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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/32435-0.txt b/32435-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38bfb56 --- /dev/null +++ b/32435-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5161 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. P. Meredith + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Every-Day Errors of Speech + +Author: L. P. Meredith + +Release Date: May 19, 2010 [EBook #32435] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + EVERY-DAY + ERRORS OF SPEECH + + BY + L. P. MEREDITH, M.D., D.D.S., + AUTHOR OF "THE TEETH, AND HOW TO SAVE THEM." + + PHILADELPHIA: + J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. + 1876. + + + + + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year, 1872, by + L. P. MEREDITH, + In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + _Damas._ * * * The Prince of Como does not + understand his own language. + + _Melnotte._ Not as you pronounce it: Who the + deuce could? + + +It may be regarded as one of the commendable peculiarities of the +English language that, despite provincialisms, vulgarisms, neglected +education, foreign accent, and the various corrupting influences to +which it is subjected, it may be understood wherever it is heard, +whatever differences of distance or associations may have existed +between the speaker and the listener, both claiming familiarity with +it. Considering these influences and the arbitrariness of the +orthoepical rules of the language, there has been expressed surprise +that frequent degenerations into uncouth dialects or patois have not +occurred. A decent regard for the common weal should cause +gratification that such degenerations have not taken place, for were +it not for the ability of our tongue to preserve its individuality +against the tendency toward corruption, we might reasonably fear such +a Babel-like confusion, that, when asked, "Do you speak English?" one +might appropriately, _sans_ the profanity, reply in the language of +the text, "Not as you pronounce it: Who the deuce could?" While the +majority of people place no other value upon language than that of +convenience, and are indifferent to any corruption, so long as they +can simply understand and be understood, there is happily a better +class, the æsthetic cultivation of which is such that those who belong +to it are anxious to preserve the purity of our vernacular and are +ashamed of all errors of speech in their daily conversations. For such +it will not be uninteresting to look over a number of errors, +principally of pronunciation, that are not formally laid down as such +in books, and which people, even many of the best educated, are +constantly committing, just because they have never had their +attention called to them. These errors are becoming more deeply rooted +every day and if not soon eradicated, it will not be many years before +our orthoepic standard will be overthrown as it was in England some +years ago. + +Smart, one of the most celebrated of English orthoepists, in the +preface of his dictionary says: "The proprietors of Walker's +dictionary, finding it would slide entirely out of use unless it were +adapted to the present day, engaged me as a teacher of elocution, +known in London since Walker's time, to make the necessary changes." A +standard pronouncing dictionary is a work that involves an +extraordinary amount of labor and research in its compilation, and +exerts an influence almost autocratical. The possibility of its +becoming worthless in a short time is strange, especially when it is +not on account of any work claiming superiority, but merely because +error long persisted in finally becomes more authoritative than the +original exemplar. With little effort, however, we can discern the +causes. Persons are apt to acquire the pronunciation and use of the +greater number of words by imitation, rather than by study. With +confidence in the knowledge of the parent, teacher, minister, +physician and others, their examples are followed without ever +considering that they are often very fallible guides. + +A complete dictionary is an immense volume, and to turn over its pages +with even a casual observation of each word, requires an amount of +time that few would feel like devoting to it; and yet this is the only +way in which a person can become _assured_ of the sanctioned +pronunciation and meaning of a great many words. If they would make it +an invariable rule to make memoranda of all the words they read or +hear spoken, about the orthoepy and import of which they are not +absolutely certain, and at their first leisure opportunity would +consult their chosen authority, it would not be long before the +majority of errors would be corrected; but this requires memory, +inclination, time, continuity of purpose, possession of dictionaries +or access to them--circumstances that are seldom found combined. It +will doubtless be useless to rehearse any of the arguments commonly +employed to prove the necessity of having some sovereign standard, to +the guidance of which we must be willing to submit. Those for whom +this work is intended will be willing to admit that. Nor is it +necessary to assert that as far as the English speakers of the United +States are interested, the only works that lay claim to such a +position are the dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. If the right +of the opinions of the majority of scholars throughout the land were +alone considered, the former would certainly be entitled to the +preference; but the work of the latter is too full of merit and has +too many adherents in the ranks of the educated to permit any one to +say that it is not worthy of high esteem. + +With my own preference for the former and with my willingness to +acknowledge the worth of the latter, I have consulted both authorities +concerning every word in the following vocabulary--that is, every word +requiring reference to either. It will be seen that there is much less +difference between the decisions of the two dictionaries than is +commonly supposed. By this reference to each, I have not only +corrected errors in an impartial manner, but have also stopped up that +loop-hole through which so many try to escape by saying, when they are +called to account according to one dictionary, that they do not accept +that as their standard. As far as the people of this country are +concerned, there is no escape from the conclusion that a person is +considered a correct or an incorrect speaker of English, according to +whether or not he conforms his discourse to one of the above mentioned +authorities. At first glance it will appear that the size of this +volume is not at all commensurate to the task of correcting the many +errors that are heard in our communication with all classes that +pretend to speak the English language. It is not intended to instruct +those whose education has been so neglected that they are guilty of +the grossest violation of syntax and orthoepy, nor to cultivate the +taste of those whose selection of words and cant and slang phrases +betrays the low grade of the associations by which they have been +surrounded. It is designed rather as a collection of the more common +of those errors, chiefly orthoepical, that I have before spoken of as +being of constant occurrence even among people of education, unless +they have paid considerable attention to philology or +_belles-lettres_. If by presenting them in this convenient form, thus +saving much time and trouble in referring to the dictionary, I have +merited the thanks of my readers, or if I have contributed even a mite +toward the conservation of the present usage, I shall feel amply repaid. + +I have taken advantage of the alphabetical arrangement to introduce a +few miscellaneous errors that might have been placed under a separate +heading. + +Instead of dividing the words into syllables and loading them with +marks as is usually done in dictionaries, I have thought that it would +make a deeper impression on the memory to present the words as they +are commonly seen in print, depending on respelling to furnish the +correct and incorrect accent and pronunciation. + +The corrections have first been made according to Webster; if +Worcester is unmentioned, it is to be understood that both authorities +agree. + + _Cincinnati, December 20, 1871._ + + + + +Errors of Speech. + + + + +KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE RESPELLING + + + The long sounds of a, e, i, o, u, are represented by ā, ē, ī, + ō, ū. + The short sounds of a, e, i, o, u, " ă, ĕ, ĭ, + ŏ, ŭ. + _a_, as in _air_, _pair_, is represented by â. + _a_, " _far_, _arm_, " " ä or ah. + _a_, " _all_, _haul_, " " aw. + _a_, " _what_, _squat_, " " ŏ. + _e_, " _ere_, _where_, " " ê. + _e_, " _obey_, _weight_, " " ā. + _e_, " _her_, _term_, " " ë. + _i_, " _machine_, " " ē or ee. + _i_, " _dirk_, _whirl_, " " ï. + _o_, " _done_, _son_, " " ŭ. + _o_, " _woman_, " " ŏŏ. + _o_, " _do_, _move_, " " ōō. + _o_, " _for_, _storm_, " " ô or aw. + _oo_, " _soon_, _moon_, " " ōō. + _oo_, " _foot_, _good_, " " ŏŏ. + _u_, " _rude_, _rule_, " " ōō. + _u_, " _push_, _pull_, " " ŏŏ. + _u_, " _burn_, _turn_, " " ü. + _oi_,} " _oil_, _toy_, " " oi. + _oy_,} + _ou_,} " _found_, _owl_, " " ow. + _ow_,} + + _c_, as in _city_, _cite_, is represented by s or ç. + _c_, " _can_, _cut_, " " k. + _ch_, " _child_, _much_, " " ch. + _ch_, " _machine_, " " sh. + _ch_, " _chorus_, " " k. + _g_, " _ginger_, " " j. + _n_, " _think_, _uncle_, " " ñ. + _qu_, " _require_, " " kw. + _s_, " _these_, _ease_, " " z. + +Obscure vowel sounds, or those which are glided over in a word without +any noticeable accent, are unmarked. In those cases where the +pronunciation is so evident that mistakes seem improbable, the marks +are also omitted. + + + + +EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH. + + + A. + + =Abacus=--ab´a-kŭs, not a-băk´ŭs. + + =Abdomen=--ab-dō´men, not ab´do-men. + + =Acclimate=--ak-klī´māte, not ak´kli-māte. + + =Acclimated= is also accented on the second syllable. + + =Acclimatization=--ak-kli-mat-i-zā´shun, not + ak-klī´ma-ti-zā-shun. + + =Adult=--a-dŭlt´, not ăd´ult. + + =Aerated=--ā´er-ā-ted, not ā´rē-ā-ted. "_Areated + bread_" is a mistake that is frequently made. + + =Ailantus=--ā-lăn´tŭs, not ā-lăn´thŭs; + ăt-lăn´tus is a still worse error. + + =Albumen=--al-bū´men, not al´bu-men. + + =Alder=--awl´der, not ăl´der; it is the name of a _tree_ and + does not mean the ordinary _elder_. + + =Alike.= It is sufficient to say that two persons or things are + _alike_, not _both alike_. The word associated with _alike_ is + just as unnecessary as it is with _resemble_ and _equal_ in the + following sentences: "These two men _both_ resemble each + other." "These two sums are _both_ equal." + + =Allopathy=--al-lŏp´a-thy, not al´lo-path-y. + + =Allopathist= is similarly accented. + + =Alpaca=--al-păk´a, not al-la-păk´a. + + =Altercate=--ăl´ter-kāte, not awl´ter-kate. + + =Amenable=--a-mē´na-ble, not a-mĕn´a-ble. + + =Among.= A thing is divided _among_ many and _between_ two. + + =Amour=--a-mōōr´, not am´-mōre nor ā´mōōr. + + =Angry.= Say angry _with_ a person and _at_ a thing. + + =Animalcula= is the plural of _animalculum_; there is no such + word as _animalculœ_. Animalcule (singular) and animalcules + (plural), are proper words; the former is pronounced + an-i-mal´kūle and the latter an-i-mal´kūlz. + + =Antarctic=--ant-ärk´tik, not ant-är´tik. + + =Antepenult=--an-te-pe-nŭlt´, not an-te-pē´nŭlt. + + =Apex=--ā´pex, not ăp´ex. + + =Apparatus=--ap-pa-rā´tus, not ap-pa-răt´us. + + =Aquaria=, not _aquariums_, is the plural of _aquarium_. + + =Arabic=--ăr´a-bĭk, not a-răb´ĭk, a-rā´bĭk, nor + ăr´a-băk; which errors are very common, especially in the + compound word _gum-arabic_. + + =Arbitrary= is often incorrectly pronounced as if spelled + _ar-bi-ta-ry_. + + =Archangel=--ärk-ān´jel, not ärch-ān´jel. + + =Archbishop=--ärch-bish´op, not ärk-bish´op. + + =Archipelago=--ärk-i-pel´a-gō, not ärch-i-pel´a-gō. + + =Architect=--är´ki-tect, not är´chi-tect. + + =Archives=--är´kīvez, not är´chīvez, nor är´kēvez. + + =Arctic=--ärk´tik, not är´tik. + + =Arid=--ăr´id, not ā´rid. + + =Aroma=--a-rō´ma, not ăr´o-ma. + + =At= should not be used when it has no possible connection with + the other words of a sentence; as, "Where are you living _at_?" + + =At all=, not a tall. + + =Attacked=, not attackted. + + =Auction=--awk´shun, not ŏk´shun. + + =Ay= or =Aye=, meaning _yes_, and =aye=, an affirmative vote, are + pronounced äĭ and not ī nor ā. + + =Aye=, meaning forever, always (used chiefly in poetry), is + pronounced ā not ī nor äĭ. + + + B. + + =Bade=--băd, not bāde. + + =Badinage=--băd´in-äzh, not băd´in-āje. Worcester gives + the same pronunciation, but places the accent on the last + syllable. + + =Balance.= There are two common errors connected with this word. + One is to write it _ballance_: the other is to use it in the + sense of _remainder_, _rest_, etc.; as, the _balance_ of the + day, the _balance_ of the people. Balance means properly "the + excess on one side, or what added to the other makes equality." + The corrupt use of the word, as above mentioned, is laid down + as a vulgarism. + + =Bantam=, not _banty_. + + =Bellows=--bĕl´lŭs, not bĕl´lōz. The plural is the + same as the singular. + + =Besom=--bē´zum, not bē´sum. A broom. + + =Betroth=--be-trŏth, not be-trōth. =Betrothed=, + =Betrothal=, etc., are similarly pronounced. + + =Blacking=, not _blackening_ for boots and shoes. + + =Blouse=--blowz, not blowss. + + =Bologna=--bō-lōn´ya, not bō-lō´na. _Bologna_ + sausage, _Bologna_ phial, etc. + + =Bona fide=--bō´na-fī´de, not bō´na-fīde nor + bŏn´a-fīde. + + =Booth.= The _th_ is sounded as in the preposition _with_, not as + in _both_. + + =Bouquet=--bōō-kā´ or boōō´kā, not bō-kā´. + + =Bourgeois=, meaning a kind of type, is pronounced bür-jois´, not + like the following word: + + =Bourgeois=, a citizen, pronounced bōōr-zhwaw´. + + =Brand-new=, not _bran-new_. Although the latter adjective is + much used, it is evidently a corruption of the former. An + article in its newness may be bright like a _brand_ of fire, or + the _brand_ of the manufacturer may remain intact, but there is + certainly no _bran_ about it. + + =Breeches=--brĭtch´ez, not as spelled. + + =Bretzel=, not _pretzel_. A brittle German cake. + + =Brilliant.= A diamond of the finest cut, with its faces and + facets so arranged as to secure the greatest degree of + brilliancy--whence the name. The name to many conveys the idea + of paste, or imitation. A _rose_ diamond may be just as pure, + but its depth does not permit it to be made a _brilliant_ of + without a much greater loss of substance. + + =Brougham=--brōōm or brōō´am, not brō´am nor + brow´am. A kind of carriage. + + =Burst=, =Burst= and =Bursting=, not _bust_, _busted_ and + _busting_. + + + C. + + =Calculate= is often inappropriately used in lieu of _believe_, + _suppose_, _expect_, etc., as in the following sentences: "I + _calculate_ you are my friend;" "I _calculate_ the report is + true." Still worse than this passive misuse is that active one + of using the word in some such sense as this: "Doctor, I know + that you are a man of great intelligence and I have unlimited + confidence in your honor and ability; but I must say that I + think the course of treatment pursued by you during this + epidemic, is _calculated_ to increase the mortality among your + patients." How inconsistent with the encomium is the dreadful + accusation just following! As if the Doctor had sat down and + _calculated_ how he could cause injury rather than benefit. + Calculate means to ascertain by means of figures or to study + what means must be used to secure a certain result. A person + may make a speech, write a book, or do anything else + _calculated_ to do good, or more rarely, evil, but the + intention to accomplish the object spoken of must be present, + before the word can be properly used. + + =Calliope=--kal-lī´o-pe, not kal´li-ōpe. + + =Calvary=, not _cavalry_, when the place of our Saviour's + crucifixion is meant. + + =Camelopard=--ka-mel´o-pärd or kam´el-o-pärd, not + kam-el-lĕop´ard. + + =Cantatrice=--kăn-ta-trē´che, not kăn´ta-treess. + + =Canon=--kăn´yun, not kăn´nun. A deep gorge or ravine. + Spelled also =Canyon=, pronounced kän-yōn´ or kăn´yon. + + =Capoch=--ka-pōōtsh´, not ka-pōch´. =Capouch= is another + orthography. + + =Caption= in the sense of the heading of a discourse, chapter, + page, etc., is not sanctioned by good writers. + + =Carminative=--kär-mīn´a-tive, not kär´mi-nā-tive. + + =Casualty=--kăzh´u-al-ty, not kăz-u-ăl´i-ty. + + =Cater-cornered=--kā´ter-cor-nered, not kăt´ty-cor-nered. + Not down, thus compounded in Webster, but his pronunciation of + the separate words is as given. Worcester gives the word as + above and defines it as an adjective--diagonal. It is generally + used though, I believe, as an adverb; as, "the piano stands + cater-cornered" (diagonally). It is regarded as an inelegant + word, diagonal and diagonally being preferred: though it is + probable that this opinion has been caused by the abominable + pronunciations _catty_ and _kitty_ cornered. + + =Catalpa=--ka-tăl´pa, not ka-tawl´pa. + + =Catch=, =Catching=--kătch and kătching, not kĕtch and + kĕtching. + + =Catholic= means liberal, general, not bigoted, and not _Roman_ + Catholic, unless specially so applied. + + =Caucasian=--kaw-kā´sian,not kaw-kāzh´ian, kaw-kăsh´ian, + kaw-kāz´ian nor kaw-kăss´ian. + + =Cayenne=--kā-ĕn´, not kī-ĕn´. + + =Chaps=--chŏps, not chăps. The jaws. =Chops= is also + correct orthography. + + =Chasten=--chās´en, not chăs´en. =Chastened=, + =chastening=, etc., have also the long a. + + =Chew=, not _chaw_. The latter word either as a verb or noun is + now considered quite vulgar. + + =Chid=, not chī´ded, is the imperfect tense of chide. + + =Chimera=--kĭ-mē´ra, not chi-mē´ra, nor kī-mē´ra. + + =Chivalric=--shĭv´al-rik, not shĭv-ăl´rik. Worcester + allows the latter. + + =Chivalrous=--shĭv´al-rŭs, not shĭv-ăl´rus. Worcester + gives chĭv´al-rus also. + + =Chivalry=--shĭv´al-ry, not chĭv´al-ry. Worcester sanctions + both. + + =Cicerone=--chē-che-rō´ne or sĭs-e-rō´ne, not + sĭs´e-rōne. A guide. + + =Citrate=--sĭt´rate, not sī´trate. "Citrate of magnesia." + + =Climbed=, not clomb (klum). One climbs _up_ but does not climb + _down_. + + =Cochineal=--kŏch´i-neel, not kō´chi-neel nor + kō´ki-neel. + + =Cocoa= (kō´kō) is not made from the cocoa-nut or tree, but + from the seeds of the _cacao_ (ka-kā´o) or chocolate tree. + The word is evidently a perversion, but it has gained a + permanent footing in its present signification. + + =Cognomen=--kŏg-no´men, not kŏg´no-men. + + =Cold-chisel=, not _coal-chisel_. It is a chisel of peculiar + strength and hardness for cutting _cold_ metal. + + =Cole-slaw.= In the former editions of some dictionaries it has + been taught that this word is derived from _cole_ meaning + cabbage, and _slaw_ meaning salad. Cole-slaw--cabbage-salad. + The uninstructed soon changed the _cole_ into _cold_ and + substituted _hot_ for the other extreme of temperature, thus + entirely changing the signification. What was really meant, was + _hot cole-slaw_ and _cold cole-slaw_. Many persons still regard + _cole-slaw_ as the proper word, and receipt books give that + orthography. The last editions of Webster and Worcester, + however, only give the words _cole_ and _slaw_ in separate + places and define the latter as "sliced cabbage." + + =Combatant=--kŏm´bat-ant, not kom-băt´ant. + + =Combativeness=--kŏm´bat-ive-ness, not kom-băt´ive-ness. + + =Come= is often thoughtlessly used for _go_ or some other word. If + How is just leaving Howard's house it is right for How to say, + "I'll come to see you soon," but Howard could not properly say, + _at that place_, the same thing. He should say, "I will go to see + you soon." If they both live in Philadelphia and should meet in + New York, neither could say appropriately, "I'll come to see you + after I get home;" that would mean that one would travel back + from his home in Philadelphia to New York to see the other. But + either might say, "Come and see me when you get home." + + =Comparable=--kŏm´pa-ra-ble, not kŏm-păr´a-ble. + + =Complaisance=--kŏm´pla-zans, not kŏm-plā´zăns. In + complaisant and complaisantly, the accent is also on the first + syllable. Worcester places it on the third, thus: complaisant + (kom-pla-zănt´), etc. + + =Comptroller=--kon-trōl´ler, not kŏmp-trōl´ler. + + =Conduit=--kŏn´dĭt or kŭn´dit, not kŏn´duĭt or + kŏn´dūte. A pipe or canal for the conveyance of fluid. + + =Confab=, not _conflab_. A contraction of confabulation. + + =Congeries=--kŏn-jē´rĭ-eez, not kon-jē´rēz nor + kŏn´je-rēz. A collection of particles into one mass. + + =Contemptuous=, not =contemptible=, when the manifestation of + contempt for another is meant. I once heard a young lady + describing how she had withered at a glance a poor young man + that had incurred her displeasure. "O, I gave him such a + _contemptible_ look," said she. If in the enthusiasm of the + rehearsal, the look that dwelt upon her features was akin to + that given upon the occasion mentioned, no auditor doubted the + exact truth of what she said; but she meant differently. + + =Contiguous=--kon-tig´ū-ŭs, not kon-tĭj´ū-ŭs. + + =Contour=--kŏn-tōōr´, not kŏn´tōōr. The + boundary lines of a figure. + + =Contra-dance= is better than _country-dance_, the latter word + being a corruption; but it has become admissible from long use. + _Contredanse_ is the French original, and means that the + parties stand opposite to each other. + + =Contrary=--kŏn´tra-ry, not kon-trā´ry, interfering with + the rhythm of the distich from Mother Goose's Melodies: + + "Mary, Mary, quite contrary, + How does your garden grow?" + + =Contumacy=--kŏn´tu-ma-sy, not kon-tū´ma-sy. Obstinacy, + stubbornness. + + =Contumely=--kŏn´tu-me-ly not kŏn-tū´me-ly. Insolence, + contemptuousness. + + =Conversant=--kŏn´ver-sant, not kon-vĕr´sănt. + + =Conversazione=--kŏn´ver-sät-se-ō´nā, not + kon-ver-săs´si-ōne. A meeting for conversation. Worcester + pronounces it kŏn-ver-sät-ze-ō´nā. The plural is + conversazioni (-nē). + + =Corporal= punishment, not cor-pō´re-al. + + =Cortege=--kôr´tāzh, not kor´tēje. A train of attendants. + + =Councilor=, is a member of council. + + =Counselor=, one who gives advice. Worcester's spelling is + councillor and counsellor. + + =Creek=, not krĭck. + + =Creole.= From Webster's dictionary are taken the following + definitions and remarks: + + 1. "One born in America, or the West Indies, of European + ancestors. + + 2. "One born within or near the tropics, of any color. 'The + term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to + distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans + imported during the time of the slave trade. The application + of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common + in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, + that it implies an admixture greater or less of African + blood.'--R. Hildreth." + + =Crinoline=--krĭn´o-lĭn, not krĭn´o-līne nor + krĭn´o-leen. + + =Cuirass=--kwē-răs´ or kwē´răs, not kū´răs. A + piece of armor. + + =Cuisine=--kwe-zēn´, not kū-seen´ or kū-zīne´. + Cooking or cooking department. + + =Culinary=--kū´li-na-ry, not kŭl´i-na-ry. + + =Cupola=--kū´po-la, not kū-po-lō´. + + + D. + + =Dahlia=--däl´ya or dāl´-ya, not dăl´ya. + + =Dare not=, not darse'nt. + + =Data=--dā´ta, not dăt´a, is the plural of datum (dā´tum). + + =Debris=--dā-brē´, not dē´brĭs nor dā´brē. + Rubbish, ruins. + + =Decade=--dĕk´ade, not dē´kade nor dē-kāde´. Ten in + number. + + =Defalcate=--de-făl´kate, not de-fawl´kāte. + + =Defalcation=--dē-făl-kā´shun not dē-fawl-kā´shun. + Worcester gives dĕf-al-kā´shun. No such word as + _defalcater_ is seen. + + =Deficit=--dĕf´i-sit, not de-fī´sit nor de-fĭs´sit. A + deficiency. + + =Delusion=, not _illusion_, when deception occurs from want of + knowledge of the world, ignorance of business or trade, or from + lack of acumen generally. Illusions are deceptions arising from + a temporarily or permanently disordered imagination, or from + phenomena occurring in nature: thus we speak of the illusions of + fancy, of dreams, and of optical illusions. The mirage of the + desert and the fata Morgana are instances of the latter. + + =Demonstrative=--de-mŏn´stra-tive, not dĕm´on-strā-tive. + + =Demonstrator=--dĕm´on-strā-tor, not de-mŏn´strā-tor. + Worcester allows the latter. + + =Depot=--de-pō´ or dē´pō, not dā´pō, nor + dĕp´po. Worcester sanctions de-pō´ only. I once had a + friend, deceased now, of course, who called it de-pŏt´. + + =Dereliction=--der-e-lĭk´shun, not dĕr-e-lĕk´shun. A + forsaking, abandonment. + + =Deshabille=--dĕs-a-bĭl´, } =Dishabille=--dĭs-a-bĭl´, + } not dĕs´ha-beel nor dĭs´ha-beel. The French is + déshabillé, pronounced about like dā-zä-be-yā, without + any particular accent. Some persons, in their vain efforts to + get the peculiar liquid sound of the double l, sometimes used, + distort the word terribly, pronouncing it even as broad as + dĭs-ha-beel´yuh. + + =Desideratum=--de-sid-e-rā´tum, not de-sĭd-er-ăt´um; + plural, de-sĭd-er-ā´ta. Something particularly desired. + + =Desperado=--des-per-ā´do, not des-per-ä´do. + + =Dessert=--dĕz-zërt´, not dĕz´zert, nor dĕs´sert: + _dessert-spoon_ (dez-zërt´-spoon). + + =Die.= One dies _of_ a disease, not with it. + + =Differ.= One differs with a person in opinion; one person or + thing differs _from_ another in some quality. + + =Disappointed.= One is disappointed _of_ a thing not obtained and + _in_ a thing obtained. "He will be disappointed of his + expectations." + + =Discourse=--dis-kōrs´, not dĭs´kōrs. + + =Disputable=--dis´pu-ta-ble, not dis-pū´ta-ble. + + =Disputant=--dis´pu-tant, not dis-pū´tant. + + =Distich=--dĭs´tĭk, not dĭs´tĭch. Two poetic lines + making sense. + + =Docible=--dŏs´i-ble, not dō´si-ble. Tractable; teachable. + + =Docile=--dŏs´ĭl, not dō´sīle. + + =Dolorous=--dŏl´or-ŭs, not dō´lor-oŭs. =Dolorously= + and =Dolorousness= are similarly accented; but =dolor= is + pronounced dō´lor. + + =Doubt.= "I do not doubt but that it is so," is a very common + error. The meaning conveyed is just the opposite to that which + the speaker intends. He declares in other words, that he has + _no_ doubt _but_ a doubt that it is so; or he does not doubt + that it is false. "I have no doubt but," and "there is no doubt + but,"--are similar mistakes. The word "but" should be left out. + + =Dough-face= means one that is easily molded to one's will, or + readily changed in his views, and not a putty-faced or + white-faced person. + + =Dragomans=, not _dragomen_, is the plural of _dragoman_, an + Eastern interpreter. + + =Drama=--drä´ma or drā´ma, not drăm´a. Worcester says + drā´ma or drăm´a. + + =Dramatis Personæ=--drăm´a-tīs per-sō´nē, not + dra-măt´is pĕr´so-nē. + + =Drank=, not _drunk_, is the imperfect tense of drink. + + =Ducat=--dŭk´at, not dū´kat. + + + E. + + =Ear=--ēar, not yēar. Persons frequently speak of the + _year-ache_, and occasionally "_a year of corn_," may be heard. + + =Ecce Homo=--ĕk´sē hō´mō, not ĕk´kē + hō´mō. + + =Eider=--ī´der, not ē´der. _Eider-down_ and _eider-duck_. + + =Elm= is pronounced in one syllable and not ĕl´lum. + + =Elysian=--e-lĭz´i-an, not e-lĭs´sian. Worcester gives + e-lĭzh´e-an. + + =Embryo=--em´bry-ō, not em-bry´ō. + + =Employe= (Fr. employé)--ĕm-ploy-ā´ or ŏng-plwaw-yā´, + not employ´ē or ong-ploy´ā. Employee is not allowed. + + =Encore=--ŏng-kōr´, not ŏng´kōr nor ĕn´kōr. + + =Eneid=--ē-nē´id not ē´ne-id. A poem of Virgil. + Worcester sanctions both methods of pronunciation. + + =Ennui=--ŏng-nwē´, not ŏng´wē. Worcester gives a much + simpler pronunciation, viz: än-wē´. + + =Enquiry=--en-kwī´ry, not ĕn´kwĭ-ry. + + =Epsom Salt=, not Epsom _Salts_. + + =Equable=--ē´kwa-ble, not ĕk´wa-ble. + + =Equally well=, etc., not equally _as_ well, etc. + + =Espionage=--ĕs´pe-on-āje or ĕs´pe-on-äzh, not + ĕs-pī´o-nāje nor es-pē´on-äzh. + + =Esquimau=--ĕs´ke-mō, not ĕs´qui-maw: plural, + =Esquimaux= (ĕs´ke-mōz), not ĕs´ke-mawz nor + ĕs´ke-mō. + + =Etagere=--ĕt-a-zhâr´, not e-tăzh´er-y nor + at-tăzh´ĭ-a. Worcester's pronunciation is ā-tä-zhâr´. + A piece of parlor furniture with shelves, used for placing + small ornaments and fancy articles upon; a what-not. + + =Excrescence=--ex-krĕs´sense not ex-krē´sense. A + superfluous appendage: morbid outgrowth. + + =Expect= has reference to the future only, and not to the present + or past. "I _expect_ that you are wrong." "I _expect_ you were + disappointed yesterday," are errors. There is an abundance of + words that may be correctly used, as _suppose_, _suspect_, + _imagine_, _believe_ and _think_. + + =Expose= (Fr. exposé)--ĕks-po-zā´, not ex-pōz´. An + exposition; statement. + + =Exquisite=--ĕks´quĭ-zĭt, not eks-quĭz´itĕ. + =Exquisitely= is accented on the first syllable also. + + =Extant=--ex´tant not ex-tănt´. + + =Extol=--ex-tŏl´, not ex-tō´. =Extolled=, ex-tŏld´, etc. + + + F. + + =Facet=--făs´set not fā-sĕt´. A small surface or face; + as one of the _facets_ of a diamond. + + =Falchion=--fawl´chun, not făl´chĭ-on. A sword. Worcester + sanctions fawl´shun, also. + + =Falcon=--faw´kn, not făl-kŏn. + + =Fang.= When applied to a tooth, _fang_ means the portion that is + outside of the jaw. This name is often, even by dentists, + erroneously given to the _root_ or part that is set into the jaw. + + =Far=, not _fur_. + + =Febrile=--fē´brĭl or fĕb´rĭl, not fē´brīle. + Relating to fever. + + =February=, as it is spelled, and not Fĕb´u-a-ry, as many say + and write it. + + =Feod=, =feodal=, =feodality=--fūd, fūd´al, and + fū-dăl´i-ty. Relating to a kind of tenure formerly + existing in Europe, in which military services were rendered by + the tenant as a consideration. =Feud=, =feudal=, =feudality=, + is the orthography generally adopted now. + + =Ferret.= A ferret is an animal of the weasel kind, used to drive + rabbits out of their burrows, and not a species of dog. + + =Fetid=--fĕt´id, not fē´tid. + + =Fetor=--fē´tor, not fĕt´or. + + =Finale=---fe-nä´lā, not fī´nāle or fī-năl´ly. + + =Finance=--fĭ-năns´, not fī´-năns. + + =Finances=--fĭ-năn´sĕz, not fī´năn-sĕz. + + =Financier=--fĭn-an-seer´, not fī-nan-seer´. =Financial=, + and =financially=, have also the short i in the first syllable. + + =Finis=--fī´nis, not fĭn´is. + + =Firmament= means the expanse of the sky: the heavens. The + meaning, solid foundation, is obsolete. + + =Flannel=, not _flannen_. + + =Florid=--flŏr´id, not flō´rĭd. + + =Florin=--flŏr´in, not flō-rĭn. A piece of money. + + =Florist=--flō´rist, not flŏr´ist. + + =Forage=--fŏr´aje, not fō´raje. + + =Forceps=--fôr´seps, not fōr´seps. The word is spelled the + same in both the singular and the plural numbers. Such mistakes + as, "hand me a forcep," instead of "hand me a forceps," are + very common. Strictly speaking, "a pair of forceps," ought, I + suppose, to mean _two_ forceps; but like the expressions "a + pair of scissors" and "a pair of stairs," the phrase has been + in use so long that it must be tolerated. + + =Forehead=--fŏr´ed, not fōr´hĕd. Worcester allows either. + + =Foreign=--fŏr´in, not fŭr´in. + + =Fortnight=--fôrt´nīte, not fōrt´nīte, fōrt´nĭt + nor fôrt´nĭt. Worcester gives what is authorized above and + fôrt´nĭt. + + =Fortress=--fôr´tress, not fōr´tress. + + =Fragile=--frăj´ĭl, not frā´jĭl nor frā´jīle. + + =Fritter=, not _flitter_, is the name of a kind of fried cake. + + =Frivolity=--fri-vŏl´i-ty, not frĭv´ol-ty. + + =Frontier=--frŏnt´eer, not frŭnt´eer nor frŭn-teer´. + + =Frontispiece=--frŏnt´is-pēse, not frŭnt´is-pēse. + + =Fuchsia=--fōōk´sĭ-a, not fū´shĭ-a. Worcester + gives the latter. + + =Fuzz=, not _furze_, is the word to use, if used at all, when the + embryo whiskers, or the downy surface of fruit, etc., are + meant. Down is the more appropriate word. _Furze_ is the name + of an evergreen shrub. + + + G. + + =Gallivating=, not _gallivanting_. Gallivanting is a word that is + used to some extent, being applied to persons that are roaming + about for amusement or adventure; as, "this young man has been + _gallivanting_ around." If it is a corruption of _gallanting_, + it should certainly be abolished as a vulgarism; but if it is a + corruption of _gallivating_, from _gallivat_, the name of a + small sailing vessel, it might be clothed in its proper garb + and retained as a useful word in our language. If either is + used, the one above preferred should be chosen, at any rate. + + =Gallows=--găl´lus, not găl´lōz. =Gallowses=, plural. + + =Gamin=--ga-măng´, not găm´in nor gā´min. A street child. + + =Gape=--gäpe or gāpe, not găp. + + =Gargle.= One _gargles_, not _gurgles_, the throat. + + =Gaseous=--găz´e-us, not găss-e-us. Worcester gives + gā´ze-us too. + + =Gather=--găth´er, not gĕth´er. + + =Genealogy=--jĕn-e-ăl´o-jy, not jē-ne-ăl´o-jy nor + je-ne-ŏl´o-jy. + + =Genealogist= (jĕn-e-ăl´o-jist), =genealogical= + (jĕn-e-a-lŏj´i-kal) and =genealogically= + (jĕn-e-a-lŏj´i-kal-ly). + + =Generic=--je-nĕr´ik, not jĕn´er-ik, nor je-nē´rik. + Relating to a genus, or kind. + + =Gerund=--jĕr´und, not jē-rund. A kind of verbal noun in + Latin. + + =Get=, not gĭt. + + =Giaour=--jowr, not gī´ōōr, jī-owr´ nor jōōr. + An epithet applied by the Turks to a disbeliever in Mahomet; + the name of one of Byron's poems. + + =Gibbet=--jĭb´bet, not gĭb´bet. + + =Glamour=--glā´mōōr, not glăm´mur. Worcester gives + glā´mer, also. A charm in the eyes, making them see things + differently from what they really are. + + =Gneiss=--nīs, not nēs nor gnēs. A kind of rock. + + =Gondola=--gŏn´do-la, not gon-dō´la. + + =Got.= There are some sticklers for niceties that overdo + themselves in contending that the use of the verb _got_ is + generally unnecessary and incorrect in conjunction with _have_ + and _had_. Get means to procure, to obtain, to come into + possession of, etc., and it is a very tame assertion that one + simply _has_ a thing that cost much mental or physical labor. A + scholar _has_ his lesson, but did it creep into his head while + he passively shut his eyes and went to sleep? On the contrary, + he _got_ it or learned it by hard study, and it is proper to + say that he has _got_ it. A man _has_ a cold, but he _got_ it + or _took_ it by exposing himself. A person _has_ a sum of + money, but he _got_ or _earned_ it by his labor. Another _has_ + good friends, but he _got_ or _secured_ them by his pleasant + address. The great causes of the warfare against this word are, + I think, that _have_ and _had_, though generally used as + auxiliaries, can sometimes be used as principal verbs and make + good sense; and that it has not been recollected that in the + majority of cases _got_ either stands for, or can be + substituted for another verb. In confirmation of this last + statement, is appended the following composed by Dr. Withers: + "I _got_ on horseback within ten minutes after I _got_ your + letter. When I _got_ to Canterbury, I _got_ a chaise for town, + but I _got_ wet before I _got_ to Canterbury; and I have _got_ + such a cold as I shall not be able to _get_ rid of in a hurry. + I _got_ to the Treasury about noon, but first of all I _got_ + shaved and dressed. I soon _got_ into the secret of getting a + memorial before the board, but I could not _get_ an answer + then; however, I _got_ intelligence from the messenger, that I + should most likely _get_ one the next morning. As soon as I + _got_ back to my inn, I _got_ my supper and _got_ to bed. It + was not long before I _got_ asleep. When I _got_ up in the + morning, I _got_ my breakfast, and then I _got_ myself dressed + that I might _get_ out in time to _get_ an answer to my + memorial. As soon as I _got_ it, I _got_ into the chaise and + _got_ to Canterbury by three, and about tea-time, I got home. I + have _got_ nothing for you, and so adieu." + + Applying this test of substitution to any doubtful case, I think + it right to assert that if there is no other verb, or + participle, that will appropriately take the place of "got," + the latter word is _unnecessary_; but it should hardly be + considered as an error, as it is so slight an impropriety + compared with many others that are allowed, and especially + because we have long had the usage of many of the best writers + to sanction the employment of the word. The very people that + appear to be so shocked at the use of the superfluous _got_, + may generally be heard making use of such expressions as "fell + _down_ upon the ground," "rose _up_ and went away," "covered it + _over_," and "a great, _big_ fire." The _down_, _up_, _over_ + and _big_ are certainly superfluities, but they have been heard + so long that they are seldom mentioned as errors. + + =Gourmand=--gōōr´mänd, not gôr´mand, unless the orthography + =gormand= is used. + + =Gout=--gowt, not gōōt, as actors are sometimes heard + pronounce it in the following line from Macbeth: "On thy blade + and dudgeon, _gouts_ of blood." + + =Government=--gŭv´ern-ment not gŭv´er-ment. It is a + mistake, frequently made, to write and pronounce the word as if + it had no "n" in the penultimate. + + =Gramercy=--gra-mër´sy, not grăm´er-sy. A word formerly used + to express thankfulness with surprise. + + =Granary=--grăn´a-ry, not grā´na-ry. There are no such + words as _grainery_ and _grainary_. + + =Gratis=--grā´tis, not grăt-is. + + =Grenade=--gre-nāde´, not grĕn´ade. A kind of explosive + shell. + + =Guardian=--gärd´ĭ-an, not gär-dē´an. + + =Guerdon=--gër´don, not gwĕr´don nor jĕr´don. A reward; a + recompense. + + =Guild=--gĭld, not gīld. A society; a fraternity. + + =Guipure=--ge-pūr´, not gĭm-pūre´ nor gwĭ-pūre´. + An imitation of antique lace. + + =Gunwale=--commonly pronounced gŭn´nel and spelled so + sometimes. + + =Gutta-percha=--gŭt´ta-për´cha, not gŭt´ta-për´ka. + + =Gyrfalcon=--jër´faw-kn, not jēr´făl-kun. + + + H. + + =Habitue= (Fr. habitué)--ä-bĭt-u-ā´, not hăb-it-u-ē + nor hăb-ĭt-u-ā´. + + =Halloo= (hal-lōō´), =holla= (hŏl´lä), =hollo= + (hŏl´lō or hŏl-lō´) or =hollow= (hŏl´lōw), + but not hŏl´ler. Worcester gives =halloo= (hal-lōō´), + =holla= (hŏl-lä´), =hollo= (hŏl-lō´) and =hollow= + (hŏl´lōw or hŏl-lōw´). It is strange that with such + a variety of words to choose from, people generally say + "_holler_." + + =Hanged= is preferable to _hung_, when the infliction of the + death penalty by hanging is meant. + + =Harass=--hăr´ass, not ha-răss´. + + =Harem=--hā´rem, not hăr´em. Worcester gives hä´rem also. + Written also =haram= (ha-răm´). + + =Hardly.= _Don't_ and _can't_ should not be used with =hardly=. + Such errors as, "I don't hardly believe it," are not uncommon. + _Hardly_ means _scarcely_, and the use of don't or can't gives + an opposite signification to the sentence. + + =Haunt=--hänt, not hănt. + + =Haunted=--hänt´ed, not hănt´ed. + + =Hawaiian=--ha-wī´yan, not ha-waw´yan. Relating to the island + of Hawaii. + + =Hearth=--härth, not hërth. + + =Hearth-stone=--härth´stone, not hërth´stone. + + =Heather=--hĕth´er, not hēth´er. Worcester gives hēth´er + as the pronunciation. + + =Heinous=--hā´nus, not hē´nus, hēn´yus nor hān´yus. + + =Herb=--ërb, not hërb. + + =Herbaceous=--her-bā´shus, not er-bā´shus. + + =Herbage=--ërb´ej or hĕrb´ej, not hĕr´bāje. + + =Heroine=--hĕr´o-ĭn, not hē´-ro-īne nor hē´ro-ĭn. + Worcester gives the first and the last of the above. + + =Heroism=--hĕr´o-izm, not hē´ro-ĭzm. Worcester sanctions + both. + + =Hieroglyphic=--hī-er-o-glĭf´ik, not hī-er-o-grĭf´ik. + + =Hindoostanee=} =Hindustani= } hin-dōō-stăn´ee, not + hin-dōō´stăn-ee. Worcester's orthography is + _Hindostanee_ and _Hindostany_, but the accent is on the penult + as above. + + =Homage=--hŏm´aje, not ŏm´-aje. + + =Homeopathy=--hō-me-ŏp´a-thy, not hō´me-o-păth-y. + + =Homeopathist=--hō-me-ŏp´a-thist, not + hō´me-o-păth-ist. + + =Hooping-cough=--hōōp´ing-cough, not hŏŏp´ing-cough. + Spelled =Whooping-cough=, also. + + =Horizon=--ho-rī´zon, not hŏr´i-zon. + + =Horse-radish=--horse-răd-ish, not horse-rĕd-dish. + + =Hough=--hŏk, not hŭff. To disable by cutting the sinews of + the ham. As a noun, the word means the joint at the lower + portion of the leg of a quadruped; written =hock=, also. + + =Houri=--howr´y, not owr´y. A nymph of paradise. + + =Hovel=--hŏv´el, not hŭv´el. + + =Hundred=, as spelled, not _hun´derd_. + + =Hydropathy=--hī-drŏp´a-thy, not hī´drō-păth-y. + + =Hydropathist=--hī-drŏp´a-thist, not + hī´drō-păth-ist. + + =Hygiene=--hī´ji-ēne, not hī-geen´ nor hī´geen. + Worcester authorizes the first and last. + + + I. + + =Illustrate=--il-lŭs´trate, not ĭl´lus-trāte. + =Illustrated=, =illustrating=, =illustrative= and + =illustrator=, are likewise accented on the second syllable. + + =Imbroglio=--ĭm-brōl´yō, not ĭm-brŏl´yō. + Worcester says ĭm-brōl´ye-ō. + + =Immobile=--im-mŏb´ĭl, not ĭm-mō´bĭl nor + ĭm-mō´bīle. + + =Imperturbable=--im-per-tür´ba-ble, not + ĭm-per-tōō´ra-ble, nor ĭm-për´tu-ra-ble. Incapable + of being disturbed. + + =Implacable=--im-plā´ka-ble, not ĭm-plăk´a-ble. + + =Impotent=--im´po-tent, not ĭm-pō´tent. =Impotency= and + =impotence= are accented similarly. + + =Improvise=--im-pro-vīze´, not ĭm´pro-vīze. + + =Incognito=--in-kŏg´ni-tō, not in-cŏn´i-to nor + in-cŏg-nĭsh´ō. =Incog= is an authorized abbreviation. + =Incognita=, is a female in disguise. + + =Indiscretion=--ĭn-dis-krĕsh´un, not ĭn-dis-krē´shun. + + =Indissoluble=--in-dĭs´so-lu-ble, not + ĭn-dĭs-sŏl´u-ble. =Indissolubly=, etc. + + =Industry=--in´dus-try, not ĭn-dus´try. + + =Infinitesimal=--in-fin-i-tĕs´i-mal, not + ĭn-fĭn-tĕs´i-mal. + + =Ingenious=--ĭn-jēn´yŭs, means possessed of genius; + skillful, etc. + + =Ingenuous=--ĭn-jĕn´yu-us, means noble, open, frank, + generous, etc. + + =Inquiry=--in-kwī´ry, not ĭn´kwĭ-ry. + + =Inveigle=--ĭn-vē´gle, not ĭn-vā´gle. =Inveigler= + (in-vē´gler) and =inveiglement= (in-vē´gle-ment). + + =Irate= ī-rāte´, not ī´rāte. Worcester gives the + latter. + + =Irrational=--ir-răsh´un-al, not ĭr-rā´shun-al. + =Irrationally= (ĭr-răsh´un-al-ly), etc. + + =Irrecognizable=--ir-re-kŏg´ni-za-ble, not + ĭr-rĕk´og-nī-za-ble. + + =Irrelevant=, not _irrevelant_. Not applicable; not suited. + + =Isinglass= ī´zĭng-glass, is a kind of gelatine prepared + from the sounds or air-bladders of certain fish, and is used in + jellies, for clarifying liquors, etc.; while the transparent + substance, frequently called _isinglass_, which is used in the + doors of stoves and lanterns, is really _mica_, a mineral that + admits of being cleaved into thin plates. + + =Isolate=--ĭs´o-lāte, not ī´so-late. =Isolated= + (ĭs´o-lā-ted), etc. Worcester gives ĭz´o-lāte, etc. + + =Itch=--ĭtch, not ēch. + + + J. + + =Jamb=, not _jam_ is the spelling of the side-piece of a door, + window or fire-place. + + =Jaundice=--jän´dĭs, not _jan-ders_. + + =Jean=--jāne, not jeen. A twilled cotton cloth. Written also + =jane=. + + =Jew's-harp=--jūz´härp, not jūs´härp. + + =Jocund=--jŏk´und, not jō´kund. =Jocundity=, =jocundly=, + =jocundness=, have also the short o. + + =Jugular=--jū´gu-lar, not jŭg´u-lar. + + =Jujube=--jū´jūbe, not jū´jū-be. "Jujube paste." + + =Just=, not jĕst in such sentences as: "I have _just_ done + it;" "He has _just_ enough," etc. + + + K. + + =Knoll=--nōl, not nŏl. + + + L. + + =Lamm=, to beat, is not spelled lăm nor lămb. + + =Lapel=--la-pĕl´, not lăp´el. That part of a coat which + laps over the facing. + + =Lariat=--lăr´i-at, not lā´ri-at. A lasso. + + =Lay=. This word in the sense here considered is a transitive + verb, or one in which the action or state implied by the verb, + passes over to an object. The present tense is _lay_; the + imperfect tense and past participle are _laid_; and the present + participle _laying_. Requiring an object in each of the various + meanings attached to it, it is proper to say: "The hen _lays_ + an egg every day;" "The man _laid_ his load on the ground;" + "The rain has _laid_ the dust;" "The hunter is _laying_ a + snare." The verb _lie_ is an _intransitive_ verb and can have + _no object_ after it. The present tense is _lie_; the imperfect + tense is _lay_; the past participle is _lain_; the present + participle is _lying_. Having no objective case to which the + action or state passes over, it is correct to say: "Ohio _lies_ + north of Kentucky;" "The sick man _lay_ upon the bed + yesterday;" "He has _lain_ there helpless for weeks;" "The + goods I bought are _lying_ on my hands." Contrasting the + sentences under each verb it will be readily seen that Ohio + does not _lie_ Kentucky, but the hen _lays_ the egg; the + invalid did not _lay_ the bed like the man _laid_ his load; he + has not _lain_ anything, as the rain has _laid_ the dust; and + the goods are not _lying_ anything, as the hunter is _laying_ + the snare. If the foregoing differences have been carefully + observed, I imagine that it will always be easy to select the + proper word by remembering the following rules: + + 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + must pass over to an object, use _lay_, _laid_ and _laying_. + + 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + does not pass over to an object, use _lie_, _lay_, _lain_ + and _lying_. + + "He _laid_ upon the bed," then, is incorrect, for the verb has no + object. It should be: "He _lay_ upon the bed." But, "He _laid + himself_ upon the bed," would be correct, for there is an + objective case, _himself_, supplied. "Let these papers _lay_," + should be, "Let these papers _lie_." "The ship _lays_ at + anchor," should be, "The ship _lies_ at anchor." "The ship + _laid_ at anchor," should be, "The ship _lay_ at anchor." "They + have _laid_ in wait for you," should be, "They have _lain_ in + wait for you." "This trunk is _laying_ in our way," should be, + "This trunk is _lying_ in our way." Errors connected with the + use of these verbs are more common, probably, than any others + in our language, being detected in the conversation and + writings of many of the best educated people. Attention to the + above rules, and a few trial sentences in the different moods, + tenses, numbers and persons, ought to make the selection of the + proper word so simple, that persons should seldom make mistakes. + + =Learn.= _Learning_ is done by the scholar or student, and + _teaching_ by the instructor. "She will _learn_ me how to + play," should be, "She will _teach_ me how to play," etc. + + =Leasing=--leez´ing, not lēs´ing. An obsolete word meaning + falsehood; lying. "Thou shalt destroy them that speak + leasing."--_Bible._ + + =Leg.= Of late years there has become quite popular a prudish + notion that it is indelicate to say _leg_ when one of the limbs + that supports the human body is meant, _limb_ being preferred + instead. _Leg_ is certainly a less euphonious word than _limb_, + and if the latter had the same signification attached to it, + there would be no objection to its employment; but _limb_ means + _arm_ just as much as it does _leg_. There is nothing immodest in + the sound or meaning of the word _leg_; if there were, it would + be well to speak of the _limb_ of a table, a _limb_ of mutton, or + a three _limbed_ stool; and the mention of such words as _legacy_ + or _legate_ should cause the blush to rise to our cheeks. The + very use of the word _limb_ indicates what is passing in the mind + of the speaker--a thought of _leg_, an indelicate meaning + attached to it, and a fear to speak the word. The mind of the + listener is affected similarly and the result is that a + conversation intended to be perfectly pure, has a slight stain + left upon it. If we could pass through life without ever finding + it necessary to speak of our legs to strangers, there would be no + danger of compromising ourselves; but run-away and other + accidents are constantly occurring in which legs are broken or + otherwise injured. When a surgeon is called, if he is told that a + _limb_ is injured, he has one chance in four of guessing the + riddle. It is not always safe to trifle thus with some of the + serious, practical old followers of Esculapius. Before now they + have given such rebukes as to make people ashamed that they did + not say _leg_ in the first place; or they have left the bedside + abruptly with such a remark as: "When you find out whether it is + your arm or your leg, send for me again." If people will persist + in using _limb_ for _leg_, it is to be hoped that they will adopt + some adjective prefix to remove all ambiguity. How would + north-east, south-east, etc., do? Any one informed that the + _south-east limb_ was fractured, would know at once that it was + the _right leg_. + + =Legate=--lĕg´ate, not lē´gāte. + + =Legendary=--lĕj´end-a-ry, not lē´jĕnd-a-ry. + + =Leisure=--lē´zhur, not lĕzh´ur, nor lā´zhur. + =Leisurely= (lē´zhur-ly). + + =Length=, not lĕnth. Every letter is sounded, also, in + =lengthy=, =lengthen=, =lengthiness=, etc. + + =Lenient=--lē´ni-ent, not lĕn´i-ent. =Leniently= + (lē´ni-ent-ly), etc. + + =Lethe=--lē´the, not lēth; the _th_ is as in _both_. The + mythological and poetical name of a river of the infernal + region, the drinking of a portion of which caused forgetfulness + of the past. + + =Lethean=--lē-thē´an, not lē´the-an. + + =Let's.= It should be remembered that _let's_ is really _let us_, + the apostrophe denoting the elision of the u. Such expressions + then as: "let's us go," "let's him and me go," should he, "let + us go" (or let's go), and "let him and me go;" for who wishes + to say "let us us go," or "let us him and me go." + + =Leverage=--lĕv´er-aje, not lē´ver-aje. + + =Licorice=--lĭk´o-rĭs, not lĭk´er-ĭsh. + + =Lie.= See =Lay=. + + =Lien=--lē´en or lī´en, not _leen_. A charge upon property + for the satisfaction of a debt. + + =Lighted= is preferable to lĭt as the imperfect tense and past + participle of _light_. "He _lighted_ the gas," instead of, "He + _lit_ the gas." "I have _lighted_ the fire," instead of, "I + have _lit_ the fire." The same remarks apply to the imperfect + and participle of _light_ taken as an intransitive verb. "The + bird has _lighted_ upon the tree," instead of, "has _lit_ upon + the tree." _Lit_ is condemned as common. + + =Lithographer=--lĭ-thog´ra-pher, not lĭth´o-grăph-er, + nor lī-thŏg´ra-pher. =Lithography= + (lĭ-thŏg´ra-phy). + + =Loath=--lōth, not lŏth; the _th_ is as in _both_. + Reluctant. Written sometimes =loth=. The verb is =loathe=, with + the _th_ as in _breathe_. + + =Lyceum=--lī-sē´um, not lī´se-um. + + + M. + + =Machiavelian=--măk-i-a-vēl´ian, not măsh-i-a-vĕl´ian. + pertaining to Machiavel; politically cunning. + + =Mad.= In the sense of provoked, wrathful or indignant, _angry_ + is generally considered the more appropriate word. "_Mad as a + March hare_," is an indelicate term that should not be used on + account of its origin. + + =Madame=--mä-däm´, not măd´am. + + =Magna Charta=--magna kär´ta, not magna chär´ta. + + =Manes=--mā´nēz, not mānz. The souls of the dead. + + =Manor=--măn´or, not mā´nor. + + =Marigold=--măr´i-gold, not mā´ri-gold. + + =Matin=--măt´in, not mā´tin. + + =Matins=--măt´inz, not mā´tinz. + + =Mattress=--măt´tress, not ma-trăss´. Written also + =matress= and pronounced as the first. + + =Meaw=--mū, not meyow. To cry like a cat. + + =Mediocre=--me´di-ō-ker, not mē-di-ō´ker, nor + mē-di-ŏk´er. + + =Melange=--mā-lŏngzh´, not me-lănj´. + + =Melanotype=--me-lăn´o-type, not me-lān´o-type. + + =Melodrama=--mĕl-o-drā´ma, not mĕl-o-drăm´a, nor + mĕl-o-drä´ma. + + =Memoir=--mĕm´wor or mēm´wor, according to Webster; + Worcester gives mē-moir´ or mĕm´wär. + + =Mesdames=--mā-däm´, not mĕz-dāmes´. + + =Metallurgy=--mĕt´al-lur-jy, not me-tăl´lur-jy. + + =Metaphor.= The failure to distinguish between metaphors and + similes, is a very common mistake. In a metaphor the + resemblance is implied without any words to show the + similarity; as soon as the latter are added it becomes a + simile. "Hope is an anchor," and "Judah is a lion's whelp" are + metaphors. "Hope is _like_ an anchor," and "Judah is _like_ a + lion's whelp" are similes. + + =Metrical=--mĕt´rik-al, not mē´trik-al. + + =Mezzo=--mĕd´zō or mĕt´zō, not mĕz´zō. An + Italian word meaning middle; not extreme. =Mezzo-soprano= + (mĕd´zo-so-prä´no); between contralto and soprano; said of + the voice of a female singer. =Mezzotinto=, etc. + + =Microscope=--mī´kro-scope, not mĭk´ro-scope. =Microscopic= + (mī-kro-scŏp´ic). =Microscopy= (mī-kros´co-py). + + =Mien=--meen, not māne. + + =Mineralogy=--min-er-al´o-jy, not min-er-ŏl´o-jy. + + =Minuet=--mĭn´ū-et, not mĭn-ū-ĕt´. A dance. + + =Mischievous=--mĭs´che-vŭs, not mĭs-chē´vŭs, nor + mis-chē´ve-us. =Mischievously= and =mischievousness= are + also accented on the first syllable. + + =Modulate.= This word is often used incorrectly instead of + _moderate_ in such sentences as: "_Modulate_ your voice," when + it is meant to command or request that the tone be _moderated_ + or lowered. _Modulate_ means to vary or inflect in a musical + manner, and although the word might often be used with + propriety in such sentences as the above, yet it is not always + what is _meant_ by the speaker. A person's voice may be + perfectly _modulated_ and yet the tone may be so high that it + is desirable, upon certain occasions, to have it _moderated_. + + =Moire=--mwôr, not mōre nor mō´re. =Moire antique= (mwor + ăn-tēk´). + + =Molasses.= It may seem incredible to those who have never heard + the error I am about to mention, that such a ridiculous blunder + could occur. I should hardly have believed it myself, if I had + only heard _of_ it; but I was once in a portion of the country + where all the people for miles around spoke of molasses as if + it were a plural noun, and I frequently heard such remarks as + the following: "_These_ molasses are very good; _they_ are the + best I have seen for some time." I once began to remonstrate + with one of the champions of the plurality of the treacle, and + insisted that he should say, "_this_ molasses" and, "_it_ is + good," etc.; but it was of no avail. He insisted that the word + was analogous to _ashes_, and if one was plural so was the + other. There was no good dictionary or other reliable authority + in the neighborhood, as might be imagined from what has been + said, so they were left happy in their ignorance. + + =Monad=--mŏn´ad, not mō´nad. An ultimate atom. + + =Monogram=--mŏn´o-gram, not mō´no-gram. + + =Monograph=--mŏn´o-graph, not mō´no-graph. + + =Monomania=--mŏn-o-mā´nia, not mō-no-mā´nia. + =Monomaniac= (mŏn-o-mā´ni-ac). + + =Moor=--mōōr, not mōre. An extensive waste; a heath. + _Moor_, the name of a native of North Africa, is similarly + pronounced. + + =Morale=--mo-räl´, not mŏr´āle nor mō-răl´. + + =Mountainous=--mount´ain-ous, not moun-tā´ni-oŭs. + + =Multiplication=--mŭl-ti-pli-cā´tion, not + mŭl-ti-pi-cā´tion. + + =Murrain=--mŭr´rĭn, not mŭr´rāne. A disease among + cattle. + + =Museum=--mu-zē´um, not mū´ze-um. + + =Mushroom=, not _mush-roon_. + + =Musk-melon=, not _mush-melon_; but anything before + _mush-million_. + + =Mussulmans=, not _musselmen_, is the plural of =Mussulman=. + + =Mythology=--mĭ-thŏl´o-jy, not mī-thŏl´o-jy. + + + N. + + =Naiad=--nā´yad, not nā´ĭd nor nā´ăd. A water nymph. + + =Nainsook=--nān-sōōk´, not năn-sōōk´. A kind of + muslin. + + =Naive=--nä´ēv, not nāve nor näve. Natural; artless. + + =Naivete=--nä´ēv-tā, not nā-vēte´ nor nā-vē´ta. + + =Nape=--nāp, not năp. The back part of the neck. + + =Nasal=--nā´zal, not nā´sal nor năs´al. + + =Nasturtium= or =Nasturtion=, not _asturtion_. + + =Negligee=--nĕg-li-zhā´, not nĕg-li-jē´, nor + nĕg´li-zhā. + + =Newspaper=--nūz´pā-per, not nūs´pā-per. + + =Niche=--nĭch, not nĭck, when a concave recess in a wall + for an ornament is meant. If a piece is chopped roughly out of + anything, it is a _nick_. _Nick_ of time, not _niche_ of time, + when a critical moment is meant; but in figurative language + there is no doubt that the phrase "niche of time," may be + appropriately used. A great event may be said to stand in a + _niche of time_ as an example for coming ages. + + =Nomad=--nŏm´ad, not nō´-mad. One of a wandering tribe. + Written =nomade= (nŏm´ade) also. + + =Nomenclature=--no-men-clā´ture, not nō´men-clātūre. + + =Nominative=, not _nom-a-tive_. + + =Nonillion=--nō-nĭll´ion, not nŏn-ĭll´ion. + + =Nook=--nōōk, as given by Webster. Worcester sanctions both + nōōk and nŏŏk. + + =Notable=--nŏt´a-ble, not nō´ta-ble, when it is applied to + a person distinguished for thrift, management, care, etc.; as a + _notable housekeeper_. + + =Nymphean=--nĭm-fē´an, not nĭmf´e-an. Relating to nymphs. + + + O. + + =Obesity=--o-bĕs´i-ty, not o-bē´si-ty. + + =Obligatory=--ŏb´li-ga-to-ry, not ŏb-lĭg´a-to-ry. + + =Often=--ŏf´n, not ŏf´tĕn. + + =Omega=--o-mē´ga or o-mĕg´a, not ŏm´e-ga. Worcester + allows the first only. + + =Onerous=--ŏn´er-ous, not ō´ner-oŭs. + + =Only=--ōn´ly, not ŭn´ly. + + =Onyx=--ō´nyx, not ŏn´yx. + + =Opal=--ō´-pal, not ō-păl´ nor ō-pawl´. + + =Opponent=--op-pō´nent, not ŏp´po-nent. + + =Ordnance=, not _ordinance_, when cannon, artillery, etc., are + intended. _Ordinance_ is a rule established by authority. + + =Orgeat=--ôr´zhat or ôr´zhā, not ôr´je-at. Worcester gives + ôr´zhat. + + =Orthoepy=--ôr´tho-e-py, not ôr-thō´e-py. + + =Orthoepist=--ôr´tho-e-pist, not ôr-thō´e-pist. + + =Overflowed=, not _overflown_. + + + P. + + =Palaver=--pa-lä´ver, not pa-lăv´er. + + =Pall-mall=--pĕl-mĕl´, not pawl-mawl´. The name of a game + formerly played in England; and the name of a street in London. + Written also _pail-mail_ and _pell-mell_, both pronounced as + above. Pell-mell used as an adverb means mixed together in a + disorderly manner; but one person can not rush _pell-mell_. + + =Papaw=--pa-paw´, not pŏp´paw as commonly called. Written also + =pawpaw=. + + =Papyrus=--pa-pī´rus, not păp´i-rŭs. A material used for + writing upon by the ancients, made from the inner bark of a + plant. + + =Parent=--pâr´ent, not pā´rent. + + =Parisian=--pa-rĭz´ian, not pa-rĭsh´ian nor pa-rĭss´ian. + Worcester gives pa-rĭzh´i-an. + + =Paroquet=--păr´o-quet, not păr-o-kĕt´. + + =Parquet=--pär-kā´ or pär-kĕt´. Worcester allows pär-kā´ + only. + + =Parquette=--pär-ket´, not pär-kā´. + + =Partner=, not _pardner_. + + =Partridge=, not _pattrij_. + + =Patent.= The _adjective_ is pronounced either păt´ent or + pā´tent. When used as a verb or a noun it is pronounced + păt´ent. + + =Patois=--păt-wŏ´, not păt´wŏ nor păt-waw´. + + =Patriot=--pā´tri-ot, not păt´ri-ot. =Patriotic=, + =patriotism=, etc., have also the long a. Worcester gives the + same with the exception of _patriotic_, which he pronounces + both pā´tri-ot-ic and păt´ri-ot-ic. + + =Patron=--pā´tron, not păt´ron. =Patroness= and + =patronless= have also the long a. + + =Patronize=--păt´ron-īze, not pā´tron-īze. + + =Patronage=--păt´ron-aje, not pā´tron-aje. + + =Pease=, not _peas_, when an uncounted quantity is referred to, + as: a bushel of _pease_, a plateful of _pease_, some more + _pease_, etc. _Peas_ when a certain number is mentioned, as: a + dozen _peas_, fifty _peas_, etc. + + =Pedal=--pĕd´al, not pē´dal, when that portion of a piano + or harp that is acted upon by the feet, is meant. Pē´dal is + an adjective, and means pertaining to the above, or to a foot. + + =Perfect.= I have selected this as the representative of a class + of adjectives that, strictly speaking, do not admit of + comparison. I have noticed, invariably, that those who appear + to be so anxious to correct the error of giving degrees of + comparison to a few stereotyped words of this class, such as + _round_, _square_, _universal_, _chief_, _extreme_, etc., are + singularly remiss in calling attention to a great many other + mistakes of the same kind that are equally prominent. Amongst + the latter may be mentioned the comparison of _correct_, + _complete_, _even_, _level_, _straight_, etc. It will be + admitted that if anything is _perfect_ it can not be _more_ so; + and as soon as it is _less_ so it fails to be _perfect_ at all. + So, if anything is _correct_ it is perfectly free from error; + it can not be made _more_ correct, and if its correctness is + detracted from, it is not quite correct any longer. A + _straight_ line is one that does not vary from a perfectly + _direct_ course in the slightest degree; it can not be + _straighter_ and if it could be _less_ straight, it would be + _curved_. It is ridiculous for any one to insist upon a + national reformation of a few such errors, and suffer a hundred + others just like them to exist without remonstrance. Either + _nearer_ and _nearest_, _more nearly_, and _most nearly_, and + the like, should be substituted for the degrees of comparison + and used with all such words; or people should treat them as + all other adjectives, just as the best writers and speakers + have always done. The former course is the more desirable; the + latter is certainly the more probable. + + =Perfidious=--per-fĭd´i-ous, not pĕr´fĭd-oŭs. + Worcester allows per-fĭd´yŭs in addition to the first. + + =Peony=--pē´o-ny) =Pæony= (pē´o-ny) or =Piony= (pī´o-ny) + not pī´ny as often called. A flower. + + =Perambulate=, not _preambulate_. + + =Period=--pē´ri-od, not pĕr´i-od. =Periodic=, =Periodical=, + etc., have also the long e. + + =Perspire=, not _prespire_. + + =Perspiration=, not _prespiration_. + + =Persuade.= This word carries with it the idea of success in + one's endeavors to convince or induce. "I _persuaded_ him for a + long time, but he would not grant my request," should be, "I + _tried_ to _persuade_ him," etc. + + =Petrel=--pĕt´rel, not pē´trel. A bird. Worcester allows + the latter also. + + =Phaeton=--phā´et-on, not phā'te-on. A vehicle. + + =Pharmaceutist=--fär-ma-sū´tĭst, not fär-mā-kū´tist + nor fär-mā´kū-tist. + + =Pharmacopœia=--fär-ma-co-pē´ya, not fär-mā-cō´pi-a. + + =Piano=--pi-ä´no, not pī-ăn´o. Worcester allows + pĭ-ăn´o. + + =Piano-forte=--pĭ-ä´no-fōr´tā, not + pī-ăn´o-fōrt. Worcester sanctions + pĭ-ä´no-fōr´te, pĭ-ăn´o-fôr-te, and remarks in + parenthesis, _often_ pe-ăn´o-fōrt; but the last + pronunciation is evidently not preferred. + + =Pilaster=--pĭ-lăs´ter, not pĭl´as-ter. A square pillar + set into a wall and projecting slightly. + + =Piquant=--pĭk´ant, not pĭk´wănt nor pēk´wănt. + =Piquantly= (pĭk´ant-ly), etc. + + =Placard=--pla-kärd´, not plăk´ard. + + =Placid=--plăs´id, not plā´sid. =Placidly= and =placidness= + have also the short a. + + =Plait=--plāt, not plăt nor plēt. A braid; or to braid. + =Plat= (plăt) is a proper word, however, having the same + meanings, but the difference in pronunciation must be observed, + when the spelling is as above. =Plait=, meaning a fold of + cloth, as in a shirt bosom, is also pronounced plāt. How + common an error it is to speak of the _pleets_ when alluding + to such folds. + + =Platina=--plăt´i-na or pla-tē´na, not pla-tī´na nor + pla-tĭn´a. Worcester allows plăt´i-na only. + + =Platinum=--plăt´i-num or pla-tī´num, not pla-tē´num nor + pla-tĭn´um. Worcester gives plăt´i-num only. + + =Plebeian=--ple-bē´ian, not plē´bi-an. Ple-bŏn´, as some + pronounce it, is outrageous, neither French, English, nor + Hottentot. + + =Plenary=--plē´na-ry, not plĕn´a-ry. Full; entire. + Worcester gives both methods. + + =Poetaster=--pō´et-ăs-ter, not pō´et-tāst-er. A petty + poet. + + =Poniard=--pŏn´yard, not poin´yard. + + =Posthumous=--pŏst´hu-mous, not pōst´hu-moŭs nor + pŏst-ū´moŭs. =Posthumously= (pŏst´hu-mous-ly). + + =Potable=--pō´ta-ble, not pŏt´a-ble. Drinkable. + + =Potheen=--po-theen´, not pŏt-teen´. When spelled =potteen=, + however, as it may be correctly, the latter pronunciation is + proper. + + =Prairie=--prā´ry, not per-rā´ry. + + =Prebendary=--prĕb´end-a-ry, not prē´bend-a-ry. A clergyman + of a collegiate or cathedral church, who enjoys a prebend. + + =Prebend=--prĕb´end, not prē´bend. A stipend. + + =Precedence=--pre-sē´dence, not prĕs´e-dence. =Precedency= + and =precedently=, have the second syllable accented also. + + =Precedent=--pre-sē´dent, not prĕs´e-dent. An adjective + meaning antecedent. + + =Precedent=--prĕs´e-dent, not pre-sē´dent nor + prē´se-dent. A noun meaning an example or preceding + circumstance. =Precedented= and =unprecedented= have also the + short e. + + =Precocious=--pre-kō´shus, not pre-kŏsh´ŭs. + =Precociously= and =precociousness= have also the long o. + + =Predatory=--prĕd´a-to-ry, not prē´da-tory. Plundering; + pillaging. + + =Predecessor=--prĕd-e-cĕs´sor, not prē-de-cĕs´sor. + + =Preface=--prĕf´ace, not prē´face. =Prefatory= + (prĕf´a-to-ry). + + =Prejudice=, not _predudice_. + + =Prelate=--prĕl´ate, not prē´-late. + + =Presage=, not _prestige_, when something is meant that foreshows + a future event; an omen. "This is a _presage_ of victory." + + =Prescription=, not _perscription_. + + =Prestige=, not _presage_, when it is meant that some one carries + weight or influence from past deeds or successes. "The + _prestige_ of the hero's name was half the battle." + + =Presentiment=--pre-sent´i-ment, not pre-zent´i-ment. + + =Pretty=--prĭt´ty, not prĕ´ty. =Prettily= (prĭt´ti-ly), + etc. + + =Preventive=, not _preventative_. + + =Primeval=--prī-mē´val, not prĭm´e-val. + + =Process=--prŏs´ess, not prō´sess. + + =Prodigy=, not _projidy_. + + =Produce=--prŏd´uce, not prō´dūce. The noun; the verb is + pro-dūce´. + + =Product=--prŏd´uct, not prō´duct. + + =Progress=--prŏg´ress, not pro´gress. Noun; the verb is + pro-gress´. + + =Prosody=--prŏs´o-dy, not prō´so-dy nor prŏz´o-dy. + + =Protean=--prō´te-an, not pro-tē´an. Assuming different + shapes. + + =Protege= (Fr. protégé)--prō-tā-zhā´, not + prō´tēje. One under the care of another. =Protegee= (Fr. + protégée)--prō-tā-zhā´, feminine. + + =Psalm=--säm, not săm. =Psalmist= (säm´ist). Worcester gives + săm´ist also for the latter word. + + =Psalmody=--săl´mo-dy, not säm´o-dy nor săm-o-dy. + + =Psychical=--sī´kĭk-al, not sĭk´ĭk-al nor + fĭz´ĭk-al, as it is sometimes thoughtlessly pronounced in + reading. Pertaining to the human soul. + + =Pumpkin=, not _punkin_. _Pumpkin_ itself is a corruption of + _pumpion_ or _pompion_, but is the word that is now generally + used. + + =Purulent=--pū´ru-lent, not pŭr´u-lent. Containing pus or + matter. =Purulence= and =purulency= have also the long u in the + first syllable. + + =Put=--pŏŏt, not pŭt. This anomalous pronunciation is + hard for some to adopt, the natural tendency being to sound the + _u_ as it is in a host of other words consisting of two + consonants with a short u between them, as: bun, but, cut, dug, + fun, gun, hut, nut, etc. + + =Pyrites=--pī-rī´tez, not pe-rī´tez, pĭr´i-tez nor + pī´rītez. + + + Q. + + =Qualm=--kwäm, not kwăm. Worcester allows kwawm also. + + =Quay=--kē, not kwā. + + =Querulous=, means complaining, whining, etc., and not + _questioning_. + + =Quinine=--kwī´nīne or kwĭ-nīne´, not kwi-neen´. + Worcester gives kwĭ-nīne´ or kwĭn´īne. + + =Quoit=--kwoit, not kwāte. + + =Quoth=--kwōth or kwŭth, not kwŏth. + + + R. + + =Rabies=--rā´bi-ēz, not răb´ēz. Madness, as that of + dogs. + + =Radish=--răd´ish, not rĕd-ish. + + =Raillery=--răl´ler-y, not rāl´ler-y. Slight ridicule; + pleasantry. + + =Raise=--=Rise.= _Raise_ is a transitive verb, or one in which + the action passes over to an object. Present tense, _raise_; + imperfect tense and past participle, _raised_; present + participle, _raising_. _Rise_ is an intransitive verb, the + action not passing over to an object. Present tense, _rise_; + imperfect tense, _rose_; past participle, _risen_; present + participle, _rising_. Errors in the use of these words ought to + be avoided by remembering the following rules: + + 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + passes over to an object, use _raise_, _raised_, and + _raising_. + + 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + does not pass over to an object, use _rise_, _rose_, + _risen_, _rising_. To avoid further repetition in the method + I have adopted to impress upon the mind the difference + between transitive and intransitive verbs by contrasted + sentences, I would refer the reader to the remarks under + =Lay=. "I will _raise_ in the morning at five," should be, + "I will _rise_," etc. "I will _raise_ the _window_," etc., + is correct, for the action passes to or affects the window. + "I will _raise myself_ if I have the strength" is correct, + because an object, _myself_, is furnished. "The price of + flour is _raising_," should be, "The price of flour is + _rising_;" but it is right to say, "The merchants are + _raising_ the price of flour." "Gold has _raised_ in value," + should be, "Gold has _risen_ in value." "The price of bonds + _raised_ in less than an hour," should be, "The price of + bonds _rose_," etc. "The sun is _raising_," should be, "The + sun is _rising_." "The sun is _raising_ the temperature," is + proper. The pulse has _risen_, but excitement has _raised_ + it. The river has _risen_ in its bed and has _raised_ the + canal. Birds _rise_ in the air. _Arise_ can often be + appropriately substituted for _rise_. + + =Rampant=--răm´pant, not ram-pant´. + + =Rapine=--răp´ĭn, not răp´een nor rā-peen´. + + =Raspberry=--răz´ber-ry, not răss´ber-ry nor rawz´ber-ry. + Worcester gives raz´ber-ry and räs´ber-ry. + + =Rational=--răsh´un-al, not rā-shun-al. =Rationalist= + (răsh´un-al-ĭst), etc. + + =Recess=--re-cĕss´, not rē´cĕss. + + =Recherche= (Fr. recherché)--rŭh-shêr-shā´, not re-shersh´. + Worcester gives rā-sher-shā´. + + =Recluse=--re-kluse´, not re-kluze´. + + =Reconnoissance=--re-cŏn´noĭs-sänçe, not rek-on-nois´sançe. + Worcester gives re-cŏn´noĭs-sänçe´. =Reconnaissance= is + another method of spelling. + + =Recriminations=, not _mutual recriminations_; the word itself + tells of the _mutuality_. + + =Redolent=--rĕd´o-lent, not redō´lent. Diffusing odor or + fragrance. + + =Relevant=, not _revelant_. Pertinent; applicable. + + =Relic=, not _relict_, when that which remains, a corpse, or + anything preserved in remembrance, is meant. =Relict= means a + widow. + + =Rendezvous=--rĕn´de-vōō, not rŏn´de-vōō nor + rĕn´de-vōōz. Worcester gives rĕn´de-vōō and + rĕn´de-vōōz. The plural is =rendezvouses= + (rĕn´de-vōōz-ez). + + =Requiem=--rē´kwi-em, not rĕk´wĭ-em. Worcester gives + both pronunciations. + + =Resume= (Fr. résumé)--rā-zū-mā´, not re-zūme´ nor + re-zū´mā. Worcester gives rez-u-mā´. + + =Reticule=, not _ridicule_, when a little bag of net-work is meant. + + =Reveille=--re-vāl´yā, not rev-a-lē´. Worcester gives + the first and re-vāl´. + + =Ribald=--rĭb´ald, not rī´bald. Low; obscene. =Ribaldry= + (rĭb´ald-ry). + + =Rinse=--rĭnss, not rĕnse nor wrĕnch. "_Wrench_ your + mouth," said an uneducated dentist to a patient after _wrenching_ + out a large molar. "Thank you," replied the patient. "_You_ have + done that, but I'll _rinse_ it, if you please." + + =Ripples=, not _riffles_. + + =Romance=--ro-manss´, not rō´manss. + + =Roseate=--rō´ze-at, not rōz´āte. Worcester gives + rō´zhe-at also. + + =Roue= (Fr. roué)--rōō-ā´, not rōō. Worcester + gives rōō´ā. + + + S. + + =Sacerdotal=--săs-er-dō´tal, not sā-ser-dō´tal, + sā-ker-dō´tal nor săk-er-dō´tal. + + =Sacrament=--săk´ra-ment, not sā´kra-ment. =Sacramental= + (săk´ra-ment-al), etc. + + =Sacrifice=--săk´rĭ-fīz, not săk´rĭ-fĭs nor + săk´rĭ-fīse. Verb and noun the same. =Sacrificing= + (săk´rĭ-fī-zĭng), etc. + + =Sacristan=--săk´rist-an, not sā´krist-an nor + sā-krĭs´tan. =Sacristy= (săk´rist-y). + + =Salam=--sa-läm´, not sa-lăm´. Written =salaam= also, and + pronounced similarly. + + =Saline=--sa-līne´ or sā´līne, not sā-lēēn´. + Worcester gives sa-līne´ only. + + =Salve=--säv, not săv. Worcester gives sälv also. + + =Samaritan=--sa-măr´i-tan, not sa-mā´ri-tan. + + =Sanitary=, not _sanatory_, when _pertaining_ to health is meant. + =Sanatory= is more restricted in its application, and means + healing; curative. + + =Saracen=--săr´a-sen, not săr´a-ken. + + =Sarsaparilla=--sär-sa-pa-rĭl´la, not săs-sa-pa-rĭl´la, + nor sär-sa-fa-rĭl´la. + + =Satyr=--sā´tur, according to Webster. Worcester gives + săt´ir also. + + =Saucy=--saw´sy, not _sassy_. + + =Said.= _Said_ (sĕd), not says (sĕz), in speaking of past + remarks. Many of the most cultivated people are guilty of this + vulgarism. "'I will call to see you soon,' _sez_ he." "'I will + be glad to see you at any time,' _sez_ I." Where the details of + a long conversation are given the frequent repetition of _sez_, + or even _said_, is very grating to the refined ear. The use of + _asked_, _inquired_, _remarked_, _suggested_, _answered_, + _replied_, etc., instead, has a pleasing effect upon narrative + or anecdote. It is preferable, also, to give the _exact words_ + of the speaker after _said_, etc., as: "When he had finished + reading the letter, he said: 'I will attend to the business the + first leisure moment I have.'" When the word _that_ follows the + _said_, the substance only of the remark may be given, as "He + said that he would attend to the business the first leisure + moment he had." Whichever form is used in narrative, it is not + at all harmonious to give the _exact words_ of one speaker and + only the substance of the remarks of another, at least without + regard to regularity in alternation. + + =Schism=--sĭzm, not skĭsm. + + =Seckel=, not sĭck-el. A kind of pear. + + =See.= It is not uncommon to meet with people that incorrectly + use _see_ in the imperfect tense, as: "I _see_ him yesterday," + instead of, "I _saw_ him yesterday." See is never used in any + tense but the present, without an auxiliary, as did, shall, etc. + + =Seignior=--sēn´yur, not sān´yor. + + =Seine=--sēn, not sān. A net for catching fish. + + =Senile=--sē´nīle, not sĕn´īle. Pertaining to old age. + + =Separate=, not _seperate_. The loss of the a is not noticed in + the pronunciation, but the mistake frequently occurs in writing + this word as it does in the words =inseparable=, + =inseparableness=, =separation=, etc. + + =Servile=--sër´vĭl, not sër´vīle. + + =Set.= Noun. There are many who incorrectly use _sett_ in writing + of a _set_ of dishes, a _set_ of chess-men, a _set_ of teeth, + or of some other collection of things of the same kind. A + =sett= is a piece placed upon the head of a pile for striking + upon, when the pile can not be reached by the weight or hammer. + + =Set=--=Sit.= Blunders in the use of these words are amongst the + most common we have. _Set_, as we shall first consider it, is a + transitive verb, or one in which the action passes over to an + object. Present tense, _set_; imperfect tense and past + participle, _set_; present participle, _setting_. _Sit_ is an + intransitive verb, or one which has no object after it. Present + tense, _sit_; imperfect tense and past participle, _sat_; + present participle, _sitting_. + + To avoid repetition as much as possible, I would refer any one to + whom the explanation here given is not perfectly clear, to the + rules and remarks under =Lay= and =Raise=, which are equally + applicable here. "Will you _set_ on this chair?" should be, "Will + you _sit_ on this chair?" "Will you _set_ this _chair_ in the + other room?" is correct. "I _set_ for my picture yesterday," + should be, "I _sat_," etc. "This hat _sets_ well," should be, + "This hat _sits_ well." "Court _sets_ next month," should be, + "Court _sits_ next month." "The hen has been _setting_ for a + week," should be, "The hen has been _sitting_," etc. "As cross as + a _setting_ hen," should be, "As cross as a _sitting_ hen." But a + person may _set_ a hen; that is, place her in position on eggs. + One _sits_ up in a chair, but he _sets_ up a post. One _sits_ + down on the ground, but he _sets_ down figures. _Set_ is also an + intransitive verb and has special meanings attached to it as + such, but they may be readily understood by a little study of + the dictionary, and no confusion need arise. The sun _sets_. + Plaster of Paris _sets_. A setter dog _sets_. One _sets_ out on a + journey. _Sit_ may also be used in two senses as a transitive + verb, as: "The general _sits_ his horse well," and "The woman + _sat_ herself down." + + =Sew=--sō, not sū. + + =Shampoo=, not _shampoon_. =Shampooing.= Written also =champoo=. + + =Shekel=--shĕk´el, not shē´kel. + + =Shumac=--shū´mak, not shū-mak´. Written also =sumac= and + =sumach=, both accented on the first syllable. + + =Sick= _of_, not sick _with_, as sick _of_ a fever. + + =Sienna=--si-ĕn´na, not _senna_, when paint is meant. =Senna= + is a plant used as medicine. + + =Simultaneous=--sī-mul-tā´ne-ous, not + sĭm´ul-tā´ne-oŭs. =Simultaneously= + (sī-mul-tā´ne-ous-ly), etc. + + =Since=, not _sence_. + + =Sinecure=--sī´ne-cure, not sĭn´e-cure. An office which + yields revenue without labor. + + =Sit.= See =Sat=. + + =Slake=--slāke, not slăk, when the word is spelled as + given, as: _slaked_ lime, to _slake_ one's thirst, etc. If + spelled =slack=, the ordinary pronunciation is right. + + =Slough=--slow, not slōō nor slō. A mudhole. Written + =sloo= (slōō) also. + + =Slough=--slŭf, not as above. The cast skin of a serpent. Dead + flesh which separates from the living. The verb expressing this + action is pronounced the same. + + =Sobriquet=--so-bri-kā´, not written _soubriquet_. Worcester + pronounces it sŏb´rē-kā´. + + =Soften=--sŏf´fn, not sawf´ten. + + =Sonnet=--sŏn´net, not sŭn´net. + + =Soot=--sōōt or sŏŏt, not sŭt. + + =Soporific=--sŏp-o-rĭf´ik, not sō-por-ĭf´ik. + + =Sotto voce=--sŏt´tō vō´chā, not sŏt´to vōs´ + nor sŏt´tō vō´sē. + + =Souse=--souss, not sowze. To plunge into water. + + =Spasmodic=, not _spasmotic_. + + =Spectacles=--spĕk´ta-kls, not spĕk´tĭk´els. + + =Spermaceti=--sperm-a-sē´tĭ, not sperm-a-çĭt´y. + + =Spider=, not _spiter_. + + =Splenetic=--splĕn´e-tic, not sple-nĕt´ic. Fretful; + peevish. + + =Spoliation=--spō-li-ā´tion, not spoil-a´tion. + + =Spurious=--spū´ri-ous, not spŭr´i-oŭs. =Spuriously= + (spū´ri-ous-ly), etc. + + =Statical=--stăt´i-cal, not stā´ti-cal. Pertaining to + bodies at rest. + + =Stationery=, not _stationary_, when paper, envelopes, ink, etc., + are meant. + + =Statue=, not _statute_, when a carved image is meant. + + =Statute=, not _statue_, when a law or decree is meant. + + =Stearine=--stē´a-rĭn, not stĕr´ĭn. + + =Stereoscope= (stē´re-o-scope), =Stereotype= + (stē´re-o-type), etc., according to Webster; and + stĕr´e-o-scope, stĕr´-e-o-type, etc., according to + Worcester. + + =Stolid=--stŏl´id, not stō´lid. Stupid; dull. + + =Stratum=--strā´tum, not străt´um. =Strata= (strā´ta), + the Latin plural is used much more than the English =stratums=. + Errors like "a _strata_ of gravel," are also not infrequently + heard. + + =Strategic=--stra-tē´jik, not străt´e-jĭk. =Strategical= + (stra-tē´ji-cal) and =strategist= (străt´e-jist). + Worcester gives stra-tĕj´ic and stra-tĕj´i-cal. + + =Strum= or =Thrum= should be used, and not _drum_, when the noisy + and unskillful fingering of a musical instrument is meant. + + =Stupendous=--stu-pen´dŭs, not stu-pĕn´jŭs nor + stu-pĕn´de-us. + + =Suavity=--swăv´ĭ-ty, not swäv´ĭ-ty nor suăv´i-ty. + + =Subtraction=, not _substraction_, when the act of deducting is + meant. =Substraction= is a law term meaning the withholding of + some right, for which, however, the word _subtraction_ is also + used. =Subtract=, not _substract_. + + =Subtile=--sŭb´tĭl, not sŭt´tle. + + =Subtle=--sŭt´tle, not sŭb´tle. + + =Suffice=--sŭf-fīz´, not sŭf-fīs´. + + =Suicidal=--sū-i-sī´dal, not sū-ĭs´i-dal. Worcester + placed the principal accent on the first syllable. + + =Suite=--sweet, not sūte. When the word =suit= is used, + however, the latter pronunciation is correct. + + =Sulphurous=--sŭl´phur-ŭs, not sul-phū´rŭs nor + sŭl-phū´re-us. =Sulphureous= is another word. + + =Summoned=, not _summonsed_. + + =Supersede=, =superseded=, =superseding=. Observe the s in the + penultimate. It is a common error to write _supercede_, etc. + + =Supposititious=--sup-pos-i-tĭ´shus, not sup-po-sĭ´shus. + Put by a trick in the place of another, as, a _supposititious_ + child, a _supposititious_ record. + + =Surtout=--sŭr-tōōt´, not sŭr-towt´ nor + sŭr´tōōt. + + =Swath=--swawth, not swawthe. Worcester gives swŏth. The sweep + of the scythe in mowing. + + + T. + + =Tabernacle=--tăb´er-na-cle, not tăb´er-năk´cle. + + =Tapestry=--tăp´es-try, not tā´pĕs-try. + + =Tarlatan=--tär´la-tan, not tärl´tun. =Tartan= is a different + material. + + =Tarpaulin=--tär-paw´lin, not tär-pō´lin. Written also + =tarpauling= and =tarpawling=. + + =Tartaric=--tar-tăr´ic, not tar-tär´ic. Pertaining to or + obtained from tartar, as _tartaric_ acid. + + =Tassel=--tăs´sel, not taw´sel. Worcester gives tŏs´sl also. + + =Tatterdemalion=--tăt-ter-de-măl´ion, not + tăt-ter-de-māl´ion. + + =Telegraphy=--te-lĕg´ra-phy, not tĕl´e-grăph-y. + + =Telegraphist=--te-lĕg´ra-phist, not tel´e-grăph-ist. A + telegraphic operator. No such word as _telegrapher_ is given. + + =Terpsichorean=--terp-sĭk-o-rē´an, not terp-si-kō´re-an. + Relating to =Terpsichore= (terp-sik´o-re), the muse who + presided over dancing. + + =Tete-a-tete=--tāt-ä-tāt´, not teet-ä-teet. + + =Theatre= or =theater=--thē´a-ter, not the-ā´ter. + + =Threshold=--thrĕsh´ōld, not thrĕz´ōld nor + thrĕz´hold. Worcester gives thrĕsh´hold. + + =Thyme=--tīm, not as spelled. + + =Tic-douloureux=--tĭk´dōō-lōō-rōō´, not + -dŏl-o-rōō´ nor -dō-lō-rōō´. + + =Tiny=--tī´ny, not tee´ny nor tĭn´y. + + =Tolu=--to-lū´, not tū´lū. + + =Tomato=--to-mā´to or to-mä´to, not to-măt´o. + + =Topographic=--tŏp-o-graph´ic, not tō-po-grăph´ic. + =Topographical= and =topographically= have also the short o in + the first syllable. + + =Tour=--tōōr, not towr. + + =Tournament=--tür´na-ment according to Webster. Worcester gives + tōōr´na-ment also. + + =Toward= and =towards=--tō´-ward and tō´wardz, not to-ward´ + and to-wardz´. + + =Tragacanth=--trăg´a-kănth, not trăj´a-sĭnth nor + trăg´a-sănth. A gum used for mucilage. + + =Traverse=--trăv´erse, not tra-verse´. =Traversable=, + =traversing= and =traversed= have also the accent on the first + syllable. + + =Tremendous=--tre-mĕn´dŭs, not tre-mĕn´de-ŭs nor + tre-mĕn´jŭs. + + =Trilobite=--trī´lo-bīte, not trĭl´o-bīte nor + trŏl´lo-bīte, as it is often called. + + =Troche=--trō´kee, not trōsh, trō´she, trōke nor + trŏtch. Plural, =troches= (trō´keez). A lozenge composed + of sugar, mucilage and medicine, as: _bronchial troches_. + =Trochee=--trō´kee, is a foot in poetry. + + =Truculent=--trū´ku-lent, not trŭk´u-lent. + + =Truths=--truths, not truthz, is the plural of =truth=. + + =Tryst=--trĭst, not trīst. An appointment to meet. + =Tryster= (trĭst´er), =trysting= (trĭst´ing). + + =Turbine=--tür´bĭn, not tür´-bīne. A kind of water wheel. + + + U. + + =Umbrella=--um-brĕl´la, not um-ber-rĕl´ nor + um-ber-rĕl´la. + + =Upas=--ū´păs, not ū´paw nor ū´pawz. + + =Usurp=--yū-zurp´, not yū-surp´. =Usurper= (yū-zurp´er), + etc. + + + V. + + =Vagary=--va-gā´ry, not vā´-ga-ry. + + =Valenciennes=--va-lĕn´si-ĕnz´, not văl-ĕn-seenz´. A + French lace. + + =Valleys=, not _vallies_, is the plural of =valley=. + + =Vamos= (vä´mōs), or =vamose= (va-mōse´), not vam-moos´. To + depart. (Inelegant.) + + =Vase=, according to Webster; vāse or vāze, according to + Worcester. The pronunciations väz and vawz are alluded to but + not recommended. + + =Vehemence=--vē´he-mence, not ve-hē´mence nor + ve-hĕm´ence. =Vehemently= and =vehement= have also the + accent on the first syllable. + + =Vermicelli=---vër-me-chĕl-lĭ or vër-me-sĕl´lĭ, not + vêr-me-sĭl´ly. Worcester sanctions the first method only. + + =Veterinary=--vĕt´er-ĭn-a-ry, not ve-tĕr´in-a-ry. + + =Vicar=--vĭk´ar, not vī´kar. =Vicarage= and =vicarship= + have also the short i in the first syllable. + + =Violent= (vī´o-lent), =violence= (vī´o-lence), =violet= + (vī´o-let), =violin= (vī-o-lĭn´), etc., not + voi´o-lent, voi´o-lence, voi´o-let, voi-o-lin´, etc. + + =Viscount=--vī´kount, not vĭs´kount. =Viscountess= + (vī´kountess), etc. + + =Visor=--vĭz´or, not vī´zor. + + + W. + + =Wake=, etc. _Wake_ is both a transitive and an intransitive + verb. Present tense, _wake_; imperfect and past participle, + _waked_; present participle, _waking_. _Awake_ is also both + transitive and intransitive. Present, _awake_; imperfect, + _awoke_ or _awaked_; participles, _awaked_ and _awaking_. + _Awaken_ is another verb, both transitive and intransitive. + Present, _awaken_; imperfect and past participle, _awakened_; + present participle, _awakening_. Thus it is seen that we have a + great many words to express the fact of _being_ in a conscious + state, and the arousing of a person who is asleep. With a + little attention there is no reason for committing an error in + the use of these words. One may say that he _waked_, _awoke_, + or _awakened_ early in the morning, but it is wrong to say that + he _woke_ in the morning, or that he _woke_ another; for there + is no such word as _woke_. "I _wakened_ at five o'clock," + should be, "I _awakened_ at five o'clock;" for there is no such + word as _wakened_. _Up_ is used only with _wake_, _waked_ and + _waking_, but even then it is one of our most senseless + superfluities. There is no stronger meaning in the assertion + that a man was _waked up_, than that he was _waked_ or + _awakened_. If _waking up_ meant to _wake_ and make _get up_, + it would be different, but it does not. One may be _waked up_ + and it is just as likely that he will go to sleep again as if + he were simply _awakened_. _Awake_ and _awaken_ are more + elegant words than _wake_. + + =Wassail=--wŏs´sĭl, not wăs´sĭl. A festive occasion, + carousal, the song sung at such a time, etc. The verb and the + adjective are spelled and pronounced similarly. + + =Water=--waw´ter, not wŏt´er. + + =Welsh=, not _Welch_. The latter word is seldom used. =Welshman=, + etc. + + =Whinny=, not _winny_, when the cry of a horse is spoken of. + + =Whisk=, not _whist_, when a small hand-broom is meant. =Wisp=, + however, is a proper word, meaning the same thing. + + =Whiting= is preferable to _whitening_. + + =Widow.= It is not necessary to say _widow woman_; no one will + suspect her of being a man. + + =Wrestle=--rĕs´l, not răs´sl. + + + Y. + + =Yacht=--yŏt, not yăt. =Yachting= (yŏt´ing), etc. + + =Yeast=--yēst, not ēst. + + =Yellow=--yĕl´lō, not yăl´lō. + + + Z. + + =Zoology=--zo-ŏl´o-jy, not zōō-ŏl´o-jy. =Zoological= + (zo-o-lŏj´i-cal), etc. + + + + +SCRIPTURAL, MYTHOLOGICAL AND OTHER PROPER NAMES. + + +In the vocabulary just completed, it has been the design to point out +the majority of errors occurring in the pronunciation of the words +usually selected by people of fair or excellent education to carry on +ordinary English discourse. In the portion of the work now under +consideration, nothing like such thoroughness is contemplated. + +After a moment's reflection, it will appear to any one, that to +mention the thousands upon thousands of proper names, the erroneous +pronunciation of which is rather to be expected than the correct, +would require an elaborate volume. Every one who has striven to become +a fine orthoepist has longed for the ability to comprehend the +pronunciation of that myriad of names, any one of which is apt to +confront him in any book or paper he may chance to pick up. But to +become a proficient in this respect would require years of study and a +knowledge of the principles of many foreign languages. + +Amongst geographical names, for example, who but the specially +instructed would think of pronouncing correctly _Goes_ (Hŏŏce), +_Gelves_ (Hĕl´vĕs) or _Jalapa_ (Hä-lä´pä); or amongst +biographical names, _Gaj_ (gī), _Geel_ (Hāl) or _Geijer_ +(gī'er). + +It is fortunate for the reputation of those who bear the name of being +good scholars, that errors in the pronunciation of most proper names +are excusable, which is not the case with the mistakes that have +before been laid down. But there are some proper names, of such +constant occurrence in daily lectures, reading and conversation, that +errors connected with them are not to be overlooked. It is the +intention here, simply to call attention to the more common of these, +and to lead the reader to appreciate the fact that if one depends upon +the usual power of the English letters to gain a correct pronunciation +of proper names, he will be more often led astray than otherwise. + +The Authorities consulted are the best--Webster, Worcester, +Lippincott's Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and +Mythology and Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World. + + + + +SCRIPTURAL NAMES. + + + =Abednego=--a-bĕd´ne-gō, not ăb-ĕd-nē´go. + + =Abiathar=--a-bī´a-thar, not ab-i-ā´thar. + + =Adonibezek=--a-dŏn-i-bē´zĕk, not a-dŏn´i-be-zek. + + =Adonijah=--ad-o-nī´jah, not a-dŏn´i-jah. + + =Agee=--ăg´e-ē, not ā´jē. + + =Ahasuerus=--a-hăs-u-ē´rus, not a-haz-u-ĕr´us. + + =Aijalon=--ăj´a-lon, not ā´ja-lon. + + =Akrabattine=--ăk-ra-băt-tī´ne, not + ăk-ra-băt´i-ne. + + =Alpheus=--ăl-phē´us, not ăl´phe-us. + + =Amasai=--a-măs´a-ī, not ăm-a-sā´ī. + + =Andronicus=--an-dron-ī´cus, not an-drŏn´i-cus. + + =Antiochia=--an-ti-o-kī´a, not an-ti-ō´kia. + + =Ararat=--ăr´a-răt, not ā´ra-răt. + + =Arimathea=--ăr´i-ma-thē´a, not ăr-i-mā´the-a. + + =Aristobulus=--ăr-is-to-bū´lus, not ar-is-tŏb´u-lus. + + =Aroer=--ăr´o-er, not a-rō´er. + + =Aroerite=--ăr´o-er-īte, not a-rō´er-ĭte. + + =Asarael=--a-săr´a-el, not az-a-rā´el. + + =Asmodeus=--az-mo-dē´us, not az-mō´de-us. + + =Beelzebub=--be-ĕl´ze-bub, not bĕl´ze-bub. + + =Belial=--bē´li-al, not be-lī´al. + + =Bethhaccerem=--bĕth-hăk´se-rem, not beth-hăs´se-rem. + + =Bethphage=--bĕth´pha-jē, not bĕth´phāje. + + =Bethuel=--be-thū´el, not bĕth´u-el. + + =Cainan=--ka-ī´nan, not kā´nan. + + =Cherub= (a city)--kē´rub, not chĕr´ub. + + =Chittim=--kĭt´tim, not chĭt´tim. + + =Chloe=--klō´e, not klō. + + =Crates=--krā´tēz, not krātz. + + =Cyprians=--sĭp´ri-anz, not sī´pri-anz. + + =Delilah=--dĕl´i-lah, not de-lī´lah. + + =Ecbatana=--ek-băt´a-na, not ek-ba-tā´na. + + =Eloi=--e-lō´ī not ē´loi. + + =Esther=--ĕs´ter, not ĕs´ther. + + =Eumenes=--ū´me-nēz, not ū-mē´nēz. + + =Gennesaret=--gĕn-nĕs´a-rĕt, not jĕn-nĕs´a-ret. + + =Gerar=--geĕ´rar, not jē´rar. + + =Idumea=--ĭd-u-mē´a, not ī-du-mē´a. + + =Iturea=--ĭt-u-rē´a, not ī-tu-rē´a. + + =Jacubus=--ja-kū´bus, not jăk´u-bus. + + =Jadau=--ja-dā´u, not jăd´a-u. + + =Jairus= (Old Test.)--jā´i-rus. + + =Jairus= (New Test.)--jā-ī´rus. + + =Jearim=--jē´a-rĭm, not je-ā´rim. + + =Jeiel=--je-ī´el, not jē´el nor jī´el. + + =Jephthae=--jĕph´tha-ē, not jĕph´tha. + + =Jeshohaiah=--jĕsh-o-ha-ī´ah, not jĕsh-o-hā´yah. + + =Keilah=--kē´lah, not kī´lah nor ke-ī´lah. + + =Kolaiah=--kŏl-a-ī´ah, not kŏl-ā´yah. + + =Labana=--lăb´a-na, not la-bā´na. + + =Lebanah=--lĕb´a-nah, not le-bā´nah. + + =Magdalene=--măg-da-lē´ne, not măg´da-lēne. + + =Mahalath=--mā´ha-lath, not ma-hā´lath. + + =Mardocheus=--mar-do-kē´us, not mar-dō´ke-us. + + =Matthias=--măth-thī´as, not măth´thi-as. + + =Meremoth=--mĕr´e-moth, not me-rē´moth. + + =Meshach=--mē´shăk, not mĕsh´ak. + + =Methuselah=--me-thū´se-lah, not mĕth-ū´ze-lah. + + =Moosias=--mo-o-sī´as, not mō´si-as. + + =Nebuchadnezzar=--nĕb´u-kăd-nez´zar, not + ne-bŭk´kad-nez´zar. + + =Orthosias=--ôr-tho-sī´as, not ôr-thō´si-as. + + =Othonias=--ŏth-o-nī´as, not ŏth-ō´ni-as. + + =Oziel=--ō´zi-el, not ō-zī´el. + + =Penuel=--pe-nū´el, not pĕn´ū-el. + + =Perseus=--për´sūs, not për´se-us. + + =Pethuel=--pe-thū´el, not pĕth´u-el. + + =Phanuel=--pha-nū´el, not phăn´u-el. + + =Pharaoh=--phā´rō or phā´ra-ō, not phăr´ō nor + phăr´a-ō. + + =Philippi=--phĭ-lĭp´pi, not phĭl´lip-pi. + + =Philistine=--phĭ-lĭs´tĭn, not phĭl´ĭs-tīne. + + =Pontius=--pŏn´shĭ-us, not pŏn´ti-us. + + =Raguel=--ra-gū´el, not răg´u-el. + + =Sabachthani=--sā-băk-thā´nī, not + sa-băk´tha-nī. + + =Sathrabuzanes=--săth-ra-bu-zā´nēz, not + săth-răb´u-zānz. + + =Shabbethai=--shăb-bĕth´a-ī, not + shăb-bĕth-ā´ī + + =Shadrach=--shā´drăk, not shăd´răk. + + =Shemiramoth=--she-mĭr´a-moth, not shĕm-i-rā´moth. + + =Shemuel=--she-mū´el, not shĕm´ū-el. + + =Sinai=--sī´ā, not sī´nā-ī. + + =Zaccheus=--zak-kē´us, not zăk´ke-us. + + =Zerubbabel=--zē-rŭb´ba-bel, not ze-rub-bā´bel. + + =Zipporah=--zĭp-pō´rah, not zĭp´po-rah. + + + + +GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES--MYTHOLOGICAL, ETC. + + + =Actæon=--ăk-tē´on, not ăk´te-on. + + =Adonis=--a-dō´nis, not a-dŏn´is. + + =Alcides=--ăl-sī´dēz, not ăl´si-dēz. + + =Amphion=--ăm-phī´on, not ăm´phi-on. + + =Amphitrite=--ăm-phi-trī´te, not ăm´phi-trīte nor + am-phĭt´ri-te. + + =Anabasis=--a-năb´a-sis, not an-a-bā´sis. + + =Antiope=--ăn-tī´o-pe, not ăn´ti-ōpe nor + ăn-ti-ō´pe. + + =Anubis=--a-nū´bis, not ăn´u-bis. + + =Arion=--a-rī´on, not ā´ri-on. + + =Aristides=--ar-is-tī´dēz, not ar-ĭs´ti-dēz. + + =Aristogiton=--a-ris-to-jī´ton, not ar-is-tŏj´i-ton. + + =Belides= (singular, masculine)--bĕ-lī´dēz. + + =Belides= (plural, female descendants of + Belus)--bĕl´-i-dēz. + + =Bellerophon=--bel-lĕr´o-phon, not bel-ler-ō´phon. + + =Cæculus=--sĕk´u-lus, not sē´ku-lus. + + =Calliope=--kal-lī´o-pe, not kal-li-ō´pe nor + kăl´li-ōpe. + + =Caucasus=--kaw´ka-sus, not kaw-kā´sus. + + =Charon=--kā´ron, not chā´ron nor chăr´on. + + =Chæronea=--ker-o-nē´a, not cher-o-nē´a. + + =Chimera=--ke-mē´ra, not kĭm´er-a nor chī-mĕr´a. + + =Codrus=--kō´drus, not kŏd´rus. + + =Corcyra=--kor-sī´ra, not kor´si-ra. + + =Coriolanus=--ko-ri-o-lā´nus, not kor-i-ŏl´a-nus. + + =Crete=--krē´te, not kreet. + + =Cyclades=--sĭk´la-dēz, not sī´kla-dēz. + + =Cyclops=--sī´klops, not sĭk´lops. + + =Cyclopes=--sī´klo-pēz, not sī´klōps. + + =Cyrene=--sī-rē´ne, not sĭ-rēne´. + + =Cyzicus=--sĭz´i-kus, not sĭ-zī´kus. + + =Danaides=--da-nā´ĭ-dez, not da-nī´dez. + + =Darius=--da-rī´us, not dā´ri-us. + + =Deianira=--de-ī-an-ī´ra, not de-yan-ī´ra. + + =Diodorus=--dī-o-dō´rus, not dī-ŏd´o-rus. + + =Diomedes=--dī-o-mē´dēz, not dī-ŏm´e-dēz. + + =Dodonæus=--do-do-nē´us, not do-dō´ne-us. + + =Echo=--ē´ko, not ĕk´ko. + + =Endymion=--en-dĭm´i-on, not en-dī´mi-on. + + =Epirus=--e-pī´rus, not ĕp´i-rus. + + =Erato=--ĕr´a-to, not e-rā´to. + + =Eumenes=--ū´me-nēz, not ū-mē´nēz. + + =Euripus=--ū-rī´pus, not ū´ri-pus. + + =Eurydice=--ū-rĭd´i-se, not ū´ri-dīce´ nor + ū-ri-dī´se. + + =Ganymedes=--gan-ĭ-mē´dēz, not gan-ĭ-mēdz´. + + =Geryon=--jē´rĭ-on, not je-rī´on. + + =Halcyone=--hăl-sī´o-ne, not hăl´si-ōne nor + hal-si-ō´ne. + + =Hebe=--hē´be, not hēb´. + + =Hecate=--hĕk´a-te or hĕk´at, not hē´kāte. + + =Hecuba=--hĕk´u-ba, not he-kū´ba. + + =Helena=--hēl´en-a, not he-lē´na. + + =Hermione=---hĕr-mī´o-ne, not hĕr´mi-ōne nor + hĕr-mi-ō´ne. + + =Herodotus=--he-rŏd´o-tus, not her-o-dō´tus. + + =Hiero=--hī´er-o, not hī-ē´ro. + + =Hippocrene=--hip-po-krē´ne, not hip-pŏk´re-ne. + + =Hippodromus=--hip-pŏd´ro-mus, not hip-po-drō´mus. + + =Icarus=--ĭk´a-rus, not īk-ā´-rus. + + =Iolaus=--ī-o-lā´us, not ī-ō´la-us. + + =Iphiclus=--ĭph´i-klus, not ĭph-ī´klus. + + =Iphigenia=--ĭph-i-je-nī´a, not ĭph-i-jē´ni-a. + + =Irene=--ī-rē´ne, not ī-rēne´. + + =Ithome=--i-thō´me, not īth´o-me. + + =Lachesis=--lăk´e-sis, not la-kĕ´sis. + + =Laocoon=--la-ŏk´o-on,not lā-o-kōōn´. + + =Lethe=--lē´the, not lēth. + + =Leucothoe=--lū-kŏth´o-e, not lū-kō´tho-e nor + lū-ko-thō´e. + + =Libitina=--lĭb-i-tī´na, not li-bĭt´i-na. + + =Lycaon=--lī-kā´on, not lĭk´a-on. + + =Lyceus=--lī-sē´us, not lĭs´e-us. + + =Meleager=--mē-le-ā´ger, not me-le-ā´jer nor + me-lē´a-jer. + + =Meroe=--mĕr´o-e, not me-rō´e. + + =Mitylene=--mĭt-ĭ-lē´ne, not mĭt´i-lēne. + + =Myrmidones=--myr-mĭd´o-nēz, not myr´mĭ-dōnz nor + myr-mĭ-dō´nēz. + + =Naiades=--nā-ī´a-dēz, not nā´a-dēz. + + =Nemesis=--nĕm´e-sis, not ne-mē´sis. + + =Nereides=--ne-rē´i-dēz, not nēr´yi-dēz. + + =Nereus=--nē´rūs, not ne-rē´us. + + =Nicæa=--ni-sē´a, not nĭs´e-a. + + =Nundina=--nŭn´di-na, not nun-dī´na. + + =Oceanus=--o-sē´a-nus, not o-se-ā´nus. + + =Ocypete=--o-sĭp´e-te, not o-si-pē´te. + + =Œdipus=--ĕd´i-pus, not ē´di-pus nor e-dī´pus. + + =Opigena=--o-pĭj´e-na, not op-i-jē´na. + + =Orion=--o-rī´on, not ō´ri-on. + + =Pactolus=--pak-tō´lus, not păk´to-lus. + + =Palæmon=--pa-lē´mon, not păl´e-mon. + + =Parrhasius=--par-rā´she-us, not par-răs´i-us. + + =Pasiphae=--pa-sĭph´a-e, not păs-i-phā´e. + + =Pegasus=--pĕg´a-sus, not pe-gā´sus. + + =Penelope=--pe-nĕl´o-pe, not pĕn´e-lōpe. + + =Phlegethon=--phlĕj´e-thon, not phlĕg´e-thon. + + =Pleiades=--plē´ya-dĕz not plē´yădz. + + =Polyphemus=--pol-y-phē´mus, not po-lĭph´e-mus. + + =Priapus=--prī-ā´pus, not prī´a-pus. + + =Proserpine=--prŏs´er-pīne, not pro-sĕr´pi-ne. + + =Rhode=--rō´de, not rōde. + + =Sarapis=--sa-rā´pis, not săr´a-pis. + + =Sardanapalus=--sar-da-na-pā´lus, not sar-dan-ăp´a-lus. + + =Semiramis=--se-mĭr´a-mis, not sĕm-i-rā´mis. + + =Tereus=--tē´re-us, not te-rē´us. + + =Terpsichore=--terp-sīk´o-re, not tĕrp´si-kōre. + + =Thebæ=--thē´be, not thēbe. + + =Theodamas=--the-ŏd´a-mas, not the-o-dā´mas. + + =Theodamus=--the-o-dā´mus, not the-ŏd´a-mus. + + =Theodotus=--the-ŏd´o-tus, not the-o-dō´tus. + + =Theodorus=--the-o-dō´rus, not the-ŏd´o-rus. + + =Thessalonica=--thes-sa-lo-nī´ka, not thes-sa-lŏn´i-ka. + + =Thrace=--thrā´se, not thrāse. + + + + +MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. + + + =Adam.= As an English name is pronounced ăd´am; as French, + ä-dóng´, as German, ä´däm. + + =Annesley=--ănz´le, not ăn´nes-le. + + =Arundel=--ăr´ŭn-dĕl, not a-rŭn´dĕl. + + =Bacciochi=--bät-chō´kee, not băk-ki-ō´kee. + + =Beatrice=--bā-ä-tree´chā or bē´a-treess, not + be-ăt´rĭs. + + =Beethoven=--bā´tō-ven, not beet´hō-ven. + + =Belvedere=--bĕl-vā-dā´rā, not bĕl-ve-dēre´. + + =Beranger= (Fr. Béranger)--bā-rŏng-zhā´, not + bĕr´an-jer. + + =Blucher=--blōō´ker, not blū´cher. + + =Boccaccio=--bo-kät´cho, not bŏk-kăs´i-o. + + =Boleyn=--bŏŏl´ĭn, not bō´lĭn nor bō-lĭn´. + + =Boniface=--bŏn´e-fass or Fr. bo-ne-fäss´, not bŏn´e-face. + + =Boucicault= or =Bourcicault=--bōō-se-kō´ or + bōōr-se-kō´, not bōō´se-kawlt. + + =Bozzaris=--bŏt´zä-rĭs, not boz-zăr´is, as generally + called. + + =Brown-Sequard= (Fr. Séquard)--brown-sā-kärr´, not see-kward´. + + =Buchanan=--bŭk-ăn´an, not bū-kăn´an. + + =Bull, Ole=--ō´lĕh bŏŏl, not ōl´ bŏŏl. + + =Buonaparte=--bōō-o-nä-pärr´tā, not bō´na-pärt; the + latter is the allowed English pronunciation when spelled + =Bonaparte=. + + =Bysshe=--bĭsh, not bĭsh´she. + + =Cecil=--sĕs´ĭl or sĭs´ĭl, not sē´sĭl. + + =Cenci=--chĕn´chee, not sĕn´see. + + =Chevalier=--sheh-vä-le-ā´, not shev-a-leer´. + + =Crichton=--krī´ton, not krĭk´ton. + + =D'Aubigne= (Fr. D'Aubigné)--dō-bēn-yā´, not daw-been´. + + =Daubigny=--dō-bēn-yē´, not daw-bē´ny. + + =Disraeli=--dĭz-rā´el-e, not dĭz´rel-ee. + + =Drouyn de Lhuys=--drōō-ăng´ deh lwee´. + + =Gillot=--zhē-yō´, not jĭl´lot nor jĭl-lō´. + + =Giovanni=--jo-vän´nee, not je-o-văn´nee. + + =Goethe=--pronounced much like gür´teh, leaving out the r; not + gŏth nor gōth. + + =Hemans=--hĕm´anz, not hē´manz. + + =Ingelow=--ĭn´je-lō, not ĭng´e-lō. + + =Ivan=--e-vän´, not ī´van. + + =Juarez=--jōō-ä´rĕz or Hōō-ä´rĕth, not + jaw´rĕz. + + =Lancelot=--lŏngss-lō´, not lăn´se-lŏt. + + =Lavater=--lä´vä-ter or lä-vä-tair´, not lăv´a-ter. + + =Macleod=--măk-lowd´, not mak-lē´od. + + =Marat=--mä-rä´, not ma-răt´. + + =Marion=--măr´i-on, not mā´ri-on. + + =Medici=--mĕd´e-chee or mā´de-chee, not mĕd´i-see nor + me-dē´see. + + =Minie= (Fr. Minié)--me-ne-ā´, not mĭn´ne. + + =Montague=--mŏn´ta-gū, not mŏn´tāg. + + =Moultrie=--mōō´tre, not mōl´tre. + + =Muhlbach=--(Ger. Mühlbach). The u in the first syllable of this + word is very difficult for those to pronounce who are not + German or French, and can not be well represented in English; + but there is no need of coming so far from the mark as is + generally done, especially in the last syllable. It is not + mūl´băk nor mēl´băk; meul´bäk is nearer correct. + + =Mundt=--mŏŏnt, not mŭnt. + + =Neumann=--noi´män, not nū´man. + + =Ovid=--ŏv´ĭd, not ō´vid [Ovidius]. + + =Paganini=--pä-gä-nee´nee, not păj-a-nĭn´ĭ. + + =Pepin=--pĕp´ĭn or pĭp´ĭn, not pē´pĭn. French + pronunciation peh-păng´. + + =Piccolomini=--pēk-ko-lŏm´e-nee, not pĭk-ko-lo-mee´nee. + + =Pliny=--plĭn´y, not plī´ny [Plinius]. + + =Ponce de Leon=--pōn´chā dā lā-ōn´, not ponss de + lē´on. + + =Rachel=--rä-shĕl´, not rā´chel as the English name. When a + German name it is pronounced räk´el. + + =Richelieu=--rēsh´e-lōō, not rĭch´e-lōō. + + =Rochefort=--rosh-for´, not roch´fort. + + =Rothschild=--ros´chīld or rōt´shĭlt, not + rŏth´chīld. + + =Stael=--stäl, stawl or stä-ĕl´, not stāle. + + =Strauss=--strowss, not strawss. + + =Taliaferro=--tŏl´i-vĕr, not tăl-i-fĕr´ro. + + =Thiers=--te-air´, not theers. + + + + +MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. + + + =Abomey=--ăb-o-mā´, not a-bŏm´ey nor a-bō´mey. + + =Acapulco=--ä-kä-pōōl´ko, not ăk-a-pŭl´ko. + + =Adriatic=--ăd-ri-ăt´ĭk, not ā-drĭ-ăt´ĭk. + + =Afghanistan=--äf-gän-is-tän´, not ăf-găn-ĭs´tăn. + + =Agulhas=--ä-gōōl´yäs, not a-gŭl´hăs. + + =Aix-la-Chapelle=--ākz-lä-shä-pĕl´, not + ā-lä-shă-pĕl´. + + =Alsace=--äl-säss´, not ăl´sās. + + =Altai=--äl-tī´, not äl´tā nor äl´tī. + + =Amherst=--ăm´erst, not ăm´herst. + + =Amoor=--ä-mōōr´, not ăm´ōōr nor ā´mōre. + + =Antilles=--ŏng-teel´, not ăn´-teelz. + + =Araguay=--ä-rä-gwī´, not ăr´a-gwā. + + =Aral=--ăr´al, not ā´ral. + + =Arkansas=--är-kăn´sas, not är´kan-saw nor är-kăn-zaz. + + =Asia=--ā´she-a, not ā´zhe-a. + + =Bantam= (Java)--bän-täm´, not băn´tam. + + =Barbados= or =Barbadoes=--bar-bā´dōz, not bär´ba-dōz. + =Barbados=, a river of Brazil, is pronounced bar-bä´doce. + + =Bayou=--bī´ōō or bī´ō, not bā´ū. + + =Belfast=--bĕl-făst´, not bĕl´făst. + + =Beloochistan=--bĕl-oo-chĭs-tän´, not + bĕl-oo-chĭs´tan. + + =Bingen=--bĭng´en, not bĭn´jen. + + =Bombay=--bŏm-bā´, not bŏm´bā. + + =Bremen= (Germany)--brĕm´en or brā´men, not brē´men. + =Bremen= (U. S.)--brē´men. + + =Buena Vista=--bwā´nä vees´tä or bō´na vĭs´ta, not + bū´na vĭs´ta. + + =Buenos Ayres=--bō´nos ā´riz or bō´nos airz, not + bū´nos ārz; Spanish pronunciation, bwā´noce + ī´rĕs. + + =Cairo= (Italy and Egypt)--kī´ro, not kā´ro. =Cairo= (U. + S.)--kā´ro. + + =Calais=--kăl´ĭs or kä-lā´, not ka-lās´. + + =Canton= (China)--kan-tŏn´, not kăn´ton. =Canton= (U. + S.)--kăn´ton. + + =Cape Girardeau=--jee-rär-dō´, not jee-rär´dō. + + =Caribbean= or =Carribbean=--kăr-ĭb-bē´an, not + ka-rĭb´be-an. + + =Cashmere=--käsh-meer´, not kăsh´mere. + + =Cayenne=--kī-ĕn´ or kā-yĕn´, not kā-ĕn´. + + =Cheyenne=--she-ĕn´, not shī-ĕn´ nor chā-ĕn´. + + =Chili=--chĭl´lee, not shē´lee. + + =Christiania=--krĭs-te-ä´ne-ä, not krĭs-te-ā´ne-a nor + krĭs-te-ăn´a. + + =Chuquisaca=--chōō-ke-sä´kä, not chōō-kwĭs´a-kä. + + =Cincinnati=--sin-sin-nah´tĭ, not sin-sin-năt´ta. + + =Cochin China=--kō´chin chī´na, not kŏch´in chī´na. + + =Delhi= (India)--dĕl´lee, not dĕl´hī. =Delhi= (U. + S.)--dĕl´hī. + + =Dubuque=--dū-bōōk´, not dū-būk´. + + =Fezzan=--fĕz-zän´, not fĕz´zan nor fĕz-zăn´. + + =Freiburg=--frī´bŏŏrg, not frē´burg. + + =Genoa=--jĕn´o-a, not je-nō´a. + + =Gloucester=--glos´ter, not as spelled. =Gloucestershire= + (glos´ter-shir). + + =Greenwich= (England)--grĭn´ĭdge, not as spelled. + =Greenwich= (U. S.)--green´ĭch. + + =Havre de Grace=--hăv´er de grass, not hā´ver de grās´. + French pronunciation, hä´v'r deh gräss or ä´v'r deh gräss´. + + =Iowa=--ī´o-wa, not ī-ō´wa nor ī´o-wā. + + =Java= (Island)--jä´va, not jăv´a nor jā´va. =Java= (U. + S.)--jā´va. + + =Jeddo= (Japan)--yĕd´do, not jĕd´do. =Jeddo= (U. + S.)--jĕd´do. + + =Juniata=--jōō-ne-ah´ta, not jōō-ne-ĕt´a. + + =Kankakee=--kan-kaw´kee, not kang-ka-kee´. + + =Ladoga=--lä´do-gä, not la-dō´ga. + + =Lausanne= (Switzerland)--lō-zän´, not law-san´. =Lausanne= + (Pennsylvania)--law-săn´. + + =Leicester=--lĕs´ter, not as spelled. =Leicestershire= + (lĕs´ter-shir). + + =Leipsic= (Saxony)--līp´sĭk, not leep´sĭk. =Leipsic= (U. + S.)--leep´sĭk. + + =Madrid= (Spain)--mä-drĭd´, not măd´rĭd; Spanish + pronunciation, mä-DreeD´--almost maTH-reeTH´. =Madrid= (U. + S.)--măd´rid. + + =Mauch Chunk=--mawk chŭnk´, not mawch shunk´. + + =Milan=--mĭl´an, not mī´lan. + + =Modena= (Italy)--mŏd´en-a, not mo-dē´na. =Modena= (U. + S.)--mo-dē´na. + + =Nantes=--năntz, not năn´tez; French pronunciation, + nŏngt. + + =Neufchatel=--nush-ä-tĕl´, not nōōf´chăt-el. + + =Newfoundland=--nū´fond-land´, not nu-found´land. + + =Norwich= (England)--nŏr´rĭj, not nŏr´wich. =Norwich= + (U. S.)--nŏr´wich or nŏr´rich. + + =Otaheite=--ō-tä-hee´te, not ō-ta-heet´. + + =Panama=--pän-a-mä´, not păn´a-maw. + + =Persia=--per´she-a, not per´zhe-a. + + =Pesth=--pĕst, not pesth; Hungarian pronunciation, pĕsht. + + =Piqua=--pĭk´wa, not pĭk´wā. + + =Pompeii=--pŏm-pā´yee, not pŏm´pe-ī. + + =Popocatapetl=--po-po-kä-tā-pĕtl´, not + po-po-kăt-a-pē´tel. + + =Poughkeepsie=--po-kĭp´see, not po-keep´see. + + =Quebec=--kwe-bĕk´, not kwē´bek. + + =Queretaro=--kā-rā-tä´ro, not kwer-e-tā´ro. + + =Sahara=--sä-hä´rä or sä´ha-rä, not sā-hā´ra nor + sa-hăr´a. + + =San Diego=--sän-de-ā´go, not săn-dī-ē´go. + + =Sangamon=--săng´ga-mon, not săng-găm´on. + + =San Joaquin=--sän-Ho-ä-keen´, not săn´jō´a-kwĭn. + + =Shang-Hai=--shang-hī´, not shăng´-hā nor + shăng´-hī. + + =Siam=--sī-am´ or se-am´, not sī´am. + + =Sumatra=--sōō-mä´tra, not sōō-mā´tra nor + sōō-măt´ra. + + =Swabia=--swā´bi-a, not swaw´be-a. + + =Taliaferro=--tŏl´e-ver, not tăl-ĭ-a-fĕr´ro. + + =Toulouse=--tōō-lōōz´, not tōō-lōōss´. + + =Truxillo=--trōō-Heel´yo, not trŭx-ĭl´lo. + + =Tyrol=--tĭr´ol or te-rŏl´, not tī´rol. + + =Ulster= (Germany)--ŏŏl´ster, not ŭl´ster. =Ulster= + (Ireland and U. S.)--ŭl´ster. + + =Valenciennes=--vä-long-se-ĕnn´, not va-lĕn-se-ĕnz´. + + =Valparaiso= (Chili)--väl-pä-rī´so, not văl-pa-rā´zo. + =Valparaiso= (U. S.)--văl-pa-rā´zo. + + =Venezuela=--ven-ez-wee´la or vā-nĕth-wā´lä, not + ven-ez-ōō-ē´la. + + =Vevay=--ve-vā´, not vē´vā. + + =Vosges=--vōzh, not vŏs´jez. + + =Worcester=--wŏŏs´ter, not as spelled. =Worcestershire= + (wŏŏs´ter-shir). + + =Wyandot= or =Wyandotte=--wī-an-dott´, not wī´an-dŏt. + + =Wyoming=--wī-ō´ming, not wī´o-ming. + + =Yang-tse-kiang=--yäng-tse-ke-äng´, not yang´ste-kī´ăng. + + =Yo Semite=--yō-sem´e-te, not yō´se-mīte. + + =Zanzibar=--zän-ze-bär´, not zăn´ze-bär. + + + + +ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. + + + =Ada=--ā´da, not ăd´a. + + =Agnes=--ăg´nēz, not ăg´ness. + + =Alphonso=--al-phon´so, not al-phŏn´zo. + + =Artemas=--är´te-mas, not är-tē´mas. + + =Augustine=--aw-gŭs´tĭn, not aw´gŭs-teen. + + =Basil=--băz´il, not bā´sil nor băs´il. + + =Bernard=--bër´nard, not bër-nard´. + =Bernard= (French)--be<sc>R</sc>-na<sc>R</sc>´. + + =Cecily=--sĕs´i-ly, not sē´si-ly. + + =Chloe=--klō´e, not klō. + + =Darius=--da-rī´us, not dā´ri-us. + + =Deborah=--dĕb´o-rah, not de-bō´rah. + + =Eben=--ĕb´en, not ē´ben. + + =Eleanor=--ĕl´e-a-nor, not ĕl´en-or. + + =Esther=--ĕs´ter, not ĕs´ther. + + =Eva=--ē´va, not ĕv´a. + + =Frances=--frăn´sez, not frăn´sess nor frăn´sĭs. + + =Giles=--jīlz, not gīlz. + + =Hosea=--ho-zē´a, not hō´se-a. + + =Ivan=--ĭv´an, not ī´van. =Ivan= (Russian)--e-vän´. + + =Irene=--ī-rē´ne, not ī-reen´. + + =Jacqueline=--jăq´ue-lĭn, not jăk´a-līne. + + =Joan=--jō-ăn´, not jō´an. + + =Joshua=--jŏsh´u-a, not jŏsh´a-wā. + + =Leopold=--lē´o-pōld, not lĕp´ōld. =Leopold= + (German)--lā-o-pōlt. + + =Lionel=--li´o-nel, not lī-ō´nel. + + =Louisa=--lōō-ē´za, not lōō-ī´za. + + =Marion=--măr´i-on, not mā´ri-on. + + =Penelope=--pe-nĕl´o-pe, not pĕn´el-ōpe. + + =Phebe=--phē´be, not pheeb. + + =Philander=--phī-lăn´der, not phĭl-ăn´der. + + =Philemon=--phī-lē´mon, not phĭl´e-mon. + + =Reginald=--rĕj'i-nald, not rĕg´i-nald. + + =Rosalie=--rŏz´a-lē, not rō´za-lē. + + =Rosalind=--rŏz´a-lind, not rō´za-lind. + + =Rosamond=--rŏz´a-mond, not rō´za-mond. + + =Rowland=--rō´land, not row´land. + + =Sigismund=--sĭj´is-mund, not sĭg´is-mund. =Sigismund= + (German)--see<sc>G</sc>´is-mŏŏnt. + + =Silvester=--sĭl-vĕs´ter, not sĭl´vĕs-ter. + + =Sophia=--so-phī´a, not sō´phi-a. + + =Ursula=---ür´su-la, not ür-sū´la. + + =Viola=---vī´o-la, not vī-ō´la. + + + + +NAMES OF ROMANCE, SOBRIQUETS, ETC. + + =Achitophel=--a-kĭt´o-phel, not a-chĭt´o-phel. A nickname + given to the Earl of Shaftesbury and used by Dryden in his + satirical poem of "Absalom and Achitophel." + + =Adonais=--ăd-o-nā´is, not a-dō´ni-as nor a-dŏn´i-as. A + name given to the poet Keats by Shelley. + + =Adriana=--ăd-ri-ăn´a, not ā-dri-ā´na nor + ā-dri-ăn´a. A character in the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Ægeon=--ē-jē´on, not ē´je-on. A Syracusan merchant in the + "Comedy of Errors." + + =Æmilia=--ē-mĭl´i-a, not ē-mē´li-a. Wife of Ægeon in + the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Agramante=--ä-grä-män´tā, not ăg´ra-mănt unless written + =Agramant=. King of the Moors in "Orlando Furioso." + + =Agricane=--ä-gre-kä´nā, not ăg´ri-kāne. Written also + =Agrican= (ăg´ri-kăn). King of Tartary in "Orlando + Innamorato." + + =Al Borak=--äl bŏr´ak, not ăl bō´rak. An imaginary animal + of wonderful appearance and fleetness, with which it was claimed + that Mohammed made a journey to the seventh heaven. + + =Alcina=--äl-chē´na, not ăl-sē´na. A fairy in "Orlando + Innamorato." + + =Alciphron=--ăl´si-phron, not ăl-sĭph´ron. The name of a + work by Bishop Berkeley and of a character in the same. + =Alciphron= is also the name of a poem by Thomas Moore and the + hero of his romance, "The Epicurean." + + =Almanzor=--al-măn´zor, not ăl´man-zor. A character in + Dryden's "Conquest of Granada." + + =Al Rakim=--är rä-keem´, not ăl rā´kim. The dog in the legend + of the "Seven Sleepers of Ephesus." + + =Al Sirat=--äs se-rät´, not ăl´ si-răt. An imaginary bridge + between this world and the Mohammedan paradise. + + =Angelica=--an-jĕl´i-ka, not an-jel-ë´ka. A princess of great + beauty in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Angelo=--ăn´je-lo, not an-jĕl´o. A prominent character in + "Measure for Measure." A goldsmith in the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Archimago=--är-ki-mā´go, not är-chi-mā´go nor + är-chĭm´a-go. A character in Spenser's "Faëry Queen." + + =Argalia=--a<sc>R</sc>-gä-lee´ä, not är-gā´li-a. Brother of + Angelica in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Argantes=--a<sc>R</sc>-gän´tess, not är-găn´tēz. An infidel + hero in "Jerusalem Delivered." + + =Asmodeus=--ăs-mo-dē´us, not ăz-mō´de-us. An evil + spirit. + + =Baba, Ali=--ä´lee bä´bä, not ăl´i bā´ba. A character in the + "Forty Thieves." + + =Baba, Cassim=--käs´sim bä´bä, not kăs´sim bā´ba. Brother of + Ali Baba. + + =Bajardo=--bä-e-a<sc>R</sc>´do, not ba-jär´do. Rinaldo's steed in + "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Balwhidder=--băl´hwĭth-er, not bawl´whĭd-der. A pastor in + Galt's "Annals of the Parish." + + =Banquo=--bănk´wo, not băng´ko. A Scottish warrior and a + character in "Macbeth." + + =Bassanio=--bas-sä´ni-o, not bas-sā´ni-o. Husband of Portia in + "Merchant of Venice." + + =Biron=--bĭr´on, not bī´ron. A character in "Love's Labor's + Lost." + + =Boyet=--boy-ĕt´, not bō´yet. A character in "Love's Labor's + Lost." + + =Bradamante=--brä-dä-män´tā, not brăd´a-mănt. Sister to + Rinaldo, in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Brunehilde=--brōō´nā-hĭl´dā, not + brŭn-hĭl´dah. Written also =Brunehild= + (brōō´neh-hĭlt). + + =Carrasco, Sanson=--sän-sōn´ kä<sc>R</sc>-<sc>R</sc>äs´ko, not + săn´son kăr-răs´ko. A character in "Don Quixote." + + =Cedric=--sĕd´rik, not sē´drik. A character in "Ivanhoe." + + =Clarchen=--klĕ<sc>R</sc>´ken, not klär´chen. A female character + in Goethe's "Egmont." + + =Clavileno Aligero=--klä-ve-lān´yo ä-le-<sc>R</sc>ā´ro, not + klăv-i-lē´no ăl-i-jē´ro. A celebrated steed in "Don + Quixote." + + =Consuelo=--kōng-su-ā-lō´, not kŏn-su-ĕl´o. The + heroine of a novel of the same name by Georges Sand. + + =Don Adriano Armado=--ăd-re-ä´no är-mä´do, not ā-dri-ā´no + är-mā´do. A character in "Love's Labor's Lost." + + =Don Cleofas=--klē´o-fas, not kle-ō´fas. Hero of "The Devil + on Two Sticks." + + =Don Juan=--jū´an, not jū-ăn´. + + =Dulcamara=--dŏŏl-kä-mä´rä, not dŭl-sa-mā´ra nor + dŭl-ka-mā´ra. The itinerant physician in "L'Elisire + d'Amore." + + =Egeus=--ē-jē´us, not ē´je-us. The Father of Hermia in + "Midsummer Night's Dream." + + =Eyre, Jane=--êr, not īre. + + =Fata Morgana=--fä´tä mo<sc>R</sc>-gä´nä, not + fā´ta mor-găn´a. + + =Fatima=--făt´i-ma, not fa-tē´-ma. A female character in the + story of Aladdin, or the Wonderful Lamp; also, one of the wives + of Blue Beard. + + =Fidele=--fī-dē´le, not fī-dēle´. A name assumed by + Imogen, in "Cymbeline." + + =Fra Diavolo=--frä de-ä´vo-lo, not frä de-ä-vō´lo. + + =Genevra=--je-nĕv´ra, not je-nē´vra. =Ginevra= is pronounced + the same as the above. + + =Gil Blas=--zhēl bläss, not jĭl blä nor jeel bläz. + + =Gotham=--gō´tham, not gŏth´am. A name applied to New York + City. + + =Haidee=--hī´dee, not hā´dee. One of the heroines in "Don + Juan." + + =Iachimo=--yăk´i-mo, not ī-ăk´i-mo. A prominent character + in "Cymbeline." + + =Iago=--e-ä´go, not ī-ā´go. One of the principal characters + in "Othello." + + =Jacques=--zhäk, not jăk´kwĕs. A character in "As You Like + It." + + =Klaus, Peter=--klowss, not klawz. The hero of a German tradition + similar to that of "Rip Van Winkle." + + =Lalla Rookh=--lä´la rōōk, not lăl´la rŏŏk. The + heroine of Moore's poem of the same name. + + =Laodamia=--la-ŏd-a-mī´a, not la-o-dā´mi-a. The wife of + Protesilaus slain by Hector, and the name of a poem by + Wordsworth. + + =Lara=--lä´ra, not lā´ra nor lăr´a. The hero and name of + Byron's poem. + + =Le Fevre=--leh fĕv´r, not le fē´ver. A poor lieutenant in + "Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy." + + =Leonato=--lē-o-nä´to, not lē-o-nā´to. Governor of Messina + in "Much Ado About Nothing." + + =Mahu=--ma-hōō´ or mä´hoo, not mā´hu. A fiend spoken of in + "King Lear." + + =Maid of Orleans=--ôr´le-anz, not ôr-lēnz´. Another name of Joan + of Arc. + + =Meister, Wilhelm=--vĭl´helm mīs´ter, not wĭl´helm + mēs´ter. The hero of a novel by Goethe. + + =Mohicans, Last of the=--mo-hē´kans, not mo-hĭsh´ans nor + mō´he-kans. + + =Montague=--mŏn´ta-gū, not mon-tāg´. A noble family in + "Romeo and Juliet." + + =Moreno, Don Antonio=--än-tō´ne-o mō-rā´no, not + ăn-tō´ne-o mō-rē´no. A gentleman in "Don Quixote." + + =Munchausen=--mun-chaw´sen, not mun-kaw´sen. German, Münchhausen + (mün<sc>K</sc>-how´zen). + + =Oberon=--ŏb´er-on, not ō´ber-on. King of the fairies. Takes + an important part in "Midsummer Night's Dream." + + =Ossian=--ŏsh´an, not aw´si-an. + + =Parizade=--pä-re-zä´dā, not păr´i-zāde´. A princess in + "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." + + =Parolles=--pa-rŏl´les, not pa-rōlz´. A follower of Bertram + in "All's Well That Ends Well." + + =Perdita=--për´di-ta, not për-dī´ta nor për-dē´ta. A princess + in "Winter's Tale." + + =Petruchio=--pe-trōō´chĭ-o, not pe-trōō´kĭ-o. A + principal character in "Taming of the Shrew." + + =Pisanio=--pĭ-zä´nĭ-o, not pĭ-sā´nĭ-o. A character + in "Cymbeline." + + =Posthumus=--pŏst´hu-mŭs, not pōst-hū´mŭs. Imogen's + husband in "Cymbeline." + + =Prospero=--prŏs´pe-ro, not pros-pē´ro. An important + character in the "Tempest." + + =Rosalind=--rŏz´a-lĭnd, not rōz´a-lind. The lady loved by + Orlando in "As You Like It." + + =Rosaline=--rŏz´a-lĭn or rŏz´a-līn, not rōz´a-leen. + A lady in "Love's Labor's Lost;" also the name of a lady loved by + Romeo before Juliet. + + =Rosamond, Fair=--rŏz´a-mond, not rō´za-mond. + + =Rozinante=--rŏz-i-năn´te, not rō-zi-năn´te. Don + Quixote's famous horse. + + =Ruggiero=--rōōd-jā´ro, not rŭg-gi-ĕr´o or + rŭj-ji-ē´ro. A knight in "Orlando Furioso." + + =Sakhrat=--sä<sc>K</sc>-rä´, not săk´rat. A sacred stone of + great powers, in "Mohammedan mythology." + + =Stephano=--stĕf´a-no, not ste-fā´no. A drunken butler in + "Tempest;" also a servant of Portia in "Merchant of Venice." + + =Titania=--tĭ-tā´ni-a, not tĭ-tăn´i-a. The wife of + Oberon, king of the fairies. + + =Tybalt=--tĭb´alt, not tī´balt. One of the Capulets in "Romeo + and Juliet. + + =Ulrica=--ul-rī´ka, not ŭl´ri-ka. An old sibyl in "Ivanhoe." + + =Ursula=--ür´su-la, not ür-sōō´la. An attendant in "Much Ado + About Nothing." + + =Viola=--vī´o-la, not vī-ō´la. The disguised page of Duke + Orsino in "Twelfth Night." + + + + +ORTHOEPICAL ERRORS OF THE PROFESSIONS. + + +Although errors of speech are at all times to be deprecated, and are +generally criticised without much leniency, it must be admitted that +unless they are very gross, reasonable excuses are to be taken for +those who have never made their language a subject of close study, and +whose only use of words is entirely impromptu in the business affairs +of life, in the home circle, or in the social gathering. + +Though a person's descent from Belgravia or Billingsgate is in a great +measure revealed by the propriety of his discourse, yet this refers +principally to those words that are employed by the masses in the +every-day conversations of life, rather than to technicalities and +words related to particular professions, the use of which is generally +confined to the specially instructed. But when a man stands forth as +an orator, a teacher, a minister, or a professor of some college, it +is certainly not unreasonable for those that sit under his +instruction, to expect and demand that his speech should be almost +free from errors. + +One occupying such a position may well be excused for occasional +embarrassment, poor voice, unpleasant address, hesitation of delivery, +and various failings and peculiarities that can not be overcome, but +little or no allowance can be made for constantly repeated errors. + +Probably there has never been a public speaker so perfect in diction, +that he has not in moments of embarrassment, or when much absorbed in +his subject, been guilty of grammatical inaccuracies or mistakes of +pronunciation; and doubtless he is as often aware of them as his +listeners are, as soon as they drop from his lips, but it would be +foolish to call attention to them by going back to correct them. But +when these offenses are so glaring and so frequently repeated that it +is evident the speaker knows no better, it is no wonder that the +educated hearer often thinks that the teacher had better leave his +position and submit to being taught. + +What allowance can an intelligent congregation make for their minister +who has nothing else to do but prepare his sermons, if, besides a +multitude of common English mistakes, he pronounces more than half of +his scriptural names in a manner that is not sanctioned by any +authority? + +When the orotund medical professor stands up to address his students, or +to engage in the discussions of a convention, and rolls out technicality +after technicality pronounced in a manner that would be disowned by the +original Latin or Greek, and is totally at variance with established +usage, who would not ask for a little less elegance and a little more +education? If it required a great amount of labor outside of the usual +course of study for professional men to acquire a knowledge of the +pronunciation of words peculiar to the professions, the subject might be +treated with more tolerance; but as the definitions and the orthoepy +might be so readily learned together during those years of daily +reference to books that are required before one should be considered +competent to stand as a guide to others, it certainly seems that they do +not properly appreciate the dignity of their position by thus laying +themselves open to public criticism. + +Many a student, in order to become instructed in certain branches, has +been compelled to reluctantly sit for months or years at the feet of +those that he felt were far inferior to him in common school +education, hearing hourly such violations of orthoepy and syntax as +would be a discredit to school children. And, doubtless, many such +students have had such a charity for their teachers that they have +wished to direct their attention to their faults, but have been +restrained on account of the fear of enmity, expulsion, or of +lessening the chances for passing the final examination. + +The bare thought of being so criticised should be so galling to any +one bearing the dignified title of "professor," that he ought to be +stimulated to endeavor to make himself an authority concerning the +proprieties of speech. + +The study of orthoepy was held in such high esteem by the accent +Greeks, and their delicate ears were so offended by any violation of +its rules, that if an orator mispronounced a single word, the entire +audience immediately hissed him. + +During the present state of pronunciation it would indeed be +embarrassing to the public speaker, if such a custom existed in this +country. Let us imagine, for instance, our friend Professor Abdominous +Gynæcophonus, with his face ebullient with smiles of self-conceit, +arising to address such an audience. "Gentlemen: I have listened +patiently to this op´po-nent (_hisses_) of al´lo-path-y (_hisses_) and +now arise to make a few remarks and in´quir-ies (_hisses_). In answer +to his objections against hy-os-cy-ā´mus (_hisses_) as an anodyne +and sō´por-if-ic, (_hisses_) I would say that in cases of cough and +sleeplessness, I have long used hyoscyamia combined in trō´chĕz +(_hisses_) without any of those effects that the păt´ron (_hisses_) +of hō´me-o-path-y (_hisses_) mentions. And having made almost a +specialty of the treatment of făç´i-al (_hisses_) neuralgia or +tic-dŏl-o-rōō´" (_hisses_)--and it would certainly be time for +him to dolorously sit down, although he might raise the question-- + + "What's in a name? that which we call a rose, + By any other name would smell as sweet," + +and argue therefrom that the pronunciation of a word should make no +difference so long as its meaning was understood. Amongst professional +men, it has been observed that physicians and dentists are by far more +prone than others to orthoepical errors. Attention is requested to a +few of the more common of these in addition to those found in the +preceding vocabulary connected with words that are alike used by the +professional and the unprofessional, such as: _abdomen_, _acclimated_, +_albumen_, _animalcula arabic_, _citrate_, _embryo_, _excrescence_, +_fetid_, _fetor_, _forceps_, _homeopathy_, _hydropathy_, _jugular_, +_jujube_, _nasal_, _pharmacopœia_, _purulent_, _spasmodic_, +_sulphurous_, _tragacanth_, etc. The authorities appealed to are +Dunglison, Thomas, Webster and Worcester. Notwithstanding the superior +merit of Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, as far as the +comprehensiveness and reliability of its definitions are concerned, it +is evident that it is almost useless as an orthoepical guide. The +principal accent is in many cases marked, but the pronunciation of +preceding and succeeding syllables can not be determined, and there is +no attempt at syllabication. + +Dr. Thomas' dictionary, though less comprehensive, is equally reliable +in its definitions, and is excellent authority in regard to orthoepy; +though it is to be regretted that in some words important syllables +are not sufficiently marked. For instance, take the words _as-bes´tos_ +and _bis´muth_; how can it be determined whether the first should be +pronounced ăs-bĕs´toss or ăz-bĕs´tōz or the latter +bĭz´muth or bĭss´muth? Webster and Worcester are undoubtedly +good authorities for the pronunciation of the medical words they give. +In the following vocabulary all of the authorities that mention the +words may be considered as agreeing, unless notice is made of their +disagreement. + + + + +MEDICAL AND DENTAL WORDS. + + [In Latin and Latinized Greek words, the English sounds of the + vowels are given as those used by the majority of professional + men. If any one, however, prefers to adopt the continental + method, sounding _a_ as in _father_, _y_ and _i_ as _e_ in + _veto_, etc., and consistently applies it to all such words, no + one, of course, has a right to object.] + + + =Adipose=--ăd´i-pōse, not ad´i-pōze. + + =Ala=--ā´la, not ăl´a. =Alæ=, plural. + + =Alis=--ā´lĭs, not ăl´ĭs. This as a termination of + many words, such as =abdominalis=, =digitalis=, =frontalis=, + =lachrymalis=, =transversalis=, etc., is often erroneously + pronounced ăl´is. + + =Alumen=--al-ū´men, not ăl´u-men. + + =Alveolus=--al-vē´o-lus, not al-ve-ō´lus. Plural, =alveoli= + (al-vē´o-lī). =Alveolar=--(al-vē´o-lar). Alveolus is + the name given to the _cavity_ in the jaw that is seen upon the + removal of the root of a tooth, and it possesses no more + tangibility than a pinch of air; almost daily, however, we hear + dentists speak of extracting a tooth with a piece of the + _alveolus_ attached. What a curiosity for preservation in a + museum is a tooth with a piece of a little hole fastened to the + root! What is meant is a piece of the _alveolar process_, or + portion of bone around the alveolus. + + =Anæmic=--a-nĕm´ĭk, not a-nē´mĭk. Dunglison gives the + latter. + + =Andral=--ŏng-dräl´, not ăn´-dral. + + =Aphthæ=--ăf´thē, not ăp´thē. + + =Aqua=--ā´kwa, not ăk´wa. + + =Arcus Senilis=--se-nī´lis, not sĕn´i-lis. + + =Areolar=--a-rē´o-lar, not a-re-ō´lar. + + =Aris=--ā´rĭs, not ăr´is in the termination of + =angularis=, =medullaris=, =palmaris=, =orbicularis=, + =pulmonaris=, etc. + + =Asarum=--ăs´a-rum, not a-sā´rum. + + =Asbestos=--ăs-bĕs´tŏss, not ăz-bĕs´tōz. + + =Attollens=--at-tŏl´lenz, not at-tō´lenz. + + =Azygos=--az´y-gos, not a-zy´gos. + + =Bagge=--bäg´geh, not băg. + + =Bimana=--bī-mā´na, not bī-mā´nĭ-a. + + =Bismuth=--bĭz´muth, not bĭss´muth. + + =Bitumen=--bĭ-tū´men, not bĭt´u-men. + + =Cadaver=--ka-dā´ver, not ka-dăv´er. + + =Caries=--kā´rĭ-ēz, not kā´rēz nor kăr´rēz. + + =Carminative=--kar-mĭn´a-tive, not kar´mi-nā-tĭve. + + =Caryophillus=--kăr-ĭ-o-phĭl´lus, not + kăr-ĭ-ŏph´ĭl-lus. + + =Cerebral=--sĕr´e-bral, not ser-ē´bral. + + =Cerebric=--sĕr´e-bric, not ser-ē´bric. + + =Cerebrum=--sĕr´e-brum, not ser-ē´brum. Dunglison gives + both. + + =Cerumen=--se-rū´men, not sĕr´ū-men. + + =Cheyne=--chān or cheen, not shāne. + + =Choledochus=--ko-lĕd´o-kus, not kŏl-e-dō´kus nor + ko-lĭd´a-kus. + + =Cicatrix=--si-kā´trix, not sĭk´a-trix nor si-kăt´rix. + Plural, =cicatrices= (sĭk´a-trī´sēz), not + sĭ-kăt´rĭ-sēz. + + =Cimicifuga=--sĭm-ĭ-sĭf´u-ga, not + sĭm-i-sĭ-fū´ga nor sĭm-ĭs´i-fū´ga. + + =Cochlea=--kŏk´le-a, not kōk´le-a. + + =Conein=--ko-nē´ĭn, not kō´ne-ĭn. + + =Conium=--ko-nī´um, not kō´ni-um. + + =Cranium=--krā´ni-um, not krăn´i-um. + + =Cynanche=--sĭ-năn´kē, not sī-năn´chē. + + =Diastase=--dī´as-tāse, not dī-as´tāze. + + =Diastole=--dī-as´to-le, not dī´as-tōle. + + =Diploe=--dĭp´lo-e, not dip-lō´e. + + =Dulcamara=--dul-ka-mā´ra, not dul-sa-mā´ra. Webster gives + dul-kam´a-ra also. + + =Duodenum=--du-o-dē´num, not du-ŏd´e-num. + + =Dyspnœa=--dĭsp-nē´a, not dĭs-nē´a. + + =Emesis=--ĕm´e-sis,not em-ē´sis. + + =Epiploon=--e-pĭp´lo-on, not ep-ip-lō´on. + + =Facial=--fā´shal, not făsh´i-al. + + =Foramen=--fo-rā´men, not fo-răm´en. + + =Fungi=--fun´jī not fun´gī. Plural of =fungus=. + + =Galbanum=--găl´ba-num, not gal-bā´num. + + =Gingiva=--jĭn-jī´va, not jĭn´ji-va. + + =Glenoid=--glē´noid, not glĕn´oid. + + =Glutæus=--glū´tæ-us, according to Webster. The rest give + glū-tæ´us. + + =Helleborus=--hel-lĕb´o-rus, not hel-le-bō´rus. + + =Hyoscyamus=--hī-os-sī´a-mus, not hī-os-sy-ăm´us nor + hi-os-sy-ā´mus. =Hyoscyamine= (hī-os-sī´a-mĭn). + + =Impetigo=--ĭm-pe-tī´go, not ĭm-pĕt´i-go. + + =Incisive=--ĭn-sī´sĭv, not in-sĭs´ive. + + =Iodoform=--ī-ŏd´o-form, not ī-ō´do-form. Dunglison + gives ī´o-do-form. + + =Itis.= According to Webster and Worcester this termination is + pronounced ī´tĭs in =bronchitis=, =pleuritis=, + =gastritis=, etc. Thomas and Dunglison do not specify, but the + inference is that they intend the same. It is, however, so + generally pronounced ē´tis, that many would object to the + attention attracted by calling it ī´tis. + + =Jejunum=--je-jū´num, not jĕj´u-num. + + =Juniperus=--ju-nĭp´e-rus, not jū´ni-per-us nor + ju-ni-pē´rus. + + =Laudanum=--law´da-num, not lŏd´a-num. + + =Lentigo=--len-tī´go, not lĕn´ti-go. + + =Lepra=--lĕp´ra, not lē´pra. Dunglison gives the latter. + + =Leuwenhoek=--lōō´en-hŏŏk or + l<sc>U</sc>h´wen-hŏŏk (U as in fur), not + lōō´wen-hōke. + + =Levator=--le-vā´tor, not le-văt´or. + + =Liquor= (Latin)--lī´kwor, not lĭk´ur as in English. + + =Magendie=--mä-zhŏng-dē´, not mā-jĕn´dē. + + =Malic=--mā´lic, not măl´ic. Thomas gives the latter. + + =Matrix=--mā´trix, not măt´rix. + + =Mistura=--mĭs-tū´ra, not mĭs´tu-ra. + + =Molecule=--mŏl´e-kūle, not mō´le-kūle. + + =Mollities=--mol-lĭsh´ĭ-ēz, not mŏl´lĭ-tēz. + + =Molybdenum=--mŏl-ĭb-dē´num, not mo-lĭb´de-num. + + =Nasmyth=--nā´smith, not năz´mĭth. + + =Nicolai=--nee´ko-lī, not nĭk´o-lā. + + =Nucleolus=--nu-klē´o-lus, not nu-kle-ō´lus. + + =Oris=--ō´rĭs, not ŏr´is. + + =Ovale=--ō-vā´le, not ō-văl´e. + + =Panizzi=--pä-nĭt´see or pä-nēt´see, not pan-ĭz´zy. + + =Pepys=--pĕps, not pē´pĭs nor pĕp´ĭs. + + =Pes Anserinus=--pēz an-ser-ī´nus, not pĕz + an-sĕr´i-nus. I once heard a professor describing the facial + nerve to his class, and he dwelt upon this plexus for some + time, calling it the "Pons Asinorum." + + =Podagra=--pŏd´a-gra, not po-dā´gra. Worcester gives + po-dăg´ra also. + + =Podophyllum=---pŏd-o-phyl´um, not po-dŏph´yl-lum. + + =Process=--prŏs´ess, not prō´sess. + + =Prostate=--pros´tāte, not prŏs´trāte. + + =Purkinje=--pŏŏ<sc>R</sc>´kĭn-yeh or pŏŏr´kĭn, + not par-kĭn´jē. + + =Pylorus=--pĭ-lō´rus, not pī-lôr´us. + + =Pyrethrum=--pĭr´e-thrum, not pī-rē´thrum. + + =Quadrumana=--quad-rū´ma-na, not quad-ru-mā´nia. + + =Rubeola=--ru-bē´o-la, not ru-be-ō´la. + + =Sacrum=--sā´krum, not săk´rum. + + =Sagittal=--săj´it-tal, not sa-jĭt´tal. Danglison gives the + latter. + + =Sanies=--sā´nĭ-ēz, not sā´nēz nor săn´ēz. + + =Scabies=--scā´bĭ-ez, not scăb´ēz nor scā´bēz. + + =Seidlitz=--sīd´lĭtz, not sĕd´lĭtz, unless spelled + =Sedlitz=. + + =Sinapis=--si-nā´pis, not sĭn´a-pis. + + =Squamous=--skwā´mus, not skwaw´mus. + + =Systole=--sĭs´to-le, not sĭs´tōle. + + =Tinctura=--tinc-tū´ra, not tinct´u-ra. + + =Titanium=--ti-tā´ni-um, not ti-tăn´i-um. + + =Trachea=--tra-kē´a or trā´ke-a, not trăck´e-a. + + =Tremor=--trē´mor, not trĕm´-or. Webster allows the latter + also. + + =Trismus=--triss´mus, not trĭz´mus. + + =Umbilicus=--um-bĭ-lī´kus, according to Worcester, Thomas + and Dunglison. Webster gives um-bil´i-kus. + + =Variola=--va-rī´o-la, not va-ri-ō´la. + + =Veratrum=--ve-rā´trum, not ve-răt´rum. + + =Vertebral=--vĕr´te-bral, not ver-tē´bral. + + =Virchow=--fĭr´ko, not vïr´chow nor vïr´kow. + + =Zinci=--zĭn´si, not zink´ī. + + + + +SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE. + + +The following extract is from the letter of a friend, to whom were +sent some of the advance pages of this work: "I am absolutely filled +with astonishment to see how many simple words I have been +mispronouncing all my life, and would have kept on mispronouncing to +the end of my days if my thoughts had not been directed to them. If I +were in your place I would end the book with a story in which all the +words would be used in the course of the narrative. I can imagine no +amusement more instructive or interesting than for a social party to +read in turns, under some penalty for each mistake." + +I had myself conceived the idea of presenting the words untrammeled +with explanation of the orthoepy, or marks of accent; but the form was +not decided upon. + +The effort to compose a narrative was abandoned after a fair trial; +for to have a plot and also bring the words in natural position would +require a large volume; otherwise, it made senseless jumble. In the +trial sentences given the objects are gained in small space. Those +objects are to allow readers to exercise the memory and test their +friends; and at the same time to use the words syntactically. It is +hoped that the reader will pardon any absurdities of context; as they +can not be avoided where one is compelled to use so many selected +words, and is obliged to force them into a small compass. + + + + +MELANGE. + + +The invalid came from _Bremen_ to America and hoped to be soon +_acclimated_, but was stricken down with a disease that was not +_amenable_ to treatment, although he had many physicians: +_allopathists_, _hydropathists_ and _homeopathists_. He said that the +aim of _allopathy_ was to poison him; of _hydropathy_ to drown him; +and of _homeopathy_ to let him die unaided. + + * * * * * + +One of the _combatants_ struck his _opponent_ in the _abdomen_ with a +club, cut off an _alder_ tree; he was carried under the shade of an +_ailantus_ and immediately expired. + + * * * * * + +_Sophia_ found the egg under a _piony_ near the _shumac_ tree; but she +broke it in carrying, and spilled the _albumen_ all over her _alpaca_ +dress. + + * * * * * + +The dose for an _adult_ is a _dessert-spoonful_. + + * * * * * + +It was a plain supper--nothing but _aerated_ bread, _Bologna_ sausage +and _radishes_. + + * * * * * + +He told his _demonstrative disputant_ that he did not wish to _get_ +into an _altercation_, but it only appeared to arouse his +_combativeness_ still more. + + * * * * * + +Why do you accent the _antepenult_ of _espionage_? + + * * * * * + +He _illustrated_ his proposition by cutting off the _apex_ of the +figure, and then exhibited his _apparatus_ for the production of +_statical_ electricity. + + * * * * * + +Two-thirds _gum-arabic_ and one-third _gum-tragacanth_ make a good +mucilage. + + * * * * * + +The _archbishop_ dreamed that an _archangel_ came to him and told him +to have his _architect_ send to an island in the Grecian _Archipelago_ +for white marble for the _pilasters_. + + * * * * * + +Search the _archives_ of history and you will not find another such +_prodigy_ as Admirable _Crichton_. + + * * * * * + +When, after _traversing_ the ocean, you find yourself in the _arid_ +desert of _Sahara_, where there is no _aroma_ of sweet flowers, or +anything _at all_ to regale your exhausted energies; where there is no +_herb_ nor _herbaceous_ plant near you; where you are almost famished +for want of some _potable_ fluid; where you are in constant fear of +being _harassed_ by _truculent nomads_--then will you realize that +there are no joys _comparable_ to those that exist around the +_hearthstone_ of your humble home. + + * * * * * + +When the contents of the _museum_ were sold by _auction_, the +antiquary bought a roll of _papyrus_ filled with _hieroglyphics_, a +kind of _bellows_ used by the ancients for starting their fires, and a +fine collection of _trilobites_. + + * * * * * + +The attempt at a _reconnoisance_ in force had been unsuccessful; +immediately after _reveille_, the commander of the _fortress_ _put_ it +to vote amongst his officers, whether or not they should surrender. +The _ayes_ carried it, although some _vehemently_ opposed on account +of the excellent _morale_ of the garrison. + + * * * * * + +The _heroine_ of the _melodrama_ sent to her _betrothed Seignior_ an +_exquisite bouquet_, composed of _catalpa_ flowers, _dahlias_, +_marigold_ and _thyme_, and prayed his forgiveness for not allowing +him the promised _tête-à-tête_ at the _trysting_ place; she had been +suffering with the _tic-douloureux_, she said. He generously forgave +her and sent her a _sonnet_, in which he said that her voice was +sweeter than that of _Piccolomini_, or any other _cantatrice_; that no +_houri_ could be more beautiful than she; he called her a fair +_florist_, and after _extolling_ her _naïveté_, _roseate_ cheeks and +_nymphean_ graces, he swore eternal _homage_ and that he would love +her forever and for _aye_. + + * * * * * + +The judge _bade_ the _desperado_ cease his _badinage_ and answer his +_inquiries_, and threatened that if he did not, he would punish him +for his _contumacy_. + + * * * * * + +The _vicar_ was one of the _notable_ men of his day; his wife was a +pattern of _industry_, a _notable_ housekeeper. While the birds were +chirping their _matin_ song, she might be seen with her _besom_ in her +hand. + + * * * * * + +Is this a _bona fide_ transaction, or is it a _Machiavelian_ attempt +to _inveigle_ the _prelate_ into an _imbroglio_? + + * * * * * + +A _booth_ was erected at the fair where the _pretty_ Misses _Agnes_ +and _Rosalind_ with much _complaisance_ dispensed _gratis_ to the +visitors, _soda-water_ flavored with _orgeat_ or _sarsaparilla_. + + * * * * * + +General _Silvester_ and his _protégé_, _Reginald_, met with a +_casualty_ that nearly cost them their lives. The horses attached to +their _Brougham_ became frightened at a _yacht_ and made a +_tremendous_ leap over a high embankment into a _creek_. + + * * * * * + +At the _zoological_ garden was found nearly every animal _extant_, +from a mouse to a _camelopard_. + + * * * * * + +The _rendezvous_ of the _topographical_ surveyors was at the camp of +some hunters on a _knoll_ near the banks of a _cañon_. + + * * * * * + +The monk concealed his features with his _capoch_ and would have been +_irrecognizable_ if his _discourse_ had not betrayed him. + + * * * * * + +The _étagère_ stands _cater-cornered_ in a _recess_ and contains many +beautiful ornaments that his _predecessor_ _gathered_ within the last +_decade_ of years; amongst which may be mentioned the heads of +_Beethoven_, _Béranger_, _Goethe_, Percy _Bysshe_ Shelley, and many +other celebrities, cut in _onyx_. + + * * * * * + +The _Caucasian_ races obtained their name on account of originating +near Mount _Caucasus_. + + * * * * * + +The _mischievous_ children got _cayenne_ all over their _chaps_, by +which they were sufficiently punished without any further +_chastening_. + + * * * * * + +The _chivalric_ Don Quixote, having become a _monomaniac_ on the +subject of _chivalry_, bestrode his _Rosinante_, and, attended by his +squire, started out to perform _chivalrous_ deeds. + + * * * * * + +Lord C. has been absent since _February_, 1870; it is said that he has +been traveling _incognito_, but it is certain that in Italy he has +retained his _cognomen_. He is now at _Modena_ awaiting the recovery +of his _Cicerone_, when he intends to visit _Genoa_ and _Milan_. + + * * * * * + +The _obesity_ of the _florid_-faced prebendary is observed to increase +with his _prebend_. + + * * * * * + +I have heard much of the _gamins_ of _Gotham_, but I never realized +what the _gallows_-deserving rascals were till I settled in New York +City. I opened business as a _pharmaceutist_ on a corner that was a +favorite _haunt_ of theirs. Such a crowd of _tatterdemalions_ as stood +in front of my show-window the first day I made my display of +_Parisian_ fancy goods, baffles description. One had the _hooping_ +cough, and every now and then would hoop till the _perspiration_ +rolled down his face; then he would shriek out the daily _newspapers_, +in a voice like a _calliope_. One dirty-faced _gourmand_ ate _papaws_ +till he had to _gape_ for breath, and would shoot the seeds and throw +the skins at his _hundred_ comrades, half of them coming in my front +door. Another, dressed in ragged _jean_, his face covered with _soot_, +played the _jew's-harp_ hour after hour, with as much pride in his +ability as _Paganini_ at his violin. Another, a tall, _jaundice_ +visaged youth with an _embryo_ beard of about a dozen hairs, covered +nearly to his heels with his great-grandfather's _surtout_, in the +_lapel_ of which was pinned a death's-head, danced upon the iron +cellar door till it roared like distant artillery. + +Then there were many other "_partners_" bearing such _sobriquets_ as +"Sore Snoot," "Pig Eye," "Limpy," etc., _improvising irrational_ +songs, boxing, _wrestling_, indulging in _raillery_ and _ribald_ +jests, pitching _quoits_, _meawing_ like cats, howling at my _patrons_ +and driving reputable _patronage_ away. Every now and then they would +send in little, _saucy_, _precocious_ urchins, who offered to +_patronize_ me by asking for two cents' worth of _jujube_ paste, +_tolu_ or _licorice_, or some _Samaritan_ _salve_ for Jim Biles' sore +nose. At last, when the sun had reached the _horizon_, as a _finale_ +of the day's _progress_, one of the young villains hurled a bowlder +through my French plate-glass, which, after its flight through a lot +of _citrate_ of magnesia, _cochineal_ and _quinine_, finally spilled a +large bottle of red ink all over my new _pharmacopœia_. Springing +over the _débris_, I rushed to the door with _implacable_ anger +flashing from my eyes. But one glance at that _imperturbable_ crowd +showed me how _impotent_ I was. One of them with _placid_ countenance +and _stolid_ indifference simply accosted me with, "Say, Mister, are +you going to see the '_Naiad_ Queen' to-night?" + +I left that store in less than a _fortnight_. + + * * * * * + +The _comptroller_ was appointed by the _government_ upon the +supposition that he was _conversant_ with the details of _finance_; +but he was only a _mediocre financier_ and was not aware of the +_deficit_ in the _finances_, until the conscience-stricken +_defalcating_ officer acknowledged his _defalcation_. + + * * * * * + +The emigrants to the _frontier_ chose a beautiful spot for their +settlement; but they found that the wells dug there and on the +_contiguous prairies_ had a _saline_ taste; so they were obliged to +bring water from the _mountainous_ region beyond, by means of a +_conduit_. + + * * * * * + +From the _congeries_ presented to the professor, he, at his _leisure_, +_isolated_ each genus and gave _generic_ names to each; and at the +next meeting of the _lyceum_, he solicited attention to his _data_ and +the _truths_ he had deduced. + + * * * * * + +The handsome _contour_ of _Madame_ G's face has been spoiled by an +_excrescence_ like a _raspberry_ on her _nasal_ organ. + + * * * * * + +Young _Philemon_ after reading _Lalla Rookh_, _Lara_, Don _Juan_, The +_Giaour_, the productions of Mrs. _Hemans_, and a few others, was +seized with the determination to become a poet; but he has only +succeeded in becoming a _poetaster_, without any ideas of _prosody_. +More _metrical_ excellence and sense can be found in the _distich_: + + "Mary, Mary, quite _contrary_, + How does your garden grow?" + +than in any of the _products_ of his brain that he has given us. His +brothers, _Eben_ and _Philander_, have become stage-struck, and expect +to excel in the _Protean_ art. Their _guardian_, himself a great lover +of _drama_, having foolish confidence in their success, grants them +_plenary_ indulgence in all their whims. They are _habitués_ of the +_theatre_, and have fitted up a _suite_ of apartments next to a _suit_ +of rooms occupied by some stock actors, with whom they are bound in +_indissoluble_ bonds of friendship. There they spend the day in +practice, and if you should call at any hour, there is no telling what +will present itself to you. Perhaps Macbeth with the _glamour_ of his +eyes, viewing the imaginary _gouts_ of blood; or _Banquo_ with his +gory locks; or some knight with his _cuirass_ on and his _visor_ down, +plunging, without a _qualm_, his carmine-stained _poniard_ into the +_jugular_ of some _patriot_. Possibly, Othello the _Moor_, King John +with the _Magna Charta_, or a _legendary_ warrior of frightful _mien_ +with his _falchion_ drawn, will admit you. Or you may see a +_viscount_ with _falcon_, a _rampant_ villain, a _jocund_ host, or an +_irate_, _splenetic_ old man with _spectacles_, pronouncing with +_senile vehemence_ a curse upon some _fragile_ female in _negligee_ +before him, who beseeches the aid of an _immobile statue_ in a _niche_ +in the wall. You may get there in the nick of time to save Desdemona +by an _exposé_ of _Iago_'so villainy, to rescue Pythias whom Damon +holds by the _nape_ of the neck on the _threshold_ of eternity, or to +restrain the _suicidal_ design of the _Montague_ by informing him that +the fair Capulet is only under the influence of a _soporific_--not +dead. You may arrive soon enough to arouse the womanhood in the +_docile_ Kate, making her less _docible_, and talk woman's rights to +_Petruchio_, making him more _lenient_. + +And you will find the guardian of these promising youths, sitting +there all day shouting _encore_ to their absurdities, and not +_rational_ enough to see his _indiscretion_ in permitting their +_frivolity_. + + * * * * * + +The _ennui_, recently complained of, was relieved by an invitation to +a party given by the _Mesdames_ B., the same you met at the +_conversazione_ of the church _guild_. The ladies received their +guests with their usual _suavity_. Their niece, _Rosamond_, recently +from _Madrid_, was the attraction of the evening; she wore an elegant +_moire_ antique with a profusion of _valenciennes_; she had a +beautiful set of jewelry--_opal_ and diamonds. It was marvelous how +her _tiny_ hands flew over the _piano-forte_. She sings very sweetly +too; her voice is a sort of _mezzo-soprano_. The _naïve_ Miss _Ursula_ +was present, nearly smothered in black silk and _guipure_. She looks +much prettier in _dishabille_. The little _piquant_ Miss _Irene_, with +her _plaited_ hair, sang with a voice like a _paroquet_ her favorite, +"_Tassels_ on the Boots." That disgusting young _Leopold_ was there, +feeling as important as a _Rothschild_, making his _salams_, and +_palavering sotto voce_ to all the girls, circulating his _monogram_ +cards and sporting his paste pin with its dazzling _facets_. He thinks +he cuts a wide _swath_. + +Late in the evening those that were fond of _Terpsichorean_ amusement +were ushered into a room where the _tapestry_ was covered and there +spent several hours in _minuets_, waltzes, quadrilles, etc. + +The topics of conversation amongst the more sensible during the +evening were the object of the visit of the new _prelate_, and the +recent speeches of _Disraeli_ and _Thiers_. + +Madame B. caused a good deal of merriment by describing an improvement +in her _cuisine_ that had been introduced that day. Bridget, a late +importation from _Belfast_, who had charge of the _culinary_ +department, was told to send for some _vermicelli_ to put in the soup, +but she ordered _spermaceti_ instead. + + * * * * * + +There was an old superstition that when the _sacristan_ caused the +bell in the _cupola_ to toll its _dolorous_ funeral notes, the _manes_ +of former friends joined in the solemn _cortege_, and gathering +around the grave moved their lips in inaudible _requiem_, and wrote in +invisible letters upon the tomb, _omega_. + + * * * * * + +The great _desideratum_ in the successful argument of _disputable_ +points, is the possession of an _equable_ temper. + + * * * * * + +_Alphonso_, while out hunting _partridges_, fell into a _slough_. +Being clothed only in _nainsook_, he took a severe cold, which soon +resulted in _febrile_ symptoms. + + * * * * * + +Dr. Mastiff's _posthumous monograph_ on "_Rabies_" will soon appear. +The _frontispiece_ represents a group of dogs. Next to the _preface_ +is a _memoir_ of the author. It was his own design to have "_Finis_" +placed upon a cut of a tombstone. It almost seems that he had a +_presentiment_ of his death. + + * * * * * + +_Suffice_ it to say that the dentist gave the patient enough letheon +to produce unconsciousness, and then applied his _forceps_ to the +offending tooth. Letheon, accented on the first syllable, and +_lethean_ are derived from _Lethe_, the name of a river described in +mythology, a draught from which caused forgetfulness. + + * * * * * + +_Sulphurous_ acid is _gaseous_, not liquid. + + * * * * * + +It is reported in the _Pall Mall_ Gazette that _Basil_ S., whom you +met several years ago at _Leipsic_, is dead. He lived the life of a +_roué_ for some years in Paris and London, and turned out to be a most +_perfidious_ villain. In the latter city he committed many _heinous_ +offenses and acts of _subtle_ knavery that were almost without +_precedent_. He was engaged for a long time in the manufacture of +_spurious_ money by a new _process_, in which dies were taken from +_gutta-percha_ impressions. He had purchased the services of an +experienced professor of _metallurgy_, and the _produce_ of their +crime would have been immense, if some of his other crimes had not +been betrayed. _Placards_, offering a large reward for his arrest, +were posted all over the city. He fled to Venice where he was soon +afterward drowned by falling from a _gondola_, thus cheating the +_gibbet_ of its dues. + + * * * * * + +The foolish lover, _Ivan_, rendered desperate because his rival +_Darius_ had gained the _precedence_ in _Marion's_ esteem, resolved to +commit suicide and rushed _toward_ the _quay_ and plunged into the +water. Some fishermen rescued him with their _seine_, poured some +_potheen_ down his throat, and carried him home on a piece of +_tarpaulin_. His _sousing_ cured him of his folly, but was a poor +_guerdon_ for his faithfulness. + + * * * * * + +The _Saracens_, taking advantage of the _strategic_ point, made a +sudden dash into the territory of the _usurper_; while a detachment +_houghed_ the horses of the enemy's _cavalry_, the rest proceeded on a +_predatory_ raid characterized by _rapine_ and terror, and after the +_spoliation_ of the villages, and the burning of the _granaries_, +returned to their own possessions. + + * * * * * + +_Lionel_, _prejudiced_ against the world on account of _onerous_ +cares, concluded to make a _sacrifice_ of his wealth and position and +become a _recluse_. His little _hovel_ on the _heather_, whitened with +lime which he himself _slaked_, and the little flower garden +_redolent_ of spring, present a strange contrast with his former +mansion and magnificent grounds. + + * * * * * + +_Eva_ answered the _inquiry_ of the French gentleman, "Parlez-vous +français?" with a "Oui;" but when she came to converse with him, he +understood about as much of her _patois_ as he did of _Hindoostanee_. + + * * * * * + +There is a fabulous report that the _upas_ tree exhales a _subtile_ +vapor that is fatal to animal life. + + * * * * * + +Since _Joshua_ has obtained his lucrative _sinecure_, he spends his +time in riding about in his _phaeton_ and reading _romances_. He is +_loth_ to acknowledge that he was ever a _plebeian_ and did all kinds +of _servile_ work. He is confident that his _genealogy_, if known, +would show that he was unto a _manor_ born, and that some +_supposititious_ child robbed him of his rights. + + * * * * * + +The knight dropped his _wassail cup_ and sprang to the assistance of +the ladies. "_Gramercy_," _quoth_ they, _simultaneously_. + + * * * * * + +The _veterinary_ physician said that the disease was _murrain_. + + * * * * * + +An _infinitesimal_ quantity of _yeast_ excited the fermentation. + + * * * * * + +_Augustine_ studied _microscopy_ just long enough to learn that a +_monad_ is one of the simplest kind of minute _animalcules_; he then +tried chemistry and _mineralogy_, but he could not master the +_nomenclature_; he then took a fancy for _telegraphy_, but soon +abandoned the idea of becoming a _telegraphist_. At last accounts, he +apprenticed himself to a druggist, but was told to _vamos_ soon after +making up a lot of _Seidlitz_ powders with oxalic instead of +_tartaric_ acid. + + * * * * * + +_Artemas_ has applied for a _patent_ on an improved _turbine_ wheel. + + * * * * * + +Mr. B., recollecting the _precedent_ services of his servant, advanced +him money enough to lift the _lien_ on his dwelling. + + * * * * * + +The _lithographer_ had only a poor _melanotype_ to copy from, but he +succeeded in making an excellent print. + + * * * * * + +"Thou shalt destroy them that speak _leasing_," is found in the sixth +verse of the fifth _psalm_. + + * * * * * + +At the examination in _orthoepy_, _Deborah_ had the following words +given to her: _contumely_, _crinoline_, _feudal_, _fetid_, _fetor_, +_gerund_, _gneiss_, _gyrfalcon_, _harem_, _Hawaiian_, _hygiene_, +_lariat_, _leverage_, _nonillion_, _obligatory_, _platina_, +_platinum_, _psalmody_, _psychical_, _purulent_, _pyrites_, +_recherché_, _résumé_, _sacerdotal_, _sacrament_, _schism_, _shekel_, +_stearine_ and _troches_. + + * * * * * + +The objective, me, is _often_ erroneously used instead of the +_nominative_, I, in answer to the question--"Who is there?" + + * * * * * + +In the _dramatis personæ_ of "Midsummer Night's Dream," _Oberon_ and +_Titania_, king and queen of the fairies, are introduced. + + * * * * * + +At the examination in geography, _Ada_ was required to draw a map of +_Asia_, which would have been well done, if she had not drawn +_Persia_, _Afghanistan_ and _Beloochistan_ nearly twice their proper +size. She was then asked to give the location and length of the +_Altai_ and _Vosges_ mountains, and the height of their principal +peaks; a description of the _Aral_, _Adriatic_ and _Caribbean_ seas; +the course and length of the _Amoor_ and _Yang tse-kiang_; and the +location and population of _Valparaiso_ (_Chili_), _Bantam_, (_Java_), +_Norwich_, (Eng.), _Pesth_, _Quebec_, _Valenciennes_, _Neufchatel_, +_Nantes_ and _Aix-la-Chapelle_. + +Her sister, _Frances_, was told to draw maps of _Buenos Ayres_ and +_Otaheite_, and to bound _Venezuela_ and _Arkansas_; to give the +length and direction of the _Araguay_, _Juniata_, _Kankakee_, +_Barbados_ and _San Joaquin_; the location of Cape _Agulhas_; the +situation and population of _Bingen_, _Calais_, _Canton_, _Acapulco_, +_Chuquisaca_, _Delhi_, _Dubuque_, _Jeddo_, _Quereturo_, _Truxillo_, +_Leicester_ and _Vevay_, and a description of _Sumatra_, _Zanzibar_, +_Barbadoes_ and the _Antilles_. + + * * * * * + +_Sigismund_ has just returned from _Yosemite_ Valley. + + * * * * * + +_Cecily_, _Chloe_ and _Viola_ have just passed their examination in +biography. The names presented to them were the following: _N. S. +Adam_ (Fr.), _G. Adam_ (Ger.), _Beatrice Cenci_, _Blucher_, +_Boccaccio_, _Anne Boleyn_, _Marco Bozzaris_, _Joseph Buonaparte_, +_D'Aubigné_, _Daubigny_, _Drouyn de Lhuys_, _Juarez_, _Lavater_, +_Marat_, _Marion_, _Catherine de Medici_, _Moultrie_, _Ovid_, _Pliny_, +_Ponce de Leon_ and _Richelieu_. + + + + +VIOLATED RULES OF GRAMMAR. + + +Many, who claim to be good grammarians, are occasionally guilty of the +violation of certain important rules. Attention is solicited to a few +of the more common errors of this nature. + + +NUMBER. + +Certain compounds change the form of the first word in pluralizing, +as: _court-martial_, _brother-in-law_, _sister-in-law_. Plural, +_courts-martial_, _brothers-in-law_, etc. "John has three +brother-in-laws," then, is incorrect. + +But _tea-spoonful_, _table-spoonful_, _cupful_, _pocketful_, etc., are +not considered such compounds; therefore, "two tea-spoonsful of +medicine" and "two-cupsful of flour," should be, "two tea-spoonfuls of +medicine," and "two cupfuls of flour." + +When name and title are given, with a numeral adjective prefixed, the +_name_ is pluralized. "Are the two Misses Wilson at home?" should be, +"Are the two Miss Wilsons at home?" But when the numeral is omitted +the _title_ must be pluralized. "Were the Dr. Browns there?" should +be, "Were the Drs. Brown there?" The rule has been given that the +_name_ only of married ladies is pluralized, but there appears to be +no reason except that of euphony: the _Mrs. Clarks_ certainly sounds +more agreeably than the _Mistresses Clark_. In giving the plural of +such titles as: _Hon._, _Rev._, _Squire_ and _Capt._, euphony is also +often considered; but in such cases it would doubtless be better to +add the numeral, as: the _three Hon. Jacksons_. + + +EACH OTHER--ONE ANOTHER. + +_Each other_ applies to two; _one another_ to more than two. "The +three witnesses contradicted each other," and "the two men accused one +another," are incorrect. + + +NEITHER, NOT--NOR. + +_Neither_ and _not_ are followed by _nor_, not _or_. "Neither James or +Charles will come," and "it is not white or black," are incorrect. + + +TO BE, UNITING WORDS. + +Words united by _to be_, referring to the same person, must be of the +same case. + +"It is me," "It may have been him," "It could not be her," and "It +was not them," are not correct: _it_, in each of the sentences, is +_nominative_ and the other pronouns should be _I_, _he_, _she_ and +_they_. "I took it to be he," and "I understood it to be they," are +also wrong; for _it_ is objective in both instances, and the following +pronouns should be _him_ and _them_. + + +THAN, AS. + +_Than_ and _as_ implying comparison, have the same case after as +before. "He loses more than me," "John knows more than him" and "James +is not so tall as her," should be, "He loses more than I" (lose), +"John knows more than he" (knows) and "James is not so tall as she" +(is tall). + + +WHO. + +Errors connected with the use of this word are very common, even +amongst good speakers. + +"Who did you see?" "Who do you know?" and "Who did you hear?" are +wrong: _whom_ should be used, for it is the object of the transitive +verbs, _see_, _know_ and _hear_. _Who_ in such sentences as: "Who are +you looking at?" and "Who are you writing to?" should likewise be +changed into _whom_, for it is the _object_ of the prepositions _at_ +and _to_. + + +ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. + +Adjectives are often erroneously used for adverbs in sentences like +the following: "This is an uncommon good portrait," "It is a miserable +poor painting. "_Uncommonly good_ and _miserably poor_ are right. + +Adverbs are still more commonly used for adjectives. "Mary looked +_beautifully_ at the party," and "Janauschek looked _majestically_ on +the stage," are incorrect, for it is intended to describe the +appearance of Mary and Janauschek, not their manner of looking; +therefore the adjectives _beautiful_ and _majestic_ should be used. + +When _two_ objects are compared, the _comparative_ degree should be +used. "William is the heaviest of the two," and "Which is the most +desirable--health or wealth?" ought to be, "William is the heavier of +the two," and "Which is the more desirable--health or wealth?" + + +THESE, THOSE. + +The plural demonstratives _these_ and _those_ are often erroneously +used with singular nouns, as: "I don't like these kind of people," and +"Those sort of things are very embarrassing." _Kind_ and _sort_ are +singular and should have _this_ and _that_. + + +INTO. + +_Into_, not _in_, is used to show the relation between verbs +expressing motion, entrance, change of state, etc., and an objective +case, as: "Come into the house," "Step into the carriage," and "Look +into the room." + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + + +* Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original +(=bold=). + +* Added punctuation as needed to preserve the author's and publisher's +intent. + +* Addition to the pronunciation guide: + + Small capital "D" indicates a sound similar to "th" (this). + Small capital "G" and "K" indicates the sound of the German "ch". + Small capital "H" resembles a guttural and strongly-aspirated "h". + Small capital "R" resembles the sound of "rr" (terror). + Small capital "U" indicates the sound of the French "eu", and + resembles the sound of the German "ö". + The sound for the small capitals "TH" is unknown. + +* Page 17 Corrected spelling of "spellling" to "spelling" in +"Worcestor's spellling is". + +* Page 29 Corrected spelling of "lenghten" to "lengthen" in "also, in +lengthy, lenghten".] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/32435-0.zip b/32435-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f17ca0d --- /dev/null +++ b/32435-0.zip diff --git a/32435-8.txt b/32435-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ad9915 --- /dev/null +++ b/32435-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5161 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. P. Meredith + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Every-Day Errors of Speech + +Author: L. P. Meredith + +Release Date: May 19, 2010 [EBook #32435] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + EVERY-DAY + ERRORS OF SPEECH + + BY + L. P. MEREDITH, M.D., D.D.S., + AUTHOR OF "THE TEETH, AND HOW TO SAVE THEM." + + PHILADELPHIA: + J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. + 1876. + + + + + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year, 1872, by + L. P. MEREDITH, + In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + _Damas._ * * * The Prince of Como does not + understand his own language. + + _Melnotte._ Not as you pronounce it: Who the + deuce could? + + +It may be regarded as one of the commendable peculiarities of the +English language that, despite provincialisms, vulgarisms, neglected +education, foreign accent, and the various corrupting influences to +which it is subjected, it may be understood wherever it is heard, +whatever differences of distance or associations may have existed +between the speaker and the listener, both claiming familiarity with +it. Considering these influences and the arbitrariness of the +orthoepical rules of the language, there has been expressed surprise +that frequent degenerations into uncouth dialects or patois have not +occurred. A decent regard for the common weal should cause +gratification that such degenerations have not taken place, for were +it not for the ability of our tongue to preserve its individuality +against the tendency toward corruption, we might reasonably fear such +a Babel-like confusion, that, when asked, "Do you speak English?" one +might appropriately, _sans_ the profanity, reply in the language of +the text, "Not as you pronounce it: Who the deuce could?" While the +majority of people place no other value upon language than that of +convenience, and are indifferent to any corruption, so long as they +can simply understand and be understood, there is happily a better +class, the sthetic cultivation of which is such that those who belong +to it are anxious to preserve the purity of our vernacular and are +ashamed of all errors of speech in their daily conversations. For such +it will not be uninteresting to look over a number of errors, +principally of pronunciation, that are not formally laid down as such +in books, and which people, even many of the best educated, are +constantly committing, just because they have never had their +attention called to them. These errors are becoming more deeply rooted +every day and if not soon eradicated, it will not be many years before +our orthoepic standard will be overthrown as it was in England some +years ago. + +Smart, one of the most celebrated of English orthoepists, in the +preface of his dictionary says: "The proprietors of Walker's +dictionary, finding it would slide entirely out of use unless it were +adapted to the present day, engaged me as a teacher of elocution, +known in London since Walker's time, to make the necessary changes." A +standard pronouncing dictionary is a work that involves an +extraordinary amount of labor and research in its compilation, and +exerts an influence almost autocratical. The possibility of its +becoming worthless in a short time is strange, especially when it is +not on account of any work claiming superiority, but merely because +error long persisted in finally becomes more authoritative than the +original exemplar. With little effort, however, we can discern the +causes. Persons are apt to acquire the pronunciation and use of the +greater number of words by imitation, rather than by study. With +confidence in the knowledge of the parent, teacher, minister, +physician and others, their examples are followed without ever +considering that they are often very fallible guides. + +A complete dictionary is an immense volume, and to turn over its pages +with even a casual observation of each word, requires an amount of +time that few would feel like devoting to it; and yet this is the only +way in which a person can become _assured_ of the sanctioned +pronunciation and meaning of a great many words. If they would make it +an invariable rule to make memoranda of all the words they read or +hear spoken, about the orthoepy and import of which they are not +absolutely certain, and at their first leisure opportunity would +consult their chosen authority, it would not be long before the +majority of errors would be corrected; but this requires memory, +inclination, time, continuity of purpose, possession of dictionaries +or access to them--circumstances that are seldom found combined. It +will doubtless be useless to rehearse any of the arguments commonly +employed to prove the necessity of having some sovereign standard, to +the guidance of which we must be willing to submit. Those for whom +this work is intended will be willing to admit that. Nor is it +necessary to assert that as far as the English speakers of the United +States are interested, the only works that lay claim to such a +position are the dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. If the right +of the opinions of the majority of scholars throughout the land were +alone considered, the former would certainly be entitled to the +preference; but the work of the latter is too full of merit and has +too many adherents in the ranks of the educated to permit any one to +say that it is not worthy of high esteem. + +With my own preference for the former and with my willingness to +acknowledge the worth of the latter, I have consulted both authorities +concerning every word in the following vocabulary--that is, every word +requiring reference to either. It will be seen that there is much less +difference between the decisions of the two dictionaries than is +commonly supposed. By this reference to each, I have not only +corrected errors in an impartial manner, but have also stopped up that +loop-hole through which so many try to escape by saying, when they are +called to account according to one dictionary, that they do not accept +that as their standard. As far as the people of this country are +concerned, there is no escape from the conclusion that a person is +considered a correct or an incorrect speaker of English, according to +whether or not he conforms his discourse to one of the above mentioned +authorities. At first glance it will appear that the size of this +volume is not at all commensurate to the task of correcting the many +errors that are heard in our communication with all classes that +pretend to speak the English language. It is not intended to instruct +those whose education has been so neglected that they are guilty of +the grossest violation of syntax and orthoepy, nor to cultivate the +taste of those whose selection of words and cant and slang phrases +betrays the low grade of the associations by which they have been +surrounded. It is designed rather as a collection of the more common +of those errors, chiefly orthoepical, that I have before spoken of as +being of constant occurrence even among people of education, unless +they have paid considerable attention to philology or +_belles-lettres_. If by presenting them in this convenient form, thus +saving much time and trouble in referring to the dictionary, I have +merited the thanks of my readers, or if I have contributed even a mite +toward the conservation of the present usage, I shall feel amply repaid. + +I have taken advantage of the alphabetical arrangement to introduce a +few miscellaneous errors that might have been placed under a separate +heading. + +Instead of dividing the words into syllables and loading them with +marks as is usually done in dictionaries, I have thought that it would +make a deeper impression on the memory to present the words as they +are commonly seen in print, depending on respelling to furnish the +correct and incorrect accent and pronunciation. + +The corrections have first been made according to Webster; if +Worcester is unmentioned, it is to be understood that both authorities +agree. + + _Cincinnati, December 20, 1871._ + + + + +Errors of Speech. + + + + +KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE RESPELLING + + + The long sounds of a, e, i, o, u, are represented by [=a], [=e], [=i], + [=o], [=u]. + The short sounds of a, e, i, o, u, " [)a], [)e], [)i], + [)o], [)u]. + _a_, as in _air_, _pair_, is represented by . + _a_, " _far_, _arm_, " " or ah. + _a_, " _all_, _haul_, " " aw. + _a_, " _what_, _squat_, " " [)o]. + _e_, " _ere_, _where_, " " . + _e_, " _obey_, _weight_, " " [=a]. + _e_, " _her_, _term_, " " . + _i_, " _machine_, " " [=e] or ee. + _i_, " _dirk_, _whirl_, " " . + _o_, " _done_, _son_, " " [)u]. + _o_, " _woman_, " " [)o][)o]. + _o_, " _do_, _move_, " " [=o][=o]. + _o_, " _for_, _storm_, " " or aw. + _oo_, " _soon_, _moon_, " " [=o][=o]. + _oo_, " _foot_, _good_, " " [)o][)o]. + _u_, " _rude_, _rule_, " " [=o][=o]. + _u_, " _push_, _pull_, " " [)o][)o]. + _u_, " _burn_, _turn_, " " . + _oi_,} " _oil_, _toy_, " " oi. + _oy_,} + _ou_,} " _found_, _owl_, " " ow. + _ow_,} + + _c_, as in _city_, _cite_, is represented by s or . + _c_, " _can_, _cut_, " " k. + _ch_, " _child_, _much_, " " ch. + _ch_, " _machine_, " " sh. + _ch_, " _chorus_, " " k. + _g_, " _ginger_, " " j. + _n_, " _think_, _uncle_, " " . + _qu_, " _require_, " " kw. + _s_, " _these_, _ease_, " " z. + +Obscure vowel sounds, or those which are glided over in a word without +any noticeable accent, are unmarked. In those cases where the +pronunciation is so evident that mistakes seem improbable, the marks +are also omitted. + + + + +EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH. + + + A. + + =Abacus=--aba-k[)u]s, not a-b[)a]k[)u]s. + + =Abdomen=--ab-d[=o]men, not abdo-men. + + =Acclimate=--ak-kl[=i]m[=a]te, not akkli-m[=a]te. + + =Acclimated= is also accented on the second syllable. + + =Acclimatization=--ak-kli-mat-i-z[=a]shun, not + ak-kl[=i]ma-ti-z[=a]-shun. + + =Adult=--a-d[)u]lt, not [)a]dult. + + =Aerated=--[=a]er-[=a]-ted, not [=a]r[=e]-[=a]-ted. "_Areated + bread_" is a mistake that is frequently made. + + =Ailantus=--[=a]-l[)a]nt[)u]s, not [=a]-l[)a]nth[)u]s; + [)a]t-l[)a]ntus is a still worse error. + + =Albumen=--al-b[=u]men, not albu-men. + + =Alder=--awlder, not [)a]lder; it is the name of a _tree_ and + does not mean the ordinary _elder_. + + =Alike.= It is sufficient to say that two persons or things are + _alike_, not _both alike_. The word associated with _alike_ is + just as unnecessary as it is with _resemble_ and _equal_ in the + following sentences: "These two men _both_ resemble each + other." "These two sums are _both_ equal." + + =Allopathy=--al-l[)o]pa-thy, not allo-path-y. + + =Allopathist= is similarly accented. + + =Alpaca=--al-p[)a]ka, not al-la-p[)a]ka. + + =Altercate=--[)a]lter-k[=a]te, not awlter-kate. + + =Amenable=--a-m[=e]na-ble, not a-m[)e]na-ble. + + =Among.= A thing is divided _among_ many and _between_ two. + + =Amour=--a-m[=o][=o]r, not am-m[=o]re nor [=a]m[=o][=o]r. + + =Angry.= Say angry _with_ a person and _at_ a thing. + + =Animalcula= is the plural of _animalculum_; there is no such + word as _animalcul[oe]_. Animalcule (singular) and animalcules + (plural), are proper words; the former is pronounced + an-i-malk[=u]le and the latter an-i-malk[=u]lz. + + =Antarctic=--ant-rktik, not ant-rtik. + + =Antepenult=--an-te-pe-n[)u]lt, not an-te-p[=e]n[)u]lt. + + =Apex=--[=a]pex, not [)a]pex. + + =Apparatus=--ap-pa-r[=a]tus, not ap-pa-r[)a]tus. + + =Aquaria=, not _aquariums_, is the plural of _aquarium_. + + =Arabic=--[)a]ra-b[)i]k, not a-r[)a]b[)i]k, a-r[=a]b[)i]k, nor + [)a]ra-b[)a]k; which errors are very common, especially in the + compound word _gum-arabic_. + + =Arbitrary= is often incorrectly pronounced as if spelled + _ar-bi-ta-ry_. + + =Archangel=--rk-[=a]njel, not rch-[=a]njel. + + =Archbishop=--rch-bishop, not rk-bishop. + + =Archipelago=--rk-i-pela-g[=o], not rch-i-pela-g[=o]. + + =Architect=--rki-tect, not rchi-tect. + + =Archives=--rk[=i]vez, not rch[=i]vez, nor rk[=e]vez. + + =Arctic=--rktik, not rtik. + + =Arid=--[)a]rid, not [=a]rid. + + =Aroma=--a-r[=o]ma, not [)a]ro-ma. + + =At= should not be used when it has no possible connection with + the other words of a sentence; as, "Where are you living _at_?" + + =At all=, not a tall. + + =Attacked=, not attackted. + + =Auction=--awkshun, not [)o]kshun. + + =Ay= or =Aye=, meaning _yes_, and =aye=, an affirmative vote, are + pronounced [)i] and not [=i] nor [=a]. + + =Aye=, meaning forever, always (used chiefly in poetry), is + pronounced [=a] not [=i] nor [)i]. + + + B. + + =Bade=--b[)a]d, not b[=a]de. + + =Badinage=--b[)a]din-zh, not b[)a]din-[=a]je. Worcester gives + the same pronunciation, but places the accent on the last + syllable. + + =Balance.= There are two common errors connected with this word. + One is to write it _ballance_: the other is to use it in the + sense of _remainder_, _rest_, etc.; as, the _balance_ of the + day, the _balance_ of the people. Balance means properly "the + excess on one side, or what added to the other makes equality." + The corrupt use of the word, as above mentioned, is laid down + as a vulgarism. + + =Bantam=, not _banty_. + + =Bellows=--b[)e]ll[)u]s, not b[)e]ll[=o]z. The plural is the + same as the singular. + + =Besom=--b[=e]zum, not b[=e]sum. A broom. + + =Betroth=--be-tr[)o]th, not be-tr[=o]th. =Betrothed=, + =Betrothal=, etc., are similarly pronounced. + + =Blacking=, not _blackening_ for boots and shoes. + + =Blouse=--blowz, not blowss. + + =Bologna=--b[=o]-l[=o]nya, not b[=o]-l[=o]na. _Bologna_ + sausage, _Bologna_ phial, etc. + + =Bona fide=--b[=o]na-f[=i]de, not b[=o]na-f[=i]de nor + b[)o]na-f[=i]de. + + =Booth.= The _th_ is sounded as in the preposition _with_, not as + in _both_. + + =Bouquet=--b[=o][=o]-k[=a] or bo[=o][=o]k[=a], not b[=o]-k[=a]. + + =Bourgeois=, meaning a kind of type, is pronounced br-jois, not + like the following word: + + =Bourgeois=, a citizen, pronounced b[=o][=o]r-zhwaw. + + =Brand-new=, not _bran-new_. Although the latter adjective is + much used, it is evidently a corruption of the former. An + article in its newness may be bright like a _brand_ of fire, or + the _brand_ of the manufacturer may remain intact, but there is + certainly no _bran_ about it. + + =Breeches=--br[)i]tchez, not as spelled. + + =Bretzel=, not _pretzel_. A brittle German cake. + + =Brilliant.= A diamond of the finest cut, with its faces and + facets so arranged as to secure the greatest degree of + brilliancy--whence the name. The name to many conveys the idea + of paste, or imitation. A _rose_ diamond may be just as pure, + but its depth does not permit it to be made a _brilliant_ of + without a much greater loss of substance. + + =Brougham=--br[=o][=o]m or br[=o][=o]am, not br[=o]am nor + browam. A kind of carriage. + + =Burst=, =Burst= and =Bursting=, not _bust_, _busted_ and + _busting_. + + + C. + + =Calculate= is often inappropriately used in lieu of _believe_, + _suppose_, _expect_, etc., as in the following sentences: "I + _calculate_ you are my friend;" "I _calculate_ the report is + true." Still worse than this passive misuse is that active one + of using the word in some such sense as this: "Doctor, I know + that you are a man of great intelligence and I have unlimited + confidence in your honor and ability; but I must say that I + think the course of treatment pursued by you during this + epidemic, is _calculated_ to increase the mortality among your + patients." How inconsistent with the encomium is the dreadful + accusation just following! As if the Doctor had sat down and + _calculated_ how he could cause injury rather than benefit. + Calculate means to ascertain by means of figures or to study + what means must be used to secure a certain result. A person + may make a speech, write a book, or do anything else + _calculated_ to do good, or more rarely, evil, but the + intention to accomplish the object spoken of must be present, + before the word can be properly used. + + =Calliope=--kal-l[=i]o-pe, not kalli-[=o]pe. + + =Calvary=, not _cavalry_, when the place of our Saviour's + crucifixion is meant. + + =Camelopard=--ka-melo-prd or kamel-o-prd, not + kam-el-l[)e]opard. + + =Cantatrice=--k[)a]n-ta-tr[=e]che, not k[)a]nta-treess. + + =Canon=--k[)a]nyun, not k[)a]nnun. A deep gorge or ravine. + Spelled also =Canyon=, pronounced kn-y[=o]n or k[)a]nyon. + + =Capoch=--ka-p[=o][=o]tsh, not ka-p[=o]ch. =Capouch= is another + orthography. + + =Caption= in the sense of the heading of a discourse, chapter, + page, etc., is not sanctioned by good writers. + + =Carminative=--kr-m[=i]na-tive, not krmi-n[=a]-tive. + + =Casualty=--k[)a]zhu-al-ty, not k[)a]z-u-[)a]li-ty. + + =Cater-cornered=--k[=a]ter-cor-nered, not k[)a]tty-cor-nered. + Not down, thus compounded in Webster, but his pronunciation of + the separate words is as given. Worcester gives the word as + above and defines it as an adjective--diagonal. It is generally + used though, I believe, as an adverb; as, "the piano stands + cater-cornered" (diagonally). It is regarded as an inelegant + word, diagonal and diagonally being preferred: though it is + probable that this opinion has been caused by the abominable + pronunciations _catty_ and _kitty_ cornered. + + =Catalpa=--ka-t[)a]lpa, not ka-tawlpa. + + =Catch=, =Catching=--k[)a]tch and k[)a]tching, not k[)e]tch and + k[)e]tching. + + =Catholic= means liberal, general, not bigoted, and not _Roman_ + Catholic, unless specially so applied. + + =Caucasian=--kaw-k[=a]sian,not kaw-k[=a]zhian, kaw-k[)a]shian, + kaw-k[=a]zian nor kaw-k[)a]ssian. + + =Cayenne=--k[=a]-[)e]n, not k[=i]-[)e]n. + + =Chaps=--ch[)o]ps, not ch[)a]ps. The jaws. =Chops= is also + correct orthography. + + =Chasten=--ch[=a]sen, not ch[)a]sen. =Chastened=, + =chastening=, etc., have also the long a. + + =Chew=, not _chaw_. The latter word either as a verb or noun is + now considered quite vulgar. + + =Chid=, not ch[=i]ded, is the imperfect tense of chide. + + =Chimera=--k[)i]-m[=e]ra, not chi-m[=e]ra, nor k[=i]-m[=e]ra. + + =Chivalric=--sh[)i]val-rik, not sh[)i]v-[)a]lrik. Worcester + allows the latter. + + =Chivalrous=--sh[)i]val-r[)u]s, not sh[)i]v-[)a]lrus. Worcester + gives ch[)i]val-rus also. + + =Chivalry=--sh[)i]val-ry, not ch[)i]val-ry. Worcester sanctions + both. + + =Cicerone=--ch[=e]-che-r[=o]ne or s[)i]s-e-r[=o]ne, not + s[)i]se-r[=o]ne. A guide. + + =Citrate=--s[)i]trate, not s[=i]trate. "Citrate of magnesia." + + =Climbed=, not clomb (klum). One climbs _up_ but does not climb + _down_. + + =Cochineal=--k[)o]chi-neel, not k[=o]chi-neel nor + k[=o]ki-neel. + + =Cocoa= (k[=o]k[=o]) is not made from the cocoa-nut or tree, but + from the seeds of the _cacao_ (ka-k[=a]o) or chocolate tree. + The word is evidently a perversion, but it has gained a + permanent footing in its present signification. + + =Cognomen=--k[)o]g-nomen, not k[)o]gno-men. + + =Cold-chisel=, not _coal-chisel_. It is a chisel of peculiar + strength and hardness for cutting _cold_ metal. + + =Cole-slaw.= In the former editions of some dictionaries it has + been taught that this word is derived from _cole_ meaning + cabbage, and _slaw_ meaning salad. Cole-slaw--cabbage-salad. + The uninstructed soon changed the _cole_ into _cold_ and + substituted _hot_ for the other extreme of temperature, thus + entirely changing the signification. What was really meant, was + _hot cole-slaw_ and _cold cole-slaw_. Many persons still regard + _cole-slaw_ as the proper word, and receipt books give that + orthography. The last editions of Webster and Worcester, + however, only give the words _cole_ and _slaw_ in separate + places and define the latter as "sliced cabbage." + + =Combatant=--k[)o]mbat-ant, not kom-b[)a]tant. + + =Combativeness=--k[)o]mbat-ive-ness, not kom-b[)a]tive-ness. + + =Come= is often thoughtlessly used for _go_ or some other word. If + How is just leaving Howard's house it is right for How to say, + "I'll come to see you soon," but Howard could not properly say, + _at that place_, the same thing. He should say, "I will go to see + you soon." If they both live in Philadelphia and should meet in + New York, neither could say appropriately, "I'll come to see you + after I get home;" that would mean that one would travel back + from his home in Philadelphia to New York to see the other. But + either might say, "Come and see me when you get home." + + =Comparable=--k[)o]mpa-ra-ble, not k[)o]m-p[)a]ra-ble. + + =Complaisance=--k[)o]mpla-zans, not k[)o]m-pl[=a]z[)a]ns. In + complaisant and complaisantly, the accent is also on the first + syllable. Worcester places it on the third, thus: complaisant + (kom-pla-z[)a]nt), etc. + + =Comptroller=--kon-tr[=o]ller, not k[)o]mp-tr[=o]ller. + + =Conduit=--k[)o]nd[)i]t or k[)u]ndit, not k[)o]ndu[)i]t or + k[)o]nd[=u]te. A pipe or canal for the conveyance of fluid. + + =Confab=, not _conflab_. A contraction of confabulation. + + =Congeries=--k[)o]n-j[=e]r[)i]-eez, not kon-j[=e]r[=e]z nor + k[)o]nje-r[=e]z. A collection of particles into one mass. + + =Contemptuous=, not =contemptible=, when the manifestation of + contempt for another is meant. I once heard a young lady + describing how she had withered at a glance a poor young man + that had incurred her displeasure. "O, I gave him such a + _contemptible_ look," said she. If in the enthusiasm of the + rehearsal, the look that dwelt upon her features was akin to + that given upon the occasion mentioned, no auditor doubted the + exact truth of what she said; but she meant differently. + + =Contiguous=--kon-tig[=u]-[)u]s, not kon-t[)i]j[=u]-[)u]s. + + =Contour=--k[)o]n-t[=o][=o]r, not k[)o]nt[=o][=o]r. The + boundary lines of a figure. + + =Contra-dance= is better than _country-dance_, the latter word + being a corruption; but it has become admissible from long use. + _Contredanse_ is the French original, and means that the + parties stand opposite to each other. + + =Contrary=--k[)o]ntra-ry, not kon-tr[=a]ry, interfering with + the rhythm of the distich from Mother Goose's Melodies: + + "Mary, Mary, quite contrary, + How does your garden grow?" + + =Contumacy=--k[)o]ntu-ma-sy, not kon-t[=u]ma-sy. Obstinacy, + stubbornness. + + =Contumely=--k[)o]ntu-me-ly not k[)o]n-t[=u]me-ly. Insolence, + contemptuousness. + + =Conversant=--k[)o]nver-sant, not kon-v[)e]rs[)a]nt. + + =Conversazione=--k[)o]nver-st-se-[=o]n[=a], not + kon-ver-s[)a]ssi-[=o]ne. A meeting for conversation. Worcester + pronounces it k[)o]n-ver-st-ze-[=o]n[=a]. The plural is + conversazioni (-n[=e]). + + =Corporal= punishment, not cor-p[=o]re-al. + + =Cortege=--krt[=a]zh, not kort[=e]je. A train of attendants. + + =Councilor=, is a member of council. + + =Counselor=, one who gives advice. Worcester's spelling is + councillor and counsellor. + + =Creek=, not kr[)i]ck. + + =Creole.= From Webster's dictionary are taken the following + definitions and remarks: + + 1. "One born in America, or the West Indies, of European + ancestors. + + 2. "One born within or near the tropics, of any color. 'The + term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to + distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans + imported during the time of the slave trade. The application + of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common + in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, + that it implies an admixture greater or less of African + blood.'--R. Hildreth." + + =Crinoline=--kr[)i]no-l[)i]n, not kr[)i]no-l[=i]ne nor + kr[)i]no-leen. + + =Cuirass=--kw[=e]-r[)a]s or kw[=e]r[)a]s, not k[=u]r[)a]s. A + piece of armor. + + =Cuisine=--kwe-z[=e]n, not k[=u]-seen or k[=u]-z[=i]ne. + Cooking or cooking department. + + =Culinary=--k[=u]li-na-ry, not k[)u]li-na-ry. + + =Cupola=--k[=u]po-la, not k[=u]-po-l[=o]. + + + D. + + =Dahlia=--dlya or d[=a]l-ya, not d[)a]lya. + + =Dare not=, not darse'nt. + + =Data=--d[=a]ta, not d[)a]ta, is the plural of datum (d[=a]tum). + + =Debris=--d[=a]-br[=e], not d[=e]br[)i]s nor d[=a]br[=e]. + Rubbish, ruins. + + =Decade=--d[)e]kade, not d[=e]kade nor d[=e]-k[=a]de. Ten in + number. + + =Defalcate=--de-f[)a]lkate, not de-fawlk[=a]te. + + =Defalcation=--d[=e]-f[)a]l-k[=a]shun not d[=e]-fawl-k[=a]shun. + Worcester gives d[)e]f-al-k[=a]shun. No such word as + _defalcater_ is seen. + + =Deficit=--d[)e]fi-sit, not de-f[=i]sit nor de-f[)i]ssit. A + deficiency. + + =Delusion=, not _illusion_, when deception occurs from want of + knowledge of the world, ignorance of business or trade, or from + lack of acumen generally. Illusions are deceptions arising from + a temporarily or permanently disordered imagination, or from + phenomena occurring in nature: thus we speak of the illusions of + fancy, of dreams, and of optical illusions. The mirage of the + desert and the fata Morgana are instances of the latter. + + =Demonstrative=--de-m[)o]nstra-tive, not d[)e]mon-str[=a]-tive. + + =Demonstrator=--d[)e]mon-str[=a]-tor, not de-m[)o]nstr[=a]-tor. + Worcester allows the latter. + + =Depot=--de-p[=o] or d[=e]p[=o], not d[=a]p[=o], nor + d[)e]ppo. Worcester sanctions de-p[=o] only. I once had a + friend, deceased now, of course, who called it de-p[)o]t. + + =Dereliction=--der-e-l[)i]kshun, not d[)e]r-e-l[)e]kshun. A + forsaking, abandonment. + + =Deshabille=--d[)e]s-a-b[)i]l, } =Dishabille=--d[)i]s-a-b[)i]l, + } not d[)e]sha-beel nor d[)i]sha-beel. The French is + dshabill, pronounced about like d[=a]-z-be-y[=a], without + any particular accent. Some persons, in their vain efforts to + get the peculiar liquid sound of the double l, sometimes used, + distort the word terribly, pronouncing it even as broad as + d[)i]s-ha-beelyuh. + + =Desideratum=--de-sid-e-r[=a]tum, not de-s[)i]d-er-[)a]tum; + plural, de-s[)i]d-er-[=a]ta. Something particularly desired. + + =Desperado=--des-per-[=a]do, not des-per-do. + + =Dessert=--d[)e]z-zrt, not d[)e]zzert, nor d[)e]ssert: + _dessert-spoon_ (dez-zrt-spoon). + + =Die.= One dies _of_ a disease, not with it. + + =Differ.= One differs with a person in opinion; one person or + thing differs _from_ another in some quality. + + =Disappointed.= One is disappointed _of_ a thing not obtained and + _in_ a thing obtained. "He will be disappointed of his + expectations." + + =Discourse=--dis-k[=o]rs, not d[)i]sk[=o]rs. + + =Disputable=--dispu-ta-ble, not dis-p[=u]ta-ble. + + =Disputant=--dispu-tant, not dis-p[=u]tant. + + =Distich=--d[)i]st[)i]k, not d[)i]st[)i]ch. Two poetic lines + making sense. + + =Docible=--d[)o]si-ble, not d[=o]si-ble. Tractable; teachable. + + =Docile=--d[)o]s[)i]l, not d[=o]s[=i]le. + + =Dolorous=--d[)o]lor-[)u]s, not d[=o]lor-o[)u]s. =Dolorously= + and =Dolorousness= are similarly accented; but =dolor= is + pronounced d[=o]lor. + + =Doubt.= "I do not doubt but that it is so," is a very common + error. The meaning conveyed is just the opposite to that which + the speaker intends. He declares in other words, that he has + _no_ doubt _but_ a doubt that it is so; or he does not doubt + that it is false. "I have no doubt but," and "there is no doubt + but,"--are similar mistakes. The word "but" should be left out. + + =Dough-face= means one that is easily molded to one's will, or + readily changed in his views, and not a putty-faced or + white-faced person. + + =Dragomans=, not _dragomen_, is the plural of _dragoman_, an + Eastern interpreter. + + =Drama=--drma or dr[=a]ma, not dr[)a]ma. Worcester says + dr[=a]ma or dr[)a]ma. + + =Dramatis Person=--dr[)a]ma-t[=i]s per-s[=o]n[=e], not + dra-m[)a]tis p[)e]rso-n[=e]. + + =Drank=, not _drunk_, is the imperfect tense of drink. + + =Ducat=--d[)u]kat, not d[=u]kat. + + + E. + + =Ear=--[=e]ar, not y[=e]ar. Persons frequently speak of the + _year-ache_, and occasionally "_a year of corn_," may be heard. + + =Ecce Homo=--[)e]ks[=e] h[=o]m[=o], not [)e]kk[=e] + h[=o]m[=o]. + + =Eider=--[=i]der, not [=e]der. _Eider-down_ and _eider-duck_. + + =Elm= is pronounced in one syllable and not [)e]llum. + + =Elysian=--e-l[)i]zi-an, not e-l[)i]ssian. Worcester gives + e-l[)i]zhe-an. + + =Embryo=--embry-[=o], not em-bry[=o]. + + =Employe= (Fr. employ)--[)e]m-ploy-[=a] or [)o]ng-plwaw-y[=a], + not employ[=e] or ong-ploy[=a]. Employee is not allowed. + + =Encore=--[)o]ng-k[=o]r, not [)o]ngk[=o]r nor [)e]nk[=o]r. + + =Eneid=--[=e]-n[=e]id not [=e]ne-id. A poem of Virgil. + Worcester sanctions both methods of pronunciation. + + =Ennui=--[)o]ng-nw[=e], not [)o]ngw[=e]. Worcester gives a much + simpler pronunciation, viz: n-w[=e]. + + =Enquiry=--en-kw[=i]ry, not [)e]nkw[)i]-ry. + + =Epsom Salt=, not Epsom _Salts_. + + =Equable=--[=e]kwa-ble, not [)e]kwa-ble. + + =Equally well=, etc., not equally _as_ well, etc. + + =Espionage=--[)e]spe-on-[=a]je or [)e]spe-on-zh, not + [)e]s-p[=i]o-n[=a]je nor es-p[=e]on-zh. + + =Esquimau=--[)e]ske-m[=o], not [)e]squi-maw: plural, + =Esquimaux= ([)e]ske-m[=o]z), not [)e]ske-mawz nor + [)e]ske-m[=o]. + + =Etagere=--[)e]t-a-zhr, not e-t[)a]zher-y nor + at-t[)a]zh[)i]-a. Worcester's pronunciation is [=a]-t-zhr. + A piece of parlor furniture with shelves, used for placing + small ornaments and fancy articles upon; a what-not. + + =Excrescence=--ex-kr[)e]ssense not ex-kr[=e]sense. A + superfluous appendage: morbid outgrowth. + + =Expect= has reference to the future only, and not to the present + or past. "I _expect_ that you are wrong." "I _expect_ you were + disappointed yesterday," are errors. There is an abundance of + words that may be correctly used, as _suppose_, _suspect_, + _imagine_, _believe_ and _think_. + + =Expose= (Fr. expos)--[)e]ks-po-z[=a], not ex-p[=o]z. An + exposition; statement. + + =Exquisite=--[)e]ksqu[)i]-z[)i]t, not eks-qu[)i]zit[)e]. + =Exquisitely= is accented on the first syllable also. + + =Extant=--extant not ex-t[)a]nt. + + =Extol=--ex-t[)o]l, not ex-t[=o]. =Extolled=, ex-t[)o]ld, etc. + + + F. + + =Facet=--f[)a]sset not f[=a]-s[)e]t. A small surface or face; + as one of the _facets_ of a diamond. + + =Falchion=--fawlchun, not f[)a]lch[)i]-on. A sword. Worcester + sanctions fawlshun, also. + + =Falcon=--fawkn, not f[)a]l-k[)o]n. + + =Fang.= When applied to a tooth, _fang_ means the portion that is + outside of the jaw. This name is often, even by dentists, + erroneously given to the _root_ or part that is set into the jaw. + + =Far=, not _fur_. + + =Febrile=--f[=e]br[)i]l or f[)e]br[)i]l, not f[=e]br[=i]le. + Relating to fever. + + =February=, as it is spelled, and not F[)e]bu-a-ry, as many say + and write it. + + =Feod=, =feodal=, =feodality=--f[=u]d, f[=u]dal, and + f[=u]-d[)a]li-ty. Relating to a kind of tenure formerly + existing in Europe, in which military services were rendered by + the tenant as a consideration. =Feud=, =feudal=, =feudality=, + is the orthography generally adopted now. + + =Ferret.= A ferret is an animal of the weasel kind, used to drive + rabbits out of their burrows, and not a species of dog. + + =Fetid=--f[)e]tid, not f[=e]tid. + + =Fetor=--f[=e]tor, not f[)e]tor. + + =Finale=---fe-nl[=a], not f[=i]n[=a]le or f[=i]-n[)a]lly. + + =Finance=--f[)i]-n[)a]ns, not f[=i]-n[)a]ns. + + =Finances=--f[)i]-n[)a]ns[)e]z, not f[=i]n[)a]n-s[)e]z. + + =Financier=--f[)i]n-an-seer, not f[=i]-nan-seer. =Financial=, + and =financially=, have also the short i in the first syllable. + + =Finis=--f[=i]nis, not f[)i]nis. + + =Firmament= means the expanse of the sky: the heavens. The + meaning, solid foundation, is obsolete. + + =Flannel=, not _flannen_. + + =Florid=--fl[)o]rid, not fl[=o]r[)i]d. + + =Florin=--fl[)o]rin, not fl[=o]-r[)i]n. A piece of money. + + =Florist=--fl[=o]rist, not fl[)o]rist. + + =Forage=--f[)o]raje, not f[=o]raje. + + =Forceps=--frseps, not f[=o]rseps. The word is spelled the + same in both the singular and the plural numbers. Such mistakes + as, "hand me a forcep," instead of "hand me a forceps," are + very common. Strictly speaking, "a pair of forceps," ought, I + suppose, to mean _two_ forceps; but like the expressions "a + pair of scissors" and "a pair of stairs," the phrase has been + in use so long that it must be tolerated. + + =Forehead=--f[)o]red, not f[=o]rh[)e]d. Worcester allows either. + + =Foreign=--f[)o]rin, not f[)u]rin. + + =Fortnight=--frtn[=i]te, not f[=o]rtn[=i]te, f[=o]rtn[)i]t + nor frtn[)i]t. Worcester gives what is authorized above and + frtn[)i]t. + + =Fortress=--frtress, not f[=o]rtress. + + =Fragile=--fr[)a]j[)i]l, not fr[=a]j[)i]l nor fr[=a]j[=i]le. + + =Fritter=, not _flitter_, is the name of a kind of fried cake. + + =Frivolity=--fri-v[)o]li-ty, not fr[)i]vol-ty. + + =Frontier=--fr[)o]nteer, not fr[)u]nteer nor fr[)u]n-teer. + + =Frontispiece=--fr[)o]ntis-p[=e]se, not fr[)u]ntis-p[=e]se. + + =Fuchsia=--f[=o][=o]ks[)i]-a, not f[=u]sh[)i]-a. Worcester + gives the latter. + + =Fuzz=, not _furze_, is the word to use, if used at all, when the + embryo whiskers, or the downy surface of fruit, etc., are + meant. Down is the more appropriate word. _Furze_ is the name + of an evergreen shrub. + + + G. + + =Gallivating=, not _gallivanting_. Gallivanting is a word that is + used to some extent, being applied to persons that are roaming + about for amusement or adventure; as, "this young man has been + _gallivanting_ around." If it is a corruption of _gallanting_, + it should certainly be abolished as a vulgarism; but if it is a + corruption of _gallivating_, from _gallivat_, the name of a + small sailing vessel, it might be clothed in its proper garb + and retained as a useful word in our language. If either is + used, the one above preferred should be chosen, at any rate. + + =Gallows=--g[)a]llus, not g[)a]ll[=o]z. =Gallowses=, plural. + + =Gamin=--ga-m[)a]ng, not g[)a]min nor g[=a]min. A street child. + + =Gape=--gpe or g[=a]pe, not g[)a]p. + + =Gargle.= One _gargles_, not _gurgles_, the throat. + + =Gaseous=--g[)a]ze-us, not g[)a]ss-e-us. Worcester gives + g[=a]ze-us too. + + =Gather=--g[)a]ther, not g[)e]ther. + + =Genealogy=--j[)e]n-e-[)a]lo-jy, not j[=e]-ne-[)a]lo-jy nor + je-ne-[)o]lo-jy. + + =Genealogist= (j[)e]n-e-[)a]lo-jist), =genealogical= + (j[)e]n-e-a-l[)o]ji-kal) and =genealogically= + (j[)e]n-e-a-l[)o]ji-kal-ly). + + =Generic=--je-n[)e]rik, not j[)e]ner-ik, nor je-n[=e]rik. + Relating to a genus, or kind. + + =Gerund=--j[)e]rund, not j[=e]-rund. A kind of verbal noun in + Latin. + + =Get=, not g[)i]t. + + =Giaour=--jowr, not g[=i][=o][=o]r, j[=i]-owr nor j[=o][=o]r. + An epithet applied by the Turks to a disbeliever in Mahomet; + the name of one of Byron's poems. + + =Gibbet=--j[)i]bbet, not g[)i]bbet. + + =Glamour=--gl[=a]m[=o][=o]r, not gl[)a]mmur. Worcester gives + gl[=a]mer, also. A charm in the eyes, making them see things + differently from what they really are. + + =Gneiss=--n[=i]s, not n[=e]s nor gn[=e]s. A kind of rock. + + =Gondola=--g[)o]ndo-la, not gon-d[=o]la. + + =Got.= There are some sticklers for niceties that overdo + themselves in contending that the use of the verb _got_ is + generally unnecessary and incorrect in conjunction with _have_ + and _had_. Get means to procure, to obtain, to come into + possession of, etc., and it is a very tame assertion that one + simply _has_ a thing that cost much mental or physical labor. A + scholar _has_ his lesson, but did it creep into his head while + he passively shut his eyes and went to sleep? On the contrary, + he _got_ it or learned it by hard study, and it is proper to + say that he has _got_ it. A man _has_ a cold, but he _got_ it + or _took_ it by exposing himself. A person _has_ a sum of + money, but he _got_ or _earned_ it by his labor. Another _has_ + good friends, but he _got_ or _secured_ them by his pleasant + address. The great causes of the warfare against this word are, + I think, that _have_ and _had_, though generally used as + auxiliaries, can sometimes be used as principal verbs and make + good sense; and that it has not been recollected that in the + majority of cases _got_ either stands for, or can be + substituted for another verb. In confirmation of this last + statement, is appended the following composed by Dr. Withers: + "I _got_ on horseback within ten minutes after I _got_ your + letter. When I _got_ to Canterbury, I _got_ a chaise for town, + but I _got_ wet before I _got_ to Canterbury; and I have _got_ + such a cold as I shall not be able to _get_ rid of in a hurry. + I _got_ to the Treasury about noon, but first of all I _got_ + shaved and dressed. I soon _got_ into the secret of getting a + memorial before the board, but I could not _get_ an answer + then; however, I _got_ intelligence from the messenger, that I + should most likely _get_ one the next morning. As soon as I + _got_ back to my inn, I _got_ my supper and _got_ to bed. It + was not long before I _got_ asleep. When I _got_ up in the + morning, I _got_ my breakfast, and then I _got_ myself dressed + that I might _get_ out in time to _get_ an answer to my + memorial. As soon as I _got_ it, I _got_ into the chaise and + _got_ to Canterbury by three, and about tea-time, I got home. I + have _got_ nothing for you, and so adieu." + + Applying this test of substitution to any doubtful case, I think + it right to assert that if there is no other verb, or + participle, that will appropriately take the place of "got," + the latter word is _unnecessary_; but it should hardly be + considered as an error, as it is so slight an impropriety + compared with many others that are allowed, and especially + because we have long had the usage of many of the best writers + to sanction the employment of the word. The very people that + appear to be so shocked at the use of the superfluous _got_, + may generally be heard making use of such expressions as "fell + _down_ upon the ground," "rose _up_ and went away," "covered it + _over_," and "a great, _big_ fire." The _down_, _up_, _over_ + and _big_ are certainly superfluities, but they have been heard + so long that they are seldom mentioned as errors. + + =Gourmand=--g[=o][=o]rmnd, not grmand, unless the orthography + =gormand= is used. + + =Gout=--gowt, not g[=o][=o]t, as actors are sometimes heard + pronounce it in the following line from Macbeth: "On thy blade + and dudgeon, _gouts_ of blood." + + =Government=--g[)u]vern-ment not g[)u]ver-ment. It is a + mistake, frequently made, to write and pronounce the word as if + it had no "n" in the penultimate. + + =Gramercy=--gra-mrsy, not gr[)a]mer-sy. A word formerly used + to express thankfulness with surprise. + + =Granary=--gr[)a]na-ry, not gr[=a]na-ry. There are no such + words as _grainery_ and _grainary_. + + =Gratis=--gr[=a]tis, not gr[)a]t-is. + + =Grenade=--gre-n[=a]de, not gr[)e]nade. A kind of explosive + shell. + + =Guardian=--grd[)i]-an, not gr-d[=e]an. + + =Guerdon=--grdon, not gw[)e]rdon nor j[)e]rdon. A reward; a + recompense. + + =Guild=--g[)i]ld, not g[=i]ld. A society; a fraternity. + + =Guipure=--ge-p[=u]r, not g[)i]m-p[=u]re nor gw[)i]-p[=u]re. + An imitation of antique lace. + + =Gunwale=--commonly pronounced g[)u]nnel and spelled so + sometimes. + + =Gutta-percha=--g[)u]tta-prcha, not g[)u]tta-prka. + + =Gyrfalcon=--jrfaw-kn, not j[=e]rf[)a]l-kun. + + + H. + + =Habitue= (Fr. habitu)---b[)i]t-u-[=a], not h[)a]b-it-u-[=e] + nor h[)a]b-[)i]t-u-[=a]. + + =Halloo= (hal-l[=o][=o]), =holla= (h[)o]ll), =hollo= + (h[)o]ll[=o] or h[)o]l-l[=o]) or =hollow= (h[)o]ll[=o]w), + but not h[)o]ller. Worcester gives =halloo= (hal-l[=o][=o]), + =holla= (h[)o]l-l), =hollo= (h[)o]l-l[=o]) and =hollow= + (h[)o]ll[=o]w or h[)o]l-l[=o]w). It is strange that with such + a variety of words to choose from, people generally say + "_holler_." + + =Hanged= is preferable to _hung_, when the infliction of the + death penalty by hanging is meant. + + =Harass=--h[)a]rass, not ha-r[)a]ss. + + =Harem=--h[=a]rem, not h[)a]rem. Worcester gives hrem also. + Written also =haram= (ha-r[)a]m). + + =Hardly.= _Don't_ and _can't_ should not be used with =hardly=. + Such errors as, "I don't hardly believe it," are not uncommon. + _Hardly_ means _scarcely_, and the use of don't or can't gives + an opposite signification to the sentence. + + =Haunt=--hnt, not h[)a]nt. + + =Haunted=--hnted, not h[)a]nted. + + =Hawaiian=--ha-w[=i]yan, not ha-wawyan. Relating to the island + of Hawaii. + + =Hearth=--hrth, not hrth. + + =Hearth-stone=--hrthstone, not hrthstone. + + =Heather=--h[)e]ther, not h[=e]ther. Worcester gives h[=e]ther + as the pronunciation. + + =Heinous=--h[=a]nus, not h[=e]nus, h[=e]nyus nor h[=a]nyus. + + =Herb=--rb, not hrb. + + =Herbaceous=--her-b[=a]shus, not er-b[=a]shus. + + =Herbage=--rbej or h[)e]rbej, not h[)e]rb[=a]je. + + =Heroine=--h[)e]ro-[)i]n, not h[=e]-ro-[=i]ne nor h[=e]ro-[)i]n. + Worcester gives the first and the last of the above. + + =Heroism=--h[)e]ro-izm, not h[=e]ro-[)i]zm. Worcester sanctions + both. + + =Hieroglyphic=--h[=i]-er-o-gl[)i]fik, not h[=i]-er-o-gr[)i]fik. + + =Hindoostanee=} =Hindustani= } hin-d[=o][=o]-st[)a]nee, not + hin-d[=o][=o]st[)a]n-ee. Worcester's orthography is + _Hindostanee_ and _Hindostany_, but the accent is on the penult + as above. + + =Homage=--h[)o]maje, not [)o]m-aje. + + =Homeopathy=--h[=o]-me-[)o]pa-thy, not h[=o]me-o-p[)a]th-y. + + =Homeopathist=--h[=o]-me-[)o]pa-thist, not + h[=o]me-o-p[)a]th-ist. + + =Hooping-cough=--h[=o][=o]ping-cough, not h[)o][)o]ping-cough. + Spelled =Whooping-cough=, also. + + =Horizon=--ho-r[=i]zon, not h[)o]ri-zon. + + =Horse-radish=--horse-r[)a]d-ish, not horse-r[)e]d-dish. + + =Hough=--h[)o]k, not h[)u]ff. To disable by cutting the sinews of + the ham. As a noun, the word means the joint at the lower + portion of the leg of a quadruped; written =hock=, also. + + =Houri=--howry, not owry. A nymph of paradise. + + =Hovel=--h[)o]vel, not h[)u]vel. + + =Hundred=, as spelled, not _hunderd_. + + =Hydropathy=--h[=i]-dr[)o]pa-thy, not h[=i]dr[=o]-p[)a]th-y. + + =Hydropathist=--h[=i]-dr[)o]pa-thist, not + h[=i]dr[=o]-p[)a]th-ist. + + =Hygiene=--h[=i]ji-[=e]ne, not h[=i]-geen nor h[=i]geen. + Worcester authorizes the first and last. + + + I. + + =Illustrate=--il-l[)u]strate, not [)i]llus-tr[=a]te. + =Illustrated=, =illustrating=, =illustrative= and + =illustrator=, are likewise accented on the second syllable. + + =Imbroglio=--[)i]m-br[=o]ly[=o], not [)i]m-br[)o]ly[=o]. + Worcester says [)i]m-br[=o]lye-[=o]. + + =Immobile=--im-m[)o]b[)i]l, not [)i]m-m[=o]b[)i]l nor + [)i]m-m[=o]b[=i]le. + + =Imperturbable=--im-per-trba-ble, not + [)i]m-per-t[=o][=o]ra-ble, nor [)i]m-prtu-ra-ble. Incapable + of being disturbed. + + =Implacable=--im-pl[=a]ka-ble, not [)i]m-pl[)a]ka-ble. + + =Impotent=--impo-tent, not [)i]m-p[=o]tent. =Impotency= and + =impotence= are accented similarly. + + =Improvise=--im-pro-v[=i]ze, not [)i]mpro-v[=i]ze. + + =Incognito=--in-k[)o]gni-t[=o], not in-c[)o]ni-to nor + in-c[)o]g-n[)i]sh[=o]. =Incog= is an authorized abbreviation. + =Incognita=, is a female in disguise. + + =Indiscretion=--[)i]n-dis-kr[)e]shun, not [)i]n-dis-kr[=e]shun. + + =Indissoluble=--in-d[)i]sso-lu-ble, not + [)i]n-d[)i]s-s[)o]lu-ble. =Indissolubly=, etc. + + =Industry=--indus-try, not [)i]n-dustry. + + =Infinitesimal=--in-fin-i-t[)e]si-mal, not + [)i]n-f[)i]n-t[)e]si-mal. + + =Ingenious=--[)i]n-j[=e]ny[)u]s, means possessed of genius; + skillful, etc. + + =Ingenuous=--[)i]n-j[)e]nyu-us, means noble, open, frank, + generous, etc. + + =Inquiry=--in-kw[=i]ry, not [)i]nkw[)i]-ry. + + =Inveigle=--[)i]n-v[=e]gle, not [)i]n-v[=a]gle. =Inveigler= + (in-v[=e]gler) and =inveiglement= (in-v[=e]gle-ment). + + =Irate= [=i]-r[=a]te, not [=i]r[=a]te. Worcester gives the + latter. + + =Irrational=--ir-r[)a]shun-al, not [)i]r-r[=a]shun-al. + =Irrationally= ([)i]r-r[)a]shun-al-ly), etc. + + =Irrecognizable=--ir-re-k[)o]gni-za-ble, not + [)i]r-r[)e]kog-n[=i]-za-ble. + + =Irrelevant=, not _irrevelant_. Not applicable; not suited. + + =Isinglass= [=i]z[)i]ng-glass, is a kind of gelatine prepared + from the sounds or air-bladders of certain fish, and is used in + jellies, for clarifying liquors, etc.; while the transparent + substance, frequently called _isinglass_, which is used in the + doors of stoves and lanterns, is really _mica_, a mineral that + admits of being cleaved into thin plates. + + =Isolate=--[)i]so-l[=a]te, not [=i]so-late. =Isolated= + ([)i]so-l[=a]-ted), etc. Worcester gives [)i]zo-l[=a]te, etc. + + =Itch=--[)i]tch, not [=e]ch. + + + J. + + =Jamb=, not _jam_ is the spelling of the side-piece of a door, + window or fire-place. + + =Jaundice=--jnd[)i]s, not _jan-ders_. + + =Jean=--j[=a]ne, not jeen. A twilled cotton cloth. Written also + =jane=. + + =Jew's-harp=--j[=u]zhrp, not j[=u]shrp. + + =Jocund=--j[)o]kund, not j[=o]kund. =Jocundity=, =jocundly=, + =jocundness=, have also the short o. + + =Jugular=--j[=u]gu-lar, not j[)u]gu-lar. + + =Jujube=--j[=u]j[=u]be, not j[=u]j[=u]-be. "Jujube paste." + + =Just=, not j[)e]st in such sentences as: "I have _just_ done + it;" "He has _just_ enough," etc. + + + K. + + =Knoll=--n[=o]l, not n[)o]l. + + + L. + + =Lamm=, to beat, is not spelled l[)a]m nor l[)a]mb. + + =Lapel=--la-p[)e]l, not l[)a]pel. That part of a coat which + laps over the facing. + + =Lariat=--l[)a]ri-at, not l[=a]ri-at. A lasso. + + =Lay=. This word in the sense here considered is a transitive + verb, or one in which the action or state implied by the verb, + passes over to an object. The present tense is _lay_; the + imperfect tense and past participle are _laid_; and the present + participle _laying_. Requiring an object in each of the various + meanings attached to it, it is proper to say: "The hen _lays_ + an egg every day;" "The man _laid_ his load on the ground;" + "The rain has _laid_ the dust;" "The hunter is _laying_ a + snare." The verb _lie_ is an _intransitive_ verb and can have + _no object_ after it. The present tense is _lie_; the imperfect + tense is _lay_; the past participle is _lain_; the present + participle is _lying_. Having no objective case to which the + action or state passes over, it is correct to say: "Ohio _lies_ + north of Kentucky;" "The sick man _lay_ upon the bed + yesterday;" "He has _lain_ there helpless for weeks;" "The + goods I bought are _lying_ on my hands." Contrasting the + sentences under each verb it will be readily seen that Ohio + does not _lie_ Kentucky, but the hen _lays_ the egg; the + invalid did not _lay_ the bed like the man _laid_ his load; he + has not _lain_ anything, as the rain has _laid_ the dust; and + the goods are not _lying_ anything, as the hunter is _laying_ + the snare. If the foregoing differences have been carefully + observed, I imagine that it will always be easy to select the + proper word by remembering the following rules: + + 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + must pass over to an object, use _lay_, _laid_ and _laying_. + + 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + does not pass over to an object, use _lie_, _lay_, _lain_ + and _lying_. + + "He _laid_ upon the bed," then, is incorrect, for the verb has no + object. It should be: "He _lay_ upon the bed." But, "He _laid + himself_ upon the bed," would be correct, for there is an + objective case, _himself_, supplied. "Let these papers _lay_," + should be, "Let these papers _lie_." "The ship _lays_ at + anchor," should be, "The ship _lies_ at anchor." "The ship + _laid_ at anchor," should be, "The ship _lay_ at anchor." "They + have _laid_ in wait for you," should be, "They have _lain_ in + wait for you." "This trunk is _laying_ in our way," should be, + "This trunk is _lying_ in our way." Errors connected with the + use of these verbs are more common, probably, than any others + in our language, being detected in the conversation and + writings of many of the best educated people. Attention to the + above rules, and a few trial sentences in the different moods, + tenses, numbers and persons, ought to make the selection of the + proper word so simple, that persons should seldom make mistakes. + + =Learn.= _Learning_ is done by the scholar or student, and + _teaching_ by the instructor. "She will _learn_ me how to + play," should be, "She will _teach_ me how to play," etc. + + =Leasing=--leezing, not l[=e]sing. An obsolete word meaning + falsehood; lying. "Thou shalt destroy them that speak + leasing."--_Bible._ + + =Leg.= Of late years there has become quite popular a prudish + notion that it is indelicate to say _leg_ when one of the limbs + that supports the human body is meant, _limb_ being preferred + instead. _Leg_ is certainly a less euphonious word than _limb_, + and if the latter had the same signification attached to it, + there would be no objection to its employment; but _limb_ means + _arm_ just as much as it does _leg_. There is nothing immodest in + the sound or meaning of the word _leg_; if there were, it would + be well to speak of the _limb_ of a table, a _limb_ of mutton, or + a three _limbed_ stool; and the mention of such words as _legacy_ + or _legate_ should cause the blush to rise to our cheeks. The + very use of the word _limb_ indicates what is passing in the mind + of the speaker--a thought of _leg_, an indelicate meaning + attached to it, and a fear to speak the word. The mind of the + listener is affected similarly and the result is that a + conversation intended to be perfectly pure, has a slight stain + left upon it. If we could pass through life without ever finding + it necessary to speak of our legs to strangers, there would be no + danger of compromising ourselves; but run-away and other + accidents are constantly occurring in which legs are broken or + otherwise injured. When a surgeon is called, if he is told that a + _limb_ is injured, he has one chance in four of guessing the + riddle. It is not always safe to trifle thus with some of the + serious, practical old followers of Esculapius. Before now they + have given such rebukes as to make people ashamed that they did + not say _leg_ in the first place; or they have left the bedside + abruptly with such a remark as: "When you find out whether it is + your arm or your leg, send for me again." If people will persist + in using _limb_ for _leg_, it is to be hoped that they will adopt + some adjective prefix to remove all ambiguity. How would + north-east, south-east, etc., do? Any one informed that the + _south-east limb_ was fractured, would know at once that it was + the _right leg_. + + =Legate=--l[)e]gate, not l[=e]g[=a]te. + + =Legendary=--l[)e]jend-a-ry, not l[=e]j[)e]nd-a-ry. + + =Leisure=--l[=e]zhur, not l[)e]zhur, nor l[=a]zhur. + =Leisurely= (l[=e]zhur-ly). + + =Length=, not l[)e]nth. Every letter is sounded, also, in + =lengthy=, =lengthen=, =lengthiness=, etc. + + =Lenient=--l[=e]ni-ent, not l[)e]ni-ent. =Leniently= + (l[=e]ni-ent-ly), etc. + + =Lethe=--l[=e]the, not l[=e]th; the _th_ is as in _both_. The + mythological and poetical name of a river of the infernal + region, the drinking of a portion of which caused forgetfulness + of the past. + + =Lethean=--l[=e]-th[=e]an, not l[=e]the-an. + + =Let's.= It should be remembered that _let's_ is really _let us_, + the apostrophe denoting the elision of the u. Such expressions + then as: "let's us go," "let's him and me go," should he, "let + us go" (or let's go), and "let him and me go;" for who wishes + to say "let us us go," or "let us him and me go." + + =Leverage=--l[)e]ver-aje, not l[=e]ver-aje. + + =Licorice=--l[)i]ko-r[)i]s, not l[)i]ker-[)i]sh. + + =Lie.= See =Lay=. + + =Lien=--l[=e]en or l[=i]en, not _leen_. A charge upon property + for the satisfaction of a debt. + + =Lighted= is preferable to l[)i]t as the imperfect tense and past + participle of _light_. "He _lighted_ the gas," instead of, "He + _lit_ the gas." "I have _lighted_ the fire," instead of, "I + have _lit_ the fire." The same remarks apply to the imperfect + and participle of _light_ taken as an intransitive verb. "The + bird has _lighted_ upon the tree," instead of, "has _lit_ upon + the tree." _Lit_ is condemned as common. + + =Lithographer=--l[)i]-thogra-pher, not l[)i]tho-gr[)a]ph-er, + nor l[=i]-th[)o]gra-pher. =Lithography= + (l[)i]-th[)o]gra-phy). + + =Loath=--l[=o]th, not l[)o]th; the _th_ is as in _both_. + Reluctant. Written sometimes =loth=. The verb is =loathe=, with + the _th_ as in _breathe_. + + =Lyceum=--l[=i]-s[=e]um, not l[=i]se-um. + + + M. + + =Machiavelian=--m[)a]k-i-a-v[=e]lian, not m[)a]sh-i-a-v[)e]lian. + pertaining to Machiavel; politically cunning. + + =Mad.= In the sense of provoked, wrathful or indignant, _angry_ + is generally considered the more appropriate word. "_Mad as a + March hare_," is an indelicate term that should not be used on + account of its origin. + + =Madame=--m-dm, not m[)a]dam. + + =Magna Charta=--magna krta, not magna chrta. + + =Manes=--m[=a]n[=e]z, not m[=a]nz. The souls of the dead. + + =Manor=--m[)a]nor, not m[=a]nor. + + =Marigold=--m[)a]ri-gold, not m[=a]ri-gold. + + =Matin=--m[)a]tin, not m[=a]tin. + + =Matins=--m[)a]tinz, not m[=a]tinz. + + =Mattress=--m[)a]ttress, not ma-tr[)a]ss. Written also + =matress= and pronounced as the first. + + =Meaw=--m[=u], not meyow. To cry like a cat. + + =Mediocre=--medi-[=o]-ker, not m[=e]-di-[=o]ker, nor + m[=e]-di-[)o]ker. + + =Melange=--m[=a]-l[)o]ngzh, not me-l[)a]nj. + + =Melanotype=--me-l[)a]no-type, not me-l[=a]no-type. + + =Melodrama=--m[)e]l-o-dr[=a]ma, not m[)e]l-o-dr[)a]ma, nor + m[)e]l-o-drma. + + =Memoir=--m[)e]mwor or m[=e]mwor, according to Webster; + Worcester gives m[=e]-moir or m[)e]mwr. + + =Mesdames=--m[=a]-dm, not m[)e]z-d[=a]mes. + + =Metallurgy=--m[)e]tal-lur-jy, not me-t[)a]llur-jy. + + =Metaphor.= The failure to distinguish between metaphors and + similes, is a very common mistake. In a metaphor the + resemblance is implied without any words to show the + similarity; as soon as the latter are added it becomes a + simile. "Hope is an anchor," and "Judah is a lion's whelp" are + metaphors. "Hope is _like_ an anchor," and "Judah is _like_ a + lion's whelp" are similes. + + =Metrical=--m[)e]trik-al, not m[=e]trik-al. + + =Mezzo=--m[)e]dz[=o] or m[)e]tz[=o], not m[)e]zz[=o]. An + Italian word meaning middle; not extreme. =Mezzo-soprano= + (m[)e]dzo-so-prno); between contralto and soprano; said of + the voice of a female singer. =Mezzotinto=, etc. + + =Microscope=--m[=i]kro-scope, not m[)i]kro-scope. =Microscopic= + (m[=i]-kro-sc[)o]pic). =Microscopy= (m[=i]-krosco-py). + + =Mien=--meen, not m[=a]ne. + + =Mineralogy=--min-er-alo-jy, not min-er-[)o]lo-jy. + + =Minuet=--m[)i]n[=u]-et, not m[)i]n-[=u]-[)e]t. A dance. + + =Mischievous=--m[)i]sche-v[)u]s, not m[)i]s-ch[=e]v[)u]s, nor + mis-ch[=e]ve-us. =Mischievously= and =mischievousness= are + also accented on the first syllable. + + =Modulate.= This word is often used incorrectly instead of + _moderate_ in such sentences as: "_Modulate_ your voice," when + it is meant to command or request that the tone be _moderated_ + or lowered. _Modulate_ means to vary or inflect in a musical + manner, and although the word might often be used with + propriety in such sentences as the above, yet it is not always + what is _meant_ by the speaker. A person's voice may be + perfectly _modulated_ and yet the tone may be so high that it + is desirable, upon certain occasions, to have it _moderated_. + + =Moire=--mwr, not m[=o]re nor m[=o]re. =Moire antique= (mwor + [)a]n-t[=e]k). + + =Molasses.= It may seem incredible to those who have never heard + the error I am about to mention, that such a ridiculous blunder + could occur. I should hardly have believed it myself, if I had + only heard _of_ it; but I was once in a portion of the country + where all the people for miles around spoke of molasses as if + it were a plural noun, and I frequently heard such remarks as + the following: "_These_ molasses are very good; _they_ are the + best I have seen for some time." I once began to remonstrate + with one of the champions of the plurality of the treacle, and + insisted that he should say, "_this_ molasses" and, "_it_ is + good," etc.; but it was of no avail. He insisted that the word + was analogous to _ashes_, and if one was plural so was the + other. There was no good dictionary or other reliable authority + in the neighborhood, as might be imagined from what has been + said, so they were left happy in their ignorance. + + =Monad=--m[)o]nad, not m[=o]nad. An ultimate atom. + + =Monogram=--m[)o]no-gram, not m[=o]no-gram. + + =Monograph=--m[)o]no-graph, not m[=o]no-graph. + + =Monomania=--m[)o]n-o-m[=a]nia, not m[=o]-no-m[=a]nia. + =Monomaniac= (m[)o]n-o-m[=a]ni-ac). + + =Moor=--m[=o][=o]r, not m[=o]re. An extensive waste; a heath. + _Moor_, the name of a native of North Africa, is similarly + pronounced. + + =Morale=--mo-rl, not m[)o]r[=a]le nor m[=o]-r[)a]l. + + =Mountainous=--mountain-ous, not moun-t[=a]ni-o[)u]s. + + =Multiplication=--m[)u]l-ti-pli-c[=a]tion, not + m[)u]l-ti-pi-c[=a]tion. + + =Murrain=--m[)u]rr[)i]n, not m[)u]rr[=a]ne. A disease among + cattle. + + =Museum=--mu-z[=e]um, not m[=u]ze-um. + + =Mushroom=, not _mush-roon_. + + =Musk-melon=, not _mush-melon_; but anything before + _mush-million_. + + =Mussulmans=, not _musselmen_, is the plural of =Mussulman=. + + =Mythology=--m[)i]-th[)o]lo-jy, not m[=i]-th[)o]lo-jy. + + + N. + + =Naiad=--n[=a]yad, not n[=a][)i]d nor n[=a][)a]d. A water nymph. + + =Nainsook=--n[=a]n-s[=o][=o]k, not n[)a]n-s[=o][=o]k. A kind of + muslin. + + =Naive=--n[=e]v, not n[=a]ve nor nve. Natural; artless. + + =Naivete=--n[=e]v-t[=a], not n[=a]-v[=e]te nor n[=a]-v[=e]ta. + + =Nape=--n[=a]p, not n[)a]p. The back part of the neck. + + =Nasal=--n[=a]zal, not n[=a]sal nor n[)a]sal. + + =Nasturtium= or =Nasturtion=, not _asturtion_. + + =Negligee=--n[)e]g-li-zh[=a], not n[)e]g-li-j[=e], nor + n[)e]gli-zh[=a]. + + =Newspaper=--n[=u]zp[=a]-per, not n[=u]sp[=a]-per. + + =Niche=--n[)i]ch, not n[)i]ck, when a concave recess in a wall + for an ornament is meant. If a piece is chopped roughly out of + anything, it is a _nick_. _Nick_ of time, not _niche_ of time, + when a critical moment is meant; but in figurative language + there is no doubt that the phrase "niche of time," may be + appropriately used. A great event may be said to stand in a + _niche of time_ as an example for coming ages. + + =Nomad=--n[)o]mad, not n[=o]-mad. One of a wandering tribe. + Written =nomade= (n[)o]made) also. + + =Nomenclature=--no-men-cl[=a]ture, not n[=o]men-cl[=a]t[=u]re. + + =Nominative=, not _nom-a-tive_. + + =Nonillion=--n[=o]-n[)i]llion, not n[)o]n-[)i]llion. + + =Nook=--n[=o][=o]k, as given by Webster. Worcester sanctions both + n[=o][=o]k and n[)o][)o]k. + + =Notable=--n[)o]ta-ble, not n[=o]ta-ble, when it is applied to + a person distinguished for thrift, management, care, etc.; as a + _notable housekeeper_. + + =Nymphean=--n[)i]m-f[=e]an, not n[)i]mfe-an. Relating to nymphs. + + + O. + + =Obesity=--o-b[)e]si-ty, not o-b[=e]si-ty. + + =Obligatory=--[)o]bli-ga-to-ry, not [)o]b-l[)i]ga-to-ry. + + =Often=--[)o]fn, not [)o]ft[)e]n. + + =Omega=--o-m[=e]ga or o-m[)e]ga, not [)o]me-ga. Worcester + allows the first only. + + =Onerous=--[)o]ner-ous, not [=o]ner-o[)u]s. + + =Only=--[=o]nly, not [)u]nly. + + =Onyx=--[=o]nyx, not [)o]nyx. + + =Opal=--[=o]-pal, not [=o]-p[)a]l nor [=o]-pawl. + + =Opponent=--op-p[=o]nent, not [)o]ppo-nent. + + =Ordnance=, not _ordinance_, when cannon, artillery, etc., are + intended. _Ordinance_ is a rule established by authority. + + =Orgeat=--rzhat or rzh[=a], not rje-at. Worcester gives + rzhat. + + =Orthoepy=--rtho-e-py, not r-th[=o]e-py. + + =Orthoepist=--rtho-e-pist, not r-th[=o]e-pist. + + =Overflowed=, not _overflown_. + + + P. + + =Palaver=--pa-lver, not pa-l[)a]ver. + + =Pall-mall=--p[)e]l-m[)e]l, not pawl-mawl. The name of a game + formerly played in England; and the name of a street in London. + Written also _pail-mail_ and _pell-mell_, both pronounced as + above. Pell-mell used as an adverb means mixed together in a + disorderly manner; but one person can not rush _pell-mell_. + + =Papaw=--pa-paw, not p[)o]ppaw as commonly called. Written also + =pawpaw=. + + =Papyrus=--pa-p[=i]rus, not p[)a]pi-r[)u]s. A material used for + writing upon by the ancients, made from the inner bark of a + plant. + + =Parent=--prent, not p[=a]rent. + + =Parisian=--pa-r[)i]zian, not pa-r[)i]shian nor pa-r[)i]ssian. + Worcester gives pa-r[)i]zhi-an. + + =Paroquet=--p[)a]ro-quet, not p[)a]r-o-k[)e]t. + + =Parquet=--pr-k[=a] or pr-k[)e]t. Worcester allows pr-k[=a] + only. + + =Parquette=--pr-ket, not pr-k[=a]. + + =Partner=, not _pardner_. + + =Partridge=, not _pattrij_. + + =Patent.= The _adjective_ is pronounced either p[)a]tent or + p[=a]tent. When used as a verb or a noun it is pronounced + p[)a]tent. + + =Patois=--p[)a]t-w[)o], not p[)a]tw[)o] nor p[)a]t-waw. + + =Patriot=--p[=a]tri-ot, not p[)a]tri-ot. =Patriotic=, + =patriotism=, etc., have also the long a. Worcester gives the + same with the exception of _patriotic_, which he pronounces + both p[=a]tri-ot-ic and p[)a]tri-ot-ic. + + =Patron=--p[=a]tron, not p[)a]tron. =Patroness= and + =patronless= have also the long a. + + =Patronize=--p[)a]tron-[=i]ze, not p[=a]tron-[=i]ze. + + =Patronage=--p[)a]tron-aje, not p[=a]tron-aje. + + =Pease=, not _peas_, when an uncounted quantity is referred to, + as: a bushel of _pease_, a plateful of _pease_, some more + _pease_, etc. _Peas_ when a certain number is mentioned, as: a + dozen _peas_, fifty _peas_, etc. + + =Pedal=--p[)e]dal, not p[=e]dal, when that portion of a piano + or harp that is acted upon by the feet, is meant. P[=e]dal is + an adjective, and means pertaining to the above, or to a foot. + + =Perfect.= I have selected this as the representative of a class + of adjectives that, strictly speaking, do not admit of + comparison. I have noticed, invariably, that those who appear + to be so anxious to correct the error of giving degrees of + comparison to a few stereotyped words of this class, such as + _round_, _square_, _universal_, _chief_, _extreme_, etc., are + singularly remiss in calling attention to a great many other + mistakes of the same kind that are equally prominent. Amongst + the latter may be mentioned the comparison of _correct_, + _complete_, _even_, _level_, _straight_, etc. It will be + admitted that if anything is _perfect_ it can not be _more_ so; + and as soon as it is _less_ so it fails to be _perfect_ at all. + So, if anything is _correct_ it is perfectly free from error; + it can not be made _more_ correct, and if its correctness is + detracted from, it is not quite correct any longer. A + _straight_ line is one that does not vary from a perfectly + _direct_ course in the slightest degree; it can not be + _straighter_ and if it could be _less_ straight, it would be + _curved_. It is ridiculous for any one to insist upon a + national reformation of a few such errors, and suffer a hundred + others just like them to exist without remonstrance. Either + _nearer_ and _nearest_, _more nearly_, and _most nearly_, and + the like, should be substituted for the degrees of comparison + and used with all such words; or people should treat them as + all other adjectives, just as the best writers and speakers + have always done. The former course is the more desirable; the + latter is certainly the more probable. + + =Perfidious=--per-f[)i]di-ous, not p[)e]rf[)i]d-o[)u]s. + Worcester allows per-f[)i]dy[)u]s in addition to the first. + + =Peony=--p[=e]o-ny) =Pony= (p[=e]o-ny) or =Piony= (p[=i]o-ny) + not p[=i]ny as often called. A flower. + + =Perambulate=, not _preambulate_. + + =Period=--p[=e]ri-od, not p[)e]ri-od. =Periodic=, =Periodical=, + etc., have also the long e. + + =Perspire=, not _prespire_. + + =Perspiration=, not _prespiration_. + + =Persuade.= This word carries with it the idea of success in + one's endeavors to convince or induce. "I _persuaded_ him for a + long time, but he would not grant my request," should be, "I + _tried_ to _persuade_ him," etc. + + =Petrel=--p[)e]trel, not p[=e]trel. A bird. Worcester allows + the latter also. + + =Phaeton=--ph[=a]et-on, not ph[=a]'te-on. A vehicle. + + =Pharmaceutist=--fr-ma-s[=u]t[)i]st, not fr-m[=a]-k[=u]tist + nor fr-m[=a]k[=u]-tist. + + =Pharmacop[oe]ia=--fr-ma-co-p[=e]ya, not fr-m[=a]-c[=o]pi-a. + + =Piano=--pi-no, not p[=i]-[)a]no. Worcester allows + p[)i]-[)a]no. + + =Piano-forte=--p[)i]-no-f[=o]rt[=a], not + p[=i]-[)a]no-f[=o]rt. Worcester sanctions + p[)i]-no-f[=o]rte, p[)i]-[)a]no-fr-te, and remarks in + parenthesis, _often_ pe-[)a]no-f[=o]rt; but the last + pronunciation is evidently not preferred. + + =Pilaster=--p[)i]-l[)a]ster, not p[)i]las-ter. A square pillar + set into a wall and projecting slightly. + + =Piquant=--p[)i]kant, not p[)i]kw[)a]nt nor p[=e]kw[)a]nt. + =Piquantly= (p[)i]kant-ly), etc. + + =Placard=--pla-krd, not pl[)a]kard. + + =Placid=--pl[)a]sid, not pl[=a]sid. =Placidly= and =placidness= + have also the short a. + + =Plait=--pl[=a]t, not pl[)a]t nor pl[=e]t. A braid; or to braid. + =Plat= (pl[)a]t) is a proper word, however, having the same + meanings, but the difference in pronunciation must be observed, + when the spelling is as above. =Plait=, meaning a fold of + cloth, as in a shirt bosom, is also pronounced pl[=a]t. How + common an error it is to speak of the _pleets_ when alluding + to such folds. + + =Platina=--pl[)a]ti-na or pla-t[=e]na, not pla-t[=i]na nor + pla-t[)i]na. Worcester allows pl[)a]ti-na only. + + =Platinum=--pl[)a]ti-num or pla-t[=i]num, not pla-t[=e]num nor + pla-t[)i]num. Worcester gives pl[)a]ti-num only. + + =Plebeian=--ple-b[=e]ian, not pl[=e]bi-an. Ple-b[)o]n, as some + pronounce it, is outrageous, neither French, English, nor + Hottentot. + + =Plenary=--pl[=e]na-ry, not pl[)e]na-ry. Full; entire. + Worcester gives both methods. + + =Poetaster=--p[=o]et-[)a]s-ter, not p[=o]et-t[=a]st-er. A petty + poet. + + =Poniard=--p[)o]nyard, not poinyard. + + =Posthumous=--p[)o]sthu-mous, not p[=o]sthu-mo[)u]s nor + p[)o]st-[=u]mo[)u]s. =Posthumously= (p[)o]sthu-mous-ly). + + =Potable=--p[=o]ta-ble, not p[)o]ta-ble. Drinkable. + + =Potheen=--po-theen, not p[)o]t-teen. When spelled =potteen=, + however, as it may be correctly, the latter pronunciation is + proper. + + =Prairie=--pr[=a]ry, not per-r[=a]ry. + + =Prebendary=--pr[)e]bend-a-ry, not pr[=e]bend-a-ry. A clergyman + of a collegiate or cathedral church, who enjoys a prebend. + + =Prebend=--pr[)e]bend, not pr[=e]bend. A stipend. + + =Precedence=--pre-s[=e]dence, not pr[)e]se-dence. =Precedency= + and =precedently=, have the second syllable accented also. + + =Precedent=--pre-s[=e]dent, not pr[)e]se-dent. An adjective + meaning antecedent. + + =Precedent=--pr[)e]se-dent, not pre-s[=e]dent nor + pr[=e]se-dent. A noun meaning an example or preceding + circumstance. =Precedented= and =unprecedented= have also the + short e. + + =Precocious=--pre-k[=o]shus, not pre-k[)o]sh[)u]s. + =Precociously= and =precociousness= have also the long o. + + =Predatory=--pr[)e]da-to-ry, not pr[=e]da-tory. Plundering; + pillaging. + + =Predecessor=--pr[)e]d-e-c[)e]ssor, not pr[=e]-de-c[)e]ssor. + + =Preface=--pr[)e]face, not pr[=e]face. =Prefatory= + (pr[)e]fa-to-ry). + + =Prejudice=, not _predudice_. + + =Prelate=--pr[)e]late, not pr[=e]-late. + + =Presage=, not _prestige_, when something is meant that foreshows + a future event; an omen. "This is a _presage_ of victory." + + =Prescription=, not _perscription_. + + =Prestige=, not _presage_, when it is meant that some one carries + weight or influence from past deeds or successes. "The + _prestige_ of the hero's name was half the battle." + + =Presentiment=--pre-senti-ment, not pre-zenti-ment. + + =Pretty=--pr[)i]tty, not pr[)e]ty. =Prettily= (pr[)i]tti-ly), + etc. + + =Preventive=, not _preventative_. + + =Primeval=--pr[=i]-m[=e]val, not pr[)i]me-val. + + =Process=--pr[)o]sess, not pr[=o]sess. + + =Prodigy=, not _projidy_. + + =Produce=--pr[)o]duce, not pr[=o]d[=u]ce. The noun; the verb is + pro-d[=u]ce. + + =Product=--pr[)o]duct, not pr[=o]duct. + + =Progress=--pr[)o]gress, not progress. Noun; the verb is + pro-gress. + + =Prosody=--pr[)o]so-dy, not pr[=o]so-dy nor pr[)o]zo-dy. + + =Protean=--pr[=o]te-an, not pro-t[=e]an. Assuming different + shapes. + + =Protege= (Fr. protg)--pr[=o]-t[=a]-zh[=a], not + pr[=o]t[=e]je. One under the care of another. =Protegee= (Fr. + protge)--pr[=o]-t[=a]-zh[=a], feminine. + + =Psalm=--sm, not s[)a]m. =Psalmist= (smist). Worcester gives + s[)a]mist also for the latter word. + + =Psalmody=--s[)a]lmo-dy, not smo-dy nor s[)a]m-o-dy. + + =Psychical=--s[=i]k[)i]k-al, not s[)i]k[)i]k-al nor + f[)i]z[)i]k-al, as it is sometimes thoughtlessly pronounced in + reading. Pertaining to the human soul. + + =Pumpkin=, not _punkin_. _Pumpkin_ itself is a corruption of + _pumpion_ or _pompion_, but is the word that is now generally + used. + + =Purulent=--p[=u]ru-lent, not p[)u]ru-lent. Containing pus or + matter. =Purulence= and =purulency= have also the long u in the + first syllable. + + =Put=--p[)o][)o]t, not p[)u]t. This anomalous pronunciation is + hard for some to adopt, the natural tendency being to sound the + _u_ as it is in a host of other words consisting of two + consonants with a short u between them, as: bun, but, cut, dug, + fun, gun, hut, nut, etc. + + =Pyrites=--p[=i]-r[=i]tez, not pe-r[=i]tez, p[)i]ri-tez nor + p[=i]r[=i]tez. + + + Q. + + =Qualm=--kwm, not kw[)a]m. Worcester allows kwawm also. + + =Quay=--k[=e], not kw[=a]. + + =Querulous=, means complaining, whining, etc., and not + _questioning_. + + =Quinine=--kw[=i]n[=i]ne or kw[)i]-n[=i]ne, not kwi-neen. + Worcester gives kw[)i]-n[=i]ne or kw[)i]n[=i]ne. + + =Quoit=--kwoit, not kw[=a]te. + + =Quoth=--kw[=o]th or kw[)u]th, not kw[)o]th. + + + R. + + =Rabies=--r[=a]bi-[=e]z, not r[)a]b[=e]z. Madness, as that of + dogs. + + =Radish=--r[)a]dish, not r[)e]d-ish. + + =Raillery=--r[)a]ller-y, not r[=a]ller-y. Slight ridicule; + pleasantry. + + =Raise=--=Rise.= _Raise_ is a transitive verb, or one in which + the action passes over to an object. Present tense, _raise_; + imperfect tense and past participle, _raised_; present + participle, _raising_. _Rise_ is an intransitive verb, the + action not passing over to an object. Present tense, _rise_; + imperfect tense, _rose_; past participle, _risen_; present + participle, _rising_. Errors in the use of these words ought to + be avoided by remembering the following rules: + + 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + passes over to an object, use _raise_, _raised_, and + _raising_. + + 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + does not pass over to an object, use _rise_, _rose_, + _risen_, _rising_. To avoid further repetition in the method + I have adopted to impress upon the mind the difference + between transitive and intransitive verbs by contrasted + sentences, I would refer the reader to the remarks under + =Lay=. "I will _raise_ in the morning at five," should be, + "I will _rise_," etc. "I will _raise_ the _window_," etc., + is correct, for the action passes to or affects the window. + "I will _raise myself_ if I have the strength" is correct, + because an object, _myself_, is furnished. "The price of + flour is _raising_," should be, "The price of flour is + _rising_;" but it is right to say, "The merchants are + _raising_ the price of flour." "Gold has _raised_ in value," + should be, "Gold has _risen_ in value." "The price of bonds + _raised_ in less than an hour," should be, "The price of + bonds _rose_," etc. "The sun is _raising_," should be, "The + sun is _rising_." "The sun is _raising_ the temperature," is + proper. The pulse has _risen_, but excitement has _raised_ + it. The river has _risen_ in its bed and has _raised_ the + canal. Birds _rise_ in the air. _Arise_ can often be + appropriately substituted for _rise_. + + =Rampant=--r[)a]mpant, not ram-pant. + + =Rapine=--r[)a]p[)i]n, not r[)a]peen nor r[=a]-peen. + + =Raspberry=--r[)a]zber-ry, not r[)a]ssber-ry nor rawzber-ry. + Worcester gives razber-ry and rsber-ry. + + =Rational=--r[)a]shun-al, not r[=a]-shun-al. =Rationalist= + (r[)a]shun-al-[)i]st), etc. + + =Recess=--re-c[)e]ss, not r[=e]c[)e]ss. + + =Recherche= (Fr. recherch)--r[)u]h-shr-sh[=a], not re-shersh. + Worcester gives r[=a]-sher-sh[=a]. + + =Recluse=--re-kluse, not re-kluze. + + =Reconnoissance=--re-c[)o]nno[)i]s-sne, not rek-on-noissane. + Worcester gives re-c[)o]nno[)i]s-sne. =Reconnaissance= is + another method of spelling. + + =Recriminations=, not _mutual recriminations_; the word itself + tells of the _mutuality_. + + =Redolent=--r[)e]do-lent, not red[=o]lent. Diffusing odor or + fragrance. + + =Relevant=, not _revelant_. Pertinent; applicable. + + =Relic=, not _relict_, when that which remains, a corpse, or + anything preserved in remembrance, is meant. =Relict= means a + widow. + + =Rendezvous=--r[)e]nde-v[=o][=o], not r[)o]nde-v[=o][=o] nor + r[)e]nde-v[=o][=o]z. Worcester gives r[)e]nde-v[=o][=o] and + r[)e]nde-v[=o][=o]z. The plural is =rendezvouses= + (r[)e]nde-v[=o][=o]z-ez). + + =Requiem=--r[=e]kwi-em, not r[)e]kw[)i]-em. Worcester gives + both pronunciations. + + =Resume= (Fr. rsum)--r[=a]-z[=u]-m[=a], not re-z[=u]me nor + re-z[=u]m[=a]. Worcester gives rez-u-m[=a]. + + =Reticule=, not _ridicule_, when a little bag of net-work is meant. + + =Reveille=--re-v[=a]ly[=a], not rev-a-l[=e]. Worcester gives + the first and re-v[=a]l. + + =Ribald=--r[)i]bald, not r[=i]bald. Low; obscene. =Ribaldry= + (r[)i]bald-ry). + + =Rinse=--r[)i]nss, not r[)e]nse nor wr[)e]nch. "_Wrench_ your + mouth," said an uneducated dentist to a patient after _wrenching_ + out a large molar. "Thank you," replied the patient. "_You_ have + done that, but I'll _rinse_ it, if you please." + + =Ripples=, not _riffles_. + + =Romance=--ro-manss, not r[=o]manss. + + =Roseate=--r[=o]ze-at, not r[=o]z[=a]te. Worcester gives + r[=o]zhe-at also. + + =Roue= (Fr. rou)--r[=o][=o]-[=a], not r[=o][=o]. Worcester + gives r[=o][=o][=a]. + + + S. + + =Sacerdotal=--s[)a]s-er-d[=o]tal, not s[=a]-ser-d[=o]tal, + s[=a]-ker-d[=o]tal nor s[)a]k-er-d[=o]tal. + + =Sacrament=--s[)a]kra-ment, not s[=a]kra-ment. =Sacramental= + (s[)a]kra-ment-al), etc. + + =Sacrifice=--s[)a]kr[)i]-f[=i]z, not s[)a]kr[)i]-f[)i]s nor + s[)a]kr[)i]-f[=i]se. Verb and noun the same. =Sacrificing= + (s[)a]kr[)i]-f[=i]-z[)i]ng), etc. + + =Sacristan=--s[)a]krist-an, not s[=a]krist-an nor + s[=a]-kr[)i]stan. =Sacristy= (s[)a]krist-y). + + =Salam=--sa-lm, not sa-l[)a]m. Written =salaam= also, and + pronounced similarly. + + =Saline=--sa-l[=i]ne or s[=a]l[=i]ne, not s[=a]-l[=e][=e]n. + Worcester gives sa-l[=i]ne only. + + =Salve=--sv, not s[)a]v. Worcester gives slv also. + + =Samaritan=--sa-m[)a]ri-tan, not sa-m[=a]ri-tan. + + =Sanitary=, not _sanatory_, when _pertaining_ to health is meant. + =Sanatory= is more restricted in its application, and means + healing; curative. + + =Saracen=--s[)a]ra-sen, not s[)a]ra-ken. + + =Sarsaparilla=--sr-sa-pa-r[)i]lla, not s[)a]s-sa-pa-r[)i]lla, + nor sr-sa-fa-r[)i]lla. + + =Satyr=--s[=a]tur, according to Webster. Worcester gives + s[)a]tir also. + + =Saucy=--sawsy, not _sassy_. + + =Said.= _Said_ (s[)e]d), not says (s[)e]z), in speaking of past + remarks. Many of the most cultivated people are guilty of this + vulgarism. "'I will call to see you soon,' _sez_ he." "'I will + be glad to see you at any time,' _sez_ I." Where the details of + a long conversation are given the frequent repetition of _sez_, + or even _said_, is very grating to the refined ear. The use of + _asked_, _inquired_, _remarked_, _suggested_, _answered_, + _replied_, etc., instead, has a pleasing effect upon narrative + or anecdote. It is preferable, also, to give the _exact words_ + of the speaker after _said_, etc., as: "When he had finished + reading the letter, he said: 'I will attend to the business the + first leisure moment I have.'" When the word _that_ follows the + _said_, the substance only of the remark may be given, as "He + said that he would attend to the business the first leisure + moment he had." Whichever form is used in narrative, it is not + at all harmonious to give the _exact words_ of one speaker and + only the substance of the remarks of another, at least without + regard to regularity in alternation. + + =Schism=--s[)i]zm, not sk[)i]sm. + + =Seckel=, not s[)i]ck-el. A kind of pear. + + =See.= It is not uncommon to meet with people that incorrectly + use _see_ in the imperfect tense, as: "I _see_ him yesterday," + instead of, "I _saw_ him yesterday." See is never used in any + tense but the present, without an auxiliary, as did, shall, etc. + + =Seignior=--s[=e]nyur, not s[=a]nyor. + + =Seine=--s[=e]n, not s[=a]n. A net for catching fish. + + =Senile=--s[=e]n[=i]le, not s[)e]n[=i]le. Pertaining to old age. + + =Separate=, not _seperate_. The loss of the a is not noticed in + the pronunciation, but the mistake frequently occurs in writing + this word as it does in the words =inseparable=, + =inseparableness=, =separation=, etc. + + =Servile=--srv[)i]l, not srv[=i]le. + + =Set.= Noun. There are many who incorrectly use _sett_ in writing + of a _set_ of dishes, a _set_ of chess-men, a _set_ of teeth, + or of some other collection of things of the same kind. A + =sett= is a piece placed upon the head of a pile for striking + upon, when the pile can not be reached by the weight or hammer. + + =Set=--=Sit.= Blunders in the use of these words are amongst the + most common we have. _Set_, as we shall first consider it, is a + transitive verb, or one in which the action passes over to an + object. Present tense, _set_; imperfect tense and past + participle, _set_; present participle, _setting_. _Sit_ is an + intransitive verb, or one which has no object after it. Present + tense, _sit_; imperfect tense and past participle, _sat_; + present participle, _sitting_. + + To avoid repetition as much as possible, I would refer any one to + whom the explanation here given is not perfectly clear, to the + rules and remarks under =Lay= and =Raise=, which are equally + applicable here. "Will you _set_ on this chair?" should be, "Will + you _sit_ on this chair?" "Will you _set_ this _chair_ in the + other room?" is correct. "I _set_ for my picture yesterday," + should be, "I _sat_," etc. "This hat _sets_ well," should be, + "This hat _sits_ well." "Court _sets_ next month," should be, + "Court _sits_ next month." "The hen has been _setting_ for a + week," should be, "The hen has been _sitting_," etc. "As cross as + a _setting_ hen," should be, "As cross as a _sitting_ hen." But a + person may _set_ a hen; that is, place her in position on eggs. + One _sits_ up in a chair, but he _sets_ up a post. One _sits_ + down on the ground, but he _sets_ down figures. _Set_ is also an + intransitive verb and has special meanings attached to it as + such, but they may be readily understood by a little study of + the dictionary, and no confusion need arise. The sun _sets_. + Plaster of Paris _sets_. A setter dog _sets_. One _sets_ out on a + journey. _Sit_ may also be used in two senses as a transitive + verb, as: "The general _sits_ his horse well," and "The woman + _sat_ herself down." + + =Sew=--s[=o], not s[=u]. + + =Shampoo=, not _shampoon_. =Shampooing.= Written also =champoo=. + + =Shekel=--sh[)e]kel, not sh[=e]kel. + + =Shumac=--sh[=u]mak, not sh[=u]-mak. Written also =sumac= and + =sumach=, both accented on the first syllable. + + =Sick= _of_, not sick _with_, as sick _of_ a fever. + + =Sienna=--si-[)e]nna, not _senna_, when paint is meant. =Senna= + is a plant used as medicine. + + =Simultaneous=--s[=i]-mul-t[=a]ne-ous, not + s[)i]mul-t[=a]ne-o[)u]s. =Simultaneously= + (s[=i]-mul-t[=a]ne-ous-ly), etc. + + =Since=, not _sence_. + + =Sinecure=--s[=i]ne-cure, not s[)i]ne-cure. An office which + yields revenue without labor. + + =Sit.= See =Sat=. + + =Slake=--sl[=a]ke, not sl[)a]k, when the word is spelled as + given, as: _slaked_ lime, to _slake_ one's thirst, etc. If + spelled =slack=, the ordinary pronunciation is right. + + =Slough=--slow, not sl[=o][=o] nor sl[=o]. A mudhole. Written + =sloo= (sl[=o][=o]) also. + + =Slough=--sl[)u]f, not as above. The cast skin of a serpent. Dead + flesh which separates from the living. The verb expressing this + action is pronounced the same. + + =Sobriquet=--so-bri-k[=a], not written _soubriquet_. Worcester + pronounces it s[)o]br[=e]-k[=a]. + + =Soften=--s[)o]ffn, not sawften. + + =Sonnet=--s[)o]nnet, not s[)u]nnet. + + =Soot=--s[=o][=o]t or s[)o][)o]t, not s[)u]t. + + =Soporific=--s[)o]p-o-r[)i]fik, not s[=o]-por-[)i]fik. + + =Sotto voce=--s[)o]tt[=o] v[=o]ch[=a], not s[)o]tto v[=o]s + nor s[)o]tt[=o] v[=o]s[=e]. + + =Souse=--souss, not sowze. To plunge into water. + + =Spasmodic=, not _spasmotic_. + + =Spectacles=--sp[)e]kta-kls, not sp[)e]kt[)i]kels. + + =Spermaceti=--sperm-a-s[=e]t[)i], not sperm-a-[)i]ty. + + =Spider=, not _spiter_. + + =Splenetic=--spl[)e]ne-tic, not sple-n[)e]tic. Fretful; + peevish. + + =Spoliation=--sp[=o]-li-[=a]tion, not spoil-ation. + + =Spurious=--sp[=u]ri-ous, not sp[)u]ri-o[)u]s. =Spuriously= + (sp[=u]ri-ous-ly), etc. + + =Statical=--st[)a]ti-cal, not st[=a]ti-cal. Pertaining to + bodies at rest. + + =Stationery=, not _stationary_, when paper, envelopes, ink, etc., + are meant. + + =Statue=, not _statute_, when a carved image is meant. + + =Statute=, not _statue_, when a law or decree is meant. + + =Stearine=--st[=e]a-r[)i]n, not st[)e]r[)i]n. + + =Stereoscope= (st[=e]re-o-scope), =Stereotype= + (st[=e]re-o-type), etc., according to Webster; and + st[)e]re-o-scope, st[)e]r-e-o-type, etc., according to + Worcester. + + =Stolid=--st[)o]lid, not st[=o]lid. Stupid; dull. + + =Stratum=--str[=a]tum, not str[)a]tum. =Strata= (str[=a]ta), + the Latin plural is used much more than the English =stratums=. + Errors like "a _strata_ of gravel," are also not infrequently + heard. + + =Strategic=--stra-t[=e]jik, not str[)a]te-j[)i]k. =Strategical= + (stra-t[=e]ji-cal) and =strategist= (str[)a]te-jist). + Worcester gives stra-t[)e]jic and stra-t[)e]ji-cal. + + =Strum= or =Thrum= should be used, and not _drum_, when the noisy + and unskillful fingering of a musical instrument is meant. + + =Stupendous=--stu-pend[)u]s, not stu-p[)e]nj[)u]s nor + stu-p[)e]nde-us. + + =Suavity=--sw[)a]v[)i]-ty, not swv[)i]-ty nor su[)a]vi-ty. + + =Subtraction=, not _substraction_, when the act of deducting is + meant. =Substraction= is a law term meaning the withholding of + some right, for which, however, the word _subtraction_ is also + used. =Subtract=, not _substract_. + + =Subtile=--s[)u]bt[)i]l, not s[)u]ttle. + + =Subtle=--s[)u]ttle, not s[)u]btle. + + =Suffice=--s[)u]f-f[=i]z, not s[)u]f-f[=i]s. + + =Suicidal=--s[=u]-i-s[=i]dal, not s[=u]-[)i]si-dal. Worcester + placed the principal accent on the first syllable. + + =Suite=--sweet, not s[=u]te. When the word =suit= is used, + however, the latter pronunciation is correct. + + =Sulphurous=--s[)u]lphur-[)u]s, not sul-ph[=u]r[)u]s nor + s[)u]l-ph[=u]re-us. =Sulphureous= is another word. + + =Summoned=, not _summonsed_. + + =Supersede=, =superseded=, =superseding=. Observe the s in the + penultimate. It is a common error to write _supercede_, etc. + + =Supposititious=--sup-pos-i-t[)i]shus, not sup-po-s[)i]shus. + Put by a trick in the place of another, as, a _supposititious_ + child, a _supposititious_ record. + + =Surtout=--s[)u]r-t[=o][=o]t, not s[)u]r-towt nor + s[)u]rt[=o][=o]t. + + =Swath=--swawth, not swawthe. Worcester gives sw[)o]th. The sweep + of the scythe in mowing. + + + T. + + =Tabernacle=--t[)a]ber-na-cle, not t[)a]ber-n[)a]kcle. + + =Tapestry=--t[)a]pes-try, not t[=a]p[)e]s-try. + + =Tarlatan=--trla-tan, not trltun. =Tartan= is a different + material. + + =Tarpaulin=--tr-pawlin, not tr-p[=o]lin. Written also + =tarpauling= and =tarpawling=. + + =Tartaric=--tar-t[)a]ric, not tar-tric. Pertaining to or + obtained from tartar, as _tartaric_ acid. + + =Tassel=--t[)a]ssel, not tawsel. Worcester gives t[)o]ssl also. + + =Tatterdemalion=--t[)a]t-ter-de-m[)a]lion, not + t[)a]t-ter-de-m[=a]lion. + + =Telegraphy=--te-l[)e]gra-phy, not t[)e]le-gr[)a]ph-y. + + =Telegraphist=--te-l[)e]gra-phist, not tele-gr[)a]ph-ist. A + telegraphic operator. No such word as _telegrapher_ is given. + + =Terpsichorean=--terp-s[)i]k-o-r[=e]an, not terp-si-k[=o]re-an. + Relating to =Terpsichore= (terp-siko-re), the muse who + presided over dancing. + + =Tete-a-tete=--t[=a]t--t[=a]t, not teet--teet. + + =Theatre= or =theater=--th[=e]a-ter, not the-[=a]ter. + + =Threshold=--thr[)e]sh[=o]ld, not thr[)e]z[=o]ld nor + thr[)e]zhold. Worcester gives thr[)e]shhold. + + =Thyme=--t[=i]m, not as spelled. + + =Tic-douloureux=--t[)i]kd[=o][=o]-l[=o][=o]-r[=o][=o], not + -d[)o]l-o-r[=o][=o] nor -d[=o]-l[=o]-r[=o][=o]. + + =Tiny=--t[=i]ny, not teeny nor t[)i]ny. + + =Tolu=--to-l[=u], not t[=u]l[=u]. + + =Tomato=--to-m[=a]to or to-mto, not to-m[)a]to. + + =Topographic=--t[)o]p-o-graphic, not t[=o]-po-gr[)a]phic. + =Topographical= and =topographically= have also the short o in + the first syllable. + + =Tour=--t[=o][=o]r, not towr. + + =Tournament=--trna-ment according to Webster. Worcester gives + t[=o][=o]rna-ment also. + + =Toward= and =towards=--t[=o]-ward and t[=o]wardz, not to-ward + and to-wardz. + + =Tragacanth=--tr[)a]ga-k[)a]nth, not tr[)a]ja-s[)i]nth nor + tr[)a]ga-s[)a]nth. A gum used for mucilage. + + =Traverse=--tr[)a]verse, not tra-verse. =Traversable=, + =traversing= and =traversed= have also the accent on the first + syllable. + + =Tremendous=--tre-m[)e]nd[)u]s, not tre-m[)e]nde-[)u]s nor + tre-m[)e]nj[)u]s. + + =Trilobite=--tr[=i]lo-b[=i]te, not tr[)i]lo-b[=i]te nor + tr[)o]llo-b[=i]te, as it is often called. + + =Troche=--tr[=o]kee, not tr[=o]sh, tr[=o]she, tr[=o]ke nor + tr[)o]tch. Plural, =troches= (tr[=o]keez). A lozenge composed + of sugar, mucilage and medicine, as: _bronchial troches_. + =Trochee=--tr[=o]kee, is a foot in poetry. + + =Truculent=--tr[=u]ku-lent, not tr[)u]ku-lent. + + =Truths=--truths, not truthz, is the plural of =truth=. + + =Tryst=--tr[)i]st, not tr[=i]st. An appointment to meet. + =Tryster= (tr[)i]ster), =trysting= (tr[)i]sting). + + =Turbine=--trb[)i]n, not tr-b[=i]ne. A kind of water wheel. + + + U. + + =Umbrella=--um-br[)e]lla, not um-ber-r[)e]l nor + um-ber-r[)e]lla. + + =Upas=--[=u]p[)a]s, not [=u]paw nor [=u]pawz. + + =Usurp=--y[=u]-zurp, not y[=u]-surp. =Usurper= (y[=u]-zurper), + etc. + + + V. + + =Vagary=--va-g[=a]ry, not v[=a]-ga-ry. + + =Valenciennes=--va-l[)e]nsi-[)e]nz, not v[)a]l-[)e]n-seenz. A + French lace. + + =Valleys=, not _vallies_, is the plural of =valley=. + + =Vamos= (vm[=o]s), or =vamose= (va-m[=o]se), not vam-moos. To + depart. (Inelegant.) + + =Vase=, according to Webster; v[=a]se or v[=a]ze, according to + Worcester. The pronunciations vz and vawz are alluded to but + not recommended. + + =Vehemence=--v[=e]he-mence, not ve-h[=e]mence nor + ve-h[)e]mence. =Vehemently= and =vehement= have also the + accent on the first syllable. + + =Vermicelli=---vr-me-ch[)e]l-l[)i] or vr-me-s[)e]ll[)i], not + vr-me-s[)i]lly. Worcester sanctions the first method only. + + =Veterinary=--v[)e]ter-[)i]n-a-ry, not ve-t[)e]rin-a-ry. + + =Vicar=--v[)i]kar, not v[=i]kar. =Vicarage= and =vicarship= + have also the short i in the first syllable. + + =Violent= (v[=i]o-lent), =violence= (v[=i]o-lence), =violet= + (v[=i]o-let), =violin= (v[=i]-o-l[)i]n), etc., not + voio-lent, voio-lence, voio-let, voi-o-lin, etc. + + =Viscount=--v[=i]kount, not v[)i]skount. =Viscountess= + (v[=i]kountess), etc. + + =Visor=--v[)i]zor, not v[=i]zor. + + + W. + + =Wake=, etc. _Wake_ is both a transitive and an intransitive + verb. Present tense, _wake_; imperfect and past participle, + _waked_; present participle, _waking_. _Awake_ is also both + transitive and intransitive. Present, _awake_; imperfect, + _awoke_ or _awaked_; participles, _awaked_ and _awaking_. + _Awaken_ is another verb, both transitive and intransitive. + Present, _awaken_; imperfect and past participle, _awakened_; + present participle, _awakening_. Thus it is seen that we have a + great many words to express the fact of _being_ in a conscious + state, and the arousing of a person who is asleep. With a + little attention there is no reason for committing an error in + the use of these words. One may say that he _waked_, _awoke_, + or _awakened_ early in the morning, but it is wrong to say that + he _woke_ in the morning, or that he _woke_ another; for there + is no such word as _woke_. "I _wakened_ at five o'clock," + should be, "I _awakened_ at five o'clock;" for there is no such + word as _wakened_. _Up_ is used only with _wake_, _waked_ and + _waking_, but even then it is one of our most senseless + superfluities. There is no stronger meaning in the assertion + that a man was _waked up_, than that he was _waked_ or + _awakened_. If _waking up_ meant to _wake_ and make _get up_, + it would be different, but it does not. One may be _waked up_ + and it is just as likely that he will go to sleep again as if + he were simply _awakened_. _Awake_ and _awaken_ are more + elegant words than _wake_. + + =Wassail=--w[)o]ss[)i]l, not w[)a]ss[)i]l. A festive occasion, + carousal, the song sung at such a time, etc. The verb and the + adjective are spelled and pronounced similarly. + + =Water=--wawter, not w[)o]ter. + + =Welsh=, not _Welch_. The latter word is seldom used. =Welshman=, + etc. + + =Whinny=, not _winny_, when the cry of a horse is spoken of. + + =Whisk=, not _whist_, when a small hand-broom is meant. =Wisp=, + however, is a proper word, meaning the same thing. + + =Whiting= is preferable to _whitening_. + + =Widow.= It is not necessary to say _widow woman_; no one will + suspect her of being a man. + + =Wrestle=--r[)e]sl, not r[)a]ssl. + + + Y. + + =Yacht=--y[)o]t, not y[)a]t. =Yachting= (y[)o]ting), etc. + + =Yeast=--y[=e]st, not [=e]st. + + =Yellow=--y[)e]ll[=o], not y[)a]ll[=o]. + + + Z. + + =Zoology=--zo-[)o]lo-jy, not z[=o][=o]-[)o]lo-jy. =Zoological= + (zo-o-l[)o]ji-cal), etc. + + + + +SCRIPTURAL, MYTHOLOGICAL AND OTHER PROPER NAMES. + + +In the vocabulary just completed, it has been the design to point out +the majority of errors occurring in the pronunciation of the words +usually selected by people of fair or excellent education to carry on +ordinary English discourse. In the portion of the work now under +consideration, nothing like such thoroughness is contemplated. + +After a moment's reflection, it will appear to any one, that to +mention the thousands upon thousands of proper names, the erroneous +pronunciation of which is rather to be expected than the correct, +would require an elaborate volume. Every one who has striven to become +a fine orthoepist has longed for the ability to comprehend the +pronunciation of that myriad of names, any one of which is apt to +confront him in any book or paper he may chance to pick up. But to +become a proficient in this respect would require years of study and a +knowledge of the principles of many foreign languages. + +Amongst geographical names, for example, who but the specially +instructed would think of pronouncing correctly _Goes_ (H[)o][)o]ce), +_Gelves_ (H[)e]lv[)e]s) or _Jalapa_ (H-lp); or amongst +biographical names, _Gaj_ (g[=i]), _Geel_ (H[=a]l) or _Geijer_ +(g[=i]'er). + +It is fortunate for the reputation of those who bear the name of being +good scholars, that errors in the pronunciation of most proper names +are excusable, which is not the case with the mistakes that have +before been laid down. But there are some proper names, of such +constant occurrence in daily lectures, reading and conversation, that +errors connected with them are not to be overlooked. It is the +intention here, simply to call attention to the more common of these, +and to lead the reader to appreciate the fact that if one depends upon +the usual power of the English letters to gain a correct pronunciation +of proper names, he will be more often led astray than otherwise. + +The Authorities consulted are the best--Webster, Worcester, +Lippincott's Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and +Mythology and Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World. + + + + +SCRIPTURAL NAMES. + + + =Abednego=--a-b[)e]dne-g[=o], not [)a]b-[)e]d-n[=e]go. + + =Abiathar=--a-b[=i]a-thar, not ab-i-[=a]thar. + + =Adonibezek=--a-d[)o]n-i-b[=e]z[)e]k, not a-d[)o]ni-be-zek. + + =Adonijah=--ad-o-n[=i]jah, not a-d[)o]ni-jah. + + =Agee=--[)a]ge-[=e], not [=a]j[=e]. + + =Ahasuerus=--a-h[)a]s-u-[=e]rus, not a-haz-u-[)e]rus. + + =Aijalon=--[)a]ja-lon, not [=a]ja-lon. + + =Akrabattine=--[)a]k-ra-b[)a]t-t[=i]ne, not + [)a]k-ra-b[)a]ti-ne. + + =Alpheus=--[)a]l-ph[=e]us, not [)a]lphe-us. + + =Amasai=--a-m[)a]sa-[=i], not [)a]m-a-s[=a][=i]. + + =Andronicus=--an-dron-[=i]cus, not an-dr[)o]ni-cus. + + =Antiochia=--an-ti-o-k[=i]a, not an-ti-[=o]kia. + + =Ararat=--[)a]ra-r[)a]t, not [=a]ra-r[)a]t. + + =Arimathea=--[)a]ri-ma-th[=e]a, not [)a]r-i-m[=a]the-a. + + =Aristobulus=--[)a]r-is-to-b[=u]lus, not ar-is-t[)o]bu-lus. + + =Aroer=--[)a]ro-er, not a-r[=o]er. + + =Aroerite=--[)a]ro-er-[=i]te, not a-r[=o]er-[)i]te. + + =Asarael=--a-s[)a]ra-el, not az-a-r[=a]el. + + =Asmodeus=--az-mo-d[=e]us, not az-m[=o]de-us. + + =Beelzebub=--be-[)e]lze-bub, not b[)e]lze-bub. + + =Belial=--b[=e]li-al, not be-l[=i]al. + + =Bethhaccerem=--b[)e]th-h[)a]kse-rem, not beth-h[)a]sse-rem. + + =Bethphage=--b[)e]thpha-j[=e], not b[)e]thph[=a]je. + + =Bethuel=--be-th[=u]el, not b[)e]thu-el. + + =Cainan=--ka-[=i]nan, not k[=a]nan. + + =Cherub= (a city)--k[=e]rub, not ch[)e]rub. + + =Chittim=--k[)i]ttim, not ch[)i]ttim. + + =Chloe=--kl[=o]e, not kl[=o]. + + =Crates=--kr[=a]t[=e]z, not kr[=a]tz. + + =Cyprians=--s[)i]pri-anz, not s[=i]pri-anz. + + =Delilah=--d[)e]li-lah, not de-l[=i]lah. + + =Ecbatana=--ek-b[)a]ta-na, not ek-ba-t[=a]na. + + =Eloi=--e-l[=o][=i] not [=e]loi. + + =Esther=--[)e]ster, not [)e]sther. + + =Eumenes=--[=u]me-n[=e]z, not [=u]-m[=e]n[=e]z. + + =Gennesaret=--g[)e]n-n[)e]sa-r[)e]t, not j[)e]n-n[)e]sa-ret. + + =Gerar=--ge[)e]rar, not j[=e]rar. + + =Idumea=--[)i]d-u-m[=e]a, not [=i]-du-m[=e]a. + + =Iturea=--[)i]t-u-r[=e]a, not [=i]-tu-r[=e]a. + + =Jacubus=--ja-k[=u]bus, not j[)a]ku-bus. + + =Jadau=--ja-d[=a]u, not j[)a]da-u. + + =Jairus= (Old Test.)--j[=a]i-rus. + + =Jairus= (New Test.)--j[=a]-[=i]rus. + + =Jearim=--j[=e]a-r[)i]m, not je-[=a]rim. + + =Jeiel=--je-[=i]el, not j[=e]el nor j[=i]el. + + =Jephthae=--j[)e]phtha-[=e], not j[)e]phtha. + + =Jeshohaiah=--j[)e]sh-o-ha-[=i]ah, not j[)e]sh-o-h[=a]yah. + + =Keilah=--k[=e]lah, not k[=i]lah nor ke-[=i]lah. + + =Kolaiah=--k[)o]l-a-[=i]ah, not k[)o]l-[=a]yah. + + =Labana=--l[)a]ba-na, not la-b[=a]na. + + =Lebanah=--l[)e]ba-nah, not le-b[=a]nah. + + =Magdalene=--m[)a]g-da-l[=e]ne, not m[)a]gda-l[=e]ne. + + =Mahalath=--m[=a]ha-lath, not ma-h[=a]lath. + + =Mardocheus=--mar-do-k[=e]us, not mar-d[=o]ke-us. + + =Matthias=--m[)a]th-th[=i]as, not m[)a]ththi-as. + + =Meremoth=--m[)e]re-moth, not me-r[=e]moth. + + =Meshach=--m[=e]sh[)a]k, not m[)e]shak. + + =Methuselah=--me-th[=u]se-lah, not m[)e]th-[=u]ze-lah. + + =Moosias=--mo-o-s[=i]as, not m[=o]si-as. + + =Nebuchadnezzar=--n[)e]bu-k[)a]d-nezzar, not + ne-b[)u]kkad-nezzar. + + =Orthosias=--r-tho-s[=i]as, not r-th[=o]si-as. + + =Othonias=--[)o]th-o-n[=i]as, not [)o]th-[=o]ni-as. + + =Oziel=--[=o]zi-el, not [=o]-z[=i]el. + + =Penuel=--pe-n[=u]el, not p[)e]n[=u]-el. + + =Perseus=--prs[=u]s, not prse-us. + + =Pethuel=--pe-th[=u]el, not p[)e]thu-el. + + =Phanuel=--pha-n[=u]el, not ph[)a]nu-el. + + =Pharaoh=--ph[=a]r[=o] or ph[=a]ra-[=o], not ph[)a]r[=o] nor + ph[)a]ra-[=o]. + + =Philippi=--ph[)i]-l[)i]ppi, not ph[)i]llip-pi. + + =Philistine=--ph[)i]-l[)i]st[)i]n, not ph[)i]l[)i]s-t[=i]ne. + + =Pontius=--p[)o]nsh[)i]-us, not p[)o]nti-us. + + =Raguel=--ra-g[=u]el, not r[)a]gu-el. + + =Sabachthani=--s[=a]-b[)a]k-th[=a]n[=i], not + sa-b[)a]ktha-n[=i]. + + =Sathrabuzanes=--s[)a]th-ra-bu-z[=a]n[=e]z, not + s[)a]th-r[)a]bu-z[=a]nz. + + =Shabbethai=--sh[)a]b-b[)e]tha-[=i], not + sh[)a]b-b[)e]th-[=a][=i] + + =Shadrach=--sh[=a]dr[)a]k, not sh[)a]dr[)a]k. + + =Shemiramoth=--she-m[)i]ra-moth, not sh[)e]m-i-r[=a]moth. + + =Shemuel=--she-m[=u]el, not sh[)e]m[=u]-el. + + =Sinai=--s[=i][=a], not s[=i]n[=a]-[=i]. + + =Zaccheus=--zak-k[=e]us, not z[)a]kke-us. + + =Zerubbabel=--z[=e]-r[)u]bba-bel, not ze-rub-b[=a]bel. + + =Zipporah=--z[)i]p-p[=o]rah, not z[)i]ppo-rah. + + + + +GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES--MYTHOLOGICAL, ETC. + + + =Acton=--[)a]k-t[=e]on, not [)a]kte-on. + + =Adonis=--a-d[=o]nis, not a-d[)o]nis. + + =Alcides=--[)a]l-s[=i]d[=e]z, not [)a]lsi-d[=e]z. + + =Amphion=--[)a]m-ph[=i]on, not [)a]mphi-on. + + =Amphitrite=--[)a]m-phi-tr[=i]te, not [)a]mphi-tr[=i]te nor + am-ph[)i]tri-te. + + =Anabasis=--a-n[)a]ba-sis, not an-a-b[=a]sis. + + =Antiope=--[)a]n-t[=i]o-pe, not [)a]nti-[=o]pe nor + [)a]n-ti-[=o]pe. + + =Anubis=--a-n[=u]bis, not [)a]nu-bis. + + =Arion=--a-r[=i]on, not [=a]ri-on. + + =Aristides=--ar-is-t[=i]d[=e]z, not ar-[)i]sti-d[=e]z. + + =Aristogiton=--a-ris-to-j[=i]ton, not ar-is-t[)o]ji-ton. + + =Belides= (singular, masculine)--b[)e]-l[=i]d[=e]z. + + =Belides= (plural, female descendants of + Belus)--b[)e]l-i-d[=e]z. + + =Bellerophon=--bel-l[)e]ro-phon, not bel-ler-[=o]phon. + + =Cculus=--s[)e]ku-lus, not s[=e]ku-lus. + + =Calliope=--kal-l[=i]o-pe, not kal-li-[=o]pe nor + k[)a]lli-[=o]pe. + + =Caucasus=--kawka-sus, not kaw-k[=a]sus. + + =Charon=--k[=a]ron, not ch[=a]ron nor ch[)a]ron. + + =Chronea=--ker-o-n[=e]a, not cher-o-n[=e]a. + + =Chimera=--ke-m[=e]ra, not k[)i]mer-a nor ch[=i]-m[)e]ra. + + =Codrus=--k[=o]drus, not k[)o]drus. + + =Corcyra=--kor-s[=i]ra, not korsi-ra. + + =Coriolanus=--ko-ri-o-l[=a]nus, not kor-i-[)o]la-nus. + + =Crete=--kr[=e]te, not kreet. + + =Cyclades=--s[)i]kla-d[=e]z, not s[=i]kla-d[=e]z. + + =Cyclops=--s[=i]klops, not s[)i]klops. + + =Cyclopes=--s[=i]klo-p[=e]z, not s[=i]kl[=o]ps. + + =Cyrene=--s[=i]-r[=e]ne, not s[)i]-r[=e]ne. + + =Cyzicus=--s[)i]zi-kus, not s[)i]-z[=i]kus. + + =Danaides=--da-n[=a][)i]-dez, not da-n[=i]dez. + + =Darius=--da-r[=i]us, not d[=a]ri-us. + + =Deianira=--de-[=i]-an-[=i]ra, not de-yan-[=i]ra. + + =Diodorus=--d[=i]-o-d[=o]rus, not d[=i]-[)o]do-rus. + + =Diomedes=--d[=i]-o-m[=e]d[=e]z, not d[=i]-[)o]me-d[=e]z. + + =Dodonus=--do-do-n[=e]us, not do-d[=o]ne-us. + + =Echo=--[=e]ko, not [)e]kko. + + =Endymion=--en-d[)i]mi-on, not en-d[=i]mi-on. + + =Epirus=--e-p[=i]rus, not [)e]pi-rus. + + =Erato=--[)e]ra-to, not e-r[=a]to. + + =Eumenes=--[=u]me-n[=e]z, not [=u]-m[=e]n[=e]z. + + =Euripus=--[=u]-r[=i]pus, not [=u]ri-pus. + + =Eurydice=--[=u]-r[)i]di-se, not [=u]ri-d[=i]ce nor + [=u]-ri-d[=i]se. + + =Ganymedes=--gan-[)i]-m[=e]d[=e]z, not gan-[)i]-m[=e]dz. + + =Geryon=--j[=e]r[)i]-on, not je-r[=i]on. + + =Halcyone=--h[)a]l-s[=i]o-ne, not h[)a]lsi-[=o]ne nor + hal-si-[=o]ne. + + =Hebe=--h[=e]be, not h[=e]b. + + =Hecate=--h[)e]ka-te or h[)e]kat, not h[=e]k[=a]te. + + =Hecuba=--h[)e]ku-ba, not he-k[=u]ba. + + =Helena=--h[=e]len-a, not he-l[=e]na. + + =Hermione=---h[)e]r-m[=i]o-ne, not h[)e]rmi-[=o]ne nor + h[)e]r-mi-[=o]ne. + + =Herodotus=--he-r[)o]do-tus, not her-o-d[=o]tus. + + =Hiero=--h[=i]er-o, not h[=i]-[=e]ro. + + =Hippocrene=--hip-po-kr[=e]ne, not hip-p[)o]kre-ne. + + =Hippodromus=--hip-p[)o]dro-mus, not hip-po-dr[=o]mus. + + =Icarus=--[)i]ka-rus, not [=i]k-[=a]-rus. + + =Iolaus=--[=i]-o-l[=a]us, not [=i]-[=o]la-us. + + =Iphiclus=--[)i]phi-klus, not [)i]ph-[=i]klus. + + =Iphigenia=--[)i]ph-i-je-n[=i]a, not [)i]ph-i-j[=e]ni-a. + + =Irene=--[=i]-r[=e]ne, not [=i]-r[=e]ne. + + =Ithome=--i-th[=o]me, not [=i]tho-me. + + =Lachesis=--l[)a]ke-sis, not la-k[)e]sis. + + =Laocoon=--la-[)o]ko-on,not l[=a]-o-k[=o][=o]n. + + =Lethe=--l[=e]the, not l[=e]th. + + =Leucothoe=--l[=u]-k[)o]tho-e, not l[=u]-k[=o]tho-e nor + l[=u]-ko-th[=o]e. + + =Libitina=--l[)i]b-i-t[=i]na, not li-b[)i]ti-na. + + =Lycaon=--l[=i]-k[=a]on, not l[)i]ka-on. + + =Lyceus=--l[=i]-s[=e]us, not l[)i]se-us. + + =Meleager=--m[=e]-le-[=a]ger, not me-le-[=a]jer nor + me-l[=e]a-jer. + + =Meroe=--m[)e]ro-e, not me-r[=o]e. + + =Mitylene=--m[)i]t-[)i]-l[=e]ne, not m[)i]ti-l[=e]ne. + + =Myrmidones=--myr-m[)i]do-n[=e]z, not myrm[)i]-d[=o]nz nor + myr-m[)i]-d[=o]n[=e]z. + + =Naiades=--n[=a]-[=i]a-d[=e]z, not n[=a]a-d[=e]z. + + =Nemesis=--n[)e]me-sis, not ne-m[=e]sis. + + =Nereides=--ne-r[=e]i-d[=e]z, not n[=e]ryi-d[=e]z. + + =Nereus=--n[=e]r[=u]s, not ne-r[=e]us. + + =Nica=--ni-s[=e]a, not n[)i]se-a. + + =Nundina=--n[)u]ndi-na, not nun-d[=i]na. + + =Oceanus=--o-s[=e]a-nus, not o-se-[=a]nus. + + =Ocypete=--o-s[)i]pe-te, not o-si-p[=e]te. + + =[OE]dipus=--[)e]di-pus, not [=e]di-pus nor e-d[=i]pus. + + =Opigena=--o-p[)i]je-na, not op-i-j[=e]na. + + =Orion=--o-r[=i]on, not [=o]ri-on. + + =Pactolus=--pak-t[=o]lus, not p[)a]kto-lus. + + =Palmon=--pa-l[=e]mon, not p[)a]le-mon. + + =Parrhasius=--par-r[=a]she-us, not par-r[)a]si-us. + + =Pasiphae=--pa-s[)i]pha-e, not p[)a]s-i-ph[=a]e. + + =Pegasus=--p[)e]ga-sus, not pe-g[=a]sus. + + =Penelope=--pe-n[)e]lo-pe, not p[)e]ne-l[=o]pe. + + =Phlegethon=--phl[)e]je-thon, not phl[)e]ge-thon. + + =Pleiades=--pl[=e]ya-d[)e]z not pl[=e]y[)a]dz. + + =Polyphemus=--pol-y-ph[=e]mus, not po-l[)i]phe-mus. + + =Priapus=--pr[=i]-[=a]pus, not pr[=i]a-pus. + + =Proserpine=--pr[)o]ser-p[=i]ne, not pro-s[)e]rpi-ne. + + =Rhode=--r[=o]de, not r[=o]de. + + =Sarapis=--sa-r[=a]pis, not s[)a]ra-pis. + + =Sardanapalus=--sar-da-na-p[=a]lus, not sar-dan-[)a]pa-lus. + + =Semiramis=--se-m[)i]ra-mis, not s[)e]m-i-r[=a]mis. + + =Tereus=--t[=e]re-us, not te-r[=e]us. + + =Terpsichore=--terp-s[=i]ko-re, not t[)e]rpsi-k[=o]re. + + =Theb=--th[=e]be, not th[=e]be. + + =Theodamas=--the-[)o]da-mas, not the-o-d[=a]mas. + + =Theodamus=--the-o-d[=a]mus, not the-[)o]da-mus. + + =Theodotus=--the-[)o]do-tus, not the-o-d[=o]tus. + + =Theodorus=--the-o-d[=o]rus, not the-[)o]do-rus. + + =Thessalonica=--thes-sa-lo-n[=i]ka, not thes-sa-l[)o]ni-ka. + + =Thrace=--thr[=a]se, not thr[=a]se. + + + + +MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. + + + =Adam.= As an English name is pronounced [)a]dam; as French, + -dng, as German, dm. + + =Annesley=--[)a]nzle, not [)a]nnes-le. + + =Arundel=--[)a]r[)u]n-d[)e]l, not a-r[)u]nd[)e]l. + + =Bacciochi=--bt-ch[=o]kee, not b[)a]k-ki-[=o]kee. + + =Beatrice=--b[=a]--treech[=a] or b[=e]a-treess, not + be-[)a]tr[)i]s. + + =Beethoven=--b[=a]t[=o]-ven, not beeth[=o]-ven. + + =Belvedere=--b[)e]l-v[=a]-d[=a]r[=a], not b[)e]l-ve-d[=e]re. + + =Beranger= (Fr. Branger)--b[=a]-r[)o]ng-zh[=a], not + b[)e]ran-jer. + + =Blucher=--bl[=o][=o]ker, not bl[=u]cher. + + =Boccaccio=--bo-ktcho, not b[)o]k-k[)a]si-o. + + =Boleyn=--b[)o][)o]l[)i]n, not b[=o]l[)i]n nor b[=o]-l[)i]n. + + =Boniface=--b[)o]ne-fass or Fr. bo-ne-fss, not b[)o]ne-face. + + =Boucicault= or =Bourcicault=--b[=o][=o]-se-k[=o] or + b[=o][=o]r-se-k[=o], not b[=o][=o]se-kawlt. + + =Bozzaris=--b[)o]tz-r[)i]s, not boz-z[)a]ris, as generally + called. + + =Brown-Sequard= (Fr. Squard)--brown-s[=a]-krr, not see-kward. + + =Buchanan=--b[)u]k-[)a]nan, not b[=u]-k[)a]nan. + + =Bull, Ole=--[=o]l[)e]h b[)o][)o]l, not [=o]l b[)o][)o]l. + + =Buonaparte=--b[=o][=o]-o-n-prrt[=a], not b[=o]na-prt; the + latter is the allowed English pronunciation when spelled + =Bonaparte=. + + =Bysshe=--b[)i]sh, not b[)i]shshe. + + =Cecil=--s[)e]s[)i]l or s[)i]s[)i]l, not s[=e]s[)i]l. + + =Cenci=--ch[)e]nchee, not s[)e]nsee. + + =Chevalier=--sheh-v-le-[=a], not shev-a-leer. + + =Crichton=--kr[=i]ton, not kr[)i]kton. + + =D'Aubigne= (Fr. D'Aubign)--d[=o]-b[=e]n-y[=a], not daw-been. + + =Daubigny=--d[=o]-b[=e]n-y[=e], not daw-b[=e]ny. + + =Disraeli=--d[)i]z-r[=a]el-e, not d[)i]zrel-ee. + + =Drouyn de Lhuys=--dr[=o][=o]-[)a]ng deh lwee. + + =Gillot=--zh[=e]-y[=o], not j[)i]llot nor j[)i]l-l[=o]. + + =Giovanni=--jo-vnnee, not je-o-v[)a]nnee. + + =Goethe=--pronounced much like grteh, leaving out the r; not + g[)o]th nor g[=o]th. + + =Hemans=--h[)e]manz, not h[=e]manz. + + =Ingelow=--[)i]nje-l[=o], not [)i]nge-l[=o]. + + =Ivan=--e-vn, not [=i]van. + + =Juarez=--j[=o][=o]-r[)e]z or H[=o][=o]-r[)e]th, not + jawr[)e]z. + + =Lancelot=--l[)o]ngss-l[=o], not l[)a]nse-l[)o]t. + + =Lavater=--lv-ter or l-v-tair, not l[)a]va-ter. + + =Macleod=--m[)a]k-lowd, not mak-l[=e]od. + + =Marat=--m-r, not ma-r[)a]t. + + =Marion=--m[)a]ri-on, not m[=a]ri-on. + + =Medici=--m[)e]de-chee or m[=a]de-chee, not m[)e]di-see nor + me-d[=e]see. + + =Minie= (Fr. Mini)--me-ne-[=a], not m[)i]nne. + + =Montague=--m[)o]nta-g[=u], not m[)o]nt[=a]g. + + =Moultrie=--m[=o][=o]tre, not m[=o]ltre. + + =Muhlbach=--(Ger. Mhlbach). The u in the first syllable of this + word is very difficult for those to pronounce who are not + German or French, and can not be well represented in English; + but there is no need of coming so far from the mark as is + generally done, especially in the last syllable. It is not + m[=u]lb[)a]k nor m[=e]lb[)a]k; meulbk is nearer correct. + + =Mundt=--m[)o][)o]nt, not m[)u]nt. + + =Neumann=--noimn, not n[=u]man. + + =Ovid=--[)o]v[)i]d, not [=o]vid [Ovidius]. + + =Paganini=--p-g-neenee, not p[)a]j-a-n[)i]n[)i]. + + =Pepin=--p[)e]p[)i]n or p[)i]p[)i]n, not p[=e]p[)i]n. French + pronunciation peh-p[)a]ng. + + =Piccolomini=--p[=e]k-ko-l[)o]me-nee, not p[)i]k-ko-lo-meenee. + + =Pliny=--pl[)i]ny, not pl[=i]ny [Plinius]. + + =Ponce de Leon=--p[=o]nch[=a] d[=a] l[=a]-[=o]n, not ponss de + l[=e]on. + + =Rachel=--r-sh[)e]l, not r[=a]chel as the English name. When a + German name it is pronounced rkel. + + =Richelieu=--r[=e]she-l[=o][=o], not r[)i]che-l[=o][=o]. + + =Rochefort=--rosh-for, not rochfort. + + =Rothschild=--rosch[=i]ld or r[=o]tsh[)i]lt, not + r[)o]thch[=i]ld. + + =Stael=--stl, stawl or st-[)e]l, not st[=a]le. + + =Strauss=--strowss, not strawss. + + =Taliaferro=--t[)o]li-v[)e]r, not t[)a]l-i-f[)e]rro. + + =Thiers=--te-air, not theers. + + + + +MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. + + + =Abomey=--[)a]b-o-m[=a], not a-b[)o]mey nor a-b[=o]mey. + + =Acapulco=---k-p[=o][=o]lko, not [)a]k-a-p[)u]lko. + + =Adriatic=--[)a]d-ri-[)a]t[)i]k, not [=a]-dr[)i]-[)a]t[)i]k. + + =Afghanistan=--f-gn-is-tn, not [)a]f-g[)a]n-[)i]st[)a]n. + + =Agulhas=---g[=o][=o]lys, not a-g[)u]lh[)a]s. + + =Aix-la-Chapelle=--[=a]kz-l-sh-p[)e]l, not + [=a]-l-sh[)a]-p[)e]l. + + =Alsace=--l-sss, not [)a]ls[=a]s. + + =Altai=--l-t[=i], not lt[=a] nor lt[=i]. + + =Amherst=--[)a]merst, not [)a]mherst. + + =Amoor=---m[=o][=o]r, not [)a]m[=o][=o]r nor [=a]m[=o]re. + + =Antilles=--[)o]ng-teel, not [)a]n-teelz. + + =Araguay=---r-gw[=i], not [)a]ra-gw[=a]. + + =Aral=--[)a]ral, not [=a]ral. + + =Arkansas=--r-k[)a]nsas, not rkan-saw nor r-k[)a]n-zaz. + + =Asia=--[=a]she-a, not [=a]zhe-a. + + =Bantam= (Java)--bn-tm, not b[)a]ntam. + + =Barbados= or =Barbadoes=--bar-b[=a]d[=o]z, not brba-d[=o]z. + =Barbados=, a river of Brazil, is pronounced bar-bdoce. + + =Bayou=--b[=i][=o][=o] or b[=i][=o], not b[=a][=u]. + + =Belfast=--b[)e]l-f[)a]st, not b[)e]lf[)a]st. + + =Beloochistan=--b[)e]l-oo-ch[)i]s-tn, not + b[)e]l-oo-ch[)i]stan. + + =Bingen=--b[)i]ngen, not b[)i]njen. + + =Bombay=--b[)o]m-b[=a], not b[)o]mb[=a]. + + =Bremen= (Germany)--br[)e]men or br[=a]men, not br[=e]men. + =Bremen= (U. S.)--br[=e]men. + + =Buena Vista=--bw[=a]n veest or b[=o]na v[)i]sta, not + b[=u]na v[)i]sta. + + =Buenos Ayres=--b[=o]nos [=a]riz or b[=o]nos airz, not + b[=u]nos [=a]rz; Spanish pronunciation, bw[=a]noce + [=i]r[)e]s. + + =Cairo= (Italy and Egypt)--k[=i]ro, not k[=a]ro. =Cairo= (U. + S.)--k[=a]ro. + + =Calais=--k[)a]l[)i]s or k-l[=a], not ka-l[=a]s. + + =Canton= (China)--kan-t[)o]n, not k[)a]nton. =Canton= (U. + S.)--k[)a]nton. + + =Cape Girardeau=--jee-rr-d[=o], not jee-rrd[=o]. + + =Caribbean= or =Carribbean=--k[)a]r-[)i]b-b[=e]an, not + ka-r[)i]bbe-an. + + =Cashmere=--ksh-meer, not k[)a]shmere. + + =Cayenne=--k[=i]-[)e]n or k[=a]-y[)e]n, not k[=a]-[)e]n. + + =Cheyenne=--she-[)e]n, not sh[=i]-[)e]n nor ch[=a]-[)e]n. + + =Chili=--ch[)i]llee, not sh[=e]lee. + + =Christiania=--kr[)i]s-te-ne-, not kr[)i]s-te-[=a]ne-a nor + kr[)i]s-te-[)a]na. + + =Chuquisaca=--ch[=o][=o]-ke-sk, not ch[=o][=o]-kw[)i]sa-k. + + =Cincinnati=--sin-sin-naht[)i], not sin-sin-n[)a]tta. + + =Cochin China=--k[=o]chin ch[=i]na, not k[)o]chin ch[=i]na. + + =Delhi= (India)--d[)e]llee, not d[)e]lh[=i]. =Delhi= (U. + S.)--d[)e]lh[=i]. + + =Dubuque=--d[=u]-b[=o][=o]k, not d[=u]-b[=u]k. + + =Fezzan=--f[)e]z-zn, not f[)e]zzan nor f[)e]z-z[)a]n. + + =Freiburg=--fr[=i]b[)o][)o]rg, not fr[=e]burg. + + =Genoa=--j[)e]no-a, not je-n[=o]a. + + =Gloucester=--gloster, not as spelled. =Gloucestershire= + (gloster-shir). + + =Greenwich= (England)--gr[)i]n[)i]dge, not as spelled. + =Greenwich= (U. S.)--green[)i]ch. + + =Havre de Grace=--h[)a]ver de grass, not h[=a]ver de gr[=a]s. + French pronunciation, hv'r deh grss or v'r deh grss. + + =Iowa=--[=i]o-wa, not [=i]-[=o]wa nor [=i]o-w[=a]. + + =Java= (Island)--jva, not j[)a]va nor j[=a]va. =Java= (U. + S.)--j[=a]va. + + =Jeddo= (Japan)--y[)e]ddo, not j[)e]ddo. =Jeddo= (U. + S.)--j[)e]ddo. + + =Juniata=--j[=o][=o]-ne-ahta, not j[=o][=o]-ne-[)e]ta. + + =Kankakee=--kan-kawkee, not kang-ka-kee. + + =Ladoga=--ldo-g, not la-d[=o]ga. + + =Lausanne= (Switzerland)--l[=o]-zn, not law-san. =Lausanne= + (Pennsylvania)--law-s[)a]n. + + =Leicester=--l[)e]ster, not as spelled. =Leicestershire= + (l[)e]ster-shir). + + =Leipsic= (Saxony)--l[=i]ps[)i]k, not leeps[)i]k. =Leipsic= (U. + S.)--leeps[)i]k. + + =Madrid= (Spain)--m-dr[)i]d, not m[)a]dr[)i]d; Spanish + pronunciation, m-DreeD--almost maTH-reeTH. =Madrid= (U. + S.)--m[)a]drid. + + =Mauch Chunk=--mawk ch[)u]nk, not mawch shunk. + + =Milan=--m[)i]lan, not m[=i]lan. + + =Modena= (Italy)--m[)o]den-a, not mo-d[=e]na. =Modena= (U. + S.)--mo-d[=e]na. + + =Nantes=--n[)a]ntz, not n[)a]ntez; French pronunciation, + n[)o]ngt. + + =Neufchatel=--nush--t[)e]l, not n[=o][=o]fch[)a]t-el. + + =Newfoundland=--n[=u]fond-land, not nu-foundland. + + =Norwich= (England)--n[)o]rr[)i]j, not n[)o]rwich. =Norwich= + (U. S.)--n[)o]rwich or n[)o]rrich. + + =Otaheite=--[=o]-t-heete, not [=o]-ta-heet. + + =Panama=--pn-a-m, not p[)a]na-maw. + + =Persia=--pershe-a, not perzhe-a. + + =Pesth=--p[)e]st, not pesth; Hungarian pronunciation, p[)e]sht. + + =Piqua=--p[)i]kwa, not p[)i]kw[=a]. + + =Pompeii=--p[)o]m-p[=a]yee, not p[)o]mpe-[=i]. + + =Popocatapetl=--po-po-k-t[=a]-p[)e]tl, not + po-po-k[)a]t-a-p[=e]tel. + + =Poughkeepsie=--po-k[)i]psee, not po-keepsee. + + =Quebec=--kwe-b[)e]k, not kw[=e]bek. + + =Queretaro=--k[=a]-r[=a]-tro, not kwer-e-t[=a]ro. + + =Sahara=--s-hr or sha-r, not s[=a]-h[=a]ra nor + sa-h[)a]ra. + + =San Diego=--sn-de-[=a]go, not s[)a]n-d[=i]-[=e]go. + + =Sangamon=--s[)a]ngga-mon, not s[)a]ng-g[)a]mon. + + =San Joaquin=--sn-Ho--keen, not s[)a]nj[=o]a-kw[)i]n. + + =Shang-Hai=--shang-h[=i], not sh[)a]ng-h[=a] nor + sh[)a]ng-h[=i]. + + =Siam=--s[=i]-am or se-am, not s[=i]am. + + =Sumatra=--s[=o][=o]-mtra, not s[=o][=o]-m[=a]tra nor + s[=o][=o]-m[)a]tra. + + =Swabia=--sw[=a]bi-a, not swawbe-a. + + =Taliaferro=--t[)o]le-ver, not t[)a]l-[)i]-a-f[)e]rro. + + =Toulouse=--t[=o][=o]-l[=o][=o]z, not t[=o][=o]-l[=o][=o]ss. + + =Truxillo=--tr[=o][=o]-Heelyo, not tr[)u]x-[)i]llo. + + =Tyrol=--t[)i]rol or te-r[)o]l, not t[=i]rol. + + =Ulster= (Germany)--[)o][)o]lster, not [)u]lster. =Ulster= + (Ireland and U. S.)--[)u]lster. + + =Valenciennes=--v-long-se-[)e]nn, not va-l[)e]n-se-[)e]nz. + + =Valparaiso= (Chili)--vl-p-r[=i]so, not v[)a]l-pa-r[=a]zo. + =Valparaiso= (U. S.)--v[)a]l-pa-r[=a]zo. + + =Venezuela=--ven-ez-weela or v[=a]-n[)e]th-w[=a]l, not + ven-ez-[=o][=o]-[=e]la. + + =Vevay=--ve-v[=a], not v[=e]v[=a]. + + =Vosges=--v[=o]zh, not v[)o]sjez. + + =Worcester=--w[)o][)o]ster, not as spelled. =Worcestershire= + (w[)o][)o]ster-shir). + + =Wyandot= or =Wyandotte=--w[=i]-an-dott, not w[=i]an-d[)o]t. + + =Wyoming=--w[=i]-[=o]ming, not w[=i]o-ming. + + =Yang-tse-kiang=--yng-tse-ke-ng, not yangste-k[=i][)a]ng. + + =Yo Semite=--y[=o]-seme-te, not y[=o]se-m[=i]te. + + =Zanzibar=--zn-ze-br, not z[)a]nze-br. + + + + +ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. + + + =Ada=--[=a]da, not [)a]da. + + =Agnes=--[)a]gn[=e]z, not [)a]gness. + + =Alphonso=--al-phonso, not al-ph[)o]nzo. + + =Artemas=--rte-mas, not r-t[=e]mas. + + =Augustine=--aw-g[)u]st[)i]n, not awg[)u]s-teen. + + =Basil=--b[)a]zil, not b[=a]sil nor b[)a]sil. + + =Bernard=--brnard, not br-nard. + =Bernard= (French)--be<sc>R</sc>-na<sc>R</sc>. + + =Cecily=--s[)e]si-ly, not s[=e]si-ly. + + =Chloe=--kl[=o]e, not kl[=o]. + + =Darius=--da-r[=i]us, not d[=a]ri-us. + + =Deborah=--d[)e]bo-rah, not de-b[=o]rah. + + =Eben=--[)e]ben, not [=e]ben. + + =Eleanor=--[)e]le-a-nor, not [)e]len-or. + + =Esther=--[)e]ster, not [)e]sther. + + =Eva=--[=e]va, not [)e]va. + + =Frances=--fr[)a]nsez, not fr[)a]nsess nor fr[)a]ns[)i]s. + + =Giles=--j[=i]lz, not g[=i]lz. + + =Hosea=--ho-z[=e]a, not h[=o]se-a. + + =Ivan=--[)i]van, not [=i]van. =Ivan= (Russian)--e-vn. + + =Irene=--[=i]-r[=e]ne, not [=i]-reen. + + =Jacqueline=--j[)a]que-l[)i]n, not j[)a]ka-l[=i]ne. + + =Joan=--j[=o]-[)a]n, not j[=o]an. + + =Joshua=--j[)o]shu-a, not j[)o]sha-w[=a]. + + =Leopold=--l[=e]o-p[=o]ld, not l[)e]p[=o]ld. =Leopold= + (German)--l[=a]-o-p[=o]lt. + + =Lionel=--lio-nel, not l[=i]-[=o]nel. + + =Louisa=--l[=o][=o]-[=e]za, not l[=o][=o]-[=i]za. + + =Marion=--m[)a]ri-on, not m[=a]ri-on. + + =Penelope=--pe-n[)e]lo-pe, not p[)e]nel-[=o]pe. + + =Phebe=--ph[=e]be, not pheeb. + + =Philander=--ph[=i]-l[)a]nder, not ph[)i]l-[)a]nder. + + =Philemon=--ph[=i]-l[=e]mon, not ph[)i]le-mon. + + =Reginald=--r[)e]j'i-nald, not r[)e]gi-nald. + + =Rosalie=--r[)o]za-l[=e], not r[=o]za-l[=e]. + + =Rosalind=--r[)o]za-lind, not r[=o]za-lind. + + =Rosamond=--r[)o]za-mond, not r[=o]za-mond. + + =Rowland=--r[=o]land, not rowland. + + =Sigismund=--s[)i]jis-mund, not s[)i]gis-mund. =Sigismund= + (German)--see<sc>G</sc>is-m[)o][)o]nt. + + =Silvester=--s[)i]l-v[)e]ster, not s[)i]lv[)e]s-ter. + + =Sophia=--so-ph[=i]a, not s[=o]phi-a. + + =Ursula=---rsu-la, not r-s[=u]la. + + =Viola=---v[=i]o-la, not v[=i]-[=o]la. + + + + +NAMES OF ROMANCE, SOBRIQUETS, ETC. + + =Achitophel=--a-k[)i]to-phel, not a-ch[)i]to-phel. A nickname + given to the Earl of Shaftesbury and used by Dryden in his + satirical poem of "Absalom and Achitophel." + + =Adonais=--[)a]d-o-n[=a]is, not a-d[=o]ni-as nor a-d[)o]ni-as. A + name given to the poet Keats by Shelley. + + =Adriana=--[)a]d-ri-[)a]na, not [=a]-dri-[=a]na nor + [=a]-dri-[)a]na. A character in the "Comedy of Errors." + + =geon=--[=e]-j[=e]on, not [=e]je-on. A Syracusan merchant in the + "Comedy of Errors." + + =milia=--[=e]-m[)i]li-a, not [=e]-m[=e]li-a. Wife of geon in + the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Agramante=---gr-mnt[=a], not [)a]gra-m[)a]nt unless written + =Agramant=. King of the Moors in "Orlando Furioso." + + =Agricane=---gre-kn[=a], not [)a]gri-k[=a]ne. Written also + =Agrican= ([)a]gri-k[)a]n). King of Tartary in "Orlando + Innamorato." + + =Al Borak=--l b[)o]rak, not [)a]l b[=o]rak. An imaginary animal + of wonderful appearance and fleetness, with which it was claimed + that Mohammed made a journey to the seventh heaven. + + =Alcina=--l-ch[=e]na, not [)a]l-s[=e]na. A fairy in "Orlando + Innamorato." + + =Alciphron=--[)a]lsi-phron, not [)a]l-s[)i]phron. The name of a + work by Bishop Berkeley and of a character in the same. + =Alciphron= is also the name of a poem by Thomas Moore and the + hero of his romance, "The Epicurean." + + =Almanzor=--al-m[)a]nzor, not [)a]lman-zor. A character in + Dryden's "Conquest of Granada." + + =Al Rakim=--r r-keem, not [)a]l r[=a]kim. The dog in the legend + of the "Seven Sleepers of Ephesus." + + =Al Sirat=--s se-rt, not [)a]l si-r[)a]t. An imaginary bridge + between this world and the Mohammedan paradise. + + =Angelica=--an-j[)e]li-ka, not an-jel-ka. A princess of great + beauty in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Angelo=--[)a]nje-lo, not an-j[)e]lo. A prominent character in + "Measure for Measure." A goldsmith in the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Archimago=--r-ki-m[=a]go, not r-chi-m[=a]go nor + r-ch[)i]ma-go. A character in Spenser's "Fary Queen." + + =Argalia=--a<sc>R</sc>-g-lee, not r-g[=a]li-a. Brother of + Angelica in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Argantes=--a<sc>R</sc>-gntess, not r-g[)a]nt[=e]z. An infidel + hero in "Jerusalem Delivered." + + =Asmodeus=--[)a]s-mo-d[=e]us, not [)a]z-m[=o]de-us. An evil + spirit. + + =Baba, Ali=--lee bb, not [)a]li b[=a]ba. A character in the + "Forty Thieves." + + =Baba, Cassim=--kssim bb, not k[)a]ssim b[=a]ba. Brother of + Ali Baba. + + =Bajardo=--b-e-a<sc>R</sc>do, not ba-jrdo. Rinaldo's steed in + "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Balwhidder=--b[)a]lhw[)i]th-er, not bawlwh[)i]d-der. A pastor in + Galt's "Annals of the Parish." + + =Banquo=--b[)a]nkwo, not b[)a]ngko. A Scottish warrior and a + character in "Macbeth." + + =Bassanio=--bas-sni-o, not bas-s[=a]ni-o. Husband of Portia in + "Merchant of Venice." + + =Biron=--b[)i]ron, not b[=i]ron. A character in "Love's Labor's + Lost." + + =Boyet=--boy-[)e]t, not b[=o]yet. A character in "Love's Labor's + Lost." + + =Bradamante=--br-d-mnt[=a], not br[)a]da-m[)a]nt. Sister to + Rinaldo, in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Brunehilde=--br[=o][=o]n[=a]-h[)i]ld[=a], not + br[)u]n-h[)i]ldah. Written also =Brunehild= + (br[=o][=o]neh-h[)i]lt). + + =Carrasco, Sanson=--sn-s[=o]n k<sc>R</sc>-<sc>R</sc>sko, not + s[)a]nson k[)a]r-r[)a]sko. A character in "Don Quixote." + + =Cedric=--s[)e]drik, not s[=e]drik. A character in "Ivanhoe." + + =Clarchen=--kl[)e]<sc>R</sc>ken, not klrchen. A female character + in Goethe's "Egmont." + + =Clavileno Aligero=--kl-ve-l[=a]nyo -le-<sc>R</sc>[=a]ro, not + kl[)a]v-i-l[=e]no [)a]l-i-j[=e]ro. A celebrated steed in "Don + Quixote." + + =Consuelo=--k[=o]ng-su-[=a]-l[=o], not k[)o]n-su-[)e]lo. The + heroine of a novel of the same name by Georges Sand. + + =Don Adriano Armado=--[)a]d-re-no r-mdo, not [=a]-dri-[=a]no + r-m[=a]do. A character in "Love's Labor's Lost." + + =Don Cleofas=--kl[=e]o-fas, not kle-[=o]fas. Hero of "The Devil + on Two Sticks." + + =Don Juan=--j[=u]an, not j[=u]-[)a]n. + + =Dulcamara=--d[)o][)o]l-k-mr, not d[)u]l-sa-m[=a]ra nor + d[)u]l-ka-m[=a]ra. The itinerant physician in "L'Elisire + d'Amore." + + =Egeus=--[=e]-j[=e]us, not [=e]je-us. The Father of Hermia in + "Midsummer Night's Dream." + + =Eyre, Jane=--r, not [=i]re. + + =Fata Morgana=--ft mo<sc>R</sc>-gn, not + f[=a]ta mor-g[)a]na. + + =Fatima=--f[)a]ti-ma, not fa-t[=e]-ma. A female character in the + story of Aladdin, or the Wonderful Lamp; also, one of the wives + of Blue Beard. + + =Fidele=--f[=i]-d[=e]le, not f[=i]-d[=e]le. A name assumed by + Imogen, in "Cymbeline." + + =Fra Diavolo=--fr de-vo-lo, not fr de--v[=o]lo. + + =Genevra=--je-n[)e]vra, not je-n[=e]vra. =Ginevra= is pronounced + the same as the above. + + =Gil Blas=--zh[=e]l blss, not j[)i]l bl nor jeel blz. + + =Gotham=--g[=o]tham, not g[)o]tham. A name applied to New York + City. + + =Haidee=--h[=i]dee, not h[=a]dee. One of the heroines in "Don + Juan." + + =Iachimo=--y[)a]ki-mo, not [=i]-[)a]ki-mo. A prominent character + in "Cymbeline." + + =Iago=--e-go, not [=i]-[=a]go. One of the principal characters + in "Othello." + + =Jacques=--zhk, not j[)a]kkw[)e]s. A character in "As You Like + It." + + =Klaus, Peter=--klowss, not klawz. The hero of a German tradition + similar to that of "Rip Van Winkle." + + =Lalla Rookh=--lla r[=o][=o]k, not l[)a]lla r[)o][)o]k. The + heroine of Moore's poem of the same name. + + =Laodamia=--la-[)o]d-a-m[=i]a, not la-o-d[=a]mi-a. The wife of + Protesilaus slain by Hector, and the name of a poem by + Wordsworth. + + =Lara=--lra, not l[=a]ra nor l[)a]ra. The hero and name of + Byron's poem. + + =Le Fevre=--leh f[)e]vr, not le f[=e]ver. A poor lieutenant in + "Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy." + + =Leonato=--l[=e]-o-nto, not l[=e]-o-n[=a]to. Governor of Messina + in "Much Ado About Nothing." + + =Mahu=--ma-h[=o][=o] or mhoo, not m[=a]hu. A fiend spoken of in + "King Lear." + + =Maid of Orleans=--rle-anz, not r-l[=e]nz. Another name of Joan + of Arc. + + =Meister, Wilhelm=--v[)i]lhelm m[=i]ster, not w[)i]lhelm + m[=e]ster. The hero of a novel by Goethe. + + =Mohicans, Last of the=--mo-h[=e]kans, not mo-h[)i]shans nor + m[=o]he-kans. + + =Montague=--m[)o]nta-g[=u], not mon-t[=a]g. A noble family in + "Romeo and Juliet." + + =Moreno, Don Antonio=--n-t[=o]ne-o m[=o]-r[=a]no, not + [)a]n-t[=o]ne-o m[=o]-r[=e]no. A gentleman in "Don Quixote." + + =Munchausen=--mun-chawsen, not mun-kawsen. German, Mnchhausen + (mn<sc>K</sc>-howzen). + + =Oberon=--[)o]ber-on, not [=o]ber-on. King of the fairies. Takes + an important part in "Midsummer Night's Dream." + + =Ossian=--[)o]shan, not awsi-an. + + =Parizade=--p-re-zd[=a], not p[)a]ri-z[=a]de. A princess in + "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." + + =Parolles=--pa-r[)o]lles, not pa-r[=o]lz. A follower of Bertram + in "All's Well That Ends Well." + + =Perdita=--prdi-ta, not pr-d[=i]ta nor pr-d[=e]ta. A princess + in "Winter's Tale." + + =Petruchio=--pe-tr[=o][=o]ch[)i]-o, not pe-tr[=o][=o]k[)i]-o. A + principal character in "Taming of the Shrew." + + =Pisanio=--p[)i]-zn[)i]-o, not p[)i]-s[=a]n[)i]-o. A character + in "Cymbeline." + + =Posthumus=--p[)o]sthu-m[)u]s, not p[=o]st-h[=u]m[)u]s. Imogen's + husband in "Cymbeline." + + =Prospero=--pr[)o]spe-ro, not pros-p[=e]ro. An important + character in the "Tempest." + + =Rosalind=--r[)o]za-l[)i]nd, not r[=o]za-lind. The lady loved by + Orlando in "As You Like It." + + =Rosaline=--r[)o]za-l[)i]n or r[)o]za-l[=i]n, not r[=o]za-leen. + A lady in "Love's Labor's Lost;" also the name of a lady loved by + Romeo before Juliet. + + =Rosamond, Fair=--r[)o]za-mond, not r[=o]za-mond. + + =Rozinante=--r[)o]z-i-n[)a]nte, not r[=o]-zi-n[)a]nte. Don + Quixote's famous horse. + + =Ruggiero=--r[=o][=o]d-j[=a]ro, not r[)u]g-gi-[)e]ro or + r[)u]j-ji-[=e]ro. A knight in "Orlando Furioso." + + =Sakhrat=--s<sc>K</sc>-r, not s[)a]krat. A sacred stone of + great powers, in "Mohammedan mythology." + + =Stephano=--st[)e]fa-no, not ste-f[=a]no. A drunken butler in + "Tempest;" also a servant of Portia in "Merchant of Venice." + + =Titania=--t[)i]-t[=a]ni-a, not t[)i]-t[)a]ni-a. The wife of + Oberon, king of the fairies. + + =Tybalt=--t[)i]balt, not t[=i]balt. One of the Capulets in "Romeo + and Juliet. + + =Ulrica=--ul-r[=i]ka, not [)u]lri-ka. An old sibyl in "Ivanhoe." + + =Ursula=--rsu-la, not r-s[=o][=o]la. An attendant in "Much Ado + About Nothing." + + =Viola=--v[=i]o-la, not v[=i]-[=o]la. The disguised page of Duke + Orsino in "Twelfth Night." + + + + +ORTHOEPICAL ERRORS OF THE PROFESSIONS. + + +Although errors of speech are at all times to be deprecated, and are +generally criticised without much leniency, it must be admitted that +unless they are very gross, reasonable excuses are to be taken for +those who have never made their language a subject of close study, and +whose only use of words is entirely impromptu in the business affairs +of life, in the home circle, or in the social gathering. + +Though a person's descent from Belgravia or Billingsgate is in a great +measure revealed by the propriety of his discourse, yet this refers +principally to those words that are employed by the masses in the +every-day conversations of life, rather than to technicalities and +words related to particular professions, the use of which is generally +confined to the specially instructed. But when a man stands forth as +an orator, a teacher, a minister, or a professor of some college, it +is certainly not unreasonable for those that sit under his +instruction, to expect and demand that his speech should be almost +free from errors. + +One occupying such a position may well be excused for occasional +embarrassment, poor voice, unpleasant address, hesitation of delivery, +and various failings and peculiarities that can not be overcome, but +little or no allowance can be made for constantly repeated errors. + +Probably there has never been a public speaker so perfect in diction, +that he has not in moments of embarrassment, or when much absorbed in +his subject, been guilty of grammatical inaccuracies or mistakes of +pronunciation; and doubtless he is as often aware of them as his +listeners are, as soon as they drop from his lips, but it would be +foolish to call attention to them by going back to correct them. But +when these offenses are so glaring and so frequently repeated that it +is evident the speaker knows no better, it is no wonder that the +educated hearer often thinks that the teacher had better leave his +position and submit to being taught. + +What allowance can an intelligent congregation make for their minister +who has nothing else to do but prepare his sermons, if, besides a +multitude of common English mistakes, he pronounces more than half of +his scriptural names in a manner that is not sanctioned by any +authority? + +When the orotund medical professor stands up to address his students, or +to engage in the discussions of a convention, and rolls out technicality +after technicality pronounced in a manner that would be disowned by the +original Latin or Greek, and is totally at variance with established +usage, who would not ask for a little less elegance and a little more +education? If it required a great amount of labor outside of the usual +course of study for professional men to acquire a knowledge of the +pronunciation of words peculiar to the professions, the subject might be +treated with more tolerance; but as the definitions and the orthoepy +might be so readily learned together during those years of daily +reference to books that are required before one should be considered +competent to stand as a guide to others, it certainly seems that they do +not properly appreciate the dignity of their position by thus laying +themselves open to public criticism. + +Many a student, in order to become instructed in certain branches, has +been compelled to reluctantly sit for months or years at the feet of +those that he felt were far inferior to him in common school +education, hearing hourly such violations of orthoepy and syntax as +would be a discredit to school children. And, doubtless, many such +students have had such a charity for their teachers that they have +wished to direct their attention to their faults, but have been +restrained on account of the fear of enmity, expulsion, or of +lessening the chances for passing the final examination. + +The bare thought of being so criticised should be so galling to any +one bearing the dignified title of "professor," that he ought to be +stimulated to endeavor to make himself an authority concerning the +proprieties of speech. + +The study of orthoepy was held in such high esteem by the accent +Greeks, and their delicate ears were so offended by any violation of +its rules, that if an orator mispronounced a single word, the entire +audience immediately hissed him. + +During the present state of pronunciation it would indeed be +embarrassing to the public speaker, if such a custom existed in this +country. Let us imagine, for instance, our friend Professor Abdominous +Gyncophonus, with his face ebullient with smiles of self-conceit, +arising to address such an audience. "Gentlemen: I have listened +patiently to this oppo-nent (_hisses_) of allo-path-y (_hisses_) and +now arise to make a few remarks and inquir-ies (_hisses_). In answer +to his objections against hy-os-cy-[=a]mus (_hisses_) as an anodyne +and s[=o]por-if-ic, (_hisses_) I would say that in cases of cough and +sleeplessness, I have long used hyoscyamia combined in tr[=o]ch[)e]z +(_hisses_) without any of those effects that the p[)a]tron (_hisses_) +of h[=o]me-o-path-y (_hisses_) mentions. And having made almost a +specialty of the treatment of f[)a]i-al (_hisses_) neuralgia or +tic-d[)o]l-o-r[=o][=o]" (_hisses_)--and it would certainly be time for +him to dolorously sit down, although he might raise the question-- + + "What's in a name? that which we call a rose, + By any other name would smell as sweet," + +and argue therefrom that the pronunciation of a word should make no +difference so long as its meaning was understood. Amongst professional +men, it has been observed that physicians and dentists are by far more +prone than others to orthoepical errors. Attention is requested to a +few of the more common of these in addition to those found in the +preceding vocabulary connected with words that are alike used by the +professional and the unprofessional, such as: _abdomen_, _acclimated_, +_albumen_, _animalcula arabic_, _citrate_, _embryo_, _excrescence_, +_fetid_, _fetor_, _forceps_, _homeopathy_, _hydropathy_, _jugular_, +_jujube_, _nasal_, _pharmacop[oe]ia_, _purulent_, _spasmodic_, +_sulphurous_, _tragacanth_, etc. The authorities appealed to are +Dunglison, Thomas, Webster and Worcester. Notwithstanding the superior +merit of Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, as far as the +comprehensiveness and reliability of its definitions are concerned, it +is evident that it is almost useless as an orthoepical guide. The +principal accent is in many cases marked, but the pronunciation of +preceding and succeeding syllables can not be determined, and there is +no attempt at syllabication. + +Dr. Thomas' dictionary, though less comprehensive, is equally reliable +in its definitions, and is excellent authority in regard to orthoepy; +though it is to be regretted that in some words important syllables +are not sufficiently marked. For instance, take the words _as-bestos_ +and _bismuth_; how can it be determined whether the first should be +pronounced [)a]s-b[)e]stoss or [)a]z-b[)e]st[=o]z or the latter +b[)i]zmuth or b[)i]ssmuth? Webster and Worcester are undoubtedly +good authorities for the pronunciation of the medical words they give. +In the following vocabulary all of the authorities that mention the +words may be considered as agreeing, unless notice is made of their +disagreement. + + + + +MEDICAL AND DENTAL WORDS. + + [In Latin and Latinized Greek words, the English sounds of the + vowels are given as those used by the majority of professional + men. If any one, however, prefers to adopt the continental + method, sounding _a_ as in _father_, _y_ and _i_ as _e_ in + _veto_, etc., and consistently applies it to all such words, no + one, of course, has a right to object.] + + + =Adipose=--[)a]di-p[=o]se, not adi-p[=o]ze. + + =Ala=--[=a]la, not [)a]la. =Al=, plural. + + =Alis=--[=a]l[)i]s, not [)a]l[)i]s. This as a termination of + many words, such as =abdominalis=, =digitalis=, =frontalis=, + =lachrymalis=, =transversalis=, etc., is often erroneously + pronounced [)a]lis. + + =Alumen=--al-[=u]men, not [)a]lu-men. + + =Alveolus=--al-v[=e]o-lus, not al-ve-[=o]lus. Plural, =alveoli= + (al-v[=e]o-l[=i]). =Alveolar=--(al-v[=e]o-lar). Alveolus is + the name given to the _cavity_ in the jaw that is seen upon the + removal of the root of a tooth, and it possesses no more + tangibility than a pinch of air; almost daily, however, we hear + dentists speak of extracting a tooth with a piece of the + _alveolus_ attached. What a curiosity for preservation in a + museum is a tooth with a piece of a little hole fastened to the + root! What is meant is a piece of the _alveolar process_, or + portion of bone around the alveolus. + + =Anmic=--a-n[)e]m[)i]k, not a-n[=e]m[)i]k. Dunglison gives the + latter. + + =Andral=--[)o]ng-drl, not [)a]n-dral. + + =Aphth=--[)a]fth[=e], not [)a]pth[=e]. + + =Aqua=--[=a]kwa, not [)a]kwa. + + =Arcus Senilis=--se-n[=i]lis, not s[)e]ni-lis. + + =Areolar=--a-r[=e]o-lar, not a-re-[=o]lar. + + =Aris=--[=a]r[)i]s, not [)a]ris in the termination of + =angularis=, =medullaris=, =palmaris=, =orbicularis=, + =pulmonaris=, etc. + + =Asarum=--[)a]sa-rum, not a-s[=a]rum. + + =Asbestos=--[)a]s-b[)e]st[)o]ss, not [)a]z-b[)e]st[=o]z. + + =Attollens=--at-t[)o]llenz, not at-t[=o]lenz. + + =Azygos=--azy-gos, not a-zygos. + + =Bagge=--bggeh, not b[)a]g. + + =Bimana=--b[=i]-m[=a]na, not b[=i]-m[=a]n[)i]-a. + + =Bismuth=--b[)i]zmuth, not b[)i]ssmuth. + + =Bitumen=--b[)i]-t[=u]men, not b[)i]tu-men. + + =Cadaver=--ka-d[=a]ver, not ka-d[)a]ver. + + =Caries=--k[=a]r[)i]-[=e]z, not k[=a]r[=e]z nor k[)a]rr[=e]z. + + =Carminative=--kar-m[)i]na-tive, not karmi-n[=a]-t[)i]ve. + + =Caryophillus=--k[)a]r-[)i]-o-ph[)i]llus, not + k[)a]r-[)i]-[)o]ph[)i]l-lus. + + =Cerebral=--s[)e]re-bral, not ser-[=e]bral. + + =Cerebric=--s[)e]re-bric, not ser-[=e]bric. + + =Cerebrum=--s[)e]re-brum, not ser-[=e]brum. Dunglison gives + both. + + =Cerumen=--se-r[=u]men, not s[)e]r[=u]-men. + + =Cheyne=--ch[=a]n or cheen, not sh[=a]ne. + + =Choledochus=--ko-l[)e]do-kus, not k[)o]l-e-d[=o]kus nor + ko-l[)i]da-kus. + + =Cicatrix=--si-k[=a]trix, not s[)i]ka-trix nor si-k[)a]trix. + Plural, =cicatrices= (s[)i]ka-tr[=i]s[=e]z), not + s[)i]-k[)a]tr[)i]-s[=e]z. + + =Cimicifuga=--s[)i]m-[)i]-s[)i]fu-ga, not + s[)i]m-i-s[)i]-f[=u]ga nor s[)i]m-[)i]si-f[=u]ga. + + =Cochlea=--k[)o]kle-a, not k[=o]kle-a. + + =Conein=--ko-n[=e][)i]n, not k[=o]ne-[)i]n. + + =Conium=--ko-n[=i]um, not k[=o]ni-um. + + =Cranium=--kr[=a]ni-um, not kr[)a]ni-um. + + =Cynanche=--s[)i]-n[)a]nk[=e], not s[=i]-n[)a]nch[=e]. + + =Diastase=--d[=i]as-t[=a]se, not d[=i]-ast[=a]ze. + + =Diastole=--d[=i]-asto-le, not d[=i]as-t[=o]le. + + =Diploe=--d[)i]plo-e, not dip-l[=o]e. + + =Dulcamara=--dul-ka-m[=a]ra, not dul-sa-m[=a]ra. Webster gives + dul-kama-ra also. + + =Duodenum=--du-o-d[=e]num, not du-[)o]de-num. + + =Dyspn[oe]a=--d[)i]sp-n[=e]a, not d[)i]s-n[=e]a. + + =Emesis=--[)e]me-sis,not em-[=e]sis. + + =Epiploon=--e-p[)i]plo-on, not ep-ip-l[=o]on. + + =Facial=--f[=a]shal, not f[)a]shi-al. + + =Foramen=--fo-r[=a]men, not fo-r[)a]men. + + =Fungi=--funj[=i] not fung[=i]. Plural of =fungus=. + + =Galbanum=--g[)a]lba-num, not gal-b[=a]num. + + =Gingiva=--j[)i]n-j[=i]va, not j[)i]nji-va. + + =Glenoid=--gl[=e]noid, not gl[)e]noid. + + =Glutus=--gl[=u]t-us, according to Webster. The rest give + gl[=u]-tus. + + =Helleborus=--hel-l[)e]bo-rus, not hel-le-b[=o]rus. + + =Hyoscyamus=--h[=i]-os-s[=i]a-mus, not h[=i]-os-sy-[)a]mus nor + hi-os-sy-[=a]mus. =Hyoscyamine= (h[=i]-os-s[=i]a-m[)i]n). + + =Impetigo=--[)i]m-pe-t[=i]go, not [)i]m-p[)e]ti-go. + + =Incisive=--[)i]n-s[=i]s[)i]v, not in-s[)i]sive. + + =Iodoform=--[=i]-[)o]do-form, not [=i]-[=o]do-form. Dunglison + gives [=i]o-do-form. + + =Itis.= According to Webster and Worcester this termination is + pronounced [=i]t[)i]s in =bronchitis=, =pleuritis=, + =gastritis=, etc. Thomas and Dunglison do not specify, but the + inference is that they intend the same. It is, however, so + generally pronounced [=e]tis, that many would object to the + attention attracted by calling it [=i]tis. + + =Jejunum=--je-j[=u]num, not j[)e]ju-num. + + =Juniperus=--ju-n[)i]pe-rus, not j[=u]ni-per-us nor + ju-ni-p[=e]rus. + + =Laudanum=--lawda-num, not l[)o]da-num. + + =Lentigo=--len-t[=i]go, not l[)e]nti-go. + + =Lepra=--l[)e]pra, not l[=e]pra. Dunglison gives the latter. + + =Leuwenhoek=--l[=o][=o]en-h[)o][)o]k or + l<sc>U</sc>hwen-h[)o][)o]k (U as in fur), not + l[=o][=o]wen-h[=o]ke. + + =Levator=--le-v[=a]tor, not le-v[)a]tor. + + =Liquor= (Latin)--l[=i]kwor, not l[)i]kur as in English. + + =Magendie=--m-zh[)o]ng-d[=e], not m[=a]-j[)e]nd[=e]. + + =Malic=--m[=a]lic, not m[)a]lic. Thomas gives the latter. + + =Matrix=--m[=a]trix, not m[)a]trix. + + =Mistura=--m[)i]s-t[=u]ra, not m[)i]stu-ra. + + =Molecule=--m[)o]le-k[=u]le, not m[=o]le-k[=u]le. + + =Mollities=--mol-l[)i]sh[)i]-[=e]z, not m[)o]ll[)i]-t[=e]z. + + =Molybdenum=--m[)o]l-[)i]b-d[=e]num, not mo-l[)i]bde-num. + + =Nasmyth=--n[=a]smith, not n[)a]zm[)i]th. + + =Nicolai=--neeko-l[=i], not n[)i]ko-l[=a]. + + =Nucleolus=--nu-kl[=e]o-lus, not nu-kle-[=o]lus. + + =Oris=--[=o]r[)i]s, not [)o]ris. + + =Ovale=--[=o]-v[=a]le, not [=o]-v[)a]le. + + =Panizzi=--p-n[)i]tsee or p-n[=e]tsee, not pan-[)i]zzy. + + =Pepys=--p[)e]ps, not p[=e]p[)i]s nor p[)e]p[)i]s. + + =Pes Anserinus=--p[=e]z an-ser-[=i]nus, not p[)e]z + an-s[)e]ri-nus. I once heard a professor describing the facial + nerve to his class, and he dwelt upon this plexus for some + time, calling it the "Pons Asinorum." + + =Podagra=--p[)o]da-gra, not po-d[=a]gra. Worcester gives + po-d[)a]gra also. + + =Podophyllum=---p[)o]d-o-phylum, not po-d[)o]phyl-lum. + + =Process=--pr[)o]sess, not pr[=o]sess. + + =Prostate=--prost[=a]te, not pr[)o]str[=a]te. + + =Purkinje=--p[)o][)o]<sc>R</sc>k[)i]n-yeh or p[)o][)o]rk[)i]n, + not par-k[)i]nj[=e]. + + =Pylorus=--p[)i]-l[=o]rus, not p[=i]-lrus. + + =Pyrethrum=--p[)i]re-thrum, not p[=i]-r[=e]thrum. + + =Quadrumana=--quad-r[=u]ma-na, not quad-ru-m[=a]nia. + + =Rubeola=--ru-b[=e]o-la, not ru-be-[=o]la. + + =Sacrum=--s[=a]krum, not s[)a]krum. + + =Sagittal=--s[)a]jit-tal, not sa-j[)i]ttal. Danglison gives the + latter. + + =Sanies=--s[=a]n[)i]-[=e]z, not s[=a]n[=e]z nor s[)a]n[=e]z. + + =Scabies=--sc[=a]b[)i]-ez, not sc[)a]b[=e]z nor sc[=a]b[=e]z. + + =Seidlitz=--s[=i]dl[)i]tz, not s[)e]dl[)i]tz, unless spelled + =Sedlitz=. + + =Sinapis=--si-n[=a]pis, not s[)i]na-pis. + + =Squamous=--skw[=a]mus, not skwawmus. + + =Systole=--s[)i]sto-le, not s[)i]st[=o]le. + + =Tinctura=--tinc-t[=u]ra, not tinctu-ra. + + =Titanium=--ti-t[=a]ni-um, not ti-t[)a]ni-um. + + =Trachea=--tra-k[=e]a or tr[=a]ke-a, not tr[)a]cke-a. + + =Tremor=--tr[=e]mor, not tr[)e]m-or. Webster allows the latter + also. + + =Trismus=--trissmus, not tr[)i]zmus. + + =Umbilicus=--um-b[)i]-l[=i]kus, according to Worcester, Thomas + and Dunglison. Webster gives um-bili-kus. + + =Variola=--va-r[=i]o-la, not va-ri-[=o]la. + + =Veratrum=--ve-r[=a]trum, not ve-r[)a]trum. + + =Vertebral=--v[)e]rte-bral, not ver-t[=e]bral. + + =Virchow=--f[)i]rko, not vrchow nor vrkow. + + =Zinci=--z[)i]nsi, not zink[=i]. + + + + +SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE. + + +The following extract is from the letter of a friend, to whom were +sent some of the advance pages of this work: "I am absolutely filled +with astonishment to see how many simple words I have been +mispronouncing all my life, and would have kept on mispronouncing to +the end of my days if my thoughts had not been directed to them. If I +were in your place I would end the book with a story in which all the +words would be used in the course of the narrative. I can imagine no +amusement more instructive or interesting than for a social party to +read in turns, under some penalty for each mistake." + +I had myself conceived the idea of presenting the words untrammeled +with explanation of the orthoepy, or marks of accent; but the form was +not decided upon. + +The effort to compose a narrative was abandoned after a fair trial; +for to have a plot and also bring the words in natural position would +require a large volume; otherwise, it made senseless jumble. In the +trial sentences given the objects are gained in small space. Those +objects are to allow readers to exercise the memory and test their +friends; and at the same time to use the words syntactically. It is +hoped that the reader will pardon any absurdities of context; as they +can not be avoided where one is compelled to use so many selected +words, and is obliged to force them into a small compass. + + + + +MELANGE. + + +The invalid came from _Bremen_ to America and hoped to be soon +_acclimated_, but was stricken down with a disease that was not +_amenable_ to treatment, although he had many physicians: +_allopathists_, _hydropathists_ and _homeopathists_. He said that the +aim of _allopathy_ was to poison him; of _hydropathy_ to drown him; +and of _homeopathy_ to let him die unaided. + + * * * * * + +One of the _combatants_ struck his _opponent_ in the _abdomen_ with a +club, cut off an _alder_ tree; he was carried under the shade of an +_ailantus_ and immediately expired. + + * * * * * + +_Sophia_ found the egg under a _piony_ near the _shumac_ tree; but she +broke it in carrying, and spilled the _albumen_ all over her _alpaca_ +dress. + + * * * * * + +The dose for an _adult_ is a _dessert-spoonful_. + + * * * * * + +It was a plain supper--nothing but _aerated_ bread, _Bologna_ sausage +and _radishes_. + + * * * * * + +He told his _demonstrative disputant_ that he did not wish to _get_ +into an _altercation_, but it only appeared to arouse his +_combativeness_ still more. + + * * * * * + +Why do you accent the _antepenult_ of _espionage_? + + * * * * * + +He _illustrated_ his proposition by cutting off the _apex_ of the +figure, and then exhibited his _apparatus_ for the production of +_statical_ electricity. + + * * * * * + +Two-thirds _gum-arabic_ and one-third _gum-tragacanth_ make a good +mucilage. + + * * * * * + +The _archbishop_ dreamed that an _archangel_ came to him and told him +to have his _architect_ send to an island in the Grecian _Archipelago_ +for white marble for the _pilasters_. + + * * * * * + +Search the _archives_ of history and you will not find another such +_prodigy_ as Admirable _Crichton_. + + * * * * * + +When, after _traversing_ the ocean, you find yourself in the _arid_ +desert of _Sahara_, where there is no _aroma_ of sweet flowers, or +anything _at all_ to regale your exhausted energies; where there is no +_herb_ nor _herbaceous_ plant near you; where you are almost famished +for want of some _potable_ fluid; where you are in constant fear of +being _harassed_ by _truculent nomads_--then will you realize that +there are no joys _comparable_ to those that exist around the +_hearthstone_ of your humble home. + + * * * * * + +When the contents of the _museum_ were sold by _auction_, the +antiquary bought a roll of _papyrus_ filled with _hieroglyphics_, a +kind of _bellows_ used by the ancients for starting their fires, and a +fine collection of _trilobites_. + + * * * * * + +The attempt at a _reconnoisance_ in force had been unsuccessful; +immediately after _reveille_, the commander of the _fortress_ _put_ it +to vote amongst his officers, whether or not they should surrender. +The _ayes_ carried it, although some _vehemently_ opposed on account +of the excellent _morale_ of the garrison. + + * * * * * + +The _heroine_ of the _melodrama_ sent to her _betrothed Seignior_ an +_exquisite bouquet_, composed of _catalpa_ flowers, _dahlias_, +_marigold_ and _thyme_, and prayed his forgiveness for not allowing +him the promised _tte--tte_ at the _trysting_ place; she had been +suffering with the _tic-douloureux_, she said. He generously forgave +her and sent her a _sonnet_, in which he said that her voice was +sweeter than that of _Piccolomini_, or any other _cantatrice_; that no +_houri_ could be more beautiful than she; he called her a fair +_florist_, and after _extolling_ her _navet_, _roseate_ cheeks and +_nymphean_ graces, he swore eternal _homage_ and that he would love +her forever and for _aye_. + + * * * * * + +The judge _bade_ the _desperado_ cease his _badinage_ and answer his +_inquiries_, and threatened that if he did not, he would punish him +for his _contumacy_. + + * * * * * + +The _vicar_ was one of the _notable_ men of his day; his wife was a +pattern of _industry_, a _notable_ housekeeper. While the birds were +chirping their _matin_ song, she might be seen with her _besom_ in her +hand. + + * * * * * + +Is this a _bona fide_ transaction, or is it a _Machiavelian_ attempt +to _inveigle_ the _prelate_ into an _imbroglio_? + + * * * * * + +A _booth_ was erected at the fair where the _pretty_ Misses _Agnes_ +and _Rosalind_ with much _complaisance_ dispensed _gratis_ to the +visitors, _soda-water_ flavored with _orgeat_ or _sarsaparilla_. + + * * * * * + +General _Silvester_ and his _protg_, _Reginald_, met with a +_casualty_ that nearly cost them their lives. The horses attached to +their _Brougham_ became frightened at a _yacht_ and made a +_tremendous_ leap over a high embankment into a _creek_. + + * * * * * + +At the _zoological_ garden was found nearly every animal _extant_, +from a mouse to a _camelopard_. + + * * * * * + +The _rendezvous_ of the _topographical_ surveyors was at the camp of +some hunters on a _knoll_ near the banks of a _caon_. + + * * * * * + +The monk concealed his features with his _capoch_ and would have been +_irrecognizable_ if his _discourse_ had not betrayed him. + + * * * * * + +The _tagre_ stands _cater-cornered_ in a _recess_ and contains many +beautiful ornaments that his _predecessor_ _gathered_ within the last +_decade_ of years; amongst which may be mentioned the heads of +_Beethoven_, _Branger_, _Goethe_, Percy _Bysshe_ Shelley, and many +other celebrities, cut in _onyx_. + + * * * * * + +The _Caucasian_ races obtained their name on account of originating +near Mount _Caucasus_. + + * * * * * + +The _mischievous_ children got _cayenne_ all over their _chaps_, by +which they were sufficiently punished without any further +_chastening_. + + * * * * * + +The _chivalric_ Don Quixote, having become a _monomaniac_ on the +subject of _chivalry_, bestrode his _Rosinante_, and, attended by his +squire, started out to perform _chivalrous_ deeds. + + * * * * * + +Lord C. has been absent since _February_, 1870; it is said that he has +been traveling _incognito_, but it is certain that in Italy he has +retained his _cognomen_. He is now at _Modena_ awaiting the recovery +of his _Cicerone_, when he intends to visit _Genoa_ and _Milan_. + + * * * * * + +The _obesity_ of the _florid_-faced prebendary is observed to increase +with his _prebend_. + + * * * * * + +I have heard much of the _gamins_ of _Gotham_, but I never realized +what the _gallows_-deserving rascals were till I settled in New York +City. I opened business as a _pharmaceutist_ on a corner that was a +favorite _haunt_ of theirs. Such a crowd of _tatterdemalions_ as stood +in front of my show-window the first day I made my display of +_Parisian_ fancy goods, baffles description. One had the _hooping_ +cough, and every now and then would hoop till the _perspiration_ +rolled down his face; then he would shriek out the daily _newspapers_, +in a voice like a _calliope_. One dirty-faced _gourmand_ ate _papaws_ +till he had to _gape_ for breath, and would shoot the seeds and throw +the skins at his _hundred_ comrades, half of them coming in my front +door. Another, dressed in ragged _jean_, his face covered with _soot_, +played the _jew's-harp_ hour after hour, with as much pride in his +ability as _Paganini_ at his violin. Another, a tall, _jaundice_ +visaged youth with an _embryo_ beard of about a dozen hairs, covered +nearly to his heels with his great-grandfather's _surtout_, in the +_lapel_ of which was pinned a death's-head, danced upon the iron +cellar door till it roared like distant artillery. + +Then there were many other "_partners_" bearing such _sobriquets_ as +"Sore Snoot," "Pig Eye," "Limpy," etc., _improvising irrational_ +songs, boxing, _wrestling_, indulging in _raillery_ and _ribald_ +jests, pitching _quoits_, _meawing_ like cats, howling at my _patrons_ +and driving reputable _patronage_ away. Every now and then they would +send in little, _saucy_, _precocious_ urchins, who offered to +_patronize_ me by asking for two cents' worth of _jujube_ paste, +_tolu_ or _licorice_, or some _Samaritan_ _salve_ for Jim Biles' sore +nose. At last, when the sun had reached the _horizon_, as a _finale_ +of the day's _progress_, one of the young villains hurled a bowlder +through my French plate-glass, which, after its flight through a lot +of _citrate_ of magnesia, _cochineal_ and _quinine_, finally spilled a +large bottle of red ink all over my new _pharmacop[oe]ia_. Springing +over the _dbris_, I rushed to the door with _implacable_ anger +flashing from my eyes. But one glance at that _imperturbable_ crowd +showed me how _impotent_ I was. One of them with _placid_ countenance +and _stolid_ indifference simply accosted me with, "Say, Mister, are +you going to see the '_Naiad_ Queen' to-night?" + +I left that store in less than a _fortnight_. + + * * * * * + +The _comptroller_ was appointed by the _government_ upon the +supposition that he was _conversant_ with the details of _finance_; +but he was only a _mediocre financier_ and was not aware of the +_deficit_ in the _finances_, until the conscience-stricken +_defalcating_ officer acknowledged his _defalcation_. + + * * * * * + +The emigrants to the _frontier_ chose a beautiful spot for their +settlement; but they found that the wells dug there and on the +_contiguous prairies_ had a _saline_ taste; so they were obliged to +bring water from the _mountainous_ region beyond, by means of a +_conduit_. + + * * * * * + +From the _congeries_ presented to the professor, he, at his _leisure_, +_isolated_ each genus and gave _generic_ names to each; and at the +next meeting of the _lyceum_, he solicited attention to his _data_ and +the _truths_ he had deduced. + + * * * * * + +The handsome _contour_ of _Madame_ G's face has been spoiled by an +_excrescence_ like a _raspberry_ on her _nasal_ organ. + + * * * * * + +Young _Philemon_ after reading _Lalla Rookh_, _Lara_, Don _Juan_, The +_Giaour_, the productions of Mrs. _Hemans_, and a few others, was +seized with the determination to become a poet; but he has only +succeeded in becoming a _poetaster_, without any ideas of _prosody_. +More _metrical_ excellence and sense can be found in the _distich_: + + "Mary, Mary, quite _contrary_, + How does your garden grow?" + +than in any of the _products_ of his brain that he has given us. His +brothers, _Eben_ and _Philander_, have become stage-struck, and expect +to excel in the _Protean_ art. Their _guardian_, himself a great lover +of _drama_, having foolish confidence in their success, grants them +_plenary_ indulgence in all their whims. They are _habitus_ of the +_theatre_, and have fitted up a _suite_ of apartments next to a _suit_ +of rooms occupied by some stock actors, with whom they are bound in +_indissoluble_ bonds of friendship. There they spend the day in +practice, and if you should call at any hour, there is no telling what +will present itself to you. Perhaps Macbeth with the _glamour_ of his +eyes, viewing the imaginary _gouts_ of blood; or _Banquo_ with his +gory locks; or some knight with his _cuirass_ on and his _visor_ down, +plunging, without a _qualm_, his carmine-stained _poniard_ into the +_jugular_ of some _patriot_. Possibly, Othello the _Moor_, King John +with the _Magna Charta_, or a _legendary_ warrior of frightful _mien_ +with his _falchion_ drawn, will admit you. Or you may see a +_viscount_ with _falcon_, a _rampant_ villain, a _jocund_ host, or an +_irate_, _splenetic_ old man with _spectacles_, pronouncing with +_senile vehemence_ a curse upon some _fragile_ female in _negligee_ +before him, who beseeches the aid of an _immobile statue_ in a _niche_ +in the wall. You may get there in the nick of time to save Desdemona +by an _expos_ of _Iago_'so villainy, to rescue Pythias whom Damon +holds by the _nape_ of the neck on the _threshold_ of eternity, or to +restrain the _suicidal_ design of the _Montague_ by informing him that +the fair Capulet is only under the influence of a _soporific_--not +dead. You may arrive soon enough to arouse the womanhood in the +_docile_ Kate, making her less _docible_, and talk woman's rights to +_Petruchio_, making him more _lenient_. + +And you will find the guardian of these promising youths, sitting +there all day shouting _encore_ to their absurdities, and not +_rational_ enough to see his _indiscretion_ in permitting their +_frivolity_. + + * * * * * + +The _ennui_, recently complained of, was relieved by an invitation to +a party given by the _Mesdames_ B., the same you met at the +_conversazione_ of the church _guild_. The ladies received their +guests with their usual _suavity_. Their niece, _Rosamond_, recently +from _Madrid_, was the attraction of the evening; she wore an elegant +_moire_ antique with a profusion of _valenciennes_; she had a +beautiful set of jewelry--_opal_ and diamonds. It was marvelous how +her _tiny_ hands flew over the _piano-forte_. She sings very sweetly +too; her voice is a sort of _mezzo-soprano_. The _nave_ Miss _Ursula_ +was present, nearly smothered in black silk and _guipure_. She looks +much prettier in _dishabille_. The little _piquant_ Miss _Irene_, with +her _plaited_ hair, sang with a voice like a _paroquet_ her favorite, +"_Tassels_ on the Boots." That disgusting young _Leopold_ was there, +feeling as important as a _Rothschild_, making his _salams_, and +_palavering sotto voce_ to all the girls, circulating his _monogram_ +cards and sporting his paste pin with its dazzling _facets_. He thinks +he cuts a wide _swath_. + +Late in the evening those that were fond of _Terpsichorean_ amusement +were ushered into a room where the _tapestry_ was covered and there +spent several hours in _minuets_, waltzes, quadrilles, etc. + +The topics of conversation amongst the more sensible during the +evening were the object of the visit of the new _prelate_, and the +recent speeches of _Disraeli_ and _Thiers_. + +Madame B. caused a good deal of merriment by describing an improvement +in her _cuisine_ that had been introduced that day. Bridget, a late +importation from _Belfast_, who had charge of the _culinary_ +department, was told to send for some _vermicelli_ to put in the soup, +but she ordered _spermaceti_ instead. + + * * * * * + +There was an old superstition that when the _sacristan_ caused the +bell in the _cupola_ to toll its _dolorous_ funeral notes, the _manes_ +of former friends joined in the solemn _cortege_, and gathering +around the grave moved their lips in inaudible _requiem_, and wrote in +invisible letters upon the tomb, _omega_. + + * * * * * + +The great _desideratum_ in the successful argument of _disputable_ +points, is the possession of an _equable_ temper. + + * * * * * + +_Alphonso_, while out hunting _partridges_, fell into a _slough_. +Being clothed only in _nainsook_, he took a severe cold, which soon +resulted in _febrile_ symptoms. + + * * * * * + +Dr. Mastiff's _posthumous monograph_ on "_Rabies_" will soon appear. +The _frontispiece_ represents a group of dogs. Next to the _preface_ +is a _memoir_ of the author. It was his own design to have "_Finis_" +placed upon a cut of a tombstone. It almost seems that he had a +_presentiment_ of his death. + + * * * * * + +_Suffice_ it to say that the dentist gave the patient enough letheon +to produce unconsciousness, and then applied his _forceps_ to the +offending tooth. Letheon, accented on the first syllable, and +_lethean_ are derived from _Lethe_, the name of a river described in +mythology, a draught from which caused forgetfulness. + + * * * * * + +_Sulphurous_ acid is _gaseous_, not liquid. + + * * * * * + +It is reported in the _Pall Mall_ Gazette that _Basil_ S., whom you +met several years ago at _Leipsic_, is dead. He lived the life of a +_rou_ for some years in Paris and London, and turned out to be a most +_perfidious_ villain. In the latter city he committed many _heinous_ +offenses and acts of _subtle_ knavery that were almost without +_precedent_. He was engaged for a long time in the manufacture of +_spurious_ money by a new _process_, in which dies were taken from +_gutta-percha_ impressions. He had purchased the services of an +experienced professor of _metallurgy_, and the _produce_ of their +crime would have been immense, if some of his other crimes had not +been betrayed. _Placards_, offering a large reward for his arrest, +were posted all over the city. He fled to Venice where he was soon +afterward drowned by falling from a _gondola_, thus cheating the +_gibbet_ of its dues. + + * * * * * + +The foolish lover, _Ivan_, rendered desperate because his rival +_Darius_ had gained the _precedence_ in _Marion's_ esteem, resolved to +commit suicide and rushed _toward_ the _quay_ and plunged into the +water. Some fishermen rescued him with their _seine_, poured some +_potheen_ down his throat, and carried him home on a piece of +_tarpaulin_. His _sousing_ cured him of his folly, but was a poor +_guerdon_ for his faithfulness. + + * * * * * + +The _Saracens_, taking advantage of the _strategic_ point, made a +sudden dash into the territory of the _usurper_; while a detachment +_houghed_ the horses of the enemy's _cavalry_, the rest proceeded on a +_predatory_ raid characterized by _rapine_ and terror, and after the +_spoliation_ of the villages, and the burning of the _granaries_, +returned to their own possessions. + + * * * * * + +_Lionel_, _prejudiced_ against the world on account of _onerous_ +cares, concluded to make a _sacrifice_ of his wealth and position and +become a _recluse_. His little _hovel_ on the _heather_, whitened with +lime which he himself _slaked_, and the little flower garden +_redolent_ of spring, present a strange contrast with his former +mansion and magnificent grounds. + + * * * * * + +_Eva_ answered the _inquiry_ of the French gentleman, "Parlez-vous +franais?" with a "Oui;" but when she came to converse with him, he +understood about as much of her _patois_ as he did of _Hindoostanee_. + + * * * * * + +There is a fabulous report that the _upas_ tree exhales a _subtile_ +vapor that is fatal to animal life. + + * * * * * + +Since _Joshua_ has obtained his lucrative _sinecure_, he spends his +time in riding about in his _phaeton_ and reading _romances_. He is +_loth_ to acknowledge that he was ever a _plebeian_ and did all kinds +of _servile_ work. He is confident that his _genealogy_, if known, +would show that he was unto a _manor_ born, and that some +_supposititious_ child robbed him of his rights. + + * * * * * + +The knight dropped his _wassail cup_ and sprang to the assistance of +the ladies. "_Gramercy_," _quoth_ they, _simultaneously_. + + * * * * * + +The _veterinary_ physician said that the disease was _murrain_. + + * * * * * + +An _infinitesimal_ quantity of _yeast_ excited the fermentation. + + * * * * * + +_Augustine_ studied _microscopy_ just long enough to learn that a +_monad_ is one of the simplest kind of minute _animalcules_; he then +tried chemistry and _mineralogy_, but he could not master the +_nomenclature_; he then took a fancy for _telegraphy_, but soon +abandoned the idea of becoming a _telegraphist_. At last accounts, he +apprenticed himself to a druggist, but was told to _vamos_ soon after +making up a lot of _Seidlitz_ powders with oxalic instead of +_tartaric_ acid. + + * * * * * + +_Artemas_ has applied for a _patent_ on an improved _turbine_ wheel. + + * * * * * + +Mr. B., recollecting the _precedent_ services of his servant, advanced +him money enough to lift the _lien_ on his dwelling. + + * * * * * + +The _lithographer_ had only a poor _melanotype_ to copy from, but he +succeeded in making an excellent print. + + * * * * * + +"Thou shalt destroy them that speak _leasing_," is found in the sixth +verse of the fifth _psalm_. + + * * * * * + +At the examination in _orthoepy_, _Deborah_ had the following words +given to her: _contumely_, _crinoline_, _feudal_, _fetid_, _fetor_, +_gerund_, _gneiss_, _gyrfalcon_, _harem_, _Hawaiian_, _hygiene_, +_lariat_, _leverage_, _nonillion_, _obligatory_, _platina_, +_platinum_, _psalmody_, _psychical_, _purulent_, _pyrites_, +_recherch_, _rsum_, _sacerdotal_, _sacrament_, _schism_, _shekel_, +_stearine_ and _troches_. + + * * * * * + +The objective, me, is _often_ erroneously used instead of the +_nominative_, I, in answer to the question--"Who is there?" + + * * * * * + +In the _dramatis person_ of "Midsummer Night's Dream," _Oberon_ and +_Titania_, king and queen of the fairies, are introduced. + + * * * * * + +At the examination in geography, _Ada_ was required to draw a map of +_Asia_, which would have been well done, if she had not drawn +_Persia_, _Afghanistan_ and _Beloochistan_ nearly twice their proper +size. She was then asked to give the location and length of the +_Altai_ and _Vosges_ mountains, and the height of their principal +peaks; a description of the _Aral_, _Adriatic_ and _Caribbean_ seas; +the course and length of the _Amoor_ and _Yang tse-kiang_; and the +location and population of _Valparaiso_ (_Chili_), _Bantam_, (_Java_), +_Norwich_, (Eng.), _Pesth_, _Quebec_, _Valenciennes_, _Neufchatel_, +_Nantes_ and _Aix-la-Chapelle_. + +Her sister, _Frances_, was told to draw maps of _Buenos Ayres_ and +_Otaheite_, and to bound _Venezuela_ and _Arkansas_; to give the +length and direction of the _Araguay_, _Juniata_, _Kankakee_, +_Barbados_ and _San Joaquin_; the location of Cape _Agulhas_; the +situation and population of _Bingen_, _Calais_, _Canton_, _Acapulco_, +_Chuquisaca_, _Delhi_, _Dubuque_, _Jeddo_, _Quereturo_, _Truxillo_, +_Leicester_ and _Vevay_, and a description of _Sumatra_, _Zanzibar_, +_Barbadoes_ and the _Antilles_. + + * * * * * + +_Sigismund_ has just returned from _Yosemite_ Valley. + + * * * * * + +_Cecily_, _Chloe_ and _Viola_ have just passed their examination in +biography. The names presented to them were the following: _N. S. +Adam_ (Fr.), _G. Adam_ (Ger.), _Beatrice Cenci_, _Blucher_, +_Boccaccio_, _Anne Boleyn_, _Marco Bozzaris_, _Joseph Buonaparte_, +_D'Aubign_, _Daubigny_, _Drouyn de Lhuys_, _Juarez_, _Lavater_, +_Marat_, _Marion_, _Catherine de Medici_, _Moultrie_, _Ovid_, _Pliny_, +_Ponce de Leon_ and _Richelieu_. + + + + +VIOLATED RULES OF GRAMMAR. + + +Many, who claim to be good grammarians, are occasionally guilty of the +violation of certain important rules. Attention is solicited to a few +of the more common errors of this nature. + + +NUMBER. + +Certain compounds change the form of the first word in pluralizing, +as: _court-martial_, _brother-in-law_, _sister-in-law_. Plural, +_courts-martial_, _brothers-in-law_, etc. "John has three +brother-in-laws," then, is incorrect. + +But _tea-spoonful_, _table-spoonful_, _cupful_, _pocketful_, etc., are +not considered such compounds; therefore, "two tea-spoonsful of +medicine" and "two-cupsful of flour," should be, "two tea-spoonfuls of +medicine," and "two cupfuls of flour." + +When name and title are given, with a numeral adjective prefixed, the +_name_ is pluralized. "Are the two Misses Wilson at home?" should be, +"Are the two Miss Wilsons at home?" But when the numeral is omitted +the _title_ must be pluralized. "Were the Dr. Browns there?" should +be, "Were the Drs. Brown there?" The rule has been given that the +_name_ only of married ladies is pluralized, but there appears to be +no reason except that of euphony: the _Mrs. Clarks_ certainly sounds +more agreeably than the _Mistresses Clark_. In giving the plural of +such titles as: _Hon._, _Rev._, _Squire_ and _Capt._, euphony is also +often considered; but in such cases it would doubtless be better to +add the numeral, as: the _three Hon. Jacksons_. + + +EACH OTHER--ONE ANOTHER. + +_Each other_ applies to two; _one another_ to more than two. "The +three witnesses contradicted each other," and "the two men accused one +another," are incorrect. + + +NEITHER, NOT--NOR. + +_Neither_ and _not_ are followed by _nor_, not _or_. "Neither James or +Charles will come," and "it is not white or black," are incorrect. + + +TO BE, UNITING WORDS. + +Words united by _to be_, referring to the same person, must be of the +same case. + +"It is me," "It may have been him," "It could not be her," and "It +was not them," are not correct: _it_, in each of the sentences, is +_nominative_ and the other pronouns should be _I_, _he_, _she_ and +_they_. "I took it to be he," and "I understood it to be they," are +also wrong; for _it_ is objective in both instances, and the following +pronouns should be _him_ and _them_. + + +THAN, AS. + +_Than_ and _as_ implying comparison, have the same case after as +before. "He loses more than me," "John knows more than him" and "James +is not so tall as her," should be, "He loses more than I" (lose), +"John knows more than he" (knows) and "James is not so tall as she" +(is tall). + + +WHO. + +Errors connected with the use of this word are very common, even +amongst good speakers. + +"Who did you see?" "Who do you know?" and "Who did you hear?" are +wrong: _whom_ should be used, for it is the object of the transitive +verbs, _see_, _know_ and _hear_. _Who_ in such sentences as: "Who are +you looking at?" and "Who are you writing to?" should likewise be +changed into _whom_, for it is the _object_ of the prepositions _at_ +and _to_. + + +ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. + +Adjectives are often erroneously used for adverbs in sentences like +the following: "This is an uncommon good portrait," "It is a miserable +poor painting. "_Uncommonly good_ and _miserably poor_ are right. + +Adverbs are still more commonly used for adjectives. "Mary looked +_beautifully_ at the party," and "Janauschek looked _majestically_ on +the stage," are incorrect, for it is intended to describe the +appearance of Mary and Janauschek, not their manner of looking; +therefore the adjectives _beautiful_ and _majestic_ should be used. + +When _two_ objects are compared, the _comparative_ degree should be +used. "William is the heaviest of the two," and "Which is the most +desirable--health or wealth?" ought to be, "William is the heavier of +the two," and "Which is the more desirable--health or wealth?" + + +THESE, THOSE. + +The plural demonstratives _these_ and _those_ are often erroneously +used with singular nouns, as: "I don't like these kind of people," and +"Those sort of things are very embarrassing." _Kind_ and _sort_ are +singular and should have _this_ and _that_. + + +INTO. + +_Into_, not _in_, is used to show the relation between verbs +expressing motion, entrance, change of state, etc., and an objective +case, as: "Come into the house," "Step into the carriage," and "Look +into the room." + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + + +* Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original +(=bold=). + +* Added punctuation as needed to preserve the author's and publisher's +intent. + +* Addition to the pronunciation guide: + + Small capital "D" indicates a sound similar to "th" (this). + Small capital "G" and "K" indicates the sound of the German "ch". + Small capital "H" resembles a guttural and strongly-aspirated "h". + Small capital "R" resembles the sound of "rr" (terror). + Small capital "U" indicates the sound of the French "eu", and + resembles the sound of the German "". + The sound for the small capitals "TH" is unknown. + +* Page 17 Corrected spelling of "spellling" to "spelling" in +"Worcestor's spellling is". + +* Page 29 Corrected spelling of "lenghten" to "lengthen" in "also, in +lengthy, lenghten".] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. 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P. Meredith. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +p.indent { padding-left: 2em; } + +hr { + margin: 3em auto 3em auto; + height: 0px; + border-width: 1px 0 0 0; + border-style: solid; + border-color: #dcdcdc; + width: 500px; + clear: both; +} + +hr.hr2 { + width: 250px; + margin: 3em auto 3em auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +/* Poetry */ + .poem { + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-left: 25%; + margin-right: 10%; + text-align: left; + } + + .poem .stanza { + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .poem p { + padding-left: 3em; margin: 0px; text-indent: -3em; + } + + .poem p.i5 { + margin-left: 5em; + } + +/* Poetry */ + .poem2 { + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-left: 40%; + margin-right: 10%; + text-align: left; + } + + .poem2 .stanza { + margin: 1em 0em; + } + + .poem2 p { + padding-left: 3em; margin: 0px; text-indent: -3em; + } + + .poem2 p.i5 { + margin-left: 5em; + } + +/* Transcriber Notes */ +div.tn { + background-color:#EEE; + border:dashed 1px; + color:#000; + margin-left:10em; + margin-right:10em; + margin-top:5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + padding:1em; +} + +ul.corrections { + list-style-type:circle; +} + + .signature2 { + text-align: left; + margin-left: 1em; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. P. Meredith + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Every-Day Errors of Speech + +Author: L. P. Meredith + +Release Date: May 19, 2010 [EBook #32435] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h2>EVERY-DAY</h2> +<h1>ERRORS OF SPEECH</h1> + +<p> </p> + +<h4>BY</h4> +<h3>L. P. MEREDITH, M.D., D.D.S.,</h3> +<h6>AUTHOR OF "THE TEETH, AND HOW TO SAVE THEM."</h6> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h5>PHILADELPHIA:</h5> +<h4>J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.<br /> +1876.</h4> + +<hr /> + +<h6>Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year, 1872, by</h6> +<h5>L. P. MEREDITH,</h5> +<h6>In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.</h6> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> +<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> + +<hr class="hr2" /> +<div class="poem2"><div class="stanza"> +<p><i>Damas.</i> * * * The Prince of Como does not</p> +<p class="i5">understand his own language.</p> +<p><i>Melnotte.</i> Not as you pronounce it: Who the</p> +<p class="i5">deuce could?</p> +</div></div> +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>It may be regarded as one of the commendable +peculiarities of the English language that, despite +provincialisms, vulgarisms, neglected education, foreign +accent, and the various corrupting influences to +which it is subjected, it may be understood wherever +it is heard, whatever differences of distance or +associations may have existed between the speaker +and the listener, both claiming familiarity with it. +Considering these influences and the arbitrariness of +the orthoepical rules of the language, there has been +expressed surprise that frequent degenerations into +uncouth dialects or patois have not occurred. A +decent regard for the common weal should cause +gratification that such degenerations have not taken +place, for were it not for the ability of our tongue +to preserve its individuality against the tendency +toward corruption, we might reasonably fear such a +Babel-like confusion, that, when asked, "Do you + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span> +speak English?" one might appropriately, <i>sans</i> the +profanity, reply in the language of the text, "Not +as you pronounce it: Who the deuce could?" While +the majority of people place no other value upon +language than that of convenience, and are indifferent +to any corruption, so long as they can simply +understand and be understood, there is happily a +better class, the sthetic cultivation of which is such +that those who belong to it are anxious to preserve +the purity of our vernacular and are ashamed of all +errors of speech in their daily conversations. For +such it will not be uninteresting to look over a number +of errors, principally of pronunciation, that are +not formally laid down as such in books, and which +people, even many of the best educated, are constantly +committing, just because they have never had +their attention called to them. These errors are becoming +more deeply rooted every day and if not +soon eradicated, it will not be many years before our +orthoepic standard will be overthrown as it was in +England some years ago.</p> + +<p>Smart, one of the most celebrated of English orthoepists, +in the preface of his dictionary says: "The +proprietors of Walker's dictionary, finding it would +slide entirely out of use unless it were adapted to +the present day, engaged me as a teacher of elocution, +known in London since Walker's time, to make +the necessary changes." A standard pronouncing +dictionary is a work that involves an extraordinary + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span> +amount of labor and research in its compilation, +and exerts an influence almost autocratical. The +possibility of its becoming worthless in a short time +is strange, especially when it is not on account of +any work claiming superiority, but merely because +error long persisted in finally becomes more authoritative +than the original exemplar. With little effort, +however, we can discern the causes. Persons are apt +to acquire the pronunciation and use of the greater +number of words by imitation, rather than by study. +With confidence in the knowledge of the parent, +teacher, minister, physician and others, their examples +are followed without ever considering that they +are often very fallible guides.</p> + +<p>A complete dictionary is an immense volume, and +to turn over its pages with even a casual observation +of each word, requires an amount of time that few +would feel like devoting to it; and yet this is the +only way in which a person can become <i>assured</i> of +the sanctioned pronunciation and meaning of a great +many words. If they would make it an invariable +rule to make memoranda of all the words they read +or hear spoken, about the orthoepy and import of +which they are not absolutely certain, and at their +first leisure opportunity would consult their chosen +authority, it would not be long before the majority +of errors would be corrected; but this requires memory, +inclination, time, continuity of purpose, possession +of dictionaries or access to them—circumstances + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> +that are seldom found combined. It will doubtless +be useless to rehearse any of the arguments commonly +employed to prove the necessity of having +some sovereign standard, to the guidance of which we +must be willing to submit. Those for whom this +work is intended will be willing to admit that. Nor +is it necessary to assert that as far as the English +speakers of the United States are interested, the only +works that lay claim to such a position are the dictionaries +of Webster and Worcester. If the right +of the opinions of the majority of scholars throughout +the land were alone considered, the former would +certainly be entitled to the preference; but the work +of the latter is too full of merit and has too many +adherents in the ranks of the educated to permit +any one to say that it is not worthy of high esteem.</p> + +<p>With my own preference for the former and with +my willingness to acknowledge the worth of the latter, +I have consulted both authorities concerning +every word in the following vocabulary—that is, +every word requiring reference to either. It will be +seen that there is much less difference between the +decisions of the two dictionaries than is commonly +supposed. By this reference to each, I have not only +corrected errors in an impartial manner, but have also +stopped up that loop-hole through which so many try +to escape by saying, when they are called to account +according to one dictionary, that they do not accept +that as their standard. As far as the people of this + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> +country are concerned, there is no escape from the +conclusion that a person is considered a correct or +an incorrect speaker of English, according to whether +or not he conforms his discourse to one of the above +mentioned authorities. At first glance it will appear +that the size of this volume is not at all commensurate +to the task of correcting the many errors that +are heard in our communication with all classes that +pretend to speak the English language. It is not +intended to instruct those whose education has been +so neglected that they are guilty of the grossest violation +of syntax and orthoepy, nor to cultivate the +taste of those whose selection of words and cant and +slang phrases betrays the low grade of the associations +by which they have been surrounded. It is +designed rather as a collection of the more common +of those errors, chiefly orthoepical, that I have before +spoken of as being of constant occurrence even +among people of education, unless they have paid +considerable attention to philology or <i>belles-lettres</i>. +If by presenting them in this convenient form, thus +saving much time and trouble in referring to the +dictionary, I have merited the thanks of my readers, +or if I have contributed even a mite toward the conservation +of the present usage, I shall feel amply +repaid.</p> + +<p>I have taken advantage of the alphabetical arrangement +to introduce a few miscellaneous errors that +might have been placed under a separate heading.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> + Instead of dividing the words into syllables and +loading them with marks as is usually done in dictionaries, +I have thought that it would make a deeper +impression on the memory to present the words +as they are commonly seen in print, depending on +respelling to furnish the correct and incorrect accent +and pronunciation.</p> + +<p>The corrections have first been made according to +Webster; if Worcester is unmentioned, it is to be +understood that both authorities agree.</p> + +<div class="signature2"><i>Cincinnati, December 20, 1871.</i></div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Errors_of_Speech" id="Errors_of_Speech"></a>Errors of Speech.</h2> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> +<h2>KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE<br /> +RESPELLING</h2> + +<pre> +The long sounds of a, e, i, o, u, are represented by ā, ē, ī, ō, ū. +The short sounds of a, e, i, o, u, " ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ. + + <i>a</i>, as in <i>air</i>, <i>pair</i>, is represented by . + <i>a</i>, " <i>far</i>, <i>arm</i>, " " or ah. + <i>a</i>, " <i>all</i>, <i>haul</i>, " " aw. + <i>a</i>, " <i>what</i>, <i>squat</i>, " " ŏ. + <i>e</i>, " <i>ere</i>, <i>where</i>, " " . + <i>e</i>, " <i>obey</i>, <i>weight</i>, " " ā. + <i>e</i>, " <i>her</i>, <i>term</i>, " " . + <i>i</i>, " <i>machine</i>, " " ē or ee. + <i>i</i>, " <i>dirk</i>, <i>whirl</i>, " " . + <i>o</i>, " <i>done</i>, <i>son</i>, " " ŭ. + <i>o</i>, " <i>woman</i>, " " ŏŏ. + <i>o</i>, " <i>do</i>, <i>move</i>, " " ōō. + <i>o</i>, " <i>for</i>, <i>storm</i>, " " or aw. + <i>oo</i>, " <i>soon</i>, <i>moon</i>, " " ōō. + <i>oo</i>, " <i>foot</i>, <i>good</i>, " " ŏŏ. + <i>u</i>, " <i>rude</i>, <i>rule</i>, " " ōō. + <i>u</i>, " <i>push</i>, <i>pull</i>, " " ŏŏ. + <i>u</i>, " <i>burn</i>, <i>turn</i>, " " . + <i>oi</i>,} " <i>oil</i>, <i>toy</i>, " " oi. + <i>oy</i>,} + <i>ou</i>,} " <i>found</i>, <i>owl</i>, " " ow. + <i>ow</i>,} + + <i>c</i>, as in <i>city</i>, <i>cite</i>, is represented by s or . + <i>c</i>, " <i>can</i>, <i>cut</i>, " " k. + <i>ch</i>, " <i>child</i>, <i>much</i>, " " ch. + <i>ch</i>, " <i>machine</i>, " " sh. + <i>ch</i>, " <i>chorus</i>, " " k. + <i>g</i>, " <i>ginger</i>, " " j. + <i>n</i>, " <i>think</i>, <i>uncle</i>, " " . + <i>qu</i>, " <i>require</i>, " " kw. + <i>s</i>, " <i>these</i>, <i>ease</i>, " " z. +</pre> + +<p>Obscure vowel sounds, or those which are glided over in +a word without any noticeable accent, are unmarked. In +those cases where the pronunciation is so evident that mistakes +seem improbable, the marks are also omitted.</p> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> +<h3>EVERY-DAY ERRORS</h3> +<h4>OF</h4> +<h2>SPEECH.</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> </p> +<p>A.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Abacus</b>—aba-kŭs, not a-băkŭs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Abdomen</b>—ab-dōmen, not abdo-men.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Acclimate</b>—ak-klīmāte, not akkli-māte.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Acclimated</b> is also accented on the second syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Acclimatization</b>—ak-kli-mat-i-zāshun, not +ak-klīma-ti-zā-shun.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Adult</b>—a-dŭlt, not ădult.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aerated</b>—āer-ā-ted, not ārē-ā-ted. +"<i>Areated bread</i>" is a mistake that is frequently +made.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ailantus</b>—ā-lăntŭs, not ā-lănthŭs; +ăt-lăntus is a still worse error.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Albumen</b>—al-būmen, not albu-men.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alder</b>—awlder, not ălder; +it is the name of a <i>tree</i> and +does not mean the ordinary <i>elder</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alike.</b> It is sufficient to say +that two persons or things +are <i>alike</i>, not <i>both alike</i>. +The word associated with +<i>alike</i> is just as unnecessary +as it is with <i>resemble</i> and +<i>equal</i> in the following sentences: +"These two men +<i>both</i> resemble each other." +"These two sums are <i>both</i> +equal."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Allopathy</b>—al-lŏpa-thy, not +allo-path-y.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Allopathist</b> is similarly accented.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alpaca</b>—al-păka, not al-la-păka.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Altercate</b>—ălter-kāte, not +awlter-kate.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Amenable</b>—a-mēna-ble, not +a-mĕna-ble.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Among.</b> A thing is divided +<i>among</i> many and <i>between</i> +two.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Amour</b>—a-mōōr, not am-mōre +nor āmōōr.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Angry.</b> Say angry <i>with</i> a person +and <i>at</i> a thing.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Animalcula</b> is the plural of + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +<i>animalculum</i>; there is no +such word as <i>animalculœ</i>. +Animalcule (singular) and +animalcules (plural), are +proper words; the former +is pronounced an-i-malkūle +and the latter an-i-malkūlz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Antarctic</b>—ant-rktik, not +ant-rtik.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Antepenult</b>—an-te-pe-nŭlt, +not an-te-pēnŭlt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Apex</b>—āpex, not ăpex.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Apparatus</b>—ap-pa-rātus, not +ap-pa-rătus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aquaria</b>, not <i>aquariums</i>, is +the plural of <i>aquarium</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Arabic</b>—ăra-bĭk, not a-răbĭk, +a-rābĭk, nor ăra-băk; +which errors are very common, +especially in the compound +word <i>gum-arabic</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Arbitrary</b> is often incorrectly +pronounced as if spelled +<i>ar-bi-ta-ry</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Archangel</b>—rk-ānjel, not +rch-ānjel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Archbishop</b>—rch-bishop, +not rk-bishop.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Archipelago</b>—rk-i-pela-gō, +not rch-i-pela-gō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Architect</b>—rki-tect, not +rchi-tect.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Archives</b>—rkīvez, not rchīvez, +nor rkēvez.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Arctic</b>—rktik, not rtik.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Arid</b>—ărid, not ārid.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aroma</b>—a-rōma, not ăro-ma.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>At</b> should not be used when +it has no possible connection +with the other words +of a sentence; as, "Where +are you living <i>at</i>?"</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>At all</b>, not a tall.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Attacked</b>, not attackted.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Auction</b>—awkshun, not ŏkshun.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ay</b> or <b>Aye</b>, meaning <i>yes</i>, and +<b>aye</b>, an affirmative vote, +are pronounced ĭ and not +ī nor ā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aye</b>, meaning forever, always +(used chiefly in poetry), +is pronounced ā not +ī nor ĭ.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>B.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bade</b>—băd, not bāde.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Badinage</b>—bădin-zh, not +bădin-āje. Worcester gives +the same pronunciation, +but places the accent on +the last syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Balance.</b> There are two +common errors connected +with this word. One is to +write it <i>ballance</i>: the other +is to use it in the sense of +<i>remainder</i>, <i>rest</i>, etc.; as, the +<i>balance</i> of the day, the <i>balance</i> +of the people. Balance +means properly "the +excess on one side, or what +added to the other makes +equality." The corrupt use +of the word, as above mentioned, +is laid down as a +vulgarism.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bantam</b>, not <i>banty</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bellows</b>—bĕllŭs, not bĕllōz. +The plural is the same as +the singular.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> + <b>Besom</b>—bēzum, not bēsum. +A broom.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Betroth</b>—be-trŏth, not be-trōth. +<b>Betrothed</b>, <b>Betrothal</b>, +etc., are similarly +pronounced.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Blacking</b>, not <i>blackening</i> for +boots and shoes.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Blouse</b>—blowz, not blowss.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bologna</b>—bō-lōnya, not bō-lōna. +<i>Bologna</i> sausage, +<i>Bologna</i> phial, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bona fide</b>—bōna-fīde, not +bōna-fīde nor bŏna-fīde.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Booth.</b> The <i>th</i> is sounded +as in the preposition <i>with</i>, +not as in <i>both</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bouquet</b>—bōō-kā or boōōkā, +not bō-kā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bourgeois</b>, meaning a kind +of type, is pronounced br-jois, +not like the following +word:</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bourgeois</b>, a citizen, pronounced +bōōr-zhwaw.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Brand-new</b>, not <i>bran-new</i>. +Although the latter adjective +is much used, it is evidently +a corruption of the +former. An article in its +newness may be bright like +a <i>brand</i> of fire, or the <i>brand</i> +of the manufacturer may +remain intact, but there is +certainly no <i>bran</i> about it.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Breeches</b>—brĭtchez, not as +spelled.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bretzel</b>, not <i>pretzel</i>. A brittle +German cake.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Brilliant.</b> A diamond of the +finest cut, with its faces and +facets so arranged as to secure +the greatest degree +of brilliancy—whence the +name. The name to many +conveys the idea of paste, +or imitation. A <i>rose</i> diamond +may be just as pure, +but its depth does not permit +it to be made a <i>brilliant</i> +of without a much greater +loss of substance.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Brougham</b>—brōōm or brōōam, +not brōam nor browam. +A kind of carriage.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Burst</b>, <b>Burst</b> and <b>Bursting</b>, +not <i>bust</i>, <i>busted</i> and <i>busting</i>.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>C.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Calculate</b> is often inappropriately +used in lieu of <i>believe</i>, +<i>suppose</i>, <i>expect</i>, etc., as +in the following sentences: +"I <i>calculate</i> you are my +friend;" "I <i>calculate</i> the +report is true." Still worse +than this passive misuse +is that active one of using +the word in some such +sense as this: "Doctor, I +know that you are a man +of great intelligence and I +have unlimited confidence +in your honor and ability; +but I must say that I think +the course of treatment +pursued by you during this +epidemic, is <i>calculated</i> to increase +the mortality among +your patients." How inconsistent +with the encomium +is the dreadful accusation + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +just following! +As if the Doctor had sat +down and <i>calculated</i> how +he could cause injury rather +than benefit. Calculate +means to ascertain by +means of figures or to +study what means must be +used to secure a certain +result. A person may +make a speech, write a +book, or do anything else +<i>calculated</i> to do good, or +more rarely, evil, but the +intention to accomplish +the object spoken of must +be present, before the word +can be properly used.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Calliope</b>—kal-līo-pe, not +kalli-ōpe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Calvary</b>, not <i>cavalry</i>, when +the place of our Saviour's +crucifixion is meant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Camelopard</b>—ka-melo-prd +or kamel-o-prd, not kam-el-lĕopard.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cantatrice</b>—kăn-ta-trēche, +not kănta-treess.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Canon</b>—kănyun, not kănnun. +A deep gorge or ravine. +Spelled also <b>Canyon</b>, +pronounced kn-yōn or +kănyon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Capoch</b>—ka-pōōtsh, not ka-pōch. +<b>Capouch</b> is another +orthography.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Caption</b> in the sense of the +heading of a discourse, +chapter, page, etc., is not +sanctioned by good writers.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Carminative</b>—kr-mīna-tive, +not krmi-nā-tive.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Casualty</b>—kăzhu-al-ty, not +kăz-u-ăli-ty.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cater-cornered</b>—kāter-cor-nered, +not kătty-cor-nered. +Not down, thus +compounded in Webster, +but his pronunciation of +the separate words is as +given. Worcester gives +the word as above and defines +it as an adjective—diagonal. +It is generally +used though, I believe, as +an adverb; as, "the piano +stands cater-cornered" (diagonally). +It is regarded as +an inelegant word, diagonal +and diagonally being +preferred: though it is +probable that this opinion +has been caused by the +abominable pronunciations +<i>catty</i> and <i>kitty</i> cornered.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Catalpa</b>—ka-tălpa, not ka-tawlpa.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Catch</b>, <b>Catching</b>—kătch and +kătching, not kĕtch and +kĕtching.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Catholic</b> means liberal, general, +not bigoted, and not +<i>Roman</i> Catholic, unless +specially so applied.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Caucasian</b>—kaw-kāsian,not +kaw-kāzhian, kaw-kăshian, +kaw-kāzian nor kaw-kăssian.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cayenne</b>—kā-ĕn, not kī-ĕn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chaps</b>—chŏps, not chăps. +The jaws. <b>Chops</b> is also +correct orthography.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chasten</b>—chāsen, not chăsen. +<b>Chastened</b>, <b>chastening</b>, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +etc., have also the +long a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chew</b>, not <i>chaw</i>. The latter +word either as a verb or +noun is now considered +quite vulgar.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chid</b>, not chīded, is the imperfect +tense of chide.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chimera</b>—kĭ-mēra, not chi-mēra, +nor kī-mēra.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chivalric</b>—shĭval-rik, not +shĭv-ălrik. Worcester allows +the latter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chivalrous</b>—shĭval-rŭs, not +shĭv-ălrus. Worcester +gives chĭval-rus also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chivalry</b>—shĭval-ry, not +chĭval-ry. Worcester +sanctions both.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cicerone</b>—chē-che-rōne or +sĭs-e-rōne, not sĭse-rōne. +A guide.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Citrate</b>—sĭtrate, not sītrate. +"Citrate of magnesia."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Climbed</b>, not clomb (klum). +One climbs <i>up</i> but does not +climb <i>down</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cochineal</b>—kŏchi-neel, not +kōchi-neel nor kōki-neel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cocoa</b> (kōkō) is not made +from the cocoa-nut or tree, +but from the seeds of the +<i>cacao</i> (ka-kāo) or chocolate +tree. The word is evidently +a perversion, but it +has gained a permanent +footing in its present signification.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cognomen</b>—kŏg-nomen, +not kŏgno-men.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cold-chisel</b>, not <i>coal-chisel</i>. +It is a chisel of peculiar +strength and hardness for +cutting <i>cold</i> metal.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cole-slaw.</b> In the former +editions of some dictionaries +it has been taught +that this word is derived +from <i>cole</i> meaning cabbage, +and <i>slaw</i> meaning salad. +Cole-slaw—cabbage-salad. +The uninstructed soon +changed the <i>cole</i> into <i>cold</i> +and substituted <i>hot</i> for the +other extreme of temperature, +thus entirely changing +the signification. What +was really meant, was <i>hot +cole-slaw</i> and <i>cold cole-slaw</i>. +Many persons still regard +<i>cole-slaw</i> as the proper +word, and receipt books +give that orthography. The +last editions of Webster and +Worcester, however, only +give the words <i>cole</i> and +<i>slaw</i> in separate places and +define the latter as "sliced +cabbage."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Combatant</b>—kŏmbat-ant, +not kom-bătant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Combativeness</b>—kŏmbat-ive-ness, +not kom-bătive-ness.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Come</b> is often thoughtlessly +used for <i>go</i> or some other +word. If How is just leaving +Howard's house it is +right for How to say, "I'll +come to see you soon," but +Howard could not properly +say, <i>at that place</i>, the +same thing. He should +say, "I will go to see you + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +soon." If they both live in +Philadelphia and should +meet in New York, neither +could say appropriately, +"I'll come to see you after +I get home;" that would +mean that one would travel +back from his home in +Philadelphia to New York +to see the other. But either +might say, "Come and +see me when you get +home."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Comparable</b>—kŏmpa-ra-ble, +not kŏm-păra-ble.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Complaisance</b>—kŏmpla-zans, +not kŏm-plāzăns. In +complaisant and complaisantly, +the accent is also on +the first syllable. Worcester +places it on the third, +thus: complaisant (kom-pla-zănt), +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Comptroller</b>—kon-trōller, +not kŏmp-trōller.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Conduit</b>—kŏndĭt or kŭndit, +not kŏnduĭt or kŏndūte. +A pipe or canal for the +conveyance of fluid.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Confab</b>, not <i>conflab</i>. A contraction +of confabulation.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Congeries</b>—kŏn-jērĭ-eez, +not kon-jērēz nor kŏnje-rēz. +A collection of particles +into one mass.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Contemptuous</b>, not <b>contemptible</b>, +when the manifestation +of contempt for +another is meant. I once +heard a young lady describing +how she had withered +at a glance a poor +young man that had incurred +her displeasure. "O, +I gave him such a <i>contemptible</i> +look," said she. If +in the enthusiasm of the +rehearsal, the look that +dwelt upon her features +was akin to that given upon +the occasion mentioned, +no auditor doubted the exact +truth of what she said; +but she meant differently.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Contiguous</b>—kon-tigū-ŭs, +not kon-tĭjū-ŭs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Contour</b>—kŏn-tōōr, not +kŏntōōr. The boundary +lines of a figure.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Contra-dance</b> is better than +<i>country-dance</i>, the latter +word being a corruption; +but it has become admissible +from long use. <i>Contredanse</i> +is the French original, +and means that the parties +stand opposite to each +other.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Contrary</b>—kŏntra-ry, not +kon-trāry, interfering with +the rhythm of the distich +from Mother Goose's Melodies:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Mary, Mary, quite contrary,</p> +<p>How does your garden grow?"</p> +</div></div> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Contumacy</b>—kŏntu-ma-sy, +not kon-tūma-sy. Obstinacy, +stubbornness.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Contumely</b>—kŏntu-me-ly +not kŏn-tūme-ly. Insolence, +contemptuousness.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Conversant</b>—kŏnver-sant, +not kon-vĕrsănt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> + <b>Conversazione</b>—kŏnver-st-se-ōnā, +not kon-ver-săssi-ōne. +A meeting for +conversation. Worcester +pronounces it kŏn-ver-st-ze-ōnā. +The plural is conversazioni +(-nē).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Corporal</b> punishment, not +cor-pōre-al.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cortege</b>—krtāzh, not kortēje. +A train of attendants.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Councilor</b>, is a member of +council.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Counselor</b>, one who gives +advice. Worcester's <a name="spelling" id="spelling"></a>spelling +is councillor and counsellor.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Creek</b>, not krĭck.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Creole.</b> From Webster's +dictionary are taken the +following definitions and +remarks:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>1. "One born in America, +or the West Indies, of +European ancestors.</p> + +<p>2. "One born within or +near the tropics, of any +color. 'The term creole +negro is employed in the +English West Indies to +distinguish the negroes +born there from the Africans +imported during the +time of the slave trade. +The application of this +term to the colored people +has led to an idea common +in some parts of the +United States, though wholly +unfounded, that it implies +an admixture greater +or less of African blood.'—R. Hildreth."</p> +</div> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Crinoline</b>—krĭno-lĭn, not +krĭno-līne nor krĭno-leen.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cuirass</b>—kwē-răs or kwērăs, +not kūrăs. A piece +of armor.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cuisine</b>—kwe-zēn, not kū-seen +or kū-zīne. Cooking +or cooking department.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Culinary</b>—kūli-na-ry, not +kŭli-na-ry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cupola</b>—kūpo-la, not kū-po-lō.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>D.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dahlia</b>—dlya or dāl-ya, +not dălya.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dare not</b>, not darse'nt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Data</b>—dāta, not dăta, is the +plural of datum (dātum).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Debris</b>—dā-brē, not dēbrĭs +nor dābrē. Rubbish, ruins.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Decade</b>—dĕkade, not dēkade +nor dē-kāde. Ten in +number.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Defalcate</b>—de-fălkate, not +de-fawlkāte.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Defalcation</b>—dē-făl-kāshun +not dē-fawl-kāshun. Worcester +gives dĕf-al-kāshun. +No such word as <i>defalcater</i> is seen.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Deficit</b>—dĕfi-sit, not de-fīsit +nor de-fĭssit. A deficiency.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Delusion</b>, not <i>illusion</i>, when +deception occurs from want +of knowledge of the world, +ignorance of business or +trade, or from lack of acumen + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +generally. Illusions +are deceptions arising from +a temporarily or permanently +disordered imagination, +or from phenomena +occurring in nature: thus +we speak of the illusions +of fancy, of dreams, and of +optical illusions. The mirage +of the desert and the +fata Morgana are instances +of the latter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Demonstrative</b>—de-mŏnstra-tive, +not dĕmon-strā-tive.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Demonstrator</b>—dĕmon-strā-tor, +not de-mŏnstrā-tor. +Worcester allows the +latter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Depot</b>—de-pō or dēpō, not +dāpō, nor dĕppo. Worcester +sanctions de-pō +only. I once had a friend, +deceased now, of course, +who called it de-pŏt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dereliction</b>—der-e-lĭkshun, +not dĕr-e-lĕkshun. A forsaking, +abandonment.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Deshabille</b>—dĕs-a-bĭl, } +<b>Dishabille</b>—dĭs-a-bĭl, } not +dĕsha-beel nor dĭsha-beel. +The French is dshabill, +pronounced about +like dā-z-be-yā, without +any particular accent. +Some persons, in their vain +efforts to get the peculiar +liquid sound of the double +l, sometimes used, distort +the word terribly, pronouncing +it even as broad +as dĭs-ha-beelyuh.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Desideratum</b>—de-sid-e-rātum, +not de-sĭd-er-ătum; +plural, de-sĭd-er-āta. +Something particularly desired.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Desperado</b>—des-per-ādo, +not des-per-do.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dessert</b>—dĕz-zrt, not dĕzzert, +nor dĕssert: <i>dessert-spoon</i> +(dez-zrt-spoon).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Die.</b> One dies <i>of</i> a disease, +not with it.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Differ.</b> One differs with a +person in opinion; one +person or thing differs <i>from</i> +another in some quality.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Disappointed.</b> One is disappointed +<i>of</i> a thing not +obtained and <i>in</i> a thing +obtained. "He will be +disappointed of his expectations."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Discourse</b>—dis-kōrs, not +dĭskōrs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Disputable</b>—dispu-ta-ble, +not dis-pūta-ble.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Disputant</b>—dispu-tant, not +dis-pūtant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Distich</b>—dĭstĭk, not dĭstĭch. +Two poetic lines making +sense.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Docible</b>—dŏsi-ble, not dōsi-ble. +Tractable; teachable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Docile</b>—dŏsĭl, not dōsīle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dolorous</b>—dŏlor-ŭs, not +dōlor-oŭs. <b>Dolorously</b> +and <b>Dolorousness</b> are +similarly accented; but +<b>dolor</b> is pronounced dōlor.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Doubt.</b> "I do not doubt +but that it is so," is a very + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +common error. The meaning +conveyed is just the +opposite to that which the +speaker intends. He declares +in other words, that +he has <i>no</i> doubt <i>but</i> a doubt +that it is so; or he does not +doubt that it is false. "I +have no doubt but," and +"there is no doubt but,"—are +similar mistakes. The +word "but" should be left +out.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dough-face</b> means one that +is easily molded to one's +will, or readily changed in +his views, and not a putty-faced +or white-faced person.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dragomans</b>, not <i>dragomen</i>, is +the plural of <i>dragoman</i>, an +Eastern interpreter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Drama</b>—drma or drāma, +not drăma. Worcester +says drāma or drăma.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dramatis Person</b>—drăma-tīs +per-sōnē, not dra-mătis +pĕrso-nē.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Drank</b>, not <i>drunk</i>, is the imperfect +tense of drink.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ducat</b>—dŭkat, not dūkat.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>E.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ear</b>—ēar, not yēar. Persons +frequently speak of the +<i>year-ache</i>, and occasionally +"<i>a year of corn</i>," may be +heard.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ecce Homo</b>—ĕksē hōmō, +not ĕkkē hōmō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Eider</b>—īder, not ēder. <i>Eider-down</i> +and <i>eider-duck</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Elm</b> is pronounced in one +syllable and not ĕllum.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Elysian</b>—e-lĭzi-an, not e-lĭssian. +Worcester gives +e-lĭzhe-an.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Embryo</b>—embry-ō, not em-bryō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Employe</b> (Fr. employ)—ĕm-ploy-ā +or ŏng-plwaw-yā, +not employē or ong-ployā. +Employee is not +allowed.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Encore</b>—ŏng-kōr, not ŏngkōr +nor ĕnkōr.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Eneid</b>—ē-nēid not ēne-id. +A poem of Virgil. Worcester +sanctions both methods +of pronunciation.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ennui</b>—ŏng-nwē, not ŏngwē. +Worcester gives a +much simpler pronunciation, +viz: n-wē.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Enquiry</b>—en-kwīry, not ĕnkwĭ-ry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Epsom Salt</b>, not Epsom <i>Salts</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Equable</b>—ēkwa-ble, not +ĕkwa-ble.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Equally well</b>, etc., not equally +<i>as</i> well, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Espionage</b>—ĕspe-on-āje or +ĕspe-on-zh, not ĕs-pīo-nāje +nor es-pēon-zh.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Esquimau</b>—ĕske-mō, not +ĕsqui-maw: plural, <b>Esquimaux</b> +(ĕske-mōz), not +ĕske-mawz nor ĕske-mō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Etagere</b>—ĕt-a-zhr, not e-tăzher-y +nor at-tăzhĭ-a. +Worcester's pronunciation +is ā-t-zhr. A piece of +parlor furniture with +shelves, used for placing + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +small ornaments and fancy +articles upon; a what-not.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Excrescence</b>—ex-krĕssense +not ex-krēsense. A superfluous +appendage: morbid +outgrowth.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Expect</b> has reference to the +future only, and not to the +present or past. "I <i>expect</i> +that you are wrong." "I +<i>expect</i> you were disappointed +yesterday," are +errors. There is an abundance +of words that may be +correctly used, as <i>suppose</i>, +<i>suspect</i>, <i>imagine</i>, <i>believe</i> and +<i>think</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Expose</b> (Fr. expos)—ĕks-po-zā, +not ex-pōz. An +exposition; statement.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Exquisite</b>—ĕksquĭ-zĭt, not +eks-quĭzitĕ. <b>Exquisitely</b> +is accented on the first syllable +also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Extant</b>—extant not ex-tănt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Extol</b>—ex-tŏl, not ex-tō. +<b>Extolled</b>, ex-tŏld, etc.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>F.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Facet</b>—făsset not fā-sĕt. A +small surface or face; as +one of the <i>facets</i> of a diamond.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Falchion</b>—fawlchun, not +fălchĭ-on. A sword. Worcester +sanctions fawlshun, +also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Falcon</b>—fawkn, not făl-kŏn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fang.</b> When applied to a +tooth, <i>fang</i> means the portion +that is outside of the +jaw. This name is often, +even by dentists, erroneously +given to the <i>root</i> or +part that is set into the jaw.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Far</b>, not <i>fur</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Febrile</b>—fēbrĭl or fĕbrĭl, not +fēbrīle. Relating to fever.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>February</b>, as it is spelled, +and not Fĕbu-a-ry, as +many say and write it.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Feod</b>, <b>feodal</b>, <b>feodality</b>—fūd, +fūdal, and fū-dăli-ty. +Relating to a kind of tenure +formerly existing in +Europe, in which military +services were rendered by +the tenant as a consideration. +<b>Feud</b>, <b>feudal</b>, <b>feudality</b>, +is the orthography +generally adopted now.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ferret.</b> A ferret is an animal +of the weasel kind, +used to drive rabbits out +of their burrows, and not a +species of dog.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fetid</b>—fĕtid, not fētid.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fetor</b>—fētor, not fĕtor.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Finale</b>—-fe-nlā, not fīnāle +or fī-nălly.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Finance</b>—fĭ-năns, not fī-năns.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Finances</b>—fĭ-nănsĕz, not fīnăn-sĕz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Financier</b>—fĭn-an-seer, not +fī-nan-seer. <b>Financial</b>, +and <b>financially</b>, have also +the short i in the first syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Finis</b>—fīnis, not fĭnis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Firmament</b> means the expanse +of the sky: the +heavens. The meaning, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +solid foundation, is obsolete.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Flannel</b>, not <i>flannen</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Florid</b>—flŏrid, not flōrĭd.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Florin</b>—flŏrin, not flō-rĭn. +A piece of money.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Florist</b>—flōrist, not flŏrist.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Forage</b>—fŏraje, not fōraje.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Forceps</b>—frseps, not fōrseps. +The word is spelled +the same in both the singular +and the plural numbers. +Such mistakes as, +"hand me a forcep," instead +of "hand me a +forceps," are very common. +Strictly speaking, +"a pair of forceps," ought, +I suppose, to mean <i>two</i> forceps; +but like the expressions +"a pair of scissors" +and "a pair of stairs," the +phrase has been in use so +long that it must be tolerated.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Forehead</b>—fŏred, not fōrhĕd. +Worcester allows +either.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Foreign</b>—fŏrin, not fŭrin.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fortnight</b>—frtnīte, not +fōrtnīte, fōrtnĭt nor frtnĭt. +Worcester gives what +is authorized above and +frtnĭt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fortress</b>—frtress, not fōrtress.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fragile</b>—frăjĭl, not frājĭl +nor frājīle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fritter</b>, not <i>flitter</i>, is the +name of a kind of fried cake.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Frivolity</b>—fri-vŏli-ty, not +frĭvol-ty.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Frontier</b>—frŏnteer, not +frŭnteer nor frŭn-teer.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Frontispiece</b>—frŏntis-pēse, +not frŭntis-pēse.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fuchsia</b>—fōōksĭ-a, not fūshĭ-a. +Worcester gives the +latter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fuzz</b>, not <i>furze</i>, is the word +to use, if used at all, when +the embryo whiskers, or +the downy surface of fruit, +etc., are meant. Down is +the more appropriate +word. <i>Furze</i> is the name +of an evergreen shrub.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>G.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gallivating</b>, not <i>gallivanting</i>. +Gallivanting is a word that +is used to some extent, being +applied to persons that +are roaming about for +amusement or adventure; +as, "this young man has +been <i>gallivanting</i> around." +If it is a corruption of <i>gallanting</i>, +it should certainly +be abolished as a vulgarism; +but if it is a corruption +of <i>gallivating</i>, from +<i>gallivat</i>, the name of a +small sailing vessel, it +might be clothed in its +proper garb and retained +as a useful word in our +language. If either is used, +the one above preferred +should be chosen, at any +rate.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gallows</b>—găllus, not găllōz. +<b>Gallowses</b>, plural.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> + <b>Gamin</b>—ga-măng, not gămin +nor gāmin. A street +child.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gape</b>—gpe or gāpe, not +găp.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gargle.</b> One <i>gargles</i>, not +<i>gurgles</i>, the throat.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gaseous</b>—găze-us, not găss-e-us. +Worcester gives +gāze-us too.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gather</b>—găther, not gĕther.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Genealogy</b>—jĕn-e-ălo-jy, +not jē-ne-ălo-jy nor je-ne-ŏlo-jy.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Genealogist</b> (jĕn-e-ălo-jist), +<b>genealogical</b> (jĕn-e-a-lŏji-kal) +and <b>genealogically</b> (jĕn-e-a-lŏji-kal-ly).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Generic</b>—je-nĕrik, not jĕner-ik, +nor je-nērik. Relating +to a genus, or kind.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gerund</b>—jĕrund, not jē-rund. +A kind of verbal +noun in Latin.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Get</b>, not gĭt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Giaour</b>—jowr, not gīōōr, jī-owr +nor jōōr. An epithet +applied by the Turks to a +disbeliever in Mahomet; +the name of one of Byron's +poems.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gibbet</b>—jĭbbet, not gĭbbet.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Glamour</b>—glāmōōr, not +glămmur. Worcester gives +glāmer, also. A charm +in the eyes, making them +see things differently from +what they really are.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gneiss</b>—nīs, not nēs nor +gnēs. A kind of rock.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gondola</b>—gŏndo-la, not +gon-dōla.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Got.</b> There are some sticklers +for niceties that overdo +themselves in contending +that the use of the verb +<i>got</i> is generally unnecessary +and incorrect in conjunction +with <i>have</i> and <i>had</i>. +Get means to procure, to +obtain, to come into possession +of, etc., and it is a +very tame assertion that +one simply <i>has</i> a thing +that cost much mental or +physical labor. A scholar +<i>has</i> his lesson, but did it +creep into his head while +he passively shut his eyes +and went to sleep? On the +contrary, he <i>got</i> it or +learned it by hard study, +and it is proper to say that +he has <i>got</i> it. A man <i>has</i> +a cold, but he <i>got</i> it or <i>took</i> +it by exposing himself. A +person <i>has</i> a sum of money, +but he <i>got</i> or <i>earned</i> it by +his labor. Another <i>has</i> +good friends, but he <i>got</i> or +<i>secured</i> them by his pleasant +address. The great +causes of the warfare +against this word are, I +think, that <i>have</i> and <i>had</i>, +though generally used as +auxiliaries, can sometimes +be used as principal verbs +and make good sense; and +that it has not been recollected +that in the majority +of cases <i>got</i> either stands +for, or can be substituted +for another verb. In confirmation + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +of this last statement, +is appended the following +composed by Dr. +Withers: "I <i>got</i> on horseback +within ten minutes +after I <i>got</i> your letter. +When I <i>got</i> to Canterbury, +I <i>got</i> a chaise for town, but +I <i>got</i> wet before I <i>got</i> to +Canterbury; and I have +<i>got</i> such a cold as I shall +not be able to <i>get</i> rid of in +a hurry. I <i>got</i> to the Treasury +about noon, but first of +all I <i>got</i> shaved and dressed. +I soon <i>got</i> into the secret +of getting a memorial +before the board, but I +could not <i>get</i> an answer +then; however, I <i>got</i> intelligence +from the messenger, +that I should most likely +<i>get</i> one the next morning. +As soon as I <i>got</i> back +to my inn, I <i>got</i> my supper +and <i>got</i> to bed. It was not +long before I <i>got</i> asleep. +When I <i>got</i> up in the +morning, I <i>got</i> my breakfast, +and then I <i>got</i> myself +dressed that I might <i>get</i> +out in time to <i>get</i> an answer +to my memorial. As +soon as I <i>got</i> it, I <i>got</i> into +the chaise and <i>got</i> to Canterbury +by three, and about +tea-time, I got home. I +have <i>got</i> nothing for you, +and so adieu."</p> + +<p class="indent">Applying this test of +substitution to any doubtful +case, I think it right to +assert that if there is no +other verb, or participle, +that will appropriately +take the place of "got," +the latter word is <i>unnecessary</i>; +but it should hardly +be considered as an error, +as it is so slight an impropriety +compared with +many others that are allowed, +and especially because +we have long had the +usage of many of the best +writers to sanction the employment +of the word. The +very people that appear to +be so shocked at the use of +the superfluous <i>got</i>, may +generally be heard making +use of such expressions +as "fell <i>down</i> upon the +ground," "rose <i>up</i> and +went away," "covered it +<i>over</i>," and "a great, <i>big</i> +fire." The <i>down</i>, <i>up</i>, <i>over</i> +and <i>big</i> are certainly superfluities, +but they have +been heard so long that +they are seldom mentioned +as errors.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gourmand</b>—gōōrmnd, not +grmand, unless the orthography +<b>gormand</b> is +used.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gout</b>—gowt, not gōōt, as actors +are sometimes heard +pronounce it in the following +line from Macbeth: +"On thy blade and dudgeon, +<i>gouts</i> of blood."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Government</b>—gŭvern-ment +not gŭver-ment. It is a + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +mistake, frequently made, +to write and pronounce the +word as if it had no "n" +in the penultimate.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gramercy</b>—gra-mrsy, not +grămer-sy. A word formerly +used to express +thankfulness with surprise.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Granary</b>—grăna-ry, not +grāna-ry. There are no +such words as <i>grainery</i> and +<i>grainary</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gratis</b>—grātis, not grăt-is.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Grenade</b>—gre-nāde, not +grĕnade. A kind of explosive +shell.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Guardian</b>—grdĭ-an, not +gr-dēan.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Guerdon</b>—grdon, not +gwĕrdon nor jĕrdon. A +reward; a recompense.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Guild</b>—gĭld, not gīld. A society; +a fraternity.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Guipure</b>—ge-pūr, not gĭm-pūre +nor gwĭ-pūre. An +imitation of antique lace.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gunwale</b>—commonly pronounced +gŭnnel and +spelled so sometimes.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gutta-percha</b>—gŭtta-prcha, +not gŭtta-prka.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gyrfalcon</b>—jrfaw-kn, not +jērfăl-kun.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>H.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Habitue</b> (Fr. habitu)—-bĭt-u-ā, +not hăb-it-u-ē nor +hăb-ĭt-u-ā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Halloo</b> (hal-lōō), <b>holla</b> (hŏll), +<b>hollo</b> (hŏllō or hŏl-lō) +or <b>hollow</b> (hŏllōw), but +not hŏller. Worcester +gives <b>halloo</b> (hal-lōō), +<b>holla</b> (hŏl-l), <b>hollo</b> (hŏl-lō) +and <b>hollow</b> (hŏllōw +or hŏl-lōw). It is strange +that with such a variety of +words to choose from, people +generally say "<i>holler</i>."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hanged</b> is preferable to +<i>hung</i>, when the infliction +of the death penalty +by hanging is meant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Harass</b>—hărass, not ha-răss.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Harem</b>—hārem, not hărem. +Worcester gives hrem +also. Written also <b>haram</b> +(ha-răm).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hardly.</b> <i>Don't</i> and <i>can't</i> +should not be used with +<b>hardly</b>. Such errors as, +"I don't hardly believe +it," are not uncommon. +<i>Hardly</i> means <i>scarcely</i>, and +the use of don't or can't +gives an opposite signification +to the sentence.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Haunt</b>—hnt, not hănt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Haunted</b>—hnted, not +hănted.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hawaiian</b>—ha-wīyan, not +ha-wawyan. Relating to +the island of Hawaii.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hearth</b>—hrth, not hrth.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hearth-stone</b>—hrthstone, +not hrthstone.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Heather</b>—hĕther, not hēther. +Worcester gives hēther +as the pronunciation.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Heinous</b>—hānus, not hēnus, +hēnyus nor hānyus.</p> + +<b>Herb</b>—rb, not hrb. + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> + <b>Herbaceous</b>—her-bāshus, +not er-bāshus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Herbage</b>—rbej or hĕrbej, +not hĕrbāje.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Heroine</b>—hĕro-ĭn, not hē-ro-īne +nor hēro-ĭn. Worcester +gives the first and +the last of the above.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Heroism</b>—hĕro-izm, not +hēro-ĭzm. Worcester sanctions both.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hieroglyphic</b>—hī-er-o-glĭfik, +not hī-er-o-grĭfik.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hindoostanee</b>} +<b>Hindustani</b> } hin-dōō-stănee, +not hin-dōōstăn-ee. +Worcester's orthography +is <i>Hindostanee</i> and +<i>Hindostany</i>, but the accent +is on the penult as above.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Homage</b>—hŏmaje, not ŏm-aje.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Homeopathy</b>—hō-me-ŏpa-thy, +not hōme-o-păth-y.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Homeopathist</b>—hō-me-ŏpa-thist, +not hōme-o-păth-ist.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hooping-cough</b>—hōōping-cough, +not hŏŏping-cough. +Spelled <b>Whooping-cough</b>, +also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Horizon</b>—ho-rīzon, not +hŏri-zon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Horse-radish</b>—horse-răd-ish, +not horse-rĕd-dish.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hough</b>—hŏk, not hŭff. To +disable by cutting the sinews +of the ham. As a +noun, the word means the +joint at the lower portion +of the leg of a quadruped; +written <b>hock</b>, also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Houri</b>—howry, not owry. +A nymph of paradise.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hovel</b>—hŏvel, not hŭvel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hundred</b>, as spelled, not +<i>hunderd</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hydropathy</b>—hī-drŏpa-thy, +not hīdrō-păth-y.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hydropathist</b>—hī-drŏpa-thist, +not hīdrō-păth-ist.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hygiene</b>—hīji-ēne, not hī-geen +nor hīgeen. Worcester +authorizes the first +and last.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>I.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Illustrate</b>—il-lŭstrate, not +ĭllus-trāte. <b>Illustrated</b>, +<b>illustrating</b>, <b>illustrative</b> +and <b>illustrator</b>, are likewise +accented on the second syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Imbroglio</b>—ĭm-brōlyō, not +ĭm-brŏlyō. Worcester says +ĭm-brōlye-ō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Immobile</b>—im-mŏbĭl, not +ĭm-mōbĭl nor ĭm-mōbīle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Imperturbable</b>—im-per-trba-ble, +not ĭm-per-tōōra-ble, +nor ĭm-prtu-ra-ble. Incapable of being +disturbed.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Implacable</b>—im-plāka-ble, +not ĭm-plăka-ble.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Impotent</b>—impo-tent, not +ĭm-pōtent. <b>Impotency</b> +and <b>impotence</b> are accented similarly.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Improvise</b>—im-pro-vīze, +not ĭmpro-vīze.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Incognito</b>—in-kŏgni-tō, not +in-cŏni-to nor in-cŏg-nĭshō. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +<b>Incog</b> is an authorized +abbreviation. <b>Incognita</b>, +is a female in +disguise.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Indiscretion</b>—ĭn-dis-krĕshun, +not ĭn-dis-krēshun.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Indissoluble</b>—in-dĭsso-lu-ble, +not ĭn-dĭs-sŏlu-ble. +<b>Indissolubly</b>, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Industry</b>—indus-try, not ĭn-dustry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Infinitesimal</b>—in-fin-i-tĕsi-mal, +not ĭn-fĭn-tĕsi-mal.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ingenious</b>—ĭn-jēnyŭs, means +possessed of genius; skillful, +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ingenuous</b>—ĭn-jĕnyu-us, +means noble, open, frank, +generous, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Inquiry</b>—in-kwīry, not ĭnkwĭ-ry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Inveigle</b>—ĭn-vēgle, not ĭn-vāgle. +<b>Inveigler</b> (in-vēgler) and <b>inveiglement</b> +(in-vēgle-ment).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Irate</b> ī-rāte, not īrāte. +Worcester gives the latter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Irrational</b>—ir-răshun-al, +not ĭr-rāshun-al. <b>Irrationally</b> +(ĭr-răshun-al-ly), +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Irrecognizable</b>—ir-re-kŏgni-za-ble, +not ĭr-rĕkog-nī-za-ble.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Irrelevant</b>, not <i>irrevelant</i>. +Not applicable; not suited.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Isinglass</b> īzĭng-glass, is a +kind of gelatine prepared +from the sounds or air-bladders +of certain fish, +and is used in jellies, for +clarifying liquors, etc.; +while the transparent substance, +frequently called +<i>isinglass</i>, which is used in +the doors of stoves and +lanterns, is really <i>mica</i>, a +mineral that admits of +being cleaved into thin +plates.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Isolate</b>—ĭso-lāte, not īso-late. +<b>Isolated</b> (ĭso-lā-ted), +etc. Worcester gives ĭzo-lāte, +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Itch</b>—ĭtch, not ēch.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>J.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jamb</b>, not <i>jam</i> is the spelling +of the side-piece of a +door, window or fire-place.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jaundice</b>—jndĭs, not <i>jan-ders</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jean</b>—jāne, not jeen. A +twilled cotton cloth. Written +also <b>jane</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jew's-harp</b>—jūzhrp, not +jūshrp.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jocund</b>—jŏkund, not jōkund. +<b>Jocundity</b>, <b>jocundly</b>, +<b>jocundness</b>, have also +the short o.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jugular</b>—jūgu-lar, not jŭgu-lar.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jujube</b>—jūjūbe, not jūjū-be. +"Jujube paste."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Just</b>, not jĕst in such sentences +as: "I have <i>just</i> +done it;" "He has <i>just</i> +enough," etc.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>K.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Knoll</b>—nōl, not nŏl.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>L.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lamm</b>, to beat, is not spelled +lăm nor lămb.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lapel</b>—la-pĕl, not lăpel. +That part of a coat which +laps over the facing.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lariat</b>—lări-at, not lāri-at. +A lasso.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lay</b>. This word in the sense +here considered is a transitive +verb, or one in which +the action or state implied +by the verb, passes over to +an object. The present +tense is <i>lay</i>; the imperfect +tense and past participle +are <i>laid</i>; and the present +participle <i>laying</i>. Requiring +an object in each of +the various meanings attached +to it, it is proper to +say: "The hen <i>lays</i> an egg +every day;" "The man <i>laid</i> +his load on the ground;" +"The rain has <i>laid</i> the +dust;" "The hunter is <i>laying</i> +a snare." The verb <i>lie</i> +is an <i>intransitive</i> verb and +can have <i>no object</i> after it. +The present tense is <i>lie</i>; the +imperfect tense is <i>lay</i>; the +past participle is <i>lain</i>; the +present participle is <i>lying</i>. +Having no objective case +to which the action or state +passes over, it is correct to +say: "Ohio <i>lies</i> north of +Kentucky;" "The sick +man <i>lay</i> upon the bed yesterday;" +"He has <i>lain</i> +there helpless for weeks;" +"The goods I bought are +<i>lying</i> on my hands." Contrasting +the sentences under +each verb it will be +readily seen that Ohio does +not <i>lie</i> Kentucky, but the +hen <i>lays</i> the egg; the invalid +did not <i>lay</i> the bed like +the man <i>laid</i> his load; he +has not <i>lain</i> anything, as +the rain has <i>laid</i> the dust; +and the goods are not <i>lying</i> +anything, as the hunter is +<i>laying</i> the snare. If the +foregoing differences have +been carefully observed, I +imagine that it will always +be easy to select the proper +word by remembering +the following rules:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>1. If the person or thing +spoken of exerts an action +that must pass over to an +object, use <i>lay</i>, <i>laid</i> and +<i>laying</i>.</p> + +<p>2. If the person or thing +spoken of exerts an action +that does not pass over to +an object, use <i>lie</i>, <i>lay</i>, <i>lain</i> +and <i>lying</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class="indent">"He <i>laid</i> upon the bed," +then, is incorrect, for the +verb has no object. It +should be: "He <i>lay</i> upon +the bed." But, "He <i>laid</i> +<i>himself</i> upon the bed," +would be correct, for there +is an objective case, <i>himself</i>, +supplied. "Let these papers +<i>lay</i>," should be, "Let +these papers <i>lie</i>." "The +ship <i>lays</i> at anchor," should + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +be, "The ship <i>lies</i> at anchor." +"The ship <i>laid</i> at +anchor," should be, "The +ship <i>lay</i> at anchor." "They +have <i>laid</i> in wait for you," +should be, "They have +<i>lain</i> in wait for you." "This +trunk is <i>laying</i> in our way," +should be, "This trunk is +<i>lying</i> in our way." Errors +connected with the use of +these verbs are more common, +probably, than any +others in our language, +being detected in the conversation +and writings of +many of the best educated +people. Attention to the +above rules, and a few trial +sentences in the different +moods, tenses, numbers +and persons, ought to make +the selection of the proper +word so simple, that persons +should seldom make +mistakes.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Learn.</b> <i>Learning</i> is done by +the scholar or student, and +<i>teaching</i> by the instructor. +"She will <i>learn</i> me how to +play," should be, "She +will <i>teach</i> me how to play," +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Leasing</b>—leezing, not lēsing. +An obsolete word +meaning falsehood; lying. +"Thou shalt destroy them +that speak leasing."—<i>Bible.</i></p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Leg.</b> Of late years there +has become quite popular +a prudish notion that it is +indelicate to say <i>leg</i> when +one of the limbs that supports +the human body is +meant, <i>limb</i> being preferred +instead. <i>Leg</i> is certainly +a less euphonious +word than <i>limb</i>, and if the +latter had the same signification +attached to it, +there would be no objection +to its employment; +but <i>limb</i> means <i>arm</i> just as +much as it does <i>leg</i>. There +is nothing immodest in the +sound or meaning of the +word <i>leg</i>; if there were, it +would be well to speak of +the <i>limb</i> of a table, a <i>limb</i> +of mutton, or a three +<i>limbed</i> stool; and the mention +of such words as <i>legacy</i> +or <i>legate</i> should cause +the blush to rise to our +cheeks. The very use of +the word <i>limb</i> indicates +what is passing in the mind +of the speaker—a thought +of <i>leg</i>, an indelicate meaning +attached to it, and a +fear to speak the word. +The mind of the listener +is affected similarly and +the result is that a conversation +intended to be perfectly +pure, has a slight +stain left upon it. If we +could pass through life +without ever finding it necessary +to speak of our legs +to strangers, there would +be no danger of compromising +ourselves; but run-away +and other accidents + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +are constantly occurring in +which legs are broken or +otherwise injured. When +a surgeon is called, if he is +told that a <i>limb</i> is injured, +he has one chance in four +of guessing the riddle. It +is not always safe to trifle +thus with some of the serious, +practical old followers +of Esculapius. Before +now they have given such +rebukes as to make people +ashamed that they did not +say <i>leg</i> in the first place; +or they have left the bedside +abruptly with such a +remark as: "When you +find out whether it is your +arm or your leg, send for +me again." If people will +persist in using <i>limb</i> for +<i>leg</i>, it is to be hoped that +they will adopt some adjective +prefix to remove all +ambiguity. How would +north-east, south-east, etc., +do? Any one informed +that the <i>south-east limb</i> was +fractured, would know at +once that it was the <i>right</i> +<i>leg</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Legate</b>—lĕgate, not lēgāte.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Legendary</b>—lĕjend-a-ry, +not lējĕnd-a-ry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Leisure</b>—lēzhur, not lĕzhur, +nor lāzhur. <b>Leisurely</b> +(lēzhur-ly).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Length</b>, not lĕnth. Every +letter is sounded, also, in +<b>lengthy</b>, <a name="lengthen" id="lengthen"></a><b>lengthen</b>, <b>lengthiness</b>, +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lenient</b>—lēni-ent, not lĕni-ent. +<b>Leniently</b> (lēni-ent-ly), etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lethe</b>—lēthe, not lēth; the +<i>th</i> is as in <i>both</i>. The +mythological and poetical +name of a river of the infernal +region, the drinking +of a portion of which +caused forgetfulness of the +past.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lethean</b>—lē-thēan, not lēthe-an.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Let's.</b> It should be remembered +that <i>let's</i> is really <i>let</i> +<i>us</i>, the apostrophe denoting +the elision of the u. +Such expressions then as: +"let's us go," "let's him +and me go," should he, +"let us go" (or let's go), +and "let him and me go;" +for who wishes to say "let +us us go," or "let us him +and me go."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Leverage</b>—lĕver-aje, not lēver-aje.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Licorice</b>—lĭko-rĭs, not lĭker-ĭsh.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lie.</b> See <b>Lay</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lien</b>—lēen or līen, not <i>leen</i>. +A charge upon property +for the satisfaction of a +debt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lighted</b> is preferable to lĭt as +the imperfect tense and +past participle of <i>light</i>. +"He <i>lighted</i> the gas," instead of, +"He <i>lit</i> the gas." +"I have <i>lighted</i> the fire," +instead of, "I have <i>lit</i> the +fire." The same remarks + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +apply to the imperfect and +participle of <i>light</i> taken as +an intransitive verb. "The +bird has <i>lighted</i> upon the +tree," instead of, "has <i>lit</i> +upon the tree." <i>Lit</i> is +condemned as common.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lithographer</b>—lĭ-thogra-pher, +not lĭtho-grăph-er, +nor lī-thŏgra-pher. <b>Lithography</b> +(lĭ-thŏgra-phy).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Loath</b>—lōth, not lŏth; the <i>th</i> +is as in <i>both</i>. Reluctant. +Written sometimes <b>loth</b>. +The verb is <b>loathe</b>, with +the <i>th</i> as in <i>breathe</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lyceum</b>—lī-sēum, not līse-um.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>M.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Machiavelian</b>—măk-i-a-vēlian, +not măsh-i-a-vĕlian. +pertaining to Machiavel; +politically cunning.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mad.</b> In the sense of provoked, +wrathful or indignant, <i>angry</i> is generally +considered the more appropriate +word. "<i>Mad as a</i> +<i>March hare</i>," is an indelicate +term that should not +be used on account of its +origin.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Madame</b>—m-dm, not +mădam.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Magna Charta</b>—magna krta, +not magna chrta.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Manes</b>—mānēz, not mānz. +The souls of the dead.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Manor</b>—mănor, not mānor.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Marigold</b>—mări-gold, not +māri-gold.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Matin</b>—mătin, not mātin.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Matins</b>—mătinz, not mātinz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mattress</b>—măttress, not ma-trăss. +Written also <b>matress</b> +and pronounced as +the first.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Meaw</b>—mū, not meyow. To +cry like a cat.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mediocre</b>—medi-ō-ker, not +mē-di-ōker, nor mē-di-ŏker.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Melange</b>—mā-lŏngzh, not +me-lănj.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Melanotype</b>—me-lăno-type, +not me-lāno-type.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Melodrama</b>—mĕl-o-drāma, +not mĕl-o-drăma, nor mĕl-o-drma.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Memoir</b>—mĕmwor or mēmwor, +according to Webster; +Worcester gives mē-moir +or mĕmwr.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mesdames</b>—mā-dm, not +mĕz-dāmes.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Metallurgy</b>—mĕtal-lur-jy, +not me-tăllur-jy.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Metaphor.</b> The failure to +distinguish between metaphors +and similes, is a +very common mistake. In +a metaphor the resemblance +is implied without +any words to show the similarity; +as soon as the latter +are added it becomes a +simile. "Hope is an anchor," +and "Judah is a +lion's whelp" are metaphors. +"Hope is <i>like</i> an +anchor," and "Judah is +<i>like</i> a lion's whelp" are +similes.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> + <b>Metrical</b>—mĕtrik-al, not +mētrik-al.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mezzo</b>—mĕdzō or mĕtzō, +not mĕzzō. An Italian +word meaning middle; not +extreme. <b>Mezzo-soprano</b> +(mĕdzo-so-prno); +between contralto and soprano; +said of the voice +of a female singer. <b>Mezzotinto</b>, +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Microscope</b>—mīkro-scope, +not mĭkro-scope. <b>Microscopic</b> +(mī-kro-scŏpic). +<b>Microscopy</b> (mī-krosco-py).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mien</b>—meen, not māne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mineralogy</b>—min-er-alo-jy, +not min-er-ŏlo-jy.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Minuet</b>—mĭnū-et, not mĭn-ū-ĕt. +A dance.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mischievous</b>—mĭsche-vŭs, +not mĭs-chēvŭs, nor mis-chēve-us. +<b>Mischievously</b> +and <b>mischievousness</b> are +also accented on the first +syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Modulate.</b> This word is often +used incorrectly instead +of <i>moderate</i> in such sentences +as: "<i>Modulate</i> your +voice," when it is meant to +command or request that +the tone be <i>moderated</i> or +lowered. <i>Modulate</i> means +to vary or inflect in a musical +manner, and although +the word might often be +used with propriety in +such sentences as the above, +yet it is not always what is +<i>meant</i> by the speaker. A +person's voice may be perfectly +<i>modulated</i> and yet +the tone may be so high +that it is desirable, upon +certain occasions, to have +it <i>moderated</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Moire</b>—mwr, not mōre nor +mōre. <b>Moire antique</b> +(mwor ăn-tēk).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Molasses.</b> It may seem incredible +to those who have +never heard the error I am +about to mention, that such +a ridiculous blunder could +occur. I should hardly +have believed it myself, if +I had only heard <i>of</i> it; but +I was once in a portion of +the country where all the +people for miles around +spoke of molasses as if it +were a plural noun, and I +frequently heard such remarks +as the following: +"<i>These</i> molasses are very +good; <i>they</i> are the best I +have seen for some time." +I once began to remonstrate +with one of the +champions of the plurality +of the treacle, and +insisted that he should +say, "<i>this</i> molasses" and, +"<i>it</i> is good," etc.; but it +was of no avail. He insisted +that the word was +analogous to <i>ashes</i>, and if +one was plural so was the +other. There was no good +dictionary or other reliable +authority in the neighborhood, +as might be imagined + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +from what has been +said, so they were left happy +in their ignorance.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Monad</b>—mŏnad, not mōnad. +An ultimate atom.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Monogram</b>—mŏno-gram, +not mōno-gram.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Monograph</b>—mŏno-graph, +not mōno-graph.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Monomania</b>—mŏn-o-mānia, +not mō-no-mānia. <b>Monomaniac</b> +(mŏn-o-māni-ac).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Moor</b>—mōōr, not mōre. An +extensive waste; a heath. +<i>Moor</i>, the name of a native +of North Africa, is +similarly pronounced.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Morale</b>—mo-rl, not mŏrāle +nor mō-răl.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mountainous</b>—mountain-ous, +not moun-tāni-oŭs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Multiplication</b>—mŭl-ti-pli-cātion, +not mŭl-ti-pi-cātion.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Murrain</b>—mŭrrĭn, not mŭrrāne. +A disease among cattle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Museum</b>—mu-zēum, not +mūze-um.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mushroom</b>, not <i>mush-roon</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Musk-melon</b>, not <i>mush-melon</i>; +but anything before <i>mush-million</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mussulmans</b>, not <i>musselmen</i>, +is the plural of <b>Mussulman</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mythology</b>—mĭ-thŏlo-jy, +not mī-thŏlo-jy.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>N.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Naiad</b>—nāyad, not nāĭd nor +nāăd. A water nymph.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nainsook</b>—nān-sōōk, not +năn-sōōk. A kind of +muslin.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Naive</b>—nēv, not nāve nor +nve. Natural; artless.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Naivete</b>—nēv-tā, not nā-vēte +nor nā-vēta.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nape</b>—nāp, not năp. The +back part of the neck.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nasal</b>—nāzal, not nāsal nor +năsal.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nasturtium</b> or <b>Nasturtion</b>, +not <i>asturtion</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Negligee</b>—nĕg-li-zhā, not +nĕg-li-jē, nor nĕgli-zhā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Newspaper</b>—nūzpā-per, not +nūspā-per.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Niche</b>—nĭch, not nĭck, +when a concave recess in +a wall for an ornament is +meant. If a piece is +chopped roughly out of +anything, it is a <i>nick</i>. <i>Nick</i> +of time, not <i>niche</i> of time, +when a critical moment +is meant; but in figurative +language there is +no doubt that the phrase +"niche of time," may be +appropriately used. A +great event may be said to +stand in a <i>niche of time</i> as +an example for coming +ages.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nomad</b>—nŏmad, not nō-mad. +One of a wandering +tribe. Written <b>nomade</b> +(nŏmade) also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nomenclature</b>—no-men-clāture, +not nōmen-clātūre.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nominative</b>, not <i>nom-a-tive</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> + <b>Nonillion</b>—nō-nĭllion, not +nŏn-ĭllion.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nook</b>—nōōk, as given by +Webster. Worcester sanctions +both nōōk and nŏŏk.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Notable</b>—nŏta-ble, not nōta-ble, +when it is applied +to a person distinguished +for thrift, management, +care, etc.; as a <i>notable housekeeper</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nymphean</b>—nĭm-fēan, not +nĭmfe-an. Relating to +nymphs.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>O.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Obesity</b>—o-bĕsi-ty, not o-bēsi-ty.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Obligatory</b>—ŏbli-ga-to-ry, +not ŏb-lĭga-to-ry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Often</b>—ŏfn, not ŏftĕn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Omega</b>—o-mēga or o-mĕga, +not ŏme-ga. Worcester +allows the first only.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Onerous</b>—ŏner-ous, not +ōner-oŭs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Only</b>—ōnly, not ŭnly.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Onyx</b>—ōnyx, not ŏnyx.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Opal</b>—ō-pal, not ō-păl nor +ō-pawl.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Opponent</b>—op-pōnent, not +ŏppo-nent.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ordnance</b>, not <i>ordinance</i>, +when cannon, artillery, +etc., are intended. <i>Ordinance</i> +is a rule established +by authority.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Orgeat</b>—rzhat or rzhā, +not rje-at. Worcester +gives rzhat.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Orthoepy</b>—rtho-e-py, not +r-thōe-py.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Orthoepist</b>—rtho-e-pist, +not r-thōe-pist.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Overflowed</b>, not <i>overflown</i>.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>P.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Palaver</b>—pa-lver, not pa-lăver.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pall-mall</b>—pĕl-mĕl, not +pawl-mawl. The name +of a game formerly played +in England; and the name +of a street in London. +Written also <i>pail-mail</i> and +<i>pell-mell</i>, both pronounced +as above. Pell-mell used +as an adverb means mixed +together in a disorderly +manner; but one person +can not rush <i>pell-mell</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Papaw</b>—pa-paw, not pŏppaw +as commonly called. +Written also <b>pawpaw</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Papyrus</b>—pa-pīrus, not +păpi-rŭs. A material +used for writing upon by +the ancients, made from +the inner bark of a plant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Parent</b>—prent, not pārent.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Parisian</b>—pa-rĭzian, not pa-rĭshian +nor pa-rĭssian. +Worcester gives pa-rĭzhi-an.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Paroquet</b>—păro-quet, not +păr-o-kĕt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Parquet</b>—pr-kā or pr-kĕt. +Worcester allows +pr-kā only.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Parquette</b>—pr-ket, not +pr-kā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Partner</b>, not <i>pardner</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Partridge</b>, not <i>pattrij</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> + <b>Patent.</b> The <i>adjective</i> is pronounced +either pătent or +pātent. When used as a +verb or a noun it is pronounced +pătent.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Patois</b>—păt-wŏ, not pătwŏ +nor păt-waw.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Patriot</b>—pātri-ot, not pătri-ot. +<b>Patriotic</b>, <b>patriotism</b>, +etc., have also the +long a. Worcester gives +the same with the exception +of <i>patriotic</i>, which he +pronounces both pātri-ot-ic +and pătri-ot-ic.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Patron</b>—pātron, not pătron. +<b>Patroness</b> and <b>patronless</b> +have also the long a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Patronize</b>—pătron-īze, not +pātron-īze.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Patronage</b>—pătron-aje, not +pātron-aje.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pease</b>, not <i>peas</i>, when an uncounted +quantity is referred +to, as: a bushel of <i>pease</i>, a +plateful of <i>pease</i>, some +more <i>pease</i>, etc. <i>Peas</i> when +a certain number is mentioned, +as: a dozen <i>peas</i>, +fifty <i>peas</i>, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pedal</b>—pĕdal, not pēdal, +when that portion of a +piano or harp that is acted +upon by the feet, is meant. +Pēdal is an adjective, and +means pertaining to the +above, or to a foot.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Perfect.</b> I have selected +this as the representative +of a class of adjectives that, +strictly speaking, do not +admit of comparison. I +have noticed, invariably, +that those who appear to +be so anxious to correct +the error of giving degrees +of comparison to a few +stereotyped words of this +class, such as <i>round</i>, <i>square</i>, +<i>universal</i>, <i>chief</i>, <i>extreme</i>, etc., +are singularly remiss in +calling attention to a great +many other mistakes of the +same kind that are equally +prominent. Amongst the +latter may be mentioned +the comparison of <i>correct</i>, +<i>complete</i>, <i>even</i>, <i>level</i>, <i>straight</i>, +etc. It will be admitted +that if anything is <i>perfect</i> +it can not be <i>more</i> so; and +as soon as it is <i>less</i> so it fails +to be <i>perfect</i> at all. So, if +anything is <i>correct</i> it is +perfectly free from error; +it can not be made <i>more</i> +correct, and if its correctness +is detracted from, it +is not quite correct any +longer. A <i>straight</i> line is +one that does not vary from +a perfectly <i>direct</i> course in +the slightest degree; it can +not be <i>straighter</i> and if it +could be <i>less</i> straight, it +would be <i>curved</i>. It is ridiculous +for any one to insist +upon a national reformation +of a few such errors, +and suffer a hundred +others just like them to exist +without remonstrance. +Either <i>nearer</i> and <i>nearest</i>, +<i>more nearly</i>, and <i>most nearly</i>, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +and the like, should be +substituted for the degrees +of comparison and used +with all such words; or +people should treat them +as all other adjectives, just +as the best writers and +speakers have always done. +The former course is the +more desirable; the latter +is certainly the more probable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Perfidious</b>—per-fĭdi-ous, +not pĕrfĭd-oŭs. Worcester +allows per-fĭdyŭs in +addition to the first.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Peony</b>—pēo-ny) <b>Pony</b> +(pēo-ny) or <b>Piony</b> (pīo-ny) +not pīny as often +called. A flower.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Perambulate</b>, not <i>preambulate</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Period</b>—pēri-od, not pĕri-od. +<b>Periodic</b>, <b>Periodical</b>, +etc., have also the +long e.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Perspire</b>, not <i>prespire</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Perspiration</b>, not <i>prespiration</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Persuade.</b> This word carries +with it the idea of success +in one's endeavors to +convince or induce. "I +<i>persuaded</i> him for a long +time, but he would not +grant my request," should +be, "I <i>tried</i> to <i>persuade</i> +him," etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Petrel</b>—pĕtrel, not pētrel. +A bird. Worcester allows +the latter also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Phaeton</b>—phāet-on, not +phā'te-on. A vehicle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pharmaceutist</b>—fr-ma-sūtĭst, +not fr-mā-kūtist nor +fr-mākū-tist.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pharmacopœia</b>—fr-ma-co-pēya, +not fr-mā-cōpi-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Piano</b>—pi-no, not pī-ăno. +Worcester allows pĭ-ăno.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Piano-forte</b>—pĭ-no-fōrtā, +not pī-ăno-fōrt. Worcester +sanctions pĭ-no-fōrte, +pĭ-ăno-fr-te, and remarks +in parenthesis, <i>often</i> pe-ăno-fōrt; +but the last pronunciation +is evidently not +preferred.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pilaster</b>—pĭ-lăster, not pĭlas-ter. +A square pillar +set into a wall and projecting +slightly.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Piquant</b>—pĭkant, not pĭkwănt +nor pēkwănt. <b>Piquantly</b> +(pĭkant-ly), etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Placard</b>—pla-krd, not +plăkard.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Placid</b>—plăsid, not plāsid. +<b>Placidly</b> and <b>placidness</b> +have also the short a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Plait</b>—plāt, not plăt nor plēt. +A braid; or to braid. <b>Plat</b> +(plăt) is a proper word, +however, having the same +meanings, but the difference +in pronunciation must +be observed, when the +spelling is as above. <b>Plait</b>, +meaning a fold of cloth, as +in a shirt bosom, is also +pronounced plāt. How +common an error it is to + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +speak of the <i>pleets</i> when +alluding to such folds.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Platina</b>—plăti-na or pla-tēna, +not pla-tīna nor pla-tĭna. +Worcester allows +plăti-na only.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Platinum</b>—plăti-num or +pla-tīnum, not pla-tēnum +nor pla-tĭnum. Worcester +gives plăti-num only.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Plebeian</b>—ple-bēian, not +plēbi-an. Ple-bŏn, as +some pronounce it, is outrageous, +neither French, +English, nor Hottentot.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Plenary</b>—plēna-ry, not +plĕna-ry. Full; entire. +Worcester gives both methods.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Poetaster</b>—pōet-ăs-ter, not +pōet-tāst-er. A petty poet.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Poniard</b>—pŏnyard, not +poinyard.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Posthumous</b>—pŏsthu-mous, +not pōsthu-moŭs nor pŏst-ūmoŭs. +<b>Posthumously</b> +(pŏsthu-mous-ly).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Potable</b>—pōta-ble, not pŏta-ble. +Drinkable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Potheen</b>—po-theen, not +pŏt-teen. When spelled +<b>potteen</b>, however, as it +may be correctly, the latter +pronunciation is proper.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prairie</b>—prāry, not per-rāry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prebendary</b>—prĕbend-a-ry, +not prēbend-a-ry. A +clergyman of a collegiate +or cathedral church, who +enjoys a prebend.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prebend</b>—prĕbend, not +prēbend. A stipend.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Precedence</b>—pre-sēdence, +not prĕse-dence. <b>Precedency</b> +and <b>precedently</b>, +have the second syllable +accented also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Precedent</b>—pre-sēdent, not +prĕse-dent. An adjective +meaning antecedent.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Precedent</b>—prĕse-dent, not +pre-sēdent nor prēse-dent. +A noun meaning an example +or preceding circumstance. +<b>Precedented</b> and +<b>unprecedented</b> have also +the short e.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Precocious</b>—pre-kōshus, +not pre-kŏshŭs. <b>Precociously</b> +and <b>precociousness</b> have also the long o.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Predatory</b>—prĕda-to-ry, not +prēda-tory. Plundering; +pillaging.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Predecessor</b>—prĕd-e-cĕssor, +not prē-de-cĕssor.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Preface</b>—prĕface, not prēface. +<b>Prefatory</b> (prĕfa-to-ry).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prejudice</b>, not <i>predudice</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prelate</b>—prĕlate, not prē-late.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Presage</b>, not <i>prestige</i>, when +something is meant that +foreshows a future event; +an omen. "This is a <i>presage</i> +of victory."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prescription</b>, not <i>perscription</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prestige</b>, not <i>presage</i>, when +it is meant that some one +carries weight or influence + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +from past deeds or successes. +"The <i>prestige</i> of the +hero's name was half the +battle."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Presentiment</b>—pre-senti-ment, +not pre-zenti-ment.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pretty</b>—prĭtty, not prĕty. +<b>Prettily</b> (prĭtti-ly), etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Preventive</b>, not <i>preventative</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Primeval</b>—prī-mēval, not +prĭme-val.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Process</b>—prŏsess, not prōsess.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prodigy</b>, not <i>projidy</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Produce</b>—prŏduce, not +prōdūce. The noun; the +verb is pro-dūce.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Product</b>—prŏduct, not prōduct.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Progress</b>—prŏgress, not +progress. Noun; the verb +is pro-gress.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prosody</b>—prŏso-dy, not +prōso-dy nor prŏzo-dy.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Protean</b>—prōte-an, not pro-tēan. +Assuming different +shapes.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Protege</b> (Fr. protg)—prō-tā-zhā, +not prōtēje. One +under the care of another. +<b>Protegee</b> (Fr. protge)—prō-tā-zhā, +feminine.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Psalm</b>—sm, not săm. +<b>Psalmist</b> (smist). Worcester +gives sămist also for +the latter word.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Psalmody</b>—sălmo-dy, not +smo-dy nor săm-o-dy.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Psychical</b>—sīkĭk-al, not +sĭkĭk-al nor fĭzĭk-al, as it +is sometimes thoughtlessly +pronounced in reading. +Pertaining to the human +soul.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pumpkin</b>, not <i>punkin</i>. <i>Pumpkin</i> +itself is a corruption +of <i>pumpion</i> or <i>pompion</i>, but +is the word that is now +generally used.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Purulent</b>—pūru-lent, not +pŭru-lent. Containing +pus or matter. <b>Purulence</b> +and <b>purulency</b> have also +the long u in the first syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Put</b>—pŏŏt, not pŭt. This anomalous +pronunciation is +hard for some to adopt, +the natural tendency being +to sound the <i>u</i> as it is in a +host of other words consisting +of two consonants +with a short u between +them, as: bun, but, cut, +dug, fun, gun, hut, nut, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pyrites</b>—pī-rītez, not pe-rītez, +pĭri-tez nor pīrītez.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>Q.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Qualm</b>—kwm, not kwăm. +Worcester allows kwawm +also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Quay</b>—kē, not kwā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Querulous</b>, means complaining, +whining, etc., and not +<i>questioning</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Quinine</b>—kwīnīne or kwĭ-nīne, +not kwi-neen. Worcester gives kwĭ-nīne or +kwĭnīne.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Quoit</b>—kwoit, not kwāte.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Quoth</b>—kwōth or kwŭth, not +kwŏth.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>R.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rabies</b>—rābi-ēz, not răbēz. +Madness, as that of +dogs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Radish</b>—rădish, not rĕd-ish.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Raillery</b>—răller-y, not rāller-y. +Slight ridicule; +pleasantry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Raise</b>—<b>Rise.</b> <i>Raise</i> is a +transitive verb, or one in +which the action passes +over to an object. Present +tense, <i>raise</i>; imperfect tense +and past participle, <i>raised</i>; +present participle, <i>raising</i>. +<i>Rise</i> is an intransitive verb, +the action not passing over +to an object. Present tense, +<i>rise</i>; imperfect tense, <i>rose</i>; +past participle, <i>risen</i>; present +participle, <i>rising</i>. Errors +in the use of these +words ought to be avoided +by remembering the following +rules:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>1. If the person or thing +spoken of exerts an action +that passes over to an object, +use <i>raise</i>, <i>raised</i>, and +<i>raising</i>.</p> + +<p>2. If the person or thing +spoken of exerts an action +that does not pass over to +an object, use <i>rise</i>, <i>rose</i>, +<i>risen</i>, <i>rising</i>. To avoid +further repetition in the +method I have adopted to +impress upon the mind the +difference between transitive +and intransitive verbs +by contrasted sentences, I +would refer the reader to +the remarks under <b>Lay</b>. +"I will <i>raise</i> in the morning +at five," should be, "I +will <i>rise</i>," etc. "I will +<i>raise</i> the <i>window</i>," etc., is +correct, for the action passes +to or affects the window. +"I will <i>raise myself</i> +if I have the strength" is +correct, because an object, +<i>myself</i>, is furnished. "The +price of flour is <i>raising</i>," +should be, "The price of +flour is <i>rising</i>;" but it is +right to say, "The merchants +are <i>raising</i> the price +of flour." "Gold has +<i>raised</i> in value," should +be, "Gold has <i>risen</i> in +value." "The price of +bonds <i>raised</i> in less than +an hour," should be, "The +price of bonds <i>rose</i>," etc. +"The sun is <i>raising</i>," +should be, "The sun is +<i>rising</i>." "The sun is +<i>raising</i> the temperature," +is proper. The pulse has +<i>risen</i>, but excitement has +<i>raised</i> it. The river has +<i>risen</i> in its bed and has +<i>raised</i> the canal. Birds <i>rise</i> +in the air. <i>Arise</i> can often +be appropriately substituted +for <i>rise</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rampant</b>—rămpant, not +ram-pant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rapine</b>—răpĭn, not răpeen +nor rā-peen.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Raspberry</b>—răzber-ry, not +răssber-ry nor rawzber-ry. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +Worcester gives razber-ry +and rsber-ry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rational</b>—răshun-al, not +rā-shun-al. <b>Rationalist</b> +(răshun-al-ĭst), etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Recess</b>—re-cĕss, not rēcĕss.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Recherche</b> (Fr. recherch)—rŭh-shr-shā, +not re-shersh. Worcester gives +rā-sher-shā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Recluse</b>—re-kluse, not re-kluze.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Reconnoissance</b>—re-cŏnnoĭs-sne, +not rek-on-noissane. Worcester +gives re-cŏnnoĭs-sne. +<b>Reconnaissance</b> is another +method of spelling.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Recriminations</b>, not <i>mutual</i> +<i>recriminations</i>; the word +itself tells of the <i>mutuality</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Redolent</b>—rĕdo-lent, not +redōlent. Diffusing odor +or fragrance.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Relevant</b>, not <i>revelant</i>. Pertinent; +applicable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Relic</b>, not <i>relict</i>, when that +which remains, a corpse, +or anything preserved in +remembrance, is meant. +<b>Relict</b> means a widow.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rendezvous</b>—rĕnde-vōō, +not rŏnde-vōō nor rĕnde-vōōz. +Worcester gives +rĕnde-vōō and rĕnde-vōōz. +The plural is <b>rendezvouses</b> +(rĕnde-vōōz-ez).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Requiem</b>—rēkwi-em, not +rĕkwĭ-em. Worcester +gives both pronunciations.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Resume</b> (Fr. rsum)—rā-zū-mā, +not re-zūme nor +re-zūmā. Worcester gives +rez-u-mā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Reticule</b>, not <i>ridicule</i>, when +a little bag of net-work is +meant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Reveille</b>—re-vālyā, not rev-a-lē. +Worcester gives the +first and re-vāl.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ribald</b>—rĭbald, not rībald. +Low; obscene. <b>Ribaldry</b> +(rĭbald-ry).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rinse</b>—rĭnss, not rĕnse nor +wrĕnch. "<i>Wrench</i> your +mouth," said an uneducated +dentist to a patient +after <i>wrenching</i> out a large +molar. "Thank you," replied +the patient. "<i>You</i> +have done that, but I'll +<i>rinse</i> it, if you please."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ripples</b>, not <i>riffles</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Romance</b>—ro-manss, not +rōmanss.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Roseate</b>—rōze-at, not rōzāte. +Worcester gives rōzhe-at +also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Roue</b> (Fr. rou)—rōō-ā, not +rōō. Worcester gives +rōōā.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>S.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sacerdotal</b>—săs-er-dōtal, +not sā-ser-dōtal, sā-ker-dōtal +nor săk-er-dōtal.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sacrament</b>—săkra-ment, +not sākra-ment. <b>Sacramental</b> +(săkra-ment-al), +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sacrifice</b>—săkrĭ-fīz, not +săkrĭ-fĭs nor săkrĭ-fīse. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +Verb and noun the same. +<b>Sacrificing</b> (săkrĭ-fī-zĭng), +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sacristan</b>—săkrist-an, not +sākrist-an nor sā-krĭstan. +<b>Sacristy</b> (săkrist-y).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Salam</b>—sa-lm, not sa-lăm. +Written <b>salaam</b> also, and +pronounced similarly.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Saline</b>—sa-līne or sālīne, +not sā-lēēn. Worcester +gives sa-līne only.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Salve</b>—sv, not săv. Worcester +gives slv also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Samaritan</b>—sa-mări-tan, +not sa-māri-tan.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sanitary</b>, not <i>sanatory</i>, when +<i>pertaining</i> to health is +meant. <b>Sanatory</b> is more +restricted in its application, +and means healing; +curative.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Saracen</b>—săra-sen, not săra-ken.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sarsaparilla</b>—sr-sa-pa-rĭlla, +not săs-sa-pa-rĭlla, nor +sr-sa-fa-rĭlla.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Satyr</b>—sātur, according to +Webster. Worcester gives +sătir also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Saucy</b>—sawsy, not <i>sassy</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Said.</b> <i>Said</i> (sĕd), not says +(sĕz), in speaking of past +remarks. Many of the +most cultivated people are +guilty of this vulgarism. +"'I will call to see you +soon,' <i>sez</i> he." "'I will +be glad to see you at any +time,' <i>sez</i> I." Where the +details of a long conversation +are given the frequent +repetition of <i>sez</i>, or even +<i>said</i>, is very grating to the +refined ear. The use of +<i>asked</i>, <i>inquired</i>, <i>remarked</i>, +<i>suggested</i>, <i>answered</i>, <i>replied</i>, +etc., instead, has a pleasing +effect upon narrative +or anecdote. It is preferable, +also, to give the <i>exact</i> +<i>words</i> of the speaker after +<i>said</i>, etc., as: "When he +had finished reading the +letter, he said: 'I will attend +to the business the +first leisure moment I +have.'" When the word +<i>that</i> follows the <i>said</i>, the +substance only of the remark +may be given, as +"He said that he would +attend to the business the +first leisure moment he +had." Whichever form +is used in narrative, it is +not at all harmonious to +give the <i>exact words</i> of one +speaker and only the substance +of the remarks of +another, at least without +regard to regularity in +alternation.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Schism</b>—sĭzm, not skĭsm.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Seckel</b>, not sĭck-el. A kind +of pear.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>See.</b> It is not uncommon +to meet with people that +incorrectly use <i>see</i> in the +imperfect tense, as: "I <i>see</i> +him yesterday," instead of, +"I <i>saw</i> him yesterday." +See is never used in any +tense but the present, without + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +an auxiliary, as did, +shall, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Seignior</b>—sēnyur, not sānyor.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Seine</b>—sēn, not sān. A net +for catching fish.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Senile</b>—sēnīle, not sĕnīle. +Pertaining to old age.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Separate</b>, not <i>seperate</i>. The +loss of the a is not noticed +in the pronunciation, but +the mistake frequently occurs +in writing this word +as it does in the words <b>inseparable</b>, +<b>inseparableness</b>, +<b>separation</b>, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Servile</b>—srvĭl, not srvīle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Set.</b> Noun. There are +many who incorrectly use +<i>sett</i> in writing of a <i>set</i> of +dishes, a <i>set</i> of chess-men, +a <i>set</i> of teeth, or of some +other collection of things +of the same kind. A <b>sett</b> +is a piece placed upon the +head of a pile for striking +upon, when the pile can +not be reached by the +weight or hammer.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Set</b>—<b>Sit.</b> Blunders in the +use of these words are +amongst the most common +we have. <i>Set</i>, as we shall +first consider it, is a transitive +verb, or one in which +the action passes over to an +object. Present tense, <i>set</i>; +imperfect tense and past +participle, <i>set</i>; present participle, +<i>setting</i>. <i>Sit</i> is an +intransitive verb, or one +which has no object after +it. Present tense, <i>sit</i>; imperfect +tense and past participle, +<i>sat</i>; present participle, +<i>sitting</i>.</p> + +<p class="indent">To avoid repetition as +much as possible, I would +refer any one to whom the +explanation here given is +not perfectly clear, to the +rules and remarks under +<b>Lay</b> and <b>Raise</b>, which are +equally applicable here. +"Will you <i>set</i> on this +chair?" should be, "Will +you <i>sit</i> on this chair?" +"Will you <i>set</i> this <i>chair</i> +in the other room?" is +correct. "I <i>set</i> for my +picture yesterday," should +be, "I <i>sat</i>," etc. "This +hat <i>sets</i> well," should be, +"This hat <i>sits</i> well." +"Court <i>sets</i> next month," +should be, "Court <i>sits</i> next +month." "The hen has +been <i>setting</i> for a week," +should be, "The hen has +been <i>sitting</i>," etc. "As +cross as a <i>setting</i> hen," +should be, "As cross as a +<i>sitting</i> hen." But a person +may <i>set</i> a hen; that is, +place her in position on +eggs. One <i>sits</i> up in a +chair, but he <i>sets</i> up a +post. One <i>sits</i> down on +the ground, but he <i>sets</i> +down figures. <i>Set</i> is also +an intransitive verb and +has special meanings attached +to it as such, but +they may be readily understood + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +by a little study +of the dictionary, and no +confusion need arise. The +sun <i>sets</i>. Plaster of Paris +<i>sets</i>. A setter dog <i>sets</i>. +One <i>sets</i> out on a journey. +<i>Sit</i> may also be used in +two senses as a transitive +verb, as: "The general +<i>sits</i> his horse well," and +"The woman <i>sat</i> herself +down."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sew</b>—sō, not sū.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Shampoo</b>, not <i>shampoon</i>. +<b>Shampooing.</b> Written also +<b>champoo</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Shekel</b>—shĕkel, not shēkel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Shumac</b>—shūmak, not shū-mak. +Written also <b>sumac</b> +and <b>sumach</b>, both accented +on the first syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sick</b> <i>of</i>, not sick <i>with</i>, as sick +<i>of</i> a fever.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sienna</b>—si-ĕnna, not <i>senna</i>, +when paint is meant. <b>Senna</b> +is a plant used as medicine.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Simultaneous</b>—sī-mul-tāne-ous, +not sĭmul-tāne-oŭs. +<b>Simultaneously</b> (sī-mul-tāne-ous-ly), +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Since</b>, not <i>sence</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sinecure</b>—sīne-cure, not +sĭne-cure. An office which +yields revenue without labor.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sit.</b> See <b>Sat</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Slake</b>—slāke, not slăk, when +the word is spelled as +given, as: <i>slaked</i> lime, to +<i>slake</i> one's thirst, etc. If +spelled <b>slack</b>, the ordinary +pronunciation is right.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Slough</b>—slow, not slōō nor +slō. A mudhole. Written +<b>sloo</b> (slōō) also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Slough</b>—slŭf, not as above. +The cast skin of a serpent. +Dead flesh which separates +from the living. The verb +expressing this action is +pronounced the same.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sobriquet</b>—so-bri-kā, not +written <i>soubriquet</i>. Worcester +pronounces it sŏbrē-kā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Soften</b>—sŏffn, not sawften.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sonnet</b>—sŏnnet, not sŭnnet.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Soot</b>—sōōt or sŏŏt, not sŭt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Soporific</b>—sŏp-o-rĭfik, not +sō-por-ĭfik.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sotto voce</b>—sŏttō vōchā, +not sŏtto vōs nor sŏttō +vōsē.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Souse</b>—souss, not sowze. +To plunge into water.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Spasmodic</b>, not <i>spasmotic</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Spectacles</b>—spĕkta-kls, not +spĕktĭkels.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Spermaceti</b>—sperm-a-sētĭ, +not sperm-a-ĭty.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Spider</b>, not <i>spiter</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Splenetic</b>—splĕne-tic, not +sple-nĕtic. Fretful; peevish.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Spoliation</b>—spō-li-ātion, +not spoil-ation.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Spurious</b>—spūri-ous, not +spŭri-oŭs. <b>Spuriously</b> +(spūri-ous-ly), etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Statical</b>—stăti-cal, not stāti-cal. +Pertaining to bodies +at rest.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span><b> + Stationery</b>, not <i>stationary</i>, +when paper, envelopes, ink, +etc., are meant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Statue</b>, not <i>statute</i>, when a +carved image is meant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Statute</b>, not <i>statue</i>, when a +law or decree is meant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Stearine</b>—stēa-rĭn, not stĕrĭn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Stereoscope</b> (stēre-o-scope), +<b>Stereotype</b> (stēre-o-type), +etc., according to Webster; +and stĕre-o-scope, stĕr-e-o-type, +etc., according to +Worcester.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Stolid</b>—stŏlid, not stōlid. +Stupid; dull.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Stratum</b>—strātum, not +strătum. <b>Strata</b> (strāta), +the Latin plural is used +much more than the English +<b>stratums</b>. Errors like +"a <i>strata</i> of gravel," are +also not infrequently +heard.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Strategic</b>—stra-tējik, not +străte-jĭk. <b>Strategical</b> +(stra-tēji-cal) and <b>strategist</b> +(străte-jist). Worcester +gives stra-tĕjic and +stra-tĕji-cal.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Strum</b> or <b>Thrum</b> should be +used, and not <i>drum</i>, when +the noisy and unskillful +fingering of a musical instrument +is meant.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Stupendous</b>—stu-pendŭs, +not stu-pĕnjŭs nor stu-pĕnde-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Suavity</b>—swăvĭ-ty, not +swvĭ-ty nor suăvi-ty.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Subtraction</b>, not <i>substraction</i>, +when the act of deducting +is meant. <b>Substraction</b> +is a law term meaning the +withholding of some right, +for which, however, the +word <i>subtraction</i> is also +used. <b>Subtract</b>, not <i>substract</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Subtile</b>—sŭbtĭl, not sŭttle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Subtle</b>—sŭttle, not sŭbtle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Suffice</b>—sŭf-fīz, not sŭf-fīs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Suicidal</b>—sū-i-sīdal, not sū-ĭsi-dal. +Worcester placed +the principal accent on the +first syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Suite</b>—sweet, not sūte. +When the word <b>suit</b> is +used, however, the latter +pronunciation is correct.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sulphurous</b>—sŭlphur-ŭs, +not sul-phūrŭs nor sŭl-phūre-us. +<b>Sulphureous</b> +is another word.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Summoned</b>, not <i>summonsed</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Supersede</b>, <b>superseded</b>, <b>superseding</b>. +Observe the +s in the penultimate. It is +a common error to write +<i>supercede</i>, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Supposititious</b>—sup-pos-i-tĭshus, +not sup-po-sĭshus. +Put by a trick in the place +of another, as, a <i>supposititious</i> +child, a <i>supposititious</i> +record.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Surtout</b>—sŭr-tōōt, not sŭr-towt +nor sŭrtōōt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Swath</b>—swawth, not swawthe. +Worcester gives swŏth. +The sweep of the scythe +in mowing.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>T.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tabernacle</b>—tăber-na-cle, +not tăber-năkcle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tapestry</b>—tăpes-try, not +tāpĕs-try.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tarlatan</b>—trla-tan, not +trltun. <b>Tartan</b> is a different +material.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tarpaulin</b>—tr-pawlin, not +tr-pōlin. Written also +<b>tarpauling</b> and <b>tarpawling</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tartaric</b>—tar-tăric, not tar-tric. +Pertaining to or +obtained from tartar, as +<i>tartaric</i> acid.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tassel</b>—tăssel, not tawsel. +Worcester gives tŏssl also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tatterdemalion</b>—tăt-ter-de-mălion, +not tăt-ter-de-mālion.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Telegraphy</b>—te-lĕgra-phy, +not tĕle-grăph-y.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Telegraphist</b>—te-lĕgra-phist, +not tele-grăph-ist. +A telegraphic operator. +No such word as <i>telegrapher</i> +is given.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Terpsichorean</b>—terp-sĭk-o-rēan, +not terp-si-kōre-an. +Relating to <b>Terpsichore</b> +(terp-siko-re), the muse +who presided over dancing.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tete-a-tete</b>—tāt--tāt, not +teet--teet.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Theatre</b> or <b>theater</b>—thēa-ter, +not the-āter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Threshold</b>—thrĕshōld, not +thrĕzōld nor thrĕzhold. +Worcester gives thrĕshhold.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Thyme</b>—tīm, not as spelled.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tic-douloureux</b>—tĭkdōō-lōō-rōō, +not -dŏl-o-rōō +nor -dō-lō-rōō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tiny</b>—tīny, not teeny nor +tĭny.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tolu</b>—to-lū, not tūlū.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tomato</b>—to-māto or to-mto, +not to-măto.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Topographic</b>—tŏp-o-graphic, +not tō-po-grăphic. +<b>Topographical</b> and <b>topographically</b> +have also the +short o in the first syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tour</b>—tōōr, not towr.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tournament</b>—trna-ment +according to Webster. Worcester +gives tōōrna-ment +also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Toward</b> and <b>towards</b>—tō-ward +and tōwardz, not to-ward +and to-wardz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tragacanth</b>—trăga-kănth, +not trăja-sĭnth nor trăga-sănth. +A gum used for +mucilage.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Traverse</b>—trăverse, not +tra-verse. <b>Traversable</b>, +<b>traversing</b> and <b>traversed</b> +have also the accent on +the first syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tremendous</b>—tre-mĕndŭs, +not tre-mĕnde-ŭs nor tre-mĕnjŭs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Trilobite</b>—trīlo-bīte, not +trĭlo-bīte nor trŏllo-bīte, +as it is often called.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Troche</b>—trōkee, not trōsh, +trōshe, trōke nor trŏtch. +Plural, <b>troches</b> (trōkeez). +A lozenge composed of sugar, +mucilage and medicine, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +as: <i>bronchial troches</i>. +<b>Trochee</b>—trōkee, is a +foot in poetry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Truculent</b>—trūku-lent, not +trŭku-lent.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Truths</b>—truths, not truthz, +is the plural of <b>truth</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tryst</b>—trĭst, not trīst. An +appointment to meet. +<b>Tryster</b> (trĭster), <b>trysting</b> +(trĭsting).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Turbine</b>—trbĭn, not tr-bīne. +A kind of water +wheel.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>U.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Umbrella</b>—um-brĕlla, not +um-ber-rĕl nor um-ber-rĕlla.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Upas</b>—ūpăs, not ūpaw nor +ūpawz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Usurp</b>—yū-zurp, not yū-surp. +<b>Usurper</b> (yū-zurper), +etc.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>V.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Vagary</b>—va-gāry, not vā-ga-ry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Valenciennes</b>—va-lĕnsi-ĕnz, +not văl-ĕn-seenz. A +French lace.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Valleys</b>, not <i>vallies</i>, is the +plural of <b>valley</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Vamos</b> (vmōs), or <b>vamose</b> +(va-mōse), not vam-moos. +To depart. (Inelegant.)</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Vase</b>, according to Webster; +vāse or vāze, according to +Worcester. The pronunciations +vz and vawz are +alluded to but not recommended.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Vehemence</b>—vēhe-mence, +not ve-hēmence nor ve-hĕmence. +<b>Vehemently</b> +and <b>vehement</b> have also +the accent on the first syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Vermicelli</b>—-vr-me-chĕl-lĭ +or vr-me-sĕllĭ, not vr-me-sĭlly. +Worcester sanctions +the first method only.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Veterinary</b>—vĕter-ĭn-a-ry, +not ve-tĕrin-a-ry.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Vicar</b>—vĭkar, not vīkar. +<b>Vicarage</b> and <b>vicarship</b> +have also the short i in the +first syllable.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Violent</b> (vīo-lent), <b>violence</b> +(vīo-lence), <b>violet</b> (vīo-let), +<b>violin</b> (vī-o-lĭn), etc., +not voio-lent, voio-lence, +voio-let, voi-o-lin, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Viscount</b>—vīkount, not vĭskount. +<b>Viscountess</b> (vīkountess), +etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Visor</b>—vĭzor, not vīzor.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>W.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Wake</b>, etc. <i>Wake</i> is both a +transitive and an intransitive +verb. Present tense, +<i>wake</i>; imperfect and past +participle, <i>waked</i>; present +participle, <i>waking</i>. <i>Awake</i> +is also both transitive and +intransitive. Present, +<i>awake</i>; imperfect, <i>awoke</i> or +<i>awaked</i>; participles, <i>awaked</i> +and <i>awaking</i>. <i>Awaken</i> is +another verb, both transitive +and intransitive. Present, +<i>awaken</i>; imperfect and + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +past participle, <i>awakened</i>; +present participle, <i>awakening</i>. +Thus it is seen that +we have a great many +words to express the fact +of <i>being</i> in a conscious +state, and the arousing of +a person who is asleep. +With a little attention +there is no reason for committing +an error in the +use of these words. One +may say that he <i>waked</i>, +<i>awoke</i>, or <i>awakened</i> early +in the morning, but it is +wrong to say that he <i>woke</i> +in the morning, or that he +<i>woke</i> another; for there is +no such word as <i>woke</i>. "I +<i>wakened</i> at five o'clock," +should be, "I <i>awakened</i> at +five o'clock;" for there is +no such word as <i>wakened</i>. +<i>Up</i> is used only with <i>wake</i>, +<i>waked</i> and <i>waking</i>, but +even then it is one of our +most senseless superfluities. +There is no stronger +meaning in the assertion +that a man was <i>waked up</i>, +than that he was <i>waked</i> or +<i>awakened</i>. If <i>waking up</i> +meant to <i>wake</i> and make +<i>get up</i>, it would be different, +but it does not. One +may be <i>waked up</i> and it is +just as likely that he will +go to sleep again as if +he were simply <i>awakened</i>. +<i>Awake</i> and <i>awaken</i> are +more elegant words than +<i>wake</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Wassail</b>—wŏssĭl, not wăssĭl. +A festive occasion, +carousal, the song sung at +such a time, etc. The verb +and the adjective are +spelled and pronounced +similarly.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Water</b>—wawter, not wŏter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Welsh</b>, not <i>Welch</i>. The latter +word is seldom used. +<b>Welshman</b>, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Whinny</b>, not <i>winny</i>, when the +cry of a horse is spoken of.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Whisk</b>, not <i>whist</i>, when +a small hand-broom is +meant. <b>Wisp</b>, however, +is a proper word, meaning +the same thing.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Whiting</b> is preferable to +<i>whitening</i>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Widow.</b> It is not necessary +to say <i>widow woman</i>; no +one will suspect her of +being a man.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Wrestle</b>—rĕsl, not răssl.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>Y.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Yacht</b>—yŏt, not yăt. <b>Yachting</b> +(yŏting), etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Yeast</b>—yēst, not ēst.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Yellow</b>—yĕllō, not yăllō.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>Z.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Zoology</b>—zo-ŏlo-jy, not zōō-ŏlo-jy. +<b>Zoological</b> (zo-o-lŏji-cal), etc.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> +<h2>SCRIPTURAL, MYTHOLOGICAL AND<br /> +OTHER PROPER NAMES.</h2> + +<p>In the vocabulary just completed, it has been the +design to point out the majority of errors occurring +in the pronunciation of the words usually selected by +people of fair or excellent education to carry on ordinary +English discourse. In the portion of the +work now under consideration, nothing like such +thoroughness is contemplated.</p> + +<p>After a moment's reflection, it will appear to any +one, that to mention the thousands upon thousands +of proper names, the erroneous pronunciation of +which is rather to be expected than the correct, +would require an elaborate volume. Every one who +has striven to become a fine orthoepist has longed +for the ability to comprehend the pronunciation of +that myriad of names, any one of which is apt to +confront him in any book or paper he may chance +to pick up. But to become a proficient in this respect +would require years of study and a knowledge +of the principles of many foreign languages.</p> + +<p>Amongst geographical names, for example, who +but the specially instructed would think of pronouncing + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +correctly <i>Goes</i> (<span class="smcap">h</span>ŏŏce), <i>Gelves</i> +(<span class="smcap">h</span>ĕlvĕs) +or <i>Jalapa</i> (<span class="smcap">h</span>-lp); or amongst biographical +names, <i>Gaj</i> (gī), <i>Geel</i> (<span class="smcap">h</span>āl) or <i>Geijer</i> (gī'er).</p> + +<p>It is fortunate for the reputation of those who bear +the name of being good scholars, that errors in the +pronunciation of most proper names are excusable, +which is not the case with the mistakes that have +before been laid down. But there are some proper +names, of such constant occurrence in daily lectures, +reading and conversation, that errors connected with +them are not to be overlooked. It is the intention +here, simply to call attention to the more common of +these, and to lead the reader to appreciate the fact +that if one depends upon the usual power of the English +letters to gain a correct pronunciation of +proper names, he will be more often led astray than +otherwise.</p> + +<p>The Authorities consulted are the best—Webster, +Worcester, Lippincott's Universal Pronouncing Dictionary +of Biography and Mythology and Lippincott's +Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World.</p> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> +<h2>SCRIPTURAL NAMES.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Abednego</b>—a-bĕdne-gō, not +ăb-ĕd-nēgo.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Abiathar</b>—a-bīa-thar, not +ab-i-āthar.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Adonibezek</b>—a-dŏn-i-bēzĕk, +not a-dŏni-be-zek.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Adonijah</b>—ad-o-nījah, not +a-dŏni-jah.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Agee</b>—ăge-ē, not ājē.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ahasuerus</b>—a-hăs-u-ērus, +not a-haz-u-ĕrus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aijalon</b>—ăja-lon, not āja-lon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Akrabattine</b>—ăk-ra-băt-tīne, +not ăk-ra-băti-ne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alpheus</b>—ăl-phēus, not ălphe-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Amasai</b>—a-măsa-ī, not ăm-a-sāī.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Andronicus</b>—an-dron-īcus, +not an-drŏni-cus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Antiochia</b>—an-ti-o-kīa, not +an-ti-ōkia.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ararat</b>—ăra-răt, not āra-răt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Arimathea</b>—ări-ma-thēa, +not ăr-i-māthe-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aristobulus</b>—ăr-is-to-būlus, +not ar-is-tŏbu-lus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aroer</b>—ăro-er, not a-rōer.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aroerite</b>—ăro-er-īte, not +a-rōer-ĭte.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Asarael</b>—a-săra-el, not az-a-rāel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Asmodeus</b>—az-mo-dēus, not +az-mōde-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Beelzebub</b>—be-ĕlze-bub, +not bĕlze-bub.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Belial</b>—bēli-al, not be-līal.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bethhaccerem</b>—bĕth-hăkse-rem, +not beth-hăsse-rem.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bethphage</b>—bĕthpha-jē, not +bĕthphāje.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bethuel</b>—be-thūel, not +bĕthu-el.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cainan</b>—ka-īnan, not kānan.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cherub</b> (a city)—kērub, not +chĕrub.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chittim</b>—kĭttim, not chĭttim.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chloe</b>—klōe, not klō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Crates</b>—krātēz, not krātz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cyprians</b>—sĭpri-anz, not +sīpri-anz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Delilah</b>—dĕli-lah, not de-līlah.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ecbatana</b>—ek-băta-na, not +ek-ba-tāna.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Eloi</b>—e-lōī not ēloi.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Esther</b>—ĕster, not ĕsther.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Eumenes</b>—ūme-nēz, not +ū-mēnēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> + <b>Gennesaret</b>—gĕn-nĕsa-rĕt, +not jĕn-nĕsa-ret.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gerar</b>—geĕrar, not jērar.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Idumea</b>—ĭd-u-mēa, not ī-du-mēa.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Iturea</b>—ĭt-u-rēa, not ī-tu-rēa.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jacubus</b>—ja-kūbus, not jăku-bus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jadau</b>—ja-dāu, not jăda-u.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jairus</b> (Old Test.)—jāi-rus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jairus</b> (New Test.)—jā-īrus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jearim</b>—jēa-rĭm, not je-ārim.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jeiel</b>—je-īel, not jēel nor +jīel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jephthae</b>—jĕphtha-ē, not +jĕphtha.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jeshohaiah</b>—jĕsh-o-ha-īah, +not jĕsh-o-hāyah.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Keilah</b>—kēlah, not kīlah +nor ke-īlah.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Kolaiah</b>—kŏl-a-īah, not kŏl-āyah.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Labana</b>—lăba-na, not la-bāna.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lebanah</b>—lĕba-nah, not le-bānah.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Magdalene</b>—măg-da-lēne, +not măgda-lēne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mahalath</b>—māha-lath, not +ma-hālath.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mardocheus</b>—mar-do-kēus, +not mar-dōke-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Matthias</b>—măth-thīas, not +măththi-as.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Meremoth</b>—mĕre-moth, not +me-rēmoth.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Meshach</b>—mēshăk, not +mĕshak.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Methuselah</b>—me-thūse-lah, +not mĕth-ūze-lah.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Moosias</b>—mo-o-sīas, not +mōsi-as.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nebuchadnezzar</b>—nĕbu-kăd-nezzar, +not ne-bŭkkad-nezzar.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Orthosias</b>—r-tho-sīas, not +r-thōsi-as.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Othonias</b>—ŏth-o-nīas, not +ŏth-ōni-as.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Oziel</b>—ōzi-el, not ō-zīel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Penuel</b>—pe-nūel, not pĕnū-el.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Perseus</b>—prsūs, not prse-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pethuel</b>—pe-thūel, not +pĕthu-el.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Phanuel</b>—pha-nūel, not +phănu-el.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pharaoh</b>—phārō or phāra-ō, +not phărō nor phăra-ō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Philippi</b>—phĭ-lĭppi, not +phĭllip-pi.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Philistine</b>—phĭ-lĭstĭn, not +phĭlĭs-tīne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pontius</b>—pŏnshĭ-us, not +pŏnti-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Raguel</b>—ra-gūel, not răgu-el.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sabachthani</b>—sā-băk-thānī, +not sa-băktha-nī.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sathrabuzanes</b>—săth-ra-bu-zānēz, +not săth-răbu-zānz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Shabbethai</b>—shăb-bĕtha-ī, +not shăb-bĕth-āī</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Shadrach</b>—shādrăk, not +shădrăk. </p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> + <b>Shemiramoth</b>—she-mĭra-moth, +not shĕm-i-rāmoth.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Shemuel</b>—she-mūel, not +shĕmū-el.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sinai</b>—sīā, not sīnā-ī.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Zaccheus</b>—zak-kēus, not +zăkke-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Zerubbabel</b>—zē-rŭbba-bel, +not ze-rub-bābel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Zipporah</b>—zĭp-pōrah, not +zĭppo-rah.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> +<h2>GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES—MYTHOLOGICAL,<br /> +ETC.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Acton</b>—ăk-tēon, not ăkte-on.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Adonis</b>—a-dōnis, not a-dŏnis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alcides</b>—ăl-sīdēz, not ălsi-dēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Amphion</b>—ăm-phīon, not +ămphi-on.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Amphitrite</b>—ăm-phi-trīte, +not ămphi-trīte nor am-phĭtri-te.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Anabasis</b>—a-năba-sis, not +an-a-bāsis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Antiope</b>—ăn-tīo-pe, not ănti-ōpe +nor ăn-ti-ōpe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Anubis</b>—a-nūbis, not ănu-bis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Arion</b>—a-rīon, not āri-on.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aristides</b>—ar-is-tīdēz, not +ar-ĭsti-dēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aristogiton</b>—a-ris-to-jīton, +not ar-is-tŏji-ton.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Belides</b> (singular, masculine)—bĕ-līdēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Belides</b> (plural, female descendants +of Belus)—bĕl-i-dēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bellerophon</b>—bel-lĕro-phon, +not bel-ler-ōphon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cculus</b>—sĕku-lus, not sēku-lus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Calliope</b>—kal-līo-pe, not +kal-li-ōpe nor kălli-ōpe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Caucasus</b>—kawka-sus, not +kaw-kāsus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Charon</b>—kāron, not chāron +nor chăron.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chronea</b>—ker-o-nēa, not +cher-o-nēa.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chimera</b>—ke-mēra, not +kĭmer-a nor chī-mĕra.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Codrus</b>—kōdrus, not kŏdrus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Corcyra</b>—kor-sīra, not +korsi-ra.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Coriolanus</b>—ko-ri-o-lānus, +not kor-i-ŏla-nus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Crete</b>—krēte, not kreet.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cyclades</b>—sĭkla-dēz, not +sīkla-dēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cyclops</b>—sīklops, not sĭklops.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cyclopes</b>—sīklo-pēz, not +sīklōps.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cyrene</b>—sī-rēne, not +sĭ-rēne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cyzicus</b>—sĭzi-kus, not sĭ-zīkus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Danaides</b>—da-nāĭ-dez, not +da-nīdez.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Darius</b>—da-rīus, not dāri-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> + <b>Deianira</b>—de-ī-an-īra, not +de-yan-īra.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Diodorus</b>—dī-o-dōrus, not +dī-ŏdo-rus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Diomedes</b>—dī-o-mēdēz, not +dī-ŏme-dēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dodonus</b>—do-do-nēus, not +do-dōne-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Echo</b>—ēko, not ĕkko.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Endymion</b>—en-dĭmi-on, not +en-dīmi-on.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Epirus</b>—e-pīrus, not ĕpi-rus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Erato</b>—ĕra-to, not e-rāto.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Eumenes</b>—ūme-nēz, not +ū-mēnēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Euripus</b>—ū-rīpus, not ūri-pus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Eurydice</b>—ū-rĭdi-se, not +ūri-dīce nor ū-ri-dīse.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ganymedes</b>—gan-ĭ-mēdēz, +not gan-ĭ-mēdz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Geryon</b>—jērĭ-on, not je-rīon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Halcyone</b>—hăl-sīo-ne, not +hălsi-ōne nor hal-si-ōne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hebe</b>—hēbe, not hēb.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hecate</b>—hĕka-te or hĕkat, +not hēkāte.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hecuba</b>—hĕku-ba, not he-kūba.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Helena</b>—hēlen-a, not he-lēna.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hermione</b>—-hĕr-mīo-ne, not +hĕrmi-ōne nor hĕr-mi-ōne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Herodotus</b>—he-rŏdo-tus, +not her-o-dōtus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hiero</b>—hīer-o, not hī-ēro.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hippocrene</b>—hip-po-krēne, +not hip-pŏkre-ne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hippodromus</b>—hip-pŏdro-mus, +not hip-po-drōmus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Icarus</b>—ĭka-rus, not īk-ā-rus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Iolaus</b>—ī-o-lāus, not ī-ōla-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Iphiclus</b>—ĭphi-klus, not ĭph-īklus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Iphigenia</b>—ĭph-i-je-nīa, not +ĭph-i-jēni-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Irene</b>—ī-rēne, not ī-rēne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ithome</b>—i-thōme, not ītho-me.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lachesis</b>—lăke-sis, not la-kĕsis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Laocoon</b>—la-ŏko-on,not lā-o-kōōn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lethe</b>—lēthe, not lēth.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Leucothoe</b>—lū-kŏtho-e, not +lū-kōtho-e nor lū-ko-thōe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Libitina</b>—lĭb-i-tīna, not li-bĭti-na.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lycaon</b>—lī-kāon, not lĭka-on.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lyceus</b>—lī-sēus, not lĭse-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Meleager</b>—mē-le-āger, not +me-le-ājer nor me-lēa-jer.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Meroe</b>—mĕro-e, not me-rōe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mitylene</b>—mĭt-ĭ-lēne, not +mĭti-lēne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Myrmidones</b>—myr-mĭdo-nēz, +not myrmĭ-dōnz nor +myr-mĭ-dōnēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Naiades</b>—nā-īa-dēz, not +nāa-dēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nemesis</b>—nĕme-sis, not ne-mēsis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nereides</b>—ne-rēi-dēz, not +nēryi-dēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nereus</b>—nērūs, not ne-rēus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> + <b>Nica</b>—ni-sēa, not nĭse-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nundina</b>—nŭndi-na, not +nun-dīna.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Oceanus</b>—o-sēa-nus, not +o-se-ānus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ocypete</b>—o-sĭpe-te, not o-si-pēte.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Œdipus</b>—ĕdi-pus, not ēdi-pus +nor e-dīpus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Opigena</b>—o-pĭje-na, not op-i-jēna.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Orion</b>—o-rīon, not ōri-on.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pactolus</b>—pak-tōlus, not +păkto-lus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Palmon</b>—pa-lēmon, not +păle-mon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Parrhasius</b>—par-rāshe-us, +not par-răsi-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pasiphae</b>—pa-sĭpha-e, not +păs-i-phāe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pegasus</b>—pĕga-sus, not pe-gāsus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Penelope</b>—pe-nĕlo-pe, not +pĕne-lōpe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Phlegethon</b>—phlĕje-thon, +not phlĕge-thon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pleiades</b>—plēya-dĕz not +plēyădz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Polyphemus</b>—pol-y-phēmus, +not po-lĭphe-mus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Priapus</b>—prī-āpus, not prīa-pus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Proserpine</b>—prŏser-pīne, +not pro-sĕrpi-ne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rhode</b>—rōde, not rōde.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sarapis</b>—sa-rāpis, not săra-pis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sardanapalus</b>—sar-da-na-pālus, +not sar-dan-ăpa-lus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Semiramis</b>—se-mĭra-mis, +not sĕm-i-rāmis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tereus</b>—tēre-us, not te-rēus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Terpsichore</b>—terp-sīko-re, +not tĕrpsi-kōre.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Theb</b>—thēbe, not thēbe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Theodamas</b>—the-ŏda-mas, +not the-o-dāmas.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Theodamus</b>—the-o-dāmus, +not the-ŏda-mus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Theodotus</b>—the-ŏdo-tus, +not the-o-dōtus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Theodorus</b>—the-o-dōrus, +not the-ŏdo-rus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Thessalonica</b>—thes-sa-lo-nīka, +not thes-sa-lŏni-ka.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Thrace</b>—thrāse, not thrāse.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> +<h2>MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Adam.</b> As an English name +is pronounced ădam; as +French, -dng, as German, +dm.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Annesley</b>—ănzle, not ănnes-le.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Arundel</b>—ărŭn-dĕl, not +a-rŭndĕl.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bacciochi</b>—bt-chōkee, not +băk-ki-ōkee.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Beatrice</b>—bā--treechā or +bēa-treess, not be-ătrĭs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Beethoven</b>—bātō-ven, not +beethō-ven.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Belvedere</b>—bĕl-vā-dārā, not +bĕl-ve-dēre.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Beranger</b> (Fr. Branger)—bā-rŏng-zhā, +not bĕran-jer.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Blucher</b>—blōōker, not blūcher.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Boccaccio</b>—bo-ktcho, not +bŏk-kăsi-o.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Boleyn</b>—bŏŏlĭn, not bōlĭn +nor bō-lĭn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Boniface</b>—bŏne-fass or Fr. +bo-ne-fss, not bŏne-face.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Boucicault</b> or <b>Bourcicault</b>—bōō-se-kō +or bōōr-se-kō, +not bōōse-kawlt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bozzaris</b>—bŏtz-rĭs, not +boz-zăris, as generally +called.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Brown-Sequard</b> (Fr. Squard)—brown-sā-krr, +not see-kward.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Buchanan</b>—bŭk-ănan, not +bū-kănan.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bull, Ole</b>—ōlĕh bŏŏl, not +ōl bŏŏl.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Buonaparte</b>—bōō-o-n-prrtā, +not bōna-prt; +the latter is the allowed +English pronunciation +when spelled <b>Bonaparte</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bysshe</b>—bĭsh, not bĭshshe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cecil</b>—sĕsĭl or sĭsĭl, not +sēsĭl.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cenci</b>—chĕnchee, not sĕnsee.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chevalier</b>—sheh-v-le-ā, +not shev-a-leer.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Crichton</b>—krīton, not krĭkton.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>D'Aubigne</b> (Fr. D'Aubign)—dō-bēn-yā, +not daw-been.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Daubigny</b>—dō-bēn-yē, not +daw-bēny.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Disraeli</b>—dĭz-rāel-e, not +dĭzrel-ee.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Drouyn de Lhuys</b>—drōō-ăng deh lwee.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gillot</b>—zhē-yō, not jĭllot +nor jĭl-lō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> + <b>Giovanni</b>—jo-vnnee, not +je-o-vănnee.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Goethe</b>—pronounced much +like grteh, leaving out +the r; not gŏth nor +gōth.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hemans</b>—hĕmanz, not hēmanz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ingelow</b>—ĭnje-lō, not ĭnge-lō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ivan</b>—e-vn, not īvan.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Juarez</b>—jōō-rĕz or <span class="smcap">h</span>ōō-rĕth, +not jawrĕz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lancelot</b>—lŏngss-lō, not +lănse-lŏt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lavater</b>—lv-ter or l-v-tair, +not lăva-ter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Macleod</b>—măk-lowd, not +mak-lēod.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Marat</b>—m-r, not ma-răt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Marion</b>—mări-on, not māri-on.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Medici</b>—mĕde-chee or māde-chee, +not mĕdi-see nor +me-dēsee.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Minie</b> (Fr. Mini)—me-ne-ā, +not mĭnne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Montague</b>—mŏnta-gū, not +mŏntāg.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Moultrie</b>—mōōtre, not mōltre.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Muhlbach</b>—(Ger. Mhlbach). +The u in the first syllable +of this word is very difficult +for those to pronounce +who are not German or +French, and can not be +well represented in English; +but there is no need +of coming so far from the +mark as is generally done, +especially in the last syllable. +It is not mūlbăk nor +mēlbăk; meulbk is +nearer correct.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mundt</b>—mŏŏnt, not mŭnt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Neumann</b>—noimn, not +nūman.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ovid</b>—ŏvĭd, not ōvid [Ovidius].</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Paganini</b>—p-g-neenee, +not păj-a-nĭnĭ.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pepin</b>—pĕpĭn or pĭpĭn, not +pēpĭn. French pronunciation +peh-păng.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Piccolomini</b>—pēk-ko-lŏme-nee, +not pĭk-ko-lo-meenee.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pliny</b>—plĭny, not plīny [Plinius].</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ponce de Leon</b>—pōnchā +dā lā-ōn, not ponss de +lēon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rachel</b>—r-shĕl, not rāchel +as the English name. +When a German name it +is pronounced rkel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Richelieu</b>—rēshe-lōō, not +rĭche-lōō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rochefort</b>—rosh-for, not +rochfort.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rothschild</b>—roschīld or +rōtshĭlt, not rŏthchīld.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Stael</b>—stl, stawl or st-ĕl, +not stāle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Strauss</b>—strowss, not +strawss.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Taliaferro</b>—tŏli-vĕr, not +tăl-i-fĕrro.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Thiers</b>—te-air, not theers.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> +<h2>MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Abomey</b>—ăb-o-mā, not a-bŏmey +nor a-bōmey.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Acapulco</b>—-k-pōōlko, not +ăk-a-pŭlko.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Adriatic</b>—ăd-ri-ătĭk, not ā-drĭ-ătĭk.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Afghanistan</b>—f-gn-is-tn, +not ăf-găn-ĭstăn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Agulhas</b>—-gōōlys, not a-gŭlhăs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aix-la-Chapelle</b>—ākz-l-sh-pĕl, +not ā-l-shă-pĕl.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alsace</b>—l-sss, not ălsās.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Altai</b>—l-tī, not ltā nor +ltī.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Amherst</b>—ămerst, not ămherst.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Amoor</b>—-mōōr, not ămōōr +nor āmōre.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Antilles</b>—ŏng-teel, not ăn-teelz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Araguay</b>—-r-gwī, not ăra-gwā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aral</b>—ăral, not āral.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Arkansas</b>—r-kănsas, not +rkan-saw nor r-kăn-zaz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Asia</b>—āshe-a, not āzhe-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bantam</b> (Java)—bn-tm, +not băntam.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Barbados</b> or <b>Barbadoes</b>—bar-bādōz, +not brba-dōz. +<b>Barbados</b>, a river of Brazil, +is pronounced bar-bdoce.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bayou</b>—bīōō or bīō, not +bāū.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Belfast</b>—bĕl-făst, not bĕlfăst.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Beloochistan</b>—bĕl-oo-chĭs-tn, +not bĕl-oo-chĭstan.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bingen</b>—bĭngen, not bĭnjen.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bombay</b>—bŏm-bā, not +bŏmbā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bremen</b> (Germany)—brĕmen +or brāmen, not brēmen. +<b>Bremen</b> (U. S.)—brēmen.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Buena Vista</b>—bwān veest +or bōna vĭsta, not būna +vĭsta.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Buenos Ayres</b>—bōnos āriz +or bōnos airz, not būnos +ārz; Spanish pronunciation, +bwānoce īrĕs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cairo</b> (Italy and Egypt)—kīro, +not kāro. <b>Cairo</b> +(U. S.)—kāro.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Calais</b>—kălĭs or k-lā, not +ka-lās.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Canton</b> (China)—kan-tŏn, +not kănton. <b>Canton</b> (U. +S.)—kănton.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> + <b>Cape Girardeau</b>—jee-rr-dō, +not jee-rrdō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Caribbean</b> or <b>Carribbean</b>—kăr-ĭb-bēan, +not ka-rĭbbe-an.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cashmere</b>—ksh-meer, not +kăshmere.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cayenne</b>—kī-ĕn or kā-yĕn, +not kā-ĕn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cheyenne</b>—she-ĕn, not shī-ĕn +nor chā-ĕn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chili</b>—chĭllee, not shēlee.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Christiania</b>—krĭs-te-ne-, +not krĭs-te-āne-a nor krĭs-te-ăna.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chuquisaca</b>—chōō-ke-sk, +not chōō-kwĭsa-k.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cincinnati</b>—sin-sin-nahtĭ, +not sin-sin-nătta.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cochin China</b>—kōchin chīna, +not kŏchin chīna.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Delhi</b> (India)—dĕllee, not +dĕlhī. <b>Delhi</b> (U. S.)—dĕlhī.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dubuque</b>—dū-bōōk, not dū-būk.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fezzan</b>—fĕz-zn, not fĕzzan +nor fĕz-zăn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Freiburg</b>—frībŏŏrg, not +frēburg.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Genoa</b>—jĕno-a, not je-nōa.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gloucester</b>—gloster, not as +spelled. <b>Gloucestershire</b> +(gloster-shir).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Greenwich</b> (England)—grĭnĭdge, +not as spelled. +<b>Greenwich</b> (U. S.)—greenĭch.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Havre de Grace</b>—hăver de +grass, not hāver de grās. +French pronunciation, +hv'r deh grss or v'r +deh grss.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Iowa</b>—īo-wa, not ī-ōwa nor +īo-wā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Java</b> (Island)—jva, not +jăva nor jāva. <b>Java</b> (U. +S.)—jāva.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jeddo</b> (Japan)—yĕddo, not +jĕddo. <b>Jeddo</b> (U. S.)—jĕddo.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Juniata</b>—jōō-ne-ahta, not +jōō-ne-ĕta.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Kankakee</b>—kan-kawkee, +not kang-ka-kee.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ladoga</b>—ldo-g, not la-dōga.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lausanne</b> (Switzerland)—lō-zn, +not law-san. <b>Lausanne</b> +(Pennsylvania)—law-săn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Leicester</b>—lĕster, not as +spelled. <b>Leicestershire</b> +(lĕster-shir).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Leipsic</b> (Saxony)—līpsĭk, +not leepsĭk. <b>Leipsic</b> (U. +S.)—leepsĭk.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Madrid</b> (Spain)—m-drĭd, +not mădrĭd; Spanish pronunciation, +m-<span class="smcap">d</span>ree<span class="smcap">d</span>—almost +ma<span class="smcap">th</span>-ree<span class="smcap">th</span>. +<b>Madrid</b> (U. S.)—mădrid.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mauch Chunk</b>—mawk +chŭnk, not mawch +shunk.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Milan</b>—mĭlan, not mīlan.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Modena</b> (Italy)—mŏden-a, +not mo-dēna. <b>Modena</b> +(U. S.)—mo-dēna.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nantes</b>—năntz, not năntez; +French pronunciation, +nŏngt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> + <b>Neufchatel</b>—nush--tĕl, not +nōōfchăt-el.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Newfoundland</b>—nūfond-land, +not nu-foundland.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Norwich</b> (England)—nŏrrĭj, +not nŏrwich. <b>Norwich</b> +(U. S.)—nŏrwich or nŏrrich.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Otaheite</b>—ō-t-heete, not +ō-ta-heet.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Panama</b>—pn-a-m, not +păna-maw.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Persia</b>—pershe-a, not perzhe-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pesth</b>—pĕst, not pesth; +Hungarian pronunciation, +pĕsht.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Piqua</b>—pĭkwa, not pĭkwā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pompeii</b>—pŏm-pāyee, not +pŏmpe-ī.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Popocatapetl</b>—po-po-k-tā-pĕtl, +not po-po-kăt-a-pētel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Poughkeepsie</b>—po-kĭpsee, +not po-keepsee.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Quebec</b>—kwe-bĕk, not +kwēbek.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Queretaro</b>—kā-rā-tro, not +kwer-e-tāro.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sahara</b>—s-hr or sha-r, +not sā-hāra nor sa-hăra.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>San Diego</b>—sn-de-āgo, not +săn-dī-ēgo.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sangamon</b>—săngga-mon, +not săng-gămon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>San Joaquin</b>—sn-<span class="smcap">h</span>o--keen, +not sănjōa-kwĭn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Shang-Hai</b>—shang-hī, not +shăng-hā nor shăng-hī.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Siam</b>—sī-am or se-am, not +sīam.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sumatra</b>—sōō-mtra, not +sōō-mātra nor sōō-mătra.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Swabia</b>—swābi-a, not swawbe-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Taliaferro</b>—tŏle-ver, not +tăl-ĭ-a-fĕrro.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Toulouse</b>—tōō-lōōz, not +tōō-lōōss.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Truxillo</b>—trōō-<span class="smcap">h</span>eelyo, not +trŭx-ĭllo.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tyrol</b>—tĭrol or te-rŏl, not +tīrol.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ulster</b> (Germany)—ŏŏlster, +not ŭlster. <b>Ulster</b> (Ireland +and U. S.)—ŭlster.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Valenciennes</b>—v-long-se-ĕnn, +not va-lĕn-se-ĕnz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Valparaiso</b> (Chili)—vl-p-rīso, +not văl-pa-rāzo. +<b>Valparaiso</b> (U. S.)—văl-pa-rāzo.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Venezuela</b>—ven-ez-weela or +vā-nĕth-wāl, not ven-ez-ōō-ēla.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Vevay</b>—ve-vā, not vēvā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Vosges</b>—vōzh, not vŏsjez.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Worcester</b>—wŏŏster, not as +spelled. <b>Worcestershire</b> +(wŏŏster-shir).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Wyandot</b> or <b>Wyandotte</b>—wī-an-dott, +not wīan-dŏt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Wyoming</b>—wī-ōming, not +wīo-ming.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Yang-tse-kiang</b>—yng-tse-ke-ng, +not yangste-kīăng.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Yo Semite</b>—yō-seme-te, not +yōse-mīte.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Zanzibar</b>—zn-ze-br, not +zănze-br.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> +<h2>ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ada</b>—āda, not ăda.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Agnes</b>—ăgnēz, not ăgness.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alphonso</b>—al-phonso, not +al-phŏnzo.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Artemas</b>—rte-mas, not r-tēmas.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Augustine</b>—aw-gŭstĭn, not +awgŭs-teen.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Basil</b>—băzil, not bāsil nor +băsil.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bernard</b>—brnard, not br-nard. +<b>Bernard</b> (French)—be<span class="smcap">r</span>-na<span class="smcap">r</span>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cecily</b>—sĕsi-ly, not sēsi-ly.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Chloe</b>—klōe, not klō.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Darius</b>—da-rīus, not dāri-us.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Deborah</b>—dĕbo-rah, not +de-bōrah.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Eben</b>—ĕben, not ēben.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Eleanor</b>—ĕle-a-nor, not ĕlen-or.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Esther</b>—ĕster, not ĕsther.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Eva</b>—ēva, not ĕva.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Frances</b>—frănsez, not frănsess +nor frănsĭs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Giles</b>—jīlz, not gīlz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Hosea</b>—ho-zēa, not hōse-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ivan</b>—ĭvan, not īvan. <b>Ivan</b> +(Russian)—e-vn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Irene</b>—ī-rēne, not ī-reen.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jacqueline</b>—jăque-lĭn, not +jăka-līne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Joan</b>—jō-ăn, not jōan.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Joshua</b>—jŏshu-a, not jŏsha-wā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Leopold</b>—lēo-pōld, not lĕpōld. +<b>Leopold</b> (German)—lā-o-pōlt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lionel</b>—lio-nel, not lī-ōnel.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Louisa</b>—lōō-ēza, not lōō-īza.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Marion</b>—mări-on, not māri-on.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Penelope</b>—pe-nĕlo-pe, not +pĕnel-ōpe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Phebe</b>—phēbe, not pheeb.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Philander</b>—phī-lănder, not +phĭl-ănder.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Philemon</b>—phī-lēmon, not +phĭle-mon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Reginald</b>—rĕj'i-nald, not +rĕgi-nald.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rosalie</b>—rŏza-lē, not rōza-lē.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rosalind</b>—rŏza-lind, not +rōza-lind.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rosamond</b>—rŏza-mond, not +rōza-mond.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rowland</b>—rōland, not rowland.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sigismund</b>—sĭjis-mund, not + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +sĭgis-mund. <b>Sigismund</b> +(German)—see<span class="smcap">g</span>is-mŏŏnt.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Silvester</b>—sĭl-vĕster, not +sĭlvĕs-ter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sophia</b>—so-phīa, not sōphi-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ursula</b>—-rsu-la, not r-sūla.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Viola</b>—-vīo-la, not vī-ōla.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> +<h2>NAMES OF ROMANCE, SOBRIQUETS, ETC.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Achitophel</b>—a-kĭto-phel, +not a-chĭto-phel. A +nickname given to the +Earl of Shaftesbury and +used by Dryden in his +satirical poem of "Absalom +and Achitophel."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Adonais</b>—ăd-o-nāis, not a-dōni-as +nor a-dŏni-as. A +name given to the poet +Keats by Shelley.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Adriana</b>—ăd-ri-ăna, not ā-dri-āna +nor ā-dri-ăna. A +character in the "Comedy +of Errors."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>geon</b>—ē-jēon, not ēje-on. +A Syracusan merchant in +the "Comedy of Errors."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>milia</b>—ē-mĭli-a, not ē-mēli-a. +Wife of geon +in the "Comedy of Errors."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Agramante</b>—-gr-mntā, +not ăgra-mănt unless +written <b>Agramant</b>. King +of the Moors in "Orlando +Furioso."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Agricane</b>—-gre-knā, not +ăgri-kāne. Written also +<b>Agrican</b> (ăgri-kăn). King +of Tartary in "Orlando +Innamorato."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Al Borak</b>—l bŏrak, not +ăl bōrak. An imaginary +animal of wonderful appearance +and fleetness, +with which it was claimed +that Mohammed made a +journey to the seventh +heaven.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alcina</b>—l-chēna, not ăl-sēna. +A fairy in "Orlando +Innamorato."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alciphron</b>—ălsi-phron, not +ăl-sĭphron. The name of +a work by Bishop Berkeley +and of a character in +the same. <b>Alciphron</b> is +also the name of a poem +by Thomas Moore and the +hero of his romance, "The +Epicurean."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Almanzor</b>—al-mănzor, not +ălman-zor. A character +in Dryden's "Conquest of +Granada."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Al Rakim</b>—r r-keem, not +ăl rākim. The dog in the +legend of the "Seven +Sleepers of Ephesus."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Al Sirat</b>—s se-rt, not ăl +si-răt. An imaginary +bridge between this world +and the Mohammedan +paradise.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Angelica</b>—an-jĕli-ka, not + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +an-jel-ka. A princess of +great beauty in "Orlando +Innamorato."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Angelo</b>—ănje-lo, not an-jĕlo. +A prominent character +in "Measure for +Measure." A goldsmith +in the "Comedy of Errors."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Archimago</b>—r-ki-māgo, +not r-chi-māgo nor r-chĭma-go. +A character +in Spenser's "Fary +Queen."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Argalia</b>—a<span class="smcap">r</span>-g-lee, not +r-gāli-a. Brother of +Angelica in "Orlando Innamorato."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Argantes</b>—a<span class="smcap">r</span>-gntess, not +r-găntēz. An infidel +hero in "Jerusalem Delivered."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Asmodeus</b>—ăs-mo-dēus, not +ăz-mōde-us. An evil +spirit.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Baba, Ali</b>—lee bb, not +ăli bāba. A character +in the "Forty Thieves."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Baba, Cassim</b>—kssim +bb, not kăssim bāba. +Brother of Ali Baba.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bajardo</b>—b-e-a<span class="smcap">r</span>do, not +ba-jrdo. Rinaldo's steed +in "Orlando Innamorato."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Balwhidder</b>—bălhwĭth-er, +not bawlwhĭd-der. A +pastor in Galt's "Annals +of the Parish."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Banquo</b>—bănkwo, not +băngko. A Scottish warrior +and a character in +"Macbeth."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bassanio</b>—bas-sni-o, not +bas-sāni-o. Husband of +Portia in "Merchant of +Venice."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Biron</b>—bĭron, not bīron. +A character in "Love's +Labor's Lost."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Boyet</b>—boy-ĕt, not bōyet. +A character in "Love's +Labor's Lost."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bradamante</b>—br-d-mntā, +not brăda-mănt. Sister +to Rinaldo, in "Orlando +Innamorato."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Brunehilde</b>—brōōnā-hĭldā, +not brŭn-hĭldah. Written +also <b>Brunehild</b> (brōōneh-hĭlt).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Carrasco, Sanson</b>—sn-sōn +k<span class="smcap">r</span>-<span class="smcap">r</span>sko, not sănson +kăr-răsko. A character +in "Don Quixote."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cedric</b>—sĕdrik, not sēdrik. +A character in "Ivanhoe."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Clarchen</b>—klĕ<span class="smcap">r</span>ken, not +klrchen. A female +character in Goethe's "Egmont."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Clavileno Aligero</b>—kl-ve-lānyo +-le-<span class="smcap">r</span>āro, not +klăv-i-lēno ăl-i-jēro. A +celebrated steed in "Don +Quixote."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Consuelo</b>—kōng-su-ā-lō, +not kŏn-su-ĕlo. The heroine +of a novel of the same +name by Georges Sand.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Don Adriano Armado</b>—ăd-re-no +r-mdo, not ā-dri-āno +r-mādo. A +character in "Love's Labor's +Lost."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> + <b>Don Cleofas</b>—klēo-fas, not +kle-ōfas. Hero of "The +Devil on Two Sticks."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Don Juan</b>—jūan, not jū-ăn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dulcamara</b>—dŏŏl-k-mr, +not dŭl-sa-māra nor dŭl-ka-māra. +The itinerant +physician in "L'Elisire +d'Amore."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Egeus</b>—ē-jēus, not ēje-us. +The Father of Hermia +in "Midsummer Night's +Dream."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Eyre, Jane</b>—r, not īre.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fata Morgana</b>—ft mo<span class="smcap">r</span>-gn, +not fāta mor-găna.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fatima</b>—făti-ma, not fa-tē-ma. +A female character +in the story of Aladdin, +or the Wonderful Lamp; +also, one of the wives of +Blue Beard.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fidele</b>—fī-dēle, not fī-dēle. +A name assumed by Imogen, +in "Cymbeline."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fra Diavolo</b>—fr de-vo-lo, +not fr de--vōlo.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Genevra</b>—je-nĕvra, not je-nēvra. +<b>Ginevra</b> is pronounced +the same as the +above.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gil Blas</b>—zhēl blss, not jĭl +bl nor jeel blz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gotham</b>—gōtham, not +gŏtham. A name applied +to New York City.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Haidee</b>—hīdee, not hādee. +One of the heroines in +"Don Juan."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Iachimo</b>—yăki-mo, not ī-ăki-mo. +A prominent +character in "Cymbeline."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Iago</b>—e-go, not ī-āgo. One +of the principal characters +in "Othello."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jacques</b>—zhk, not jăkkwĕs. +A character in "As +You Like It."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Klaus, Peter</b>—klowss, not +klawz. The hero of a +German tradition similar +to that of "Rip Van Winkle."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lalla Rookh</b>—lla rōōk, +not lălla rŏŏk. The heroine +of Moore's poem of +the same name.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Laodamia</b>—la-ŏd-a-mīa, +not la-o-dāmi-a. The +wife of Protesilaus slain +by Hector, and the name +of a poem by Wordsworth.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lara</b>—lra, not lāra nor +lăra. The hero and +name of Byron's poem.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Le Fevre</b>—leh fĕvr, not le +fēver. A poor lieutenant +in "Life and Opinions of +Tristram Shandy."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Leonato</b>—lē-o-nto, not lē-o-nāto. +Governor of Messina +in "Much Ado About +Nothing."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mahu</b>—ma-hōō or mhoo, +not māhu. A fiend +spoken of in "King Lear."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Maid of Orleans</b>—rle-anz, +not r-lēnz. Another +name of Joan of Arc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Meister, Wilhelm</b>—vĭlhelm +mīster, not wĭlhelm +mēster. The hero of a +novel by Goethe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mohicans, Last of the</b>—mo-hēkans, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +not mo-hĭshans +nor mōhe-kans.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Montague</b>—mŏnta-gū, not +mon-tāg. A noble family +in "Romeo and Juliet."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Moreno, Don Antonio</b>—n-tōne-o +mō-rāno, not ăn-tōne-o +mō-rēno. A gentleman +in "Don Quixote."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Munchausen</b>—mun-chawsen, +not mun-kawsen. +German, Mnchhausen +(mn<span class="smcap">k</span>-howzen).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Oberon</b>—ŏber-on, not ōber-on. +King of the fairies. +Takes an important +part in "Midsummer +Night's Dream."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ossian</b>—ŏshan, not awsi-an.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Parizade</b>—p-re-zdā, not +pări-zāde. A princess in +"Arabian Nights' Entertainments."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Parolles</b>—pa-rŏlles, not pa-rōlz. +A follower of Bertram +in "All's Well That +Ends Well."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Perdita</b>—prdi-ta, not pr-dīta +nor pr-dēta. A +princess in "Winter's +Tale."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Petruchio</b>—pe-trōōchĭ-o, +not pe-trōōkĭ-o. A principal +character in "Taming +of the Shrew."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pisanio</b>—pĭ-znĭ-o, not pĭ-sānĭ-o. +A character in +"Cymbeline."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Posthumus</b>—pŏsthu-mŭs, +not pōst-hūmŭs. Imogen's +husband in "Cymbeline."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prospero</b>—prŏspe-ro, not +pros-pēro. An important +character in the "Tempest."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rosalind</b>—rŏza-lĭnd, not +rōza-lind. The lady loved +by Orlando in "As You +Like It."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rosaline</b>—rŏza-lĭn or rŏza-līn, +not rōza-leen. A lady +in "Love's Labor's Lost;" +also the name of a lady +loved by Romeo before +Juliet.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rosamond, Fair</b>—rŏza-mond, +not rōza-mond.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rozinante</b>—rŏz-i-nănte, not +rō-zi-nănte. Don Quixote's +famous horse.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ruggiero</b>—rōōd-jāro, not +rŭg-gi-ĕro or rŭj-ji-ēro. +A knight in "Orlando +Furioso."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sakhrat</b>—s<span class="smcap">k</span>-r, not săkrat. +A sacred stone of +great powers, in "Mohammedan +mythology."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Stephano</b>—stĕfa-no, not ste-fāno. +A drunken butler +in "Tempest;" also a servant +of Portia in "Merchant +of Venice."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Titania</b>—tĭ-tāni-a, not tĭ-tăni-a. +The wife of Oberon, +king of the fairies.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tybalt</b>—tĭbalt, not tībalt. +One of the Capulets in +"Romeo and Juliet.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ulrica</b>—ul-rīka, not ŭlri-ka. +An old sibyl in +"Ivanhoe."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> + <b>Ursula</b>—rsu-la, not r-sōōla. +An attendant in +"Much Ado About Nothing."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Viola</b>—vīo-la, not vī-ōla. +The disguised page of +Duke Orsino in "Twelfth +Night."</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> +<h2>ORTHOEPICAL ERRORS OF THE PROFESSIONS.</h2> + +<p>Although errors of speech are at all times to be +deprecated, and are generally criticised without much +leniency, it must be admitted that unless they are +very gross, reasonable excuses are to be taken for +those who have never made their language a subject +of close study, and whose only use of words is entirely +impromptu in the business affairs of life, in +the home circle, or in the social gathering.</p> + +<p>Though a person's descent from Belgravia or Billingsgate +is in a great measure revealed by the propriety +of his discourse, yet this refers principally to +those words that are employed by the masses in the +every-day conversations of life, rather than to technicalities +and words related to particular professions, +the use of which is generally confined to the specially +instructed. But when a man stands forth as an +orator, a teacher, a minister, or a professor of some +college, it is certainly not unreasonable for those +that sit under his instruction, to expect and demand +that his speech should be almost free from errors.</p> + +<p>One occupying such a position may well be excused + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +for occasional embarrassment, poor voice, unpleasant +address, hesitation of delivery, and various +failings and peculiarities that can not be overcome, +but little or no allowance can be made for constantly +repeated errors.</p> + +<p>Probably there has never been a public speaker +so perfect in diction, that he has not in moments of +embarrassment, or when much absorbed in his subject, +been guilty of grammatical inaccuracies or mistakes +of pronunciation; and doubtless he is as often +aware of them as his listeners are, as soon as they +drop from his lips, but it would be foolish to call attention +to them by going back to correct them. But +when these offenses are so glaring and so frequently +repeated that it is evident the speaker knows no better, +it is no wonder that the educated hearer often +thinks that the teacher had better leave his position +and submit to being taught.</p> + +<p>What allowance can an intelligent congregation +make for their minister who has nothing else to do +but prepare his sermons, if, besides a multitude of +common English mistakes, he pronounces more than +half of his scriptural names in a manner that is not +sanctioned by any authority?</p> + +<p>When the orotund medical professor stands up to +address his students, or to engage in the discussions +of a convention, and rolls out technicality after technicality +pronounced in a manner that would be disowned +by the original Latin or Greek, and is totally + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +at variance with established usage, who would not +ask for a little less elegance and a little more education? +If it required a great amount of labor outside +of the usual course of study for professional men to +acquire a knowledge of the pronunciation of words +peculiar to the professions, the subject might be +treated with more tolerance; but as the definitions +and the orthoepy might be so readily learned together +during those years of daily reference to books that +are required before one should be considered competent +to stand as a guide to others, it certainly seems +that they do not properly appreciate the dignity of +their position by thus laying themselves open to public +criticism.</p> + +<p>Many a student, in order to become instructed in +certain branches, has been compelled to reluctantly +sit for months or years at the feet of those that he +felt were far inferior to him in common school education, +hearing hourly such violations of orthoepy +and syntax as would be a discredit to school children. +And, doubtless, many such students have had +such a charity for their teachers that they have +wished to direct their attention to their faults, but +have been restrained on account of the fear of enmity, +expulsion, or of lessening the chances for passing +the final examination.</p> + +<p>The bare thought of being so criticised should be +so galling to any one bearing the dignified title of +"professor," that he ought to be stimulated to endeavor + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +to make himself an authority concerning the +proprieties of speech.</p> + +<p>The study of orthoepy was held in such high esteem +by the accent Greeks, and their delicate ears +were so offended by any violation of its rules, that +if an orator mispronounced a single word, the entire +audience immediately hissed him.</p> + +<p>During the present state of pronunciation it would +indeed be embarrassing to the public speaker, if such +a custom existed in this country. Let us imagine, +for instance, our friend Professor Abdominous Gyncophonus, +with his face ebullient with smiles of +self-conceit, arising to address such an audience. +"Gentlemen: I have listened patiently to this oppo-nent +(<i>hisses</i>) of allo-path-y (<i>hisses</i>) and now arise +to make a few remarks and inquir-ies (<i>hisses</i>). In +answer to his objections against hy-os-cy-āmus +(<i>hisses</i>) as an anodyne and sōpor-if-ic, (<i>hisses</i>) I +would say that in cases of cough and sleeplessness, +I have long used hyoscyamia combined in trōchĕz +(<i>hisses</i>) without any of those effects that the pătron +(<i>hisses</i>) of hōme-o-path-y (<i>hisses</i>) mentions. And +having made almost a specialty of the treatment of +făi-al (<i>hisses</i>) neuralgia or tic-dŏl-o-rōō" (<i>hisses</i>)—and +it would certainly be time for him to dolorously +sit down, although he might raise the question—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"What's in a name? that which we call a rose,</p> +<p>By any other name would smell as sweet,"</p> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> + and argue therefrom that the pronunciation of a word +should make no difference so long as its meaning was +understood. Amongst professional men, it has been +observed that physicians and dentists are by far more +prone than others to orthoepical errors. Attention +is requested to a few of the more common of these +in addition to those found in the preceding vocabulary +connected with words that are alike used by the +professional and the unprofessional, such as: <i>abdomen</i>, +<i>acclimated</i>, <i>albumen</i>, <i>animalcula arabic</i>, <i>citrate</i>, +<i>embryo</i>, <i>excrescence</i>, <i>fetid</i>, <i>fetor</i>, <i>forceps</i>, <i>homeopathy</i>, +<i>hydropathy</i>, <i>jugular</i>, <i>jujube</i>, <i>nasal</i>, <i>pharmacopœia</i>, <i>purulent</i>, +<i>spasmodic</i>, <i>sulphurous</i>, <i>tragacanth</i>, etc. The +authorities appealed to are Dunglison, Thomas, Webster +and Worcester. Notwithstanding the superior +merit of Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, as far as the +comprehensiveness and reliability of its definitions +are concerned, it is evident that it is almost useless +as an orthoepical guide. The principal accent is in +many cases marked, but the pronunciation of preceding +and succeeding syllables can not be determined, +and there is no attempt at syllabication.</p> + +<p>Dr. Thomas' dictionary, though less comprehensive, +is equally reliable in its definitions, and is excellent +authority in regard to orthoepy; though it +is to be regretted that in some words important syllables +are not sufficiently marked. For instance, +take the words <i>as-bestos</i> and <i>bismuth</i>; how can it +be determined whether the first should be pronounced + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +ăs-bĕstoss or ăz-bĕstōz or the latter bĭzmuth +or bĭssmuth? Webster and Worcester are +undoubtedly good authorities for the pronunciation +of the medical words they give. In the following +vocabulary all of the authorities that mention the +words may be considered as agreeing, unless notice +is made of their disagreement.</p> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> +<h2>MEDICAL AND DENTAL WORDS.</h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>[In Latin and Latinized Greek words, the English sounds of the vowels +are given as those used by the majority of professional men. If any +one, however, prefers to adopt the continental method, sounding <i>a</i> as in +<i>father</i>, <i>y</i> and <i>i</i> as <i>e</i> in <i>veto</i>, etc., and consistently applies it to all such +words, no one, of course, has a right to object.]</p> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Adipose</b>—ădi-pōse, not adi-pōze.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ala</b>—āla, not ăla. <b>Al</b>, +plural.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alis</b>—ālĭs, not ălĭs. This +as a termination of many +words, such as <b>abdominalis</b>, +<b>digitalis</b>, <b>frontalis</b>, +<b>lachrymalis</b>, <b>transversalis</b>, +etc., is often erroneously +pronounced ălis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alumen</b>—al-ūmen, not ălu-men.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Alveolus</b>—al-vēo-lus, not +al-ve-ōlus. Plural, <b>alveoli</b> +(al-vēo-lī). <b>Alveolar</b>—(al-vēo-lar). +Alveolus +is the name given to the +<i>cavity</i> in the jaw that is +seen upon the removal of +the root of a tooth, and it +possesses no more tangibility +than a pinch of air; +almost daily, however, we +hear dentists speak of extracting +a tooth with a piece +of the <i>alveolus</i> attached. +What a curiosity for preservation +in a museum is a +tooth with a piece of a little +hole fastened to the root! +What is meant is a piece +of the <i>alveolar process</i>, or +portion of bone around +the alveolus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Anmic</b>—a-nĕmĭk, not a-nēmĭk. +Dunglison gives +the latter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Andral</b>—ŏng-drl, not ăn-dral.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aphth</b>—ăfthē, not ăpthē.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aqua</b>—ākwa, not ăkwa.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Arcus Senilis</b>—se-nīlis, not +sĕni-lis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Areolar</b>—a-rēo-lar, not a-re-ōlar.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Aris</b>—ārĭs, not ăris in the +termination of <b>angularis</b>, +<b>medullaris</b>, <b>palmaris</b>, <b>orbicularis</b>, +<b>pulmonaris</b>, etc.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Asarum</b>—ăsa-rum, not a-sārum.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Asbestos</b>—ăs-bĕstŏss, not +ăz-bĕstōz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> + <b>Attollens</b>—at-tŏllenz, not +at-tōlenz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Azygos</b>—azy-gos, not a-zygos.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bagge</b>—bggeh, not băg.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bimana</b>—bī-māna, not bī-mānĭ-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bismuth</b>—bĭzmuth, not +bĭssmuth.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Bitumen</b>—bĭ-tūmen, not +bĭtu-men.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cadaver</b>—ka-dāver, not +ka-dăver.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Caries</b>—kārĭ-ēz, not kārēz +nor kărrēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Carminative</b>—kar-mĭna-tive, +not karmi-nā-tĭve.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Caryophillus</b>—kăr-ĭ-o-phĭllus, +not kăr-ĭ-ŏphĭl-lus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cerebral</b>—sĕre-bral, not +ser-ēbral.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cerebric</b>—sĕre-bric, not +ser-ēbric.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cerebrum</b>—sĕre-brum, not +ser-ēbrum. Dunglison +gives both.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cerumen</b>—se-rūmen, not +sĕrū-men.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cheyne</b>—chān or cheen, not +shāne.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Choledochus</b>—ko-lĕdo-kus, +not kŏl-e-dōkus nor ko-lĭda-kus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cicatrix</b>—si-kātrix, not +sĭka-trix nor si-kătrix. +Plural, <b>cicatrices</b> (sĭka-trīsēz), +not sĭ-kătrĭ-sēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cimicifuga</b>—sĭm-ĭ-sĭfu-ga, +not sĭm-i-sĭ-fūga nor sĭm-ĭsi-fūga.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cochlea</b>—kŏkle-a, not kōkle-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Conein</b>—ko-nēĭn, not kōne-ĭn.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Conium</b>—ko-nīum, not kōni-um.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cranium</b>—krāni-um, not +krăni-um.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Cynanche</b>—sĭ-nănkē, not +sī-nănchē.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Diastase</b>—dīas-tāse, not dī-astāze.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Diastole</b>—dī-asto-le, not +dīas-tōle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Diploe</b>—dĭplo-e, not dip-lōe.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dulcamara</b>—dul-ka-māra, +not dul-sa-māra. Webster +gives dul-kama-ra +also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Duodenum</b>—du-o-dēnum, +not du-ŏde-num.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Dyspnœa</b>—dĭsp-nēa, not +dĭs-nēa.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Emesis</b>—ĕme-sis,not em-ēsis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Epiploon</b>—e-pĭplo-on, not +ep-ip-lōon.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Facial</b>—fāshal, not făshi-al.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Foramen</b>—fo-rāmen, not +fo-rămen.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Fungi</b>—funjī not fungī. +Plural of <b>fungus</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Galbanum</b>—gălba-num, not +gal-bānum.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Gingiva</b>—jĭn-jīva, not jĭnji-va.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Glenoid</b>—glēnoid, not +glĕnoid.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Glutus</b>—glūt-us, according +to Webster. The rest +give glū-tus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Helleborus</b>—hel-lĕbo-rus, +not hel-le-bōrus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> + <b>Hyoscyamus</b>—hī-os-sīa-mus, +not hī-os-sy-ămus +nor hi-os-sy-āmus. <b>Hyoscyamine</b> +(hī-os-sīa-mĭn).</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Impetigo</b>—ĭm-pe-tīgo, not +ĭm-pĕti-go.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Incisive</b>—ĭn-sīsĭv, not in-sĭsive.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Iodoform</b>—ī-ŏdo-form, not +ī-ōdo-form. Dunglison +gives īo-do-form.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Itis.</b> According to Webster +and Worcester this termination +is pronounced +ītĭs in <b>bronchitis</b>, <b>pleuritis</b>, +<b>gastritis</b>, etc. Thomas +and Dunglison do not specify, +but the inference is +that they intend the same. +It is, however, so generally +pronounced ētis, that +many would object to the +attention attracted by calling +it ītis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Jejunum</b>—je-jūnum, not +jĕju-num.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Juniperus</b>—ju-nĭpe-rus, not +jūni-per-us nor ju-ni-pērus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Laudanum</b>—lawda-num, +not lŏda-num.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lentigo</b>—len-tīgo, not lĕnti-go.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Lepra</b>—lĕpra, not lēpra. +Dunglison gives the latter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Leuwenhoek</b>—lōōen-hŏŏk +or l<span class="smcap">u</span>hwen-hŏŏk (U as in +fur), not lōōwen-hōke.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Levator</b>—le-vātor, not le-vător.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Liquor</b> (Latin)—līkwor, not +lĭkur as in English.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Magendie</b>—m-zhŏng-dē, +not mā-jĕndē.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Malic</b>—mālic, not mălic. +Thomas gives the latter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Matrix</b>—mātrix, not mătrix.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mistura</b>—mĭs-tūra, not mĭstu-ra.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Molecule</b>—mŏle-kūle, not +mōle-kūle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Mollities</b>—mol-lĭshĭ-ēz, not +mŏllĭ-tēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Molybdenum</b>—mŏl-ĭb-dēnum, +not mo-lĭbde-num.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nasmyth</b>—nāsmith, not +năzmĭth.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nicolai</b>—neeko-lī, not nĭko-lā.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Nucleolus</b>—nu-klēo-lus, not +nu-kle-ōlus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Oris</b>—ōrĭs, not ŏris.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Ovale</b>—ō-vāle, not ō-văle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Panizzi</b>—p-nĭtsee or p-nētsee, +not pan-ĭzzy.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pepys</b>—pĕps, not pēpĭs nor +pĕpĭs.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pes Anserinus</b>—pēz an-ser-īnus, +not pĕz an-sĕri-nus. +I once heard a professor +describing the facial nerve +to his class, and he dwelt +upon this plexus for some +time, calling it the "Pons +Asinorum."</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Podagra</b>—pŏda-gra, not +po-dāgra. Worcester gives +po-dăgra also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Podophyllum</b>—-pŏd-o-phylum, +not po-dŏphyl-lum.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> + <b>Process</b>—prŏsess, not prōsess.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Prostate</b>—prostāte, not +prŏstrāte.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Purkinje</b>—pŏŏ<span class="smcap">r</span>kĭn-yeh or +pŏŏrkĭn, not par-kĭnjē.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pylorus</b>—pĭ-lōrus, not pī-lrus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Pyrethrum</b>—pĭre-thrum, +not pī-rēthrum.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Quadrumana</b>—quad-rūma-na, +not quad-ru-mānia.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Rubeola</b>—ru-bēo-la, not ru-be-ōla.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sacrum</b>—sākrum, not săkrum.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sagittal</b>—săjit-tal, not sa-jĭttal. +Danglison gives +the latter.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sanies</b>—sānĭ-ēz, not sānēz +nor sănēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Scabies</b>—scābĭ-ez, not scăbēz +nor scābēz.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Seidlitz</b>—sīdlĭtz, not sĕdlĭtz, +unless spelled <b>Sedlitz</b>.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Sinapis</b>—si-nāpis, not sĭna-pis.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Squamous</b>—skwāmus, not +skwawmus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Systole</b>—sĭsto-le, not sĭstōle.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tinctura</b>—tinc-tūra, not +tinctu-ra.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Titanium</b>—ti-tāni-um, not +ti-tăni-um.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Trachea</b>—tra-kēa or trāke-a, +not trăcke-a.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Tremor</b>—trēmor, not trĕm-or. +Webster allows the +latter also.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Trismus</b>—trissmus, not +trĭzmus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Umbilicus</b>—um-bĭ-līkus, +according to Worcester, +Thomas and Dunglison. +Webster gives um-bili-kus.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Variola</b>—va-rīo-la, not va-ri-ōla.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Veratrum</b>—ve-rātrum, not +ve-rătrum.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Vertebral</b>—vĕrte-bral, not +ver-tēbral.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Virchow</b>—fĭrko, not vrchow +nor vrkow.</p> + +<p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em;"><b>Zinci</b>—zĭnsi, not zinkī.</p> +</div> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> +<h2>SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE.</h2> + +<p>The following extract is from the letter of a friend, to +whom were sent some of the advance pages of this work: +"I am absolutely filled with astonishment to see how many +simple words I have been mispronouncing all my life, and +would have kept on mispronouncing to the end of my days +if my thoughts had not been directed to them. If I were in +your place I would end the book with a story in which all +the words would be used in the course of the narrative. I +can imagine no amusement more instructive or interesting +than for a social party to read in turns, under some penalty +for each mistake."</p> + +<p>I had myself conceived the idea of presenting the words +untrammeled with explanation of the orthoepy, or marks of +accent; but the form was not decided upon.</p> + +<p>The effort to compose a narrative was abandoned after a +fair trial; for to have a plot and also bring the words in natural +position would require a large volume; otherwise, it +made senseless jumble. In the trial sentences given the objects +are gained in small space. Those objects are to allow +readers to exercise the memory and test their friends; and +at the same time to use the words syntactically. It is hoped +that the reader will pardon any absurdities of context; as +they can not be avoided where one is compelled to use so +many selected words, and is obliged to force them into a +small compass.</p> + + +<hr /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> +<h2>MELANGE.</h2> + +<p>The invalid came from <i>Bremen</i> to America and +hoped to be soon <i>acclimated</i>, but was stricken down +with a disease that was not <i>amenable</i> to treatment, +although he had many physicians: <i>allopathists</i>, <i>hydropathists</i> +and <i>homeopathists</i>. He said that the aim +of <i>allopathy</i> was to poison him; of <i>hydropathy</i> to +drown him; and of <i>homeopathy</i> to let him die unaided.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>One of the <i>combatants</i> struck his <i>opponent</i> in the +<i>abdomen</i> with a club, cut off an <i>alder</i> tree; he was +carried under the shade of an <i>ailantus</i> and immediately +expired.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><i>Sophia</i> found the egg under a <i>piony</i> near the <i>shumac</i> +tree; but she broke it in carrying, and spilled +the <i>albumen</i> all over her <i>alpaca</i> dress.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The dose for an <i>adult</i> is a <i>dessert-spoonful</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>It was a plain supper—nothing but <i>aerated</i> bread, +<i>Bologna</i> sausage and <i>radishes</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>He told his <i>demonstrative disputant</i> that he did not +wish to <i>get</i> into an <i>altercation</i>, but it only appeared +to arouse his <i>combativeness</i> still more.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> + Why do you accent the <i>antepenult</i> of <i>espionage</i>?</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>He <i>illustrated</i> his proposition by cutting off the +<i>apex</i> of the figure, and then exhibited his <i>apparatus</i> +for the production of <i>statical</i> electricity.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>Two-thirds <i>gum-arabic</i> and one-third <i>gum-tragacanth</i> +make a good mucilage.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>archbishop</i> dreamed that an <i>archangel</i> came to +him and told him to have his <i>architect</i> send to an island +in the Grecian <i>Archipelago</i> for white marble for +the <i>pilasters</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>Search the <i>archives</i> of history and you will not +find another such <i>prodigy</i> as Admirable <i>Crichton</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>When, after <i>traversing</i> the ocean, you find yourself +in the <i>arid</i> desert of <i>Sahara</i>, where there is no <i>aroma</i> +of sweet flowers, or anything <i>at all</i> to regale +your exhausted energies; where there is no <i>herb</i> nor +<i>herbaceous</i> plant near you; where you are almost +famished for want of some <i>potable</i> fluid; where you +are in constant fear of being <i>harassed</i> by <i>truculent +nomads</i>—then will you realize that there are no joys +<i>comparable</i> to those that exist around the <i>hearthstone</i> +of your humble home.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>When the contents of the <i>museum</i> were sold by +<i>auction</i>, the antiquary bought a roll of <i>papyrus</i> filled +with <i>hieroglyphics</i>, a kind of <i>bellows</i> used by the ancients +for starting their fires, and a fine collection of +<i>trilobites</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> + The attempt at a <i>reconnoisance</i> in force had been +unsuccessful; immediately after <i>reveille</i>, the commander +of the <i>fortress</i> <i>put</i> it to vote amongst his officers, +whether or not they should surrender. The +<i>ayes</i> carried it, although some <i>vehemently</i> opposed on +account of the excellent <i>morale</i> of the garrison.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>heroine</i> of the <i>melodrama</i> sent to her <i>betrothed +Seignior</i> an <i>exquisite bouquet</i>, composed of <i>catalpa</i> +flowers, <i>dahlias</i>, <i>marigold</i> and <i>thyme</i>, and prayed his +forgiveness for not allowing him the promised <i>tte--tte</i> +at the <i>trysting</i> place; she had been suffering with +the <i>tic-douloureux</i>, she said. He generously forgave +her and sent her a <i>sonnet</i>, in which he said that her +voice was sweeter than that of <i>Piccolomini</i>, or any +other <i>cantatrice</i>; that no <i>houri</i> could be more beautiful +than she; he called her a fair <i>florist</i>, and after +<i>extolling</i> her <i>navet</i>, <i>roseate</i> cheeks and <i>nymphean</i> +graces, he swore eternal <i>homage</i> and that he would +love her forever and for <i>aye</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The judge <i>bade</i> the <i>desperado</i> cease his <i>badinage</i> +and answer his <i>inquiries</i>, and threatened that if he +did not, he would punish him for his <i>contumacy</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>vicar</i> was one of the <i>notable</i> men of his day; +his wife was a pattern of <i>industry</i>, a <i>notable</i> housekeeper. +While the birds were chirping their <i>matin</i> +song, she might be seen with her <i>besom</i> in her hand.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>Is this a <i>bona fide</i> transaction, or is it a <i>Machiavelian + </i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +attempt to <i>inveigle</i> the <i>prelate</i> into an <i>imbroglio</i>?</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>A <i>booth</i> was erected at the fair where the <i>pretty</i> +Misses <i>Agnes</i> and <i>Rosalind</i> with much <i>complaisance</i> +dispensed <i>gratis</i> to the visitors, <i>soda-water</i> flavored +with <i>orgeat</i> or <i>sarsaparilla</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>General <i>Silvester</i> and his <i>protg</i>, <i>Reginald</i>, met +with a <i>casualty</i> that nearly cost them their lives. The +horses attached to their <i>Brougham</i> became frightened +at a <i>yacht</i> and made a <i>tremendous</i> leap over a high +embankment into a <i>creek</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>At the <i>zoological</i> garden was found nearly every +animal <i>extant</i>, from a mouse to a <i>camelopard</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>rendezvous</i> of the <i>topographical</i> surveyors was +at the camp of some hunters on a <i>knoll</i> near the +banks of a <i>caon</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The monk concealed his features with his <i>capoch</i> +and would have been <i>irrecognizable</i> if his <i>discourse</i> +had not betrayed him.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>tagre</i> stands <i>cater-cornered</i> in a <i>recess</i> and +contains many beautiful ornaments that his <i>predecessor</i> +<i>gathered</i> within the last <i>decade</i> of years; amongst +which may be mentioned the heads of <i>Beethoven</i>, +<i>Branger</i>, <i>Goethe</i>, Percy <i>Bysshe</i> Shelley, and many +other celebrities, cut in <i>onyx</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> + The <i>Caucasian</i> races obtained their name on account +of originating near Mount <i>Caucasus</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>mischievous</i> children got <i>cayenne</i> all over their +<i>chaps</i>, by which they were sufficiently punished +without any further <i>chastening</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>chivalric</i> Don Quixote, having become a +<i>monomaniac</i> on the subject of <i>chivalry</i>, bestrode his +<i>Rosinante</i>, and, attended by his squire, started out to +perform <i>chivalrous</i> deeds.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>Lord C. has been absent since <i>February</i>, 1870; it +is said that he has been traveling <i>incognito</i>, but it is +certain that in Italy he has retained his <i>cognomen</i>. +He is now at <i>Modena</i> awaiting the recovery of his +<i>Cicerone</i>, when he intends to visit <i>Genoa</i> and <i>Milan</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>obesity</i> of the <i>florid</i>-faced prebendary is observed +to increase with his <i>prebend</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>I have heard much of the <i>gamins</i> of <i>Gotham</i>, but +I never realized what the <i>gallows</i>-deserving rascals +were till I settled in New York City. I opened business +as a <i>pharmaceutist</i> on a corner that was a favorite +<i>haunt</i> of theirs. Such a crowd of <i>tatterdemalions</i> +as stood in front of my show-window the first +day I made my display of <i>Parisian</i> fancy goods, baffles +description. One had the <i>hooping</i> cough, and +every now and then would hoop till the <i>perspiration</i> +rolled down his face; then he would shriek out the +daily <i>newspapers</i>, in a voice like a <i>calliope</i>. One + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +dirty-faced <i>gourmand</i> ate <i>papaws</i> till he had to <i>gape</i> +for breath, and would shoot the seeds and throw the +skins at his <i>hundred</i> comrades, half of them coming +in my front door. Another, dressed in ragged <i>jean</i>, +his face covered with <i>soot</i>, played the <i>jew's-harp</i> hour +after hour, with as much pride in his ability as <i>Paganini</i> +at his violin. Another, a tall, <i>jaundice</i> visaged +youth with an <i>embryo</i> beard of about a dozen hairs, +covered nearly to his heels with his great-grandfather's +<i>surtout</i>, in the <i>lapel</i> of which was pinned a +death's-head, danced upon the iron cellar door till it +roared like distant artillery.</p> + +<p>Then there were many other "<i>partners</i>" bearing +such <i>sobriquets</i> as "Sore Snoot," "Pig Eye," "Limpy," +etc., <i>improvising irrational</i> songs, boxing, +<i>wrestling</i>, indulging in <i>raillery</i> and <i>ribald</i> jests, +pitching <i>quoits</i>, <i>meawing</i> like cats, howling at my +<i>patrons</i> and driving reputable <i>patronage</i> away. Every +now and then they would send in little, <i>saucy</i>, <i>precocious</i> +urchins, who offered to <i>patronize</i> me by asking +for two cents' worth of <i>jujube</i> paste, <i>tolu</i> or <i>licorice</i>, +or some <i>Samaritan</i> <i>salve</i> for Jim Biles' sore nose. +At last, when the sun had reached the <i>horizon</i>, as a +<i>finale</i> of the day's <i>progress</i>, one of the young villains +hurled a bowlder through my French plate-glass, +which, after its flight through a lot of <i>citrate</i> of magnesia, +<i>cochineal</i> and <i>quinine</i>, finally spilled a large +bottle of red ink all over my new <i>pharmacopœia</i>. +Springing over the <i>dbris</i>, I rushed to the door with + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +<i>implacable</i> anger flashing from my eyes. But one +glance at that <i>imperturbable</i> crowd showed me how +<i>impotent</i> I was. One of them with <i>placid</i> countenance +and <i>stolid</i> indifference simply accosted me with, +"Say, Mister, are you going to see the '<i>Naiad</i> +Queen' to-night?"</p> + +<p>I left that store in less than a <i>fortnight</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>comptroller</i> was appointed by the <i>government</i> +upon the supposition that he was <i>conversant</i> with the +details of <i>finance</i>; but he was only a <i>mediocre financier</i> +and was not aware of the <i>deficit</i> in the <i>finances</i>, +until the conscience-stricken <i>defalcating</i> officer acknowledged +his <i>defalcation</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The emigrants to the <i>frontier</i> chose a beautiful +spot for their settlement; but they found that the +wells dug there and on the <i>contiguous prairies</i> had a +<i>saline</i> taste; so they were obliged to bring water +from the <i>mountainous</i> region beyond, by means of a +<i>conduit</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>From the <i>congeries</i> presented to the professor, he, +at his <i>leisure</i>, <i>isolated</i> each genus and gave <i>generic</i> +names to each; and at the next meeting of the <i>lyceum</i>, +he solicited attention to his <i>data</i> and the <i>truths</i> +he had deduced.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The handsome <i>contour</i> of <i>Madame</i> G's face has +been spoiled by an <i>excrescence</i> like a <i>raspberry</i> on +her <i>nasal</i> organ.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> + Young <i>Philemon</i> after reading <i>Lalla Rookh</i>, <i>Lara</i>, +Don <i>Juan</i>, The <i>Giaour</i>, the productions of Mrs. +<i>Hemans</i>, and a few others, was seized with the determination +to become a poet; but he has only succeeded +in becoming a <i>poetaster</i>, without any ideas of <i>prosody</i>. +More <i>metrical</i> excellence and sense can be +found in the <i>distich</i>:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<p>"Mary, Mary, quite <i>contrary</i>,</p> +<p>How does your garden grow?"</p> +</div></div> + +<p>than in any of the <i>products</i> of his brain that he has +given us. His brothers, <i>Eben</i> and <i>Philander</i>, have +become stage-struck, and expect to excel in the <i>Protean</i> +art. Their <i>guardian</i>, himself a great lover of +<i>drama</i>, having foolish confidence in their success, +grants them <i>plenary</i> indulgence in all their whims. +They are <i>habitus</i> of the <i>theatre</i>, and have fitted up +a <i>suite</i> of apartments next to a <i>suit</i> of rooms occupied +by some stock actors, with whom they are bound +in <i>indissoluble</i> bonds of friendship. There they +spend the day in practice, and if you should call at +any hour, there is no telling what will present itself +to you. Perhaps Macbeth with the <i>glamour</i> of his +eyes, viewing the imaginary <i>gouts</i> of blood; or <i>Banquo</i> +with his gory locks; or some knight with his +<i>cuirass</i> on and his <i>visor</i> down, plunging, without a +<i>qualm</i>, his carmine-stained <i>poniard</i> into the <i>jugular</i> +of some <i>patriot</i>. Possibly, Othello the <i>Moor</i>, King +John with the <i>Magna Charta</i>, or a <i>legendary</i> warrior +of frightful <i>mien</i> with his <i>falchion</i> drawn, will admit + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +you. Or you may see a <i>viscount</i> with <i>falcon</i>, a <i>rampant</i> +villain, a <i>jocund</i> host, or an <i>irate</i>, <i>splenetic</i> old +man with <i>spectacles</i>, pronouncing with <i>senile vehemence</i> +a curse upon some <i>fragile</i> female in <i>negligee</i> +before him, who beseeches the aid of an <i>immobile +statue</i> in a <i>niche</i> in the wall. You may get there in +the nick of time to save Desdemona by an <i>expos</i> of +<i>Iago</i>'so villainy, to rescue Pythias whom Damon holds +by the <i>nape</i> of the neck on the <i>threshold</i> of eternity, +or to restrain the <i>suicidal</i> design of the <i>Montague</i> by +informing him that the fair Capulet is only under the +influence of a <i>soporific</i>—not dead. You may arrive +soon enough to arouse the womanhood in the <i>docile</i> +Kate, making her less <i>docible</i>, and talk woman's +rights to <i>Petruchio</i>, making him more <i>lenient</i>.</p> + +<p>And you will find the guardian of these promising +youths, sitting there all day shouting <i>encore</i> to +their absurdities, and not <i>rational</i> enough to see his +<i>indiscretion</i> in permitting their <i>frivolity</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>ennui</i>, recently complained of, was relieved by +an invitation to a party given by the <i>Mesdames</i> B., +the same you met at the <i>conversazione</i> of the church +<i>guild</i>. The ladies received their guests with their +usual <i>suavity</i>. Their niece, <i>Rosamond</i>, recently from +<i>Madrid</i>, was the attraction of the evening; she wore +an elegant <i>moire</i> antique with a profusion of <i>valenciennes</i>; +she had a beautiful set of jewelry—<i>opal</i> +and diamonds. It was marvelous how her <i>tiny</i> hands +flew over the <i>piano-forte</i>. She sings very sweetly + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +too; her voice is a sort of <i>mezzo-soprano</i>. The +<i>nave</i> Miss <i>Ursula</i> was present, nearly smothered in +black silk and <i>guipure</i>. She looks much prettier in +<i>dishabille</i>. The little <i>piquant</i> Miss <i>Irene</i>, with her +<i>plaited</i> hair, sang with a voice like a <i>paroquet</i> her +favorite, "<i>Tassels</i> on the Boots." That disgusting +young <i>Leopold</i> was there, feeling as important as a +<i>Rothschild</i>, making his <i>salams</i>, and <i>palavering sotto +voce</i> to all the girls, circulating his <i>monogram</i> cards +and sporting his paste pin with its dazzling <i>facets</i>. +He thinks he cuts a wide <i>swath</i>.</p> + +<p>Late in the evening those that were fond of <i>Terpsichorean</i> +amusement were ushered into a room where +the <i>tapestry</i> was covered and there spent several hours +in <i>minuets</i>, waltzes, quadrilles, etc.</p> + +<p>The topics of conversation amongst the more sensible +during the evening were the object of the visit +of the new <i>prelate</i>, and the recent speeches of <i>Disraeli</i> +and <i>Thiers</i>.</p> + +<p>Madame B. caused a good deal of merriment by +describing an improvement in her <i>cuisine</i> that had +been introduced that day. Bridget, a late importation +from <i>Belfast</i>, who had charge of the <i>culinary</i> +department, was told to send for some <i>vermicelli</i> to +put in the soup, but she ordered <i>spermaceti</i> instead.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>There was an old superstition that when the <i>sacristan</i> +caused the bell in the <i>cupola</i> to toll its <i>dolorous</i> +funeral notes, the <i>manes</i> of former friends joined + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +in the solemn <i>cortege</i>, and gathering around the grave +moved their lips in inaudible <i>requiem</i>, and wrote in +invisible letters upon the tomb, <i>omega</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The great <i>desideratum</i> in the successful argument +of <i>disputable</i> points, is the possession of an <i>equable</i> +temper.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><i>Alphonso</i>, while out hunting <i>partridges</i>, fell into a +<i>slough</i>. Being clothed only in <i>nainsook</i>, he took a +severe cold, which soon resulted in <i>febrile</i> symptoms.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>Dr. Mastiff's <i>posthumous monograph</i> on "<i>Rabies</i>" +will soon appear. The <i>frontispiece</i> represents a group +of dogs. Next to the <i>preface</i> is a <i>memoir</i> of the author. +It was his own design to have "<i>Finis</i>" placed +upon a cut of a tombstone. It almost seems that he +had a <i>presentiment</i> of his death.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><i>Suffice</i> it to say that the dentist gave the patient +enough letheon to produce unconsciousness, and then +applied his <i>forceps</i> to the offending tooth. Letheon, +accented on the first syllable, and <i>lethean</i> are derived +from <i>Lethe</i>, the name of a river described in mythology, +a draught from which caused forgetfulness.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><i>Sulphurous</i> acid is <i>gaseous</i>, not liquid.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>It is reported in the <i>Pall Mall</i> Gazette that <i>Basil</i> +S., whom you met several years ago at <i>Leipsic</i>, is +dead. He lived the life of a <i>rou</i> for some years in +Paris and London, and turned out to be a most <i>perfidious</i> +villain. In the latter city he committed + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +many <i>heinous</i> offenses and acts of <i>subtle</i> knavery that +were almost without <i>precedent</i>. He was engaged for +a long time in the manufacture of <i>spurious</i> money by +a new <i>process</i>, in which dies were taken from <i>gutta-percha</i> +impressions. He had purchased the services +of an experienced professor of <i>metallurgy</i>, and the +<i>produce</i> of their crime would have been immense, if +some of his other crimes had not been betrayed. +<i>Placards</i>, offering a large reward for his arrest, were +posted all over the city. He fled to Venice where +he was soon afterward drowned by falling from a +<i>gondola</i>, thus cheating the <i>gibbet</i> of its dues.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The foolish lover, <i>Ivan</i>, rendered desperate because +his rival <i>Darius</i> had gained the <i>precedence</i> in +<i>Marion's</i> esteem, resolved to commit suicide and +rushed <i>toward</i> the <i>quay</i> and plunged into the water. +Some fishermen rescued him with their <i>seine</i>, poured +some <i>potheen</i> down his throat, and carried him home +on a piece of <i>tarpaulin</i>. His <i>sousing</i> cured him of +his folly, but was a poor <i>guerdon</i> for his faithfulness.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>Saracens</i>, taking advantage of the <i>strategic</i> +point, made a sudden dash into the territory of the +<i>usurper</i>; while a detachment <i>houghed</i> the horses of +the enemy's <i>cavalry</i>, the rest proceeded on a <i>predatory</i> +raid characterized by <i>rapine</i> and terror, and after +the <i>spoliation</i> of the villages, and the burning of +the <i>granaries</i>, returned to their own possessions.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><i>Lionel</i>, <i>prejudiced</i> against the world on account + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +of <i>onerous</i> cares, concluded to make a <i>sacrifice</i> of his +wealth and position and become a <i>recluse</i>. His little +<i>hovel</i> on the <i>heather</i>, whitened with lime which he +himself <i>slaked</i>, and the little flower garden <i>redolent</i> +of spring, present a strange contrast with his former +mansion and magnificent grounds.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><i>Eva</i> answered the <i>inquiry</i> of the French gentleman, +"Parlez-vous franais?" with a "Oui;" but +when she came to converse with him, he understood +about as much of her <i>patois</i> as he did of <i>Hindoostanee</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>There is a fabulous report that the <i>upas</i> tree exhales +a <i>subtile</i> vapor that is fatal to animal life.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>Since <i>Joshua</i> has obtained his lucrative <i>sinecure</i>, he +spends his time in riding about in his <i>phaeton</i> and +reading <i>romances</i>. He is <i>loth</i> to acknowledge that +he was ever a <i>plebeian</i> and did all kinds of <i>servile</i> +work. He is confident that his <i>genealogy</i>, if known, +would show that he was unto a <i>manor</i> born, and that +some <i>supposititious</i> child robbed him of his rights.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The knight dropped his <i>wassail cup</i> and sprang to +the assistance of the ladies. "<i>Gramercy</i>," <i>quoth</i> +they, <i>simultaneously</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>veterinary</i> physician said that the disease was +<i>murrain</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>An <i>infinitesimal</i> quantity of <i>yeast</i> excited the fermentation.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> + <i>Augustine</i> studied <i>microscopy</i> just long enough to +learn that a <i>monad</i> is one of the simplest kind of +minute <i>animalcules</i>; he then tried chemistry and +<i>mineralogy</i>, but he could not master the <i>nomenclature</i>; +he then took a fancy for <i>telegraphy</i>, but soon +abandoned the idea of becoming a <i>telegraphist</i>. At +last accounts, he apprenticed himself to a druggist, +but was told to <i>vamos</i> soon after making up a lot of +<i>Seidlitz</i> powders with oxalic instead of <i>tartaric</i> acid.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><i>Artemas</i> has applied for a <i>patent</i> on an improved +<i>turbine</i> wheel.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>Mr. B., recollecting the <i>precedent</i> services of his +servant, advanced him money enough to lift the <i>lien</i> +on his dwelling.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>The <i>lithographer</i> had only a poor <i>melanotype</i> to +copy from, but he succeeded in making an excellent +print.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>"Thou shalt destroy them that speak <i>leasing</i>," is +found in the sixth verse of the fifth <i>psalm</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>At the examination in <i>orthoepy</i>, <i>Deborah</i> had the +following words given to her: <i>contumely</i>, <i>crinoline</i>, +<i>feudal</i>, <i>fetid</i>, <i>fetor</i>, <i>gerund</i>, <i>gneiss</i>, <i>gyrfalcon</i>, <i>harem</i>, +<i>Hawaiian</i>, <i>hygiene</i>, <i>lariat</i>, <i>leverage</i>, <i>nonillion</i>, <i>obligatory</i>, +<i>platina</i>, <i>platinum</i>, <i>psalmody</i>, <i>psychical</i>, <i>purulent</i>, +<i>pyrites</i>, <i>recherch</i>, <i>rsum</i>, <i>sacerdotal</i>, <i>sacrament</i>, +<i>schism</i>, <i>shekel</i>, <i>stearine</i> and <i>troches</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> + The objective, me, is <i>often</i> erroneously used instead +of the <i>nominative</i>, I, in answer to the question—"Who +is there?"</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>In the <i>dramatis person</i> of "Midsummer Night's +Dream," <i>Oberon</i> and <i>Titania</i>, king and queen of the +fairies, are introduced.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p>At the examination in geography, <i>Ada</i> was required +to draw a map of <i>Asia</i>, which would have +been well done, if she had not drawn <i>Persia</i>, <i>Afghanistan</i> +and <i>Beloochistan</i> nearly twice their proper +size. She was then asked to give the location and +length of the <i>Altai</i> and <i>Vosges</i> mountains, and the +height of their principal peaks; a description of the +<i>Aral</i>, <i>Adriatic</i> and <i>Caribbean</i> seas; the course and +length of the <i>Amoor</i> and <i>Yang tse-kiang</i>; and the +location and population of <i>Valparaiso</i> (<i>Chili</i>), <i>Bantam</i>, +(<i>Java</i>), <i>Norwich</i>, (Eng.), <i>Pesth</i>, <i>Quebec</i>, <i>Valenciennes</i>, +<i>Neufchatel</i>, <i>Nantes</i> and <i>Aix-la-Chapelle</i>.</p> + +<p>Her sister, <i>Frances</i>, was told to draw maps of <i>Buenos +Ayres</i> and <i>Otaheite</i>, and to bound <i>Venezuela</i> and +<i>Arkansas</i>; to give the length and direction of the +<i>Araguay</i>, <i>Juniata</i>, <i>Kankakee</i>, <i>Barbados</i> and <i>San +Joaquin</i>; the location of Cape <i>Agulhas</i>; the situation +and population of <i>Bingen</i>, <i>Calais</i>, <i>Canton</i>, <i>Acapulco</i>, +<i>Chuquisaca</i>, <i>Delhi</i>, <i>Dubuque</i>, <i>Jeddo</i>, <i>Quereturo</i>, +<i>Truxillo</i>, <i>Leicester</i> and <i>Vevay</i>, and a description +of <i>Sumatra</i>, <i>Zanzibar</i>, <i>Barbadoes</i> and the <i>Antilles</i>.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><i>Sigismund</i> has just returned from <i>Yosemite</i> Valley.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> + <i>Cecily</i>, <i>Chloe</i> and <i>Viola</i> have just passed their +examination in biography. The names presented to +them were the following: <i>N. S. Adam</i> (Fr.), <i>G. +Adam</i> (Ger.), <i>Beatrice Cenci</i>, <i>Blucher</i>, <i>Boccaccio</i>, +<i>Anne Boleyn</i>, <i>Marco Bozzaris</i>, <i>Joseph Buonaparte</i>, +<i>D'Aubign</i>, <i>Daubigny</i>, <i>Drouyn de Lhuys</i>, <i>Juarez</i>, +<i>Lavater</i>, <i>Marat</i>, <i>Marion</i>, <i>Catherine de Medici</i>, <i>Moultrie</i>, +<i>Ovid</i>, <i>Pliny</i>, <i>Ponce de Leon</i> and <i>Richelieu</i>.</p> + + +<hr /> +<h2>VIOLATED RULES OF GRAMMAR.</h2> + +<p>Many, who claim to be good grammarians, are occasionally +guilty of the violation of certain important +rules. Attention is solicited to a few of the +more common errors of this nature.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<h3>NUMBER.</h3> + +<p>Certain compounds change the form of the first +word in pluralizing, as: <i>court-martial</i>, <i>brother-in-law</i>, +<i>sister-in-law</i>. Plural, <i>courts-martial</i>, <i>brothers-in-law</i>, +etc. "John has three brother-in-laws," then, is incorrect.</p> + +<p>But <i>tea-spoonful</i>, <i>table-spoonful</i>, <i>cupful</i>, <i>pocketful</i>, +etc., are not considered such compounds; therefore, +"two tea-spoonsful of medicine" and "two-cupsful of +flour," should be, "two tea-spoonfuls of medicine," +and "two cupfuls of flour."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> + When name and title are given, with a numeral +adjective prefixed, the <i>name</i> is pluralized. "Are the +two Misses Wilson at home?" should be, "Are the +two Miss Wilsons at home?" But when the numeral +is omitted the <i>title</i> must be pluralized. "Were +the Dr. Browns there?" should be, "Were the Drs. +Brown there?" The rule has been given that the +<i>name</i> only of married ladies is pluralized, but +there appears to be no reason except that of euphony: +the <i>Mrs. Clarks</i> certainly sounds more agreeably +than the <i>Mistresses Clark</i>. In giving the plural +of such titles as: <i>Hon.</i>, <i>Rev.</i>, <i>Squire</i> and <i>Capt.</i>, +euphony is also often considered; but in such cases +it would doubtless be better to add the numeral, as: +the <i>three Hon. Jacksons</i>.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<h3>EACH OTHER—ONE ANOTHER.</h3> + +<p><i>Each other</i> applies to two; <i>one another</i> to more +than two. "The three witnesses contradicted each +other," and "the two men accused one another," are +incorrect.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<h3>NEITHER, NOT—NOR.</h3> + +<p><i>Neither</i> and <i>not</i> are followed by <i>nor</i>, not <i>or</i>. +"Neither James or Charles will come," and "it is +not white or black," are incorrect.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<h3>TO BE, UNITING WORDS.</h3> + +<p>Words united by <i>to be</i>, referring to the same person, +must be of the same case.</p> + +<p>"It is me," "It may have been him," "It could + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +not be her," and "It was not them," are not correct: +<i>it</i>, in each of the sentences, is <i>nominative</i> and the +other pronouns should be <i>I</i>, <i>he</i>, <i>she</i> and <i>they</i>. "I +took it to be he," and "I understood it to be they," +are also wrong; for <i>it</i> is objective in both instances, +and the following pronouns should be <i>him</i> and <i>them</i>.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<h3>THAN, AS.</h3> + +<p><i>Than</i> and <i>as</i> implying comparison, have the same +case after as before. "He loses more than me," +"John knows more than him" and "James is not so +tall as her," should be, "He loses more than I" +(lose), "John knows more than he" (knows) and +"James is not so tall as she" (is tall).</p> + + +<p> </p> +<h3>WHO.</h3> + +<p>Errors connected with the use of this word are +very common, even amongst good speakers.</p> + +<p>"Who did you see?" "Who do you know?" and +"Who did you hear?" are wrong: <i>whom</i> should be +used, for it is the object of the transitive verbs, <i>see</i>, +<i>know</i> and <i>hear</i>. <i>Who</i> in such sentences as: "Who +are you looking at?" and "Who are you writing +to?" should likewise be changed into <i>whom</i>, for it is +the <i>object</i> of the prepositions <i>at</i> and <i>to</i>.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<h3>ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.</h3> + +<p>Adjectives are often erroneously used for adverbs +in sentences like the following: "This is an uncommon +good portrait," "It is a miserable poor painting. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +"<i>Uncommonly good</i> and <i>miserably poor</i> are +right.</p> + +<p>Adverbs are still more commonly used for adjectives. +"Mary looked <i>beautifully</i> at the party," and +"Janauschek looked <i>majestically</i> on the stage," are +incorrect, for it is intended to describe the appearance +of Mary and Janauschek, not their manner of +looking; therefore the adjectives <i>beautiful</i> and <i>majestic</i> +should be used.</p> + +<p>When <i>two</i> objects are compared, the <i>comparative</i> +degree should be used. "William is the heaviest of +the two," and "Which is the most desirable—health +or wealth?" ought to be, "William is the heavier +of the two," and "Which is the more desirable—health +or wealth?"</p> + + +<p> </p> +<h3>THESE, THOSE.</h3> + +<p>The plural demonstratives <i>these</i> and <i>those</i> are often +erroneously used with singular nouns, as: "I don't +like these kind of people," and "Those sort of +things are very embarrassing." <i>Kind</i> and <i>sort</i> are +singular and should have <i>this</i> and <i>that</i>.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<h3>INTO.</h3> + +<p><i>Into</i>, not <i>in</i>, is used to show the relation between +verbs expressing motion, entrance, change of state, +etc., and an objective case, as: "Come into the +house," "Step into the carriage," and "Look into +the room."</p> + +<hr /> +<div class="tn"> +<h4>Transcriber's Note:</h4> +<ul class="corrections"> +<li>Added punctuation as needed to preserve the author's and publisher's intent.</li> +<li>Addition to the pronunciation guide: + <ul> + <li>Small capital "<span class="smcap">d</span>" indicates a sound similar to + "th" (this).</li> + <li>Small capital "<span class="smcap">g</span>" and "<span class="smcap">k</span>" + indicates the sound of the German "ch".</li> + <li>Small capital "<span class="smcap">h</span>" resembles a guttural and + strongly-aspirated "h".</li> + <li>Small capital "<span class="smcap">r</span>" resembles the sound of "rr" (terror).</li> + <li>Small capital "<span class="smcap">u</span>" indicates the sound of the French "eu", + and resembles the sound of the German "ö".</li> + <li>The sound for the small capitals "<span class="smcap">th</span>" is unknown.</li> + </ul> +</li> +<li>Page <a href="#spelling">17</a> Corrected spelling of "spellling" to "spelling" in +"Worcestor's spellling is".</li> +<li>Page <a href="#lengthen">29</a> Corrected spelling of "lenghten" to "lengthen" in "also, +in lengthy, lenghten".</li> +</ul> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Every-Day Errors of Speech + +Author: L. P. Meredith + +Release Date: May 19, 2010 [EBook #32435] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + EVERY-DAY + ERRORS OF SPEECH + + BY + L. P. MEREDITH, M.D., D.D.S., + AUTHOR OF "THE TEETH, AND HOW TO SAVE THEM." + + PHILADELPHIA: + J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. + 1876. + + + + + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year, 1872, by + L. P. MEREDITH, + In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + _Damas._ * * * The Prince of Como does not + understand his own language. + + _Melnotte._ Not as you pronounce it: Who the + deuce could? + + +It may be regarded as one of the commendable peculiarities of the +English language that, despite provincialisms, vulgarisms, neglected +education, foreign accent, and the various corrupting influences to +which it is subjected, it may be understood wherever it is heard, +whatever differences of distance or associations may have existed +between the speaker and the listener, both claiming familiarity with +it. Considering these influences and the arbitrariness of the +orthoepical rules of the language, there has been expressed surprise +that frequent degenerations into uncouth dialects or patois have not +occurred. A decent regard for the common weal should cause +gratification that such degenerations have not taken place, for were +it not for the ability of our tongue to preserve its individuality +against the tendency toward corruption, we might reasonably fear such +a Babel-like confusion, that, when asked, "Do you speak English?" one +might appropriately, _sans_ the profanity, reply in the language of +the text, "Not as you pronounce it: Who the deuce could?" While the +majority of people place no other value upon language than that of +convenience, and are indifferent to any corruption, so long as they +can simply understand and be understood, there is happily a better +class, the aesthetic cultivation of which is such that those who belong +to it are anxious to preserve the purity of our vernacular and are +ashamed of all errors of speech in their daily conversations. For such +it will not be uninteresting to look over a number of errors, +principally of pronunciation, that are not formally laid down as such +in books, and which people, even many of the best educated, are +constantly committing, just because they have never had their +attention called to them. These errors are becoming more deeply rooted +every day and if not soon eradicated, it will not be many years before +our orthoepic standard will be overthrown as it was in England some +years ago. + +Smart, one of the most celebrated of English orthoepists, in the +preface of his dictionary says: "The proprietors of Walker's +dictionary, finding it would slide entirely out of use unless it were +adapted to the present day, engaged me as a teacher of elocution, +known in London since Walker's time, to make the necessary changes." A +standard pronouncing dictionary is a work that involves an +extraordinary amount of labor and research in its compilation, and +exerts an influence almost autocratical. The possibility of its +becoming worthless in a short time is strange, especially when it is +not on account of any work claiming superiority, but merely because +error long persisted in finally becomes more authoritative than the +original exemplar. With little effort, however, we can discern the +causes. Persons are apt to acquire the pronunciation and use of the +greater number of words by imitation, rather than by study. With +confidence in the knowledge of the parent, teacher, minister, +physician and others, their examples are followed without ever +considering that they are often very fallible guides. + +A complete dictionary is an immense volume, and to turn over its pages +with even a casual observation of each word, requires an amount of +time that few would feel like devoting to it; and yet this is the only +way in which a person can become _assured_ of the sanctioned +pronunciation and meaning of a great many words. If they would make it +an invariable rule to make memoranda of all the words they read or +hear spoken, about the orthoepy and import of which they are not +absolutely certain, and at their first leisure opportunity would +consult their chosen authority, it would not be long before the +majority of errors would be corrected; but this requires memory, +inclination, time, continuity of purpose, possession of dictionaries +or access to them--circumstances that are seldom found combined. It +will doubtless be useless to rehearse any of the arguments commonly +employed to prove the necessity of having some sovereign standard, to +the guidance of which we must be willing to submit. Those for whom +this work is intended will be willing to admit that. Nor is it +necessary to assert that as far as the English speakers of the United +States are interested, the only works that lay claim to such a +position are the dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. If the right +of the opinions of the majority of scholars throughout the land were +alone considered, the former would certainly be entitled to the +preference; but the work of the latter is too full of merit and has +too many adherents in the ranks of the educated to permit any one to +say that it is not worthy of high esteem. + +With my own preference for the former and with my willingness to +acknowledge the worth of the latter, I have consulted both authorities +concerning every word in the following vocabulary--that is, every word +requiring reference to either. It will be seen that there is much less +difference between the decisions of the two dictionaries than is +commonly supposed. By this reference to each, I have not only +corrected errors in an impartial manner, but have also stopped up that +loop-hole through which so many try to escape by saying, when they are +called to account according to one dictionary, that they do not accept +that as their standard. As far as the people of this country are +concerned, there is no escape from the conclusion that a person is +considered a correct or an incorrect speaker of English, according to +whether or not he conforms his discourse to one of the above mentioned +authorities. At first glance it will appear that the size of this +volume is not at all commensurate to the task of correcting the many +errors that are heard in our communication with all classes that +pretend to speak the English language. It is not intended to instruct +those whose education has been so neglected that they are guilty of +the grossest violation of syntax and orthoepy, nor to cultivate the +taste of those whose selection of words and cant and slang phrases +betrays the low grade of the associations by which they have been +surrounded. It is designed rather as a collection of the more common +of those errors, chiefly orthoepical, that I have before spoken of as +being of constant occurrence even among people of education, unless +they have paid considerable attention to philology or +_belles-lettres_. If by presenting them in this convenient form, thus +saving much time and trouble in referring to the dictionary, I have +merited the thanks of my readers, or if I have contributed even a mite +toward the conservation of the present usage, I shall feel amply repaid. + +I have taken advantage of the alphabetical arrangement to introduce a +few miscellaneous errors that might have been placed under a separate +heading. + +Instead of dividing the words into syllables and loading them with +marks as is usually done in dictionaries, I have thought that it would +make a deeper impression on the memory to present the words as they +are commonly seen in print, depending on respelling to furnish the +correct and incorrect accent and pronunciation. + +The corrections have first been made according to Webster; if +Worcester is unmentioned, it is to be understood that both authorities +agree. + + _Cincinnati, December 20, 1871._ + + + + +Errors of Speech. + + + + +KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE RESPELLING + + + The long sounds of a, e, i, o, u, are represented by [=a], [=e], [=i], + [=o], [=u]. + The short sounds of a, e, i, o, u, " [)a], [)e], [)i], + [)o], [)u]. + _a_, as in _air_, _pair_, is represented by a. + _a_, " _far_, _arm_, " " ae or ah. + _a_, " _all_, _haul_, " " aw. + _a_, " _what_, _squat_, " " [)o]. + _e_, " _ere_, _where_, " " e. + _e_, " _obey_, _weight_, " " [=a]. + _e_, " _her_, _term_, " " e. + _i_, " _machine_, " " [=e] or ee. + _i_, " _dirk_, _whirl_, " " i. + _o_, " _done_, _son_, " " [)u]. + _o_, " _woman_, " " [)o][)o]. + _o_, " _do_, _move_, " " [=o][=o]. + _o_, " _for_, _storm_, " " o or aw. + _oo_, " _soon_, _moon_, " " [=o][=o]. + _oo_, " _foot_, _good_, " " [)o][)o]. + _u_, " _rude_, _rule_, " " [=o][=o]. + _u_, " _push_, _pull_, " " [)o][)o]. + _u_, " _burn_, _turn_, " " ue. + _oi_,} " _oil_, _toy_, " " oi. + _oy_,} + _ou_,} " _found_, _owl_, " " ow. + _ow_,} + + _c_, as in _city_, _cite_, is represented by s or c. + _c_, " _can_, _cut_, " " k. + _ch_, " _child_, _much_, " " ch. + _ch_, " _machine_, " " sh. + _ch_, " _chorus_, " " k. + _g_, " _ginger_, " " j. + _n_, " _think_, _uncle_, " " n. + _qu_, " _require_, " " kw. + _s_, " _these_, _ease_, " " z. + +Obscure vowel sounds, or those which are glided over in a word without +any noticeable accent, are unmarked. In those cases where the +pronunciation is so evident that mistakes seem improbable, the marks +are also omitted. + + + + +EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH. + + + A. + + =Abacus=--ab'a-k[)u]s, not a-b[)a]k'[)u]s. + + =Abdomen=--ab-d[=o]'men, not ab'do-men. + + =Acclimate=--ak-kl[=i]'m[=a]te, not ak'kli-m[=a]te. + + =Acclimated= is also accented on the second syllable. + + =Acclimatization=--ak-kli-mat-i-z[=a]'shun, not + ak-kl[=i]'ma-ti-z[=a]-shun. + + =Adult=--a-d[)u]lt', not [)a]d'ult. + + =Aerated=--[=a]'er-[=a]-ted, not [=a]'r[=e]-[=a]-ted. "_Areated + bread_" is a mistake that is frequently made. + + =Ailantus=--[=a]-l[)a]n't[)u]s, not [=a]-l[)a]n'th[)u]s; + [)a]t-l[)a]n'tus is a still worse error. + + =Albumen=--al-b[=u]'men, not al'bu-men. + + =Alder=--awl'der, not [)a]l'der; it is the name of a _tree_ and + does not mean the ordinary _elder_. + + =Alike.= It is sufficient to say that two persons or things are + _alike_, not _both alike_. The word associated with _alike_ is + just as unnecessary as it is with _resemble_ and _equal_ in the + following sentences: "These two men _both_ resemble each + other." "These two sums are _both_ equal." + + =Allopathy=--al-l[)o]p'a-thy, not al'lo-path-y. + + =Allopathist= is similarly accented. + + =Alpaca=--al-p[)a]k'a, not al-la-p[)a]k'a. + + =Altercate=--[)a]l'ter-k[=a]te, not awl'ter-kate. + + =Amenable=--a-m[=e]'na-ble, not a-m[)e]n'a-ble. + + =Among.= A thing is divided _among_ many and _between_ two. + + =Amour=--a-m[=o][=o]r', not am'-m[=o]re nor [=a]'m[=o][=o]r. + + =Angry.= Say angry _with_ a person and _at_ a thing. + + =Animalcula= is the plural of _animalculum_; there is no such + word as _animalcul[oe]_. Animalcule (singular) and animalcules + (plural), are proper words; the former is pronounced + an-i-mal'k[=u]le and the latter an-i-mal'k[=u]lz. + + =Antarctic=--ant-aerk'tik, not ant-aer'tik. + + =Antepenult=--an-te-pe-n[)u]lt', not an-te-p[=e]'n[)u]lt. + + =Apex=--[=a]'pex, not [)a]p'ex. + + =Apparatus=--ap-pa-r[=a]'tus, not ap-pa-r[)a]t'us. + + =Aquaria=, not _aquariums_, is the plural of _aquarium_. + + =Arabic=--[)a]r'a-b[)i]k, not a-r[)a]b'[)i]k, a-r[=a]'b[)i]k, nor + [)a]r'a-b[)a]k; which errors are very common, especially in the + compound word _gum-arabic_. + + =Arbitrary= is often incorrectly pronounced as if spelled + _ar-bi-ta-ry_. + + =Archangel=--aerk-[=a]n'jel, not aerch-[=a]n'jel. + + =Archbishop=--aerch-bish'op, not aerk-bish'op. + + =Archipelago=--aerk-i-pel'a-g[=o], not aerch-i-pel'a-g[=o]. + + =Architect=--aer'ki-tect, not aer'chi-tect. + + =Archives=--aer'k[=i]vez, not aer'ch[=i]vez, nor aer'k[=e]vez. + + =Arctic=--aerk'tik, not aer'tik. + + =Arid=--[)a]r'id, not [=a]'rid. + + =Aroma=--a-r[=o]'ma, not [)a]r'o-ma. + + =At= should not be used when it has no possible connection with + the other words of a sentence; as, "Where are you living _at_?" + + =At all=, not a tall. + + =Attacked=, not attackted. + + =Auction=--awk'shun, not [)o]k'shun. + + =Ay= or =Aye=, meaning _yes_, and =aye=, an affirmative vote, are + pronounced ae[)i] and not [=i] nor [=a]. + + =Aye=, meaning forever, always (used chiefly in poetry), is + pronounced [=a] not [=i] nor ae[)i]. + + + B. + + =Bade=--b[)a]d, not b[=a]de. + + =Badinage=--b[)a]d'in-aezh, not b[)a]d'in-[=a]je. Worcester gives + the same pronunciation, but places the accent on the last + syllable. + + =Balance.= There are two common errors connected with this word. + One is to write it _ballance_: the other is to use it in the + sense of _remainder_, _rest_, etc.; as, the _balance_ of the + day, the _balance_ of the people. Balance means properly "the + excess on one side, or what added to the other makes equality." + The corrupt use of the word, as above mentioned, is laid down + as a vulgarism. + + =Bantam=, not _banty_. + + =Bellows=--b[)e]l'l[)u]s, not b[)e]l'l[=o]z. The plural is the + same as the singular. + + =Besom=--b[=e]'zum, not b[=e]'sum. A broom. + + =Betroth=--be-tr[)o]th, not be-tr[=o]th. =Betrothed=, + =Betrothal=, etc., are similarly pronounced. + + =Blacking=, not _blackening_ for boots and shoes. + + =Blouse=--blowz, not blowss. + + =Bologna=--b[=o]-l[=o]n'ya, not b[=o]-l[=o]'na. _Bologna_ + sausage, _Bologna_ phial, etc. + + =Bona fide=--b[=o]'na-f[=i]'de, not b[=o]'na-f[=i]de nor + b[)o]n'a-f[=i]de. + + =Booth.= The _th_ is sounded as in the preposition _with_, not as + in _both_. + + =Bouquet=--b[=o][=o]-k[=a]' or bo[=o][=o]'k[=a], not b[=o]-k[=a]'. + + =Bourgeois=, meaning a kind of type, is pronounced buer-jois', not + like the following word: + + =Bourgeois=, a citizen, pronounced b[=o][=o]r-zhwaw'. + + =Brand-new=, not _bran-new_. Although the latter adjective is + much used, it is evidently a corruption of the former. An + article in its newness may be bright like a _brand_ of fire, or + the _brand_ of the manufacturer may remain intact, but there is + certainly no _bran_ about it. + + =Breeches=--br[)i]tch'ez, not as spelled. + + =Bretzel=, not _pretzel_. A brittle German cake. + + =Brilliant.= A diamond of the finest cut, with its faces and + facets so arranged as to secure the greatest degree of + brilliancy--whence the name. The name to many conveys the idea + of paste, or imitation. A _rose_ diamond may be just as pure, + but its depth does not permit it to be made a _brilliant_ of + without a much greater loss of substance. + + =Brougham=--br[=o][=o]m or br[=o][=o]'am, not br[=o]'am nor + brow'am. A kind of carriage. + + =Burst=, =Burst= and =Bursting=, not _bust_, _busted_ and + _busting_. + + + C. + + =Calculate= is often inappropriately used in lieu of _believe_, + _suppose_, _expect_, etc., as in the following sentences: "I + _calculate_ you are my friend;" "I _calculate_ the report is + true." Still worse than this passive misuse is that active one + of using the word in some such sense as this: "Doctor, I know + that you are a man of great intelligence and I have unlimited + confidence in your honor and ability; but I must say that I + think the course of treatment pursued by you during this + epidemic, is _calculated_ to increase the mortality among your + patients." How inconsistent with the encomium is the dreadful + accusation just following! As if the Doctor had sat down and + _calculated_ how he could cause injury rather than benefit. + Calculate means to ascertain by means of figures or to study + what means must be used to secure a certain result. A person + may make a speech, write a book, or do anything else + _calculated_ to do good, or more rarely, evil, but the + intention to accomplish the object spoken of must be present, + before the word can be properly used. + + =Calliope=--kal-l[=i]'o-pe, not kal'li-[=o]pe. + + =Calvary=, not _cavalry_, when the place of our Saviour's + crucifixion is meant. + + =Camelopard=--ka-mel'o-paerd or kam'el-o-paerd, not + kam-el-l[)e]op'ard. + + =Cantatrice=--k[)a]n-ta-tr[=e]'che, not k[)a]n'ta-treess. + + =Canon=--k[)a]n'yun, not k[)a]n'nun. A deep gorge or ravine. + Spelled also =Canyon=, pronounced kaen-y[=o]n' or k[)a]n'yon. + + =Capoch=--ka-p[=o][=o]tsh', not ka-p[=o]ch'. =Capouch= is another + orthography. + + =Caption= in the sense of the heading of a discourse, chapter, + page, etc., is not sanctioned by good writers. + + =Carminative=--kaer-m[=i]n'a-tive, not kaer'mi-n[=a]-tive. + + =Casualty=--k[)a]zh'u-al-ty, not k[)a]z-u-[)a]l'i-ty. + + =Cater-cornered=--k[=a]'ter-cor-nered, not k[)a]t'ty-cor-nered. + Not down, thus compounded in Webster, but his pronunciation of + the separate words is as given. Worcester gives the word as + above and defines it as an adjective--diagonal. It is generally + used though, I believe, as an adverb; as, "the piano stands + cater-cornered" (diagonally). It is regarded as an inelegant + word, diagonal and diagonally being preferred: though it is + probable that this opinion has been caused by the abominable + pronunciations _catty_ and _kitty_ cornered. + + =Catalpa=--ka-t[)a]l'pa, not ka-tawl'pa. + + =Catch=, =Catching=--k[)a]tch and k[)a]tching, not k[)e]tch and + k[)e]tching. + + =Catholic= means liberal, general, not bigoted, and not _Roman_ + Catholic, unless specially so applied. + + =Caucasian=--kaw-k[=a]'sian,not kaw-k[=a]zh'ian, kaw-k[)a]sh'ian, + kaw-k[=a]z'ian nor kaw-k[)a]ss'ian. + + =Cayenne=--k[=a]-[)e]n', not k[=i]-[)e]n'. + + =Chaps=--ch[)o]ps, not ch[)a]ps. The jaws. =Chops= is also + correct orthography. + + =Chasten=--ch[=a]s'en, not ch[)a]s'en. =Chastened=, + =chastening=, etc., have also the long a. + + =Chew=, not _chaw_. The latter word either as a verb or noun is + now considered quite vulgar. + + =Chid=, not ch[=i]'ded, is the imperfect tense of chide. + + =Chimera=--k[)i]-m[=e]'ra, not chi-m[=e]'ra, nor k[=i]-m[=e]'ra. + + =Chivalric=--sh[)i]v'al-rik, not sh[)i]v-[)a]l'rik. Worcester + allows the latter. + + =Chivalrous=--sh[)i]v'al-r[)u]s, not sh[)i]v-[)a]l'rus. Worcester + gives ch[)i]v'al-rus also. + + =Chivalry=--sh[)i]v'al-ry, not ch[)i]v'al-ry. Worcester sanctions + both. + + =Cicerone=--ch[=e]-che-r[=o]'ne or s[)i]s-e-r[=o]'ne, not + s[)i]s'e-r[=o]ne. A guide. + + =Citrate=--s[)i]t'rate, not s[=i]'trate. "Citrate of magnesia." + + =Climbed=, not clomb (klum). One climbs _up_ but does not climb + _down_. + + =Cochineal=--k[)o]ch'i-neel, not k[=o]'chi-neel nor + k[=o]'ki-neel. + + =Cocoa= (k[=o]'k[=o]) is not made from the cocoa-nut or tree, but + from the seeds of the _cacao_ (ka-k[=a]'o) or chocolate tree. + The word is evidently a perversion, but it has gained a + permanent footing in its present signification. + + =Cognomen=--k[)o]g-no'men, not k[)o]g'no-men. + + =Cold-chisel=, not _coal-chisel_. It is a chisel of peculiar + strength and hardness for cutting _cold_ metal. + + =Cole-slaw.= In the former editions of some dictionaries it has + been taught that this word is derived from _cole_ meaning + cabbage, and _slaw_ meaning salad. Cole-slaw--cabbage-salad. + The uninstructed soon changed the _cole_ into _cold_ and + substituted _hot_ for the other extreme of temperature, thus + entirely changing the signification. What was really meant, was + _hot cole-slaw_ and _cold cole-slaw_. Many persons still regard + _cole-slaw_ as the proper word, and receipt books give that + orthography. The last editions of Webster and Worcester, + however, only give the words _cole_ and _slaw_ in separate + places and define the latter as "sliced cabbage." + + =Combatant=--k[)o]m'bat-ant, not kom-b[)a]t'ant. + + =Combativeness=--k[)o]m'bat-ive-ness, not kom-b[)a]t'ive-ness. + + =Come= is often thoughtlessly used for _go_ or some other word. If + How is just leaving Howard's house it is right for How to say, + "I'll come to see you soon," but Howard could not properly say, + _at that place_, the same thing. He should say, "I will go to see + you soon." If they both live in Philadelphia and should meet in + New York, neither could say appropriately, "I'll come to see you + after I get home;" that would mean that one would travel back + from his home in Philadelphia to New York to see the other. But + either might say, "Come and see me when you get home." + + =Comparable=--k[)o]m'pa-ra-ble, not k[)o]m-p[)a]r'a-ble. + + =Complaisance=--k[)o]m'pla-zans, not k[)o]m-pl[=a]'z[)a]ns. In + complaisant and complaisantly, the accent is also on the first + syllable. Worcester places it on the third, thus: complaisant + (kom-pla-z[)a]nt'), etc. + + =Comptroller=--kon-tr[=o]l'ler, not k[)o]mp-tr[=o]l'ler. + + =Conduit=--k[)o]n'd[)i]t or k[)u]n'dit, not k[)o]n'du[)i]t or + k[)o]n'd[=u]te. A pipe or canal for the conveyance of fluid. + + =Confab=, not _conflab_. A contraction of confabulation. + + =Congeries=--k[)o]n-j[=e]'r[)i]-eez, not kon-j[=e]'r[=e]z nor + k[)o]n'je-r[=e]z. A collection of particles into one mass. + + =Contemptuous=, not =contemptible=, when the manifestation of + contempt for another is meant. I once heard a young lady + describing how she had withered at a glance a poor young man + that had incurred her displeasure. "O, I gave him such a + _contemptible_ look," said she. If in the enthusiasm of the + rehearsal, the look that dwelt upon her features was akin to + that given upon the occasion mentioned, no auditor doubted the + exact truth of what she said; but she meant differently. + + =Contiguous=--kon-tig'[=u]-[)u]s, not kon-t[)i]j'[=u]-[)u]s. + + =Contour=--k[)o]n-t[=o][=o]r', not k[)o]n't[=o][=o]r. The + boundary lines of a figure. + + =Contra-dance= is better than _country-dance_, the latter word + being a corruption; but it has become admissible from long use. + _Contredanse_ is the French original, and means that the + parties stand opposite to each other. + + =Contrary=--k[)o]n'tra-ry, not kon-tr[=a]'ry, interfering with + the rhythm of the distich from Mother Goose's Melodies: + + "Mary, Mary, quite contrary, + How does your garden grow?" + + =Contumacy=--k[)o]n'tu-ma-sy, not kon-t[=u]'ma-sy. Obstinacy, + stubbornness. + + =Contumely=--k[)o]n'tu-me-ly not k[)o]n-t[=u]'me-ly. Insolence, + contemptuousness. + + =Conversant=--k[)o]n'ver-sant, not kon-v[)e]r's[)a]nt. + + =Conversazione=--k[)o]n'ver-saet-se-[=o]'n[=a], not + kon-ver-s[)a]s'si-[=o]ne. A meeting for conversation. Worcester + pronounces it k[)o]n-ver-saet-ze-[=o]'n[=a]. The plural is + conversazioni (-n[=e]). + + =Corporal= punishment, not cor-p[=o]'re-al. + + =Cortege=--kor't[=a]zh, not kor't[=e]je. A train of attendants. + + =Councilor=, is a member of council. + + =Counselor=, one who gives advice. Worcester's spelling is + councillor and counsellor. + + =Creek=, not kr[)i]ck. + + =Creole.= From Webster's dictionary are taken the following + definitions and remarks: + + 1. "One born in America, or the West Indies, of European + ancestors. + + 2. "One born within or near the tropics, of any color. 'The + term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to + distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans + imported during the time of the slave trade. The application + of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common + in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, + that it implies an admixture greater or less of African + blood.'--R. Hildreth." + + =Crinoline=--kr[)i]n'o-l[)i]n, not kr[)i]n'o-l[=i]ne nor + kr[)i]n'o-leen. + + =Cuirass=--kw[=e]-r[)a]s' or kw[=e]'r[)a]s, not k[=u]'r[)a]s. A + piece of armor. + + =Cuisine=--kwe-z[=e]n', not k[=u]-seen' or k[=u]-z[=i]ne'. + Cooking or cooking department. + + =Culinary=--k[=u]'li-na-ry, not k[)u]l'i-na-ry. + + =Cupola=--k[=u]'po-la, not k[=u]-po-l[=o]'. + + + D. + + =Dahlia=--dael'ya or d[=a]l'-ya, not d[)a]l'ya. + + =Dare not=, not darse'nt. + + =Data=--d[=a]'ta, not d[)a]t'a, is the plural of datum (d[=a]'tum). + + =Debris=--d[=a]-br[=e]', not d[=e]'br[)i]s nor d[=a]'br[=e]. + Rubbish, ruins. + + =Decade=--d[)e]k'ade, not d[=e]'kade nor d[=e]-k[=a]de'. Ten in + number. + + =Defalcate=--de-f[)a]l'kate, not de-fawl'k[=a]te. + + =Defalcation=--d[=e]-f[)a]l-k[=a]'shun not d[=e]-fawl-k[=a]'shun. + Worcester gives d[)e]f-al-k[=a]'shun. No such word as + _defalcater_ is seen. + + =Deficit=--d[)e]f'i-sit, not de-f[=i]'sit nor de-f[)i]s'sit. A + deficiency. + + =Delusion=, not _illusion_, when deception occurs from want of + knowledge of the world, ignorance of business or trade, or from + lack of acumen generally. Illusions are deceptions arising from + a temporarily or permanently disordered imagination, or from + phenomena occurring in nature: thus we speak of the illusions of + fancy, of dreams, and of optical illusions. The mirage of the + desert and the fata Morgana are instances of the latter. + + =Demonstrative=--de-m[)o]n'stra-tive, not d[)e]m'on-str[=a]-tive. + + =Demonstrator=--d[)e]m'on-str[=a]-tor, not de-m[)o]n'str[=a]-tor. + Worcester allows the latter. + + =Depot=--de-p[=o]' or d[=e]'p[=o], not d[=a]'p[=o], nor + d[)e]p'po. Worcester sanctions de-p[=o]' only. I once had a + friend, deceased now, of course, who called it de-p[)o]t'. + + =Dereliction=--der-e-l[)i]k'shun, not d[)e]r-e-l[)e]k'shun. A + forsaking, abandonment. + + =Deshabille=--d[)e]s-a-b[)i]l', } =Dishabille=--d[)i]s-a-b[)i]l', + } not d[)e]s'ha-beel nor d[)i]s'ha-beel. The French is + deshabille, pronounced about like d[=a]-zae-be-y[=a], without + any particular accent. Some persons, in their vain efforts to + get the peculiar liquid sound of the double l, sometimes used, + distort the word terribly, pronouncing it even as broad as + d[)i]s-ha-beel'yuh. + + =Desideratum=--de-sid-e-r[=a]'tum, not de-s[)i]d-er-[)a]t'um; + plural, de-s[)i]d-er-[=a]'ta. Something particularly desired. + + =Desperado=--des-per-[=a]'do, not des-per-ae'do. + + =Dessert=--d[)e]z-zert', not d[)e]z'zert, nor d[)e]s'sert: + _dessert-spoon_ (dez-zert'-spoon). + + =Die.= One dies _of_ a disease, not with it. + + =Differ.= One differs with a person in opinion; one person or + thing differs _from_ another in some quality. + + =Disappointed.= One is disappointed _of_ a thing not obtained and + _in_ a thing obtained. "He will be disappointed of his + expectations." + + =Discourse=--dis-k[=o]rs', not d[)i]s'k[=o]rs. + + =Disputable=--dis'pu-ta-ble, not dis-p[=u]'ta-ble. + + =Disputant=--dis'pu-tant, not dis-p[=u]'tant. + + =Distich=--d[)i]s't[)i]k, not d[)i]s't[)i]ch. Two poetic lines + making sense. + + =Docible=--d[)o]s'i-ble, not d[=o]'si-ble. Tractable; teachable. + + =Docile=--d[)o]s'[)i]l, not d[=o]'s[=i]le. + + =Dolorous=--d[)o]l'or-[)u]s, not d[=o]'lor-o[)u]s. =Dolorously= + and =Dolorousness= are similarly accented; but =dolor= is + pronounced d[=o]'lor. + + =Doubt.= "I do not doubt but that it is so," is a very common + error. The meaning conveyed is just the opposite to that which + the speaker intends. He declares in other words, that he has + _no_ doubt _but_ a doubt that it is so; or he does not doubt + that it is false. "I have no doubt but," and "there is no doubt + but,"--are similar mistakes. The word "but" should be left out. + + =Dough-face= means one that is easily molded to one's will, or + readily changed in his views, and not a putty-faced or + white-faced person. + + =Dragomans=, not _dragomen_, is the plural of _dragoman_, an + Eastern interpreter. + + =Drama=--drae'ma or dr[=a]'ma, not dr[)a]m'a. Worcester says + dr[=a]'ma or dr[)a]m'a. + + =Dramatis Personae=--dr[)a]m'a-t[=i]s per-s[=o]'n[=e], not + dra-m[)a]t'is p[)e]r'so-n[=e]. + + =Drank=, not _drunk_, is the imperfect tense of drink. + + =Ducat=--d[)u]k'at, not d[=u]'kat. + + + E. + + =Ear=--[=e]ar, not y[=e]ar. Persons frequently speak of the + _year-ache_, and occasionally "_a year of corn_," may be heard. + + =Ecce Homo=--[)e]k's[=e] h[=o]'m[=o], not [)e]k'k[=e] + h[=o]'m[=o]. + + =Eider=--[=i]'der, not [=e]'der. _Eider-down_ and _eider-duck_. + + =Elm= is pronounced in one syllable and not [)e]l'lum. + + =Elysian=--e-l[)i]z'i-an, not e-l[)i]s'sian. Worcester gives + e-l[)i]zh'e-an. + + =Embryo=--em'bry-[=o], not em-bry'[=o]. + + =Employe= (Fr. employe)--[)e]m-ploy-[=a]' or [)o]ng-plwaw-y[=a]', + not employ'[=e] or ong-ploy'[=a]. Employee is not allowed. + + =Encore=--[)o]ng-k[=o]r', not [)o]ng'k[=o]r nor [)e]n'k[=o]r. + + =Eneid=--[=e]-n[=e]'id not [=e]'ne-id. A poem of Virgil. + Worcester sanctions both methods of pronunciation. + + =Ennui=--[)o]ng-nw[=e]', not [)o]ng'w[=e]. Worcester gives a much + simpler pronunciation, viz: aen-w[=e]'. + + =Enquiry=--en-kw[=i]'ry, not [)e]n'kw[)i]-ry. + + =Epsom Salt=, not Epsom _Salts_. + + =Equable=--[=e]'kwa-ble, not [)e]k'wa-ble. + + =Equally well=, etc., not equally _as_ well, etc. + + =Espionage=--[)e]s'pe-on-[=a]je or [)e]s'pe-on-aezh, not + [)e]s-p[=i]'o-n[=a]je nor es-p[=e]'on-aezh. + + =Esquimau=--[)e]s'ke-m[=o], not [)e]s'qui-maw: plural, + =Esquimaux= ([)e]s'ke-m[=o]z), not [)e]s'ke-mawz nor + [)e]s'ke-m[=o]. + + =Etagere=--[)e]t-a-zhar', not e-t[)a]zh'er-y nor + at-t[)a]zh'[)i]-a. Worcester's pronunciation is [=a]-tae-zhar'. + A piece of parlor furniture with shelves, used for placing + small ornaments and fancy articles upon; a what-not. + + =Excrescence=--ex-kr[)e]s'sense not ex-kr[=e]'sense. A + superfluous appendage: morbid outgrowth. + + =Expect= has reference to the future only, and not to the present + or past. "I _expect_ that you are wrong." "I _expect_ you were + disappointed yesterday," are errors. There is an abundance of + words that may be correctly used, as _suppose_, _suspect_, + _imagine_, _believe_ and _think_. + + =Expose= (Fr. expose)--[)e]ks-po-z[=a]', not ex-p[=o]z'. An + exposition; statement. + + =Exquisite=--[)e]ks'qu[)i]-z[)i]t, not eks-qu[)i]z'it[)e]. + =Exquisitely= is accented on the first syllable also. + + =Extant=--ex'tant not ex-t[)a]nt'. + + =Extol=--ex-t[)o]l', not ex-t[=o]'. =Extolled=, ex-t[)o]ld', etc. + + + F. + + =Facet=--f[)a]s'set not f[=a]-s[)e]t'. A small surface or face; + as one of the _facets_ of a diamond. + + =Falchion=--fawl'chun, not f[)a]l'ch[)i]-on. A sword. Worcester + sanctions fawl'shun, also. + + =Falcon=--faw'kn, not f[)a]l-k[)o]n. + + =Fang.= When applied to a tooth, _fang_ means the portion that is + outside of the jaw. This name is often, even by dentists, + erroneously given to the _root_ or part that is set into the jaw. + + =Far=, not _fur_. + + =Febrile=--f[=e]'br[)i]l or f[)e]b'r[)i]l, not f[=e]'br[=i]le. + Relating to fever. + + =February=, as it is spelled, and not F[)e]b'u-a-ry, as many say + and write it. + + =Feod=, =feodal=, =feodality=--f[=u]d, f[=u]d'al, and + f[=u]-d[)a]l'i-ty. Relating to a kind of tenure formerly + existing in Europe, in which military services were rendered by + the tenant as a consideration. =Feud=, =feudal=, =feudality=, + is the orthography generally adopted now. + + =Ferret.= A ferret is an animal of the weasel kind, used to drive + rabbits out of their burrows, and not a species of dog. + + =Fetid=--f[)e]t'id, not f[=e]'tid. + + =Fetor=--f[=e]'tor, not f[)e]t'or. + + =Finale=---fe-nae'l[=a], not f[=i]'n[=a]le or f[=i]-n[)a]l'ly. + + =Finance=--f[)i]-n[)a]ns', not f[=i]'-n[)a]ns. + + =Finances=--f[)i]-n[)a]n's[)e]z, not f[=i]'n[)a]n-s[)e]z. + + =Financier=--f[)i]n-an-seer', not f[=i]-nan-seer'. =Financial=, + and =financially=, have also the short i in the first syllable. + + =Finis=--f[=i]'nis, not f[)i]n'is. + + =Firmament= means the expanse of the sky: the heavens. The + meaning, solid foundation, is obsolete. + + =Flannel=, not _flannen_. + + =Florid=--fl[)o]r'id, not fl[=o]'r[)i]d. + + =Florin=--fl[)o]r'in, not fl[=o]-r[)i]n. A piece of money. + + =Florist=--fl[=o]'rist, not fl[)o]r'ist. + + =Forage=--f[)o]r'aje, not f[=o]'raje. + + =Forceps=--for'seps, not f[=o]r'seps. The word is spelled the + same in both the singular and the plural numbers. Such mistakes + as, "hand me a forcep," instead of "hand me a forceps," are + very common. Strictly speaking, "a pair of forceps," ought, I + suppose, to mean _two_ forceps; but like the expressions "a + pair of scissors" and "a pair of stairs," the phrase has been + in use so long that it must be tolerated. + + =Forehead=--f[)o]r'ed, not f[=o]r'h[)e]d. Worcester allows either. + + =Foreign=--f[)o]r'in, not f[)u]r'in. + + =Fortnight=--fort'n[=i]te, not f[=o]rt'n[=i]te, f[=o]rt'n[)i]t + nor fort'n[)i]t. Worcester gives what is authorized above and + fort'n[)i]t. + + =Fortress=--for'tress, not f[=o]r'tress. + + =Fragile=--fr[)a]j'[)i]l, not fr[=a]'j[)i]l nor fr[=a]'j[=i]le. + + =Fritter=, not _flitter_, is the name of a kind of fried cake. + + =Frivolity=--fri-v[)o]l'i-ty, not fr[)i]v'ol-ty. + + =Frontier=--fr[)o]nt'eer, not fr[)u]nt'eer nor fr[)u]n-teer'. + + =Frontispiece=--fr[)o]nt'is-p[=e]se, not fr[)u]nt'is-p[=e]se. + + =Fuchsia=--f[=o][=o]k's[)i]-a, not f[=u]'sh[)i]-a. Worcester + gives the latter. + + =Fuzz=, not _furze_, is the word to use, if used at all, when the + embryo whiskers, or the downy surface of fruit, etc., are + meant. Down is the more appropriate word. _Furze_ is the name + of an evergreen shrub. + + + G. + + =Gallivating=, not _gallivanting_. Gallivanting is a word that is + used to some extent, being applied to persons that are roaming + about for amusement or adventure; as, "this young man has been + _gallivanting_ around." If it is a corruption of _gallanting_, + it should certainly be abolished as a vulgarism; but if it is a + corruption of _gallivating_, from _gallivat_, the name of a + small sailing vessel, it might be clothed in its proper garb + and retained as a useful word in our language. If either is + used, the one above preferred should be chosen, at any rate. + + =Gallows=--g[)a]l'lus, not g[)a]l'l[=o]z. =Gallowses=, plural. + + =Gamin=--ga-m[)a]ng', not g[)a]m'in nor g[=a]'min. A street child. + + =Gape=--gaepe or g[=a]pe, not g[)a]p. + + =Gargle.= One _gargles_, not _gurgles_, the throat. + + =Gaseous=--g[)a]z'e-us, not g[)a]ss-e-us. Worcester gives + g[=a]'ze-us too. + + =Gather=--g[)a]th'er, not g[)e]th'er. + + =Genealogy=--j[)e]n-e-[)a]l'o-jy, not j[=e]-ne-[)a]l'o-jy nor + je-ne-[)o]l'o-jy. + + =Genealogist= (j[)e]n-e-[)a]l'o-jist), =genealogical= + (j[)e]n-e-a-l[)o]j'i-kal) and =genealogically= + (j[)e]n-e-a-l[)o]j'i-kal-ly). + + =Generic=--je-n[)e]r'ik, not j[)e]n'er-ik, nor je-n[=e]'rik. + Relating to a genus, or kind. + + =Gerund=--j[)e]r'und, not j[=e]-rund. A kind of verbal noun in + Latin. + + =Get=, not g[)i]t. + + =Giaour=--jowr, not g[=i]'[=o][=o]r, j[=i]-owr' nor j[=o][=o]r. + An epithet applied by the Turks to a disbeliever in Mahomet; + the name of one of Byron's poems. + + =Gibbet=--j[)i]b'bet, not g[)i]b'bet. + + =Glamour=--gl[=a]'m[=o][=o]r, not gl[)a]m'mur. Worcester gives + gl[=a]'mer, also. A charm in the eyes, making them see things + differently from what they really are. + + =Gneiss=--n[=i]s, not n[=e]s nor gn[=e]s. A kind of rock. + + =Gondola=--g[)o]n'do-la, not gon-d[=o]'la. + + =Got.= There are some sticklers for niceties that overdo + themselves in contending that the use of the verb _got_ is + generally unnecessary and incorrect in conjunction with _have_ + and _had_. Get means to procure, to obtain, to come into + possession of, etc., and it is a very tame assertion that one + simply _has_ a thing that cost much mental or physical labor. A + scholar _has_ his lesson, but did it creep into his head while + he passively shut his eyes and went to sleep? On the contrary, + he _got_ it or learned it by hard study, and it is proper to + say that he has _got_ it. A man _has_ a cold, but he _got_ it + or _took_ it by exposing himself. A person _has_ a sum of + money, but he _got_ or _earned_ it by his labor. Another _has_ + good friends, but he _got_ or _secured_ them by his pleasant + address. The great causes of the warfare against this word are, + I think, that _have_ and _had_, though generally used as + auxiliaries, can sometimes be used as principal verbs and make + good sense; and that it has not been recollected that in the + majority of cases _got_ either stands for, or can be + substituted for another verb. In confirmation of this last + statement, is appended the following composed by Dr. Withers: + "I _got_ on horseback within ten minutes after I _got_ your + letter. When I _got_ to Canterbury, I _got_ a chaise for town, + but I _got_ wet before I _got_ to Canterbury; and I have _got_ + such a cold as I shall not be able to _get_ rid of in a hurry. + I _got_ to the Treasury about noon, but first of all I _got_ + shaved and dressed. I soon _got_ into the secret of getting a + memorial before the board, but I could not _get_ an answer + then; however, I _got_ intelligence from the messenger, that I + should most likely _get_ one the next morning. As soon as I + _got_ back to my inn, I _got_ my supper and _got_ to bed. It + was not long before I _got_ asleep. When I _got_ up in the + morning, I _got_ my breakfast, and then I _got_ myself dressed + that I might _get_ out in time to _get_ an answer to my + memorial. As soon as I _got_ it, I _got_ into the chaise and + _got_ to Canterbury by three, and about tea-time, I got home. I + have _got_ nothing for you, and so adieu." + + Applying this test of substitution to any doubtful case, I think + it right to assert that if there is no other verb, or + participle, that will appropriately take the place of "got," + the latter word is _unnecessary_; but it should hardly be + considered as an error, as it is so slight an impropriety + compared with many others that are allowed, and especially + because we have long had the usage of many of the best writers + to sanction the employment of the word. The very people that + appear to be so shocked at the use of the superfluous _got_, + may generally be heard making use of such expressions as "fell + _down_ upon the ground," "rose _up_ and went away," "covered it + _over_," and "a great, _big_ fire." The _down_, _up_, _over_ + and _big_ are certainly superfluities, but they have been heard + so long that they are seldom mentioned as errors. + + =Gourmand=--g[=o][=o]r'maend, not gor'mand, unless the orthography + =gormand= is used. + + =Gout=--gowt, not g[=o][=o]t, as actors are sometimes heard + pronounce it in the following line from Macbeth: "On thy blade + and dudgeon, _gouts_ of blood." + + =Government=--g[)u]v'ern-ment not g[)u]v'er-ment. It is a + mistake, frequently made, to write and pronounce the word as if + it had no "n" in the penultimate. + + =Gramercy=--gra-mer'sy, not gr[)a]m'er-sy. A word formerly used + to express thankfulness with surprise. + + =Granary=--gr[)a]n'a-ry, not gr[=a]'na-ry. There are no such + words as _grainery_ and _grainary_. + + =Gratis=--gr[=a]'tis, not gr[)a]t-is. + + =Grenade=--gre-n[=a]de', not gr[)e]n'ade. A kind of explosive + shell. + + =Guardian=--gaerd'[)i]-an, not gaer-d[=e]'an. + + =Guerdon=--ger'don, not gw[)e]r'don nor j[)e]r'don. A reward; a + recompense. + + =Guild=--g[)i]ld, not g[=i]ld. A society; a fraternity. + + =Guipure=--ge-p[=u]r', not g[)i]m-p[=u]re' nor gw[)i]-p[=u]re'. + An imitation of antique lace. + + =Gunwale=--commonly pronounced g[)u]n'nel and spelled so + sometimes. + + =Gutta-percha=--g[)u]t'ta-per'cha, not g[)u]t'ta-per'ka. + + =Gyrfalcon=--jer'faw-kn, not j[=e]r'f[)a]l-kun. + + + H. + + =Habitue= (Fr. habitue)--ae-b[)i]t-u-[=a]', not h[)a]b-it-u-[=e] + nor h[)a]b-[)i]t-u-[=a]'. + + =Halloo= (hal-l[=o][=o]'), =holla= (h[)o]l'lae), =hollo= + (h[)o]l'l[=o] or h[)o]l-l[=o]') or =hollow= (h[)o]l'l[=o]w), + but not h[)o]l'ler. Worcester gives =halloo= (hal-l[=o][=o]'), + =holla= (h[)o]l-lae'), =hollo= (h[)o]l-l[=o]') and =hollow= + (h[)o]l'l[=o]w or h[)o]l-l[=o]w'). It is strange that with such + a variety of words to choose from, people generally say + "_holler_." + + =Hanged= is preferable to _hung_, when the infliction of the + death penalty by hanging is meant. + + =Harass=--h[)a]r'ass, not ha-r[)a]ss'. + + =Harem=--h[=a]'rem, not h[)a]r'em. Worcester gives hae'rem also. + Written also =haram= (ha-r[)a]m'). + + =Hardly.= _Don't_ and _can't_ should not be used with =hardly=. + Such errors as, "I don't hardly believe it," are not uncommon. + _Hardly_ means _scarcely_, and the use of don't or can't gives + an opposite signification to the sentence. + + =Haunt=--haent, not h[)a]nt. + + =Haunted=--haent'ed, not h[)a]nt'ed. + + =Hawaiian=--ha-w[=i]'yan, not ha-waw'yan. Relating to the island + of Hawaii. + + =Hearth=--haerth, not herth. + + =Hearth-stone=--haerth'stone, not herth'stone. + + =Heather=--h[)e]th'er, not h[=e]th'er. Worcester gives h[=e]th'er + as the pronunciation. + + =Heinous=--h[=a]'nus, not h[=e]'nus, h[=e]n'yus nor h[=a]n'yus. + + =Herb=--erb, not herb. + + =Herbaceous=--her-b[=a]'shus, not er-b[=a]'shus. + + =Herbage=--erb'ej or h[)e]rb'ej, not h[)e]r'b[=a]je. + + =Heroine=--h[)e]r'o-[)i]n, not h[=e]'-ro-[=i]ne nor h[=e]'ro-[)i]n. + Worcester gives the first and the last of the above. + + =Heroism=--h[)e]r'o-izm, not h[=e]'ro-[)i]zm. Worcester sanctions + both. + + =Hieroglyphic=--h[=i]-er-o-gl[)i]f'ik, not h[=i]-er-o-gr[)i]f'ik. + + =Hindoostanee=} =Hindustani= } hin-d[=o][=o]-st[)a]n'ee, not + hin-d[=o][=o]'st[)a]n-ee. Worcester's orthography is + _Hindostanee_ and _Hindostany_, but the accent is on the penult + as above. + + =Homage=--h[)o]m'aje, not [)o]m'-aje. + + =Homeopathy=--h[=o]-me-[)o]p'a-thy, not h[=o]'me-o-p[)a]th-y. + + =Homeopathist=--h[=o]-me-[)o]p'a-thist, not + h[=o]'me-o-p[)a]th-ist. + + =Hooping-cough=--h[=o][=o]p'ing-cough, not h[)o][)o]p'ing-cough. + Spelled =Whooping-cough=, also. + + =Horizon=--ho-r[=i]'zon, not h[)o]r'i-zon. + + =Horse-radish=--horse-r[)a]d-ish, not horse-r[)e]d-dish. + + =Hough=--h[)o]k, not h[)u]ff. To disable by cutting the sinews of + the ham. As a noun, the word means the joint at the lower + portion of the leg of a quadruped; written =hock=, also. + + =Houri=--howr'y, not owr'y. A nymph of paradise. + + =Hovel=--h[)o]v'el, not h[)u]v'el. + + =Hundred=, as spelled, not _hun'derd_. + + =Hydropathy=--h[=i]-dr[)o]p'a-thy, not h[=i]'dr[=o]-p[)a]th-y. + + =Hydropathist=--h[=i]-dr[)o]p'a-thist, not + h[=i]'dr[=o]-p[)a]th-ist. + + =Hygiene=--h[=i]'ji-[=e]ne, not h[=i]-geen' nor h[=i]'geen. + Worcester authorizes the first and last. + + + I. + + =Illustrate=--il-l[)u]s'trate, not [)i]l'lus-tr[=a]te. + =Illustrated=, =illustrating=, =illustrative= and + =illustrator=, are likewise accented on the second syllable. + + =Imbroglio=--[)i]m-br[=o]l'y[=o], not [)i]m-br[)o]l'y[=o]. + Worcester says [)i]m-br[=o]l'ye-[=o]. + + =Immobile=--im-m[)o]b'[)i]l, not [)i]m-m[=o]'b[)i]l nor + [)i]m-m[=o]'b[=i]le. + + =Imperturbable=--im-per-tuer'ba-ble, not + [)i]m-per-t[=o][=o]'ra-ble, nor [)i]m-per'tu-ra-ble. Incapable + of being disturbed. + + =Implacable=--im-pl[=a]'ka-ble, not [)i]m-pl[)a]k'a-ble. + + =Impotent=--im'po-tent, not [)i]m-p[=o]'tent. =Impotency= and + =impotence= are accented similarly. + + =Improvise=--im-pro-v[=i]ze', not [)i]m'pro-v[=i]ze. + + =Incognito=--in-k[)o]g'ni-t[=o], not in-c[)o]n'i-to nor + in-c[)o]g-n[)i]sh'[=o]. =Incog= is an authorized abbreviation. + =Incognita=, is a female in disguise. + + =Indiscretion=--[)i]n-dis-kr[)e]sh'un, not [)i]n-dis-kr[=e]'shun. + + =Indissoluble=--in-d[)i]s'so-lu-ble, not + [)i]n-d[)i]s-s[)o]l'u-ble. =Indissolubly=, etc. + + =Industry=--in'dus-try, not [)i]n-dus'try. + + =Infinitesimal=--in-fin-i-t[)e]s'i-mal, not + [)i]n-f[)i]n-t[)e]s'i-mal. + + =Ingenious=--[)i]n-j[=e]n'y[)u]s, means possessed of genius; + skillful, etc. + + =Ingenuous=--[)i]n-j[)e]n'yu-us, means noble, open, frank, + generous, etc. + + =Inquiry=--in-kw[=i]'ry, not [)i]n'kw[)i]-ry. + + =Inveigle=--[)i]n-v[=e]'gle, not [)i]n-v[=a]'gle. =Inveigler= + (in-v[=e]'gler) and =inveiglement= (in-v[=e]'gle-ment). + + =Irate= [=i]-r[=a]te', not [=i]'r[=a]te. Worcester gives the + latter. + + =Irrational=--ir-r[)a]sh'un-al, not [)i]r-r[=a]'shun-al. + =Irrationally= ([)i]r-r[)a]sh'un-al-ly), etc. + + =Irrecognizable=--ir-re-k[)o]g'ni-za-ble, not + [)i]r-r[)e]k'og-n[=i]-za-ble. + + =Irrelevant=, not _irrevelant_. Not applicable; not suited. + + =Isinglass= [=i]'z[)i]ng-glass, is a kind of gelatine prepared + from the sounds or air-bladders of certain fish, and is used in + jellies, for clarifying liquors, etc.; while the transparent + substance, frequently called _isinglass_, which is used in the + doors of stoves and lanterns, is really _mica_, a mineral that + admits of being cleaved into thin plates. + + =Isolate=--[)i]s'o-l[=a]te, not [=i]'so-late. =Isolated= + ([)i]s'o-l[=a]-ted), etc. Worcester gives [)i]z'o-l[=a]te, etc. + + =Itch=--[)i]tch, not [=e]ch. + + + J. + + =Jamb=, not _jam_ is the spelling of the side-piece of a door, + window or fire-place. + + =Jaundice=--jaen'd[)i]s, not _jan-ders_. + + =Jean=--j[=a]ne, not jeen. A twilled cotton cloth. Written also + =jane=. + + =Jew's-harp=--j[=u]z'haerp, not j[=u]s'haerp. + + =Jocund=--j[)o]k'und, not j[=o]'kund. =Jocundity=, =jocundly=, + =jocundness=, have also the short o. + + =Jugular=--j[=u]'gu-lar, not j[)u]g'u-lar. + + =Jujube=--j[=u]'j[=u]be, not j[=u]'j[=u]-be. "Jujube paste." + + =Just=, not j[)e]st in such sentences as: "I have _just_ done + it;" "He has _just_ enough," etc. + + + K. + + =Knoll=--n[=o]l, not n[)o]l. + + + L. + + =Lamm=, to beat, is not spelled l[)a]m nor l[)a]mb. + + =Lapel=--la-p[)e]l', not l[)a]p'el. That part of a coat which + laps over the facing. + + =Lariat=--l[)a]r'i-at, not l[=a]'ri-at. A lasso. + + =Lay=. This word in the sense here considered is a transitive + verb, or one in which the action or state implied by the verb, + passes over to an object. The present tense is _lay_; the + imperfect tense and past participle are _laid_; and the present + participle _laying_. Requiring an object in each of the various + meanings attached to it, it is proper to say: "The hen _lays_ + an egg every day;" "The man _laid_ his load on the ground;" + "The rain has _laid_ the dust;" "The hunter is _laying_ a + snare." The verb _lie_ is an _intransitive_ verb and can have + _no object_ after it. The present tense is _lie_; the imperfect + tense is _lay_; the past participle is _lain_; the present + participle is _lying_. Having no objective case to which the + action or state passes over, it is correct to say: "Ohio _lies_ + north of Kentucky;" "The sick man _lay_ upon the bed + yesterday;" "He has _lain_ there helpless for weeks;" "The + goods I bought are _lying_ on my hands." Contrasting the + sentences under each verb it will be readily seen that Ohio + does not _lie_ Kentucky, but the hen _lays_ the egg; the + invalid did not _lay_ the bed like the man _laid_ his load; he + has not _lain_ anything, as the rain has _laid_ the dust; and + the goods are not _lying_ anything, as the hunter is _laying_ + the snare. If the foregoing differences have been carefully + observed, I imagine that it will always be easy to select the + proper word by remembering the following rules: + + 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + must pass over to an object, use _lay_, _laid_ and _laying_. + + 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + does not pass over to an object, use _lie_, _lay_, _lain_ + and _lying_. + + "He _laid_ upon the bed," then, is incorrect, for the verb has no + object. It should be: "He _lay_ upon the bed." But, "He _laid + himself_ upon the bed," would be correct, for there is an + objective case, _himself_, supplied. "Let these papers _lay_," + should be, "Let these papers _lie_." "The ship _lays_ at + anchor," should be, "The ship _lies_ at anchor." "The ship + _laid_ at anchor," should be, "The ship _lay_ at anchor." "They + have _laid_ in wait for you," should be, "They have _lain_ in + wait for you." "This trunk is _laying_ in our way," should be, + "This trunk is _lying_ in our way." Errors connected with the + use of these verbs are more common, probably, than any others + in our language, being detected in the conversation and + writings of many of the best educated people. Attention to the + above rules, and a few trial sentences in the different moods, + tenses, numbers and persons, ought to make the selection of the + proper word so simple, that persons should seldom make mistakes. + + =Learn.= _Learning_ is done by the scholar or student, and + _teaching_ by the instructor. "She will _learn_ me how to + play," should be, "She will _teach_ me how to play," etc. + + =Leasing=--leez'ing, not l[=e]s'ing. An obsolete word meaning + falsehood; lying. "Thou shalt destroy them that speak + leasing."--_Bible._ + + =Leg.= Of late years there has become quite popular a prudish + notion that it is indelicate to say _leg_ when one of the limbs + that supports the human body is meant, _limb_ being preferred + instead. _Leg_ is certainly a less euphonious word than _limb_, + and if the latter had the same signification attached to it, + there would be no objection to its employment; but _limb_ means + _arm_ just as much as it does _leg_. There is nothing immodest in + the sound or meaning of the word _leg_; if there were, it would + be well to speak of the _limb_ of a table, a _limb_ of mutton, or + a three _limbed_ stool; and the mention of such words as _legacy_ + or _legate_ should cause the blush to rise to our cheeks. The + very use of the word _limb_ indicates what is passing in the mind + of the speaker--a thought of _leg_, an indelicate meaning + attached to it, and a fear to speak the word. The mind of the + listener is affected similarly and the result is that a + conversation intended to be perfectly pure, has a slight stain + left upon it. If we could pass through life without ever finding + it necessary to speak of our legs to strangers, there would be no + danger of compromising ourselves; but run-away and other + accidents are constantly occurring in which legs are broken or + otherwise injured. When a surgeon is called, if he is told that a + _limb_ is injured, he has one chance in four of guessing the + riddle. It is not always safe to trifle thus with some of the + serious, practical old followers of Esculapius. Before now they + have given such rebukes as to make people ashamed that they did + not say _leg_ in the first place; or they have left the bedside + abruptly with such a remark as: "When you find out whether it is + your arm or your leg, send for me again." If people will persist + in using _limb_ for _leg_, it is to be hoped that they will adopt + some adjective prefix to remove all ambiguity. How would + north-east, south-east, etc., do? Any one informed that the + _south-east limb_ was fractured, would know at once that it was + the _right leg_. + + =Legate=--l[)e]g'ate, not l[=e]'g[=a]te. + + =Legendary=--l[)e]j'end-a-ry, not l[=e]'j[)e]nd-a-ry. + + =Leisure=--l[=e]'zhur, not l[)e]zh'ur, nor l[=a]'zhur. + =Leisurely= (l[=e]'zhur-ly). + + =Length=, not l[)e]nth. Every letter is sounded, also, in + =lengthy=, =lengthen=, =lengthiness=, etc. + + =Lenient=--l[=e]'ni-ent, not l[)e]n'i-ent. =Leniently= + (l[=e]'ni-ent-ly), etc. + + =Lethe=--l[=e]'the, not l[=e]th; the _th_ is as in _both_. The + mythological and poetical name of a river of the infernal + region, the drinking of a portion of which caused forgetfulness + of the past. + + =Lethean=--l[=e]-th[=e]'an, not l[=e]'the-an. + + =Let's.= It should be remembered that _let's_ is really _let us_, + the apostrophe denoting the elision of the u. Such expressions + then as: "let's us go," "let's him and me go," should he, "let + us go" (or let's go), and "let him and me go;" for who wishes + to say "let us us go," or "let us him and me go." + + =Leverage=--l[)e]v'er-aje, not l[=e]'ver-aje. + + =Licorice=--l[)i]k'o-r[)i]s, not l[)i]k'er-[)i]sh. + + =Lie.= See =Lay=. + + =Lien=--l[=e]'en or l[=i]'en, not _leen_. A charge upon property + for the satisfaction of a debt. + + =Lighted= is preferable to l[)i]t as the imperfect tense and past + participle of _light_. "He _lighted_ the gas," instead of, "He + _lit_ the gas." "I have _lighted_ the fire," instead of, "I + have _lit_ the fire." The same remarks apply to the imperfect + and participle of _light_ taken as an intransitive verb. "The + bird has _lighted_ upon the tree," instead of, "has _lit_ upon + the tree." _Lit_ is condemned as common. + + =Lithographer=--l[)i]-thog'ra-pher, not l[)i]th'o-gr[)a]ph-er, + nor l[=i]-th[)o]g'ra-pher. =Lithography= + (l[)i]-th[)o]g'ra-phy). + + =Loath=--l[=o]th, not l[)o]th; the _th_ is as in _both_. + Reluctant. Written sometimes =loth=. The verb is =loathe=, with + the _th_ as in _breathe_. + + =Lyceum=--l[=i]-s[=e]'um, not l[=i]'se-um. + + + M. + + =Machiavelian=--m[)a]k-i-a-v[=e]l'ian, not m[)a]sh-i-a-v[)e]l'ian. + pertaining to Machiavel; politically cunning. + + =Mad.= In the sense of provoked, wrathful or indignant, _angry_ + is generally considered the more appropriate word. "_Mad as a + March hare_," is an indelicate term that should not be used on + account of its origin. + + =Madame=--mae-daem', not m[)a]d'am. + + =Magna Charta=--magna kaer'ta, not magna chaer'ta. + + =Manes=--m[=a]'n[=e]z, not m[=a]nz. The souls of the dead. + + =Manor=--m[)a]n'or, not m[=a]'nor. + + =Marigold=--m[)a]r'i-gold, not m[=a]'ri-gold. + + =Matin=--m[)a]t'in, not m[=a]'tin. + + =Matins=--m[)a]t'inz, not m[=a]'tinz. + + =Mattress=--m[)a]t'tress, not ma-tr[)a]ss'. Written also + =matress= and pronounced as the first. + + =Meaw=--m[=u], not meyow. To cry like a cat. + + =Mediocre=--me'di-[=o]-ker, not m[=e]-di-[=o]'ker, nor + m[=e]-di-[)o]k'er. + + =Melange=--m[=a]-l[)o]ngzh', not me-l[)a]nj'. + + =Melanotype=--me-l[)a]n'o-type, not me-l[=a]n'o-type. + + =Melodrama=--m[)e]l-o-dr[=a]'ma, not m[)e]l-o-dr[)a]m'a, nor + m[)e]l-o-drae'ma. + + =Memoir=--m[)e]m'wor or m[=e]m'wor, according to Webster; + Worcester gives m[=e]-moir' or m[)e]m'waer. + + =Mesdames=--m[=a]-daem', not m[)e]z-d[=a]mes'. + + =Metallurgy=--m[)e]t'al-lur-jy, not me-t[)a]l'lur-jy. + + =Metaphor.= The failure to distinguish between metaphors and + similes, is a very common mistake. In a metaphor the + resemblance is implied without any words to show the + similarity; as soon as the latter are added it becomes a + simile. "Hope is an anchor," and "Judah is a lion's whelp" are + metaphors. "Hope is _like_ an anchor," and "Judah is _like_ a + lion's whelp" are similes. + + =Metrical=--m[)e]t'rik-al, not m[=e]'trik-al. + + =Mezzo=--m[)e]d'z[=o] or m[)e]t'z[=o], not m[)e]z'z[=o]. An + Italian word meaning middle; not extreme. =Mezzo-soprano= + (m[)e]d'zo-so-prae'no); between contralto and soprano; said of + the voice of a female singer. =Mezzotinto=, etc. + + =Microscope=--m[=i]'kro-scope, not m[)i]k'ro-scope. =Microscopic= + (m[=i]-kro-sc[)o]p'ic). =Microscopy= (m[=i]-kros'co-py). + + =Mien=--meen, not m[=a]ne. + + =Mineralogy=--min-er-al'o-jy, not min-er-[)o]l'o-jy. + + =Minuet=--m[)i]n'[=u]-et, not m[)i]n-[=u]-[)e]t'. A dance. + + =Mischievous=--m[)i]s'che-v[)u]s, not m[)i]s-ch[=e]'v[)u]s, nor + mis-ch[=e]'ve-us. =Mischievously= and =mischievousness= are + also accented on the first syllable. + + =Modulate.= This word is often used incorrectly instead of + _moderate_ in such sentences as: "_Modulate_ your voice," when + it is meant to command or request that the tone be _moderated_ + or lowered. _Modulate_ means to vary or inflect in a musical + manner, and although the word might often be used with + propriety in such sentences as the above, yet it is not always + what is _meant_ by the speaker. A person's voice may be + perfectly _modulated_ and yet the tone may be so high that it + is desirable, upon certain occasions, to have it _moderated_. + + =Moire=--mwor, not m[=o]re nor m[=o]'re. =Moire antique= (mwor + [)a]n-t[=e]k'). + + =Molasses.= It may seem incredible to those who have never heard + the error I am about to mention, that such a ridiculous blunder + could occur. I should hardly have believed it myself, if I had + only heard _of_ it; but I was once in a portion of the country + where all the people for miles around spoke of molasses as if + it were a plural noun, and I frequently heard such remarks as + the following: "_These_ molasses are very good; _they_ are the + best I have seen for some time." I once began to remonstrate + with one of the champions of the plurality of the treacle, and + insisted that he should say, "_this_ molasses" and, "_it_ is + good," etc.; but it was of no avail. He insisted that the word + was analogous to _ashes_, and if one was plural so was the + other. There was no good dictionary or other reliable authority + in the neighborhood, as might be imagined from what has been + said, so they were left happy in their ignorance. + + =Monad=--m[)o]n'ad, not m[=o]'nad. An ultimate atom. + + =Monogram=--m[)o]n'o-gram, not m[=o]'no-gram. + + =Monograph=--m[)o]n'o-graph, not m[=o]'no-graph. + + =Monomania=--m[)o]n-o-m[=a]'nia, not m[=o]-no-m[=a]'nia. + =Monomaniac= (m[)o]n-o-m[=a]'ni-ac). + + =Moor=--m[=o][=o]r, not m[=o]re. An extensive waste; a heath. + _Moor_, the name of a native of North Africa, is similarly + pronounced. + + =Morale=--mo-rael', not m[)o]r'[=a]le nor m[=o]-r[)a]l'. + + =Mountainous=--mount'ain-ous, not moun-t[=a]'ni-o[)u]s. + + =Multiplication=--m[)u]l-ti-pli-c[=a]'tion, not + m[)u]l-ti-pi-c[=a]'tion. + + =Murrain=--m[)u]r'r[)i]n, not m[)u]r'r[=a]ne. A disease among + cattle. + + =Museum=--mu-z[=e]'um, not m[=u]'ze-um. + + =Mushroom=, not _mush-roon_. + + =Musk-melon=, not _mush-melon_; but anything before + _mush-million_. + + =Mussulmans=, not _musselmen_, is the plural of =Mussulman=. + + =Mythology=--m[)i]-th[)o]l'o-jy, not m[=i]-th[)o]l'o-jy. + + + N. + + =Naiad=--n[=a]'yad, not n[=a]'[)i]d nor n[=a]'[)a]d. A water nymph. + + =Nainsook=--n[=a]n-s[=o][=o]k', not n[)a]n-s[=o][=o]k'. A kind of + muslin. + + =Naive=--nae'[=e]v, not n[=a]ve nor naeve. Natural; artless. + + =Naivete=--nae'[=e]v-t[=a], not n[=a]-v[=e]te' nor n[=a]-v[=e]'ta. + + =Nape=--n[=a]p, not n[)a]p. The back part of the neck. + + =Nasal=--n[=a]'zal, not n[=a]'sal nor n[)a]s'al. + + =Nasturtium= or =Nasturtion=, not _asturtion_. + + =Negligee=--n[)e]g-li-zh[=a]', not n[)e]g-li-j[=e]', nor + n[)e]g'li-zh[=a]. + + =Newspaper=--n[=u]z'p[=a]-per, not n[=u]s'p[=a]-per. + + =Niche=--n[)i]ch, not n[)i]ck, when a concave recess in a wall + for an ornament is meant. If a piece is chopped roughly out of + anything, it is a _nick_. _Nick_ of time, not _niche_ of time, + when a critical moment is meant; but in figurative language + there is no doubt that the phrase "niche of time," may be + appropriately used. A great event may be said to stand in a + _niche of time_ as an example for coming ages. + + =Nomad=--n[)o]m'ad, not n[=o]'-mad. One of a wandering tribe. + Written =nomade= (n[)o]m'ade) also. + + =Nomenclature=--no-men-cl[=a]'ture, not n[=o]'men-cl[=a]t[=u]re. + + =Nominative=, not _nom-a-tive_. + + =Nonillion=--n[=o]-n[)i]ll'ion, not n[)o]n-[)i]ll'ion. + + =Nook=--n[=o][=o]k, as given by Webster. Worcester sanctions both + n[=o][=o]k and n[)o][)o]k. + + =Notable=--n[)o]t'a-ble, not n[=o]'ta-ble, when it is applied to + a person distinguished for thrift, management, care, etc.; as a + _notable housekeeper_. + + =Nymphean=--n[)i]m-f[=e]'an, not n[)i]mf'e-an. Relating to nymphs. + + + O. + + =Obesity=--o-b[)e]s'i-ty, not o-b[=e]'si-ty. + + =Obligatory=--[)o]b'li-ga-to-ry, not [)o]b-l[)i]g'a-to-ry. + + =Often=--[)o]f'n, not [)o]f't[)e]n. + + =Omega=--o-m[=e]'ga or o-m[)e]g'a, not [)o]m'e-ga. Worcester + allows the first only. + + =Onerous=--[)o]n'er-ous, not [=o]'ner-o[)u]s. + + =Only=--[=o]n'ly, not [)u]n'ly. + + =Onyx=--[=o]'nyx, not [)o]n'yx. + + =Opal=--[=o]'-pal, not [=o]-p[)a]l' nor [=o]-pawl'. + + =Opponent=--op-p[=o]'nent, not [)o]p'po-nent. + + =Ordnance=, not _ordinance_, when cannon, artillery, etc., are + intended. _Ordinance_ is a rule established by authority. + + =Orgeat=--or'zhat or or'zh[=a], not or'je-at. Worcester gives + or'zhat. + + =Orthoepy=--or'tho-e-py, not or-th[=o]'e-py. + + =Orthoepist=--or'tho-e-pist, not or-th[=o]'e-pist. + + =Overflowed=, not _overflown_. + + + P. + + =Palaver=--pa-lae'ver, not pa-l[)a]v'er. + + =Pall-mall=--p[)e]l-m[)e]l', not pawl-mawl'. The name of a game + formerly played in England; and the name of a street in London. + Written also _pail-mail_ and _pell-mell_, both pronounced as + above. Pell-mell used as an adverb means mixed together in a + disorderly manner; but one person can not rush _pell-mell_. + + =Papaw=--pa-paw', not p[)o]p'paw as commonly called. Written also + =pawpaw=. + + =Papyrus=--pa-p[=i]'rus, not p[)a]p'i-r[)u]s. A material used for + writing upon by the ancients, made from the inner bark of a + plant. + + =Parent=--par'ent, not p[=a]'rent. + + =Parisian=--pa-r[)i]z'ian, not pa-r[)i]sh'ian nor pa-r[)i]ss'ian. + Worcester gives pa-r[)i]zh'i-an. + + =Paroquet=--p[)a]r'o-quet, not p[)a]r-o-k[)e]t'. + + =Parquet=--paer-k[=a]' or paer-k[)e]t'. Worcester allows paer-k[=a]' + only. + + =Parquette=--paer-ket', not paer-k[=a]'. + + =Partner=, not _pardner_. + + =Partridge=, not _pattrij_. + + =Patent.= The _adjective_ is pronounced either p[)a]t'ent or + p[=a]'tent. When used as a verb or a noun it is pronounced + p[)a]t'ent. + + =Patois=--p[)a]t-w[)o]', not p[)a]t'w[)o] nor p[)a]t-waw'. + + =Patriot=--p[=a]'tri-ot, not p[)a]t'ri-ot. =Patriotic=, + =patriotism=, etc., have also the long a. Worcester gives the + same with the exception of _patriotic_, which he pronounces + both p[=a]'tri-ot-ic and p[)a]t'ri-ot-ic. + + =Patron=--p[=a]'tron, not p[)a]t'ron. =Patroness= and + =patronless= have also the long a. + + =Patronize=--p[)a]t'ron-[=i]ze, not p[=a]'tron-[=i]ze. + + =Patronage=--p[)a]t'ron-aje, not p[=a]'tron-aje. + + =Pease=, not _peas_, when an uncounted quantity is referred to, + as: a bushel of _pease_, a plateful of _pease_, some more + _pease_, etc. _Peas_ when a certain number is mentioned, as: a + dozen _peas_, fifty _peas_, etc. + + =Pedal=--p[)e]d'al, not p[=e]'dal, when that portion of a piano + or harp that is acted upon by the feet, is meant. P[=e]'dal is + an adjective, and means pertaining to the above, or to a foot. + + =Perfect.= I have selected this as the representative of a class + of adjectives that, strictly speaking, do not admit of + comparison. I have noticed, invariably, that those who appear + to be so anxious to correct the error of giving degrees of + comparison to a few stereotyped words of this class, such as + _round_, _square_, _universal_, _chief_, _extreme_, etc., are + singularly remiss in calling attention to a great many other + mistakes of the same kind that are equally prominent. Amongst + the latter may be mentioned the comparison of _correct_, + _complete_, _even_, _level_, _straight_, etc. It will be + admitted that if anything is _perfect_ it can not be _more_ so; + and as soon as it is _less_ so it fails to be _perfect_ at all. + So, if anything is _correct_ it is perfectly free from error; + it can not be made _more_ correct, and if its correctness is + detracted from, it is not quite correct any longer. A + _straight_ line is one that does not vary from a perfectly + _direct_ course in the slightest degree; it can not be + _straighter_ and if it could be _less_ straight, it would be + _curved_. It is ridiculous for any one to insist upon a + national reformation of a few such errors, and suffer a hundred + others just like them to exist without remonstrance. Either + _nearer_ and _nearest_, _more nearly_, and _most nearly_, and + the like, should be substituted for the degrees of comparison + and used with all such words; or people should treat them as + all other adjectives, just as the best writers and speakers + have always done. The former course is the more desirable; the + latter is certainly the more probable. + + =Perfidious=--per-f[)i]d'i-ous, not p[)e]r'f[)i]d-o[)u]s. + Worcester allows per-f[)i]d'y[)u]s in addition to the first. + + =Peony=--p[=e]'o-ny) =Paeony= (p[=e]'o-ny) or =Piony= (p[=i]'o-ny) + not p[=i]'ny as often called. A flower. + + =Perambulate=, not _preambulate_. + + =Period=--p[=e]'ri-od, not p[)e]r'i-od. =Periodic=, =Periodical=, + etc., have also the long e. + + =Perspire=, not _prespire_. + + =Perspiration=, not _prespiration_. + + =Persuade.= This word carries with it the idea of success in + one's endeavors to convince or induce. "I _persuaded_ him for a + long time, but he would not grant my request," should be, "I + _tried_ to _persuade_ him," etc. + + =Petrel=--p[)e]t'rel, not p[=e]'trel. A bird. Worcester allows + the latter also. + + =Phaeton=--ph[=a]'et-on, not ph[=a]'te-on. A vehicle. + + =Pharmaceutist=--faer-ma-s[=u]'t[)i]st, not faer-m[=a]-k[=u]'tist + nor faer-m[=a]'k[=u]-tist. + + =Pharmacop[oe]ia=--faer-ma-co-p[=e]'ya, not faer-m[=a]-c[=o]'pi-a. + + =Piano=--pi-ae'no, not p[=i]-[)a]n'o. Worcester allows + p[)i]-[)a]n'o. + + =Piano-forte=--p[)i]-ae'no-f[=o]r't[=a], not + p[=i]-[)a]n'o-f[=o]rt. Worcester sanctions + p[)i]-ae'no-f[=o]r'te, p[)i]-[)a]n'o-for-te, and remarks in + parenthesis, _often_ pe-[)a]n'o-f[=o]rt; but the last + pronunciation is evidently not preferred. + + =Pilaster=--p[)i]-l[)a]s'ter, not p[)i]l'as-ter. A square pillar + set into a wall and projecting slightly. + + =Piquant=--p[)i]k'ant, not p[)i]k'w[)a]nt nor p[=e]k'w[)a]nt. + =Piquantly= (p[)i]k'ant-ly), etc. + + =Placard=--pla-kaerd', not pl[)a]k'ard. + + =Placid=--pl[)a]s'id, not pl[=a]'sid. =Placidly= and =placidness= + have also the short a. + + =Plait=--pl[=a]t, not pl[)a]t nor pl[=e]t. A braid; or to braid. + =Plat= (pl[)a]t) is a proper word, however, having the same + meanings, but the difference in pronunciation must be observed, + when the spelling is as above. =Plait=, meaning a fold of + cloth, as in a shirt bosom, is also pronounced pl[=a]t. How + common an error it is to speak of the _pleets_ when alluding + to such folds. + + =Platina=--pl[)a]t'i-na or pla-t[=e]'na, not pla-t[=i]'na nor + pla-t[)i]n'a. Worcester allows pl[)a]t'i-na only. + + =Platinum=--pl[)a]t'i-num or pla-t[=i]'num, not pla-t[=e]'num nor + pla-t[)i]n'um. Worcester gives pl[)a]t'i-num only. + + =Plebeian=--ple-b[=e]'ian, not pl[=e]'bi-an. Ple-b[)o]n', as some + pronounce it, is outrageous, neither French, English, nor + Hottentot. + + =Plenary=--pl[=e]'na-ry, not pl[)e]n'a-ry. Full; entire. + Worcester gives both methods. + + =Poetaster=--p[=o]'et-[)a]s-ter, not p[=o]'et-t[=a]st-er. A petty + poet. + + =Poniard=--p[)o]n'yard, not poin'yard. + + =Posthumous=--p[)o]st'hu-mous, not p[=o]st'hu-mo[)u]s nor + p[)o]st-[=u]'mo[)u]s. =Posthumously= (p[)o]st'hu-mous-ly). + + =Potable=--p[=o]'ta-ble, not p[)o]t'a-ble. Drinkable. + + =Potheen=--po-theen', not p[)o]t-teen'. When spelled =potteen=, + however, as it may be correctly, the latter pronunciation is + proper. + + =Prairie=--pr[=a]'ry, not per-r[=a]'ry. + + =Prebendary=--pr[)e]b'end-a-ry, not pr[=e]'bend-a-ry. A clergyman + of a collegiate or cathedral church, who enjoys a prebend. + + =Prebend=--pr[)e]b'end, not pr[=e]'bend. A stipend. + + =Precedence=--pre-s[=e]'dence, not pr[)e]s'e-dence. =Precedency= + and =precedently=, have the second syllable accented also. + + =Precedent=--pre-s[=e]'dent, not pr[)e]s'e-dent. An adjective + meaning antecedent. + + =Precedent=--pr[)e]s'e-dent, not pre-s[=e]'dent nor + pr[=e]'se-dent. A noun meaning an example or preceding + circumstance. =Precedented= and =unprecedented= have also the + short e. + + =Precocious=--pre-k[=o]'shus, not pre-k[)o]sh'[)u]s. + =Precociously= and =precociousness= have also the long o. + + =Predatory=--pr[)e]d'a-to-ry, not pr[=e]'da-tory. Plundering; + pillaging. + + =Predecessor=--pr[)e]d-e-c[)e]s'sor, not pr[=e]-de-c[)e]s'sor. + + =Preface=--pr[)e]f'ace, not pr[=e]'face. =Prefatory= + (pr[)e]f'a-to-ry). + + =Prejudice=, not _predudice_. + + =Prelate=--pr[)e]l'ate, not pr[=e]'-late. + + =Presage=, not _prestige_, when something is meant that foreshows + a future event; an omen. "This is a _presage_ of victory." + + =Prescription=, not _perscription_. + + =Prestige=, not _presage_, when it is meant that some one carries + weight or influence from past deeds or successes. "The + _prestige_ of the hero's name was half the battle." + + =Presentiment=--pre-sent'i-ment, not pre-zent'i-ment. + + =Pretty=--pr[)i]t'ty, not pr[)e]'ty. =Prettily= (pr[)i]t'ti-ly), + etc. + + =Preventive=, not _preventative_. + + =Primeval=--pr[=i]-m[=e]'val, not pr[)i]m'e-val. + + =Process=--pr[)o]s'ess, not pr[=o]'sess. + + =Prodigy=, not _projidy_. + + =Produce=--pr[)o]d'uce, not pr[=o]'d[=u]ce. The noun; the verb is + pro-d[=u]ce'. + + =Product=--pr[)o]d'uct, not pr[=o]'duct. + + =Progress=--pr[)o]g'ress, not pro'gress. Noun; the verb is + pro-gress'. + + =Prosody=--pr[)o]s'o-dy, not pr[=o]'so-dy nor pr[)o]z'o-dy. + + =Protean=--pr[=o]'te-an, not pro-t[=e]'an. Assuming different + shapes. + + =Protege= (Fr. protege)--pr[=o]-t[=a]-zh[=a]', not + pr[=o]'t[=e]je. One under the care of another. =Protegee= (Fr. + protegee)--pr[=o]-t[=a]-zh[=a]', feminine. + + =Psalm=--saem, not s[)a]m. =Psalmist= (saem'ist). Worcester gives + s[)a]m'ist also for the latter word. + + =Psalmody=--s[)a]l'mo-dy, not saem'o-dy nor s[)a]m-o-dy. + + =Psychical=--s[=i]'k[)i]k-al, not s[)i]k'[)i]k-al nor + f[)i]z'[)i]k-al, as it is sometimes thoughtlessly pronounced in + reading. Pertaining to the human soul. + + =Pumpkin=, not _punkin_. _Pumpkin_ itself is a corruption of + _pumpion_ or _pompion_, but is the word that is now generally + used. + + =Purulent=--p[=u]'ru-lent, not p[)u]r'u-lent. Containing pus or + matter. =Purulence= and =purulency= have also the long u in the + first syllable. + + =Put=--p[)o][)o]t, not p[)u]t. This anomalous pronunciation is + hard for some to adopt, the natural tendency being to sound the + _u_ as it is in a host of other words consisting of two + consonants with a short u between them, as: bun, but, cut, dug, + fun, gun, hut, nut, etc. + + =Pyrites=--p[=i]-r[=i]'tez, not pe-r[=i]'tez, p[)i]r'i-tez nor + p[=i]'r[=i]tez. + + + Q. + + =Qualm=--kwaem, not kw[)a]m. Worcester allows kwawm also. + + =Quay=--k[=e], not kw[=a]. + + =Querulous=, means complaining, whining, etc., and not + _questioning_. + + =Quinine=--kw[=i]'n[=i]ne or kw[)i]-n[=i]ne', not kwi-neen'. + Worcester gives kw[)i]-n[=i]ne' or kw[)i]n'[=i]ne. + + =Quoit=--kwoit, not kw[=a]te. + + =Quoth=--kw[=o]th or kw[)u]th, not kw[)o]th. + + + R. + + =Rabies=--r[=a]'bi-[=e]z, not r[)a]b'[=e]z. Madness, as that of + dogs. + + =Radish=--r[)a]d'ish, not r[)e]d-ish. + + =Raillery=--r[)a]l'ler-y, not r[=a]l'ler-y. Slight ridicule; + pleasantry. + + =Raise=--=Rise.= _Raise_ is a transitive verb, or one in which + the action passes over to an object. Present tense, _raise_; + imperfect tense and past participle, _raised_; present + participle, _raising_. _Rise_ is an intransitive verb, the + action not passing over to an object. Present tense, _rise_; + imperfect tense, _rose_; past participle, _risen_; present + participle, _rising_. Errors in the use of these words ought to + be avoided by remembering the following rules: + + 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + passes over to an object, use _raise_, _raised_, and + _raising_. + + 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + does not pass over to an object, use _rise_, _rose_, + _risen_, _rising_. To avoid further repetition in the method + I have adopted to impress upon the mind the difference + between transitive and intransitive verbs by contrasted + sentences, I would refer the reader to the remarks under + =Lay=. "I will _raise_ in the morning at five," should be, + "I will _rise_," etc. "I will _raise_ the _window_," etc., + is correct, for the action passes to or affects the window. + "I will _raise myself_ if I have the strength" is correct, + because an object, _myself_, is furnished. "The price of + flour is _raising_," should be, "The price of flour is + _rising_;" but it is right to say, "The merchants are + _raising_ the price of flour." "Gold has _raised_ in value," + should be, "Gold has _risen_ in value." "The price of bonds + _raised_ in less than an hour," should be, "The price of + bonds _rose_," etc. "The sun is _raising_," should be, "The + sun is _rising_." "The sun is _raising_ the temperature," is + proper. The pulse has _risen_, but excitement has _raised_ + it. The river has _risen_ in its bed and has _raised_ the + canal. Birds _rise_ in the air. _Arise_ can often be + appropriately substituted for _rise_. + + =Rampant=--r[)a]m'pant, not ram-pant'. + + =Rapine=--r[)a]p'[)i]n, not r[)a]p'een nor r[=a]-peen'. + + =Raspberry=--r[)a]z'ber-ry, not r[)a]ss'ber-ry nor rawz'ber-ry. + Worcester gives raz'ber-ry and raes'ber-ry. + + =Rational=--r[)a]sh'un-al, not r[=a]-shun-al. =Rationalist= + (r[)a]sh'un-al-[)i]st), etc. + + =Recess=--re-c[)e]ss', not r[=e]'c[)e]ss. + + =Recherche= (Fr. recherche)--r[)u]h-sher-sh[=a]', not re-shersh'. + Worcester gives r[=a]-sher-sh[=a]'. + + =Recluse=--re-kluse', not re-kluze'. + + =Reconnoissance=--re-c[)o]n'no[)i]s-saence, not rek-on-nois'sance. + Worcester gives re-c[)o]n'no[)i]s-saence'. =Reconnaissance= is + another method of spelling. + + =Recriminations=, not _mutual recriminations_; the word itself + tells of the _mutuality_. + + =Redolent=--r[)e]d'o-lent, not red[=o]'lent. Diffusing odor or + fragrance. + + =Relevant=, not _revelant_. Pertinent; applicable. + + =Relic=, not _relict_, when that which remains, a corpse, or + anything preserved in remembrance, is meant. =Relict= means a + widow. + + =Rendezvous=--r[)e]n'de-v[=o][=o], not r[)o]n'de-v[=o][=o] nor + r[)e]n'de-v[=o][=o]z. Worcester gives r[)e]n'de-v[=o][=o] and + r[)e]n'de-v[=o][=o]z. The plural is =rendezvouses= + (r[)e]n'de-v[=o][=o]z-ez). + + =Requiem=--r[=e]'kwi-em, not r[)e]k'w[)i]-em. Worcester gives + both pronunciations. + + =Resume= (Fr. resume)--r[=a]-z[=u]-m[=a]', not re-z[=u]me' nor + re-z[=u]'m[=a]. Worcester gives rez-u-m[=a]'. + + =Reticule=, not _ridicule_, when a little bag of net-work is meant. + + =Reveille=--re-v[=a]l'y[=a], not rev-a-l[=e]'. Worcester gives + the first and re-v[=a]l'. + + =Ribald=--r[)i]b'ald, not r[=i]'bald. Low; obscene. =Ribaldry= + (r[)i]b'ald-ry). + + =Rinse=--r[)i]nss, not r[)e]nse nor wr[)e]nch. "_Wrench_ your + mouth," said an uneducated dentist to a patient after _wrenching_ + out a large molar. "Thank you," replied the patient. "_You_ have + done that, but I'll _rinse_ it, if you please." + + =Ripples=, not _riffles_. + + =Romance=--ro-manss', not r[=o]'manss. + + =Roseate=--r[=o]'ze-at, not r[=o]z'[=a]te. Worcester gives + r[=o]'zhe-at also. + + =Roue= (Fr. roue)--r[=o][=o]-[=a]', not r[=o][=o]. Worcester + gives r[=o][=o]'[=a]. + + + S. + + =Sacerdotal=--s[)a]s-er-d[=o]'tal, not s[=a]-ser-d[=o]'tal, + s[=a]-ker-d[=o]'tal nor s[)a]k-er-d[=o]'tal. + + =Sacrament=--s[)a]k'ra-ment, not s[=a]'kra-ment. =Sacramental= + (s[)a]k'ra-ment-al), etc. + + =Sacrifice=--s[)a]k'r[)i]-f[=i]z, not s[)a]k'r[)i]-f[)i]s nor + s[)a]k'r[)i]-f[=i]se. Verb and noun the same. =Sacrificing= + (s[)a]k'r[)i]-f[=i]-z[)i]ng), etc. + + =Sacristan=--s[)a]k'rist-an, not s[=a]'krist-an nor + s[=a]-kr[)i]s'tan. =Sacristy= (s[)a]k'rist-y). + + =Salam=--sa-laem', not sa-l[)a]m'. Written =salaam= also, and + pronounced similarly. + + =Saline=--sa-l[=i]ne' or s[=a]'l[=i]ne, not s[=a]-l[=e][=e]n'. + Worcester gives sa-l[=i]ne' only. + + =Salve=--saev, not s[)a]v. Worcester gives saelv also. + + =Samaritan=--sa-m[)a]r'i-tan, not sa-m[=a]'ri-tan. + + =Sanitary=, not _sanatory_, when _pertaining_ to health is meant. + =Sanatory= is more restricted in its application, and means + healing; curative. + + =Saracen=--s[)a]r'a-sen, not s[)a]r'a-ken. + + =Sarsaparilla=--saer-sa-pa-r[)i]l'la, not s[)a]s-sa-pa-r[)i]l'la, + nor saer-sa-fa-r[)i]l'la. + + =Satyr=--s[=a]'tur, according to Webster. Worcester gives + s[)a]t'ir also. + + =Saucy=--saw'sy, not _sassy_. + + =Said.= _Said_ (s[)e]d), not says (s[)e]z), in speaking of past + remarks. Many of the most cultivated people are guilty of this + vulgarism. "'I will call to see you soon,' _sez_ he." "'I will + be glad to see you at any time,' _sez_ I." Where the details of + a long conversation are given the frequent repetition of _sez_, + or even _said_, is very grating to the refined ear. The use of + _asked_, _inquired_, _remarked_, _suggested_, _answered_, + _replied_, etc., instead, has a pleasing effect upon narrative + or anecdote. It is preferable, also, to give the _exact words_ + of the speaker after _said_, etc., as: "When he had finished + reading the letter, he said: 'I will attend to the business the + first leisure moment I have.'" When the word _that_ follows the + _said_, the substance only of the remark may be given, as "He + said that he would attend to the business the first leisure + moment he had." Whichever form is used in narrative, it is not + at all harmonious to give the _exact words_ of one speaker and + only the substance of the remarks of another, at least without + regard to regularity in alternation. + + =Schism=--s[)i]zm, not sk[)i]sm. + + =Seckel=, not s[)i]ck-el. A kind of pear. + + =See.= It is not uncommon to meet with people that incorrectly + use _see_ in the imperfect tense, as: "I _see_ him yesterday," + instead of, "I _saw_ him yesterday." See is never used in any + tense but the present, without an auxiliary, as did, shall, etc. + + =Seignior=--s[=e]n'yur, not s[=a]n'yor. + + =Seine=--s[=e]n, not s[=a]n. A net for catching fish. + + =Senile=--s[=e]'n[=i]le, not s[)e]n'[=i]le. Pertaining to old age. + + =Separate=, not _seperate_. The loss of the a is not noticed in + the pronunciation, but the mistake frequently occurs in writing + this word as it does in the words =inseparable=, + =inseparableness=, =separation=, etc. + + =Servile=--ser'v[)i]l, not ser'v[=i]le. + + =Set.= Noun. There are many who incorrectly use _sett_ in writing + of a _set_ of dishes, a _set_ of chess-men, a _set_ of teeth, + or of some other collection of things of the same kind. A + =sett= is a piece placed upon the head of a pile for striking + upon, when the pile can not be reached by the weight or hammer. + + =Set=--=Sit.= Blunders in the use of these words are amongst the + most common we have. _Set_, as we shall first consider it, is a + transitive verb, or one in which the action passes over to an + object. Present tense, _set_; imperfect tense and past + participle, _set_; present participle, _setting_. _Sit_ is an + intransitive verb, or one which has no object after it. Present + tense, _sit_; imperfect tense and past participle, _sat_; + present participle, _sitting_. + + To avoid repetition as much as possible, I would refer any one to + whom the explanation here given is not perfectly clear, to the + rules and remarks under =Lay= and =Raise=, which are equally + applicable here. "Will you _set_ on this chair?" should be, "Will + you _sit_ on this chair?" "Will you _set_ this _chair_ in the + other room?" is correct. "I _set_ for my picture yesterday," + should be, "I _sat_," etc. "This hat _sets_ well," should be, + "This hat _sits_ well." "Court _sets_ next month," should be, + "Court _sits_ next month." "The hen has been _setting_ for a + week," should be, "The hen has been _sitting_," etc. "As cross as + a _setting_ hen," should be, "As cross as a _sitting_ hen." But a + person may _set_ a hen; that is, place her in position on eggs. + One _sits_ up in a chair, but he _sets_ up a post. One _sits_ + down on the ground, but he _sets_ down figures. _Set_ is also an + intransitive verb and has special meanings attached to it as + such, but they may be readily understood by a little study of + the dictionary, and no confusion need arise. The sun _sets_. + Plaster of Paris _sets_. A setter dog _sets_. One _sets_ out on a + journey. _Sit_ may also be used in two senses as a transitive + verb, as: "The general _sits_ his horse well," and "The woman + _sat_ herself down." + + =Sew=--s[=o], not s[=u]. + + =Shampoo=, not _shampoon_. =Shampooing.= Written also =champoo=. + + =Shekel=--sh[)e]k'el, not sh[=e]'kel. + + =Shumac=--sh[=u]'mak, not sh[=u]-mak'. Written also =sumac= and + =sumach=, both accented on the first syllable. + + =Sick= _of_, not sick _with_, as sick _of_ a fever. + + =Sienna=--si-[)e]n'na, not _senna_, when paint is meant. =Senna= + is a plant used as medicine. + + =Simultaneous=--s[=i]-mul-t[=a]'ne-ous, not + s[)i]m'ul-t[=a]'ne-o[)u]s. =Simultaneously= + (s[=i]-mul-t[=a]'ne-ous-ly), etc. + + =Since=, not _sence_. + + =Sinecure=--s[=i]'ne-cure, not s[)i]n'e-cure. An office which + yields revenue without labor. + + =Sit.= See =Sat=. + + =Slake=--sl[=a]ke, not sl[)a]k, when the word is spelled as + given, as: _slaked_ lime, to _slake_ one's thirst, etc. If + spelled =slack=, the ordinary pronunciation is right. + + =Slough=--slow, not sl[=o][=o] nor sl[=o]. A mudhole. Written + =sloo= (sl[=o][=o]) also. + + =Slough=--sl[)u]f, not as above. The cast skin of a serpent. Dead + flesh which separates from the living. The verb expressing this + action is pronounced the same. + + =Sobriquet=--so-bri-k[=a]', not written _soubriquet_. Worcester + pronounces it s[)o]b'r[=e]-k[=a]'. + + =Soften=--s[)o]f'fn, not sawf'ten. + + =Sonnet=--s[)o]n'net, not s[)u]n'net. + + =Soot=--s[=o][=o]t or s[)o][)o]t, not s[)u]t. + + =Soporific=--s[)o]p-o-r[)i]f'ik, not s[=o]-por-[)i]f'ik. + + =Sotto voce=--s[)o]t't[=o] v[=o]'ch[=a], not s[)o]t'to v[=o]s' + nor s[)o]t't[=o] v[=o]'s[=e]. + + =Souse=--souss, not sowze. To plunge into water. + + =Spasmodic=, not _spasmotic_. + + =Spectacles=--sp[)e]k'ta-kls, not sp[)e]k't[)i]k'els. + + =Spermaceti=--sperm-a-s[=e]'t[)i], not sperm-a-c[)i]t'y. + + =Spider=, not _spiter_. + + =Splenetic=--spl[)e]n'e-tic, not sple-n[)e]t'ic. Fretful; + peevish. + + =Spoliation=--sp[=o]-li-[=a]'tion, not spoil-a'tion. + + =Spurious=--sp[=u]'ri-ous, not sp[)u]r'i-o[)u]s. =Spuriously= + (sp[=u]'ri-ous-ly), etc. + + =Statical=--st[)a]t'i-cal, not st[=a]'ti-cal. Pertaining to + bodies at rest. + + =Stationery=, not _stationary_, when paper, envelopes, ink, etc., + are meant. + + =Statue=, not _statute_, when a carved image is meant. + + =Statute=, not _statue_, when a law or decree is meant. + + =Stearine=--st[=e]'a-r[)i]n, not st[)e]r'[)i]n. + + =Stereoscope= (st[=e]'re-o-scope), =Stereotype= + (st[=e]'re-o-type), etc., according to Webster; and + st[)e]r'e-o-scope, st[)e]r'-e-o-type, etc., according to + Worcester. + + =Stolid=--st[)o]l'id, not st[=o]'lid. Stupid; dull. + + =Stratum=--str[=a]'tum, not str[)a]t'um. =Strata= (str[=a]'ta), + the Latin plural is used much more than the English =stratums=. + Errors like "a _strata_ of gravel," are also not infrequently + heard. + + =Strategic=--stra-t[=e]'jik, not str[)a]t'e-j[)i]k. =Strategical= + (stra-t[=e]'ji-cal) and =strategist= (str[)a]t'e-jist). + Worcester gives stra-t[)e]j'ic and stra-t[)e]j'i-cal. + + =Strum= or =Thrum= should be used, and not _drum_, when the noisy + and unskillful fingering of a musical instrument is meant. + + =Stupendous=--stu-pen'd[)u]s, not stu-p[)e]n'j[)u]s nor + stu-p[)e]n'de-us. + + =Suavity=--sw[)a]v'[)i]-ty, not swaev'[)i]-ty nor su[)a]v'i-ty. + + =Subtraction=, not _substraction_, when the act of deducting is + meant. =Substraction= is a law term meaning the withholding of + some right, for which, however, the word _subtraction_ is also + used. =Subtract=, not _substract_. + + =Subtile=--s[)u]b't[)i]l, not s[)u]t'tle. + + =Subtle=--s[)u]t'tle, not s[)u]b'tle. + + =Suffice=--s[)u]f-f[=i]z', not s[)u]f-f[=i]s'. + + =Suicidal=--s[=u]-i-s[=i]'dal, not s[=u]-[)i]s'i-dal. Worcester + placed the principal accent on the first syllable. + + =Suite=--sweet, not s[=u]te. When the word =suit= is used, + however, the latter pronunciation is correct. + + =Sulphurous=--s[)u]l'phur-[)u]s, not sul-ph[=u]'r[)u]s nor + s[)u]l-ph[=u]'re-us. =Sulphureous= is another word. + + =Summoned=, not _summonsed_. + + =Supersede=, =superseded=, =superseding=. Observe the s in the + penultimate. It is a common error to write _supercede_, etc. + + =Supposititious=--sup-pos-i-t[)i]'shus, not sup-po-s[)i]'shus. + Put by a trick in the place of another, as, a _supposititious_ + child, a _supposititious_ record. + + =Surtout=--s[)u]r-t[=o][=o]t', not s[)u]r-towt' nor + s[)u]r't[=o][=o]t. + + =Swath=--swawth, not swawthe. Worcester gives sw[)o]th. The sweep + of the scythe in mowing. + + + T. + + =Tabernacle=--t[)a]b'er-na-cle, not t[)a]b'er-n[)a]k'cle. + + =Tapestry=--t[)a]p'es-try, not t[=a]'p[)e]s-try. + + =Tarlatan=--taer'la-tan, not taerl'tun. =Tartan= is a different + material. + + =Tarpaulin=--taer-paw'lin, not taer-p[=o]'lin. Written also + =tarpauling= and =tarpawling=. + + =Tartaric=--tar-t[)a]r'ic, not tar-taer'ic. Pertaining to or + obtained from tartar, as _tartaric_ acid. + + =Tassel=--t[)a]s'sel, not taw'sel. Worcester gives t[)o]s'sl also. + + =Tatterdemalion=--t[)a]t-ter-de-m[)a]l'ion, not + t[)a]t-ter-de-m[=a]l'ion. + + =Telegraphy=--te-l[)e]g'ra-phy, not t[)e]l'e-gr[)a]ph-y. + + =Telegraphist=--te-l[)e]g'ra-phist, not tel'e-gr[)a]ph-ist. A + telegraphic operator. No such word as _telegrapher_ is given. + + =Terpsichorean=--terp-s[)i]k-o-r[=e]'an, not terp-si-k[=o]'re-an. + Relating to =Terpsichore= (terp-sik'o-re), the muse who + presided over dancing. + + =Tete-a-tete=--t[=a]t-ae-t[=a]t', not teet-ae-teet. + + =Theatre= or =theater=--th[=e]'a-ter, not the-[=a]'ter. + + =Threshold=--thr[)e]sh'[=o]ld, not thr[)e]z'[=o]ld nor + thr[)e]z'hold. Worcester gives thr[)e]sh'hold. + + =Thyme=--t[=i]m, not as spelled. + + =Tic-douloureux=--t[)i]k'd[=o][=o]-l[=o][=o]-r[=o][=o]', not + -d[)o]l-o-r[=o][=o]' nor -d[=o]-l[=o]-r[=o][=o]'. + + =Tiny=--t[=i]'ny, not tee'ny nor t[)i]n'y. + + =Tolu=--to-l[=u]', not t[=u]'l[=u]. + + =Tomato=--to-m[=a]'to or to-mae'to, not to-m[)a]t'o. + + =Topographic=--t[)o]p-o-graph'ic, not t[=o]-po-gr[)a]ph'ic. + =Topographical= and =topographically= have also the short o in + the first syllable. + + =Tour=--t[=o][=o]r, not towr. + + =Tournament=--tuer'na-ment according to Webster. Worcester gives + t[=o][=o]r'na-ment also. + + =Toward= and =towards=--t[=o]'-ward and t[=o]'wardz, not to-ward' + and to-wardz'. + + =Tragacanth=--tr[)a]g'a-k[)a]nth, not tr[)a]j'a-s[)i]nth nor + tr[)a]g'a-s[)a]nth. A gum used for mucilage. + + =Traverse=--tr[)a]v'erse, not tra-verse'. =Traversable=, + =traversing= and =traversed= have also the accent on the first + syllable. + + =Tremendous=--tre-m[)e]n'd[)u]s, not tre-m[)e]n'de-[)u]s nor + tre-m[)e]n'j[)u]s. + + =Trilobite=--tr[=i]'lo-b[=i]te, not tr[)i]l'o-b[=i]te nor + tr[)o]l'lo-b[=i]te, as it is often called. + + =Troche=--tr[=o]'kee, not tr[=o]sh, tr[=o]'she, tr[=o]ke nor + tr[)o]tch. Plural, =troches= (tr[=o]'keez). A lozenge composed + of sugar, mucilage and medicine, as: _bronchial troches_. + =Trochee=--tr[=o]'kee, is a foot in poetry. + + =Truculent=--tr[=u]'ku-lent, not tr[)u]k'u-lent. + + =Truths=--truths, not truthz, is the plural of =truth=. + + =Tryst=--tr[)i]st, not tr[=i]st. An appointment to meet. + =Tryster= (tr[)i]st'er), =trysting= (tr[)i]st'ing). + + =Turbine=--tuer'b[)i]n, not tuer'-b[=i]ne. A kind of water wheel. + + + U. + + =Umbrella=--um-br[)e]l'la, not um-ber-r[)e]l' nor + um-ber-r[)e]l'la. + + =Upas=--[=u]'p[)a]s, not [=u]'paw nor [=u]'pawz. + + =Usurp=--y[=u]-zurp', not y[=u]-surp'. =Usurper= (y[=u]-zurp'er), + etc. + + + V. + + =Vagary=--va-g[=a]'ry, not v[=a]'-ga-ry. + + =Valenciennes=--va-l[)e]n'si-[)e]nz', not v[)a]l-[)e]n-seenz'. A + French lace. + + =Valleys=, not _vallies_, is the plural of =valley=. + + =Vamos= (vae'm[=o]s), or =vamose= (va-m[=o]se'), not vam-moos'. To + depart. (Inelegant.) + + =Vase=, according to Webster; v[=a]se or v[=a]ze, according to + Worcester. The pronunciations vaez and vawz are alluded to but + not recommended. + + =Vehemence=--v[=e]'he-mence, not ve-h[=e]'mence nor + ve-h[)e]m'ence. =Vehemently= and =vehement= have also the + accent on the first syllable. + + =Vermicelli=---ver-me-ch[)e]l-l[)i] or ver-me-s[)e]l'l[)i], not + ver-me-s[)i]l'ly. Worcester sanctions the first method only. + + =Veterinary=--v[)e]t'er-[)i]n-a-ry, not ve-t[)e]r'in-a-ry. + + =Vicar=--v[)i]k'ar, not v[=i]'kar. =Vicarage= and =vicarship= + have also the short i in the first syllable. + + =Violent= (v[=i]'o-lent), =violence= (v[=i]'o-lence), =violet= + (v[=i]'o-let), =violin= (v[=i]-o-l[)i]n'), etc., not + voi'o-lent, voi'o-lence, voi'o-let, voi-o-lin', etc. + + =Viscount=--v[=i]'kount, not v[)i]s'kount. =Viscountess= + (v[=i]'kountess), etc. + + =Visor=--v[)i]z'or, not v[=i]'zor. + + + W. + + =Wake=, etc. _Wake_ is both a transitive and an intransitive + verb. Present tense, _wake_; imperfect and past participle, + _waked_; present participle, _waking_. _Awake_ is also both + transitive and intransitive. Present, _awake_; imperfect, + _awoke_ or _awaked_; participles, _awaked_ and _awaking_. + _Awaken_ is another verb, both transitive and intransitive. + Present, _awaken_; imperfect and past participle, _awakened_; + present participle, _awakening_. Thus it is seen that we have a + great many words to express the fact of _being_ in a conscious + state, and the arousing of a person who is asleep. With a + little attention there is no reason for committing an error in + the use of these words. One may say that he _waked_, _awoke_, + or _awakened_ early in the morning, but it is wrong to say that + he _woke_ in the morning, or that he _woke_ another; for there + is no such word as _woke_. "I _wakened_ at five o'clock," + should be, "I _awakened_ at five o'clock;" for there is no such + word as _wakened_. _Up_ is used only with _wake_, _waked_ and + _waking_, but even then it is one of our most senseless + superfluities. There is no stronger meaning in the assertion + that a man was _waked up_, than that he was _waked_ or + _awakened_. If _waking up_ meant to _wake_ and make _get up_, + it would be different, but it does not. One may be _waked up_ + and it is just as likely that he will go to sleep again as if + he were simply _awakened_. _Awake_ and _awaken_ are more + elegant words than _wake_. + + =Wassail=--w[)o]s's[)i]l, not w[)a]s's[)i]l. A festive occasion, + carousal, the song sung at such a time, etc. The verb and the + adjective are spelled and pronounced similarly. + + =Water=--waw'ter, not w[)o]t'er. + + =Welsh=, not _Welch_. The latter word is seldom used. =Welshman=, + etc. + + =Whinny=, not _winny_, when the cry of a horse is spoken of. + + =Whisk=, not _whist_, when a small hand-broom is meant. =Wisp=, + however, is a proper word, meaning the same thing. + + =Whiting= is preferable to _whitening_. + + =Widow.= It is not necessary to say _widow woman_; no one will + suspect her of being a man. + + =Wrestle=--r[)e]s'l, not r[)a]s'sl. + + + Y. + + =Yacht=--y[)o]t, not y[)a]t. =Yachting= (y[)o]t'ing), etc. + + =Yeast=--y[=e]st, not [=e]st. + + =Yellow=--y[)e]l'l[=o], not y[)a]l'l[=o]. + + + Z. + + =Zoology=--zo-[)o]l'o-jy, not z[=o][=o]-[)o]l'o-jy. =Zoological= + (zo-o-l[)o]j'i-cal), etc. + + + + +SCRIPTURAL, MYTHOLOGICAL AND OTHER PROPER NAMES. + + +In the vocabulary just completed, it has been the design to point out +the majority of errors occurring in the pronunciation of the words +usually selected by people of fair or excellent education to carry on +ordinary English discourse. In the portion of the work now under +consideration, nothing like such thoroughness is contemplated. + +After a moment's reflection, it will appear to any one, that to +mention the thousands upon thousands of proper names, the erroneous +pronunciation of which is rather to be expected than the correct, +would require an elaborate volume. Every one who has striven to become +a fine orthoepist has longed for the ability to comprehend the +pronunciation of that myriad of names, any one of which is apt to +confront him in any book or paper he may chance to pick up. But to +become a proficient in this respect would require years of study and a +knowledge of the principles of many foreign languages. + +Amongst geographical names, for example, who but the specially +instructed would think of pronouncing correctly _Goes_ (H[)o][)o]ce), +_Gelves_ (H[)e]l'v[)e]s) or _Jalapa_ (Hae-lae'pae); or amongst +biographical names, _Gaj_ (g[=i]), _Geel_ (H[=a]l) or _Geijer_ +(g[=i]'er). + +It is fortunate for the reputation of those who bear the name of being +good scholars, that errors in the pronunciation of most proper names +are excusable, which is not the case with the mistakes that have +before been laid down. But there are some proper names, of such +constant occurrence in daily lectures, reading and conversation, that +errors connected with them are not to be overlooked. It is the +intention here, simply to call attention to the more common of these, +and to lead the reader to appreciate the fact that if one depends upon +the usual power of the English letters to gain a correct pronunciation +of proper names, he will be more often led astray than otherwise. + +The Authorities consulted are the best--Webster, Worcester, +Lippincott's Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and +Mythology and Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World. + + + + +SCRIPTURAL NAMES. + + + =Abednego=--a-b[)e]d'ne-g[=o], not [)a]b-[)e]d-n[=e]'go. + + =Abiathar=--a-b[=i]'a-thar, not ab-i-[=a]'thar. + + =Adonibezek=--a-d[)o]n-i-b[=e]'z[)e]k, not a-d[)o]n'i-be-zek. + + =Adonijah=--ad-o-n[=i]'jah, not a-d[)o]n'i-jah. + + =Agee=--[)a]g'e-[=e], not [=a]'j[=e]. + + =Ahasuerus=--a-h[)a]s-u-[=e]'rus, not a-haz-u-[)e]r'us. + + =Aijalon=--[)a]j'a-lon, not [=a]'ja-lon. + + =Akrabattine=--[)a]k-ra-b[)a]t-t[=i]'ne, not + [)a]k-ra-b[)a]t'i-ne. + + =Alpheus=--[)a]l-ph[=e]'us, not [)a]l'phe-us. + + =Amasai=--a-m[)a]s'a-[=i], not [)a]m-a-s[=a]'[=i]. + + =Andronicus=--an-dron-[=i]'cus, not an-dr[)o]n'i-cus. + + =Antiochia=--an-ti-o-k[=i]'a, not an-ti-[=o]'kia. + + =Ararat=--[)a]r'a-r[)a]t, not [=a]'ra-r[)a]t. + + =Arimathea=--[)a]r'i-ma-th[=e]'a, not [)a]r-i-m[=a]'the-a. + + =Aristobulus=--[)a]r-is-to-b[=u]'lus, not ar-is-t[)o]b'u-lus. + + =Aroer=--[)a]r'o-er, not a-r[=o]'er. + + =Aroerite=--[)a]r'o-er-[=i]te, not a-r[=o]'er-[)i]te. + + =Asarael=--a-s[)a]r'a-el, not az-a-r[=a]'el. + + =Asmodeus=--az-mo-d[=e]'us, not az-m[=o]'de-us. + + =Beelzebub=--be-[)e]l'ze-bub, not b[)e]l'ze-bub. + + =Belial=--b[=e]'li-al, not be-l[=i]'al. + + =Bethhaccerem=--b[)e]th-h[)a]k'se-rem, not beth-h[)a]s'se-rem. + + =Bethphage=--b[)e]th'pha-j[=e], not b[)e]th'ph[=a]je. + + =Bethuel=--be-th[=u]'el, not b[)e]th'u-el. + + =Cainan=--ka-[=i]'nan, not k[=a]'nan. + + =Cherub= (a city)--k[=e]'rub, not ch[)e]r'ub. + + =Chittim=--k[)i]t'tim, not ch[)i]t'tim. + + =Chloe=--kl[=o]'e, not kl[=o]. + + =Crates=--kr[=a]'t[=e]z, not kr[=a]tz. + + =Cyprians=--s[)i]p'ri-anz, not s[=i]'pri-anz. + + =Delilah=--d[)e]l'i-lah, not de-l[=i]'lah. + + =Ecbatana=--ek-b[)a]t'a-na, not ek-ba-t[=a]'na. + + =Eloi=--e-l[=o]'[=i] not [=e]'loi. + + =Esther=--[)e]s'ter, not [)e]s'ther. + + =Eumenes=--[=u]'me-n[=e]z, not [=u]-m[=e]'n[=e]z. + + =Gennesaret=--g[)e]n-n[)e]s'a-r[)e]t, not j[)e]n-n[)e]s'a-ret. + + =Gerar=--ge[)e]'rar, not j[=e]'rar. + + =Idumea=--[)i]d-u-m[=e]'a, not [=i]-du-m[=e]'a. + + =Iturea=--[)i]t-u-r[=e]'a, not [=i]-tu-r[=e]'a. + + =Jacubus=--ja-k[=u]'bus, not j[)a]k'u-bus. + + =Jadau=--ja-d[=a]'u, not j[)a]d'a-u. + + =Jairus= (Old Test.)--j[=a]'i-rus. + + =Jairus= (New Test.)--j[=a]-[=i]'rus. + + =Jearim=--j[=e]'a-r[)i]m, not je-[=a]'rim. + + =Jeiel=--je-[=i]'el, not j[=e]'el nor j[=i]'el. + + =Jephthae=--j[)e]ph'tha-[=e], not j[)e]ph'tha. + + =Jeshohaiah=--j[)e]sh-o-ha-[=i]'ah, not j[)e]sh-o-h[=a]'yah. + + =Keilah=--k[=e]'lah, not k[=i]'lah nor ke-[=i]'lah. + + =Kolaiah=--k[)o]l-a-[=i]'ah, not k[)o]l-[=a]'yah. + + =Labana=--l[)a]b'a-na, not la-b[=a]'na. + + =Lebanah=--l[)e]b'a-nah, not le-b[=a]'nah. + + =Magdalene=--m[)a]g-da-l[=e]'ne, not m[)a]g'da-l[=e]ne. + + =Mahalath=--m[=a]'ha-lath, not ma-h[=a]'lath. + + =Mardocheus=--mar-do-k[=e]'us, not mar-d[=o]'ke-us. + + =Matthias=--m[)a]th-th[=i]'as, not m[)a]th'thi-as. + + =Meremoth=--m[)e]r'e-moth, not me-r[=e]'moth. + + =Meshach=--m[=e]'sh[)a]k, not m[)e]sh'ak. + + =Methuselah=--me-th[=u]'se-lah, not m[)e]th-[=u]'ze-lah. + + =Moosias=--mo-o-s[=i]'as, not m[=o]'si-as. + + =Nebuchadnezzar=--n[)e]b'u-k[)a]d-nez'zar, not + ne-b[)u]k'kad-nez'zar. + + =Orthosias=--or-tho-s[=i]'as, not or-th[=o]'si-as. + + =Othonias=--[)o]th-o-n[=i]'as, not [)o]th-[=o]'ni-as. + + =Oziel=--[=o]'zi-el, not [=o]-z[=i]'el. + + =Penuel=--pe-n[=u]'el, not p[)e]n'[=u]-el. + + =Perseus=--per's[=u]s, not per'se-us. + + =Pethuel=--pe-th[=u]'el, not p[)e]th'u-el. + + =Phanuel=--pha-n[=u]'el, not ph[)a]n'u-el. + + =Pharaoh=--ph[=a]'r[=o] or ph[=a]'ra-[=o], not ph[)a]r'[=o] nor + ph[)a]r'a-[=o]. + + =Philippi=--ph[)i]-l[)i]p'pi, not ph[)i]l'lip-pi. + + =Philistine=--ph[)i]-l[)i]s't[)i]n, not ph[)i]l'[)i]s-t[=i]ne. + + =Pontius=--p[)o]n'sh[)i]-us, not p[)o]n'ti-us. + + =Raguel=--ra-g[=u]'el, not r[)a]g'u-el. + + =Sabachthani=--s[=a]-b[)a]k-th[=a]'n[=i], not + sa-b[)a]k'tha-n[=i]. + + =Sathrabuzanes=--s[)a]th-ra-bu-z[=a]'n[=e]z, not + s[)a]th-r[)a]b'u-z[=a]nz. + + =Shabbethai=--sh[)a]b-b[)e]th'a-[=i], not + sh[)a]b-b[)e]th-[=a]'[=i] + + =Shadrach=--sh[=a]'dr[)a]k, not sh[)a]d'r[)a]k. + + =Shemiramoth=--she-m[)i]r'a-moth, not sh[)e]m-i-r[=a]'moth. + + =Shemuel=--she-m[=u]'el, not sh[)e]m'[=u]-el. + + =Sinai=--s[=i]'[=a], not s[=i]'n[=a]-[=i]. + + =Zaccheus=--zak-k[=e]'us, not z[)a]k'ke-us. + + =Zerubbabel=--z[=e]-r[)u]b'ba-bel, not ze-rub-b[=a]'bel. + + =Zipporah=--z[)i]p-p[=o]'rah, not z[)i]p'po-rah. + + + + +GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES--MYTHOLOGICAL, ETC. + + + =Actaeon=--[)a]k-t[=e]'on, not [)a]k'te-on. + + =Adonis=--a-d[=o]'nis, not a-d[)o]n'is. + + =Alcides=--[)a]l-s[=i]'d[=e]z, not [)a]l'si-d[=e]z. + + =Amphion=--[)a]m-ph[=i]'on, not [)a]m'phi-on. + + =Amphitrite=--[)a]m-phi-tr[=i]'te, not [)a]m'phi-tr[=i]te nor + am-ph[)i]t'ri-te. + + =Anabasis=--a-n[)a]b'a-sis, not an-a-b[=a]'sis. + + =Antiope=--[)a]n-t[=i]'o-pe, not [)a]n'ti-[=o]pe nor + [)a]n-ti-[=o]'pe. + + =Anubis=--a-n[=u]'bis, not [)a]n'u-bis. + + =Arion=--a-r[=i]'on, not [=a]'ri-on. + + =Aristides=--ar-is-t[=i]'d[=e]z, not ar-[)i]s'ti-d[=e]z. + + =Aristogiton=--a-ris-to-j[=i]'ton, not ar-is-t[)o]j'i-ton. + + =Belides= (singular, masculine)--b[)e]-l[=i]'d[=e]z. + + =Belides= (plural, female descendants of + Belus)--b[)e]l'-i-d[=e]z. + + =Bellerophon=--bel-l[)e]r'o-phon, not bel-ler-[=o]'phon. + + =Caeculus=--s[)e]k'u-lus, not s[=e]'ku-lus. + + =Calliope=--kal-l[=i]'o-pe, not kal-li-[=o]'pe nor + k[)a]l'li-[=o]pe. + + =Caucasus=--kaw'ka-sus, not kaw-k[=a]'sus. + + =Charon=--k[=a]'ron, not ch[=a]'ron nor ch[)a]r'on. + + =Chaeronea=--ker-o-n[=e]'a, not cher-o-n[=e]'a. + + =Chimera=--ke-m[=e]'ra, not k[)i]m'er-a nor ch[=i]-m[)e]r'a. + + =Codrus=--k[=o]'drus, not k[)o]d'rus. + + =Corcyra=--kor-s[=i]'ra, not kor'si-ra. + + =Coriolanus=--ko-ri-o-l[=a]'nus, not kor-i-[)o]l'a-nus. + + =Crete=--kr[=e]'te, not kreet. + + =Cyclades=--s[)i]k'la-d[=e]z, not s[=i]'kla-d[=e]z. + + =Cyclops=--s[=i]'klops, not s[)i]k'lops. + + =Cyclopes=--s[=i]'klo-p[=e]z, not s[=i]'kl[=o]ps. + + =Cyrene=--s[=i]-r[=e]'ne, not s[)i]-r[=e]ne'. + + =Cyzicus=--s[)i]z'i-kus, not s[)i]-z[=i]'kus. + + =Danaides=--da-n[=a]'[)i]-dez, not da-n[=i]'dez. + + =Darius=--da-r[=i]'us, not d[=a]'ri-us. + + =Deianira=--de-[=i]-an-[=i]'ra, not de-yan-[=i]'ra. + + =Diodorus=--d[=i]-o-d[=o]'rus, not d[=i]-[)o]d'o-rus. + + =Diomedes=--d[=i]-o-m[=e]'d[=e]z, not d[=i]-[)o]m'e-d[=e]z. + + =Dodonaeus=--do-do-n[=e]'us, not do-d[=o]'ne-us. + + =Echo=--[=e]'ko, not [)e]k'ko. + + =Endymion=--en-d[)i]m'i-on, not en-d[=i]'mi-on. + + =Epirus=--e-p[=i]'rus, not [)e]p'i-rus. + + =Erato=--[)e]r'a-to, not e-r[=a]'to. + + =Eumenes=--[=u]'me-n[=e]z, not [=u]-m[=e]'n[=e]z. + + =Euripus=--[=u]-r[=i]'pus, not [=u]'ri-pus. + + =Eurydice=--[=u]-r[)i]d'i-se, not [=u]'ri-d[=i]ce' nor + [=u]-ri-d[=i]'se. + + =Ganymedes=--gan-[)i]-m[=e]'d[=e]z, not gan-[)i]-m[=e]dz'. + + =Geryon=--j[=e]'r[)i]-on, not je-r[=i]'on. + + =Halcyone=--h[)a]l-s[=i]'o-ne, not h[)a]l'si-[=o]ne nor + hal-si-[=o]'ne. + + =Hebe=--h[=e]'be, not h[=e]b'. + + =Hecate=--h[)e]k'a-te or h[)e]k'at, not h[=e]'k[=a]te. + + =Hecuba=--h[)e]k'u-ba, not he-k[=u]'ba. + + =Helena=--h[=e]l'en-a, not he-l[=e]'na. + + =Hermione=---h[)e]r-m[=i]'o-ne, not h[)e]r'mi-[=o]ne nor + h[)e]r-mi-[=o]'ne. + + =Herodotus=--he-r[)o]d'o-tus, not her-o-d[=o]'tus. + + =Hiero=--h[=i]'er-o, not h[=i]-[=e]'ro. + + =Hippocrene=--hip-po-kr[=e]'ne, not hip-p[)o]k're-ne. + + =Hippodromus=--hip-p[)o]d'ro-mus, not hip-po-dr[=o]'mus. + + =Icarus=--[)i]k'a-rus, not [=i]k-[=a]'-rus. + + =Iolaus=--[=i]-o-l[=a]'us, not [=i]-[=o]'la-us. + + =Iphiclus=--[)i]ph'i-klus, not [)i]ph-[=i]'klus. + + =Iphigenia=--[)i]ph-i-je-n[=i]'a, not [)i]ph-i-j[=e]'ni-a. + + =Irene=--[=i]-r[=e]'ne, not [=i]-r[=e]ne'. + + =Ithome=--i-th[=o]'me, not [=i]th'o-me. + + =Lachesis=--l[)a]k'e-sis, not la-k[)e]'sis. + + =Laocoon=--la-[)o]k'o-on,not l[=a]-o-k[=o][=o]n'. + + =Lethe=--l[=e]'the, not l[=e]th. + + =Leucothoe=--l[=u]-k[)o]th'o-e, not l[=u]-k[=o]'tho-e nor + l[=u]-ko-th[=o]'e. + + =Libitina=--l[)i]b-i-t[=i]'na, not li-b[)i]t'i-na. + + =Lycaon=--l[=i]-k[=a]'on, not l[)i]k'a-on. + + =Lyceus=--l[=i]-s[=e]'us, not l[)i]s'e-us. + + =Meleager=--m[=e]-le-[=a]'ger, not me-le-[=a]'jer nor + me-l[=e]'a-jer. + + =Meroe=--m[)e]r'o-e, not me-r[=o]'e. + + =Mitylene=--m[)i]t-[)i]-l[=e]'ne, not m[)i]t'i-l[=e]ne. + + =Myrmidones=--myr-m[)i]d'o-n[=e]z, not myr'm[)i]-d[=o]nz nor + myr-m[)i]-d[=o]'n[=e]z. + + =Naiades=--n[=a]-[=i]'a-d[=e]z, not n[=a]'a-d[=e]z. + + =Nemesis=--n[)e]m'e-sis, not ne-m[=e]'sis. + + =Nereides=--ne-r[=e]'i-d[=e]z, not n[=e]r'yi-d[=e]z. + + =Nereus=--n[=e]'r[=u]s, not ne-r[=e]'us. + + =Nicaea=--ni-s[=e]'a, not n[)i]s'e-a. + + =Nundina=--n[)u]n'di-na, not nun-d[=i]'na. + + =Oceanus=--o-s[=e]'a-nus, not o-se-[=a]'nus. + + =Ocypete=--o-s[)i]p'e-te, not o-si-p[=e]'te. + + =[OE]dipus=--[)e]d'i-pus, not [=e]'di-pus nor e-d[=i]'pus. + + =Opigena=--o-p[)i]j'e-na, not op-i-j[=e]'na. + + =Orion=--o-r[=i]'on, not [=o]'ri-on. + + =Pactolus=--pak-t[=o]'lus, not p[)a]k'to-lus. + + =Palaemon=--pa-l[=e]'mon, not p[)a]l'e-mon. + + =Parrhasius=--par-r[=a]'she-us, not par-r[)a]s'i-us. + + =Pasiphae=--pa-s[)i]ph'a-e, not p[)a]s-i-ph[=a]'e. + + =Pegasus=--p[)e]g'a-sus, not pe-g[=a]'sus. + + =Penelope=--pe-n[)e]l'o-pe, not p[)e]n'e-l[=o]pe. + + =Phlegethon=--phl[)e]j'e-thon, not phl[)e]g'e-thon. + + =Pleiades=--pl[=e]'ya-d[)e]z not pl[=e]'y[)a]dz. + + =Polyphemus=--pol-y-ph[=e]'mus, not po-l[)i]ph'e-mus. + + =Priapus=--pr[=i]-[=a]'pus, not pr[=i]'a-pus. + + =Proserpine=--pr[)o]s'er-p[=i]ne, not pro-s[)e]r'pi-ne. + + =Rhode=--r[=o]'de, not r[=o]de. + + =Sarapis=--sa-r[=a]'pis, not s[)a]r'a-pis. + + =Sardanapalus=--sar-da-na-p[=a]'lus, not sar-dan-[)a]p'a-lus. + + =Semiramis=--se-m[)i]r'a-mis, not s[)e]m-i-r[=a]'mis. + + =Tereus=--t[=e]'re-us, not te-r[=e]'us. + + =Terpsichore=--terp-s[=i]k'o-re, not t[)e]rp'si-k[=o]re. + + =Thebae=--th[=e]'be, not th[=e]be. + + =Theodamas=--the-[)o]d'a-mas, not the-o-d[=a]'mas. + + =Theodamus=--the-o-d[=a]'mus, not the-[)o]d'a-mus. + + =Theodotus=--the-[)o]d'o-tus, not the-o-d[=o]'tus. + + =Theodorus=--the-o-d[=o]'rus, not the-[)o]d'o-rus. + + =Thessalonica=--thes-sa-lo-n[=i]'ka, not thes-sa-l[)o]n'i-ka. + + =Thrace=--thr[=a]'se, not thr[=a]se. + + + + +MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. + + + =Adam.= As an English name is pronounced [)a]d'am; as French, + ae-dong', as German, ae'daem. + + =Annesley=--[)a]nz'le, not [)a]n'nes-le. + + =Arundel=--[)a]r'[)u]n-d[)e]l, not a-r[)u]n'd[)e]l. + + =Bacciochi=--baet-ch[=o]'kee, not b[)a]k-ki-[=o]'kee. + + =Beatrice=--b[=a]-ae-tree'ch[=a] or b[=e]'a-treess, not + be-[)a]t'r[)i]s. + + =Beethoven=--b[=a]'t[=o]-ven, not beet'h[=o]-ven. + + =Belvedere=--b[)e]l-v[=a]-d[=a]'r[=a], not b[)e]l-ve-d[=e]re'. + + =Beranger= (Fr. Beranger)--b[=a]-r[)o]ng-zh[=a]', not + b[)e]r'an-jer. + + =Blucher=--bl[=o][=o]'ker, not bl[=u]'cher. + + =Boccaccio=--bo-kaet'cho, not b[)o]k-k[)a]s'i-o. + + =Boleyn=--b[)o][)o]l'[)i]n, not b[=o]'l[)i]n nor b[=o]-l[)i]n'. + + =Boniface=--b[)o]n'e-fass or Fr. bo-ne-faess', not b[)o]n'e-face. + + =Boucicault= or =Bourcicault=--b[=o][=o]-se-k[=o]' or + b[=o][=o]r-se-k[=o]', not b[=o][=o]'se-kawlt. + + =Bozzaris=--b[)o]t'zae-r[)i]s, not boz-z[)a]r'is, as generally + called. + + =Brown-Sequard= (Fr. Sequard)--brown-s[=a]-kaerr', not see-kward'. + + =Buchanan=--b[)u]k-[)a]n'an, not b[=u]-k[)a]n'an. + + =Bull, Ole=--[=o]'l[)e]h b[)o][)o]l, not [=o]l' b[)o][)o]l. + + =Buonaparte=--b[=o][=o]-o-nae-paerr't[=a], not b[=o]'na-paert; the + latter is the allowed English pronunciation when spelled + =Bonaparte=. + + =Bysshe=--b[)i]sh, not b[)i]sh'she. + + =Cecil=--s[)e]s'[)i]l or s[)i]s'[)i]l, not s[=e]'s[)i]l. + + =Cenci=--ch[)e]n'chee, not s[)e]n'see. + + =Chevalier=--sheh-vae-le-[=a]', not shev-a-leer'. + + =Crichton=--kr[=i]'ton, not kr[)i]k'ton. + + =D'Aubigne= (Fr. D'Aubigne)--d[=o]-b[=e]n-y[=a]', not daw-been'. + + =Daubigny=--d[=o]-b[=e]n-y[=e]', not daw-b[=e]'ny. + + =Disraeli=--d[)i]z-r[=a]'el-e, not d[)i]z'rel-ee. + + =Drouyn de Lhuys=--dr[=o][=o]-[)a]ng' deh lwee'. + + =Gillot=--zh[=e]-y[=o]', not j[)i]l'lot nor j[)i]l-l[=o]'. + + =Giovanni=--jo-vaen'nee, not je-o-v[)a]n'nee. + + =Goethe=--pronounced much like guer'teh, leaving out the r; not + g[)o]th nor g[=o]th. + + =Hemans=--h[)e]m'anz, not h[=e]'manz. + + =Ingelow=--[)i]n'je-l[=o], not [)i]ng'e-l[=o]. + + =Ivan=--e-vaen', not [=i]'van. + + =Juarez=--j[=o][=o]-ae'r[)e]z or H[=o][=o]-ae'r[)e]th, not + jaw'r[)e]z. + + =Lancelot=--l[)o]ngss-l[=o]', not l[)a]n'se-l[)o]t. + + =Lavater=--lae'vae-ter or lae-vae-tair', not l[)a]v'a-ter. + + =Macleod=--m[)a]k-lowd', not mak-l[=e]'od. + + =Marat=--mae-rae', not ma-r[)a]t'. + + =Marion=--m[)a]r'i-on, not m[=a]'ri-on. + + =Medici=--m[)e]d'e-chee or m[=a]'de-chee, not m[)e]d'i-see nor + me-d[=e]'see. + + =Minie= (Fr. Minie)--me-ne-[=a]', not m[)i]n'ne. + + =Montague=--m[)o]n'ta-g[=u], not m[)o]n't[=a]g. + + =Moultrie=--m[=o][=o]'tre, not m[=o]l'tre. + + =Muhlbach=--(Ger. Muehlbach). The u in the first syllable of this + word is very difficult for those to pronounce who are not + German or French, and can not be well represented in English; + but there is no need of coming so far from the mark as is + generally done, especially in the last syllable. It is not + m[=u]l'b[)a]k nor m[=e]l'b[)a]k; meul'baek is nearer correct. + + =Mundt=--m[)o][)o]nt, not m[)u]nt. + + =Neumann=--noi'maen, not n[=u]'man. + + =Ovid=--[)o]v'[)i]d, not [=o]'vid [Ovidius]. + + =Paganini=--pae-gae-nee'nee, not p[)a]j-a-n[)i]n'[)i]. + + =Pepin=--p[)e]p'[)i]n or p[)i]p'[)i]n, not p[=e]'p[)i]n. French + pronunciation peh-p[)a]ng'. + + =Piccolomini=--p[=e]k-ko-l[)o]m'e-nee, not p[)i]k-ko-lo-mee'nee. + + =Pliny=--pl[)i]n'y, not pl[=i]'ny [Plinius]. + + =Ponce de Leon=--p[=o]n'ch[=a] d[=a] l[=a]-[=o]n', not ponss de + l[=e]'on. + + =Rachel=--rae-sh[)e]l', not r[=a]'chel as the English name. When a + German name it is pronounced raek'el. + + =Richelieu=--r[=e]sh'e-l[=o][=o], not r[)i]ch'e-l[=o][=o]. + + =Rochefort=--rosh-for', not roch'fort. + + =Rothschild=--ros'ch[=i]ld or r[=o]t'sh[)i]lt, not + r[)o]th'ch[=i]ld. + + =Stael=--stael, stawl or stae-[)e]l', not st[=a]le. + + =Strauss=--strowss, not strawss. + + =Taliaferro=--t[)o]l'i-v[)e]r, not t[)a]l-i-f[)e]r'ro. + + =Thiers=--te-air', not theers. + + + + +MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. + + + =Abomey=--[)a]b-o-m[=a]', not a-b[)o]m'ey nor a-b[=o]'mey. + + =Acapulco=--ae-kae-p[=o][=o]l'ko, not [)a]k-a-p[)u]l'ko. + + =Adriatic=--[)a]d-ri-[)a]t'[)i]k, not [=a]-dr[)i]-[)a]t'[)i]k. + + =Afghanistan=--aef-gaen-is-taen', not [)a]f-g[)a]n-[)i]s't[)a]n. + + =Agulhas=--ae-g[=o][=o]l'yaes, not a-g[)u]l'h[)a]s. + + =Aix-la-Chapelle=--[=a]kz-lae-shae-p[)e]l', not + [=a]-lae-sh[)a]-p[)e]l'. + + =Alsace=--ael-saess', not [)a]l's[=a]s. + + =Altai=--ael-t[=i]', not ael't[=a] nor ael't[=i]. + + =Amherst=--[)a]m'erst, not [)a]m'herst. + + =Amoor=--ae-m[=o][=o]r', not [)a]m'[=o][=o]r nor [=a]'m[=o]re. + + =Antilles=--[)o]ng-teel', not [)a]n'-teelz. + + =Araguay=--ae-rae-gw[=i]', not [)a]r'a-gw[=a]. + + =Aral=--[)a]r'al, not [=a]'ral. + + =Arkansas=--aer-k[)a]n'sas, not aer'kan-saw nor aer-k[)a]n-zaz. + + =Asia=--[=a]'she-a, not [=a]'zhe-a. + + =Bantam= (Java)--baen-taem', not b[)a]n'tam. + + =Barbados= or =Barbadoes=--bar-b[=a]'d[=o]z, not baer'ba-d[=o]z. + =Barbados=, a river of Brazil, is pronounced bar-bae'doce. + + =Bayou=--b[=i]'[=o][=o] or b[=i]'[=o], not b[=a]'[=u]. + + =Belfast=--b[)e]l-f[)a]st', not b[)e]l'f[)a]st. + + =Beloochistan=--b[)e]l-oo-ch[)i]s-taen', not + b[)e]l-oo-ch[)i]s'tan. + + =Bingen=--b[)i]ng'en, not b[)i]n'jen. + + =Bombay=--b[)o]m-b[=a]', not b[)o]m'b[=a]. + + =Bremen= (Germany)--br[)e]m'en or br[=a]'men, not br[=e]'men. + =Bremen= (U. S.)--br[=e]'men. + + =Buena Vista=--bw[=a]'nae vees'tae or b[=o]'na v[)i]s'ta, not + b[=u]'na v[)i]s'ta. + + =Buenos Ayres=--b[=o]'nos [=a]'riz or b[=o]'nos airz, not + b[=u]'nos [=a]rz; Spanish pronunciation, bw[=a]'noce + [=i]'r[)e]s. + + =Cairo= (Italy and Egypt)--k[=i]'ro, not k[=a]'ro. =Cairo= (U. + S.)--k[=a]'ro. + + =Calais=--k[)a]l'[)i]s or kae-l[=a]', not ka-l[=a]s'. + + =Canton= (China)--kan-t[)o]n', not k[)a]n'ton. =Canton= (U. + S.)--k[)a]n'ton. + + =Cape Girardeau=--jee-raer-d[=o]', not jee-raer'd[=o]. + + =Caribbean= or =Carribbean=--k[)a]r-[)i]b-b[=e]'an, not + ka-r[)i]b'be-an. + + =Cashmere=--kaesh-meer', not k[)a]sh'mere. + + =Cayenne=--k[=i]-[)e]n' or k[=a]-y[)e]n', not k[=a]-[)e]n'. + + =Cheyenne=--she-[)e]n', not sh[=i]-[)e]n' nor ch[=a]-[)e]n'. + + =Chili=--ch[)i]l'lee, not sh[=e]'lee. + + =Christiania=--kr[)i]s-te-ae'ne-ae, not kr[)i]s-te-[=a]'ne-a nor + kr[)i]s-te-[)a]n'a. + + =Chuquisaca=--ch[=o][=o]-ke-sae'kae, not ch[=o][=o]-kw[)i]s'a-kae. + + =Cincinnati=--sin-sin-nah't[)i], not sin-sin-n[)a]t'ta. + + =Cochin China=--k[=o]'chin ch[=i]'na, not k[)o]ch'in ch[=i]'na. + + =Delhi= (India)--d[)e]l'lee, not d[)e]l'h[=i]. =Delhi= (U. + S.)--d[)e]l'h[=i]. + + =Dubuque=--d[=u]-b[=o][=o]k', not d[=u]-b[=u]k'. + + =Fezzan=--f[)e]z-zaen', not f[)e]z'zan nor f[)e]z-z[)a]n'. + + =Freiburg=--fr[=i]'b[)o][)o]rg, not fr[=e]'burg. + + =Genoa=--j[)e]n'o-a, not je-n[=o]'a. + + =Gloucester=--glos'ter, not as spelled. =Gloucestershire= + (glos'ter-shir). + + =Greenwich= (England)--gr[)i]n'[)i]dge, not as spelled. + =Greenwich= (U. S.)--green'[)i]ch. + + =Havre de Grace=--h[)a]v'er de grass, not h[=a]'ver de gr[=a]s'. + French pronunciation, hae'v'r deh graess or ae'v'r deh graess'. + + =Iowa=--[=i]'o-wa, not [=i]-[=o]'wa nor [=i]'o-w[=a]. + + =Java= (Island)--jae'va, not j[)a]v'a nor j[=a]'va. =Java= (U. + S.)--j[=a]'va. + + =Jeddo= (Japan)--y[)e]d'do, not j[)e]d'do. =Jeddo= (U. + S.)--j[)e]d'do. + + =Juniata=--j[=o][=o]-ne-ah'ta, not j[=o][=o]-ne-[)e]t'a. + + =Kankakee=--kan-kaw'kee, not kang-ka-kee'. + + =Ladoga=--lae'do-gae, not la-d[=o]'ga. + + =Lausanne= (Switzerland)--l[=o]-zaen', not law-san'. =Lausanne= + (Pennsylvania)--law-s[)a]n'. + + =Leicester=--l[)e]s'ter, not as spelled. =Leicestershire= + (l[)e]s'ter-shir). + + =Leipsic= (Saxony)--l[=i]p's[)i]k, not leep's[)i]k. =Leipsic= (U. + S.)--leep's[)i]k. + + =Madrid= (Spain)--mae-dr[)i]d', not m[)a]d'r[)i]d; Spanish + pronunciation, mae-DreeD'--almost maTH-reeTH'. =Madrid= (U. + S.)--m[)a]d'rid. + + =Mauch Chunk=--mawk ch[)u]nk', not mawch shunk'. + + =Milan=--m[)i]l'an, not m[=i]'lan. + + =Modena= (Italy)--m[)o]d'en-a, not mo-d[=e]'na. =Modena= (U. + S.)--mo-d[=e]'na. + + =Nantes=--n[)a]ntz, not n[)a]n'tez; French pronunciation, + n[)o]ngt. + + =Neufchatel=--nush-ae-t[)e]l', not n[=o][=o]f'ch[)a]t-el. + + =Newfoundland=--n[=u]'fond-land', not nu-found'land. + + =Norwich= (England)--n[)o]r'r[)i]j, not n[)o]r'wich. =Norwich= + (U. S.)--n[)o]r'wich or n[)o]r'rich. + + =Otaheite=--[=o]-tae-hee'te, not [=o]-ta-heet'. + + =Panama=--paen-a-mae', not p[)a]n'a-maw. + + =Persia=--per'she-a, not per'zhe-a. + + =Pesth=--p[)e]st, not pesth; Hungarian pronunciation, p[)e]sht. + + =Piqua=--p[)i]k'wa, not p[)i]k'w[=a]. + + =Pompeii=--p[)o]m-p[=a]'yee, not p[)o]m'pe-[=i]. + + =Popocatapetl=--po-po-kae-t[=a]-p[)e]tl', not + po-po-k[)a]t-a-p[=e]'tel. + + =Poughkeepsie=--po-k[)i]p'see, not po-keep'see. + + =Quebec=--kwe-b[)e]k', not kw[=e]'bek. + + =Queretaro=--k[=a]-r[=a]-tae'ro, not kwer-e-t[=a]'ro. + + =Sahara=--sae-hae'rae or sae'ha-rae, not s[=a]-h[=a]'ra nor + sa-h[)a]r'a. + + =San Diego=--saen-de-[=a]'go, not s[)a]n-d[=i]-[=e]'go. + + =Sangamon=--s[)a]ng'ga-mon, not s[)a]ng-g[)a]m'on. + + =San Joaquin=--saen-Ho-ae-keen', not s[)a]n'j[=o]'a-kw[)i]n. + + =Shang-Hai=--shang-h[=i]', not sh[)a]ng'-h[=a] nor + sh[)a]ng'-h[=i]. + + =Siam=--s[=i]-am' or se-am', not s[=i]'am. + + =Sumatra=--s[=o][=o]-mae'tra, not s[=o][=o]-m[=a]'tra nor + s[=o][=o]-m[)a]t'ra. + + =Swabia=--sw[=a]'bi-a, not swaw'be-a. + + =Taliaferro=--t[)o]l'e-ver, not t[)a]l-[)i]-a-f[)e]r'ro. + + =Toulouse=--t[=o][=o]-l[=o][=o]z', not t[=o][=o]-l[=o][=o]ss'. + + =Truxillo=--tr[=o][=o]-Heel'yo, not tr[)u]x-[)i]l'lo. + + =Tyrol=--t[)i]r'ol or te-r[)o]l', not t[=i]'rol. + + =Ulster= (Germany)--[)o][)o]l'ster, not [)u]l'ster. =Ulster= + (Ireland and U. S.)--[)u]l'ster. + + =Valenciennes=--vae-long-se-[)e]nn', not va-l[)e]n-se-[)e]nz'. + + =Valparaiso= (Chili)--vael-pae-r[=i]'so, not v[)a]l-pa-r[=a]'zo. + =Valparaiso= (U. S.)--v[)a]l-pa-r[=a]'zo. + + =Venezuela=--ven-ez-wee'la or v[=a]-n[)e]th-w[=a]'lae, not + ven-ez-[=o][=o]-[=e]'la. + + =Vevay=--ve-v[=a]', not v[=e]'v[=a]. + + =Vosges=--v[=o]zh, not v[)o]s'jez. + + =Worcester=--w[)o][)o]s'ter, not as spelled. =Worcestershire= + (w[)o][)o]s'ter-shir). + + =Wyandot= or =Wyandotte=--w[=i]-an-dott', not w[=i]'an-d[)o]t. + + =Wyoming=--w[=i]-[=o]'ming, not w[=i]'o-ming. + + =Yang-tse-kiang=--yaeng-tse-ke-aeng', not yang'ste-k[=i]'[)a]ng. + + =Yo Semite=--y[=o]-sem'e-te, not y[=o]'se-m[=i]te. + + =Zanzibar=--zaen-ze-baer', not z[)a]n'ze-baer. + + + + +ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. + + + =Ada=--[=a]'da, not [)a]d'a. + + =Agnes=--[)a]g'n[=e]z, not [)a]g'ness. + + =Alphonso=--al-phon'so, not al-ph[)o]n'zo. + + =Artemas=--aer'te-mas, not aer-t[=e]'mas. + + =Augustine=--aw-g[)u]s't[)i]n, not aw'g[)u]s-teen. + + =Basil=--b[)a]z'il, not b[=a]'sil nor b[)a]s'il. + + =Bernard=--ber'nard, not ber-nard'. + =Bernard= (French)--be<sc>R</sc>-na<sc>R</sc>'. + + =Cecily=--s[)e]s'i-ly, not s[=e]'si-ly. + + =Chloe=--kl[=o]'e, not kl[=o]. + + =Darius=--da-r[=i]'us, not d[=a]'ri-us. + + =Deborah=--d[)e]b'o-rah, not de-b[=o]'rah. + + =Eben=--[)e]b'en, not [=e]'ben. + + =Eleanor=--[)e]l'e-a-nor, not [)e]l'en-or. + + =Esther=--[)e]s'ter, not [)e]s'ther. + + =Eva=--[=e]'va, not [)e]v'a. + + =Frances=--fr[)a]n'sez, not fr[)a]n'sess nor fr[)a]n's[)i]s. + + =Giles=--j[=i]lz, not g[=i]lz. + + =Hosea=--ho-z[=e]'a, not h[=o]'se-a. + + =Ivan=--[)i]v'an, not [=i]'van. =Ivan= (Russian)--e-vaen'. + + =Irene=--[=i]-r[=e]'ne, not [=i]-reen'. + + =Jacqueline=--j[)a]q'ue-l[)i]n, not j[)a]k'a-l[=i]ne. + + =Joan=--j[=o]-[)a]n', not j[=o]'an. + + =Joshua=--j[)o]sh'u-a, not j[)o]sh'a-w[=a]. + + =Leopold=--l[=e]'o-p[=o]ld, not l[)e]p'[=o]ld. =Leopold= + (German)--l[=a]-o-p[=o]lt. + + =Lionel=--li'o-nel, not l[=i]-[=o]'nel. + + =Louisa=--l[=o][=o]-[=e]'za, not l[=o][=o]-[=i]'za. + + =Marion=--m[)a]r'i-on, not m[=a]'ri-on. + + =Penelope=--pe-n[)e]l'o-pe, not p[)e]n'el-[=o]pe. + + =Phebe=--ph[=e]'be, not pheeb. + + =Philander=--ph[=i]-l[)a]n'der, not ph[)i]l-[)a]n'der. + + =Philemon=--ph[=i]-l[=e]'mon, not ph[)i]l'e-mon. + + =Reginald=--r[)e]j'i-nald, not r[)e]g'i-nald. + + =Rosalie=--r[)o]z'a-l[=e], not r[=o]'za-l[=e]. + + =Rosalind=--r[)o]z'a-lind, not r[=o]'za-lind. + + =Rosamond=--r[)o]z'a-mond, not r[=o]'za-mond. + + =Rowland=--r[=o]'land, not row'land. + + =Sigismund=--s[)i]j'is-mund, not s[)i]g'is-mund. =Sigismund= + (German)--see<sc>G</sc>'is-m[)o][)o]nt. + + =Silvester=--s[)i]l-v[)e]s'ter, not s[)i]l'v[)e]s-ter. + + =Sophia=--so-ph[=i]'a, not s[=o]'phi-a. + + =Ursula=---uer'su-la, not uer-s[=u]'la. + + =Viola=---v[=i]'o-la, not v[=i]-[=o]'la. + + + + +NAMES OF ROMANCE, SOBRIQUETS, ETC. + + =Achitophel=--a-k[)i]t'o-phel, not a-ch[)i]t'o-phel. A nickname + given to the Earl of Shaftesbury and used by Dryden in his + satirical poem of "Absalom and Achitophel." + + =Adonais=--[)a]d-o-n[=a]'is, not a-d[=o]'ni-as nor a-d[)o]n'i-as. A + name given to the poet Keats by Shelley. + + =Adriana=--[)a]d-ri-[)a]n'a, not [=a]-dri-[=a]'na nor + [=a]-dri-[)a]n'a. A character in the "Comedy of Errors." + + =AEgeon=--[=e]-j[=e]'on, not [=e]'je-on. A Syracusan merchant in the + "Comedy of Errors." + + =AEmilia=--[=e]-m[)i]l'i-a, not [=e]-m[=e]'li-a. Wife of AEgeon in + the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Agramante=--ae-grae-maen't[=a], not [)a]g'ra-m[)a]nt unless written + =Agramant=. King of the Moors in "Orlando Furioso." + + =Agricane=--ae-gre-kae'n[=a], not [)a]g'ri-k[=a]ne. Written also + =Agrican= ([)a]g'ri-k[)a]n). King of Tartary in "Orlando + Innamorato." + + =Al Borak=--ael b[)o]r'ak, not [)a]l b[=o]'rak. An imaginary animal + of wonderful appearance and fleetness, with which it was claimed + that Mohammed made a journey to the seventh heaven. + + =Alcina=--ael-ch[=e]'na, not [)a]l-s[=e]'na. A fairy in "Orlando + Innamorato." + + =Alciphron=--[)a]l'si-phron, not [)a]l-s[)i]ph'ron. The name of a + work by Bishop Berkeley and of a character in the same. + =Alciphron= is also the name of a poem by Thomas Moore and the + hero of his romance, "The Epicurean." + + =Almanzor=--al-m[)a]n'zor, not [)a]l'man-zor. A character in + Dryden's "Conquest of Granada." + + =Al Rakim=--aer rae-keem', not [)a]l r[=a]'kim. The dog in the legend + of the "Seven Sleepers of Ephesus." + + =Al Sirat=--aes se-raet', not [)a]l' si-r[)a]t. An imaginary bridge + between this world and the Mohammedan paradise. + + =Angelica=--an-j[)e]l'i-ka, not an-jel-e'ka. A princess of great + beauty in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Angelo=--[)a]n'je-lo, not an-j[)e]l'o. A prominent character in + "Measure for Measure." A goldsmith in the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Archimago=--aer-ki-m[=a]'go, not aer-chi-m[=a]'go nor + aer-ch[)i]m'a-go. A character in Spenser's "Faery Queen." + + =Argalia=--a<sc>R</sc>-gae-lee'ae, not aer-g[=a]'li-a. Brother of + Angelica in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Argantes=--a<sc>R</sc>-gaen'tess, not aer-g[)a]n't[=e]z. An infidel + hero in "Jerusalem Delivered." + + =Asmodeus=--[)a]s-mo-d[=e]'us, not [)a]z-m[=o]'de-us. An evil + spirit. + + =Baba, Ali=--ae'lee bae'bae, not [)a]l'i b[=a]'ba. A character in the + "Forty Thieves." + + =Baba, Cassim=--kaes'sim bae'bae, not k[)a]s'sim b[=a]'ba. Brother of + Ali Baba. + + =Bajardo=--bae-e-a<sc>R</sc>'do, not ba-jaer'do. Rinaldo's steed in + "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Balwhidder=--b[)a]l'hw[)i]th-er, not bawl'wh[)i]d-der. A pastor in + Galt's "Annals of the Parish." + + =Banquo=--b[)a]nk'wo, not b[)a]ng'ko. A Scottish warrior and a + character in "Macbeth." + + =Bassanio=--bas-sae'ni-o, not bas-s[=a]'ni-o. Husband of Portia in + "Merchant of Venice." + + =Biron=--b[)i]r'on, not b[=i]'ron. A character in "Love's Labor's + Lost." + + =Boyet=--boy-[)e]t', not b[=o]'yet. A character in "Love's Labor's + Lost." + + =Bradamante=--brae-dae-maen't[=a], not br[)a]d'a-m[)a]nt. Sister to + Rinaldo, in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Brunehilde=--br[=o][=o]'n[=a]-h[)i]l'd[=a], not + br[)u]n-h[)i]l'dah. Written also =Brunehild= + (br[=o][=o]'neh-h[)i]lt). + + =Carrasco, Sanson=--saen-s[=o]n' kae<sc>R</sc>-<sc>R</sc>aes'ko, not + s[)a]n'son k[)a]r-r[)a]s'ko. A character in "Don Quixote." + + =Cedric=--s[)e]d'rik, not s[=e]'drik. A character in "Ivanhoe." + + =Clarchen=--kl[)e]<sc>R</sc>'ken, not klaer'chen. A female character + in Goethe's "Egmont." + + =Clavileno Aligero=--klae-ve-l[=a]n'yo ae-le-<sc>R</sc>[=a]'ro, not + kl[)a]v-i-l[=e]'no [)a]l-i-j[=e]'ro. A celebrated steed in "Don + Quixote." + + =Consuelo=--k[=o]ng-su-[=a]-l[=o]', not k[)o]n-su-[)e]l'o. The + heroine of a novel of the same name by Georges Sand. + + =Don Adriano Armado=--[)a]d-re-ae'no aer-mae'do, not [=a]-dri-[=a]'no + aer-m[=a]'do. A character in "Love's Labor's Lost." + + =Don Cleofas=--kl[=e]'o-fas, not kle-[=o]'fas. Hero of "The Devil + on Two Sticks." + + =Don Juan=--j[=u]'an, not j[=u]-[)a]n'. + + =Dulcamara=--d[)o][)o]l-kae-mae'rae, not d[)u]l-sa-m[=a]'ra nor + d[)u]l-ka-m[=a]'ra. The itinerant physician in "L'Elisire + d'Amore." + + =Egeus=--[=e]-j[=e]'us, not [=e]'je-us. The Father of Hermia in + "Midsummer Night's Dream." + + =Eyre, Jane=--er, not [=i]re. + + =Fata Morgana=--fae'tae mo<sc>R</sc>-gae'nae, not + f[=a]'ta mor-g[)a]n'a. + + =Fatima=--f[)a]t'i-ma, not fa-t[=e]'-ma. A female character in the + story of Aladdin, or the Wonderful Lamp; also, one of the wives + of Blue Beard. + + =Fidele=--f[=i]-d[=e]'le, not f[=i]-d[=e]le'. A name assumed by + Imogen, in "Cymbeline." + + =Fra Diavolo=--frae de-ae'vo-lo, not frae de-ae-v[=o]'lo. + + =Genevra=--je-n[)e]v'ra, not je-n[=e]'vra. =Ginevra= is pronounced + the same as the above. + + =Gil Blas=--zh[=e]l blaess, not j[)i]l blae nor jeel blaez. + + =Gotham=--g[=o]'tham, not g[)o]th'am. A name applied to New York + City. + + =Haidee=--h[=i]'dee, not h[=a]'dee. One of the heroines in "Don + Juan." + + =Iachimo=--y[)a]k'i-mo, not [=i]-[)a]k'i-mo. A prominent character + in "Cymbeline." + + =Iago=--e-ae'go, not [=i]-[=a]'go. One of the principal characters + in "Othello." + + =Jacques=--zhaek, not j[)a]k'kw[)e]s. A character in "As You Like + It." + + =Klaus, Peter=--klowss, not klawz. The hero of a German tradition + similar to that of "Rip Van Winkle." + + =Lalla Rookh=--lae'la r[=o][=o]k, not l[)a]l'la r[)o][)o]k. The + heroine of Moore's poem of the same name. + + =Laodamia=--la-[)o]d-a-m[=i]'a, not la-o-d[=a]'mi-a. The wife of + Protesilaus slain by Hector, and the name of a poem by + Wordsworth. + + =Lara=--lae'ra, not l[=a]'ra nor l[)a]r'a. The hero and name of + Byron's poem. + + =Le Fevre=--leh f[)e]v'r, not le f[=e]'ver. A poor lieutenant in + "Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy." + + =Leonato=--l[=e]-o-nae'to, not l[=e]-o-n[=a]'to. Governor of Messina + in "Much Ado About Nothing." + + =Mahu=--ma-h[=o][=o]' or mae'hoo, not m[=a]'hu. A fiend spoken of in + "King Lear." + + =Maid of Orleans=--or'le-anz, not or-l[=e]nz'. Another name of Joan + of Arc. + + =Meister, Wilhelm=--v[)i]l'helm m[=i]s'ter, not w[)i]l'helm + m[=e]s'ter. The hero of a novel by Goethe. + + =Mohicans, Last of the=--mo-h[=e]'kans, not mo-h[)i]sh'ans nor + m[=o]'he-kans. + + =Montague=--m[)o]n'ta-g[=u], not mon-t[=a]g'. A noble family in + "Romeo and Juliet." + + =Moreno, Don Antonio=--aen-t[=o]'ne-o m[=o]-r[=a]'no, not + [)a]n-t[=o]'ne-o m[=o]-r[=e]'no. A gentleman in "Don Quixote." + + =Munchausen=--mun-chaw'sen, not mun-kaw'sen. German, Muenchhausen + (muen<sc>K</sc>-how'zen). + + =Oberon=--[)o]b'er-on, not [=o]'ber-on. King of the fairies. Takes + an important part in "Midsummer Night's Dream." + + =Ossian=--[)o]sh'an, not aw'si-an. + + =Parizade=--pae-re-zae'd[=a], not p[)a]r'i-z[=a]de'. A princess in + "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." + + =Parolles=--pa-r[)o]l'les, not pa-r[=o]lz'. A follower of Bertram + in "All's Well That Ends Well." + + =Perdita=--per'di-ta, not per-d[=i]'ta nor per-d[=e]'ta. A princess + in "Winter's Tale." + + =Petruchio=--pe-tr[=o][=o]'ch[)i]-o, not pe-tr[=o][=o]'k[)i]-o. A + principal character in "Taming of the Shrew." + + =Pisanio=--p[)i]-zae'n[)i]-o, not p[)i]-s[=a]'n[)i]-o. A character + in "Cymbeline." + + =Posthumus=--p[)o]st'hu-m[)u]s, not p[=o]st-h[=u]'m[)u]s. Imogen's + husband in "Cymbeline." + + =Prospero=--pr[)o]s'pe-ro, not pros-p[=e]'ro. An important + character in the "Tempest." + + =Rosalind=--r[)o]z'a-l[)i]nd, not r[=o]z'a-lind. The lady loved by + Orlando in "As You Like It." + + =Rosaline=--r[)o]z'a-l[)i]n or r[)o]z'a-l[=i]n, not r[=o]z'a-leen. + A lady in "Love's Labor's Lost;" also the name of a lady loved by + Romeo before Juliet. + + =Rosamond, Fair=--r[)o]z'a-mond, not r[=o]'za-mond. + + =Rozinante=--r[)o]z-i-n[)a]n'te, not r[=o]-zi-n[)a]n'te. Don + Quixote's famous horse. + + =Ruggiero=--r[=o][=o]d-j[=a]'ro, not r[)u]g-gi-[)e]r'o or + r[)u]j-ji-[=e]'ro. A knight in "Orlando Furioso." + + =Sakhrat=--sae<sc>K</sc>-rae', not s[)a]k'rat. A sacred stone of + great powers, in "Mohammedan mythology." + + =Stephano=--st[)e]f'a-no, not ste-f[=a]'no. A drunken butler in + "Tempest;" also a servant of Portia in "Merchant of Venice." + + =Titania=--t[)i]-t[=a]'ni-a, not t[)i]-t[)a]n'i-a. The wife of + Oberon, king of the fairies. + + =Tybalt=--t[)i]b'alt, not t[=i]'balt. One of the Capulets in "Romeo + and Juliet. + + =Ulrica=--ul-r[=i]'ka, not [)u]l'ri-ka. An old sibyl in "Ivanhoe." + + =Ursula=--uer'su-la, not uer-s[=o][=o]'la. An attendant in "Much Ado + About Nothing." + + =Viola=--v[=i]'o-la, not v[=i]-[=o]'la. The disguised page of Duke + Orsino in "Twelfth Night." + + + + +ORTHOEPICAL ERRORS OF THE PROFESSIONS. + + +Although errors of speech are at all times to be deprecated, and are +generally criticised without much leniency, it must be admitted that +unless they are very gross, reasonable excuses are to be taken for +those who have never made their language a subject of close study, and +whose only use of words is entirely impromptu in the business affairs +of life, in the home circle, or in the social gathering. + +Though a person's descent from Belgravia or Billingsgate is in a great +measure revealed by the propriety of his discourse, yet this refers +principally to those words that are employed by the masses in the +every-day conversations of life, rather than to technicalities and +words related to particular professions, the use of which is generally +confined to the specially instructed. But when a man stands forth as +an orator, a teacher, a minister, or a professor of some college, it +is certainly not unreasonable for those that sit under his +instruction, to expect and demand that his speech should be almost +free from errors. + +One occupying such a position may well be excused for occasional +embarrassment, poor voice, unpleasant address, hesitation of delivery, +and various failings and peculiarities that can not be overcome, but +little or no allowance can be made for constantly repeated errors. + +Probably there has never been a public speaker so perfect in diction, +that he has not in moments of embarrassment, or when much absorbed in +his subject, been guilty of grammatical inaccuracies or mistakes of +pronunciation; and doubtless he is as often aware of them as his +listeners are, as soon as they drop from his lips, but it would be +foolish to call attention to them by going back to correct them. But +when these offenses are so glaring and so frequently repeated that it +is evident the speaker knows no better, it is no wonder that the +educated hearer often thinks that the teacher had better leave his +position and submit to being taught. + +What allowance can an intelligent congregation make for their minister +who has nothing else to do but prepare his sermons, if, besides a +multitude of common English mistakes, he pronounces more than half of +his scriptural names in a manner that is not sanctioned by any +authority? + +When the orotund medical professor stands up to address his students, or +to engage in the discussions of a convention, and rolls out technicality +after technicality pronounced in a manner that would be disowned by the +original Latin or Greek, and is totally at variance with established +usage, who would not ask for a little less elegance and a little more +education? If it required a great amount of labor outside of the usual +course of study for professional men to acquire a knowledge of the +pronunciation of words peculiar to the professions, the subject might be +treated with more tolerance; but as the definitions and the orthoepy +might be so readily learned together during those years of daily +reference to books that are required before one should be considered +competent to stand as a guide to others, it certainly seems that they do +not properly appreciate the dignity of their position by thus laying +themselves open to public criticism. + +Many a student, in order to become instructed in certain branches, has +been compelled to reluctantly sit for months or years at the feet of +those that he felt were far inferior to him in common school +education, hearing hourly such violations of orthoepy and syntax as +would be a discredit to school children. And, doubtless, many such +students have had such a charity for their teachers that they have +wished to direct their attention to their faults, but have been +restrained on account of the fear of enmity, expulsion, or of +lessening the chances for passing the final examination. + +The bare thought of being so criticised should be so galling to any +one bearing the dignified title of "professor," that he ought to be +stimulated to endeavor to make himself an authority concerning the +proprieties of speech. + +The study of orthoepy was held in such high esteem by the accent +Greeks, and their delicate ears were so offended by any violation of +its rules, that if an orator mispronounced a single word, the entire +audience immediately hissed him. + +During the present state of pronunciation it would indeed be +embarrassing to the public speaker, if such a custom existed in this +country. Let us imagine, for instance, our friend Professor Abdominous +Gynaecophonus, with his face ebullient with smiles of self-conceit, +arising to address such an audience. "Gentlemen: I have listened +patiently to this op'po-nent (_hisses_) of al'lo-path-y (_hisses_) and +now arise to make a few remarks and in'quir-ies (_hisses_). In answer +to his objections against hy-os-cy-[=a]'mus (_hisses_) as an anodyne +and s[=o]'por-if-ic, (_hisses_) I would say that in cases of cough and +sleeplessness, I have long used hyoscyamia combined in tr[=o]'ch[)e]z +(_hisses_) without any of those effects that the p[)a]t'ron (_hisses_) +of h[=o]'me-o-path-y (_hisses_) mentions. And having made almost a +specialty of the treatment of f[)a]c'i-al (_hisses_) neuralgia or +tic-d[)o]l-o-r[=o][=o]'" (_hisses_)--and it would certainly be time for +him to dolorously sit down, although he might raise the question-- + + "What's in a name? that which we call a rose, + By any other name would smell as sweet," + +and argue therefrom that the pronunciation of a word should make no +difference so long as its meaning was understood. Amongst professional +men, it has been observed that physicians and dentists are by far more +prone than others to orthoepical errors. Attention is requested to a +few of the more common of these in addition to those found in the +preceding vocabulary connected with words that are alike used by the +professional and the unprofessional, such as: _abdomen_, _acclimated_, +_albumen_, _animalcula arabic_, _citrate_, _embryo_, _excrescence_, +_fetid_, _fetor_, _forceps_, _homeopathy_, _hydropathy_, _jugular_, +_jujube_, _nasal_, _pharmacop[oe]ia_, _purulent_, _spasmodic_, +_sulphurous_, _tragacanth_, etc. The authorities appealed to are +Dunglison, Thomas, Webster and Worcester. Notwithstanding the superior +merit of Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, as far as the +comprehensiveness and reliability of its definitions are concerned, it +is evident that it is almost useless as an orthoepical guide. The +principal accent is in many cases marked, but the pronunciation of +preceding and succeeding syllables can not be determined, and there is +no attempt at syllabication. + +Dr. Thomas' dictionary, though less comprehensive, is equally reliable +in its definitions, and is excellent authority in regard to orthoepy; +though it is to be regretted that in some words important syllables +are not sufficiently marked. For instance, take the words _as-bes'tos_ +and _bis'muth_; how can it be determined whether the first should be +pronounced [)a]s-b[)e]s'toss or [)a]z-b[)e]s't[=o]z or the latter +b[)i]z'muth or b[)i]ss'muth? Webster and Worcester are undoubtedly +good authorities for the pronunciation of the medical words they give. +In the following vocabulary all of the authorities that mention the +words may be considered as agreeing, unless notice is made of their +disagreement. + + + + +MEDICAL AND DENTAL WORDS. + + [In Latin and Latinized Greek words, the English sounds of the + vowels are given as those used by the majority of professional + men. If any one, however, prefers to adopt the continental + method, sounding _a_ as in _father_, _y_ and _i_ as _e_ in + _veto_, etc., and consistently applies it to all such words, no + one, of course, has a right to object.] + + + =Adipose=--[)a]d'i-p[=o]se, not ad'i-p[=o]ze. + + =Ala=--[=a]'la, not [)a]l'a. =Alae=, plural. + + =Alis=--[=a]'l[)i]s, not [)a]l'[)i]s. This as a termination of + many words, such as =abdominalis=, =digitalis=, =frontalis=, + =lachrymalis=, =transversalis=, etc., is often erroneously + pronounced [)a]l'is. + + =Alumen=--al-[=u]'men, not [)a]l'u-men. + + =Alveolus=--al-v[=e]'o-lus, not al-ve-[=o]'lus. Plural, =alveoli= + (al-v[=e]'o-l[=i]). =Alveolar=--(al-v[=e]'o-lar). Alveolus is + the name given to the _cavity_ in the jaw that is seen upon the + removal of the root of a tooth, and it possesses no more + tangibility than a pinch of air; almost daily, however, we hear + dentists speak of extracting a tooth with a piece of the + _alveolus_ attached. What a curiosity for preservation in a + museum is a tooth with a piece of a little hole fastened to the + root! What is meant is a piece of the _alveolar process_, or + portion of bone around the alveolus. + + =Anaemic=--a-n[)e]m'[)i]k, not a-n[=e]'m[)i]k. Dunglison gives the + latter. + + =Andral=--[)o]ng-drael', not [)a]n'-dral. + + =Aphthae=--[)a]f'th[=e], not [)a]p'th[=e]. + + =Aqua=--[=a]'kwa, not [)a]k'wa. + + =Arcus Senilis=--se-n[=i]'lis, not s[)e]n'i-lis. + + =Areolar=--a-r[=e]'o-lar, not a-re-[=o]'lar. + + =Aris=--[=a]'r[)i]s, not [)a]r'is in the termination of + =angularis=, =medullaris=, =palmaris=, =orbicularis=, + =pulmonaris=, etc. + + =Asarum=--[)a]s'a-rum, not a-s[=a]'rum. + + =Asbestos=--[)a]s-b[)e]s't[)o]ss, not [)a]z-b[)e]s't[=o]z. + + =Attollens=--at-t[)o]l'lenz, not at-t[=o]'lenz. + + =Azygos=--az'y-gos, not a-zy'gos. + + =Bagge=--baeg'geh, not b[)a]g. + + =Bimana=--b[=i]-m[=a]'na, not b[=i]-m[=a]'n[)i]-a. + + =Bismuth=--b[)i]z'muth, not b[)i]ss'muth. + + =Bitumen=--b[)i]-t[=u]'men, not b[)i]t'u-men. + + =Cadaver=--ka-d[=a]'ver, not ka-d[)a]v'er. + + =Caries=--k[=a]'r[)i]-[=e]z, not k[=a]'r[=e]z nor k[)a]r'r[=e]z. + + =Carminative=--kar-m[)i]n'a-tive, not kar'mi-n[=a]-t[)i]ve. + + =Caryophillus=--k[)a]r-[)i]-o-ph[)i]l'lus, not + k[)a]r-[)i]-[)o]ph'[)i]l-lus. + + =Cerebral=--s[)e]r'e-bral, not ser-[=e]'bral. + + =Cerebric=--s[)e]r'e-bric, not ser-[=e]'bric. + + =Cerebrum=--s[)e]r'e-brum, not ser-[=e]'brum. Dunglison gives + both. + + =Cerumen=--se-r[=u]'men, not s[)e]r'[=u]-men. + + =Cheyne=--ch[=a]n or cheen, not sh[=a]ne. + + =Choledochus=--ko-l[)e]d'o-kus, not k[)o]l-e-d[=o]'kus nor + ko-l[)i]d'a-kus. + + =Cicatrix=--si-k[=a]'trix, not s[)i]k'a-trix nor si-k[)a]t'rix. + Plural, =cicatrices= (s[)i]k'a-tr[=i]'s[=e]z), not + s[)i]-k[)a]t'r[)i]-s[=e]z. + + =Cimicifuga=--s[)i]m-[)i]-s[)i]f'u-ga, not + s[)i]m-i-s[)i]-f[=u]'ga nor s[)i]m-[)i]s'i-f[=u]'ga. + + =Cochlea=--k[)o]k'le-a, not k[=o]k'le-a. + + =Conein=--ko-n[=e]'[)i]n, not k[=o]'ne-[)i]n. + + =Conium=--ko-n[=i]'um, not k[=o]'ni-um. + + =Cranium=--kr[=a]'ni-um, not kr[)a]n'i-um. + + =Cynanche=--s[)i]-n[)a]n'k[=e], not s[=i]-n[)a]n'ch[=e]. + + =Diastase=--d[=i]'as-t[=a]se, not d[=i]-as't[=a]ze. + + =Diastole=--d[=i]-as'to-le, not d[=i]'as-t[=o]le. + + =Diploe=--d[)i]p'lo-e, not dip-l[=o]'e. + + =Dulcamara=--dul-ka-m[=a]'ra, not dul-sa-m[=a]'ra. Webster gives + dul-kam'a-ra also. + + =Duodenum=--du-o-d[=e]'num, not du-[)o]d'e-num. + + =Dyspn[oe]a=--d[)i]sp-n[=e]'a, not d[)i]s-n[=e]'a. + + =Emesis=--[)e]m'e-sis,not em-[=e]'sis. + + =Epiploon=--e-p[)i]p'lo-on, not ep-ip-l[=o]'on. + + =Facial=--f[=a]'shal, not f[)a]sh'i-al. + + =Foramen=--fo-r[=a]'men, not fo-r[)a]m'en. + + =Fungi=--fun'j[=i] not fun'g[=i]. Plural of =fungus=. + + =Galbanum=--g[)a]l'ba-num, not gal-b[=a]'num. + + =Gingiva=--j[)i]n-j[=i]'va, not j[)i]n'ji-va. + + =Glenoid=--gl[=e]'noid, not gl[)e]n'oid. + + =Glutaeus=--gl[=u]'tae-us, according to Webster. The rest give + gl[=u]-tae'us. + + =Helleborus=--hel-l[)e]b'o-rus, not hel-le-b[=o]'rus. + + =Hyoscyamus=--h[=i]-os-s[=i]'a-mus, not h[=i]-os-sy-[)a]m'us nor + hi-os-sy-[=a]'mus. =Hyoscyamine= (h[=i]-os-s[=i]'a-m[)i]n). + + =Impetigo=--[)i]m-pe-t[=i]'go, not [)i]m-p[)e]t'i-go. + + =Incisive=--[)i]n-s[=i]'s[)i]v, not in-s[)i]s'ive. + + =Iodoform=--[=i]-[)o]d'o-form, not [=i]-[=o]'do-form. Dunglison + gives [=i]'o-do-form. + + =Itis.= According to Webster and Worcester this termination is + pronounced [=i]'t[)i]s in =bronchitis=, =pleuritis=, + =gastritis=, etc. Thomas and Dunglison do not specify, but the + inference is that they intend the same. It is, however, so + generally pronounced [=e]'tis, that many would object to the + attention attracted by calling it [=i]'tis. + + =Jejunum=--je-j[=u]'num, not j[)e]j'u-num. + + =Juniperus=--ju-n[)i]p'e-rus, not j[=u]'ni-per-us nor + ju-ni-p[=e]'rus. + + =Laudanum=--law'da-num, not l[)o]d'a-num. + + =Lentigo=--len-t[=i]'go, not l[)e]n'ti-go. + + =Lepra=--l[)e]p'ra, not l[=e]'pra. Dunglison gives the latter. + + =Leuwenhoek=--l[=o][=o]'en-h[)o][)o]k or + l<sc>U</sc>h'wen-h[)o][)o]k (U as in fur), not + l[=o][=o]'wen-h[=o]ke. + + =Levator=--le-v[=a]'tor, not le-v[)a]t'or. + + =Liquor= (Latin)--l[=i]'kwor, not l[)i]k'ur as in English. + + =Magendie=--mae-zh[)o]ng-d[=e]', not m[=a]-j[)e]n'd[=e]. + + =Malic=--m[=a]'lic, not m[)a]l'ic. Thomas gives the latter. + + =Matrix=--m[=a]'trix, not m[)a]t'rix. + + =Mistura=--m[)i]s-t[=u]'ra, not m[)i]s'tu-ra. + + =Molecule=--m[)o]l'e-k[=u]le, not m[=o]'le-k[=u]le. + + =Mollities=--mol-l[)i]sh'[)i]-[=e]z, not m[)o]l'l[)i]-t[=e]z. + + =Molybdenum=--m[)o]l-[)i]b-d[=e]'num, not mo-l[)i]b'de-num. + + =Nasmyth=--n[=a]'smith, not n[)a]z'm[)i]th. + + =Nicolai=--nee'ko-l[=i], not n[)i]k'o-l[=a]. + + =Nucleolus=--nu-kl[=e]'o-lus, not nu-kle-[=o]'lus. + + =Oris=--[=o]'r[)i]s, not [)o]r'is. + + =Ovale=--[=o]-v[=a]'le, not [=o]-v[)a]l'e. + + =Panizzi=--pae-n[)i]t'see or pae-n[=e]t'see, not pan-[)i]z'zy. + + =Pepys=--p[)e]ps, not p[=e]'p[)i]s nor p[)e]p'[)i]s. + + =Pes Anserinus=--p[=e]z an-ser-[=i]'nus, not p[)e]z + an-s[)e]r'i-nus. I once heard a professor describing the facial + nerve to his class, and he dwelt upon this plexus for some + time, calling it the "Pons Asinorum." + + =Podagra=--p[)o]d'a-gra, not po-d[=a]'gra. Worcester gives + po-d[)a]g'ra also. + + =Podophyllum=---p[)o]d-o-phyl'um, not po-d[)o]ph'yl-lum. + + =Process=--pr[)o]s'ess, not pr[=o]'sess. + + =Prostate=--pros't[=a]te, not pr[)o]s'tr[=a]te. + + =Purkinje=--p[)o][)o]<sc>R</sc>'k[)i]n-yeh or p[)o][)o]r'k[)i]n, + not par-k[)i]n'j[=e]. + + =Pylorus=--p[)i]-l[=o]'rus, not p[=i]-lor'us. + + =Pyrethrum=--p[)i]r'e-thrum, not p[=i]-r[=e]'thrum. + + =Quadrumana=--quad-r[=u]'ma-na, not quad-ru-m[=a]'nia. + + =Rubeola=--ru-b[=e]'o-la, not ru-be-[=o]'la. + + =Sacrum=--s[=a]'krum, not s[)a]k'rum. + + =Sagittal=--s[)a]j'it-tal, not sa-j[)i]t'tal. Danglison gives the + latter. + + =Sanies=--s[=a]'n[)i]-[=e]z, not s[=a]'n[=e]z nor s[)a]n'[=e]z. + + =Scabies=--sc[=a]'b[)i]-ez, not sc[)a]b'[=e]z nor sc[=a]'b[=e]z. + + =Seidlitz=--s[=i]d'l[)i]tz, not s[)e]d'l[)i]tz, unless spelled + =Sedlitz=. + + =Sinapis=--si-n[=a]'pis, not s[)i]n'a-pis. + + =Squamous=--skw[=a]'mus, not skwaw'mus. + + =Systole=--s[)i]s'to-le, not s[)i]s't[=o]le. + + =Tinctura=--tinc-t[=u]'ra, not tinct'u-ra. + + =Titanium=--ti-t[=a]'ni-um, not ti-t[)a]n'i-um. + + =Trachea=--tra-k[=e]'a or tr[=a]'ke-a, not tr[)a]ck'e-a. + + =Tremor=--tr[=e]'mor, not tr[)e]m'-or. Webster allows the latter + also. + + =Trismus=--triss'mus, not tr[)i]z'mus. + + =Umbilicus=--um-b[)i]-l[=i]'kus, according to Worcester, Thomas + and Dunglison. Webster gives um-bil'i-kus. + + =Variola=--va-r[=i]'o-la, not va-ri-[=o]'la. + + =Veratrum=--ve-r[=a]'trum, not ve-r[)a]t'rum. + + =Vertebral=--v[)e]r'te-bral, not ver-t[=e]'bral. + + =Virchow=--f[)i]r'ko, not vir'chow nor vir'kow. + + =Zinci=--z[)i]n'si, not zink'[=i]. + + + + +SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE. + + +The following extract is from the letter of a friend, to whom were +sent some of the advance pages of this work: "I am absolutely filled +with astonishment to see how many simple words I have been +mispronouncing all my life, and would have kept on mispronouncing to +the end of my days if my thoughts had not been directed to them. If I +were in your place I would end the book with a story in which all the +words would be used in the course of the narrative. I can imagine no +amusement more instructive or interesting than for a social party to +read in turns, under some penalty for each mistake." + +I had myself conceived the idea of presenting the words untrammeled +with explanation of the orthoepy, or marks of accent; but the form was +not decided upon. + +The effort to compose a narrative was abandoned after a fair trial; +for to have a plot and also bring the words in natural position would +require a large volume; otherwise, it made senseless jumble. In the +trial sentences given the objects are gained in small space. Those +objects are to allow readers to exercise the memory and test their +friends; and at the same time to use the words syntactically. It is +hoped that the reader will pardon any absurdities of context; as they +can not be avoided where one is compelled to use so many selected +words, and is obliged to force them into a small compass. + + + + +MELANGE. + + +The invalid came from _Bremen_ to America and hoped to be soon +_acclimated_, but was stricken down with a disease that was not +_amenable_ to treatment, although he had many physicians: +_allopathists_, _hydropathists_ and _homeopathists_. He said that the +aim of _allopathy_ was to poison him; of _hydropathy_ to drown him; +and of _homeopathy_ to let him die unaided. + + * * * * * + +One of the _combatants_ struck his _opponent_ in the _abdomen_ with a +club, cut off an _alder_ tree; he was carried under the shade of an +_ailantus_ and immediately expired. + + * * * * * + +_Sophia_ found the egg under a _piony_ near the _shumac_ tree; but she +broke it in carrying, and spilled the _albumen_ all over her _alpaca_ +dress. + + * * * * * + +The dose for an _adult_ is a _dessert-spoonful_. + + * * * * * + +It was a plain supper--nothing but _aerated_ bread, _Bologna_ sausage +and _radishes_. + + * * * * * + +He told his _demonstrative disputant_ that he did not wish to _get_ +into an _altercation_, but it only appeared to arouse his +_combativeness_ still more. + + * * * * * + +Why do you accent the _antepenult_ of _espionage_? + + * * * * * + +He _illustrated_ his proposition by cutting off the _apex_ of the +figure, and then exhibited his _apparatus_ for the production of +_statical_ electricity. + + * * * * * + +Two-thirds _gum-arabic_ and one-third _gum-tragacanth_ make a good +mucilage. + + * * * * * + +The _archbishop_ dreamed that an _archangel_ came to him and told him +to have his _architect_ send to an island in the Grecian _Archipelago_ +for white marble for the _pilasters_. + + * * * * * + +Search the _archives_ of history and you will not find another such +_prodigy_ as Admirable _Crichton_. + + * * * * * + +When, after _traversing_ the ocean, you find yourself in the _arid_ +desert of _Sahara_, where there is no _aroma_ of sweet flowers, or +anything _at all_ to regale your exhausted energies; where there is no +_herb_ nor _herbaceous_ plant near you; where you are almost famished +for want of some _potable_ fluid; where you are in constant fear of +being _harassed_ by _truculent nomads_--then will you realize that +there are no joys _comparable_ to those that exist around the +_hearthstone_ of your humble home. + + * * * * * + +When the contents of the _museum_ were sold by _auction_, the +antiquary bought a roll of _papyrus_ filled with _hieroglyphics_, a +kind of _bellows_ used by the ancients for starting their fires, and a +fine collection of _trilobites_. + + * * * * * + +The attempt at a _reconnoisance_ in force had been unsuccessful; +immediately after _reveille_, the commander of the _fortress_ _put_ it +to vote amongst his officers, whether or not they should surrender. +The _ayes_ carried it, although some _vehemently_ opposed on account +of the excellent _morale_ of the garrison. + + * * * * * + +The _heroine_ of the _melodrama_ sent to her _betrothed Seignior_ an +_exquisite bouquet_, composed of _catalpa_ flowers, _dahlias_, +_marigold_ and _thyme_, and prayed his forgiveness for not allowing +him the promised _tete-a-tete_ at the _trysting_ place; she had been +suffering with the _tic-douloureux_, she said. He generously forgave +her and sent her a _sonnet_, in which he said that her voice was +sweeter than that of _Piccolomini_, or any other _cantatrice_; that no +_houri_ could be more beautiful than she; he called her a fair +_florist_, and after _extolling_ her _naivete_, _roseate_ cheeks and +_nymphean_ graces, he swore eternal _homage_ and that he would love +her forever and for _aye_. + + * * * * * + +The judge _bade_ the _desperado_ cease his _badinage_ and answer his +_inquiries_, and threatened that if he did not, he would punish him +for his _contumacy_. + + * * * * * + +The _vicar_ was one of the _notable_ men of his day; his wife was a +pattern of _industry_, a _notable_ housekeeper. While the birds were +chirping their _matin_ song, she might be seen with her _besom_ in her +hand. + + * * * * * + +Is this a _bona fide_ transaction, or is it a _Machiavelian_ attempt +to _inveigle_ the _prelate_ into an _imbroglio_? + + * * * * * + +A _booth_ was erected at the fair where the _pretty_ Misses _Agnes_ +and _Rosalind_ with much _complaisance_ dispensed _gratis_ to the +visitors, _soda-water_ flavored with _orgeat_ or _sarsaparilla_. + + * * * * * + +General _Silvester_ and his _protege_, _Reginald_, met with a +_casualty_ that nearly cost them their lives. The horses attached to +their _Brougham_ became frightened at a _yacht_ and made a +_tremendous_ leap over a high embankment into a _creek_. + + * * * * * + +At the _zoological_ garden was found nearly every animal _extant_, +from a mouse to a _camelopard_. + + * * * * * + +The _rendezvous_ of the _topographical_ surveyors was at the camp of +some hunters on a _knoll_ near the banks of a _canon_. + + * * * * * + +The monk concealed his features with his _capoch_ and would have been +_irrecognizable_ if his _discourse_ had not betrayed him. + + * * * * * + +The _etagere_ stands _cater-cornered_ in a _recess_ and contains many +beautiful ornaments that his _predecessor_ _gathered_ within the last +_decade_ of years; amongst which may be mentioned the heads of +_Beethoven_, _Beranger_, _Goethe_, Percy _Bysshe_ Shelley, and many +other celebrities, cut in _onyx_. + + * * * * * + +The _Caucasian_ races obtained their name on account of originating +near Mount _Caucasus_. + + * * * * * + +The _mischievous_ children got _cayenne_ all over their _chaps_, by +which they were sufficiently punished without any further +_chastening_. + + * * * * * + +The _chivalric_ Don Quixote, having become a _monomaniac_ on the +subject of _chivalry_, bestrode his _Rosinante_, and, attended by his +squire, started out to perform _chivalrous_ deeds. + + * * * * * + +Lord C. has been absent since _February_, 1870; it is said that he has +been traveling _incognito_, but it is certain that in Italy he has +retained his _cognomen_. He is now at _Modena_ awaiting the recovery +of his _Cicerone_, when he intends to visit _Genoa_ and _Milan_. + + * * * * * + +The _obesity_ of the _florid_-faced prebendary is observed to increase +with his _prebend_. + + * * * * * + +I have heard much of the _gamins_ of _Gotham_, but I never realized +what the _gallows_-deserving rascals were till I settled in New York +City. I opened business as a _pharmaceutist_ on a corner that was a +favorite _haunt_ of theirs. Such a crowd of _tatterdemalions_ as stood +in front of my show-window the first day I made my display of +_Parisian_ fancy goods, baffles description. One had the _hooping_ +cough, and every now and then would hoop till the _perspiration_ +rolled down his face; then he would shriek out the daily _newspapers_, +in a voice like a _calliope_. One dirty-faced _gourmand_ ate _papaws_ +till he had to _gape_ for breath, and would shoot the seeds and throw +the skins at his _hundred_ comrades, half of them coming in my front +door. Another, dressed in ragged _jean_, his face covered with _soot_, +played the _jew's-harp_ hour after hour, with as much pride in his +ability as _Paganini_ at his violin. Another, a tall, _jaundice_ +visaged youth with an _embryo_ beard of about a dozen hairs, covered +nearly to his heels with his great-grandfather's _surtout_, in the +_lapel_ of which was pinned a death's-head, danced upon the iron +cellar door till it roared like distant artillery. + +Then there were many other "_partners_" bearing such _sobriquets_ as +"Sore Snoot," "Pig Eye," "Limpy," etc., _improvising irrational_ +songs, boxing, _wrestling_, indulging in _raillery_ and _ribald_ +jests, pitching _quoits_, _meawing_ like cats, howling at my _patrons_ +and driving reputable _patronage_ away. Every now and then they would +send in little, _saucy_, _precocious_ urchins, who offered to +_patronize_ me by asking for two cents' worth of _jujube_ paste, +_tolu_ or _licorice_, or some _Samaritan_ _salve_ for Jim Biles' sore +nose. At last, when the sun had reached the _horizon_, as a _finale_ +of the day's _progress_, one of the young villains hurled a bowlder +through my French plate-glass, which, after its flight through a lot +of _citrate_ of magnesia, _cochineal_ and _quinine_, finally spilled a +large bottle of red ink all over my new _pharmacop[oe]ia_. Springing +over the _debris_, I rushed to the door with _implacable_ anger +flashing from my eyes. But one glance at that _imperturbable_ crowd +showed me how _impotent_ I was. One of them with _placid_ countenance +and _stolid_ indifference simply accosted me with, "Say, Mister, are +you going to see the '_Naiad_ Queen' to-night?" + +I left that store in less than a _fortnight_. + + * * * * * + +The _comptroller_ was appointed by the _government_ upon the +supposition that he was _conversant_ with the details of _finance_; +but he was only a _mediocre financier_ and was not aware of the +_deficit_ in the _finances_, until the conscience-stricken +_defalcating_ officer acknowledged his _defalcation_. + + * * * * * + +The emigrants to the _frontier_ chose a beautiful spot for their +settlement; but they found that the wells dug there and on the +_contiguous prairies_ had a _saline_ taste; so they were obliged to +bring water from the _mountainous_ region beyond, by means of a +_conduit_. + + * * * * * + +From the _congeries_ presented to the professor, he, at his _leisure_, +_isolated_ each genus and gave _generic_ names to each; and at the +next meeting of the _lyceum_, he solicited attention to his _data_ and +the _truths_ he had deduced. + + * * * * * + +The handsome _contour_ of _Madame_ G's face has been spoiled by an +_excrescence_ like a _raspberry_ on her _nasal_ organ. + + * * * * * + +Young _Philemon_ after reading _Lalla Rookh_, _Lara_, Don _Juan_, The +_Giaour_, the productions of Mrs. _Hemans_, and a few others, was +seized with the determination to become a poet; but he has only +succeeded in becoming a _poetaster_, without any ideas of _prosody_. +More _metrical_ excellence and sense can be found in the _distich_: + + "Mary, Mary, quite _contrary_, + How does your garden grow?" + +than in any of the _products_ of his brain that he has given us. His +brothers, _Eben_ and _Philander_, have become stage-struck, and expect +to excel in the _Protean_ art. Their _guardian_, himself a great lover +of _drama_, having foolish confidence in their success, grants them +_plenary_ indulgence in all their whims. They are _habitues_ of the +_theatre_, and have fitted up a _suite_ of apartments next to a _suit_ +of rooms occupied by some stock actors, with whom they are bound in +_indissoluble_ bonds of friendship. There they spend the day in +practice, and if you should call at any hour, there is no telling what +will present itself to you. Perhaps Macbeth with the _glamour_ of his +eyes, viewing the imaginary _gouts_ of blood; or _Banquo_ with his +gory locks; or some knight with his _cuirass_ on and his _visor_ down, +plunging, without a _qualm_, his carmine-stained _poniard_ into the +_jugular_ of some _patriot_. Possibly, Othello the _Moor_, King John +with the _Magna Charta_, or a _legendary_ warrior of frightful _mien_ +with his _falchion_ drawn, will admit you. Or you may see a +_viscount_ with _falcon_, a _rampant_ villain, a _jocund_ host, or an +_irate_, _splenetic_ old man with _spectacles_, pronouncing with +_senile vehemence_ a curse upon some _fragile_ female in _negligee_ +before him, who beseeches the aid of an _immobile statue_ in a _niche_ +in the wall. You may get there in the nick of time to save Desdemona +by an _expose_ of _Iago_'so villainy, to rescue Pythias whom Damon +holds by the _nape_ of the neck on the _threshold_ of eternity, or to +restrain the _suicidal_ design of the _Montague_ by informing him that +the fair Capulet is only under the influence of a _soporific_--not +dead. You may arrive soon enough to arouse the womanhood in the +_docile_ Kate, making her less _docible_, and talk woman's rights to +_Petruchio_, making him more _lenient_. + +And you will find the guardian of these promising youths, sitting +there all day shouting _encore_ to their absurdities, and not +_rational_ enough to see his _indiscretion_ in permitting their +_frivolity_. + + * * * * * + +The _ennui_, recently complained of, was relieved by an invitation to +a party given by the _Mesdames_ B., the same you met at the +_conversazione_ of the church _guild_. The ladies received their +guests with their usual _suavity_. Their niece, _Rosamond_, recently +from _Madrid_, was the attraction of the evening; she wore an elegant +_moire_ antique with a profusion of _valenciennes_; she had a +beautiful set of jewelry--_opal_ and diamonds. It was marvelous how +her _tiny_ hands flew over the _piano-forte_. She sings very sweetly +too; her voice is a sort of _mezzo-soprano_. The _naive_ Miss _Ursula_ +was present, nearly smothered in black silk and _guipure_. She looks +much prettier in _dishabille_. The little _piquant_ Miss _Irene_, with +her _plaited_ hair, sang with a voice like a _paroquet_ her favorite, +"_Tassels_ on the Boots." That disgusting young _Leopold_ was there, +feeling as important as a _Rothschild_, making his _salams_, and +_palavering sotto voce_ to all the girls, circulating his _monogram_ +cards and sporting his paste pin with its dazzling _facets_. He thinks +he cuts a wide _swath_. + +Late in the evening those that were fond of _Terpsichorean_ amusement +were ushered into a room where the _tapestry_ was covered and there +spent several hours in _minuets_, waltzes, quadrilles, etc. + +The topics of conversation amongst the more sensible during the +evening were the object of the visit of the new _prelate_, and the +recent speeches of _Disraeli_ and _Thiers_. + +Madame B. caused a good deal of merriment by describing an improvement +in her _cuisine_ that had been introduced that day. Bridget, a late +importation from _Belfast_, who had charge of the _culinary_ +department, was told to send for some _vermicelli_ to put in the soup, +but she ordered _spermaceti_ instead. + + * * * * * + +There was an old superstition that when the _sacristan_ caused the +bell in the _cupola_ to toll its _dolorous_ funeral notes, the _manes_ +of former friends joined in the solemn _cortege_, and gathering +around the grave moved their lips in inaudible _requiem_, and wrote in +invisible letters upon the tomb, _omega_. + + * * * * * + +The great _desideratum_ in the successful argument of _disputable_ +points, is the possession of an _equable_ temper. + + * * * * * + +_Alphonso_, while out hunting _partridges_, fell into a _slough_. +Being clothed only in _nainsook_, he took a severe cold, which soon +resulted in _febrile_ symptoms. + + * * * * * + +Dr. Mastiff's _posthumous monograph_ on "_Rabies_" will soon appear. +The _frontispiece_ represents a group of dogs. Next to the _preface_ +is a _memoir_ of the author. It was his own design to have "_Finis_" +placed upon a cut of a tombstone. It almost seems that he had a +_presentiment_ of his death. + + * * * * * + +_Suffice_ it to say that the dentist gave the patient enough letheon +to produce unconsciousness, and then applied his _forceps_ to the +offending tooth. Letheon, accented on the first syllable, and +_lethean_ are derived from _Lethe_, the name of a river described in +mythology, a draught from which caused forgetfulness. + + * * * * * + +_Sulphurous_ acid is _gaseous_, not liquid. + + * * * * * + +It is reported in the _Pall Mall_ Gazette that _Basil_ S., whom you +met several years ago at _Leipsic_, is dead. He lived the life of a +_roue_ for some years in Paris and London, and turned out to be a most +_perfidious_ villain. In the latter city he committed many _heinous_ +offenses and acts of _subtle_ knavery that were almost without +_precedent_. He was engaged for a long time in the manufacture of +_spurious_ money by a new _process_, in which dies were taken from +_gutta-percha_ impressions. He had purchased the services of an +experienced professor of _metallurgy_, and the _produce_ of their +crime would have been immense, if some of his other crimes had not +been betrayed. _Placards_, offering a large reward for his arrest, +were posted all over the city. He fled to Venice where he was soon +afterward drowned by falling from a _gondola_, thus cheating the +_gibbet_ of its dues. + + * * * * * + +The foolish lover, _Ivan_, rendered desperate because his rival +_Darius_ had gained the _precedence_ in _Marion's_ esteem, resolved to +commit suicide and rushed _toward_ the _quay_ and plunged into the +water. Some fishermen rescued him with their _seine_, poured some +_potheen_ down his throat, and carried him home on a piece of +_tarpaulin_. His _sousing_ cured him of his folly, but was a poor +_guerdon_ for his faithfulness. + + * * * * * + +The _Saracens_, taking advantage of the _strategic_ point, made a +sudden dash into the territory of the _usurper_; while a detachment +_houghed_ the horses of the enemy's _cavalry_, the rest proceeded on a +_predatory_ raid characterized by _rapine_ and terror, and after the +_spoliation_ of the villages, and the burning of the _granaries_, +returned to their own possessions. + + * * * * * + +_Lionel_, _prejudiced_ against the world on account of _onerous_ +cares, concluded to make a _sacrifice_ of his wealth and position and +become a _recluse_. His little _hovel_ on the _heather_, whitened with +lime which he himself _slaked_, and the little flower garden +_redolent_ of spring, present a strange contrast with his former +mansion and magnificent grounds. + + * * * * * + +_Eva_ answered the _inquiry_ of the French gentleman, "Parlez-vous +francais?" with a "Oui;" but when she came to converse with him, he +understood about as much of her _patois_ as he did of _Hindoostanee_. + + * * * * * + +There is a fabulous report that the _upas_ tree exhales a _subtile_ +vapor that is fatal to animal life. + + * * * * * + +Since _Joshua_ has obtained his lucrative _sinecure_, he spends his +time in riding about in his _phaeton_ and reading _romances_. He is +_loth_ to acknowledge that he was ever a _plebeian_ and did all kinds +of _servile_ work. He is confident that his _genealogy_, if known, +would show that he was unto a _manor_ born, and that some +_supposititious_ child robbed him of his rights. + + * * * * * + +The knight dropped his _wassail cup_ and sprang to the assistance of +the ladies. "_Gramercy_," _quoth_ they, _simultaneously_. + + * * * * * + +The _veterinary_ physician said that the disease was _murrain_. + + * * * * * + +An _infinitesimal_ quantity of _yeast_ excited the fermentation. + + * * * * * + +_Augustine_ studied _microscopy_ just long enough to learn that a +_monad_ is one of the simplest kind of minute _animalcules_; he then +tried chemistry and _mineralogy_, but he could not master the +_nomenclature_; he then took a fancy for _telegraphy_, but soon +abandoned the idea of becoming a _telegraphist_. At last accounts, he +apprenticed himself to a druggist, but was told to _vamos_ soon after +making up a lot of _Seidlitz_ powders with oxalic instead of +_tartaric_ acid. + + * * * * * + +_Artemas_ has applied for a _patent_ on an improved _turbine_ wheel. + + * * * * * + +Mr. B., recollecting the _precedent_ services of his servant, advanced +him money enough to lift the _lien_ on his dwelling. + + * * * * * + +The _lithographer_ had only a poor _melanotype_ to copy from, but he +succeeded in making an excellent print. + + * * * * * + +"Thou shalt destroy them that speak _leasing_," is found in the sixth +verse of the fifth _psalm_. + + * * * * * + +At the examination in _orthoepy_, _Deborah_ had the following words +given to her: _contumely_, _crinoline_, _feudal_, _fetid_, _fetor_, +_gerund_, _gneiss_, _gyrfalcon_, _harem_, _Hawaiian_, _hygiene_, +_lariat_, _leverage_, _nonillion_, _obligatory_, _platina_, +_platinum_, _psalmody_, _psychical_, _purulent_, _pyrites_, +_recherche_, _resume_, _sacerdotal_, _sacrament_, _schism_, _shekel_, +_stearine_ and _troches_. + + * * * * * + +The objective, me, is _often_ erroneously used instead of the +_nominative_, I, in answer to the question--"Who is there?" + + * * * * * + +In the _dramatis personae_ of "Midsummer Night's Dream," _Oberon_ and +_Titania_, king and queen of the fairies, are introduced. + + * * * * * + +At the examination in geography, _Ada_ was required to draw a map of +_Asia_, which would have been well done, if she had not drawn +_Persia_, _Afghanistan_ and _Beloochistan_ nearly twice their proper +size. She was then asked to give the location and length of the +_Altai_ and _Vosges_ mountains, and the height of their principal +peaks; a description of the _Aral_, _Adriatic_ and _Caribbean_ seas; +the course and length of the _Amoor_ and _Yang tse-kiang_; and the +location and population of _Valparaiso_ (_Chili_), _Bantam_, (_Java_), +_Norwich_, (Eng.), _Pesth_, _Quebec_, _Valenciennes_, _Neufchatel_, +_Nantes_ and _Aix-la-Chapelle_. + +Her sister, _Frances_, was told to draw maps of _Buenos Ayres_ and +_Otaheite_, and to bound _Venezuela_ and _Arkansas_; to give the +length and direction of the _Araguay_, _Juniata_, _Kankakee_, +_Barbados_ and _San Joaquin_; the location of Cape _Agulhas_; the +situation and population of _Bingen_, _Calais_, _Canton_, _Acapulco_, +_Chuquisaca_, _Delhi_, _Dubuque_, _Jeddo_, _Quereturo_, _Truxillo_, +_Leicester_ and _Vevay_, and a description of _Sumatra_, _Zanzibar_, +_Barbadoes_ and the _Antilles_. + + * * * * * + +_Sigismund_ has just returned from _Yosemite_ Valley. + + * * * * * + +_Cecily_, _Chloe_ and _Viola_ have just passed their examination in +biography. The names presented to them were the following: _N. S. +Adam_ (Fr.), _G. Adam_ (Ger.), _Beatrice Cenci_, _Blucher_, +_Boccaccio_, _Anne Boleyn_, _Marco Bozzaris_, _Joseph Buonaparte_, +_D'Aubigne_, _Daubigny_, _Drouyn de Lhuys_, _Juarez_, _Lavater_, +_Marat_, _Marion_, _Catherine de Medici_, _Moultrie_, _Ovid_, _Pliny_, +_Ponce de Leon_ and _Richelieu_. + + + + +VIOLATED RULES OF GRAMMAR. + + +Many, who claim to be good grammarians, are occasionally guilty of the +violation of certain important rules. Attention is solicited to a few +of the more common errors of this nature. + + +NUMBER. + +Certain compounds change the form of the first word in pluralizing, +as: _court-martial_, _brother-in-law_, _sister-in-law_. Plural, +_courts-martial_, _brothers-in-law_, etc. "John has three +brother-in-laws," then, is incorrect. + +But _tea-spoonful_, _table-spoonful_, _cupful_, _pocketful_, etc., are +not considered such compounds; therefore, "two tea-spoonsful of +medicine" and "two-cupsful of flour," should be, "two tea-spoonfuls of +medicine," and "two cupfuls of flour." + +When name and title are given, with a numeral adjective prefixed, the +_name_ is pluralized. "Are the two Misses Wilson at home?" should be, +"Are the two Miss Wilsons at home?" But when the numeral is omitted +the _title_ must be pluralized. "Were the Dr. Browns there?" should +be, "Were the Drs. Brown there?" The rule has been given that the +_name_ only of married ladies is pluralized, but there appears to be +no reason except that of euphony: the _Mrs. Clarks_ certainly sounds +more agreeably than the _Mistresses Clark_. In giving the plural of +such titles as: _Hon._, _Rev._, _Squire_ and _Capt._, euphony is also +often considered; but in such cases it would doubtless be better to +add the numeral, as: the _three Hon. Jacksons_. + + +EACH OTHER--ONE ANOTHER. + +_Each other_ applies to two; _one another_ to more than two. "The +three witnesses contradicted each other," and "the two men accused one +another," are incorrect. + + +NEITHER, NOT--NOR. + +_Neither_ and _not_ are followed by _nor_, not _or_. "Neither James or +Charles will come," and "it is not white or black," are incorrect. + + +TO BE, UNITING WORDS. + +Words united by _to be_, referring to the same person, must be of the +same case. + +"It is me," "It may have been him," "It could not be her," and "It +was not them," are not correct: _it_, in each of the sentences, is +_nominative_ and the other pronouns should be _I_, _he_, _she_ and +_they_. "I took it to be he," and "I understood it to be they," are +also wrong; for _it_ is objective in both instances, and the following +pronouns should be _him_ and _them_. + + +THAN, AS. + +_Than_ and _as_ implying comparison, have the same case after as +before. "He loses more than me," "John knows more than him" and "James +is not so tall as her," should be, "He loses more than I" (lose), +"John knows more than he" (knows) and "James is not so tall as she" +(is tall). + + +WHO. + +Errors connected with the use of this word are very common, even +amongst good speakers. + +"Who did you see?" "Who do you know?" and "Who did you hear?" are +wrong: _whom_ should be used, for it is the object of the transitive +verbs, _see_, _know_ and _hear_. _Who_ in such sentences as: "Who are +you looking at?" and "Who are you writing to?" should likewise be +changed into _whom_, for it is the _object_ of the prepositions _at_ +and _to_. + + +ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. + +Adjectives are often erroneously used for adverbs in sentences like +the following: "This is an uncommon good portrait," "It is a miserable +poor painting. "_Uncommonly good_ and _miserably poor_ are right. + +Adverbs are still more commonly used for adjectives. "Mary looked +_beautifully_ at the party," and "Janauschek looked _majestically_ on +the stage," are incorrect, for it is intended to describe the +appearance of Mary and Janauschek, not their manner of looking; +therefore the adjectives _beautiful_ and _majestic_ should be used. + +When _two_ objects are compared, the _comparative_ degree should be +used. "William is the heaviest of the two," and "Which is the most +desirable--health or wealth?" ought to be, "William is the heavier of +the two," and "Which is the more desirable--health or wealth?" + + +THESE, THOSE. + +The plural demonstratives _these_ and _those_ are often erroneously +used with singular nouns, as: "I don't like these kind of people," and +"Those sort of things are very embarrassing." _Kind_ and _sort_ are +singular and should have _this_ and _that_. + + +INTO. + +_Into_, not _in_, is used to show the relation between verbs +expressing motion, entrance, change of state, etc., and an objective +case, as: "Come into the house," "Step into the carriage," and "Look +into the room." + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + + +* Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original +(=bold=). + +* Added punctuation as needed to preserve the author's and publisher's +intent. + +* Addition to the pronunciation guide: + + Small capital "D" indicates a sound similar to "th" (this). + Small capital "G" and "K" indicates the sound of the German "ch". + Small capital "H" resembles a guttural and strongly-aspirated "h". + Small capital "R" resembles the sound of "rr" (terror). + Small capital "U" indicates the sound of the French "eu", and + resembles the sound of the German "oe". + The sound for the small capitals "TH" is unknown. + +* Page 17 Corrected spelling of "spellling" to "spelling" in +"Worcestor's spellling is". + +* Page 29 Corrected spelling of "lenghten" to "lengthen" in "also, in +lengthy, lenghten".] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. 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