Coast; basilar length less than 67; first +upper incisors inscribing an arc of a circle the radius of which is +less than 9.6 mm. There are two to six young in a litter according to +Orr (1940:59). + +LEPUS AMERICANUS AMERICANUS Erxleben. + + 1777. [_Lepus_] _americanus_ Erxleben, Systema Regni Animalis ..., + 1:330, type locality Hudson Bay, Canada. + + 1778. _Lepus hudsonius_ Pallas, Glires, p. 30, type locality not + stated. + + 1790. _Lepus nanus_ Schreber, S[:a]:a]ugethiere, 4:880-885, pl. 234B, a + composite of _Lepus americanus_ and _Sylvilagus floridanus_. No + type or type locality designated. Range given as from Hudson Bay + to Florida. + + 1899. _Lepus bishopi_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 12:11, March 4, type from Mill Lake, Turtle Mts., North Dakota + (inseparable from _L. a. americanus_ according to V. Bailey, N. + Amer. Fauna, 49:138, January 8, 1927 [not December, 1926]). + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:89, unless otherwise + noted).--Keewatin: Hudson Bay (Anderson, 1947:100). Ontario: Fort + Severn (Nelson, 1909:88); around shore of Hudson Bay to approximately + 56[deg] N thence to Ungava: Fort Chimo. Labrador: Hamilton Inlet. + Ontario: North Bay of Lake Nipissing; Michipicoten Island; Isle Royal + (Anderson, 1947:100). Manitoba: Dog Lake. Saskatchewan: Indian Head. + North Dakota (V. Bailey, 1927:139): Mill Lake, Turtle Mts.; Grafton; + "near" Fargo; Elbowoods; Buford. Saskatchewan: Battle Creek (Soper, + 1946:149). Alberta: Red Deer; 50 mi. N Edmonton; Fort Chipewyan; + Govt. Hay Camp, Slave River (Soper, 1942:140). + +LEPUS AMERICANUS BAIRDII Hayden. + + 1869. _Lepus bairdii_ Hayden, Amer. Nat., 3:115, May, type locality + Columbia Valley, Wind River Mts., Fremont County, Wyoming. + + 1875. [_Lepus americanus_] var. _bairdii_, J. A. Allen, Proc. Boston + Soc. Nat. Hist., 17:431, February 17. + + _Marginal records._--British Columbia: Elko (Anderson, 1947:100); + Waterton Lakes Nat'l Park (_ibid._). Montana (Nelson, 1909:112): + Fort Benton; Big Snowy Mts. Wyoming: 5 mi. E and 9 mi. N Pinedale + (15924 KU); 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak (17603 KU). Colorado: Boulder Co. + (Nelson, 1909:112). New Mexico: 10,500 ft., Agua Fria Mtn. (Hill, + 1942:82); Pecos Baldy (V. Bailey, 1932:45); Chama (_ibid._). Utah + (Durrant, MS unless otherwise noted): 18 mi. SE Manila; _30 mi. N + Fort Duchesne_; _23 mi. N Fruitland_; 21 mi. N Escalante; 10 mi. E + Marysvale; City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake City (Barnes, 1927:145). + Idaho (Dalquest, 1942:181): Pocatello; _Payette_; Cuddy Mtn.; + _Weippe_; Bitterroot Valley. _British Columbia: Newgate_ (Anderson, + 1947:100). + +LEPUS AMERICANUS CASCADENSIS Nelson. + + 1907. _Lepus bairdi cascadensis_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:87, December 11, type from Roab's ranch, near Hope, + British Columbia. + + 1935. _Lepus americanus cascadensis_, Racey and Cowan, Rep't Prov. + Mus. British Columbia, 1935:H28. + + _Marginal records_ (Dalquest, 1942:177, unless otherwise + noted).--British Columbia: type locality; Fairview-Keremeos Summit + (Anderson, 1947:101). Washington: Lake Chelan; Trout Lake; Vance; + _Mt. Rainier_; Entiat River, 20 mi. from mouth. British Columbia: + Alta Lake. + +LEPUS AMERICANUS COLUMBIENSIS Rhoads. + + 1895. _Lepus americanus columbiensis_ Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 242, July 2, type from Vernon, British Columbia. + + _Marginal records._--Alberta: Banff Nat'l Park (Anderson, 1947:101); + Jasper Nat'l Park (_ibid._). British Columbia: Creston (Dalquest, + 1942:182). Washington: Republic (Dalquest, 1948:385); Moulson + (Dalquest, 1942:182). British Columbia: Cottonwood Post Office + (Dalquest, 1942:182); Indianpoint Lake (_ibid._). + +LEPUS AMERICANUS DALLI Merriam. + + 1900. _Lepus americanus dalli_ Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., + 2:29, March 14, type from Nulato, Alaska. + + _Marginal records._--Noatak River (Bailey and Hendee, 1926:21); + Upper St. John River (Rausch, 1950:466); Koyukuk (Nelson, 1909:102); + Anvik (_ibid._); Yukon Delta (_ibid._); thence northerly, in + suitable habitat, along coast to Noatak River. + +LEPUS AMERICANUS KLAMATHENSIS Merriam. + + 1899. _Lepus klamathensis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16:100, October + 28, type from head of Wood River, near Fort Klamath, Klamath + County, Oregon. + + 1936. _Lepus americanus klamathensis_, V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, + 55:95, August 29. + + _Marginal records._--Oregon (Dalquest, 1942:176): Mt. Hood; mouth + Davis Creek. California (Orr, 1940:53): vicinity Fort Bidwell; 3000 + ft., Rush Creek, 12 mi. from [N of] Weaverville. _Oregon: Estacada_ + (Dalquest, 1942:176). + +LEPUS AMERICANUS MACFARLANI Merriam. + + 1900. _Lepus americanus macfarlani_ Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. + Sci., 2:30, March 14, type from Fort Anderson, near mouth of + Anderson River, Mackenzie. + + 1900. _Lepus saliens_ Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 19:39, October 6, type + from Caribou Crossing, between Lake Bennett and Lake Tagish, + Yukon. + + 1907. ? _Lepus niediecki_ Matschie, Niedieck's Kreuzfahrten im + Beringmeer, p. 240, type locality Kasilof Lake, Kenai Peninsula, + Alaska. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:100, unless otherwise + noted).--Mackenzie: type locality; Fort Franklin; Fort Rae; Fort + Resolution; Fort Smith. British Columbia: Peace River and Alaska + Highway (Anderson, 1947:101); Bennett. Alaska: Cordova (Philip, + 1939:84); Mills Creek (_ibid._); Lake Clark; E. Fork Kuskokwim River + (Dice, 1921:27); head N. Fork Kuskokwim (_ibid._); Fort Yukon. + Yukon: Russell Mts. + +LEPUS AMERICANUS OREGONUS Orr. + + 1934. _Lepus bairdii oregonus_ Orr, Jour. Mamm., 15:152, May 15, + type from 12 mi. S Canyon City, 5500 ft., Grant County, Oregon. + + 1942. _Lepus americanus oregonus_, Dalquest, Jour. Mamm., 23:179, + June 3. + + _Marginal records._--Oregon (Dalquest, 1942:180): 22 mi. N + Enterprise; _Wallowa Lake_; _summit of Blue Mts._; Ochoco Nat'l + Forest, Harney County. + + 1938. _Lepus americanus pallidus_ Cowan, Jour. Mamm., 19:242, May + 12, type from Chezacut Lake, Chiloctin River, British Columbia. + +LEPUS AMERICANUS PALLIDUS Cowan. + +_Marginal records._--British Columbia: 23 mi. N Hazelton (Dalquest, +1942:183); Berg Lake (_ibid._); Quesnel (Cowan, 1938:243); Lac La Hache +(_ibid._); Bonaparte River, 5 days N Ashcroft (Dalquest, 1942:183); +Kimsquit, Dean Channel (Anderson, 1947:102); Hazelton (Dalquest, +1942:183). + +LEPUS AMERICANUS PHAEONOTUS J. A. Allen. + + 1899. _Lepus americanus phaeonotus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist., 12:11, March 4, type from Hallock, Kittson County, + Minnesota. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:96, unless otherwise + noted).--Manitoba: Selkirk Settlement. Ontario: Lake of the Woods + (Anderson, 1947:102); Rainy Lake. Michigan: Houghton; Chippewa + County (Burt, 1946:244); Presque Isle County (_ibid._); Wayne County + (_ibid._); Jackson County (_ibid._); Allegan County (_ibid._). + Wisconsin: Rhinelander; St. Croix River, Douglas Co. Minnesota: Elk + River; Moores Lake; Warren; St. Vincent. Saskatchewan: Glen Ewen + (Soper, 1946:149). Manitoba: Carberry (Anderson, 1947:102). + +LEPUS AMERICANUS PINEUS Dalquest. + + 1942. _Lepus americanus pineus_ Dalquest, Jour. Mamm., 23:178, June + 3, type from Cedar Mtn., Latah County, Idaho. + + _Marginal records._--British Columbia (Anderson, 1947:102): Trail; + Nelson Range south of Creston. Idaho (Dalquest, 1942:179): 5 mi. W + Cocolalla; Troy. Washington (Dalquest, 1942:179): Blue Mts., + Columbia County; _Marcus_. _British Columbia_: _Rossland_ (Anderson, + 1947:102). + +LEPUS AMERICANUS SECLUSUS Baker and Hankins. + + 1950. _Lepus americanus seclusus_ Baker and Hankins, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 63:63, May 25, type from 12 mi. E and 2 mi. N + Shell, 7900 ft., Bighorn Mts., Big Horn County, Wyoming. Type + locality is only precise locality. + +LEPUS AMERICANUS STRUTHOPUS Bangs. + + 1898. _Lepus americanus struthopus_ Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 12:81, March 24, type from Digby, Nova Scotia. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:92, unless otherwise + noted).--Newfoundland (introduced in 1864): Bay of Islands; Bay of + St. George. Nova Scotia: type locality. Maine: Bucksport. Quebec: + south of St. Lawrence River (Anderson, 1947:102). New Brunswick: + Andover. Prince Edward Island: Alberton. Quebec: Grosse Isle, + Magdalen Islands. + +LEPUS AMERICANUS TAHOENSIS Orr. + + 1933. _Lepus washingtonii tahoensis_ Orr, Jour. Mamm., 14:54, + February 14, type from 1/2 mi. S Tahoe Tavern, Placer County, + California. + + 1942. [_Lepus americanus_] _tahoensis_, Dalquest, Jour. Mamm., + 23:176, June 3. + + _Marginal records._--California: vic. Mineral (Orr, 1940:56). + Nevada: 350 yards NE junction of Nevada state line and N shore Lake + Tahoe (Hall, 1946:601). California: Niagara Creek (Orr, 1940:55); + Cisco (Orr, 1940:56). + +LEPUS AMERICANUS VIRGINIANUS Harlan. + + 1825. _Lepus virginianus_ Harlan, Fauna Americana, p. 196, type + locality Blue Mountains, northeast of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. + + 1875. _Lepus americanus_ var. _virginianus_, J. A. Allen, Proc. + Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 17:431, February 17. + + 1825. _Lepus wardii_ Schinz, Das Thierreich ..., 4:428, based on the + varying hare of the southern part of the United States (Warden, D. + B., in A statistical, political, and historical account of the + United States of North America ..., 1:233, 1819). + + 1845. _Lepus borealis_ Schinz, Synopsis Mammalium, 2:286-287. No + type or type locality mentioned. From Virginia and the + Alleghenies. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:94, unless otherwise + noted).--Quebec (Anderson, 1947:103): Ottawa River; Megantic County. + Maine: _Greenville_ (Nelson, 1909:95); Sebec Lake (_ibid._); Mt. + Desert Island (Manville, 1942:397). _Massachusetts_: _Concord_; + _Middleboro_. _Rhode Island_: _Washington County_. New York: Locust + Grove. Pennsylvania: type locality. Tennessee: White Rock (Kellogg, + 1939:289). Ohio: Ashtabula Co. (Bole and Moulthrop, 1942:174). + Ontario: Holland Riv. (Snyder and Logier, 1930:180). + +LEPUS AMERICANUS WASHINGTONII Baird. + + 1855. _Lepus washingtonii_ Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, 7:333, type from Steilacoom, Washington. + + 1875. _Lepus americanus_ var. _washingtoni_, J. A. Allen, Proc. + Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 18:431, February 17. + + _Marginal records_ (Dalquest, 1942:175, unless otherwise + noted).--British Columbia (Nelson, 1909:107): Sumas; Chilliwack. + Washington: _Mt. Vernon_; Lake Kapowsin; White Salmon. Oregon: Drew; + Florence; _Tillamook_. Washington: Sekiu River. + + +=Lepus othus= + +Alaskan Hare + +Total length, 565-690; tail, 53-104; hind foot, 147-189; ear from notch +(dry), 75-78. Color brownish in summer; white in winter; but tips of +ears always black. General comparisons indicate that this is the species +which, in Eurasia, bears the name _Lepus timidus_. + +LEPUS OTHUS OTHUS Merriam. + + 1900. _Lepus othus_ Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:28, + March 14, type from St. Michael, Norton Sound, Alaska. + + _Marginal records._--Alaska (A. H. Howell, 1936:334): Kotzebue + Sound; mts. NW Nulato River; Akiak; 75 mi. below Bethel; thence N + along coast. + +LEPUS OTHUS POADROMUS Merriam. + + 1900. _Lepus poadromus_ Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:29, + March 14, type from Stepovak Bay, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska. + + 1936. _Lepus othus poadromus_, A. H. Howell, Jour. Mamm., 17:334, + November 16. + + _Marginal records._--Alaska (A. H. Howell, 1936:335): Nushagak; + Kawatna Bay, Shelikof Strait; _Cold Bay_; _Chignik_; _type + locality_; _Sand Point_; 15 mi. W Pavlof Mtn. + + +=Lepus arcticus= + +Arctic Hare + + Revised by A. H. Howell, Jour. Mamm., 17:315-332, November 16, 1936. + For the taxonomic status of the technical names _arcticus_ and + _glacialis_ see Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 30:234-235, March, 1896; + Merriam, Science, n. s., 3:564-565, April 10, 1896; Rhoads, + Science, n. s., 3:843-845, June 5, 1896; Merriam, Science, n. s., + 3:845, June 5, 1896. + +Total length, 480-678; tail, 34-80; hind foot, 132-174; ear from notch +(dry), 70-84. Upper parts gray in summer in southern subspecies; in +others white; in winter white in all subspecies, except black tips of +ears. Weights of lean individuals reach 12 pounds. Hopping on the hind +feet without touching the forefeet to the ground has repeatedly been +recorded for this species. There are four to eight young in a litter. + +[Illustration: FIG. 45. Distribution of _Lepus othus_ and _Lepus +arcticus_. + + 1. _L. o. othus_ + 2. _L. o. poadromus_ + 3. _L. a. groenlandicus_ + 4. _L. a. porsildi_ + 5. _L. a. monstrabilis_ + 6. _L. a. arcticus_ + 7. _L. a. andersoni_ + 8. _L. a. labradorius_ + 9. _L. a. bangsi_ ] + +LEPUS ARCTICUS ARCTICUS Ross. + + 1819. _Lepus arcticus_ Ross, Voyage of Discovery, ed. 2, vol. 2, + appendix 4, p. 151, type locality Possession Bay, Bylot Island, + lat. 73[deg] 37' N. + + 1819. _Lepus glacialis_ Leach, in Ross, Voyage of Discovery, ed. 2, + vol. 2, p. 170, type locality same as for _Lepus arcticus_ Ross. + + _Marginal records._--Franklin: type locality; Egukjuak, 8 mi. E Pond + Inlet, Baffin Island (A. H. Howell, 1936:322); W coast Baffin + Island, 67[deg] 30' (Anderson, 1947:96); Winter Island, Melville + Peninsula (A. H. Howell, 1936:321); Repulse Bay, Melville Peninsula + (_ibid._) + +LEPUS ARCTICUS ANDERSONI Nelson. + + 1934. _Lepus arcticus andersoni_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 47:85, March 8, type from Cape Barrow, Coronation + Gulf, Northwest Territory. + + _Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1936:328).--Franklin: Cape + Kellett, Banks Island; Cambridge Bay, Victoria Island. Mackenzie: + Bathurst Inlet; Backs River near Lake Beechey; Lake Hanbury; Fort + Rae; Fort Anderson. + +LEPUS ARCTICUS BANGSII Rhoads. + + 1896. _Lepus arcticus bangsii_ Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 30:253[=236 of + March issue], author's separates (preprints) published February + 20, 1896, type from Codroy, Newfoundland. + + _Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1936:327).--Labrador: Hopedale; + Makkovik. Newfoundland: Saint Johns; type locality; Mt. St. Gregory. + +LEPUS ARCTICUS GROENLANDICUS Rhoads. + + 1896. _Lepus groenlandicus_ Rhoads, Amer. Nat., 30:254(=237 of March + issue), author's separates (preprints) issued February 20, type + from Robertson Bay, NW Greenland. + + 1934. [_Lepus arcticus_] _groenlandicus_, Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 47:83, March 8. + + 1912. _Boreolepus groenlandicus_, Barrett-Hamilton, Hist. British + Mammals, pt. 12, p. 298, October. + + 1930. _Lepus variabilis hyperboreus_ Pedersen, Medd. om Gr[:o]nland, + 77:363, no type or type locality designated but name applied to + hares of east Greenland in the general vicinity of Scoresby Sound + (preoccupied by _Lepus hyperboreas_ Pallas, Zoogeographica Rosso + Asiatica, 1:152, 1831, a species of _Ochotona_). + + 1934. _Lepus arcticus persimilis_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 47:84, March 8, type from S side Clavering Island, + east Greenland. + + _Marginal records._--Greenland (A. H. Howell, 1936:331): Cape + Alexander; on east coast to Francis Joseph Fiord; on west coast to + _Nugsuak Peninsula_; Disko Island; Holsteinsborg. + +LEPUS ARCTICUS LABRADORIUS Miller. + + 1899. _Lepus labradorius_ Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 13:39, May 29, type from Fort Chimo, Ungava, Canada. + + 1924. _Lepus arcticus labradorius_, G. M. Allen and Copeland, Jour. + Mamm., 5:12, February 9. + + 1902. _Lepus arcticus canus_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 22:59, October + 31, type from Hubbart Point, W coast Hudson Bay, Keewatin. + + _Marginal records_ (A. H. Howell, 1936:323).--Franklin: Pangnirtung + Fiord; Nunata, Kingua Fiord; Cumberland Sound, Blacklead Island; + Weddell Harbor, Frobisher Bay. Labrador: Ramah; Solomons Island, + near Davis Inlet. Quebec: _type locality_; Great Whale River, Hudson + Bay; Belcher Islands. Manitoba: Fort Churchill; _Hubbart Point_. + Keewatin: Cape Fullerton; Southampton Island. Franklin: _Cape + Dorset_; Camp Kungovik, W coast Baffin Island, 65[deg] 35' N lat.; + _Nettilling Fiord_. + +LEPUS ARCTICUS MONSTRABILIS Nelson. + + 1934. _Lepus arcticus monstrabilis_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 47:85, March 8, type from Buchanan Bay, Ellesmere + Island. + + _Marginal records._--Franklin (A. H. Howell, 1936:329): Cape + Sheridan; Craig Harbor; Dundas Harbor, Devon Island. + +LEPUS ARCTICUS PORSILDI Nelson. + + 1934. _Lepus arcticus porsildi_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 47:83, March 8, type from near Julianehaab, 61[deg] 20' N lat., + Greenland. + + _Marginal records._--Greenland (A. H. Howell, 1936:332): + Sukkertoppen; _Neria, 61[deg] 36' N lat_.; 60[deg] 42' N lat. + + +=Lepus townsendii= + +White-tailed Jack Rabbit + +Total length, 565-655; tail, 66-112; hind foot, 145-172; ear from notch +(dry), 96-113. Upper parts grayish brown; tail all white or with dusky +or buffy mid-dorsal stripe which does not extend onto back; white in +winter in northern parts of its range. Two adult males weighed 2945 and +2494 grams (Orr, 1940:43) and there are 3 to 6 young in a litter. + +[Illustration: FIG. 46. Distribution of _Lepus townsendii_. + + 1. _Lepus townsendii townsendii_ + 2. _Lepus townsendii campanius_ ] + +LEPUS TOWNSENDII CAMPANIUS Hollister. + + 1837. _Lepus campestris_ Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, 7:349, not of Meyer, 1790; type locality plains of + the Saskatchewan, probably near Carlton House. + + 1915. _Lepus townsendii campanius_ Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 28:70, March 12. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:78, unless otherwise + noted).--Saskatchewan: Indian Head (Nelson, 1909:77). Manitoba: + Carberry (_ibid._). Ontario: Rainy River (Anderson, 1947:100). + Minnesota (Swanson, Surber and Roberts, 1945:97): Polk County; Otter + Tail County; Sherburne County: Washington County. Illinois: + Blanding, 6 mi. WNW Hanover (Hoffmeister, 1948:1). Kansas: Red Fork, + 60 mi. W Fort Riley; Greensburg (Brown, 1940:387). New Mexico: + "near" Taos (V. Bailey, 1932:47); Hopewell. Colorado: Antonito; Fort + Garland; Villa Grove; Salida; Como; _Denver_; Mt. Whitely, 25 mi. N + Kremmling. Wyoming: Spring Creek; Big Piney; head Glenn Creek, + Yellowstone Nat'l Park. Alberta: Great Plains region (Anderson, + 1947:99). + +LEPUS TOWNSENDII TOWNSENDII Bachman. + + 1839. _Lepus townsendii_ Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, 8(pt. 1):90, pl. 2, type from Fort Walla Walla, near + present town of Wallula, Walla Walla County, Washington. + + 1904. _Lepus campestris sierrae_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 17:132, July 14, type from 7800 ft., Hope Valley, + Alpine County, California. Regarded as inseparable from _L. t. + townsendii_ by Orr, Occas. Papers, California Acad. Sci., 19:42, + May 25, 1940. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:82, unless otherwise + noted).--British Columbia: Fairview, Okanagan Valley. Idaho: + Rathdrum Prairie (Rust, 1946:322); Lemhi River; Teton Basin. + Wyoming: Hamsfork; Henrys Fork. Colorado: Hot Sulphur Springs; Mt. + Baldy; Crested Butte; Mill City. Utah: Kanab. Nevada (Hall, + 1946:600): Hamilton; Desatoya Mts.; Santa Rosa Mts. California: + Parker Creek, 6300 ft., Warner Mts. Nevada (Hall, 1946:600): 8600 + ft., 3 mi. S Mt. Rose; 8900 ft., Lapon Canyon, Mt. Grant; Mt. + Magruder. California (Orr, 1940:43): Tuolumne Meadows; Woodfords; + Tahoe City; 4700 ft., Steele Meadows. Oregon: Antelope. Washington: + Manson (Dalquest, 1948:382). + + +=Lepus californicus= + +Black-tailed Jack Rabbit + +Total length, 465-630; tail, 50-112; hind foot, 112-145; ear from notch +(dry), 99-131. Upper parts gray to blackish; tail with black mid-dorsal +stripe extending onto back; never all white in winter. On the tableland +of Mexico and in the southwestern United States where this species +occurs together with the white-sided jack rabbits, _L. californicus_ can +be recognized by the terminal black patch on the outside of each ear and +by the less extensive area of white on the flank. To the eastward, in +Tamaulipas, where only the black-tailed jack rabbit occurs, it too, has +extensively white flanks and some individuals lack the terminal black +patch on the ear. + +A certain means for distinguishing the skulls of the black-tailed jack +rabbit from those of all of the white-sided jack rabbits has not yet +been found. The same is true of the skulls of the white-tailed jack +rabbit and the black-tailed jack rabbit in the Great Basin region of +Nevada. The skulls, at least of adults, of these two species, in the +region east of the Rocky Mountains can be readily distinguished by the +pattern of infolding of the enamel on the front of the first upper +incisor teeth; _L. townsendii_ has a simple groove on the anterior face +of the tooth and _L. californicus_, east of the Rocky Mountains, has a +bifurcation, or even trifurcation, of the infold that can readily be +seen by examining the occlusal surface of the incisor. + +In Arizona, Vorhies and Taylor (1933:478) found the weight of 23 adult +males to average 5.1 (4.4-6.1) lbs. In that state, 70 pregnant females +averaged 2.24 (1-6) young per litter and the authors (_op. cit._) +thought that a female had three or four litters each year. + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS ALTAMIRAE Nelson. + + 1904. _Lepus merriami altamirae_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 17:109, May 18, type from Alta Mira, Tamaulipas. Known + from type locality only. + + 1951. _Lepus californicus altamirae_, Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. + Nat. Hist., 5:45, October 1, 1951. + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS ASELLUS Miller. + + 1899. _Lepus asellus_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, + p. 380, September 29, type from San Luis Potos['i], San Luis + Potos['i]. + + 1909. _Lepus californicus asellus_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:150, + August 31. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:151).--Coahuila: Jaral. Nuevo Leon: + Miquihuana. San Luis Potos['i]: R['i]o Verde. Aguascalientes: + Chicalote. Zacatecas: Valparaiso. + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS BENNETTII Gray. + + 1844. _Lepus bennettii_ Gray, Zoology Voy. _Sulphur_, p. 35, pl. 14, + type from San Diego, San Diego County, California. + + 1909. _Lepus californicus bennetti_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:136, + August 31. + + _Marginal records._--California: Mt. Pi[~n]os (Orr, 1940:73); Arroyo + Seco, Pasadena (Orr, 1940:74); San Felipe Valley (_ibid._); Jacumba + (Nelson, 1909:137), Baja California: San Quint['i]n (Nelson, 1909:137). + Northward along coast at least to California: Montalvo (Orr, + 1940:73). + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS CALIFORNICUS Gray. + + 1837. _Lepus californica_ Gray, Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., + 1:586, type from "St. Antoine," California (probably on coastal + slope of mts. near the Mission of San Antonio, Jolon, Monterey + County). + + 1926. _Lepus californicus vigilax_ Dice, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., + Univ. Michigan, 166:11, February 11, type from Balls Ferry, Shasta + County, California. + + _Marginal records._--Oregon (Nelson, 1909:132): Drain; Grants Pass. + California (Orr, 1940:68-69): Callahan, Scott River; 3300 ft, + Lymans, NW of Lyonsville; Dry Creek, Oroville-Chico Road; Snelling; + Hernandez; Morro; _Carmel Point_; _Bolinas Bay_; _Freestone_; + _Sherwood_; _Ferndale_; 3 mi. W Arcata. Oregon: Rogue River Valley + (Nelson, 1909:132). + +_Lepus californicus curti_ Hall. + + 1951. _Lepus californicus curti_ Hall, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. + Hist., 5:42, October 1, 1951, type from 88 mi. S and 10 mi. W + Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Known from type locality only. + +[Illustration: FIG. 47. Distribution of _Lepus californicus_ and _Lepus +insularis_. + + 1. _L. c. wallawalla_ + 2. _L. c. californicus_ + 3. _L. c. deserticola_ + 4. _L. c. richardsonii_ + 5. _L. c. bennettii_ + 6. _L. c. martirensis_ + 7. _L. c. xanti_ + 8. _L. c. sheldoni_ + 9. _L. c. magdalenae_ + 10. _L. c. eremicus_ + 11. _L. c. texianus_ + 12. _L. c. melanotis_ + 13. _L. c. merriami_ + 14. _L. c. asellus_ + 15. _L. c. festinus_ + 16. _L. c. altamirae_ + 17. _L. c. curti_ + 18. _L. insularis_ ] + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS DESERTICOLA Mearns. + + 1896. _Lepus texianus deserticola_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., + 18:564, June 24, type from western edge Colorado Desert, at base + of Coast Range Mts., Imperial County, California. + + 1909. _Lepus californicus deserticola_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:137, August 31. + + 1932. _Lepus californicus depressus_ Hall and Whitlow, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 45:71, April 2, type from 1/2 mi. S. Pocatello, + Bannock County, Idaho. (Regarded as inseparable from _L. c. + deserticola_ by Davis, The Recent Mammals of Idaho, p. 359, April + 5, 1939.) + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:140, unless otherwise + noted).--Idaho (Davis, 1939:360): Boise River; Sawtooth Nat'l + Forest; Arco; Blackfoot. Utah: Ogden; Provo; Loa. Arizona: San + Francisco Mtn.; Fort Whipple; Phoenix; Rancho Bonito, Abra Valley + (Huey, 1942:362). Sonora: El Doctor. Baja California: Calamahue; + Esperanza Canyon. California (Orr, 1940-76): Coyote Wells; + Kenworthy; Victorville; Farrington Ranch; 5 mi. SW Lone Pine; 10,000 + ft., head Silver Canyon; Mono Mills; 5600 ft., near Woodfords. + Nevada (Hall, 1946:606): Sutcliffe; 3/4 mi. S Sulphur. Idaho: 6 mi. S + Murphy (Davis, 1939:360). + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS EREMICUS J. A. Allen. + + 1894. _Lepus texianus eremicus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 6:347, December 7, type from Fairbank, Cochise County, + Arizona. + + 1909. _Lepus californicus eremicus_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:140, + August 31. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:141, unless otherwise + noted).--Arizona: Casa Grande; Fort Bowie; 2 mi. E Portal (Cahalane, + 1939:435). Chihuahua: San Bernardino Ranch (possibly Nelson should + have placed this in Sonora); Colonia Garcia. Sonora: Hermosillo; La + Libertad (Burt, 1938:68); Agua Dulce (of Sonora, not of Arizona). + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS FESTINUS Nelson. + + 1904. _Lepus festinus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17:108, + May 18, type from Irolo, Hidalgo. + + 1909. _Lepus californicus festinus_ Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:151, + August 31. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:152).--Hidalgo: Zimapan; + _Tulancingo_; type locality; Queretaro: Tequisquiapam. + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS MAGDALENAE Nelson. + + 1907. _Lepus californicus magdalenae_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 20:81, July 22, type from Magdalena Island, Baja + California. + + _Marginal records._--Baja California (Nelson, 1909:155): type + locality; Margarita Island. + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS MARTIRENSIS Stowell. + + 1895. _Lepus martirensis_ Stowell, Proc. California Acad. Sci., + 5(ser. 2):51, May 28, type specimen from the San Pedro M['a]rtir + Mountains of Baja California. + + _Marginal records._--Baja California (Nelson, 1909:154): La Huerta; + Calamahue; San Bruno; Rancho San Jos['e]; San Simon. + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS MELANOTIS Mearns. + + 1890. _Lepus melanotis_ Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:297, + February 21, type from Independence, Montgomery County, Kansas. + + 1909. _Lepus californicus melanotis_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:146, August 31. + + _Marginal records._--South Dakota: Lyman Co. (Over and Churchill, + 1945:48). Nebraska: Oakland (12399 KU). Kansas: near Doniphan Lake + (Linsdale, 1928:146). Missouri: Saline Co. (Enders, 1932:120); 5 mi. + E Rockbridge (Leopold and Hall, 1945:145). Arkansas: "about" 2 mi. S + Evansville (Dellinger and Black, 1940:190). Oklahoma: 3 mi. E + Wainwright (Blair, 1939:128). Texas: Brazos County (Petersen, + 1946:166); Golinda (Nelson, 1909:148); Washburn (_ibid._). New + Mexico: Santa Rosa (_ibid._); vicinity of Cimarron (Hill, 1942:82). + Colorado: Semper (Nelson, 1909:148). Wyoming: 3 mi. W Meriden along + Horse Cr. (15926 KU). + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS MERRIAMI Mearns. + + 1896. _Lepus merriami_ Mearns, Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals + from the Mexican border of the United States, p. 2, March 25, + (Reprint: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:444, May 23, 1896) type from + Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:150, unless otherwise + noted).--Texas: Mason; Lott; Antioch; Houston. Tamaulipas: + Matamoros; Tamaulipeca, San Carlos Mts. (Dice, 1937:255). Nuevo + Leon: Santa Catari[~n]a. Coahuila: Monclova; Sabinas. + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS RICHARDSONII Bachman. + + 1839. _Lepus richardsonii_ Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, 8(pt. 1):88, type from California (exact locality + unknown, but probably on interior slope of mts. near Jolon, + Monterey County). + + 1909. _Lepus californicus richardsoni_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:133, August 31. + + 1904. _Lepus tularensis_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 17:136, July 14, type from Alila, Tulare County, California. + + _Marginal records._--California (Orr, 1940:71): Minkler; Thompson + Valley, Walker Basin; Kern Lake Basin; Carrizo Plains, 7 mi. SE + Simmler; _2 mi. E Bryson_; Jolon. + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS SHELDONI Burt. + + 1933. _Lepus californicus sheldoni_ Burt, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 46:37, February 20, type from Carmen Island [(lat. + 26[deg] N, long. 111[deg] 12' W) Gulf of Calif.], Baja California. + Known from type locality only. + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS TEXIANUS Waterhouse. + + 1848. _Lepus texianus_ Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm., 2:136, type + locality unknown, but probably in western Texas. + + 1909. _Lepus californicus texianus_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:142, + August 31. + + 1896. _Lepus texianus griseus_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., + 18:562, June 24, type from Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas. + + 1903. _Lepus_ (_Macrotolagus_) _texianus micropus_ J. A. Allen, + Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 19:605, November 12, type from R['i]o + del Bocas, NW Durango. + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:146, unless otherwise + noted).--Colorado: between Grand Junction and the Utah boundary + (Cary, 1911:158). New Mexico: Roswell (Nelson, 1909:145). Texas + (Nelson, 1909:145). Colorado: Comstock. Coahuila: 8 mi. SE San Pedro + de los Colonias, 3700 ft. (40206 KU). Durango: R['i]o Sest['i]n; + R['i]o del Bocas. Chihuahua: Santa Rosalia; Pacheco; San Luis Mts. + New Mexico (Nelson, 1909:145): Guadalupe Ranch. Arizona: Painted + Desert. Utah: Abajo (Blue Mts.) (Barnes, 1927:149). + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS WALLAWALLA Merriam. + + 1904. _Lepus texianus wallawalla_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 17:137, July 14, type from Touchet, Plains of the + Columbia, Walla Walla County, Washington. + + 1909. _Lepus californicus wallawalla_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, + 29:132, August 31. + + _Marginal records._--Washington: Moses Coulee (Dalquest, 1948:386); + Touchet (Nelson, 1909:133). Oregon: Ontario (Nelson, 1909:133). + Nevada (Hall, 1946:606): 4100 ft., Quinn River Crossing; 4200 ft., + 4-1/2 mi. W Flanigan. California (Orr, 1940:79): 5000 ft., 7 mi. E + Ravendale; 3600 ft., 1 mi. SE Weed; Hornbrook. Oregon (Nelson, + 1909:133): Hay Creek; Willow Junction. + +LEPUS CALIFORNICUS XANTI Thomas. + + 1898. _Lepus californicus xanti_ Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., + 1(ser. 7):45, January, type from Santa Anita, Baja California. + + _Marginal records._--Baja California (Nelson, 1909:156): Southern + part of the Peninsula. Santa Clara Mts., southward around range of + _L. c. martirensis_ to and down east coast; La Paz; Cape St. Lucas; + San Jorg['e]; 20 mi. W San Ignacio. + + +=Lepus insularis= Bryant + +Black Jack Rabbit + + 1891. _Lepus insularis_ Bryant, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 3(ser. + 2):92, April 23, type from Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of + California, Baja California. Known from Espiritu Santo Island + only. + + 1895. _Lepus edwardsi_ St. Loup, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1:5, + type from Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Baja + California. + +Total length, 574; tail, 96; hind foot, 121; ear from notch (dry), 105. +This insular species, clearly a close relative of _Lepus californicus_ +of the adjacent peninsula of Baja California, is mainly glossy black on +the upper parts but grizzled and suffused on sides of back and body, and +in some specimens on head, with dark buffy or reddish brown; underparts +dark cinnamon buffy or dusky brown; ears and sides of head grayish +dusky; jugals heavier than in _Lepus californicus_ of the adjacent +peninsula of Baja California. + + +=Lepus callotis= Wagler + +White-sided Jack Rabbit + + 1830. _Lepus callotis_ Wagler, Nat. Syst. der Amphibien, p. 23, type + from southern end of Mexican Tableland. + + 1830. _Lepus mexicanus_ Lichtenstein, Abhandl. k. Akad. Wiss., + Berlin., p. 101, type from M['e]xico (southern end of Mexican + Tableland). + + 1833. _Lepus nigracaudatus_ Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 41, + type from "that part of California which adjoins to Mexico" + (probably southwestern part of Mexican Tableland). + + _Marginal records_ (Nelson, 1909:124).--Durango: Durango (city of). + San Luis Potos['i]: Arenal. Hidalgo: Tulancingo. Oaxaca: Oaxaca (city + of); Tlapancingo. Jalisco: Atenquiqui; Reyes. + +Total length, 560; tail, 71; length of hind foot, 133; ear from notch +(dry), 117. Upper parts dark, slightly pinkish, buff heavily washed with +black; backs of ears mainly white without terminal patch of black; +flanks white; rump iron gray. + +[Illustration: FIG. 48. Distribution of the White-sided Jack Rabbits. + + Guide to kinds: + + 1. _Lepus callotis_ + 2. _Lepus flavigularis_ + 3. _Lepus gaillardi gaillardi_ + 4. _Lepus gaillardi battyi_ + 5. _Lepus alleni alleni_ + 6. _Lepus alleni palitans_ + 7. _Lepus alleni tiburonensis_ ] + + +=Lepus flavigularis= Wagner + +Tehuantepec Jack Rabbit + + 1844. _Lepus callotis_ var [gamma] _flavigularis_ Wagner, Schreber's + S[:a]ugthiere, Suppl., 4:106, type from M['e]xico (probably near + Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca). + + 1909. _Lepus flavigularis_, Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:125, August + 31. + + _Marginal records._--Oaxaca (Nelson, 1909:126): Santa Efigenia; San + Mateo del Mar; Huilotepec. + +Total length, 595; tail, 77; hind foot, 133; ear from notch (dry), 112. +Upper parts bright ochraceous buff strongly washed with black; ears +entirely buff; nape with black stripe extending back from base of each +ear and median stripe of buff; flanks and underparts of body white; rump +iron gray; tympanic bullae smaller than in any other _Lepus_ of M['e]xico. + + +=Lepus gaillardi= + +Gaillard Jack Rabbit + +Total length, 450-536; tail, 59-80; hind foot, 124-133; ear from notch +(dry), 110-112. Coloration essentially as in _Lepus callotis_ except +that nape is plain buff, without a trace of black, and upper parts +paler, more vinaceous buff. + +LEPUS GAILLARDI BATTYI J. A. Allen. + + 1903. _Lepus_ (_Microtolagus_ [_sic_]) _gaillardi battyi_ J. A. + Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 19:607, November 12, type from + Rancho Santuario, northwestern Durango. + + _Marginal records._--Durango (Nelson, 1909:122): R['i]o Campo; type + locality. + +LEPUS GAILLARDI GAILLARDI Mearns. + + 1896. _Lepus gaillardi_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18:560, June + 24, type from West Fork of Playas Valley, near monument No. 63, + Mexican boundary line, Grant County, New Mexico. + + _Marginal records._--New Mexico: Animas Valley (V. Bailey, 1932:53). + Chihuahua (Nelson, 1909:121): Whitewater; Colonia Juarez. New + Mexico; type locality. + + +=Lepus alleni= + +Antelope Jack Rabbit + +Total length, 553-670; tail, 48-76; hind foot, 127-150, ear from notch, +in flesh, 138-173. Top and sides of head creamy buff, slightly washed on +top with black; tail white except for mid-dorsal line of black extending +onto rump; sides of shoulders, flanks, sides of abdomen, rump, and +outside of hind legs uniform iron gray. The average weight of 61 adult +males from Arizona was 8.2 lbs. In that state 124 pregnant females had +an average of 1.93 young (1-5) and Vorhies and Taylor (1933:580) thought +that a female had three or four litters per year. + +LEPUS ALLENI ALLENI Mearns. + + 1890. _Lepus alleni_ Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:294, + February 21, type from Rillito, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, + Pima County, Arizona. + + _Marginal records._--Arizona: Queen Creek (Vorhies and Taylor, + 1933:480); Cascabel (_ibid._); Calabasas (Nelson, 1909:118). Sonora + (Burt, 1938): Cerro Blanco (p. 67); Oputo (p. 66); Batamotal (p. + 66); La Libertad Ranch (p. 67); Picu Pass (p. 67). Arizona: 2 mi. W + Quitovaquita (Huey, 1942:362); Casa Grande (Nelson, 1909:118). + +LEPUS ALLENI PALITANS Bangs. + + 1900. _Lepus_ (_Macrotolagus_) _alleni palitans_ Bangs, Proc. New + England Zool. Club, 1:85, February 23, type from Aguacaliente, + about 40 mi. SE Mazatlan, Sinaloa. + + _Marginal records._--Sonora: near San Bernardo on R['i]o Mayo on Sonora + side of Sonora-Chihuahua boundary (Burt and Hooper, 1941:7): + _Alamos_ (Nelson, 1909:119); Guirocoba (Burt, 1938:68). Nayarit: + Acaponeta (Nelson, 1909:119). Sinaloa (Nelson, 1909:119): Esquinapa; + _Rosario_; Culiac['a]n. Sonora: "near" Navajoa (Burt, 1938:68). + +LEPUS ALLENI TIBURONENSIS Townsend. + + 1912. _Lepus alleni tiburonensis_ Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 31:120, June 14, type from Tiburon Island, Gulf of + California, Sonora. Known from Tiburon Island only. + + +=Lepus europaeus= + +European Hare + +Total length, 640-700; tail, 70-100; hind foot, 130-150; ear from notch +(dry), 79-100; weight, 3000 to 5000 grams. Upper parts tawny, mixed with +blackish hairs on back; underparts white including underside of tail; +upper side of tail and terminal patch at distal end of outside of ears +black; upper side of feet tawny like sides (not white or whitish). This +is an introduced species. + +LEPUS EUROPAEUS EUROPAEUS Pallas. + + 1778. _Lepus europaeus_ Pallas, Nov. Spec. Quadr. Glir. Ord., p. 30. + Type locality, Burgundy, France. (Introduced and established in + Ontario and parts of the northern United States; slowly spreading + in southern Ontario north of Lake Erie (St. Thomas and Woodstock), + west and north of Lake Ontario (Toronto) to Goodrich on east side + of Lake Huron. See Anderson, Canadian Field-Naturalist, 37:75-76, + April, 1923; Anderson, Nat. Mus. Canada Bull., 102:100, January + 24, 1947; Burt, Mammals of Michigan, p. 247, 1946.) + +LEPUS EUROPAEUS HYBRIDUS Desmarest. + + 1822. _Lepus hybridus_ Desmarest, Encyclopedie methodique (Zoologie) + Mammalogie, pt. 1, p. 349 (Name based on "Russac" of Pallas, Nov. + Spec. Quadr. Glir. Ord., p. 5, 1778), type locality central + Russia. + + 1912. _Lepus europaeus hybridus_, Miller, Cat. Mamm., western + Europe, Publ., British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), p. 508, November 23, + 1912. + + _Range._--Introduced and established in New York and Connecticut + (see Goodwin, Connecticut Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. + 53:159-162, 1935). + +[Illustration: FIGS. 49-51. Dorsal views of skulls of hares. All x 1.] + + FIG. 49. _Lepus americanus tahoensis_, 1/2 mi. S Tahoe Tavern, Lake + Tahoe, Placer County, California. No. 37522 MVZ, [MALE]. + + FIG. 50. _Lepus alleni alleni_, Santa Rita Mountains, 30 mi. S + Tucson, Pima County, Arizona. No. 8621 KU, [MALE]. + + FIG. 51. _Lepus arcticus groenlandicus_, Cape Alexander, Greenland. + No. 114850 USNM, [MALE]. + +[Illustration: FIGS. 52-54. Dorsal views of skulls of hares. All x 1.] + + FIG. 52. _Lepus townsendii townsendii_, north end Ruby Valley, east + base Ruby Mountains, Elko County, Nevada. No. 4686, coll. of Ralph + Ellis, [FEMALE]. + + FIG. 53. _Lepus callotis_, 3-1/2 mi. S Tecolotl['a]n, Jalisco. No. + 31842 KU, [FEMALE]. + + FIG. 54. _Lepus californicus deserticola_, 4 mi. W Fallon, Churchill + County, Nevada. No. 900061 MVZ, [MALE]. + +[Illustration: FIGS. 55-57. Ventral views of skulls of hares. All x 1. +Different views of these skulls are shown in figs. 49-51.] + + FIG. 55. _Lepus americanus tahoensis_. + + FIG. 56. _Lepus alleni alleni_. + + FIG. 57. _Lepus arcticus groenlandicus_. + +[Illustration: FIGS. 58-60. Ventral views of skulls of hares. All x 1. +Different views of these skulls are shown in figs. 49-51.] + + FIG. 58. _Lepus townsendii townsendii_. + + FIG. 59. _Lepus callotis_. + + FIG. 60. _Lepus californicus deserticola_. + +[Illustration: FIGS. 61-64. Lateral views of skulls (one lower jaw) of +hares. All x 1. Different views of these skulls are shown in figs. +49-51.] + + FIG. 61. _Lepus alleni alleni_. + + FIG. 62. _Lepus americanus tahoensis_. + + FIGS. 63-64. _Lepus arcticus groenlandicus_. + +[Illustration: FIGS. 65-68. Lateral views of skulls (one lower jaw) of +hares. All x 1. Different views of these skulls are shown in figs. +52-54.] + + FIG. 65. _Lepus townsendii townsendii_. + + FIG. 66. _Lepus callotis_. + + FIGS. 67-68. _Lepus californicus deserticola_. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + +ALLEN, J. A. + + 1910. Additional mammals from Nicaragua. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 28:87-115, April 30. + +ANDERSON, R. M. + + 1947. Catalogue of Canadian Recent mammals. Bull. Nat. Mus. Canada, + 102:v + 238, January 24. + +ANDERSON, R. M., and RAND, A. L. + + 1943. A synopsis of the rodents of the southern parts of the Prairie + Provinces of Canada. Special contribution-43-1, Canada, Dept. + Mines and Resources, Mines and Geol. Branch, pp. 1-25, 13 + illustrations (mimeographed MS). On the front of the self cover + below the date 1943 there is stamped "April 27, 1939". + +BAILEY, A. M., and HENDEE, R. W. + + 1926. Notes on the mammals of northwestern Alaska. Jour. Mamm., + 7:9-28, 3 pls., February 15. + +BAILEY, V. + + 1927. A biological survey of North Dakota. N. Amer. Fauna, 49:vi + + 226, 21 pls., 8 figs. in text, January 8. + + 1932. Mammals of New Mexico. N. Amer. Fauna, 53:1-412, 22 pls., 56 + figs. in text, March 1. + + 1936. The mammals and life zones of Oregon. N. Amer. Fauna, 55:1-416, + 51 pls. (nos. 2-52), 102 figs. in text, 1 map, August 29. + +BARNES, C. T. + + 1927. Utah mammals. Bull. Univ. of Utah, 17(12):1-183, Frontispiece, + 31 maps, June. + +BLACK, J. D. + + 1936. Mammals of northwestern Arkansas. Jour. Mamm., 17:29-35, + February 17. + +BLAIR, W. F. + + 1936. The Florida Marsh rabbit. Jour. Mamm., 17:197-207, August 17. + + 1938. A new race of the eastern cottontail from the Texas Panhandle. + Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 380:1-3, June 21. + + 1939. Faunal relationships and geographic distribution of mammals in + Oklahoma. Amer. Midl. Natur., 22:85-133, 1 fig., July. + + 1940. A contribution to the ecology and faunal relationships of the + mammals of the Davis Mountain Region, Southwestern Texas. Misc. + Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 46:1-39, 3 pls., June 28. + +BOLE, B. P., JR., and MOULTHROP, P. N. + + 1942. The Ohio Recent mammal collection in the Cleveland Museum of + Natural History. Scientific Publs., Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., + 5:83-181, September 11. + +BORELL, A. E., and BRYANT, M. D. + + 1942. Mammals of the Big Bend area of Texas. Univ. California Publ. + Zool., 48:1-62, 5 pls., 1 fig. in text, August 7. + +BROWN, L. + + 1940. The distribution of the white-tailed jack rabbit (_Lepus + townsendii campanius_ Hollister) in Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. + Sci., 43:385-389. + +BURT, W. H. + + 1938. Faunal relationships and geographic distribution of mammals in + Sonora, Mexico. Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, + 39:1-77, 3 tables, 26 maps, February 15. + + 1946. The mammals of Michigan. Univ. Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, xv + + 1-288 pp., illustrated. + +BURT, W. H., and HOOPER, E. T. + + 1941. Notes on mammals from Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. Occas. + Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 430:1-7, May 27. + +CAHALANE, V. H. + + 1939. Mammals of the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona. + Jour. Mamm., 20:418-440, 3 figs. in text, November 14. + +CARY, M. + + 1911. A Biological survey of Colorado. N. Amer. Fauna, 33:1-256, 12 + pls., 39 figs. in text, August 17. + +COCKRUM, E. L. + + 1949. Range-extension of the swamp rabbit in Illinois. Jour. Mamm., + 30:427-429, 1 fig. in text, November 17. + +COWAN, I. MCT. + + 1938. Notes on the hares of British Columbia with the description of a + new race. Jour. Mamm., 19:240-243, May 12. + + 1940. Two mammals new to the known fauna of British Columbia. The + Murrelet, 21:9, April 30. + +DALQUEST, W. W. + + 1941. Distribution of cottontail rabbits in Washington. Jour. Wildlife + Manag., 5:408-411, October. + + 1942. Geographic variation in northwestern snowshoe hares. Jour. + Mamm., 23:166-183, 2 figs. in text, June 3. + + 1948. Mammals of Washington. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., + 2:1-444, 140 figs. in text, April 9. + + 1950. Records of mammals from the Mexican state of San Luis Potos['i]. + Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., 23:1-15, July + 10. + +DAVIS, W. B. + + 1937. Some mammals from western Montana and eastern Idaho. Murrelet + 18:22-27, September 4. + + 1939. The Recent mammals of Idaho. The Caxton Printers, Caldwell, + Idaho, 400 pp., 2 full pages half tones, 33 figs. in text, April + 5. + + 1944. Notes on Mexican mammals. Jour. Mamm., 25:370-403, 1 fig. in + text, December 12. + +DAVIS, W. B., and ROBERTSON, J. L., Jr. + + 1944. The mammals of Culberson County, Texas. Jour. Mamm., 25:254-273, + 1 pl., 2 figs. in text, September 8. + +DELLINGER, S. C., and BLACK, J. D. + + 1940. Notes on Arkansas mammals. Jour. Mamm., 21:187-191, May 16. + +DICE, L. R. + + 1921. Notes on the mammals of interior Alaska. Jour. Mamm., 2:20-28, + February 10. + + 1926. Notes on Pacific Coast rabbits and pikas. Occas. Papers, Mus. + Zool., Univ. Michigan, 166:1-28, February 11. + + 1937. Mammals of the San Carlos Mountains and vicinity. Michigan + studies, Sci. Ser., 12:245-268, 3 pls. + +DURRANT, S. D. + + MS. The mammals of Utah. 826 pp., illustrated--on file Mus. Nat. + Hist., Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, as of May, 1950. + +ENDERS, R. K. + + 1932. Mammal distribution in Saline and Camden counties, Missouri. + Amer. Midland Nat., 13:114-123, May. + +GOLDMAN, E. A. + + 1920. Mammals of Panama. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 69(5):1-309, 39 + pls., 24 figs. in text, April 24. + +GOODWIN, G. G. + + 1934. Mammals collected by A. W. Anthony in Guatemala 1924-1928. Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 68:1-60, 5 pls., December 12. + + 1935. The mammals of Connecticut. Bull. Connecticut State Geol. and + Nat. Hist. Surv., 53:1-221, 33 pls., 19 figs. in text. + + 1942. Mammals of Honduras. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 79:107-195, + May 29. + + 1946. Mammals of Costa Rica. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. 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The life-histories and ecology of jack rabbits, _Lepus alleni_ + and _Lepus californicus_ ssp., in relation to grazing in + Arizona. Tech. Bull., Univ. Arizona, College Agric., Agric. Exp. + Station, 49:468-587, 12 pls., 5 figs, in text, 17 tables, May + 31. + +WARREN, E. R. + + 1942. The mammals of Colorado. Univ. of Oklahoma Press. xviii + 330 + pp., 50 pls. + +WODZICKI, K. A. + + 1950. Introduced mammals of New Zealand.... x + 255 pp., illustrated. + Published by Dept. Sci. and Industrial Res., Wellington, New + Zealand. + +_Transmitted May 8, 1951. Museum of Natural History, University of +Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas._ + +23-7988 + + * * * * * + + +TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES: + +Changes that have been made to the text (typos or inconsistent +spellings) are as follows: + +Changed "are are" to "as are" (such of their diseases as are +transmissible to him) + +Changed "Inglesmaldie" to "Inglismaldie" (Mount Inglismaldie, near +Banff, Alberta). + +Changed "Carribean" to "Caribbean" (Sipurio, R['i]o Sixaola, near Caribbean +Coast). + +Changed "Quintin" to "Quint['i]n" (Baja California (Huey, 1940): San +Quint['i]n) + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Synopsis of the North American +Lagomorpha, by E. 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