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diff --git a/32435-0.txt b/32435-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38bfb56 --- /dev/null +++ b/32435-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5161 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. P. Meredith + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Every-Day Errors of Speech + +Author: L. P. Meredith + +Release Date: May 19, 2010 [EBook #32435] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + EVERY-DAY + ERRORS OF SPEECH + + BY + L. P. MEREDITH, M.D., D.D.S., + AUTHOR OF "THE TEETH, AND HOW TO SAVE THEM." + + PHILADELPHIA: + J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. + 1876. + + + + + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year, 1872, by + L. P. MEREDITH, + In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + _Damas._ * * * The Prince of Como does not + understand his own language. + + _Melnotte._ Not as you pronounce it: Who the + deuce could? + + +It may be regarded as one of the commendable peculiarities of the +English language that, despite provincialisms, vulgarisms, neglected +education, foreign accent, and the various corrupting influences to +which it is subjected, it may be understood wherever it is heard, +whatever differences of distance or associations may have existed +between the speaker and the listener, both claiming familiarity with +it. Considering these influences and the arbitrariness of the +orthoepical rules of the language, there has been expressed surprise +that frequent degenerations into uncouth dialects or patois have not +occurred. A decent regard for the common weal should cause +gratification that such degenerations have not taken place, for were +it not for the ability of our tongue to preserve its individuality +against the tendency toward corruption, we might reasonably fear such +a Babel-like confusion, that, when asked, "Do you speak English?" one +might appropriately, _sans_ the profanity, reply in the language of +the text, "Not as you pronounce it: Who the deuce could?" While the +majority of people place no other value upon language than that of +convenience, and are indifferent to any corruption, so long as they +can simply understand and be understood, there is happily a better +class, the æsthetic cultivation of which is such that those who belong +to it are anxious to preserve the purity of our vernacular and are +ashamed of all errors of speech in their daily conversations. For such +it will not be uninteresting to look over a number of errors, +principally of pronunciation, that are not formally laid down as such +in books, and which people, even many of the best educated, are +constantly committing, just because they have never had their +attention called to them. These errors are becoming more deeply rooted +every day and if not soon eradicated, it will not be many years before +our orthoepic standard will be overthrown as it was in England some +years ago. + +Smart, one of the most celebrated of English orthoepists, in the +preface of his dictionary says: "The proprietors of Walker's +dictionary, finding it would slide entirely out of use unless it were +adapted to the present day, engaged me as a teacher of elocution, +known in London since Walker's time, to make the necessary changes." A +standard pronouncing dictionary is a work that involves an +extraordinary amount of labor and research in its compilation, and +exerts an influence almost autocratical. The possibility of its +becoming worthless in a short time is strange, especially when it is +not on account of any work claiming superiority, but merely because +error long persisted in finally becomes more authoritative than the +original exemplar. With little effort, however, we can discern the +causes. Persons are apt to acquire the pronunciation and use of the +greater number of words by imitation, rather than by study. With +confidence in the knowledge of the parent, teacher, minister, +physician and others, their examples are followed without ever +considering that they are often very fallible guides. + +A complete dictionary is an immense volume, and to turn over its pages +with even a casual observation of each word, requires an amount of +time that few would feel like devoting to it; and yet this is the only +way in which a person can become _assured_ of the sanctioned +pronunciation and meaning of a great many words. If they would make it +an invariable rule to make memoranda of all the words they read or +hear spoken, about the orthoepy and import of which they are not +absolutely certain, and at their first leisure opportunity would +consult their chosen authority, it would not be long before the +majority of errors would be corrected; but this requires memory, +inclination, time, continuity of purpose, possession of dictionaries +or access to them--circumstances that are seldom found combined. It +will doubtless be useless to rehearse any of the arguments commonly +employed to prove the necessity of having some sovereign standard, to +the guidance of which we must be willing to submit. Those for whom +this work is intended will be willing to admit that. Nor is it +necessary to assert that as far as the English speakers of the United +States are interested, the only works that lay claim to such a +position are the dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. If the right +of the opinions of the majority of scholars throughout the land were +alone considered, the former would certainly be entitled to the +preference; but the work of the latter is too full of merit and has +too many adherents in the ranks of the educated to permit any one to +say that it is not worthy of high esteem. + +With my own preference for the former and with my willingness to +acknowledge the worth of the latter, I have consulted both authorities +concerning every word in the following vocabulary--that is, every word +requiring reference to either. It will be seen that there is much less +difference between the decisions of the two dictionaries than is +commonly supposed. By this reference to each, I have not only +corrected errors in an impartial manner, but have also stopped up that +loop-hole through which so many try to escape by saying, when they are +called to account according to one dictionary, that they do not accept +that as their standard. As far as the people of this country are +concerned, there is no escape from the conclusion that a person is +considered a correct or an incorrect speaker of English, according to +whether or not he conforms his discourse to one of the above mentioned +authorities. At first glance it will appear that the size of this +volume is not at all commensurate to the task of correcting the many +errors that are heard in our communication with all classes that +pretend to speak the English language. It is not intended to instruct +those whose education has been so neglected that they are guilty of +the grossest violation of syntax and orthoepy, nor to cultivate the +taste of those whose selection of words and cant and slang phrases +betrays the low grade of the associations by which they have been +surrounded. It is designed rather as a collection of the more common +of those errors, chiefly orthoepical, that I have before spoken of as +being of constant occurrence even among people of education, unless +they have paid considerable attention to philology or +_belles-lettres_. If by presenting them in this convenient form, thus +saving much time and trouble in referring to the dictionary, I have +merited the thanks of my readers, or if I have contributed even a mite +toward the conservation of the present usage, I shall feel amply repaid. + +I have taken advantage of the alphabetical arrangement to introduce a +few miscellaneous errors that might have been placed under a separate +heading. + +Instead of dividing the words into syllables and loading them with +marks as is usually done in dictionaries, I have thought that it would +make a deeper impression on the memory to present the words as they +are commonly seen in print, depending on respelling to furnish the +correct and incorrect accent and pronunciation. + +The corrections have first been made according to Webster; if +Worcester is unmentioned, it is to be understood that both authorities +agree. + + _Cincinnati, December 20, 1871._ + + + + +Errors of Speech. + + + + +KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE RESPELLING + + + The long sounds of a, e, i, o, u, are represented by ā, ē, ī, + ō, ū. + The short sounds of a, e, i, o, u, " ă, ĕ, ĭ, + ŏ, ŭ. + _a_, as in _air_, _pair_, is represented by â. + _a_, " _far_, _arm_, " " ä or ah. + _a_, " _all_, _haul_, " " aw. + _a_, " _what_, _squat_, " " ŏ. + _e_, " _ere_, _where_, " " ê. + _e_, " _obey_, _weight_, " " ā. + _e_, " _her_, _term_, " " ë. + _i_, " _machine_, " " ē or ee. + _i_, " _dirk_, _whirl_, " " ï. + _o_, " _done_, _son_, " " ŭ. + _o_, " _woman_, " " ŏŏ. + _o_, " _do_, _move_, " " ōō. + _o_, " _for_, _storm_, " " ô or aw. + _oo_, " _soon_, _moon_, " " ōō. + _oo_, " _foot_, _good_, " " ŏŏ. + _u_, " _rude_, _rule_, " " ōō. + _u_, " _push_, _pull_, " " ŏŏ. + _u_, " _burn_, _turn_, " " ü. + _oi_,} " _oil_, _toy_, " " oi. + _oy_,} + _ou_,} " _found_, _owl_, " " ow. + _ow_,} + + _c_, as in _city_, _cite_, is represented by s or ç. + _c_, " _can_, _cut_, " " k. + _ch_, " _child_, _much_, " " ch. + _ch_, " _machine_, " " sh. + _ch_, " _chorus_, " " k. + _g_, " _ginger_, " " j. + _n_, " _think_, _uncle_, " " ñ. + _qu_, " _require_, " " kw. + _s_, " _these_, _ease_, " " z. + +Obscure vowel sounds, or those which are glided over in a word without +any noticeable accent, are unmarked. In those cases where the +pronunciation is so evident that mistakes seem improbable, the marks +are also omitted. + + + + +EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH. + + + A. + + =Abacus=--ab´a-kŭs, not a-băk´ŭs. + + =Abdomen=--ab-dō´men, not ab´do-men. + + =Acclimate=--ak-klī´māte, not ak´kli-māte. + + =Acclimated= is also accented on the second syllable. + + =Acclimatization=--ak-kli-mat-i-zā´shun, not + ak-klī´ma-ti-zā-shun. + + =Adult=--a-dŭlt´, not ăd´ult. + + =Aerated=--ā´er-ā-ted, not ā´rē-ā-ted. "_Areated + bread_" is a mistake that is frequently made. + + =Ailantus=--ā-lăn´tŭs, not ā-lăn´thŭs; + ăt-lăn´tus is a still worse error. + + =Albumen=--al-bū´men, not al´bu-men. + + =Alder=--awl´der, not ăl´der; it is the name of a _tree_ and + does not mean the ordinary _elder_. + + =Alike.= It is sufficient to say that two persons or things are + _alike_, not _both alike_. The word associated with _alike_ is + just as unnecessary as it is with _resemble_ and _equal_ in the + following sentences: "These two men _both_ resemble each + other." "These two sums are _both_ equal." + + =Allopathy=--al-lŏp´a-thy, not al´lo-path-y. + + =Allopathist= is similarly accented. + + =Alpaca=--al-păk´a, not al-la-păk´a. + + =Altercate=--ăl´ter-kāte, not awl´ter-kate. + + =Amenable=--a-mē´na-ble, not a-mĕn´a-ble. + + =Among.= A thing is divided _among_ many and _between_ two. + + =Amour=--a-mōōr´, not am´-mōre nor ā´mōōr. + + =Angry.= Say angry _with_ a person and _at_ a thing. + + =Animalcula= is the plural of _animalculum_; there is no such + word as _animalculœ_. Animalcule (singular) and animalcules + (plural), are proper words; the former is pronounced + an-i-mal´kūle and the latter an-i-mal´kūlz. + + =Antarctic=--ant-ärk´tik, not ant-är´tik. + + =Antepenult=--an-te-pe-nŭlt´, not an-te-pē´nŭlt. + + =Apex=--ā´pex, not ăp´ex. + + =Apparatus=--ap-pa-rā´tus, not ap-pa-răt´us. + + =Aquaria=, not _aquariums_, is the plural of _aquarium_. + + =Arabic=--ăr´a-bĭk, not a-răb´ĭk, a-rā´bĭk, nor + ăr´a-băk; which errors are very common, especially in the + compound word _gum-arabic_. + + =Arbitrary= is often incorrectly pronounced as if spelled + _ar-bi-ta-ry_. + + =Archangel=--ärk-ān´jel, not ärch-ān´jel. + + =Archbishop=--ärch-bish´op, not ärk-bish´op. + + =Archipelago=--ärk-i-pel´a-gō, not ärch-i-pel´a-gō. + + =Architect=--är´ki-tect, not är´chi-tect. + + =Archives=--är´kīvez, not är´chīvez, nor är´kēvez. + + =Arctic=--ärk´tik, not är´tik. + + =Arid=--ăr´id, not ā´rid. + + =Aroma=--a-rō´ma, not ăr´o-ma. + + =At= should not be used when it has no possible connection with + the other words of a sentence; as, "Where are you living _at_?" + + =At all=, not a tall. + + =Attacked=, not attackted. + + =Auction=--awk´shun, not ŏk´shun. + + =Ay= or =Aye=, meaning _yes_, and =aye=, an affirmative vote, are + pronounced äĭ and not ī nor ā. + + =Aye=, meaning forever, always (used chiefly in poetry), is + pronounced ā not ī nor äĭ. + + + B. + + =Bade=--băd, not bāde. + + =Badinage=--băd´in-äzh, not băd´in-āje. Worcester gives + the same pronunciation, but places the accent on the last + syllable. + + =Balance.= There are two common errors connected with this word. + One is to write it _ballance_: the other is to use it in the + sense of _remainder_, _rest_, etc.; as, the _balance_ of the + day, the _balance_ of the people. Balance means properly "the + excess on one side, or what added to the other makes equality." + The corrupt use of the word, as above mentioned, is laid down + as a vulgarism. + + =Bantam=, not _banty_. + + =Bellows=--bĕl´lŭs, not bĕl´lōz. The plural is the + same as the singular. + + =Besom=--bē´zum, not bē´sum. A broom. + + =Betroth=--be-trŏth, not be-trōth. =Betrothed=, + =Betrothal=, etc., are similarly pronounced. + + =Blacking=, not _blackening_ for boots and shoes. + + =Blouse=--blowz, not blowss. + + =Bologna=--bō-lōn´ya, not bō-lō´na. _Bologna_ + sausage, _Bologna_ phial, etc. + + =Bona fide=--bō´na-fī´de, not bō´na-fīde nor + bŏn´a-fīde. + + =Booth.= The _th_ is sounded as in the preposition _with_, not as + in _both_. + + =Bouquet=--bōō-kā´ or boōō´kā, not bō-kā´. + + =Bourgeois=, meaning a kind of type, is pronounced bür-jois´, not + like the following word: + + =Bourgeois=, a citizen, pronounced bōōr-zhwaw´. + + =Brand-new=, not _bran-new_. Although the latter adjective is + much used, it is evidently a corruption of the former. An + article in its newness may be bright like a _brand_ of fire, or + the _brand_ of the manufacturer may remain intact, but there is + certainly no _bran_ about it. + + =Breeches=--brĭtch´ez, not as spelled. + + =Bretzel=, not _pretzel_. A brittle German cake. + + =Brilliant.= A diamond of the finest cut, with its faces and + facets so arranged as to secure the greatest degree of + brilliancy--whence the name. The name to many conveys the idea + of paste, or imitation. A _rose_ diamond may be just as pure, + but its depth does not permit it to be made a _brilliant_ of + without a much greater loss of substance. + + =Brougham=--brōōm or brōō´am, not brō´am nor + brow´am. A kind of carriage. + + =Burst=, =Burst= and =Bursting=, not _bust_, _busted_ and + _busting_. + + + C. + + =Calculate= is often inappropriately used in lieu of _believe_, + _suppose_, _expect_, etc., as in the following sentences: "I + _calculate_ you are my friend;" "I _calculate_ the report is + true." Still worse than this passive misuse is that active one + of using the word in some such sense as this: "Doctor, I know + that you are a man of great intelligence and I have unlimited + confidence in your honor and ability; but I must say that I + think the course of treatment pursued by you during this + epidemic, is _calculated_ to increase the mortality among your + patients." How inconsistent with the encomium is the dreadful + accusation just following! As if the Doctor had sat down and + _calculated_ how he could cause injury rather than benefit. + Calculate means to ascertain by means of figures or to study + what means must be used to secure a certain result. A person + may make a speech, write a book, or do anything else + _calculated_ to do good, or more rarely, evil, but the + intention to accomplish the object spoken of must be present, + before the word can be properly used. + + =Calliope=--kal-lī´o-pe, not kal´li-ōpe. + + =Calvary=, not _cavalry_, when the place of our Saviour's + crucifixion is meant. + + =Camelopard=--ka-mel´o-pärd or kam´el-o-pärd, not + kam-el-lĕop´ard. + + =Cantatrice=--kăn-ta-trē´che, not kăn´ta-treess. + + =Canon=--kăn´yun, not kăn´nun. A deep gorge or ravine. + Spelled also =Canyon=, pronounced kän-yōn´ or kăn´yon. + + =Capoch=--ka-pōōtsh´, not ka-pōch´. =Capouch= is another + orthography. + + =Caption= in the sense of the heading of a discourse, chapter, + page, etc., is not sanctioned by good writers. + + =Carminative=--kär-mīn´a-tive, not kär´mi-nā-tive. + + =Casualty=--kăzh´u-al-ty, not kăz-u-ăl´i-ty. + + =Cater-cornered=--kā´ter-cor-nered, not kăt´ty-cor-nered. + Not down, thus compounded in Webster, but his pronunciation of + the separate words is as given. Worcester gives the word as + above and defines it as an adjective--diagonal. It is generally + used though, I believe, as an adverb; as, "the piano stands + cater-cornered" (diagonally). It is regarded as an inelegant + word, diagonal and diagonally being preferred: though it is + probable that this opinion has been caused by the abominable + pronunciations _catty_ and _kitty_ cornered. + + =Catalpa=--ka-tăl´pa, not ka-tawl´pa. + + =Catch=, =Catching=--kătch and kătching, not kĕtch and + kĕtching. + + =Catholic= means liberal, general, not bigoted, and not _Roman_ + Catholic, unless specially so applied. + + =Caucasian=--kaw-kā´sian,not kaw-kāzh´ian, kaw-kăsh´ian, + kaw-kāz´ian nor kaw-kăss´ian. + + =Cayenne=--kā-ĕn´, not kī-ĕn´. + + =Chaps=--chŏps, not chăps. The jaws. =Chops= is also + correct orthography. + + =Chasten=--chās´en, not chăs´en. =Chastened=, + =chastening=, etc., have also the long a. + + =Chew=, not _chaw_. The latter word either as a verb or noun is + now considered quite vulgar. + + =Chid=, not chī´ded, is the imperfect tense of chide. + + =Chimera=--kĭ-mē´ra, not chi-mē´ra, nor kī-mē´ra. + + =Chivalric=--shĭv´al-rik, not shĭv-ăl´rik. Worcester + allows the latter. + + =Chivalrous=--shĭv´al-rŭs, not shĭv-ăl´rus. Worcester + gives chĭv´al-rus also. + + =Chivalry=--shĭv´al-ry, not chĭv´al-ry. Worcester sanctions + both. + + =Cicerone=--chē-che-rō´ne or sĭs-e-rō´ne, not + sĭs´e-rōne. A guide. + + =Citrate=--sĭt´rate, not sī´trate. "Citrate of magnesia." + + =Climbed=, not clomb (klum). One climbs _up_ but does not climb + _down_. + + =Cochineal=--kŏch´i-neel, not kō´chi-neel nor + kō´ki-neel. + + =Cocoa= (kō´kō) is not made from the cocoa-nut or tree, but + from the seeds of the _cacao_ (ka-kā´o) or chocolate tree. + The word is evidently a perversion, but it has gained a + permanent footing in its present signification. + + =Cognomen=--kŏg-no´men, not kŏg´no-men. + + =Cold-chisel=, not _coal-chisel_. It is a chisel of peculiar + strength and hardness for cutting _cold_ metal. + + =Cole-slaw.= In the former editions of some dictionaries it has + been taught that this word is derived from _cole_ meaning + cabbage, and _slaw_ meaning salad. Cole-slaw--cabbage-salad. + The uninstructed soon changed the _cole_ into _cold_ and + substituted _hot_ for the other extreme of temperature, thus + entirely changing the signification. What was really meant, was + _hot cole-slaw_ and _cold cole-slaw_. Many persons still regard + _cole-slaw_ as the proper word, and receipt books give that + orthography. The last editions of Webster and Worcester, + however, only give the words _cole_ and _slaw_ in separate + places and define the latter as "sliced cabbage." + + =Combatant=--kŏm´bat-ant, not kom-băt´ant. + + =Combativeness=--kŏm´bat-ive-ness, not kom-băt´ive-ness. + + =Come= is often thoughtlessly used for _go_ or some other word. If + How is just leaving Howard's house it is right for How to say, + "I'll come to see you soon," but Howard could not properly say, + _at that place_, the same thing. He should say, "I will go to see + you soon." If they both live in Philadelphia and should meet in + New York, neither could say appropriately, "I'll come to see you + after I get home;" that would mean that one would travel back + from his home in Philadelphia to New York to see the other. But + either might say, "Come and see me when you get home." + + =Comparable=--kŏm´pa-ra-ble, not kŏm-păr´a-ble. + + =Complaisance=--kŏm´pla-zans, not kŏm-plā´zăns. In + complaisant and complaisantly, the accent is also on the first + syllable. Worcester places it on the third, thus: complaisant + (kom-pla-zănt´), etc. + + =Comptroller=--kon-trōl´ler, not kŏmp-trōl´ler. + + =Conduit=--kŏn´dĭt or kŭn´dit, not kŏn´duĭt or + kŏn´dūte. A pipe or canal for the conveyance of fluid. + + =Confab=, not _conflab_. A contraction of confabulation. + + =Congeries=--kŏn-jē´rĭ-eez, not kon-jē´rēz nor + kŏn´je-rēz. A collection of particles into one mass. + + =Contemptuous=, not =contemptible=, when the manifestation of + contempt for another is meant. I once heard a young lady + describing how she had withered at a glance a poor young man + that had incurred her displeasure. "O, I gave him such a + _contemptible_ look," said she. If in the enthusiasm of the + rehearsal, the look that dwelt upon her features was akin to + that given upon the occasion mentioned, no auditor doubted the + exact truth of what she said; but she meant differently. + + =Contiguous=--kon-tig´ū-ŭs, not kon-tĭj´ū-ŭs. + + =Contour=--kŏn-tōōr´, not kŏn´tōōr. The + boundary lines of a figure. + + =Contra-dance= is better than _country-dance_, the latter word + being a corruption; but it has become admissible from long use. + _Contredanse_ is the French original, and means that the + parties stand opposite to each other. + + =Contrary=--kŏn´tra-ry, not kon-trā´ry, interfering with + the rhythm of the distich from Mother Goose's Melodies: + + "Mary, Mary, quite contrary, + How does your garden grow?" + + =Contumacy=--kŏn´tu-ma-sy, not kon-tū´ma-sy. Obstinacy, + stubbornness. + + =Contumely=--kŏn´tu-me-ly not kŏn-tū´me-ly. Insolence, + contemptuousness. + + =Conversant=--kŏn´ver-sant, not kon-vĕr´sănt. + + =Conversazione=--kŏn´ver-sät-se-ō´nā, not + kon-ver-săs´si-ōne. A meeting for conversation. Worcester + pronounces it kŏn-ver-sät-ze-ō´nā. The plural is + conversazioni (-nē). + + =Corporal= punishment, not cor-pō´re-al. + + =Cortege=--kôr´tāzh, not kor´tēje. A train of attendants. + + =Councilor=, is a member of council. + + =Counselor=, one who gives advice. Worcester's spelling is + councillor and counsellor. + + =Creek=, not krĭck. + + =Creole.= From Webster's dictionary are taken the following + definitions and remarks: + + 1. "One born in America, or the West Indies, of European + ancestors. + + 2. "One born within or near the tropics, of any color. 'The + term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to + distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans + imported during the time of the slave trade. The application + of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common + in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, + that it implies an admixture greater or less of African + blood.'--R. Hildreth." + + =Crinoline=--krĭn´o-lĭn, not krĭn´o-līne nor + krĭn´o-leen. + + =Cuirass=--kwē-răs´ or kwē´răs, not kū´răs. A + piece of armor. + + =Cuisine=--kwe-zēn´, not kū-seen´ or kū-zīne´. + Cooking or cooking department. + + =Culinary=--kū´li-na-ry, not kŭl´i-na-ry. + + =Cupola=--kū´po-la, not kū-po-lō´. + + + D. + + =Dahlia=--däl´ya or dāl´-ya, not dăl´ya. + + =Dare not=, not darse'nt. + + =Data=--dā´ta, not dăt´a, is the plural of datum (dā´tum). + + =Debris=--dā-brē´, not dē´brĭs nor dā´brē. + Rubbish, ruins. + + =Decade=--dĕk´ade, not dē´kade nor dē-kāde´. Ten in + number. + + =Defalcate=--de-făl´kate, not de-fawl´kāte. + + =Defalcation=--dē-făl-kā´shun not dē-fawl-kā´shun. + Worcester gives dĕf-al-kā´shun. No such word as + _defalcater_ is seen. + + =Deficit=--dĕf´i-sit, not de-fī´sit nor de-fĭs´sit. A + deficiency. + + =Delusion=, not _illusion_, when deception occurs from want of + knowledge of the world, ignorance of business or trade, or from + lack of acumen generally. Illusions are deceptions arising from + a temporarily or permanently disordered imagination, or from + phenomena occurring in nature: thus we speak of the illusions of + fancy, of dreams, and of optical illusions. The mirage of the + desert and the fata Morgana are instances of the latter. + + =Demonstrative=--de-mŏn´stra-tive, not dĕm´on-strā-tive. + + =Demonstrator=--dĕm´on-strā-tor, not de-mŏn´strā-tor. + Worcester allows the latter. + + =Depot=--de-pō´ or dē´pō, not dā´pō, nor + dĕp´po. Worcester sanctions de-pō´ only. I once had a + friend, deceased now, of course, who called it de-pŏt´. + + =Dereliction=--der-e-lĭk´shun, not dĕr-e-lĕk´shun. A + forsaking, abandonment. + + =Deshabille=--dĕs-a-bĭl´, } =Dishabille=--dĭs-a-bĭl´, + } not dĕs´ha-beel nor dĭs´ha-beel. The French is + déshabillé, pronounced about like dā-zä-be-yā, without + any particular accent. Some persons, in their vain efforts to + get the peculiar liquid sound of the double l, sometimes used, + distort the word terribly, pronouncing it even as broad as + dĭs-ha-beel´yuh. + + =Desideratum=--de-sid-e-rā´tum, not de-sĭd-er-ăt´um; + plural, de-sĭd-er-ā´ta. Something particularly desired. + + =Desperado=--des-per-ā´do, not des-per-ä´do. + + =Dessert=--dĕz-zërt´, not dĕz´zert, nor dĕs´sert: + _dessert-spoon_ (dez-zërt´-spoon). + + =Die.= One dies _of_ a disease, not with it. + + =Differ.= One differs with a person in opinion; one person or + thing differs _from_ another in some quality. + + =Disappointed.= One is disappointed _of_ a thing not obtained and + _in_ a thing obtained. "He will be disappointed of his + expectations." + + =Discourse=--dis-kōrs´, not dĭs´kōrs. + + =Disputable=--dis´pu-ta-ble, not dis-pū´ta-ble. + + =Disputant=--dis´pu-tant, not dis-pū´tant. + + =Distich=--dĭs´tĭk, not dĭs´tĭch. Two poetic lines + making sense. + + =Docible=--dŏs´i-ble, not dō´si-ble. Tractable; teachable. + + =Docile=--dŏs´ĭl, not dō´sīle. + + =Dolorous=--dŏl´or-ŭs, not dō´lor-oŭs. =Dolorously= + and =Dolorousness= are similarly accented; but =dolor= is + pronounced dō´lor. + + =Doubt.= "I do not doubt but that it is so," is a very common + error. The meaning conveyed is just the opposite to that which + the speaker intends. He declares in other words, that he has + _no_ doubt _but_ a doubt that it is so; or he does not doubt + that it is false. "I have no doubt but," and "there is no doubt + but,"--are similar mistakes. The word "but" should be left out. + + =Dough-face= means one that is easily molded to one's will, or + readily changed in his views, and not a putty-faced or + white-faced person. + + =Dragomans=, not _dragomen_, is the plural of _dragoman_, an + Eastern interpreter. + + =Drama=--drä´ma or drā´ma, not drăm´a. Worcester says + drā´ma or drăm´a. + + =Dramatis Personæ=--drăm´a-tīs per-sō´nē, not + dra-măt´is pĕr´so-nē. + + =Drank=, not _drunk_, is the imperfect tense of drink. + + =Ducat=--dŭk´at, not dū´kat. + + + E. + + =Ear=--ēar, not yēar. Persons frequently speak of the + _year-ache_, and occasionally "_a year of corn_," may be heard. + + =Ecce Homo=--ĕk´sē hō´mō, not ĕk´kē + hō´mō. + + =Eider=--ī´der, not ē´der. _Eider-down_ and _eider-duck_. + + =Elm= is pronounced in one syllable and not ĕl´lum. + + =Elysian=--e-lĭz´i-an, not e-lĭs´sian. Worcester gives + e-lĭzh´e-an. + + =Embryo=--em´bry-ō, not em-bry´ō. + + =Employe= (Fr. employé)--ĕm-ploy-ā´ or ŏng-plwaw-yā´, + not employ´ē or ong-ploy´ā. Employee is not allowed. + + =Encore=--ŏng-kōr´, not ŏng´kōr nor ĕn´kōr. + + =Eneid=--ē-nē´id not ē´ne-id. A poem of Virgil. + Worcester sanctions both methods of pronunciation. + + =Ennui=--ŏng-nwē´, not ŏng´wē. Worcester gives a much + simpler pronunciation, viz: än-wē´. + + =Enquiry=--en-kwī´ry, not ĕn´kwĭ-ry. + + =Epsom Salt=, not Epsom _Salts_. + + =Equable=--ē´kwa-ble, not ĕk´wa-ble. + + =Equally well=, etc., not equally _as_ well, etc. + + =Espionage=--ĕs´pe-on-āje or ĕs´pe-on-äzh, not + ĕs-pī´o-nāje nor es-pē´on-äzh. + + =Esquimau=--ĕs´ke-mō, not ĕs´qui-maw: plural, + =Esquimaux= (ĕs´ke-mōz), not ĕs´ke-mawz nor + ĕs´ke-mō. + + =Etagere=--ĕt-a-zhâr´, not e-tăzh´er-y nor + at-tăzh´ĭ-a. Worcester's pronunciation is ā-tä-zhâr´. + A piece of parlor furniture with shelves, used for placing + small ornaments and fancy articles upon; a what-not. + + =Excrescence=--ex-krĕs´sense not ex-krē´sense. A + superfluous appendage: morbid outgrowth. + + =Expect= has reference to the future only, and not to the present + or past. "I _expect_ that you are wrong." "I _expect_ you were + disappointed yesterday," are errors. There is an abundance of + words that may be correctly used, as _suppose_, _suspect_, + _imagine_, _believe_ and _think_. + + =Expose= (Fr. exposé)--ĕks-po-zā´, not ex-pōz´. An + exposition; statement. + + =Exquisite=--ĕks´quĭ-zĭt, not eks-quĭz´itĕ. + =Exquisitely= is accented on the first syllable also. + + =Extant=--ex´tant not ex-tănt´. + + =Extol=--ex-tŏl´, not ex-tō´. =Extolled=, ex-tŏld´, etc. + + + F. + + =Facet=--făs´set not fā-sĕt´. A small surface or face; + as one of the _facets_ of a diamond. + + =Falchion=--fawl´chun, not făl´chĭ-on. A sword. Worcester + sanctions fawl´shun, also. + + =Falcon=--faw´kn, not făl-kŏn. + + =Fang.= When applied to a tooth, _fang_ means the portion that is + outside of the jaw. This name is often, even by dentists, + erroneously given to the _root_ or part that is set into the jaw. + + =Far=, not _fur_. + + =Febrile=--fē´brĭl or fĕb´rĭl, not fē´brīle. + Relating to fever. + + =February=, as it is spelled, and not Fĕb´u-a-ry, as many say + and write it. + + =Feod=, =feodal=, =feodality=--fūd, fūd´al, and + fū-dăl´i-ty. Relating to a kind of tenure formerly + existing in Europe, in which military services were rendered by + the tenant as a consideration. =Feud=, =feudal=, =feudality=, + is the orthography generally adopted now. + + =Ferret.= A ferret is an animal of the weasel kind, used to drive + rabbits out of their burrows, and not a species of dog. + + =Fetid=--fĕt´id, not fē´tid. + + =Fetor=--fē´tor, not fĕt´or. + + =Finale=---fe-nä´lā, not fī´nāle or fī-năl´ly. + + =Finance=--fĭ-năns´, not fī´-năns. + + =Finances=--fĭ-năn´sĕz, not fī´năn-sĕz. + + =Financier=--fĭn-an-seer´, not fī-nan-seer´. =Financial=, + and =financially=, have also the short i in the first syllable. + + =Finis=--fī´nis, not fĭn´is. + + =Firmament= means the expanse of the sky: the heavens. The + meaning, solid foundation, is obsolete. + + =Flannel=, not _flannen_. + + =Florid=--flŏr´id, not flō´rĭd. + + =Florin=--flŏr´in, not flō-rĭn. A piece of money. + + =Florist=--flō´rist, not flŏr´ist. + + =Forage=--fŏr´aje, not fō´raje. + + =Forceps=--fôr´seps, not fōr´seps. The word is spelled the + same in both the singular and the plural numbers. Such mistakes + as, "hand me a forcep," instead of "hand me a forceps," are + very common. Strictly speaking, "a pair of forceps," ought, I + suppose, to mean _two_ forceps; but like the expressions "a + pair of scissors" and "a pair of stairs," the phrase has been + in use so long that it must be tolerated. + + =Forehead=--fŏr´ed, not fōr´hĕd. Worcester allows either. + + =Foreign=--fŏr´in, not fŭr´in. + + =Fortnight=--fôrt´nīte, not fōrt´nīte, fōrt´nĭt + nor fôrt´nĭt. Worcester gives what is authorized above and + fôrt´nĭt. + + =Fortress=--fôr´tress, not fōr´tress. + + =Fragile=--frăj´ĭl, not frā´jĭl nor frā´jīle. + + =Fritter=, not _flitter_, is the name of a kind of fried cake. + + =Frivolity=--fri-vŏl´i-ty, not frĭv´ol-ty. + + =Frontier=--frŏnt´eer, not frŭnt´eer nor frŭn-teer´. + + =Frontispiece=--frŏnt´is-pēse, not frŭnt´is-pēse. + + =Fuchsia=--fōōk´sĭ-a, not fū´shĭ-a. Worcester + gives the latter. + + =Fuzz=, not _furze_, is the word to use, if used at all, when the + embryo whiskers, or the downy surface of fruit, etc., are + meant. Down is the more appropriate word. _Furze_ is the name + of an evergreen shrub. + + + G. + + =Gallivating=, not _gallivanting_. Gallivanting is a word that is + used to some extent, being applied to persons that are roaming + about for amusement or adventure; as, "this young man has been + _gallivanting_ around." If it is a corruption of _gallanting_, + it should certainly be abolished as a vulgarism; but if it is a + corruption of _gallivating_, from _gallivat_, the name of a + small sailing vessel, it might be clothed in its proper garb + and retained as a useful word in our language. If either is + used, the one above preferred should be chosen, at any rate. + + =Gallows=--găl´lus, not găl´lōz. =Gallowses=, plural. + + =Gamin=--ga-măng´, not găm´in nor gā´min. A street child. + + =Gape=--gäpe or gāpe, not găp. + + =Gargle.= One _gargles_, not _gurgles_, the throat. + + =Gaseous=--găz´e-us, not găss-e-us. Worcester gives + gā´ze-us too. + + =Gather=--găth´er, not gĕth´er. + + =Genealogy=--jĕn-e-ăl´o-jy, not jē-ne-ăl´o-jy nor + je-ne-ŏl´o-jy. + + =Genealogist= (jĕn-e-ăl´o-jist), =genealogical= + (jĕn-e-a-lŏj´i-kal) and =genealogically= + (jĕn-e-a-lŏj´i-kal-ly). + + =Generic=--je-nĕr´ik, not jĕn´er-ik, nor je-nē´rik. + Relating to a genus, or kind. + + =Gerund=--jĕr´und, not jē-rund. A kind of verbal noun in + Latin. + + =Get=, not gĭt. + + =Giaour=--jowr, not gī´ōōr, jī-owr´ nor jōōr. + An epithet applied by the Turks to a disbeliever in Mahomet; + the name of one of Byron's poems. + + =Gibbet=--jĭb´bet, not gĭb´bet. + + =Glamour=--glā´mōōr, not glăm´mur. Worcester gives + glā´mer, also. A charm in the eyes, making them see things + differently from what they really are. + + =Gneiss=--nīs, not nēs nor gnēs. A kind of rock. + + =Gondola=--gŏn´do-la, not gon-dō´la. + + =Got.= There are some sticklers for niceties that overdo + themselves in contending that the use of the verb _got_ is + generally unnecessary and incorrect in conjunction with _have_ + and _had_. Get means to procure, to obtain, to come into + possession of, etc., and it is a very tame assertion that one + simply _has_ a thing that cost much mental or physical labor. A + scholar _has_ his lesson, but did it creep into his head while + he passively shut his eyes and went to sleep? On the contrary, + he _got_ it or learned it by hard study, and it is proper to + say that he has _got_ it. A man _has_ a cold, but he _got_ it + or _took_ it by exposing himself. A person _has_ a sum of + money, but he _got_ or _earned_ it by his labor. Another _has_ + good friends, but he _got_ or _secured_ them by his pleasant + address. The great causes of the warfare against this word are, + I think, that _have_ and _had_, though generally used as + auxiliaries, can sometimes be used as principal verbs and make + good sense; and that it has not been recollected that in the + majority of cases _got_ either stands for, or can be + substituted for another verb. In confirmation of this last + statement, is appended the following composed by Dr. Withers: + "I _got_ on horseback within ten minutes after I _got_ your + letter. When I _got_ to Canterbury, I _got_ a chaise for town, + but I _got_ wet before I _got_ to Canterbury; and I have _got_ + such a cold as I shall not be able to _get_ rid of in a hurry. + I _got_ to the Treasury about noon, but first of all I _got_ + shaved and dressed. I soon _got_ into the secret of getting a + memorial before the board, but I could not _get_ an answer + then; however, I _got_ intelligence from the messenger, that I + should most likely _get_ one the next morning. As soon as I + _got_ back to my inn, I _got_ my supper and _got_ to bed. It + was not long before I _got_ asleep. When I _got_ up in the + morning, I _got_ my breakfast, and then I _got_ myself dressed + that I might _get_ out in time to _get_ an answer to my + memorial. As soon as I _got_ it, I _got_ into the chaise and + _got_ to Canterbury by three, and about tea-time, I got home. I + have _got_ nothing for you, and so adieu." + + Applying this test of substitution to any doubtful case, I think + it right to assert that if there is no other verb, or + participle, that will appropriately take the place of "got," + the latter word is _unnecessary_; but it should hardly be + considered as an error, as it is so slight an impropriety + compared with many others that are allowed, and especially + because we have long had the usage of many of the best writers + to sanction the employment of the word. The very people that + appear to be so shocked at the use of the superfluous _got_, + may generally be heard making use of such expressions as "fell + _down_ upon the ground," "rose _up_ and went away," "covered it + _over_," and "a great, _big_ fire." The _down_, _up_, _over_ + and _big_ are certainly superfluities, but they have been heard + so long that they are seldom mentioned as errors. + + =Gourmand=--gōōr´mänd, not gôr´mand, unless the orthography + =gormand= is used. + + =Gout=--gowt, not gōōt, as actors are sometimes heard + pronounce it in the following line from Macbeth: "On thy blade + and dudgeon, _gouts_ of blood." + + =Government=--gŭv´ern-ment not gŭv´er-ment. It is a + mistake, frequently made, to write and pronounce the word as if + it had no "n" in the penultimate. + + =Gramercy=--gra-mër´sy, not grăm´er-sy. A word formerly used + to express thankfulness with surprise. + + =Granary=--grăn´a-ry, not grā´na-ry. There are no such + words as _grainery_ and _grainary_. + + =Gratis=--grā´tis, not grăt-is. + + =Grenade=--gre-nāde´, not grĕn´ade. A kind of explosive + shell. + + =Guardian=--gärd´ĭ-an, not gär-dē´an. + + =Guerdon=--gër´don, not gwĕr´don nor jĕr´don. A reward; a + recompense. + + =Guild=--gĭld, not gīld. A society; a fraternity. + + =Guipure=--ge-pūr´, not gĭm-pūre´ nor gwĭ-pūre´. + An imitation of antique lace. + + =Gunwale=--commonly pronounced gŭn´nel and spelled so + sometimes. + + =Gutta-percha=--gŭt´ta-për´cha, not gŭt´ta-për´ka. + + =Gyrfalcon=--jër´faw-kn, not jēr´făl-kun. + + + H. + + =Habitue= (Fr. habitué)--ä-bĭt-u-ā´, not hăb-it-u-ē + nor hăb-ĭt-u-ā´. + + =Halloo= (hal-lōō´), =holla= (hŏl´lä), =hollo= + (hŏl´lō or hŏl-lō´) or =hollow= (hŏl´lōw), + but not hŏl´ler. Worcester gives =halloo= (hal-lōō´), + =holla= (hŏl-lä´), =hollo= (hŏl-lō´) and =hollow= + (hŏl´lōw or hŏl-lōw´). It is strange that with such + a variety of words to choose from, people generally say + "_holler_." + + =Hanged= is preferable to _hung_, when the infliction of the + death penalty by hanging is meant. + + =Harass=--hăr´ass, not ha-răss´. + + =Harem=--hā´rem, not hăr´em. Worcester gives hä´rem also. + Written also =haram= (ha-răm´). + + =Hardly.= _Don't_ and _can't_ should not be used with =hardly=. + Such errors as, "I don't hardly believe it," are not uncommon. + _Hardly_ means _scarcely_, and the use of don't or can't gives + an opposite signification to the sentence. + + =Haunt=--hänt, not hănt. + + =Haunted=--hänt´ed, not hănt´ed. + + =Hawaiian=--ha-wī´yan, not ha-waw´yan. Relating to the island + of Hawaii. + + =Hearth=--härth, not hërth. + + =Hearth-stone=--härth´stone, not hërth´stone. + + =Heather=--hĕth´er, not hēth´er. Worcester gives hēth´er + as the pronunciation. + + =Heinous=--hā´nus, not hē´nus, hēn´yus nor hān´yus. + + =Herb=--ërb, not hërb. + + =Herbaceous=--her-bā´shus, not er-bā´shus. + + =Herbage=--ërb´ej or hĕrb´ej, not hĕr´bāje. + + =Heroine=--hĕr´o-ĭn, not hē´-ro-īne nor hē´ro-ĭn. + Worcester gives the first and the last of the above. + + =Heroism=--hĕr´o-izm, not hē´ro-ĭzm. Worcester sanctions + both. + + =Hieroglyphic=--hī-er-o-glĭf´ik, not hī-er-o-grĭf´ik. + + =Hindoostanee=} =Hindustani= } hin-dōō-stăn´ee, not + hin-dōō´stăn-ee. Worcester's orthography is + _Hindostanee_ and _Hindostany_, but the accent is on the penult + as above. + + =Homage=--hŏm´aje, not ŏm´-aje. + + =Homeopathy=--hō-me-ŏp´a-thy, not hō´me-o-păth-y. + + =Homeopathist=--hō-me-ŏp´a-thist, not + hō´me-o-păth-ist. + + =Hooping-cough=--hōōp´ing-cough, not hŏŏp´ing-cough. + Spelled =Whooping-cough=, also. + + =Horizon=--ho-rī´zon, not hŏr´i-zon. + + =Horse-radish=--horse-răd-ish, not horse-rĕd-dish. + + =Hough=--hŏk, not hŭff. To disable by cutting the sinews of + the ham. As a noun, the word means the joint at the lower + portion of the leg of a quadruped; written =hock=, also. + + =Houri=--howr´y, not owr´y. A nymph of paradise. + + =Hovel=--hŏv´el, not hŭv´el. + + =Hundred=, as spelled, not _hun´derd_. + + =Hydropathy=--hī-drŏp´a-thy, not hī´drō-păth-y. + + =Hydropathist=--hī-drŏp´a-thist, not + hī´drō-păth-ist. + + =Hygiene=--hī´ji-ēne, not hī-geen´ nor hī´geen. + Worcester authorizes the first and last. + + + I. + + =Illustrate=--il-lŭs´trate, not ĭl´lus-trāte. + =Illustrated=, =illustrating=, =illustrative= and + =illustrator=, are likewise accented on the second syllable. + + =Imbroglio=--ĭm-brōl´yō, not ĭm-brŏl´yō. + Worcester says ĭm-brōl´ye-ō. + + =Immobile=--im-mŏb´ĭl, not ĭm-mō´bĭl nor + ĭm-mō´bīle. + + =Imperturbable=--im-per-tür´ba-ble, not + ĭm-per-tōō´ra-ble, nor ĭm-për´tu-ra-ble. Incapable + of being disturbed. + + =Implacable=--im-plā´ka-ble, not ĭm-plăk´a-ble. + + =Impotent=--im´po-tent, not ĭm-pō´tent. =Impotency= and + =impotence= are accented similarly. + + =Improvise=--im-pro-vīze´, not ĭm´pro-vīze. + + =Incognito=--in-kŏg´ni-tō, not in-cŏn´i-to nor + in-cŏg-nĭsh´ō. =Incog= is an authorized abbreviation. + =Incognita=, is a female in disguise. + + =Indiscretion=--ĭn-dis-krĕsh´un, not ĭn-dis-krē´shun. + + =Indissoluble=--in-dĭs´so-lu-ble, not + ĭn-dĭs-sŏl´u-ble. =Indissolubly=, etc. + + =Industry=--in´dus-try, not ĭn-dus´try. + + =Infinitesimal=--in-fin-i-tĕs´i-mal, not + ĭn-fĭn-tĕs´i-mal. + + =Ingenious=--ĭn-jēn´yŭs, means possessed of genius; + skillful, etc. + + =Ingenuous=--ĭn-jĕn´yu-us, means noble, open, frank, + generous, etc. + + =Inquiry=--in-kwī´ry, not ĭn´kwĭ-ry. + + =Inveigle=--ĭn-vē´gle, not ĭn-vā´gle. =Inveigler= + (in-vē´gler) and =inveiglement= (in-vē´gle-ment). + + =Irate= ī-rāte´, not ī´rāte. Worcester gives the + latter. + + =Irrational=--ir-răsh´un-al, not ĭr-rā´shun-al. + =Irrationally= (ĭr-răsh´un-al-ly), etc. + + =Irrecognizable=--ir-re-kŏg´ni-za-ble, not + ĭr-rĕk´og-nī-za-ble. + + =Irrelevant=, not _irrevelant_. Not applicable; not suited. + + =Isinglass= ī´zĭng-glass, is a kind of gelatine prepared + from the sounds or air-bladders of certain fish, and is used in + jellies, for clarifying liquors, etc.; while the transparent + substance, frequently called _isinglass_, which is used in the + doors of stoves and lanterns, is really _mica_, a mineral that + admits of being cleaved into thin plates. + + =Isolate=--ĭs´o-lāte, not ī´so-late. =Isolated= + (ĭs´o-lā-ted), etc. Worcester gives ĭz´o-lāte, etc. + + =Itch=--ĭtch, not ēch. + + + J. + + =Jamb=, not _jam_ is the spelling of the side-piece of a door, + window or fire-place. + + =Jaundice=--jän´dĭs, not _jan-ders_. + + =Jean=--jāne, not jeen. A twilled cotton cloth. Written also + =jane=. + + =Jew's-harp=--jūz´härp, not jūs´härp. + + =Jocund=--jŏk´und, not jō´kund. =Jocundity=, =jocundly=, + =jocundness=, have also the short o. + + =Jugular=--jū´gu-lar, not jŭg´u-lar. + + =Jujube=--jū´jūbe, not jū´jū-be. "Jujube paste." + + =Just=, not jĕst in such sentences as: "I have _just_ done + it;" "He has _just_ enough," etc. + + + K. + + =Knoll=--nōl, not nŏl. + + + L. + + =Lamm=, to beat, is not spelled lăm nor lămb. + + =Lapel=--la-pĕl´, not lăp´el. That part of a coat which + laps over the facing. + + =Lariat=--lăr´i-at, not lā´ri-at. A lasso. + + =Lay=. This word in the sense here considered is a transitive + verb, or one in which the action or state implied by the verb, + passes over to an object. The present tense is _lay_; the + imperfect tense and past participle are _laid_; and the present + participle _laying_. Requiring an object in each of the various + meanings attached to it, it is proper to say: "The hen _lays_ + an egg every day;" "The man _laid_ his load on the ground;" + "The rain has _laid_ the dust;" "The hunter is _laying_ a + snare." The verb _lie_ is an _intransitive_ verb and can have + _no object_ after it. The present tense is _lie_; the imperfect + tense is _lay_; the past participle is _lain_; the present + participle is _lying_. Having no objective case to which the + action or state passes over, it is correct to say: "Ohio _lies_ + north of Kentucky;" "The sick man _lay_ upon the bed + yesterday;" "He has _lain_ there helpless for weeks;" "The + goods I bought are _lying_ on my hands." Contrasting the + sentences under each verb it will be readily seen that Ohio + does not _lie_ Kentucky, but the hen _lays_ the egg; the + invalid did not _lay_ the bed like the man _laid_ his load; he + has not _lain_ anything, as the rain has _laid_ the dust; and + the goods are not _lying_ anything, as the hunter is _laying_ + the snare. If the foregoing differences have been carefully + observed, I imagine that it will always be easy to select the + proper word by remembering the following rules: + + 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + must pass over to an object, use _lay_, _laid_ and _laying_. + + 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + does not pass over to an object, use _lie_, _lay_, _lain_ + and _lying_. + + "He _laid_ upon the bed," then, is incorrect, for the verb has no + object. It should be: "He _lay_ upon the bed." But, "He _laid + himself_ upon the bed," would be correct, for there is an + objective case, _himself_, supplied. "Let these papers _lay_," + should be, "Let these papers _lie_." "The ship _lays_ at + anchor," should be, "The ship _lies_ at anchor." "The ship + _laid_ at anchor," should be, "The ship _lay_ at anchor." "They + have _laid_ in wait for you," should be, "They have _lain_ in + wait for you." "This trunk is _laying_ in our way," should be, + "This trunk is _lying_ in our way." Errors connected with the + use of these verbs are more common, probably, than any others + in our language, being detected in the conversation and + writings of many of the best educated people. Attention to the + above rules, and a few trial sentences in the different moods, + tenses, numbers and persons, ought to make the selection of the + proper word so simple, that persons should seldom make mistakes. + + =Learn.= _Learning_ is done by the scholar or student, and + _teaching_ by the instructor. "She will _learn_ me how to + play," should be, "She will _teach_ me how to play," etc. + + =Leasing=--leez´ing, not lēs´ing. An obsolete word meaning + falsehood; lying. "Thou shalt destroy them that speak + leasing."--_Bible._ + + =Leg.= Of late years there has become quite popular a prudish + notion that it is indelicate to say _leg_ when one of the limbs + that supports the human body is meant, _limb_ being preferred + instead. _Leg_ is certainly a less euphonious word than _limb_, + and if the latter had the same signification attached to it, + there would be no objection to its employment; but _limb_ means + _arm_ just as much as it does _leg_. There is nothing immodest in + the sound or meaning of the word _leg_; if there were, it would + be well to speak of the _limb_ of a table, a _limb_ of mutton, or + a three _limbed_ stool; and the mention of such words as _legacy_ + or _legate_ should cause the blush to rise to our cheeks. The + very use of the word _limb_ indicates what is passing in the mind + of the speaker--a thought of _leg_, an indelicate meaning + attached to it, and a fear to speak the word. The mind of the + listener is affected similarly and the result is that a + conversation intended to be perfectly pure, has a slight stain + left upon it. If we could pass through life without ever finding + it necessary to speak of our legs to strangers, there would be no + danger of compromising ourselves; but run-away and other + accidents are constantly occurring in which legs are broken or + otherwise injured. When a surgeon is called, if he is told that a + _limb_ is injured, he has one chance in four of guessing the + riddle. It is not always safe to trifle thus with some of the + serious, practical old followers of Esculapius. Before now they + have given such rebukes as to make people ashamed that they did + not say _leg_ in the first place; or they have left the bedside + abruptly with such a remark as: "When you find out whether it is + your arm or your leg, send for me again." If people will persist + in using _limb_ for _leg_, it is to be hoped that they will adopt + some adjective prefix to remove all ambiguity. How would + north-east, south-east, etc., do? Any one informed that the + _south-east limb_ was fractured, would know at once that it was + the _right leg_. + + =Legate=--lĕg´ate, not lē´gāte. + + =Legendary=--lĕj´end-a-ry, not lē´jĕnd-a-ry. + + =Leisure=--lē´zhur, not lĕzh´ur, nor lā´zhur. + =Leisurely= (lē´zhur-ly). + + =Length=, not lĕnth. Every letter is sounded, also, in + =lengthy=, =lengthen=, =lengthiness=, etc. + + =Lenient=--lē´ni-ent, not lĕn´i-ent. =Leniently= + (lē´ni-ent-ly), etc. + + =Lethe=--lē´the, not lēth; the _th_ is as in _both_. The + mythological and poetical name of a river of the infernal + region, the drinking of a portion of which caused forgetfulness + of the past. + + =Lethean=--lē-thē´an, not lē´the-an. + + =Let's.= It should be remembered that _let's_ is really _let us_, + the apostrophe denoting the elision of the u. Such expressions + then as: "let's us go," "let's him and me go," should he, "let + us go" (or let's go), and "let him and me go;" for who wishes + to say "let us us go," or "let us him and me go." + + =Leverage=--lĕv´er-aje, not lē´ver-aje. + + =Licorice=--lĭk´o-rĭs, not lĭk´er-ĭsh. + + =Lie.= See =Lay=. + + =Lien=--lē´en or lī´en, not _leen_. A charge upon property + for the satisfaction of a debt. + + =Lighted= is preferable to lĭt as the imperfect tense and past + participle of _light_. "He _lighted_ the gas," instead of, "He + _lit_ the gas." "I have _lighted_ the fire," instead of, "I + have _lit_ the fire." The same remarks apply to the imperfect + and participle of _light_ taken as an intransitive verb. "The + bird has _lighted_ upon the tree," instead of, "has _lit_ upon + the tree." _Lit_ is condemned as common. + + =Lithographer=--lĭ-thog´ra-pher, not lĭth´o-grăph-er, + nor lī-thŏg´ra-pher. =Lithography= + (lĭ-thŏg´ra-phy). + + =Loath=--lōth, not lŏth; the _th_ is as in _both_. + Reluctant. Written sometimes =loth=. The verb is =loathe=, with + the _th_ as in _breathe_. + + =Lyceum=--lī-sē´um, not lī´se-um. + + + M. + + =Machiavelian=--măk-i-a-vēl´ian, not măsh-i-a-vĕl´ian. + pertaining to Machiavel; politically cunning. + + =Mad.= In the sense of provoked, wrathful or indignant, _angry_ + is generally considered the more appropriate word. "_Mad as a + March hare_," is an indelicate term that should not be used on + account of its origin. + + =Madame=--mä-däm´, not măd´am. + + =Magna Charta=--magna kär´ta, not magna chär´ta. + + =Manes=--mā´nēz, not mānz. The souls of the dead. + + =Manor=--măn´or, not mā´nor. + + =Marigold=--măr´i-gold, not mā´ri-gold. + + =Matin=--măt´in, not mā´tin. + + =Matins=--măt´inz, not mā´tinz. + + =Mattress=--măt´tress, not ma-trăss´. Written also + =matress= and pronounced as the first. + + =Meaw=--mū, not meyow. To cry like a cat. + + =Mediocre=--me´di-ō-ker, not mē-di-ō´ker, nor + mē-di-ŏk´er. + + =Melange=--mā-lŏngzh´, not me-lănj´. + + =Melanotype=--me-lăn´o-type, not me-lān´o-type. + + =Melodrama=--mĕl-o-drā´ma, not mĕl-o-drăm´a, nor + mĕl-o-drä´ma. + + =Memoir=--mĕm´wor or mēm´wor, according to Webster; + Worcester gives mē-moir´ or mĕm´wär. + + =Mesdames=--mā-däm´, not mĕz-dāmes´. + + =Metallurgy=--mĕt´al-lur-jy, not me-tăl´lur-jy. + + =Metaphor.= The failure to distinguish between metaphors and + similes, is a very common mistake. In a metaphor the + resemblance is implied without any words to show the + similarity; as soon as the latter are added it becomes a + simile. "Hope is an anchor," and "Judah is a lion's whelp" are + metaphors. "Hope is _like_ an anchor," and "Judah is _like_ a + lion's whelp" are similes. + + =Metrical=--mĕt´rik-al, not mē´trik-al. + + =Mezzo=--mĕd´zō or mĕt´zō, not mĕz´zō. An + Italian word meaning middle; not extreme. =Mezzo-soprano= + (mĕd´zo-so-prä´no); between contralto and soprano; said of + the voice of a female singer. =Mezzotinto=, etc. + + =Microscope=--mī´kro-scope, not mĭk´ro-scope. =Microscopic= + (mī-kro-scŏp´ic). =Microscopy= (mī-kros´co-py). + + =Mien=--meen, not māne. + + =Mineralogy=--min-er-al´o-jy, not min-er-ŏl´o-jy. + + =Minuet=--mĭn´ū-et, not mĭn-ū-ĕt´. A dance. + + =Mischievous=--mĭs´che-vŭs, not mĭs-chē´vŭs, nor + mis-chē´ve-us. =Mischievously= and =mischievousness= are + also accented on the first syllable. + + =Modulate.= This word is often used incorrectly instead of + _moderate_ in such sentences as: "_Modulate_ your voice," when + it is meant to command or request that the tone be _moderated_ + or lowered. _Modulate_ means to vary or inflect in a musical + manner, and although the word might often be used with + propriety in such sentences as the above, yet it is not always + what is _meant_ by the speaker. A person's voice may be + perfectly _modulated_ and yet the tone may be so high that it + is desirable, upon certain occasions, to have it _moderated_. + + =Moire=--mwôr, not mōre nor mō´re. =Moire antique= (mwor + ăn-tēk´). + + =Molasses.= It may seem incredible to those who have never heard + the error I am about to mention, that such a ridiculous blunder + could occur. I should hardly have believed it myself, if I had + only heard _of_ it; but I was once in a portion of the country + where all the people for miles around spoke of molasses as if + it were a plural noun, and I frequently heard such remarks as + the following: "_These_ molasses are very good; _they_ are the + best I have seen for some time." I once began to remonstrate + with one of the champions of the plurality of the treacle, and + insisted that he should say, "_this_ molasses" and, "_it_ is + good," etc.; but it was of no avail. He insisted that the word + was analogous to _ashes_, and if one was plural so was the + other. There was no good dictionary or other reliable authority + in the neighborhood, as might be imagined from what has been + said, so they were left happy in their ignorance. + + =Monad=--mŏn´ad, not mō´nad. An ultimate atom. + + =Monogram=--mŏn´o-gram, not mō´no-gram. + + =Monograph=--mŏn´o-graph, not mō´no-graph. + + =Monomania=--mŏn-o-mā´nia, not mō-no-mā´nia. + =Monomaniac= (mŏn-o-mā´ni-ac). + + =Moor=--mōōr, not mōre. An extensive waste; a heath. + _Moor_, the name of a native of North Africa, is similarly + pronounced. + + =Morale=--mo-räl´, not mŏr´āle nor mō-răl´. + + =Mountainous=--mount´ain-ous, not moun-tā´ni-oŭs. + + =Multiplication=--mŭl-ti-pli-cā´tion, not + mŭl-ti-pi-cā´tion. + + =Murrain=--mŭr´rĭn, not mŭr´rāne. A disease among + cattle. + + =Museum=--mu-zē´um, not mū´ze-um. + + =Mushroom=, not _mush-roon_. + + =Musk-melon=, not _mush-melon_; but anything before + _mush-million_. + + =Mussulmans=, not _musselmen_, is the plural of =Mussulman=. + + =Mythology=--mĭ-thŏl´o-jy, not mī-thŏl´o-jy. + + + N. + + =Naiad=--nā´yad, not nā´ĭd nor nā´ăd. A water nymph. + + =Nainsook=--nān-sōōk´, not năn-sōōk´. A kind of + muslin. + + =Naive=--nä´ēv, not nāve nor näve. Natural; artless. + + =Naivete=--nä´ēv-tā, not nā-vēte´ nor nā-vē´ta. + + =Nape=--nāp, not năp. The back part of the neck. + + =Nasal=--nā´zal, not nā´sal nor năs´al. + + =Nasturtium= or =Nasturtion=, not _asturtion_. + + =Negligee=--nĕg-li-zhā´, not nĕg-li-jē´, nor + nĕg´li-zhā. + + =Newspaper=--nūz´pā-per, not nūs´pā-per. + + =Niche=--nĭch, not nĭck, when a concave recess in a wall + for an ornament is meant. If a piece is chopped roughly out of + anything, it is a _nick_. _Nick_ of time, not _niche_ of time, + when a critical moment is meant; but in figurative language + there is no doubt that the phrase "niche of time," may be + appropriately used. A great event may be said to stand in a + _niche of time_ as an example for coming ages. + + =Nomad=--nŏm´ad, not nō´-mad. One of a wandering tribe. + Written =nomade= (nŏm´ade) also. + + =Nomenclature=--no-men-clā´ture, not nō´men-clātūre. + + =Nominative=, not _nom-a-tive_. + + =Nonillion=--nō-nĭll´ion, not nŏn-ĭll´ion. + + =Nook=--nōōk, as given by Webster. Worcester sanctions both + nōōk and nŏŏk. + + =Notable=--nŏt´a-ble, not nō´ta-ble, when it is applied to + a person distinguished for thrift, management, care, etc.; as a + _notable housekeeper_. + + =Nymphean=--nĭm-fē´an, not nĭmf´e-an. Relating to nymphs. + + + O. + + =Obesity=--o-bĕs´i-ty, not o-bē´si-ty. + + =Obligatory=--ŏb´li-ga-to-ry, not ŏb-lĭg´a-to-ry. + + =Often=--ŏf´n, not ŏf´tĕn. + + =Omega=--o-mē´ga or o-mĕg´a, not ŏm´e-ga. Worcester + allows the first only. + + =Onerous=--ŏn´er-ous, not ō´ner-oŭs. + + =Only=--ōn´ly, not ŭn´ly. + + =Onyx=--ō´nyx, not ŏn´yx. + + =Opal=--ō´-pal, not ō-păl´ nor ō-pawl´. + + =Opponent=--op-pō´nent, not ŏp´po-nent. + + =Ordnance=, not _ordinance_, when cannon, artillery, etc., are + intended. _Ordinance_ is a rule established by authority. + + =Orgeat=--ôr´zhat or ôr´zhā, not ôr´je-at. Worcester gives + ôr´zhat. + + =Orthoepy=--ôr´tho-e-py, not ôr-thō´e-py. + + =Orthoepist=--ôr´tho-e-pist, not ôr-thō´e-pist. + + =Overflowed=, not _overflown_. + + + P. + + =Palaver=--pa-lä´ver, not pa-lăv´er. + + =Pall-mall=--pĕl-mĕl´, not pawl-mawl´. The name of a game + formerly played in England; and the name of a street in London. + Written also _pail-mail_ and _pell-mell_, both pronounced as + above. Pell-mell used as an adverb means mixed together in a + disorderly manner; but one person can not rush _pell-mell_. + + =Papaw=--pa-paw´, not pŏp´paw as commonly called. Written also + =pawpaw=. + + =Papyrus=--pa-pī´rus, not păp´i-rŭs. A material used for + writing upon by the ancients, made from the inner bark of a + plant. + + =Parent=--pâr´ent, not pā´rent. + + =Parisian=--pa-rĭz´ian, not pa-rĭsh´ian nor pa-rĭss´ian. + Worcester gives pa-rĭzh´i-an. + + =Paroquet=--păr´o-quet, not păr-o-kĕt´. + + =Parquet=--pär-kā´ or pär-kĕt´. Worcester allows pär-kā´ + only. + + =Parquette=--pär-ket´, not pär-kā´. + + =Partner=, not _pardner_. + + =Partridge=, not _pattrij_. + + =Patent.= The _adjective_ is pronounced either păt´ent or + pā´tent. When used as a verb or a noun it is pronounced + păt´ent. + + =Patois=--păt-wŏ´, not păt´wŏ nor păt-waw´. + + =Patriot=--pā´tri-ot, not păt´ri-ot. =Patriotic=, + =patriotism=, etc., have also the long a. Worcester gives the + same with the exception of _patriotic_, which he pronounces + both pā´tri-ot-ic and păt´ri-ot-ic. + + =Patron=--pā´tron, not păt´ron. =Patroness= and + =patronless= have also the long a. + + =Patronize=--păt´ron-īze, not pā´tron-īze. + + =Patronage=--păt´ron-aje, not pā´tron-aje. + + =Pease=, not _peas_, when an uncounted quantity is referred to, + as: a bushel of _pease_, a plateful of _pease_, some more + _pease_, etc. _Peas_ when a certain number is mentioned, as: a + dozen _peas_, fifty _peas_, etc. + + =Pedal=--pĕd´al, not pē´dal, when that portion of a piano + or harp that is acted upon by the feet, is meant. Pē´dal is + an adjective, and means pertaining to the above, or to a foot. + + =Perfect.= I have selected this as the representative of a class + of adjectives that, strictly speaking, do not admit of + comparison. I have noticed, invariably, that those who appear + to be so anxious to correct the error of giving degrees of + comparison to a few stereotyped words of this class, such as + _round_, _square_, _universal_, _chief_, _extreme_, etc., are + singularly remiss in calling attention to a great many other + mistakes of the same kind that are equally prominent. Amongst + the latter may be mentioned the comparison of _correct_, + _complete_, _even_, _level_, _straight_, etc. It will be + admitted that if anything is _perfect_ it can not be _more_ so; + and as soon as it is _less_ so it fails to be _perfect_ at all. + So, if anything is _correct_ it is perfectly free from error; + it can not be made _more_ correct, and if its correctness is + detracted from, it is not quite correct any longer. A + _straight_ line is one that does not vary from a perfectly + _direct_ course in the slightest degree; it can not be + _straighter_ and if it could be _less_ straight, it would be + _curved_. It is ridiculous for any one to insist upon a + national reformation of a few such errors, and suffer a hundred + others just like them to exist without remonstrance. Either + _nearer_ and _nearest_, _more nearly_, and _most nearly_, and + the like, should be substituted for the degrees of comparison + and used with all such words; or people should treat them as + all other adjectives, just as the best writers and speakers + have always done. The former course is the more desirable; the + latter is certainly the more probable. + + =Perfidious=--per-fĭd´i-ous, not pĕr´fĭd-oŭs. + Worcester allows per-fĭd´yŭs in addition to the first. + + =Peony=--pē´o-ny) =Pæony= (pē´o-ny) or =Piony= (pī´o-ny) + not pī´ny as often called. A flower. + + =Perambulate=, not _preambulate_. + + =Period=--pē´ri-od, not pĕr´i-od. =Periodic=, =Periodical=, + etc., have also the long e. + + =Perspire=, not _prespire_. + + =Perspiration=, not _prespiration_. + + =Persuade.= This word carries with it the idea of success in + one's endeavors to convince or induce. "I _persuaded_ him for a + long time, but he would not grant my request," should be, "I + _tried_ to _persuade_ him," etc. + + =Petrel=--pĕt´rel, not pē´trel. A bird. Worcester allows + the latter also. + + =Phaeton=--phā´et-on, not phā'te-on. A vehicle. + + =Pharmaceutist=--fär-ma-sū´tĭst, not fär-mā-kū´tist + nor fär-mā´kū-tist. + + =Pharmacopœia=--fär-ma-co-pē´ya, not fär-mā-cō´pi-a. + + =Piano=--pi-ä´no, not pī-ăn´o. Worcester allows + pĭ-ăn´o. + + =Piano-forte=--pĭ-ä´no-fōr´tā, not + pī-ăn´o-fōrt. Worcester sanctions + pĭ-ä´no-fōr´te, pĭ-ăn´o-fôr-te, and remarks in + parenthesis, _often_ pe-ăn´o-fōrt; but the last + pronunciation is evidently not preferred. + + =Pilaster=--pĭ-lăs´ter, not pĭl´as-ter. A square pillar + set into a wall and projecting slightly. + + =Piquant=--pĭk´ant, not pĭk´wănt nor pēk´wănt. + =Piquantly= (pĭk´ant-ly), etc. + + =Placard=--pla-kärd´, not plăk´ard. + + =Placid=--plăs´id, not plā´sid. =Placidly= and =placidness= + have also the short a. + + =Plait=--plāt, not plăt nor plēt. A braid; or to braid. + =Plat= (plăt) is a proper word, however, having the same + meanings, but the difference in pronunciation must be observed, + when the spelling is as above. =Plait=, meaning a fold of + cloth, as in a shirt bosom, is also pronounced plāt. How + common an error it is to speak of the _pleets_ when alluding + to such folds. + + =Platina=--plăt´i-na or pla-tē´na, not pla-tī´na nor + pla-tĭn´a. Worcester allows plăt´i-na only. + + =Platinum=--plăt´i-num or pla-tī´num, not pla-tē´num nor + pla-tĭn´um. Worcester gives plăt´i-num only. + + =Plebeian=--ple-bē´ian, not plē´bi-an. Ple-bŏn´, as some + pronounce it, is outrageous, neither French, English, nor + Hottentot. + + =Plenary=--plē´na-ry, not plĕn´a-ry. Full; entire. + Worcester gives both methods. + + =Poetaster=--pō´et-ăs-ter, not pō´et-tāst-er. A petty + poet. + + =Poniard=--pŏn´yard, not poin´yard. + + =Posthumous=--pŏst´hu-mous, not pōst´hu-moŭs nor + pŏst-ū´moŭs. =Posthumously= (pŏst´hu-mous-ly). + + =Potable=--pō´ta-ble, not pŏt´a-ble. Drinkable. + + =Potheen=--po-theen´, not pŏt-teen´. When spelled =potteen=, + however, as it may be correctly, the latter pronunciation is + proper. + + =Prairie=--prā´ry, not per-rā´ry. + + =Prebendary=--prĕb´end-a-ry, not prē´bend-a-ry. A clergyman + of a collegiate or cathedral church, who enjoys a prebend. + + =Prebend=--prĕb´end, not prē´bend. A stipend. + + =Precedence=--pre-sē´dence, not prĕs´e-dence. =Precedency= + and =precedently=, have the second syllable accented also. + + =Precedent=--pre-sē´dent, not prĕs´e-dent. An adjective + meaning antecedent. + + =Precedent=--prĕs´e-dent, not pre-sē´dent nor + prē´se-dent. A noun meaning an example or preceding + circumstance. =Precedented= and =unprecedented= have also the + short e. + + =Precocious=--pre-kō´shus, not pre-kŏsh´ŭs. + =Precociously= and =precociousness= have also the long o. + + =Predatory=--prĕd´a-to-ry, not prē´da-tory. Plundering; + pillaging. + + =Predecessor=--prĕd-e-cĕs´sor, not prē-de-cĕs´sor. + + =Preface=--prĕf´ace, not prē´face. =Prefatory= + (prĕf´a-to-ry). + + =Prejudice=, not _predudice_. + + =Prelate=--prĕl´ate, not prē´-late. + + =Presage=, not _prestige_, when something is meant that foreshows + a future event; an omen. "This is a _presage_ of victory." + + =Prescription=, not _perscription_. + + =Prestige=, not _presage_, when it is meant that some one carries + weight or influence from past deeds or successes. "The + _prestige_ of the hero's name was half the battle." + + =Presentiment=--pre-sent´i-ment, not pre-zent´i-ment. + + =Pretty=--prĭt´ty, not prĕ´ty. =Prettily= (prĭt´ti-ly), + etc. + + =Preventive=, not _preventative_. + + =Primeval=--prī-mē´val, not prĭm´e-val. + + =Process=--prŏs´ess, not prō´sess. + + =Prodigy=, not _projidy_. + + =Produce=--prŏd´uce, not prō´dūce. The noun; the verb is + pro-dūce´. + + =Product=--prŏd´uct, not prō´duct. + + =Progress=--prŏg´ress, not pro´gress. Noun; the verb is + pro-gress´. + + =Prosody=--prŏs´o-dy, not prō´so-dy nor prŏz´o-dy. + + =Protean=--prō´te-an, not pro-tē´an. Assuming different + shapes. + + =Protege= (Fr. protégé)--prō-tā-zhā´, not + prō´tēje. One under the care of another. =Protegee= (Fr. + protégée)--prō-tā-zhā´, feminine. + + =Psalm=--säm, not săm. =Psalmist= (säm´ist). Worcester gives + săm´ist also for the latter word. + + =Psalmody=--săl´mo-dy, not säm´o-dy nor săm-o-dy. + + =Psychical=--sī´kĭk-al, not sĭk´ĭk-al nor + fĭz´ĭk-al, as it is sometimes thoughtlessly pronounced in + reading. Pertaining to the human soul. + + =Pumpkin=, not _punkin_. _Pumpkin_ itself is a corruption of + _pumpion_ or _pompion_, but is the word that is now generally + used. + + =Purulent=--pū´ru-lent, not pŭr´u-lent. Containing pus or + matter. =Purulence= and =purulency= have also the long u in the + first syllable. + + =Put=--pŏŏt, not pŭt. This anomalous pronunciation is + hard for some to adopt, the natural tendency being to sound the + _u_ as it is in a host of other words consisting of two + consonants with a short u between them, as: bun, but, cut, dug, + fun, gun, hut, nut, etc. + + =Pyrites=--pī-rī´tez, not pe-rī´tez, pĭr´i-tez nor + pī´rītez. + + + Q. + + =Qualm=--kwäm, not kwăm. Worcester allows kwawm also. + + =Quay=--kē, not kwā. + + =Querulous=, means complaining, whining, etc., and not + _questioning_. + + =Quinine=--kwī´nīne or kwĭ-nīne´, not kwi-neen´. + Worcester gives kwĭ-nīne´ or kwĭn´īne. + + =Quoit=--kwoit, not kwāte. + + =Quoth=--kwōth or kwŭth, not kwŏth. + + + R. + + =Rabies=--rā´bi-ēz, not răb´ēz. Madness, as that of + dogs. + + =Radish=--răd´ish, not rĕd-ish. + + =Raillery=--răl´ler-y, not rāl´ler-y. Slight ridicule; + pleasantry. + + =Raise=--=Rise.= _Raise_ is a transitive verb, or one in which + the action passes over to an object. Present tense, _raise_; + imperfect tense and past participle, _raised_; present + participle, _raising_. _Rise_ is an intransitive verb, the + action not passing over to an object. Present tense, _rise_; + imperfect tense, _rose_; past participle, _risen_; present + participle, _rising_. Errors in the use of these words ought to + be avoided by remembering the following rules: + + 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + passes over to an object, use _raise_, _raised_, and + _raising_. + + 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + does not pass over to an object, use _rise_, _rose_, + _risen_, _rising_. To avoid further repetition in the method + I have adopted to impress upon the mind the difference + between transitive and intransitive verbs by contrasted + sentences, I would refer the reader to the remarks under + =Lay=. "I will _raise_ in the morning at five," should be, + "I will _rise_," etc. "I will _raise_ the _window_," etc., + is correct, for the action passes to or affects the window. + "I will _raise myself_ if I have the strength" is correct, + because an object, _myself_, is furnished. "The price of + flour is _raising_," should be, "The price of flour is + _rising_;" but it is right to say, "The merchants are + _raising_ the price of flour." "Gold has _raised_ in value," + should be, "Gold has _risen_ in value." "The price of bonds + _raised_ in less than an hour," should be, "The price of + bonds _rose_," etc. "The sun is _raising_," should be, "The + sun is _rising_." "The sun is _raising_ the temperature," is + proper. The pulse has _risen_, but excitement has _raised_ + it. The river has _risen_ in its bed and has _raised_ the + canal. Birds _rise_ in the air. _Arise_ can often be + appropriately substituted for _rise_. + + =Rampant=--răm´pant, not ram-pant´. + + =Rapine=--răp´ĭn, not răp´een nor rā-peen´. + + =Raspberry=--răz´ber-ry, not răss´ber-ry nor rawz´ber-ry. + Worcester gives raz´ber-ry and räs´ber-ry. + + =Rational=--răsh´un-al, not rā-shun-al. =Rationalist= + (răsh´un-al-ĭst), etc. + + =Recess=--re-cĕss´, not rē´cĕss. + + =Recherche= (Fr. recherché)--rŭh-shêr-shā´, not re-shersh´. + Worcester gives rā-sher-shā´. + + =Recluse=--re-kluse´, not re-kluze´. + + =Reconnoissance=--re-cŏn´noĭs-sänçe, not rek-on-nois´sançe. + Worcester gives re-cŏn´noĭs-sänçe´. =Reconnaissance= is + another method of spelling. + + =Recriminations=, not _mutual recriminations_; the word itself + tells of the _mutuality_. + + =Redolent=--rĕd´o-lent, not redō´lent. Diffusing odor or + fragrance. + + =Relevant=, not _revelant_. Pertinent; applicable. + + =Relic=, not _relict_, when that which remains, a corpse, or + anything preserved in remembrance, is meant. =Relict= means a + widow. + + =Rendezvous=--rĕn´de-vōō, not rŏn´de-vōō nor + rĕn´de-vōōz. Worcester gives rĕn´de-vōō and + rĕn´de-vōōz. The plural is =rendezvouses= + (rĕn´de-vōōz-ez). + + =Requiem=--rē´kwi-em, not rĕk´wĭ-em. Worcester gives + both pronunciations. + + =Resume= (Fr. résumé)--rā-zū-mā´, not re-zūme´ nor + re-zū´mā. Worcester gives rez-u-mā´. + + =Reticule=, not _ridicule_, when a little bag of net-work is meant. + + =Reveille=--re-vāl´yā, not rev-a-lē´. Worcester gives + the first and re-vāl´. + + =Ribald=--rĭb´ald, not rī´bald. Low; obscene. =Ribaldry= + (rĭb´ald-ry). + + =Rinse=--rĭnss, not rĕnse nor wrĕnch. "_Wrench_ your + mouth," said an uneducated dentist to a patient after _wrenching_ + out a large molar. "Thank you," replied the patient. "_You_ have + done that, but I'll _rinse_ it, if you please." + + =Ripples=, not _riffles_. + + =Romance=--ro-manss´, not rō´manss. + + =Roseate=--rō´ze-at, not rōz´āte. Worcester gives + rō´zhe-at also. + + =Roue= (Fr. roué)--rōō-ā´, not rōō. Worcester + gives rōō´ā. + + + S. + + =Sacerdotal=--săs-er-dō´tal, not sā-ser-dō´tal, + sā-ker-dō´tal nor săk-er-dō´tal. + + =Sacrament=--săk´ra-ment, not sā´kra-ment. =Sacramental= + (săk´ra-ment-al), etc. + + =Sacrifice=--săk´rĭ-fīz, not săk´rĭ-fĭs nor + săk´rĭ-fīse. Verb and noun the same. =Sacrificing= + (săk´rĭ-fī-zĭng), etc. + + =Sacristan=--săk´rist-an, not sā´krist-an nor + sā-krĭs´tan. =Sacristy= (săk´rist-y). + + =Salam=--sa-läm´, not sa-lăm´. Written =salaam= also, and + pronounced similarly. + + =Saline=--sa-līne´ or sā´līne, not sā-lēēn´. + Worcester gives sa-līne´ only. + + =Salve=--säv, not săv. Worcester gives sälv also. + + =Samaritan=--sa-măr´i-tan, not sa-mā´ri-tan. + + =Sanitary=, not _sanatory_, when _pertaining_ to health is meant. + =Sanatory= is more restricted in its application, and means + healing; curative. + + =Saracen=--săr´a-sen, not săr´a-ken. + + =Sarsaparilla=--sär-sa-pa-rĭl´la, not săs-sa-pa-rĭl´la, + nor sär-sa-fa-rĭl´la. + + =Satyr=--sā´tur, according to Webster. Worcester gives + săt´ir also. + + =Saucy=--saw´sy, not _sassy_. + + =Said.= _Said_ (sĕd), not says (sĕz), in speaking of past + remarks. Many of the most cultivated people are guilty of this + vulgarism. "'I will call to see you soon,' _sez_ he." "'I will + be glad to see you at any time,' _sez_ I." Where the details of + a long conversation are given the frequent repetition of _sez_, + or even _said_, is very grating to the refined ear. The use of + _asked_, _inquired_, _remarked_, _suggested_, _answered_, + _replied_, etc., instead, has a pleasing effect upon narrative + or anecdote. It is preferable, also, to give the _exact words_ + of the speaker after _said_, etc., as: "When he had finished + reading the letter, he said: 'I will attend to the business the + first leisure moment I have.'" When the word _that_ follows the + _said_, the substance only of the remark may be given, as "He + said that he would attend to the business the first leisure + moment he had." Whichever form is used in narrative, it is not + at all harmonious to give the _exact words_ of one speaker and + only the substance of the remarks of another, at least without + regard to regularity in alternation. + + =Schism=--sĭzm, not skĭsm. + + =Seckel=, not sĭck-el. A kind of pear. + + =See.= It is not uncommon to meet with people that incorrectly + use _see_ in the imperfect tense, as: "I _see_ him yesterday," + instead of, "I _saw_ him yesterday." See is never used in any + tense but the present, without an auxiliary, as did, shall, etc. + + =Seignior=--sēn´yur, not sān´yor. + + =Seine=--sēn, not sān. A net for catching fish. + + =Senile=--sē´nīle, not sĕn´īle. Pertaining to old age. + + =Separate=, not _seperate_. The loss of the a is not noticed in + the pronunciation, but the mistake frequently occurs in writing + this word as it does in the words =inseparable=, + =inseparableness=, =separation=, etc. + + =Servile=--sër´vĭl, not sër´vīle. + + =Set.= Noun. There are many who incorrectly use _sett_ in writing + of a _set_ of dishes, a _set_ of chess-men, a _set_ of teeth, + or of some other collection of things of the same kind. A + =sett= is a piece placed upon the head of a pile for striking + upon, when the pile can not be reached by the weight or hammer. + + =Set=--=Sit.= Blunders in the use of these words are amongst the + most common we have. _Set_, as we shall first consider it, is a + transitive verb, or one in which the action passes over to an + object. Present tense, _set_; imperfect tense and past + participle, _set_; present participle, _setting_. _Sit_ is an + intransitive verb, or one which has no object after it. Present + tense, _sit_; imperfect tense and past participle, _sat_; + present participle, _sitting_. + + To avoid repetition as much as possible, I would refer any one to + whom the explanation here given is not perfectly clear, to the + rules and remarks under =Lay= and =Raise=, which are equally + applicable here. "Will you _set_ on this chair?" should be, "Will + you _sit_ on this chair?" "Will you _set_ this _chair_ in the + other room?" is correct. "I _set_ for my picture yesterday," + should be, "I _sat_," etc. "This hat _sets_ well," should be, + "This hat _sits_ well." "Court _sets_ next month," should be, + "Court _sits_ next month." "The hen has been _setting_ for a + week," should be, "The hen has been _sitting_," etc. "As cross as + a _setting_ hen," should be, "As cross as a _sitting_ hen." But a + person may _set_ a hen; that is, place her in position on eggs. + One _sits_ up in a chair, but he _sets_ up a post. One _sits_ + down on the ground, but he _sets_ down figures. _Set_ is also an + intransitive verb and has special meanings attached to it as + such, but they may be readily understood by a little study of + the dictionary, and no confusion need arise. The sun _sets_. + Plaster of Paris _sets_. A setter dog _sets_. One _sets_ out on a + journey. _Sit_ may also be used in two senses as a transitive + verb, as: "The general _sits_ his horse well," and "The woman + _sat_ herself down." + + =Sew=--sō, not sū. + + =Shampoo=, not _shampoon_. =Shampooing.= Written also =champoo=. + + =Shekel=--shĕk´el, not shē´kel. + + =Shumac=--shū´mak, not shū-mak´. Written also =sumac= and + =sumach=, both accented on the first syllable. + + =Sick= _of_, not sick _with_, as sick _of_ a fever. + + =Sienna=--si-ĕn´na, not _senna_, when paint is meant. =Senna= + is a plant used as medicine. + + =Simultaneous=--sī-mul-tā´ne-ous, not + sĭm´ul-tā´ne-oŭs. =Simultaneously= + (sī-mul-tā´ne-ous-ly), etc. + + =Since=, not _sence_. + + =Sinecure=--sī´ne-cure, not sĭn´e-cure. An office which + yields revenue without labor. + + =Sit.= See =Sat=. + + =Slake=--slāke, not slăk, when the word is spelled as + given, as: _slaked_ lime, to _slake_ one's thirst, etc. If + spelled =slack=, the ordinary pronunciation is right. + + =Slough=--slow, not slōō nor slō. A mudhole. Written + =sloo= (slōō) also. + + =Slough=--slŭf, not as above. The cast skin of a serpent. Dead + flesh which separates from the living. The verb expressing this + action is pronounced the same. + + =Sobriquet=--so-bri-kā´, not written _soubriquet_. Worcester + pronounces it sŏb´rē-kā´. + + =Soften=--sŏf´fn, not sawf´ten. + + =Sonnet=--sŏn´net, not sŭn´net. + + =Soot=--sōōt or sŏŏt, not sŭt. + + =Soporific=--sŏp-o-rĭf´ik, not sō-por-ĭf´ik. + + =Sotto voce=--sŏt´tō vō´chā, not sŏt´to vōs´ + nor sŏt´tō vō´sē. + + =Souse=--souss, not sowze. To plunge into water. + + =Spasmodic=, not _spasmotic_. + + =Spectacles=--spĕk´ta-kls, not spĕk´tĭk´els. + + =Spermaceti=--sperm-a-sē´tĭ, not sperm-a-çĭt´y. + + =Spider=, not _spiter_. + + =Splenetic=--splĕn´e-tic, not sple-nĕt´ic. Fretful; + peevish. + + =Spoliation=--spō-li-ā´tion, not spoil-a´tion. + + =Spurious=--spū´ri-ous, not spŭr´i-oŭs. =Spuriously= + (spū´ri-ous-ly), etc. + + =Statical=--stăt´i-cal, not stā´ti-cal. Pertaining to + bodies at rest. + + =Stationery=, not _stationary_, when paper, envelopes, ink, etc., + are meant. + + =Statue=, not _statute_, when a carved image is meant. + + =Statute=, not _statue_, when a law or decree is meant. + + =Stearine=--stē´a-rĭn, not stĕr´ĭn. + + =Stereoscope= (stē´re-o-scope), =Stereotype= + (stē´re-o-type), etc., according to Webster; and + stĕr´e-o-scope, stĕr´-e-o-type, etc., according to + Worcester. + + =Stolid=--stŏl´id, not stō´lid. Stupid; dull. + + =Stratum=--strā´tum, not străt´um. =Strata= (strā´ta), + the Latin plural is used much more than the English =stratums=. + Errors like "a _strata_ of gravel," are also not infrequently + heard. + + =Strategic=--stra-tē´jik, not străt´e-jĭk. =Strategical= + (stra-tē´ji-cal) and =strategist= (străt´e-jist). + Worcester gives stra-tĕj´ic and stra-tĕj´i-cal. + + =Strum= or =Thrum= should be used, and not _drum_, when the noisy + and unskillful fingering of a musical instrument is meant. + + =Stupendous=--stu-pen´dŭs, not stu-pĕn´jŭs nor + stu-pĕn´de-us. + + =Suavity=--swăv´ĭ-ty, not swäv´ĭ-ty nor suăv´i-ty. + + =Subtraction=, not _substraction_, when the act of deducting is + meant. =Substraction= is a law term meaning the withholding of + some right, for which, however, the word _subtraction_ is also + used. =Subtract=, not _substract_. + + =Subtile=--sŭb´tĭl, not sŭt´tle. + + =Subtle=--sŭt´tle, not sŭb´tle. + + =Suffice=--sŭf-fīz´, not sŭf-fīs´. + + =Suicidal=--sū-i-sī´dal, not sū-ĭs´i-dal. Worcester + placed the principal accent on the first syllable. + + =Suite=--sweet, not sūte. When the word =suit= is used, + however, the latter pronunciation is correct. + + =Sulphurous=--sŭl´phur-ŭs, not sul-phū´rŭs nor + sŭl-phū´re-us. =Sulphureous= is another word. + + =Summoned=, not _summonsed_. + + =Supersede=, =superseded=, =superseding=. Observe the s in the + penultimate. It is a common error to write _supercede_, etc. + + =Supposititious=--sup-pos-i-tĭ´shus, not sup-po-sĭ´shus. + Put by a trick in the place of another, as, a _supposititious_ + child, a _supposititious_ record. + + =Surtout=--sŭr-tōōt´, not sŭr-towt´ nor + sŭr´tōōt. + + =Swath=--swawth, not swawthe. Worcester gives swŏth. The sweep + of the scythe in mowing. + + + T. + + =Tabernacle=--tăb´er-na-cle, not tăb´er-năk´cle. + + =Tapestry=--tăp´es-try, not tā´pĕs-try. + + =Tarlatan=--tär´la-tan, not tärl´tun. =Tartan= is a different + material. + + =Tarpaulin=--tär-paw´lin, not tär-pō´lin. Written also + =tarpauling= and =tarpawling=. + + =Tartaric=--tar-tăr´ic, not tar-tär´ic. Pertaining to or + obtained from tartar, as _tartaric_ acid. + + =Tassel=--tăs´sel, not taw´sel. Worcester gives tŏs´sl also. + + =Tatterdemalion=--tăt-ter-de-măl´ion, not + tăt-ter-de-māl´ion. + + =Telegraphy=--te-lĕg´ra-phy, not tĕl´e-grăph-y. + + =Telegraphist=--te-lĕg´ra-phist, not tel´e-grăph-ist. A + telegraphic operator. No such word as _telegrapher_ is given. + + =Terpsichorean=--terp-sĭk-o-rē´an, not terp-si-kō´re-an. + Relating to =Terpsichore= (terp-sik´o-re), the muse who + presided over dancing. + + =Tete-a-tete=--tāt-ä-tāt´, not teet-ä-teet. + + =Theatre= or =theater=--thē´a-ter, not the-ā´ter. + + =Threshold=--thrĕsh´ōld, not thrĕz´ōld nor + thrĕz´hold. Worcester gives thrĕsh´hold. + + =Thyme=--tīm, not as spelled. + + =Tic-douloureux=--tĭk´dōō-lōō-rōō´, not + -dŏl-o-rōō´ nor -dō-lō-rōō´. + + =Tiny=--tī´ny, not tee´ny nor tĭn´y. + + =Tolu=--to-lū´, not tū´lū. + + =Tomato=--to-mā´to or to-mä´to, not to-măt´o. + + =Topographic=--tŏp-o-graph´ic, not tō-po-grăph´ic. + =Topographical= and =topographically= have also the short o in + the first syllable. + + =Tour=--tōōr, not towr. + + =Tournament=--tür´na-ment according to Webster. Worcester gives + tōōr´na-ment also. + + =Toward= and =towards=--tō´-ward and tō´wardz, not to-ward´ + and to-wardz´. + + =Tragacanth=--trăg´a-kănth, not trăj´a-sĭnth nor + trăg´a-sănth. A gum used for mucilage. + + =Traverse=--trăv´erse, not tra-verse´. =Traversable=, + =traversing= and =traversed= have also the accent on the first + syllable. + + =Tremendous=--tre-mĕn´dŭs, not tre-mĕn´de-ŭs nor + tre-mĕn´jŭs. + + =Trilobite=--trī´lo-bīte, not trĭl´o-bīte nor + trŏl´lo-bīte, as it is often called. + + =Troche=--trō´kee, not trōsh, trō´she, trōke nor + trŏtch. Plural, =troches= (trō´keez). A lozenge composed + of sugar, mucilage and medicine, as: _bronchial troches_. + =Trochee=--trō´kee, is a foot in poetry. + + =Truculent=--trū´ku-lent, not trŭk´u-lent. + + =Truths=--truths, not truthz, is the plural of =truth=. + + =Tryst=--trĭst, not trīst. An appointment to meet. + =Tryster= (trĭst´er), =trysting= (trĭst´ing). + + =Turbine=--tür´bĭn, not tür´-bīne. A kind of water wheel. + + + U. + + =Umbrella=--um-brĕl´la, not um-ber-rĕl´ nor + um-ber-rĕl´la. + + =Upas=--ū´păs, not ū´paw nor ū´pawz. + + =Usurp=--yū-zurp´, not yū-surp´. =Usurper= (yū-zurp´er), + etc. + + + V. + + =Vagary=--va-gā´ry, not vā´-ga-ry. + + =Valenciennes=--va-lĕn´si-ĕnz´, not văl-ĕn-seenz´. A + French lace. + + =Valleys=, not _vallies_, is the plural of =valley=. + + =Vamos= (vä´mōs), or =vamose= (va-mōse´), not vam-moos´. To + depart. (Inelegant.) + + =Vase=, according to Webster; vāse or vāze, according to + Worcester. The pronunciations väz and vawz are alluded to but + not recommended. + + =Vehemence=--vē´he-mence, not ve-hē´mence nor + ve-hĕm´ence. =Vehemently= and =vehement= have also the + accent on the first syllable. + + =Vermicelli=---vër-me-chĕl-lĭ or vër-me-sĕl´lĭ, not + vêr-me-sĭl´ly. Worcester sanctions the first method only. + + =Veterinary=--vĕt´er-ĭn-a-ry, not ve-tĕr´in-a-ry. + + =Vicar=--vĭk´ar, not vī´kar. =Vicarage= and =vicarship= + have also the short i in the first syllable. + + =Violent= (vī´o-lent), =violence= (vī´o-lence), =violet= + (vī´o-let), =violin= (vī-o-lĭn´), etc., not + voi´o-lent, voi´o-lence, voi´o-let, voi-o-lin´, etc. + + =Viscount=--vī´kount, not vĭs´kount. =Viscountess= + (vī´kountess), etc. + + =Visor=--vĭz´or, not vī´zor. + + + W. + + =Wake=, etc. _Wake_ is both a transitive and an intransitive + verb. Present tense, _wake_; imperfect and past participle, + _waked_; present participle, _waking_. _Awake_ is also both + transitive and intransitive. Present, _awake_; imperfect, + _awoke_ or _awaked_; participles, _awaked_ and _awaking_. + _Awaken_ is another verb, both transitive and intransitive. + Present, _awaken_; imperfect and past participle, _awakened_; + present participle, _awakening_. Thus it is seen that we have a + great many words to express the fact of _being_ in a conscious + state, and the arousing of a person who is asleep. With a + little attention there is no reason for committing an error in + the use of these words. One may say that he _waked_, _awoke_, + or _awakened_ early in the morning, but it is wrong to say that + he _woke_ in the morning, or that he _woke_ another; for there + is no such word as _woke_. "I _wakened_ at five o'clock," + should be, "I _awakened_ at five o'clock;" for there is no such + word as _wakened_. _Up_ is used only with _wake_, _waked_ and + _waking_, but even then it is one of our most senseless + superfluities. There is no stronger meaning in the assertion + that a man was _waked up_, than that he was _waked_ or + _awakened_. If _waking up_ meant to _wake_ and make _get up_, + it would be different, but it does not. One may be _waked up_ + and it is just as likely that he will go to sleep again as if + he were simply _awakened_. _Awake_ and _awaken_ are more + elegant words than _wake_. + + =Wassail=--wŏs´sĭl, not wăs´sĭl. A festive occasion, + carousal, the song sung at such a time, etc. The verb and the + adjective are spelled and pronounced similarly. + + =Water=--waw´ter, not wŏt´er. + + =Welsh=, not _Welch_. The latter word is seldom used. =Welshman=, + etc. + + =Whinny=, not _winny_, when the cry of a horse is spoken of. + + =Whisk=, not _whist_, when a small hand-broom is meant. =Wisp=, + however, is a proper word, meaning the same thing. + + =Whiting= is preferable to _whitening_. + + =Widow.= It is not necessary to say _widow woman_; no one will + suspect her of being a man. + + =Wrestle=--rĕs´l, not răs´sl. + + + Y. + + =Yacht=--yŏt, not yăt. =Yachting= (yŏt´ing), etc. + + =Yeast=--yēst, not ēst. + + =Yellow=--yĕl´lō, not yăl´lō. + + + Z. + + =Zoology=--zo-ŏl´o-jy, not zōō-ŏl´o-jy. =Zoological= + (zo-o-lŏj´i-cal), etc. + + + + +SCRIPTURAL, MYTHOLOGICAL AND OTHER PROPER NAMES. + + +In the vocabulary just completed, it has been the design to point out +the majority of errors occurring in the pronunciation of the words +usually selected by people of fair or excellent education to carry on +ordinary English discourse. In the portion of the work now under +consideration, nothing like such thoroughness is contemplated. + +After a moment's reflection, it will appear to any one, that to +mention the thousands upon thousands of proper names, the erroneous +pronunciation of which is rather to be expected than the correct, +would require an elaborate volume. Every one who has striven to become +a fine orthoepist has longed for the ability to comprehend the +pronunciation of that myriad of names, any one of which is apt to +confront him in any book or paper he may chance to pick up. But to +become a proficient in this respect would require years of study and a +knowledge of the principles of many foreign languages. + +Amongst geographical names, for example, who but the specially +instructed would think of pronouncing correctly _Goes_ (Hŏŏce), +_Gelves_ (Hĕl´vĕs) or _Jalapa_ (Hä-lä´pä); or amongst +biographical names, _Gaj_ (gī), _Geel_ (Hāl) or _Geijer_ +(gī'er). + +It is fortunate for the reputation of those who bear the name of being +good scholars, that errors in the pronunciation of most proper names +are excusable, which is not the case with the mistakes that have +before been laid down. But there are some proper names, of such +constant occurrence in daily lectures, reading and conversation, that +errors connected with them are not to be overlooked. It is the +intention here, simply to call attention to the more common of these, +and to lead the reader to appreciate the fact that if one depends upon +the usual power of the English letters to gain a correct pronunciation +of proper names, he will be more often led astray than otherwise. + +The Authorities consulted are the best--Webster, Worcester, +Lippincott's Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and +Mythology and Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World. + + + + +SCRIPTURAL NAMES. + + + =Abednego=--a-bĕd´ne-gō, not ăb-ĕd-nē´go. + + =Abiathar=--a-bī´a-thar, not ab-i-ā´thar. + + =Adonibezek=--a-dŏn-i-bē´zĕk, not a-dŏn´i-be-zek. + + =Adonijah=--ad-o-nī´jah, not a-dŏn´i-jah. + + =Agee=--ăg´e-ē, not ā´jē. + + =Ahasuerus=--a-hăs-u-ē´rus, not a-haz-u-ĕr´us. + + =Aijalon=--ăj´a-lon, not ā´ja-lon. + + =Akrabattine=--ăk-ra-băt-tī´ne, not + ăk-ra-băt´i-ne. + + =Alpheus=--ăl-phē´us, not ăl´phe-us. + + =Amasai=--a-măs´a-ī, not ăm-a-sā´ī. + + =Andronicus=--an-dron-ī´cus, not an-drŏn´i-cus. + + =Antiochia=--an-ti-o-kī´a, not an-ti-ō´kia. + + =Ararat=--ăr´a-răt, not ā´ra-răt. + + =Arimathea=--ăr´i-ma-thē´a, not ăr-i-mā´the-a. + + =Aristobulus=--ăr-is-to-bū´lus, not ar-is-tŏb´u-lus. + + =Aroer=--ăr´o-er, not a-rō´er. + + =Aroerite=--ăr´o-er-īte, not a-rō´er-ĭte. + + =Asarael=--a-săr´a-el, not az-a-rā´el. + + =Asmodeus=--az-mo-dē´us, not az-mō´de-us. + + =Beelzebub=--be-ĕl´ze-bub, not bĕl´ze-bub. + + =Belial=--bē´li-al, not be-lī´al. + + =Bethhaccerem=--bĕth-hăk´se-rem, not beth-hăs´se-rem. + + =Bethphage=--bĕth´pha-jē, not bĕth´phāje. + + =Bethuel=--be-thū´el, not bĕth´u-el. + + =Cainan=--ka-ī´nan, not kā´nan. + + =Cherub= (a city)--kē´rub, not chĕr´ub. + + =Chittim=--kĭt´tim, not chĭt´tim. + + =Chloe=--klō´e, not klō. + + =Crates=--krā´tēz, not krātz. + + =Cyprians=--sĭp´ri-anz, not sī´pri-anz. + + =Delilah=--dĕl´i-lah, not de-lī´lah. + + =Ecbatana=--ek-băt´a-na, not ek-ba-tā´na. + + =Eloi=--e-lō´ī not ē´loi. + + =Esther=--ĕs´ter, not ĕs´ther. + + =Eumenes=--ū´me-nēz, not ū-mē´nēz. + + =Gennesaret=--gĕn-nĕs´a-rĕt, not jĕn-nĕs´a-ret. + + =Gerar=--geĕ´rar, not jē´rar. + + =Idumea=--ĭd-u-mē´a, not ī-du-mē´a. + + =Iturea=--ĭt-u-rē´a, not ī-tu-rē´a. + + =Jacubus=--ja-kū´bus, not jăk´u-bus. + + =Jadau=--ja-dā´u, not jăd´a-u. + + =Jairus= (Old Test.)--jā´i-rus. + + =Jairus= (New Test.)--jā-ī´rus. + + =Jearim=--jē´a-rĭm, not je-ā´rim. + + =Jeiel=--je-ī´el, not jē´el nor jī´el. + + =Jephthae=--jĕph´tha-ē, not jĕph´tha. + + =Jeshohaiah=--jĕsh-o-ha-ī´ah, not jĕsh-o-hā´yah. + + =Keilah=--kē´lah, not kī´lah nor ke-ī´lah. + + =Kolaiah=--kŏl-a-ī´ah, not kŏl-ā´yah. + + =Labana=--lăb´a-na, not la-bā´na. + + =Lebanah=--lĕb´a-nah, not le-bā´nah. + + =Magdalene=--măg-da-lē´ne, not măg´da-lēne. + + =Mahalath=--mā´ha-lath, not ma-hā´lath. + + =Mardocheus=--mar-do-kē´us, not mar-dō´ke-us. + + =Matthias=--măth-thī´as, not măth´thi-as. + + =Meremoth=--mĕr´e-moth, not me-rē´moth. + + =Meshach=--mē´shăk, not mĕsh´ak. + + =Methuselah=--me-thū´se-lah, not mĕth-ū´ze-lah. + + =Moosias=--mo-o-sī´as, not mō´si-as. + + =Nebuchadnezzar=--nĕb´u-kăd-nez´zar, not + ne-bŭk´kad-nez´zar. + + =Orthosias=--ôr-tho-sī´as, not ôr-thō´si-as. + + =Othonias=--ŏth-o-nī´as, not ŏth-ō´ni-as. + + =Oziel=--ō´zi-el, not ō-zī´el. + + =Penuel=--pe-nū´el, not pĕn´ū-el. + + =Perseus=--për´sūs, not për´se-us. + + =Pethuel=--pe-thū´el, not pĕth´u-el. + + =Phanuel=--pha-nū´el, not phăn´u-el. + + =Pharaoh=--phā´rō or phā´ra-ō, not phăr´ō nor + phăr´a-ō. + + =Philippi=--phĭ-lĭp´pi, not phĭl´lip-pi. + + =Philistine=--phĭ-lĭs´tĭn, not phĭl´ĭs-tīne. + + =Pontius=--pŏn´shĭ-us, not pŏn´ti-us. + + =Raguel=--ra-gū´el, not răg´u-el. + + =Sabachthani=--sā-băk-thā´nī, not + sa-băk´tha-nī. + + =Sathrabuzanes=--săth-ra-bu-zā´nēz, not + săth-răb´u-zānz. + + =Shabbethai=--shăb-bĕth´a-ī, not + shăb-bĕth-ā´ī + + =Shadrach=--shā´drăk, not shăd´răk. + + =Shemiramoth=--she-mĭr´a-moth, not shĕm-i-rā´moth. + + =Shemuel=--she-mū´el, not shĕm´ū-el. + + =Sinai=--sī´ā, not sī´nā-ī. + + =Zaccheus=--zak-kē´us, not zăk´ke-us. + + =Zerubbabel=--zē-rŭb´ba-bel, not ze-rub-bā´bel. + + =Zipporah=--zĭp-pō´rah, not zĭp´po-rah. + + + + +GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES--MYTHOLOGICAL, ETC. + + + =Actæon=--ăk-tē´on, not ăk´te-on. + + =Adonis=--a-dō´nis, not a-dŏn´is. + + =Alcides=--ăl-sī´dēz, not ăl´si-dēz. + + =Amphion=--ăm-phī´on, not ăm´phi-on. + + =Amphitrite=--ăm-phi-trī´te, not ăm´phi-trīte nor + am-phĭt´ri-te. + + =Anabasis=--a-năb´a-sis, not an-a-bā´sis. + + =Antiope=--ăn-tī´o-pe, not ăn´ti-ōpe nor + ăn-ti-ō´pe. + + =Anubis=--a-nū´bis, not ăn´u-bis. + + =Arion=--a-rī´on, not ā´ri-on. + + =Aristides=--ar-is-tī´dēz, not ar-ĭs´ti-dēz. + + =Aristogiton=--a-ris-to-jī´ton, not ar-is-tŏj´i-ton. + + =Belides= (singular, masculine)--bĕ-lī´dēz. + + =Belides= (plural, female descendants of + Belus)--bĕl´-i-dēz. + + =Bellerophon=--bel-lĕr´o-phon, not bel-ler-ō´phon. + + =Cæculus=--sĕk´u-lus, not sē´ku-lus. + + =Calliope=--kal-lī´o-pe, not kal-li-ō´pe nor + kăl´li-ōpe. + + =Caucasus=--kaw´ka-sus, not kaw-kā´sus. + + =Charon=--kā´ron, not chā´ron nor chăr´on. + + =Chæronea=--ker-o-nē´a, not cher-o-nē´a. + + =Chimera=--ke-mē´ra, not kĭm´er-a nor chī-mĕr´a. + + =Codrus=--kō´drus, not kŏd´rus. + + =Corcyra=--kor-sī´ra, not kor´si-ra. + + =Coriolanus=--ko-ri-o-lā´nus, not kor-i-ŏl´a-nus. + + =Crete=--krē´te, not kreet. + + =Cyclades=--sĭk´la-dēz, not sī´kla-dēz. + + =Cyclops=--sī´klops, not sĭk´lops. + + =Cyclopes=--sī´klo-pēz, not sī´klōps. + + =Cyrene=--sī-rē´ne, not sĭ-rēne´. + + =Cyzicus=--sĭz´i-kus, not sĭ-zī´kus. + + =Danaides=--da-nā´ĭ-dez, not da-nī´dez. + + =Darius=--da-rī´us, not dā´ri-us. + + =Deianira=--de-ī-an-ī´ra, not de-yan-ī´ra. + + =Diodorus=--dī-o-dō´rus, not dī-ŏd´o-rus. + + =Diomedes=--dī-o-mē´dēz, not dī-ŏm´e-dēz. + + =Dodonæus=--do-do-nē´us, not do-dō´ne-us. + + =Echo=--ē´ko, not ĕk´ko. + + =Endymion=--en-dĭm´i-on, not en-dī´mi-on. + + =Epirus=--e-pī´rus, not ĕp´i-rus. + + =Erato=--ĕr´a-to, not e-rā´to. + + =Eumenes=--ū´me-nēz, not ū-mē´nēz. + + =Euripus=--ū-rī´pus, not ū´ri-pus. + + =Eurydice=--ū-rĭd´i-se, not ū´ri-dīce´ nor + ū-ri-dī´se. + + =Ganymedes=--gan-ĭ-mē´dēz, not gan-ĭ-mēdz´. + + =Geryon=--jē´rĭ-on, not je-rī´on. + + =Halcyone=--hăl-sī´o-ne, not hăl´si-ōne nor + hal-si-ō´ne. + + =Hebe=--hē´be, not hēb´. + + =Hecate=--hĕk´a-te or hĕk´at, not hē´kāte. + + =Hecuba=--hĕk´u-ba, not he-kū´ba. + + =Helena=--hēl´en-a, not he-lē´na. + + =Hermione=---hĕr-mī´o-ne, not hĕr´mi-ōne nor + hĕr-mi-ō´ne. + + =Herodotus=--he-rŏd´o-tus, not her-o-dō´tus. + + =Hiero=--hī´er-o, not hī-ē´ro. + + =Hippocrene=--hip-po-krē´ne, not hip-pŏk´re-ne. + + =Hippodromus=--hip-pŏd´ro-mus, not hip-po-drō´mus. + + =Icarus=--ĭk´a-rus, not īk-ā´-rus. + + =Iolaus=--ī-o-lā´us, not ī-ō´la-us. + + =Iphiclus=--ĭph´i-klus, not ĭph-ī´klus. + + =Iphigenia=--ĭph-i-je-nī´a, not ĭph-i-jē´ni-a. + + =Irene=--ī-rē´ne, not ī-rēne´. + + =Ithome=--i-thō´me, not īth´o-me. + + =Lachesis=--lăk´e-sis, not la-kĕ´sis. + + =Laocoon=--la-ŏk´o-on,not lā-o-kōōn´. + + =Lethe=--lē´the, not lēth. + + =Leucothoe=--lū-kŏth´o-e, not lū-kō´tho-e nor + lū-ko-thō´e. + + =Libitina=--lĭb-i-tī´na, not li-bĭt´i-na. + + =Lycaon=--lī-kā´on, not lĭk´a-on. + + =Lyceus=--lī-sē´us, not lĭs´e-us. + + =Meleager=--mē-le-ā´ger, not me-le-ā´jer nor + me-lē´a-jer. + + =Meroe=--mĕr´o-e, not me-rō´e. + + =Mitylene=--mĭt-ĭ-lē´ne, not mĭt´i-lēne. + + =Myrmidones=--myr-mĭd´o-nēz, not myr´mĭ-dōnz nor + myr-mĭ-dō´nēz. + + =Naiades=--nā-ī´a-dēz, not nā´a-dēz. + + =Nemesis=--nĕm´e-sis, not ne-mē´sis. + + =Nereides=--ne-rē´i-dēz, not nēr´yi-dēz. + + =Nereus=--nē´rūs, not ne-rē´us. + + =Nicæa=--ni-sē´a, not nĭs´e-a. + + =Nundina=--nŭn´di-na, not nun-dī´na. + + =Oceanus=--o-sē´a-nus, not o-se-ā´nus. + + =Ocypete=--o-sĭp´e-te, not o-si-pē´te. + + =Œdipus=--ĕd´i-pus, not ē´di-pus nor e-dī´pus. + + =Opigena=--o-pĭj´e-na, not op-i-jē´na. + + =Orion=--o-rī´on, not ō´ri-on. + + =Pactolus=--pak-tō´lus, not păk´to-lus. + + =Palæmon=--pa-lē´mon, not păl´e-mon. + + =Parrhasius=--par-rā´she-us, not par-răs´i-us. + + =Pasiphae=--pa-sĭph´a-e, not păs-i-phā´e. + + =Pegasus=--pĕg´a-sus, not pe-gā´sus. + + =Penelope=--pe-nĕl´o-pe, not pĕn´e-lōpe. + + =Phlegethon=--phlĕj´e-thon, not phlĕg´e-thon. + + =Pleiades=--plē´ya-dĕz not plē´yădz. + + =Polyphemus=--pol-y-phē´mus, not po-lĭph´e-mus. + + =Priapus=--prī-ā´pus, not prī´a-pus. + + =Proserpine=--prŏs´er-pīne, not pro-sĕr´pi-ne. + + =Rhode=--rō´de, not rōde. + + =Sarapis=--sa-rā´pis, not săr´a-pis. + + =Sardanapalus=--sar-da-na-pā´lus, not sar-dan-ăp´a-lus. + + =Semiramis=--se-mĭr´a-mis, not sĕm-i-rā´mis. + + =Tereus=--tē´re-us, not te-rē´us. + + =Terpsichore=--terp-sīk´o-re, not tĕrp´si-kōre. + + =Thebæ=--thē´be, not thēbe. + + =Theodamas=--the-ŏd´a-mas, not the-o-dā´mas. + + =Theodamus=--the-o-dā´mus, not the-ŏd´a-mus. + + =Theodotus=--the-ŏd´o-tus, not the-o-dō´tus. + + =Theodorus=--the-o-dō´rus, not the-ŏd´o-rus. + + =Thessalonica=--thes-sa-lo-nī´ka, not thes-sa-lŏn´i-ka. + + =Thrace=--thrā´se, not thrāse. + + + + +MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. + + + =Adam.= As an English name is pronounced ăd´am; as French, + ä-dóng´, as German, ä´däm. + + =Annesley=--ănz´le, not ăn´nes-le. + + =Arundel=--ăr´ŭn-dĕl, not a-rŭn´dĕl. + + =Bacciochi=--bät-chō´kee, not băk-ki-ō´kee. + + =Beatrice=--bā-ä-tree´chā or bē´a-treess, not + be-ăt´rĭs. + + =Beethoven=--bā´tō-ven, not beet´hō-ven. + + =Belvedere=--bĕl-vā-dā´rā, not bĕl-ve-dēre´. + + =Beranger= (Fr. Béranger)--bā-rŏng-zhā´, not + bĕr´an-jer. + + =Blucher=--blōō´ker, not blū´cher. + + =Boccaccio=--bo-kät´cho, not bŏk-kăs´i-o. + + =Boleyn=--bŏŏl´ĭn, not bō´lĭn nor bō-lĭn´. + + =Boniface=--bŏn´e-fass or Fr. bo-ne-fäss´, not bŏn´e-face. + + =Boucicault= or =Bourcicault=--bōō-se-kō´ or + bōōr-se-kō´, not bōō´se-kawlt. + + =Bozzaris=--bŏt´zä-rĭs, not boz-zăr´is, as generally + called. + + =Brown-Sequard= (Fr. Séquard)--brown-sā-kärr´, not see-kward´. + + =Buchanan=--bŭk-ăn´an, not bū-kăn´an. + + =Bull, Ole=--ō´lĕh bŏŏl, not ōl´ bŏŏl. + + =Buonaparte=--bōō-o-nä-pärr´tā, not bō´na-pärt; the + latter is the allowed English pronunciation when spelled + =Bonaparte=. + + =Bysshe=--bĭsh, not bĭsh´she. + + =Cecil=--sĕs´ĭl or sĭs´ĭl, not sē´sĭl. + + =Cenci=--chĕn´chee, not sĕn´see. + + =Chevalier=--sheh-vä-le-ā´, not shev-a-leer´. + + =Crichton=--krī´ton, not krĭk´ton. + + =D'Aubigne= (Fr. D'Aubigné)--dō-bēn-yā´, not daw-been´. + + =Daubigny=--dō-bēn-yē´, not daw-bē´ny. + + =Disraeli=--dĭz-rā´el-e, not dĭz´rel-ee. + + =Drouyn de Lhuys=--drōō-ăng´ deh lwee´. + + =Gillot=--zhē-yō´, not jĭl´lot nor jĭl-lō´. + + =Giovanni=--jo-vän´nee, not je-o-văn´nee. + + =Goethe=--pronounced much like gür´teh, leaving out the r; not + gŏth nor gōth. + + =Hemans=--hĕm´anz, not hē´manz. + + =Ingelow=--ĭn´je-lō, not ĭng´e-lō. + + =Ivan=--e-vän´, not ī´van. + + =Juarez=--jōō-ä´rĕz or Hōō-ä´rĕth, not + jaw´rĕz. + + =Lancelot=--lŏngss-lō´, not lăn´se-lŏt. + + =Lavater=--lä´vä-ter or lä-vä-tair´, not lăv´a-ter. + + =Macleod=--măk-lowd´, not mak-lē´od. + + =Marat=--mä-rä´, not ma-răt´. + + =Marion=--măr´i-on, not mā´ri-on. + + =Medici=--mĕd´e-chee or mā´de-chee, not mĕd´i-see nor + me-dē´see. + + =Minie= (Fr. Minié)--me-ne-ā´, not mĭn´ne. + + =Montague=--mŏn´ta-gū, not mŏn´tāg. + + =Moultrie=--mōō´tre, not mōl´tre. + + =Muhlbach=--(Ger. Mühlbach). The u in the first syllable of this + word is very difficult for those to pronounce who are not + German or French, and can not be well represented in English; + but there is no need of coming so far from the mark as is + generally done, especially in the last syllable. It is not + mūl´băk nor mēl´băk; meul´bäk is nearer correct. + + =Mundt=--mŏŏnt, not mŭnt. + + =Neumann=--noi´män, not nū´man. + + =Ovid=--ŏv´ĭd, not ō´vid [Ovidius]. + + =Paganini=--pä-gä-nee´nee, not păj-a-nĭn´ĭ. + + =Pepin=--pĕp´ĭn or pĭp´ĭn, not pē´pĭn. French + pronunciation peh-păng´. + + =Piccolomini=--pēk-ko-lŏm´e-nee, not pĭk-ko-lo-mee´nee. + + =Pliny=--plĭn´y, not plī´ny [Plinius]. + + =Ponce de Leon=--pōn´chā dā lā-ōn´, not ponss de + lē´on. + + =Rachel=--rä-shĕl´, not rā´chel as the English name. When a + German name it is pronounced räk´el. + + =Richelieu=--rēsh´e-lōō, not rĭch´e-lōō. + + =Rochefort=--rosh-for´, not roch´fort. + + =Rothschild=--ros´chīld or rōt´shĭlt, not + rŏth´chīld. + + =Stael=--stäl, stawl or stä-ĕl´, not stāle. + + =Strauss=--strowss, not strawss. + + =Taliaferro=--tŏl´i-vĕr, not tăl-i-fĕr´ro. + + =Thiers=--te-air´, not theers. + + + + +MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. + + + =Abomey=--ăb-o-mā´, not a-bŏm´ey nor a-bō´mey. + + =Acapulco=--ä-kä-pōōl´ko, not ăk-a-pŭl´ko. + + =Adriatic=--ăd-ri-ăt´ĭk, not ā-drĭ-ăt´ĭk. + + =Afghanistan=--äf-gän-is-tän´, not ăf-găn-ĭs´tăn. + + =Agulhas=--ä-gōōl´yäs, not a-gŭl´hăs. + + =Aix-la-Chapelle=--ākz-lä-shä-pĕl´, not + ā-lä-shă-pĕl´. + + =Alsace=--äl-säss´, not ăl´sās. + + =Altai=--äl-tī´, not äl´tā nor äl´tī. + + =Amherst=--ăm´erst, not ăm´herst. + + =Amoor=--ä-mōōr´, not ăm´ōōr nor ā´mōre. + + =Antilles=--ŏng-teel´, not ăn´-teelz. + + =Araguay=--ä-rä-gwī´, not ăr´a-gwā. + + =Aral=--ăr´al, not ā´ral. + + =Arkansas=--är-kăn´sas, not är´kan-saw nor är-kăn-zaz. + + =Asia=--ā´she-a, not ā´zhe-a. + + =Bantam= (Java)--bän-täm´, not băn´tam. + + =Barbados= or =Barbadoes=--bar-bā´dōz, not bär´ba-dōz. + =Barbados=, a river of Brazil, is pronounced bar-bä´doce. + + =Bayou=--bī´ōō or bī´ō, not bā´ū. + + =Belfast=--bĕl-făst´, not bĕl´făst. + + =Beloochistan=--bĕl-oo-chĭs-tän´, not + bĕl-oo-chĭs´tan. + + =Bingen=--bĭng´en, not bĭn´jen. + + =Bombay=--bŏm-bā´, not bŏm´bā. + + =Bremen= (Germany)--brĕm´en or brā´men, not brē´men. + =Bremen= (U. S.)--brē´men. + + =Buena Vista=--bwā´nä vees´tä or bō´na vĭs´ta, not + bū´na vĭs´ta. + + =Buenos Ayres=--bō´nos ā´riz or bō´nos airz, not + bū´nos ārz; Spanish pronunciation, bwā´noce + ī´rĕs. + + =Cairo= (Italy and Egypt)--kī´ro, not kā´ro. =Cairo= (U. + S.)--kā´ro. + + =Calais=--kăl´ĭs or kä-lā´, not ka-lās´. + + =Canton= (China)--kan-tŏn´, not kăn´ton. =Canton= (U. + S.)--kăn´ton. + + =Cape Girardeau=--jee-rär-dō´, not jee-rär´dō. + + =Caribbean= or =Carribbean=--kăr-ĭb-bē´an, not + ka-rĭb´be-an. + + =Cashmere=--käsh-meer´, not kăsh´mere. + + =Cayenne=--kī-ĕn´ or kā-yĕn´, not kā-ĕn´. + + =Cheyenne=--she-ĕn´, not shī-ĕn´ nor chā-ĕn´. + + =Chili=--chĭl´lee, not shē´lee. + + =Christiania=--krĭs-te-ä´ne-ä, not krĭs-te-ā´ne-a nor + krĭs-te-ăn´a. + + =Chuquisaca=--chōō-ke-sä´kä, not chōō-kwĭs´a-kä. + + =Cincinnati=--sin-sin-nah´tĭ, not sin-sin-năt´ta. + + =Cochin China=--kō´chin chī´na, not kŏch´in chī´na. + + =Delhi= (India)--dĕl´lee, not dĕl´hī. =Delhi= (U. + S.)--dĕl´hī. + + =Dubuque=--dū-bōōk´, not dū-būk´. + + =Fezzan=--fĕz-zän´, not fĕz´zan nor fĕz-zăn´. + + =Freiburg=--frī´bŏŏrg, not frē´burg. + + =Genoa=--jĕn´o-a, not je-nō´a. + + =Gloucester=--glos´ter, not as spelled. =Gloucestershire= + (glos´ter-shir). + + =Greenwich= (England)--grĭn´ĭdge, not as spelled. + =Greenwich= (U. S.)--green´ĭch. + + =Havre de Grace=--hăv´er de grass, not hā´ver de grās´. + French pronunciation, hä´v'r deh gräss or ä´v'r deh gräss´. + + =Iowa=--ī´o-wa, not ī-ō´wa nor ī´o-wā. + + =Java= (Island)--jä´va, not jăv´a nor jā´va. =Java= (U. + S.)--jā´va. + + =Jeddo= (Japan)--yĕd´do, not jĕd´do. =Jeddo= (U. + S.)--jĕd´do. + + =Juniata=--jōō-ne-ah´ta, not jōō-ne-ĕt´a. + + =Kankakee=--kan-kaw´kee, not kang-ka-kee´. + + =Ladoga=--lä´do-gä, not la-dō´ga. + + =Lausanne= (Switzerland)--lō-zän´, not law-san´. =Lausanne= + (Pennsylvania)--law-săn´. + + =Leicester=--lĕs´ter, not as spelled. =Leicestershire= + (lĕs´ter-shir). + + =Leipsic= (Saxony)--līp´sĭk, not leep´sĭk. =Leipsic= (U. + S.)--leep´sĭk. + + =Madrid= (Spain)--mä-drĭd´, not măd´rĭd; Spanish + pronunciation, mä-DreeD´--almost maTH-reeTH´. =Madrid= (U. + S.)--măd´rid. + + =Mauch Chunk=--mawk chŭnk´, not mawch shunk´. + + =Milan=--mĭl´an, not mī´lan. + + =Modena= (Italy)--mŏd´en-a, not mo-dē´na. =Modena= (U. + S.)--mo-dē´na. + + =Nantes=--năntz, not năn´tez; French pronunciation, + nŏngt. + + =Neufchatel=--nush-ä-tĕl´, not nōōf´chăt-el. + + =Newfoundland=--nū´fond-land´, not nu-found´land. + + =Norwich= (England)--nŏr´rĭj, not nŏr´wich. =Norwich= + (U. S.)--nŏr´wich or nŏr´rich. + + =Otaheite=--ō-tä-hee´te, not ō-ta-heet´. + + =Panama=--pän-a-mä´, not păn´a-maw. + + =Persia=--per´she-a, not per´zhe-a. + + =Pesth=--pĕst, not pesth; Hungarian pronunciation, pĕsht. + + =Piqua=--pĭk´wa, not pĭk´wā. + + =Pompeii=--pŏm-pā´yee, not pŏm´pe-ī. + + =Popocatapetl=--po-po-kä-tā-pĕtl´, not + po-po-kăt-a-pē´tel. + + =Poughkeepsie=--po-kĭp´see, not po-keep´see. + + =Quebec=--kwe-bĕk´, not kwē´bek. + + =Queretaro=--kā-rā-tä´ro, not kwer-e-tā´ro. + + =Sahara=--sä-hä´rä or sä´ha-rä, not sā-hā´ra nor + sa-hăr´a. + + =San Diego=--sän-de-ā´go, not săn-dī-ē´go. + + =Sangamon=--săng´ga-mon, not săng-găm´on. + + =San Joaquin=--sän-Ho-ä-keen´, not săn´jō´a-kwĭn. + + =Shang-Hai=--shang-hī´, not shăng´-hā nor + shăng´-hī. + + =Siam=--sī-am´ or se-am´, not sī´am. + + =Sumatra=--sōō-mä´tra, not sōō-mā´tra nor + sōō-măt´ra. + + =Swabia=--swā´bi-a, not swaw´be-a. + + =Taliaferro=--tŏl´e-ver, not tăl-ĭ-a-fĕr´ro. + + =Toulouse=--tōō-lōōz´, not tōō-lōōss´. + + =Truxillo=--trōō-Heel´yo, not trŭx-ĭl´lo. + + =Tyrol=--tĭr´ol or te-rŏl´, not tī´rol. + + =Ulster= (Germany)--ŏŏl´ster, not ŭl´ster. =Ulster= + (Ireland and U. S.)--ŭl´ster. + + =Valenciennes=--vä-long-se-ĕnn´, not va-lĕn-se-ĕnz´. + + =Valparaiso= (Chili)--väl-pä-rī´so, not văl-pa-rā´zo. + =Valparaiso= (U. S.)--văl-pa-rā´zo. + + =Venezuela=--ven-ez-wee´la or vā-nĕth-wā´lä, not + ven-ez-ōō-ē´la. + + =Vevay=--ve-vā´, not vē´vā. + + =Vosges=--vōzh, not vŏs´jez. + + =Worcester=--wŏŏs´ter, not as spelled. =Worcestershire= + (wŏŏs´ter-shir). + + =Wyandot= or =Wyandotte=--wī-an-dott´, not wī´an-dŏt. + + =Wyoming=--wī-ō´ming, not wī´o-ming. + + =Yang-tse-kiang=--yäng-tse-ke-äng´, not yang´ste-kī´ăng. + + =Yo Semite=--yō-sem´e-te, not yō´se-mīte. + + =Zanzibar=--zän-ze-bär´, not zăn´ze-bär. + + + + +ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. + + + =Ada=--ā´da, not ăd´a. + + =Agnes=--ăg´nēz, not ăg´ness. + + =Alphonso=--al-phon´so, not al-phŏn´zo. + + =Artemas=--är´te-mas, not är-tē´mas. + + =Augustine=--aw-gŭs´tĭn, not aw´gŭs-teen. + + =Basil=--băz´il, not bā´sil nor băs´il. + + =Bernard=--bër´nard, not bër-nard´. + =Bernard= (French)--be<sc>R</sc>-na<sc>R</sc>´. + + =Cecily=--sĕs´i-ly, not sē´si-ly. + + =Chloe=--klō´e, not klō. + + =Darius=--da-rī´us, not dā´ri-us. + + =Deborah=--dĕb´o-rah, not de-bō´rah. + + =Eben=--ĕb´en, not ē´ben. + + =Eleanor=--ĕl´e-a-nor, not ĕl´en-or. + + =Esther=--ĕs´ter, not ĕs´ther. + + =Eva=--ē´va, not ĕv´a. + + =Frances=--frăn´sez, not frăn´sess nor frăn´sĭs. + + =Giles=--jīlz, not gīlz. + + =Hosea=--ho-zē´a, not hō´se-a. + + =Ivan=--ĭv´an, not ī´van. =Ivan= (Russian)--e-vän´. + + =Irene=--ī-rē´ne, not ī-reen´. + + =Jacqueline=--jăq´ue-lĭn, not jăk´a-līne. + + =Joan=--jō-ăn´, not jō´an. + + =Joshua=--jŏsh´u-a, not jŏsh´a-wā. + + =Leopold=--lē´o-pōld, not lĕp´ōld. =Leopold= + (German)--lā-o-pōlt. + + =Lionel=--li´o-nel, not lī-ō´nel. + + =Louisa=--lōō-ē´za, not lōō-ī´za. + + =Marion=--măr´i-on, not mā´ri-on. + + =Penelope=--pe-nĕl´o-pe, not pĕn´el-ōpe. + + =Phebe=--phē´be, not pheeb. + + =Philander=--phī-lăn´der, not phĭl-ăn´der. + + =Philemon=--phī-lē´mon, not phĭl´e-mon. + + =Reginald=--rĕj'i-nald, not rĕg´i-nald. + + =Rosalie=--rŏz´a-lē, not rō´za-lē. + + =Rosalind=--rŏz´a-lind, not rō´za-lind. + + =Rosamond=--rŏz´a-mond, not rō´za-mond. + + =Rowland=--rō´land, not row´land. + + =Sigismund=--sĭj´is-mund, not sĭg´is-mund. =Sigismund= + (German)--see<sc>G</sc>´is-mŏŏnt. + + =Silvester=--sĭl-vĕs´ter, not sĭl´vĕs-ter. + + =Sophia=--so-phī´a, not sō´phi-a. + + =Ursula=---ür´su-la, not ür-sū´la. + + =Viola=---vī´o-la, not vī-ō´la. + + + + +NAMES OF ROMANCE, SOBRIQUETS, ETC. + + =Achitophel=--a-kĭt´o-phel, not a-chĭt´o-phel. A nickname + given to the Earl of Shaftesbury and used by Dryden in his + satirical poem of "Absalom and Achitophel." + + =Adonais=--ăd-o-nā´is, not a-dō´ni-as nor a-dŏn´i-as. A + name given to the poet Keats by Shelley. + + =Adriana=--ăd-ri-ăn´a, not ā-dri-ā´na nor + ā-dri-ăn´a. A character in the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Ægeon=--ē-jē´on, not ē´je-on. A Syracusan merchant in the + "Comedy of Errors." + + =Æmilia=--ē-mĭl´i-a, not ē-mē´li-a. Wife of Ægeon in + the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Agramante=--ä-grä-män´tā, not ăg´ra-mănt unless written + =Agramant=. King of the Moors in "Orlando Furioso." + + =Agricane=--ä-gre-kä´nā, not ăg´ri-kāne. Written also + =Agrican= (ăg´ri-kăn). King of Tartary in "Orlando + Innamorato." + + =Al Borak=--äl bŏr´ak, not ăl bō´rak. An imaginary animal + of wonderful appearance and fleetness, with which it was claimed + that Mohammed made a journey to the seventh heaven. + + =Alcina=--äl-chē´na, not ăl-sē´na. A fairy in "Orlando + Innamorato." + + =Alciphron=--ăl´si-phron, not ăl-sĭph´ron. The name of a + work by Bishop Berkeley and of a character in the same. + =Alciphron= is also the name of a poem by Thomas Moore and the + hero of his romance, "The Epicurean." + + =Almanzor=--al-măn´zor, not ăl´man-zor. A character in + Dryden's "Conquest of Granada." + + =Al Rakim=--är rä-keem´, not ăl rā´kim. The dog in the legend + of the "Seven Sleepers of Ephesus." + + =Al Sirat=--äs se-rät´, not ăl´ si-răt. An imaginary bridge + between this world and the Mohammedan paradise. + + =Angelica=--an-jĕl´i-ka, not an-jel-ë´ka. A princess of great + beauty in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Angelo=--ăn´je-lo, not an-jĕl´o. A prominent character in + "Measure for Measure." A goldsmith in the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Archimago=--är-ki-mā´go, not är-chi-mā´go nor + är-chĭm´a-go. A character in Spenser's "Faëry Queen." + + =Argalia=--a<sc>R</sc>-gä-lee´ä, not är-gā´li-a. Brother of + Angelica in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Argantes=--a<sc>R</sc>-gän´tess, not är-găn´tēz. An infidel + hero in "Jerusalem Delivered." + + =Asmodeus=--ăs-mo-dē´us, not ăz-mō´de-us. An evil + spirit. + + =Baba, Ali=--ä´lee bä´bä, not ăl´i bā´ba. A character in the + "Forty Thieves." + + =Baba, Cassim=--käs´sim bä´bä, not kăs´sim bā´ba. Brother of + Ali Baba. + + =Bajardo=--bä-e-a<sc>R</sc>´do, not ba-jär´do. Rinaldo's steed in + "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Balwhidder=--băl´hwĭth-er, not bawl´whĭd-der. A pastor in + Galt's "Annals of the Parish." + + =Banquo=--bănk´wo, not băng´ko. A Scottish warrior and a + character in "Macbeth." + + =Bassanio=--bas-sä´ni-o, not bas-sā´ni-o. Husband of Portia in + "Merchant of Venice." + + =Biron=--bĭr´on, not bī´ron. A character in "Love's Labor's + Lost." + + =Boyet=--boy-ĕt´, not bō´yet. A character in "Love's Labor's + Lost." + + =Bradamante=--brä-dä-män´tā, not brăd´a-mănt. Sister to + Rinaldo, in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Brunehilde=--brōō´nā-hĭl´dā, not + brŭn-hĭl´dah. Written also =Brunehild= + (brōō´neh-hĭlt). + + =Carrasco, Sanson=--sän-sōn´ kä<sc>R</sc>-<sc>R</sc>äs´ko, not + săn´son kăr-răs´ko. A character in "Don Quixote." + + =Cedric=--sĕd´rik, not sē´drik. A character in "Ivanhoe." + + =Clarchen=--klĕ<sc>R</sc>´ken, not klär´chen. A female character + in Goethe's "Egmont." + + =Clavileno Aligero=--klä-ve-lān´yo ä-le-<sc>R</sc>ā´ro, not + klăv-i-lē´no ăl-i-jē´ro. A celebrated steed in "Don + Quixote." + + =Consuelo=--kōng-su-ā-lō´, not kŏn-su-ĕl´o. The + heroine of a novel of the same name by Georges Sand. + + =Don Adriano Armado=--ăd-re-ä´no är-mä´do, not ā-dri-ā´no + är-mā´do. A character in "Love's Labor's Lost." + + =Don Cleofas=--klē´o-fas, not kle-ō´fas. Hero of "The Devil + on Two Sticks." + + =Don Juan=--jū´an, not jū-ăn´. + + =Dulcamara=--dŏŏl-kä-mä´rä, not dŭl-sa-mā´ra nor + dŭl-ka-mā´ra. The itinerant physician in "L'Elisire + d'Amore." + + =Egeus=--ē-jē´us, not ē´je-us. The Father of Hermia in + "Midsummer Night's Dream." + + =Eyre, Jane=--êr, not īre. + + =Fata Morgana=--fä´tä mo<sc>R</sc>-gä´nä, not + fā´ta mor-găn´a. + + =Fatima=--făt´i-ma, not fa-tē´-ma. A female character in the + story of Aladdin, or the Wonderful Lamp; also, one of the wives + of Blue Beard. + + =Fidele=--fī-dē´le, not fī-dēle´. A name assumed by + Imogen, in "Cymbeline." + + =Fra Diavolo=--frä de-ä´vo-lo, not frä de-ä-vō´lo. + + =Genevra=--je-nĕv´ra, not je-nē´vra. =Ginevra= is pronounced + the same as the above. + + =Gil Blas=--zhēl bläss, not jĭl blä nor jeel bläz. + + =Gotham=--gō´tham, not gŏth´am. A name applied to New York + City. + + =Haidee=--hī´dee, not hā´dee. One of the heroines in "Don + Juan." + + =Iachimo=--yăk´i-mo, not ī-ăk´i-mo. A prominent character + in "Cymbeline." + + =Iago=--e-ä´go, not ī-ā´go. One of the principal characters + in "Othello." + + =Jacques=--zhäk, not jăk´kwĕs. A character in "As You Like + It." + + =Klaus, Peter=--klowss, not klawz. The hero of a German tradition + similar to that of "Rip Van Winkle." + + =Lalla Rookh=--lä´la rōōk, not lăl´la rŏŏk. The + heroine of Moore's poem of the same name. + + =Laodamia=--la-ŏd-a-mī´a, not la-o-dā´mi-a. The wife of + Protesilaus slain by Hector, and the name of a poem by + Wordsworth. + + =Lara=--lä´ra, not lā´ra nor lăr´a. The hero and name of + Byron's poem. + + =Le Fevre=--leh fĕv´r, not le fē´ver. A poor lieutenant in + "Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy." + + =Leonato=--lē-o-nä´to, not lē-o-nā´to. Governor of Messina + in "Much Ado About Nothing." + + =Mahu=--ma-hōō´ or mä´hoo, not mā´hu. A fiend spoken of in + "King Lear." + + =Maid of Orleans=--ôr´le-anz, not ôr-lēnz´. Another name of Joan + of Arc. + + =Meister, Wilhelm=--vĭl´helm mīs´ter, not wĭl´helm + mēs´ter. The hero of a novel by Goethe. + + =Mohicans, Last of the=--mo-hē´kans, not mo-hĭsh´ans nor + mō´he-kans. + + =Montague=--mŏn´ta-gū, not mon-tāg´. A noble family in + "Romeo and Juliet." + + =Moreno, Don Antonio=--än-tō´ne-o mō-rā´no, not + ăn-tō´ne-o mō-rē´no. A gentleman in "Don Quixote." + + =Munchausen=--mun-chaw´sen, not mun-kaw´sen. German, Münchhausen + (mün<sc>K</sc>-how´zen). + + =Oberon=--ŏb´er-on, not ō´ber-on. King of the fairies. Takes + an important part in "Midsummer Night's Dream." + + =Ossian=--ŏsh´an, not aw´si-an. + + =Parizade=--pä-re-zä´dā, not păr´i-zāde´. A princess in + "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." + + =Parolles=--pa-rŏl´les, not pa-rōlz´. A follower of Bertram + in "All's Well That Ends Well." + + =Perdita=--për´di-ta, not për-dī´ta nor për-dē´ta. A princess + in "Winter's Tale." + + =Petruchio=--pe-trōō´chĭ-o, not pe-trōō´kĭ-o. A + principal character in "Taming of the Shrew." + + =Pisanio=--pĭ-zä´nĭ-o, not pĭ-sā´nĭ-o. A character + in "Cymbeline." + + =Posthumus=--pŏst´hu-mŭs, not pōst-hū´mŭs. Imogen's + husband in "Cymbeline." + + =Prospero=--prŏs´pe-ro, not pros-pē´ro. An important + character in the "Tempest." + + =Rosalind=--rŏz´a-lĭnd, not rōz´a-lind. The lady loved by + Orlando in "As You Like It." + + =Rosaline=--rŏz´a-lĭn or rŏz´a-līn, not rōz´a-leen. + A lady in "Love's Labor's Lost;" also the name of a lady loved by + Romeo before Juliet. + + =Rosamond, Fair=--rŏz´a-mond, not rō´za-mond. + + =Rozinante=--rŏz-i-năn´te, not rō-zi-năn´te. Don + Quixote's famous horse. + + =Ruggiero=--rōōd-jā´ro, not rŭg-gi-ĕr´o or + rŭj-ji-ē´ro. A knight in "Orlando Furioso." + + =Sakhrat=--sä<sc>K</sc>-rä´, not săk´rat. A sacred stone of + great powers, in "Mohammedan mythology." + + =Stephano=--stĕf´a-no, not ste-fā´no. A drunken butler in + "Tempest;" also a servant of Portia in "Merchant of Venice." + + =Titania=--tĭ-tā´ni-a, not tĭ-tăn´i-a. The wife of + Oberon, king of the fairies. + + =Tybalt=--tĭb´alt, not tī´balt. One of the Capulets in "Romeo + and Juliet. + + =Ulrica=--ul-rī´ka, not ŭl´ri-ka. An old sibyl in "Ivanhoe." + + =Ursula=--ür´su-la, not ür-sōō´la. An attendant in "Much Ado + About Nothing." + + =Viola=--vī´o-la, not vī-ō´la. The disguised page of Duke + Orsino in "Twelfth Night." + + + + +ORTHOEPICAL ERRORS OF THE PROFESSIONS. + + +Although errors of speech are at all times to be deprecated, and are +generally criticised without much leniency, it must be admitted that +unless they are very gross, reasonable excuses are to be taken for +those who have never made their language a subject of close study, and +whose only use of words is entirely impromptu in the business affairs +of life, in the home circle, or in the social gathering. + +Though a person's descent from Belgravia or Billingsgate is in a great +measure revealed by the propriety of his discourse, yet this refers +principally to those words that are employed by the masses in the +every-day conversations of life, rather than to technicalities and +words related to particular professions, the use of which is generally +confined to the specially instructed. But when a man stands forth as +an orator, a teacher, a minister, or a professor of some college, it +is certainly not unreasonable for those that sit under his +instruction, to expect and demand that his speech should be almost +free from errors. + +One occupying such a position may well be excused for occasional +embarrassment, poor voice, unpleasant address, hesitation of delivery, +and various failings and peculiarities that can not be overcome, but +little or no allowance can be made for constantly repeated errors. + +Probably there has never been a public speaker so perfect in diction, +that he has not in moments of embarrassment, or when much absorbed in +his subject, been guilty of grammatical inaccuracies or mistakes of +pronunciation; and doubtless he is as often aware of them as his +listeners are, as soon as they drop from his lips, but it would be +foolish to call attention to them by going back to correct them. But +when these offenses are so glaring and so frequently repeated that it +is evident the speaker knows no better, it is no wonder that the +educated hearer often thinks that the teacher had better leave his +position and submit to being taught. + +What allowance can an intelligent congregation make for their minister +who has nothing else to do but prepare his sermons, if, besides a +multitude of common English mistakes, he pronounces more than half of +his scriptural names in a manner that is not sanctioned by any +authority? + +When the orotund medical professor stands up to address his students, or +to engage in the discussions of a convention, and rolls out technicality +after technicality pronounced in a manner that would be disowned by the +original Latin or Greek, and is totally at variance with established +usage, who would not ask for a little less elegance and a little more +education? If it required a great amount of labor outside of the usual +course of study for professional men to acquire a knowledge of the +pronunciation of words peculiar to the professions, the subject might be +treated with more tolerance; but as the definitions and the orthoepy +might be so readily learned together during those years of daily +reference to books that are required before one should be considered +competent to stand as a guide to others, it certainly seems that they do +not properly appreciate the dignity of their position by thus laying +themselves open to public criticism. + +Many a student, in order to become instructed in certain branches, has +been compelled to reluctantly sit for months or years at the feet of +those that he felt were far inferior to him in common school +education, hearing hourly such violations of orthoepy and syntax as +would be a discredit to school children. And, doubtless, many such +students have had such a charity for their teachers that they have +wished to direct their attention to their faults, but have been +restrained on account of the fear of enmity, expulsion, or of +lessening the chances for passing the final examination. + +The bare thought of being so criticised should be so galling to any +one bearing the dignified title of "professor," that he ought to be +stimulated to endeavor to make himself an authority concerning the +proprieties of speech. + +The study of orthoepy was held in such high esteem by the accent +Greeks, and their delicate ears were so offended by any violation of +its rules, that if an orator mispronounced a single word, the entire +audience immediately hissed him. + +During the present state of pronunciation it would indeed be +embarrassing to the public speaker, if such a custom existed in this +country. Let us imagine, for instance, our friend Professor Abdominous +Gynæcophonus, with his face ebullient with smiles of self-conceit, +arising to address such an audience. "Gentlemen: I have listened +patiently to this op´po-nent (_hisses_) of al´lo-path-y (_hisses_) and +now arise to make a few remarks and in´quir-ies (_hisses_). In answer +to his objections against hy-os-cy-ā´mus (_hisses_) as an anodyne +and sō´por-if-ic, (_hisses_) I would say that in cases of cough and +sleeplessness, I have long used hyoscyamia combined in trō´chĕz +(_hisses_) without any of those effects that the păt´ron (_hisses_) +of hō´me-o-path-y (_hisses_) mentions. And having made almost a +specialty of the treatment of făç´i-al (_hisses_) neuralgia or +tic-dŏl-o-rōō´" (_hisses_)--and it would certainly be time for +him to dolorously sit down, although he might raise the question-- + + "What's in a name? that which we call a rose, + By any other name would smell as sweet," + +and argue therefrom that the pronunciation of a word should make no +difference so long as its meaning was understood. Amongst professional +men, it has been observed that physicians and dentists are by far more +prone than others to orthoepical errors. Attention is requested to a +few of the more common of these in addition to those found in the +preceding vocabulary connected with words that are alike used by the +professional and the unprofessional, such as: _abdomen_, _acclimated_, +_albumen_, _animalcula arabic_, _citrate_, _embryo_, _excrescence_, +_fetid_, _fetor_, _forceps_, _homeopathy_, _hydropathy_, _jugular_, +_jujube_, _nasal_, _pharmacopœia_, _purulent_, _spasmodic_, +_sulphurous_, _tragacanth_, etc. The authorities appealed to are +Dunglison, Thomas, Webster and Worcester. Notwithstanding the superior +merit of Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, as far as the +comprehensiveness and reliability of its definitions are concerned, it +is evident that it is almost useless as an orthoepical guide. The +principal accent is in many cases marked, but the pronunciation of +preceding and succeeding syllables can not be determined, and there is +no attempt at syllabication. + +Dr. Thomas' dictionary, though less comprehensive, is equally reliable +in its definitions, and is excellent authority in regard to orthoepy; +though it is to be regretted that in some words important syllables +are not sufficiently marked. For instance, take the words _as-bes´tos_ +and _bis´muth_; how can it be determined whether the first should be +pronounced ăs-bĕs´toss or ăz-bĕs´tōz or the latter +bĭz´muth or bĭss´muth? Webster and Worcester are undoubtedly +good authorities for the pronunciation of the medical words they give. +In the following vocabulary all of the authorities that mention the +words may be considered as agreeing, unless notice is made of their +disagreement. + + + + +MEDICAL AND DENTAL WORDS. + + [In Latin and Latinized Greek words, the English sounds of the + vowels are given as those used by the majority of professional + men. If any one, however, prefers to adopt the continental + method, sounding _a_ as in _father_, _y_ and _i_ as _e_ in + _veto_, etc., and consistently applies it to all such words, no + one, of course, has a right to object.] + + + =Adipose=--ăd´i-pōse, not ad´i-pōze. + + =Ala=--ā´la, not ăl´a. =Alæ=, plural. + + =Alis=--ā´lĭs, not ăl´ĭs. This as a termination of + many words, such as =abdominalis=, =digitalis=, =frontalis=, + =lachrymalis=, =transversalis=, etc., is often erroneously + pronounced ăl´is. + + =Alumen=--al-ū´men, not ăl´u-men. + + =Alveolus=--al-vē´o-lus, not al-ve-ō´lus. Plural, =alveoli= + (al-vē´o-lī). =Alveolar=--(al-vē´o-lar). Alveolus is + the name given to the _cavity_ in the jaw that is seen upon the + removal of the root of a tooth, and it possesses no more + tangibility than a pinch of air; almost daily, however, we hear + dentists speak of extracting a tooth with a piece of the + _alveolus_ attached. What a curiosity for preservation in a + museum is a tooth with a piece of a little hole fastened to the + root! What is meant is a piece of the _alveolar process_, or + portion of bone around the alveolus. + + =Anæmic=--a-nĕm´ĭk, not a-nē´mĭk. Dunglison gives the + latter. + + =Andral=--ŏng-dräl´, not ăn´-dral. + + =Aphthæ=--ăf´thē, not ăp´thē. + + =Aqua=--ā´kwa, not ăk´wa. + + =Arcus Senilis=--se-nī´lis, not sĕn´i-lis. + + =Areolar=--a-rē´o-lar, not a-re-ō´lar. + + =Aris=--ā´rĭs, not ăr´is in the termination of + =angularis=, =medullaris=, =palmaris=, =orbicularis=, + =pulmonaris=, etc. + + =Asarum=--ăs´a-rum, not a-sā´rum. + + =Asbestos=--ăs-bĕs´tŏss, not ăz-bĕs´tōz. + + =Attollens=--at-tŏl´lenz, not at-tō´lenz. + + =Azygos=--az´y-gos, not a-zy´gos. + + =Bagge=--bäg´geh, not băg. + + =Bimana=--bī-mā´na, not bī-mā´nĭ-a. + + =Bismuth=--bĭz´muth, not bĭss´muth. + + =Bitumen=--bĭ-tū´men, not bĭt´u-men. + + =Cadaver=--ka-dā´ver, not ka-dăv´er. + + =Caries=--kā´rĭ-ēz, not kā´rēz nor kăr´rēz. + + =Carminative=--kar-mĭn´a-tive, not kar´mi-nā-tĭve. + + =Caryophillus=--kăr-ĭ-o-phĭl´lus, not + kăr-ĭ-ŏph´ĭl-lus. + + =Cerebral=--sĕr´e-bral, not ser-ē´bral. + + =Cerebric=--sĕr´e-bric, not ser-ē´bric. + + =Cerebrum=--sĕr´e-brum, not ser-ē´brum. Dunglison gives + both. + + =Cerumen=--se-rū´men, not sĕr´ū-men. + + =Cheyne=--chān or cheen, not shāne. + + =Choledochus=--ko-lĕd´o-kus, not kŏl-e-dō´kus nor + ko-lĭd´a-kus. + + =Cicatrix=--si-kā´trix, not sĭk´a-trix nor si-kăt´rix. + Plural, =cicatrices= (sĭk´a-trī´sēz), not + sĭ-kăt´rĭ-sēz. + + =Cimicifuga=--sĭm-ĭ-sĭf´u-ga, not + sĭm-i-sĭ-fū´ga nor sĭm-ĭs´i-fū´ga. + + =Cochlea=--kŏk´le-a, not kōk´le-a. + + =Conein=--ko-nē´ĭn, not kō´ne-ĭn. + + =Conium=--ko-nī´um, not kō´ni-um. + + =Cranium=--krā´ni-um, not krăn´i-um. + + =Cynanche=--sĭ-năn´kē, not sī-năn´chē. + + =Diastase=--dī´as-tāse, not dī-as´tāze. + + =Diastole=--dī-as´to-le, not dī´as-tōle. + + =Diploe=--dĭp´lo-e, not dip-lō´e. + + =Dulcamara=--dul-ka-mā´ra, not dul-sa-mā´ra. Webster gives + dul-kam´a-ra also. + + =Duodenum=--du-o-dē´num, not du-ŏd´e-num. + + =Dyspnœa=--dĭsp-nē´a, not dĭs-nē´a. + + =Emesis=--ĕm´e-sis,not em-ē´sis. + + =Epiploon=--e-pĭp´lo-on, not ep-ip-lō´on. + + =Facial=--fā´shal, not făsh´i-al. + + =Foramen=--fo-rā´men, not fo-răm´en. + + =Fungi=--fun´jī not fun´gī. Plural of =fungus=. + + =Galbanum=--găl´ba-num, not gal-bā´num. + + =Gingiva=--jĭn-jī´va, not jĭn´ji-va. + + =Glenoid=--glē´noid, not glĕn´oid. + + =Glutæus=--glū´tæ-us, according to Webster. The rest give + glū-tæ´us. + + =Helleborus=--hel-lĕb´o-rus, not hel-le-bō´rus. + + =Hyoscyamus=--hī-os-sī´a-mus, not hī-os-sy-ăm´us nor + hi-os-sy-ā´mus. =Hyoscyamine= (hī-os-sī´a-mĭn). + + =Impetigo=--ĭm-pe-tī´go, not ĭm-pĕt´i-go. + + =Incisive=--ĭn-sī´sĭv, not in-sĭs´ive. + + =Iodoform=--ī-ŏd´o-form, not ī-ō´do-form. Dunglison + gives ī´o-do-form. + + =Itis.= According to Webster and Worcester this termination is + pronounced ī´tĭs in =bronchitis=, =pleuritis=, + =gastritis=, etc. Thomas and Dunglison do not specify, but the + inference is that they intend the same. It is, however, so + generally pronounced ē´tis, that many would object to the + attention attracted by calling it ī´tis. + + =Jejunum=--je-jū´num, not jĕj´u-num. + + =Juniperus=--ju-nĭp´e-rus, not jū´ni-per-us nor + ju-ni-pē´rus. + + =Laudanum=--law´da-num, not lŏd´a-num. + + =Lentigo=--len-tī´go, not lĕn´ti-go. + + =Lepra=--lĕp´ra, not lē´pra. Dunglison gives the latter. + + =Leuwenhoek=--lōō´en-hŏŏk or + l<sc>U</sc>h´wen-hŏŏk (U as in fur), not + lōō´wen-hōke. + + =Levator=--le-vā´tor, not le-văt´or. + + =Liquor= (Latin)--lī´kwor, not lĭk´ur as in English. + + =Magendie=--mä-zhŏng-dē´, not mā-jĕn´dē. + + =Malic=--mā´lic, not măl´ic. Thomas gives the latter. + + =Matrix=--mā´trix, not măt´rix. + + =Mistura=--mĭs-tū´ra, not mĭs´tu-ra. + + =Molecule=--mŏl´e-kūle, not mō´le-kūle. + + =Mollities=--mol-lĭsh´ĭ-ēz, not mŏl´lĭ-tēz. + + =Molybdenum=--mŏl-ĭb-dē´num, not mo-lĭb´de-num. + + =Nasmyth=--nā´smith, not năz´mĭth. + + =Nicolai=--nee´ko-lī, not nĭk´o-lā. + + =Nucleolus=--nu-klē´o-lus, not nu-kle-ō´lus. + + =Oris=--ō´rĭs, not ŏr´is. + + =Ovale=--ō-vā´le, not ō-văl´e. + + =Panizzi=--pä-nĭt´see or pä-nēt´see, not pan-ĭz´zy. + + =Pepys=--pĕps, not pē´pĭs nor pĕp´ĭs. + + =Pes Anserinus=--pēz an-ser-ī´nus, not pĕz + an-sĕr´i-nus. I once heard a professor describing the facial + nerve to his class, and he dwelt upon this plexus for some + time, calling it the "Pons Asinorum." + + =Podagra=--pŏd´a-gra, not po-dā´gra. Worcester gives + po-dăg´ra also. + + =Podophyllum=---pŏd-o-phyl´um, not po-dŏph´yl-lum. + + =Process=--prŏs´ess, not prō´sess. + + =Prostate=--pros´tāte, not prŏs´trāte. + + =Purkinje=--pŏŏ<sc>R</sc>´kĭn-yeh or pŏŏr´kĭn, + not par-kĭn´jē. + + =Pylorus=--pĭ-lō´rus, not pī-lôr´us. + + =Pyrethrum=--pĭr´e-thrum, not pī-rē´thrum. + + =Quadrumana=--quad-rū´ma-na, not quad-ru-mā´nia. + + =Rubeola=--ru-bē´o-la, not ru-be-ō´la. + + =Sacrum=--sā´krum, not săk´rum. + + =Sagittal=--săj´it-tal, not sa-jĭt´tal. Danglison gives the + latter. + + =Sanies=--sā´nĭ-ēz, not sā´nēz nor săn´ēz. + + =Scabies=--scā´bĭ-ez, not scăb´ēz nor scā´bēz. + + =Seidlitz=--sīd´lĭtz, not sĕd´lĭtz, unless spelled + =Sedlitz=. + + =Sinapis=--si-nā´pis, not sĭn´a-pis. + + =Squamous=--skwā´mus, not skwaw´mus. + + =Systole=--sĭs´to-le, not sĭs´tōle. + + =Tinctura=--tinc-tū´ra, not tinct´u-ra. + + =Titanium=--ti-tā´ni-um, not ti-tăn´i-um. + + =Trachea=--tra-kē´a or trā´ke-a, not trăck´e-a. + + =Tremor=--trē´mor, not trĕm´-or. Webster allows the latter + also. + + =Trismus=--triss´mus, not trĭz´mus. + + =Umbilicus=--um-bĭ-lī´kus, according to Worcester, Thomas + and Dunglison. Webster gives um-bil´i-kus. + + =Variola=--va-rī´o-la, not va-ri-ō´la. + + =Veratrum=--ve-rā´trum, not ve-răt´rum. + + =Vertebral=--vĕr´te-bral, not ver-tē´bral. + + =Virchow=--fĭr´ko, not vïr´chow nor vïr´kow. + + =Zinci=--zĭn´si, not zink´ī. + + + + +SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE. + + +The following extract is from the letter of a friend, to whom were +sent some of the advance pages of this work: "I am absolutely filled +with astonishment to see how many simple words I have been +mispronouncing all my life, and would have kept on mispronouncing to +the end of my days if my thoughts had not been directed to them. If I +were in your place I would end the book with a story in which all the +words would be used in the course of the narrative. I can imagine no +amusement more instructive or interesting than for a social party to +read in turns, under some penalty for each mistake." + +I had myself conceived the idea of presenting the words untrammeled +with explanation of the orthoepy, or marks of accent; but the form was +not decided upon. + +The effort to compose a narrative was abandoned after a fair trial; +for to have a plot and also bring the words in natural position would +require a large volume; otherwise, it made senseless jumble. In the +trial sentences given the objects are gained in small space. Those +objects are to allow readers to exercise the memory and test their +friends; and at the same time to use the words syntactically. It is +hoped that the reader will pardon any absurdities of context; as they +can not be avoided where one is compelled to use so many selected +words, and is obliged to force them into a small compass. + + + + +MELANGE. + + +The invalid came from _Bremen_ to America and hoped to be soon +_acclimated_, but was stricken down with a disease that was not +_amenable_ to treatment, although he had many physicians: +_allopathists_, _hydropathists_ and _homeopathists_. He said that the +aim of _allopathy_ was to poison him; of _hydropathy_ to drown him; +and of _homeopathy_ to let him die unaided. + + * * * * * + +One of the _combatants_ struck his _opponent_ in the _abdomen_ with a +club, cut off an _alder_ tree; he was carried under the shade of an +_ailantus_ and immediately expired. + + * * * * * + +_Sophia_ found the egg under a _piony_ near the _shumac_ tree; but she +broke it in carrying, and spilled the _albumen_ all over her _alpaca_ +dress. + + * * * * * + +The dose for an _adult_ is a _dessert-spoonful_. + + * * * * * + +It was a plain supper--nothing but _aerated_ bread, _Bologna_ sausage +and _radishes_. + + * * * * * + +He told his _demonstrative disputant_ that he did not wish to _get_ +into an _altercation_, but it only appeared to arouse his +_combativeness_ still more. + + * * * * * + +Why do you accent the _antepenult_ of _espionage_? + + * * * * * + +He _illustrated_ his proposition by cutting off the _apex_ of the +figure, and then exhibited his _apparatus_ for the production of +_statical_ electricity. + + * * * * * + +Two-thirds _gum-arabic_ and one-third _gum-tragacanth_ make a good +mucilage. + + * * * * * + +The _archbishop_ dreamed that an _archangel_ came to him and told him +to have his _architect_ send to an island in the Grecian _Archipelago_ +for white marble for the _pilasters_. + + * * * * * + +Search the _archives_ of history and you will not find another such +_prodigy_ as Admirable _Crichton_. + + * * * * * + +When, after _traversing_ the ocean, you find yourself in the _arid_ +desert of _Sahara_, where there is no _aroma_ of sweet flowers, or +anything _at all_ to regale your exhausted energies; where there is no +_herb_ nor _herbaceous_ plant near you; where you are almost famished +for want of some _potable_ fluid; where you are in constant fear of +being _harassed_ by _truculent nomads_--then will you realize that +there are no joys _comparable_ to those that exist around the +_hearthstone_ of your humble home. + + * * * * * + +When the contents of the _museum_ were sold by _auction_, the +antiquary bought a roll of _papyrus_ filled with _hieroglyphics_, a +kind of _bellows_ used by the ancients for starting their fires, and a +fine collection of _trilobites_. + + * * * * * + +The attempt at a _reconnoisance_ in force had been unsuccessful; +immediately after _reveille_, the commander of the _fortress_ _put_ it +to vote amongst his officers, whether or not they should surrender. +The _ayes_ carried it, although some _vehemently_ opposed on account +of the excellent _morale_ of the garrison. + + * * * * * + +The _heroine_ of the _melodrama_ sent to her _betrothed Seignior_ an +_exquisite bouquet_, composed of _catalpa_ flowers, _dahlias_, +_marigold_ and _thyme_, and prayed his forgiveness for not allowing +him the promised _tête-à-tête_ at the _trysting_ place; she had been +suffering with the _tic-douloureux_, she said. He generously forgave +her and sent her a _sonnet_, in which he said that her voice was +sweeter than that of _Piccolomini_, or any other _cantatrice_; that no +_houri_ could be more beautiful than she; he called her a fair +_florist_, and after _extolling_ her _naïveté_, _roseate_ cheeks and +_nymphean_ graces, he swore eternal _homage_ and that he would love +her forever and for _aye_. + + * * * * * + +The judge _bade_ the _desperado_ cease his _badinage_ and answer his +_inquiries_, and threatened that if he did not, he would punish him +for his _contumacy_. + + * * * * * + +The _vicar_ was one of the _notable_ men of his day; his wife was a +pattern of _industry_, a _notable_ housekeeper. While the birds were +chirping their _matin_ song, she might be seen with her _besom_ in her +hand. + + * * * * * + +Is this a _bona fide_ transaction, or is it a _Machiavelian_ attempt +to _inveigle_ the _prelate_ into an _imbroglio_? + + * * * * * + +A _booth_ was erected at the fair where the _pretty_ Misses _Agnes_ +and _Rosalind_ with much _complaisance_ dispensed _gratis_ to the +visitors, _soda-water_ flavored with _orgeat_ or _sarsaparilla_. + + * * * * * + +General _Silvester_ and his _protégé_, _Reginald_, met with a +_casualty_ that nearly cost them their lives. The horses attached to +their _Brougham_ became frightened at a _yacht_ and made a +_tremendous_ leap over a high embankment into a _creek_. + + * * * * * + +At the _zoological_ garden was found nearly every animal _extant_, +from a mouse to a _camelopard_. + + * * * * * + +The _rendezvous_ of the _topographical_ surveyors was at the camp of +some hunters on a _knoll_ near the banks of a _cañon_. + + * * * * * + +The monk concealed his features with his _capoch_ and would have been +_irrecognizable_ if his _discourse_ had not betrayed him. + + * * * * * + +The _étagère_ stands _cater-cornered_ in a _recess_ and contains many +beautiful ornaments that his _predecessor_ _gathered_ within the last +_decade_ of years; amongst which may be mentioned the heads of +_Beethoven_, _Béranger_, _Goethe_, Percy _Bysshe_ Shelley, and many +other celebrities, cut in _onyx_. + + * * * * * + +The _Caucasian_ races obtained their name on account of originating +near Mount _Caucasus_. + + * * * * * + +The _mischievous_ children got _cayenne_ all over their _chaps_, by +which they were sufficiently punished without any further +_chastening_. + + * * * * * + +The _chivalric_ Don Quixote, having become a _monomaniac_ on the +subject of _chivalry_, bestrode his _Rosinante_, and, attended by his +squire, started out to perform _chivalrous_ deeds. + + * * * * * + +Lord C. has been absent since _February_, 1870; it is said that he has +been traveling _incognito_, but it is certain that in Italy he has +retained his _cognomen_. He is now at _Modena_ awaiting the recovery +of his _Cicerone_, when he intends to visit _Genoa_ and _Milan_. + + * * * * * + +The _obesity_ of the _florid_-faced prebendary is observed to increase +with his _prebend_. + + * * * * * + +I have heard much of the _gamins_ of _Gotham_, but I never realized +what the _gallows_-deserving rascals were till I settled in New York +City. I opened business as a _pharmaceutist_ on a corner that was a +favorite _haunt_ of theirs. Such a crowd of _tatterdemalions_ as stood +in front of my show-window the first day I made my display of +_Parisian_ fancy goods, baffles description. One had the _hooping_ +cough, and every now and then would hoop till the _perspiration_ +rolled down his face; then he would shriek out the daily _newspapers_, +in a voice like a _calliope_. One dirty-faced _gourmand_ ate _papaws_ +till he had to _gape_ for breath, and would shoot the seeds and throw +the skins at his _hundred_ comrades, half of them coming in my front +door. Another, dressed in ragged _jean_, his face covered with _soot_, +played the _jew's-harp_ hour after hour, with as much pride in his +ability as _Paganini_ at his violin. Another, a tall, _jaundice_ +visaged youth with an _embryo_ beard of about a dozen hairs, covered +nearly to his heels with his great-grandfather's _surtout_, in the +_lapel_ of which was pinned a death's-head, danced upon the iron +cellar door till it roared like distant artillery. + +Then there were many other "_partners_" bearing such _sobriquets_ as +"Sore Snoot," "Pig Eye," "Limpy," etc., _improvising irrational_ +songs, boxing, _wrestling_, indulging in _raillery_ and _ribald_ +jests, pitching _quoits_, _meawing_ like cats, howling at my _patrons_ +and driving reputable _patronage_ away. Every now and then they would +send in little, _saucy_, _precocious_ urchins, who offered to +_patronize_ me by asking for two cents' worth of _jujube_ paste, +_tolu_ or _licorice_, or some _Samaritan_ _salve_ for Jim Biles' sore +nose. At last, when the sun had reached the _horizon_, as a _finale_ +of the day's _progress_, one of the young villains hurled a bowlder +through my French plate-glass, which, after its flight through a lot +of _citrate_ of magnesia, _cochineal_ and _quinine_, finally spilled a +large bottle of red ink all over my new _pharmacopœia_. Springing +over the _débris_, I rushed to the door with _implacable_ anger +flashing from my eyes. But one glance at that _imperturbable_ crowd +showed me how _impotent_ I was. One of them with _placid_ countenance +and _stolid_ indifference simply accosted me with, "Say, Mister, are +you going to see the '_Naiad_ Queen' to-night?" + +I left that store in less than a _fortnight_. + + * * * * * + +The _comptroller_ was appointed by the _government_ upon the +supposition that he was _conversant_ with the details of _finance_; +but he was only a _mediocre financier_ and was not aware of the +_deficit_ in the _finances_, until the conscience-stricken +_defalcating_ officer acknowledged his _defalcation_. + + * * * * * + +The emigrants to the _frontier_ chose a beautiful spot for their +settlement; but they found that the wells dug there and on the +_contiguous prairies_ had a _saline_ taste; so they were obliged to +bring water from the _mountainous_ region beyond, by means of a +_conduit_. + + * * * * * + +From the _congeries_ presented to the professor, he, at his _leisure_, +_isolated_ each genus and gave _generic_ names to each; and at the +next meeting of the _lyceum_, he solicited attention to his _data_ and +the _truths_ he had deduced. + + * * * * * + +The handsome _contour_ of _Madame_ G's face has been spoiled by an +_excrescence_ like a _raspberry_ on her _nasal_ organ. + + * * * * * + +Young _Philemon_ after reading _Lalla Rookh_, _Lara_, Don _Juan_, The +_Giaour_, the productions of Mrs. _Hemans_, and a few others, was +seized with the determination to become a poet; but he has only +succeeded in becoming a _poetaster_, without any ideas of _prosody_. +More _metrical_ excellence and sense can be found in the _distich_: + + "Mary, Mary, quite _contrary_, + How does your garden grow?" + +than in any of the _products_ of his brain that he has given us. His +brothers, _Eben_ and _Philander_, have become stage-struck, and expect +to excel in the _Protean_ art. Their _guardian_, himself a great lover +of _drama_, having foolish confidence in their success, grants them +_plenary_ indulgence in all their whims. They are _habitués_ of the +_theatre_, and have fitted up a _suite_ of apartments next to a _suit_ +of rooms occupied by some stock actors, with whom they are bound in +_indissoluble_ bonds of friendship. There they spend the day in +practice, and if you should call at any hour, there is no telling what +will present itself to you. Perhaps Macbeth with the _glamour_ of his +eyes, viewing the imaginary _gouts_ of blood; or _Banquo_ with his +gory locks; or some knight with his _cuirass_ on and his _visor_ down, +plunging, without a _qualm_, his carmine-stained _poniard_ into the +_jugular_ of some _patriot_. Possibly, Othello the _Moor_, King John +with the _Magna Charta_, or a _legendary_ warrior of frightful _mien_ +with his _falchion_ drawn, will admit you. Or you may see a +_viscount_ with _falcon_, a _rampant_ villain, a _jocund_ host, or an +_irate_, _splenetic_ old man with _spectacles_, pronouncing with +_senile vehemence_ a curse upon some _fragile_ female in _negligee_ +before him, who beseeches the aid of an _immobile statue_ in a _niche_ +in the wall. You may get there in the nick of time to save Desdemona +by an _exposé_ of _Iago_'so villainy, to rescue Pythias whom Damon +holds by the _nape_ of the neck on the _threshold_ of eternity, or to +restrain the _suicidal_ design of the _Montague_ by informing him that +the fair Capulet is only under the influence of a _soporific_--not +dead. You may arrive soon enough to arouse the womanhood in the +_docile_ Kate, making her less _docible_, and talk woman's rights to +_Petruchio_, making him more _lenient_. + +And you will find the guardian of these promising youths, sitting +there all day shouting _encore_ to their absurdities, and not +_rational_ enough to see his _indiscretion_ in permitting their +_frivolity_. + + * * * * * + +The _ennui_, recently complained of, was relieved by an invitation to +a party given by the _Mesdames_ B., the same you met at the +_conversazione_ of the church _guild_. The ladies received their +guests with their usual _suavity_. Their niece, _Rosamond_, recently +from _Madrid_, was the attraction of the evening; she wore an elegant +_moire_ antique with a profusion of _valenciennes_; she had a +beautiful set of jewelry--_opal_ and diamonds. It was marvelous how +her _tiny_ hands flew over the _piano-forte_. She sings very sweetly +too; her voice is a sort of _mezzo-soprano_. The _naïve_ Miss _Ursula_ +was present, nearly smothered in black silk and _guipure_. She looks +much prettier in _dishabille_. The little _piquant_ Miss _Irene_, with +her _plaited_ hair, sang with a voice like a _paroquet_ her favorite, +"_Tassels_ on the Boots." That disgusting young _Leopold_ was there, +feeling as important as a _Rothschild_, making his _salams_, and +_palavering sotto voce_ to all the girls, circulating his _monogram_ +cards and sporting his paste pin with its dazzling _facets_. He thinks +he cuts a wide _swath_. + +Late in the evening those that were fond of _Terpsichorean_ amusement +were ushered into a room where the _tapestry_ was covered and there +spent several hours in _minuets_, waltzes, quadrilles, etc. + +The topics of conversation amongst the more sensible during the +evening were the object of the visit of the new _prelate_, and the +recent speeches of _Disraeli_ and _Thiers_. + +Madame B. caused a good deal of merriment by describing an improvement +in her _cuisine_ that had been introduced that day. Bridget, a late +importation from _Belfast_, who had charge of the _culinary_ +department, was told to send for some _vermicelli_ to put in the soup, +but she ordered _spermaceti_ instead. + + * * * * * + +There was an old superstition that when the _sacristan_ caused the +bell in the _cupola_ to toll its _dolorous_ funeral notes, the _manes_ +of former friends joined in the solemn _cortege_, and gathering +around the grave moved their lips in inaudible _requiem_, and wrote in +invisible letters upon the tomb, _omega_. + + * * * * * + +The great _desideratum_ in the successful argument of _disputable_ +points, is the possession of an _equable_ temper. + + * * * * * + +_Alphonso_, while out hunting _partridges_, fell into a _slough_. +Being clothed only in _nainsook_, he took a severe cold, which soon +resulted in _febrile_ symptoms. + + * * * * * + +Dr. Mastiff's _posthumous monograph_ on "_Rabies_" will soon appear. +The _frontispiece_ represents a group of dogs. Next to the _preface_ +is a _memoir_ of the author. It was his own design to have "_Finis_" +placed upon a cut of a tombstone. It almost seems that he had a +_presentiment_ of his death. + + * * * * * + +_Suffice_ it to say that the dentist gave the patient enough letheon +to produce unconsciousness, and then applied his _forceps_ to the +offending tooth. Letheon, accented on the first syllable, and +_lethean_ are derived from _Lethe_, the name of a river described in +mythology, a draught from which caused forgetfulness. + + * * * * * + +_Sulphurous_ acid is _gaseous_, not liquid. + + * * * * * + +It is reported in the _Pall Mall_ Gazette that _Basil_ S., whom you +met several years ago at _Leipsic_, is dead. He lived the life of a +_roué_ for some years in Paris and London, and turned out to be a most +_perfidious_ villain. In the latter city he committed many _heinous_ +offenses and acts of _subtle_ knavery that were almost without +_precedent_. He was engaged for a long time in the manufacture of +_spurious_ money by a new _process_, in which dies were taken from +_gutta-percha_ impressions. He had purchased the services of an +experienced professor of _metallurgy_, and the _produce_ of their +crime would have been immense, if some of his other crimes had not +been betrayed. _Placards_, offering a large reward for his arrest, +were posted all over the city. He fled to Venice where he was soon +afterward drowned by falling from a _gondola_, thus cheating the +_gibbet_ of its dues. + + * * * * * + +The foolish lover, _Ivan_, rendered desperate because his rival +_Darius_ had gained the _precedence_ in _Marion's_ esteem, resolved to +commit suicide and rushed _toward_ the _quay_ and plunged into the +water. Some fishermen rescued him with their _seine_, poured some +_potheen_ down his throat, and carried him home on a piece of +_tarpaulin_. His _sousing_ cured him of his folly, but was a poor +_guerdon_ for his faithfulness. + + * * * * * + +The _Saracens_, taking advantage of the _strategic_ point, made a +sudden dash into the territory of the _usurper_; while a detachment +_houghed_ the horses of the enemy's _cavalry_, the rest proceeded on a +_predatory_ raid characterized by _rapine_ and terror, and after the +_spoliation_ of the villages, and the burning of the _granaries_, +returned to their own possessions. + + * * * * * + +_Lionel_, _prejudiced_ against the world on account of _onerous_ +cares, concluded to make a _sacrifice_ of his wealth and position and +become a _recluse_. His little _hovel_ on the _heather_, whitened with +lime which he himself _slaked_, and the little flower garden +_redolent_ of spring, present a strange contrast with his former +mansion and magnificent grounds. + + * * * * * + +_Eva_ answered the _inquiry_ of the French gentleman, "Parlez-vous +français?" with a "Oui;" but when she came to converse with him, he +understood about as much of her _patois_ as he did of _Hindoostanee_. + + * * * * * + +There is a fabulous report that the _upas_ tree exhales a _subtile_ +vapor that is fatal to animal life. + + * * * * * + +Since _Joshua_ has obtained his lucrative _sinecure_, he spends his +time in riding about in his _phaeton_ and reading _romances_. He is +_loth_ to acknowledge that he was ever a _plebeian_ and did all kinds +of _servile_ work. He is confident that his _genealogy_, if known, +would show that he was unto a _manor_ born, and that some +_supposititious_ child robbed him of his rights. + + * * * * * + +The knight dropped his _wassail cup_ and sprang to the assistance of +the ladies. "_Gramercy_," _quoth_ they, _simultaneously_. + + * * * * * + +The _veterinary_ physician said that the disease was _murrain_. + + * * * * * + +An _infinitesimal_ quantity of _yeast_ excited the fermentation. + + * * * * * + +_Augustine_ studied _microscopy_ just long enough to learn that a +_monad_ is one of the simplest kind of minute _animalcules_; he then +tried chemistry and _mineralogy_, but he could not master the +_nomenclature_; he then took a fancy for _telegraphy_, but soon +abandoned the idea of becoming a _telegraphist_. At last accounts, he +apprenticed himself to a druggist, but was told to _vamos_ soon after +making up a lot of _Seidlitz_ powders with oxalic instead of +_tartaric_ acid. + + * * * * * + +_Artemas_ has applied for a _patent_ on an improved _turbine_ wheel. + + * * * * * + +Mr. B., recollecting the _precedent_ services of his servant, advanced +him money enough to lift the _lien_ on his dwelling. + + * * * * * + +The _lithographer_ had only a poor _melanotype_ to copy from, but he +succeeded in making an excellent print. + + * * * * * + +"Thou shalt destroy them that speak _leasing_," is found in the sixth +verse of the fifth _psalm_. + + * * * * * + +At the examination in _orthoepy_, _Deborah_ had the following words +given to her: _contumely_, _crinoline_, _feudal_, _fetid_, _fetor_, +_gerund_, _gneiss_, _gyrfalcon_, _harem_, _Hawaiian_, _hygiene_, +_lariat_, _leverage_, _nonillion_, _obligatory_, _platina_, +_platinum_, _psalmody_, _psychical_, _purulent_, _pyrites_, +_recherché_, _résumé_, _sacerdotal_, _sacrament_, _schism_, _shekel_, +_stearine_ and _troches_. + + * * * * * + +The objective, me, is _often_ erroneously used instead of the +_nominative_, I, in answer to the question--"Who is there?" + + * * * * * + +In the _dramatis personæ_ of "Midsummer Night's Dream," _Oberon_ and +_Titania_, king and queen of the fairies, are introduced. + + * * * * * + +At the examination in geography, _Ada_ was required to draw a map of +_Asia_, which would have been well done, if she had not drawn +_Persia_, _Afghanistan_ and _Beloochistan_ nearly twice their proper +size. She was then asked to give the location and length of the +_Altai_ and _Vosges_ mountains, and the height of their principal +peaks; a description of the _Aral_, _Adriatic_ and _Caribbean_ seas; +the course and length of the _Amoor_ and _Yang tse-kiang_; and the +location and population of _Valparaiso_ (_Chili_), _Bantam_, (_Java_), +_Norwich_, (Eng.), _Pesth_, _Quebec_, _Valenciennes_, _Neufchatel_, +_Nantes_ and _Aix-la-Chapelle_. + +Her sister, _Frances_, was told to draw maps of _Buenos Ayres_ and +_Otaheite_, and to bound _Venezuela_ and _Arkansas_; to give the +length and direction of the _Araguay_, _Juniata_, _Kankakee_, +_Barbados_ and _San Joaquin_; the location of Cape _Agulhas_; the +situation and population of _Bingen_, _Calais_, _Canton_, _Acapulco_, +_Chuquisaca_, _Delhi_, _Dubuque_, _Jeddo_, _Quereturo_, _Truxillo_, +_Leicester_ and _Vevay_, and a description of _Sumatra_, _Zanzibar_, +_Barbadoes_ and the _Antilles_. + + * * * * * + +_Sigismund_ has just returned from _Yosemite_ Valley. + + * * * * * + +_Cecily_, _Chloe_ and _Viola_ have just passed their examination in +biography. The names presented to them were the following: _N. S. +Adam_ (Fr.), _G. Adam_ (Ger.), _Beatrice Cenci_, _Blucher_, +_Boccaccio_, _Anne Boleyn_, _Marco Bozzaris_, _Joseph Buonaparte_, +_D'Aubigné_, _Daubigny_, _Drouyn de Lhuys_, _Juarez_, _Lavater_, +_Marat_, _Marion_, _Catherine de Medici_, _Moultrie_, _Ovid_, _Pliny_, +_Ponce de Leon_ and _Richelieu_. + + + + +VIOLATED RULES OF GRAMMAR. + + +Many, who claim to be good grammarians, are occasionally guilty of the +violation of certain important rules. Attention is solicited to a few +of the more common errors of this nature. + + +NUMBER. + +Certain compounds change the form of the first word in pluralizing, +as: _court-martial_, _brother-in-law_, _sister-in-law_. Plural, +_courts-martial_, _brothers-in-law_, etc. "John has three +brother-in-laws," then, is incorrect. + +But _tea-spoonful_, _table-spoonful_, _cupful_, _pocketful_, etc., are +not considered such compounds; therefore, "two tea-spoonsful of +medicine" and "two-cupsful of flour," should be, "two tea-spoonfuls of +medicine," and "two cupfuls of flour." + +When name and title are given, with a numeral adjective prefixed, the +_name_ is pluralized. "Are the two Misses Wilson at home?" should be, +"Are the two Miss Wilsons at home?" But when the numeral is omitted +the _title_ must be pluralized. "Were the Dr. Browns there?" should +be, "Were the Drs. Brown there?" The rule has been given that the +_name_ only of married ladies is pluralized, but there appears to be +no reason except that of euphony: the _Mrs. Clarks_ certainly sounds +more agreeably than the _Mistresses Clark_. In giving the plural of +such titles as: _Hon._, _Rev._, _Squire_ and _Capt._, euphony is also +often considered; but in such cases it would doubtless be better to +add the numeral, as: the _three Hon. Jacksons_. + + +EACH OTHER--ONE ANOTHER. + +_Each other_ applies to two; _one another_ to more than two. "The +three witnesses contradicted each other," and "the two men accused one +another," are incorrect. + + +NEITHER, NOT--NOR. + +_Neither_ and _not_ are followed by _nor_, not _or_. "Neither James or +Charles will come," and "it is not white or black," are incorrect. + + +TO BE, UNITING WORDS. + +Words united by _to be_, referring to the same person, must be of the +same case. + +"It is me," "It may have been him," "It could not be her," and "It +was not them," are not correct: _it_, in each of the sentences, is +_nominative_ and the other pronouns should be _I_, _he_, _she_ and +_they_. "I took it to be he," and "I understood it to be they," are +also wrong; for _it_ is objective in both instances, and the following +pronouns should be _him_ and _them_. + + +THAN, AS. + +_Than_ and _as_ implying comparison, have the same case after as +before. "He loses more than me," "John knows more than him" and "James +is not so tall as her," should be, "He loses more than I" (lose), +"John knows more than he" (knows) and "James is not so tall as she" +(is tall). + + +WHO. + +Errors connected with the use of this word are very common, even +amongst good speakers. + +"Who did you see?" "Who do you know?" and "Who did you hear?" are +wrong: _whom_ should be used, for it is the object of the transitive +verbs, _see_, _know_ and _hear_. _Who_ in such sentences as: "Who are +you looking at?" and "Who are you writing to?" should likewise be +changed into _whom_, for it is the _object_ of the prepositions _at_ +and _to_. + + +ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. + +Adjectives are often erroneously used for adverbs in sentences like +the following: "This is an uncommon good portrait," "It is a miserable +poor painting. "_Uncommonly good_ and _miserably poor_ are right. + +Adverbs are still more commonly used for adjectives. "Mary looked +_beautifully_ at the party," and "Janauschek looked _majestically_ on +the stage," are incorrect, for it is intended to describe the +appearance of Mary and Janauschek, not their manner of looking; +therefore the adjectives _beautiful_ and _majestic_ should be used. + +When _two_ objects are compared, the _comparative_ degree should be +used. "William is the heaviest of the two," and "Which is the most +desirable--health or wealth?" ought to be, "William is the heavier of +the two," and "Which is the more desirable--health or wealth?" + + +THESE, THOSE. + +The plural demonstratives _these_ and _those_ are often erroneously +used with singular nouns, as: "I don't like these kind of people," and +"Those sort of things are very embarrassing." _Kind_ and _sort_ are +singular and should have _this_ and _that_. + + +INTO. + +_Into_, not _in_, is used to show the relation between verbs +expressing motion, entrance, change of state, etc., and an objective +case, as: "Come into the house," "Step into the carriage," and "Look +into the room." + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + + +* Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original +(=bold=). + +* Added punctuation as needed to preserve the author's and publisher's +intent. + +* Addition to the pronunciation guide: + + Small capital "D" indicates a sound similar to "th" (this). + Small capital "G" and "K" indicates the sound of the German "ch". + Small capital "H" resembles a guttural and strongly-aspirated "h". + Small capital "R" resembles the sound of "rr" (terror). + Small capital "U" indicates the sound of the French "eu", and + resembles the sound of the German "ö". + The sound for the small capitals "TH" is unknown. + +* Page 17 Corrected spelling of "spellling" to "spelling" in +"Worcestor's spellling is". + +* Page 29 Corrected spelling of "lenghten" to "lengthen" in "also, in +lengthy, lenghten".] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. 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