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diff --git a/32435-8.txt b/32435-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ad9915 --- /dev/null +++ b/32435-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5161 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. P. Meredith + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Every-Day Errors of Speech + +Author: L. P. Meredith + +Release Date: May 19, 2010 [EBook #32435] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + EVERY-DAY + ERRORS OF SPEECH + + BY + L. P. MEREDITH, M.D., D.D.S., + AUTHOR OF "THE TEETH, AND HOW TO SAVE THEM." + + PHILADELPHIA: + J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. + 1876. + + + + + Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year, 1872, by + L. P. MEREDITH, + In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + _Damas._ * * * The Prince of Como does not + understand his own language. + + _Melnotte._ Not as you pronounce it: Who the + deuce could? + + +It may be regarded as one of the commendable peculiarities of the +English language that, despite provincialisms, vulgarisms, neglected +education, foreign accent, and the various corrupting influences to +which it is subjected, it may be understood wherever it is heard, +whatever differences of distance or associations may have existed +between the speaker and the listener, both claiming familiarity with +it. Considering these influences and the arbitrariness of the +orthoepical rules of the language, there has been expressed surprise +that frequent degenerations into uncouth dialects or patois have not +occurred. A decent regard for the common weal should cause +gratification that such degenerations have not taken place, for were +it not for the ability of our tongue to preserve its individuality +against the tendency toward corruption, we might reasonably fear such +a Babel-like confusion, that, when asked, "Do you speak English?" one +might appropriately, _sans_ the profanity, reply in the language of +the text, "Not as you pronounce it: Who the deuce could?" While the +majority of people place no other value upon language than that of +convenience, and are indifferent to any corruption, so long as they +can simply understand and be understood, there is happily a better +class, the æsthetic cultivation of which is such that those who belong +to it are anxious to preserve the purity of our vernacular and are +ashamed of all errors of speech in their daily conversations. For such +it will not be uninteresting to look over a number of errors, +principally of pronunciation, that are not formally laid down as such +in books, and which people, even many of the best educated, are +constantly committing, just because they have never had their +attention called to them. These errors are becoming more deeply rooted +every day and if not soon eradicated, it will not be many years before +our orthoepic standard will be overthrown as it was in England some +years ago. + +Smart, one of the most celebrated of English orthoepists, in the +preface of his dictionary says: "The proprietors of Walker's +dictionary, finding it would slide entirely out of use unless it were +adapted to the present day, engaged me as a teacher of elocution, +known in London since Walker's time, to make the necessary changes." A +standard pronouncing dictionary is a work that involves an +extraordinary amount of labor and research in its compilation, and +exerts an influence almost autocratical. The possibility of its +becoming worthless in a short time is strange, especially when it is +not on account of any work claiming superiority, but merely because +error long persisted in finally becomes more authoritative than the +original exemplar. With little effort, however, we can discern the +causes. Persons are apt to acquire the pronunciation and use of the +greater number of words by imitation, rather than by study. With +confidence in the knowledge of the parent, teacher, minister, +physician and others, their examples are followed without ever +considering that they are often very fallible guides. + +A complete dictionary is an immense volume, and to turn over its pages +with even a casual observation of each word, requires an amount of +time that few would feel like devoting to it; and yet this is the only +way in which a person can become _assured_ of the sanctioned +pronunciation and meaning of a great many words. If they would make it +an invariable rule to make memoranda of all the words they read or +hear spoken, about the orthoepy and import of which they are not +absolutely certain, and at their first leisure opportunity would +consult their chosen authority, it would not be long before the +majority of errors would be corrected; but this requires memory, +inclination, time, continuity of purpose, possession of dictionaries +or access to them--circumstances that are seldom found combined. It +will doubtless be useless to rehearse any of the arguments commonly +employed to prove the necessity of having some sovereign standard, to +the guidance of which we must be willing to submit. Those for whom +this work is intended will be willing to admit that. Nor is it +necessary to assert that as far as the English speakers of the United +States are interested, the only works that lay claim to such a +position are the dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. If the right +of the opinions of the majority of scholars throughout the land were +alone considered, the former would certainly be entitled to the +preference; but the work of the latter is too full of merit and has +too many adherents in the ranks of the educated to permit any one to +say that it is not worthy of high esteem. + +With my own preference for the former and with my willingness to +acknowledge the worth of the latter, I have consulted both authorities +concerning every word in the following vocabulary--that is, every word +requiring reference to either. It will be seen that there is much less +difference between the decisions of the two dictionaries than is +commonly supposed. By this reference to each, I have not only +corrected errors in an impartial manner, but have also stopped up that +loop-hole through which so many try to escape by saying, when they are +called to account according to one dictionary, that they do not accept +that as their standard. As far as the people of this country are +concerned, there is no escape from the conclusion that a person is +considered a correct or an incorrect speaker of English, according to +whether or not he conforms his discourse to one of the above mentioned +authorities. At first glance it will appear that the size of this +volume is not at all commensurate to the task of correcting the many +errors that are heard in our communication with all classes that +pretend to speak the English language. It is not intended to instruct +those whose education has been so neglected that they are guilty of +the grossest violation of syntax and orthoepy, nor to cultivate the +taste of those whose selection of words and cant and slang phrases +betrays the low grade of the associations by which they have been +surrounded. It is designed rather as a collection of the more common +of those errors, chiefly orthoepical, that I have before spoken of as +being of constant occurrence even among people of education, unless +they have paid considerable attention to philology or +_belles-lettres_. If by presenting them in this convenient form, thus +saving much time and trouble in referring to the dictionary, I have +merited the thanks of my readers, or if I have contributed even a mite +toward the conservation of the present usage, I shall feel amply repaid. + +I have taken advantage of the alphabetical arrangement to introduce a +few miscellaneous errors that might have been placed under a separate +heading. + +Instead of dividing the words into syllables and loading them with +marks as is usually done in dictionaries, I have thought that it would +make a deeper impression on the memory to present the words as they +are commonly seen in print, depending on respelling to furnish the +correct and incorrect accent and pronunciation. + +The corrections have first been made according to Webster; if +Worcester is unmentioned, it is to be understood that both authorities +agree. + + _Cincinnati, December 20, 1871._ + + + + +Errors of Speech. + + + + +KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE RESPELLING + + + The long sounds of a, e, i, o, u, are represented by [=a], [=e], [=i], + [=o], [=u]. + The short sounds of a, e, i, o, u, " [)a], [)e], [)i], + [)o], [)u]. + _a_, as in _air_, _pair_, is represented by â. + _a_, " _far_, _arm_, " " ä or ah. + _a_, " _all_, _haul_, " " aw. + _a_, " _what_, _squat_, " " [)o]. + _e_, " _ere_, _where_, " " ê. + _e_, " _obey_, _weight_, " " [=a]. + _e_, " _her_, _term_, " " ë. + _i_, " _machine_, " " [=e] or ee. + _i_, " _dirk_, _whirl_, " " ï. + _o_, " _done_, _son_, " " [)u]. + _o_, " _woman_, " " [)o][)o]. + _o_, " _do_, _move_, " " [=o][=o]. + _o_, " _for_, _storm_, " " ô or aw. + _oo_, " _soon_, _moon_, " " [=o][=o]. + _oo_, " _foot_, _good_, " " [)o][)o]. + _u_, " _rude_, _rule_, " " [=o][=o]. + _u_, " _push_, _pull_, " " [)o][)o]. + _u_, " _burn_, _turn_, " " ü. + _oi_,} " _oil_, _toy_, " " oi. + _oy_,} + _ou_,} " _found_, _owl_, " " ow. + _ow_,} + + _c_, as in _city_, _cite_, is represented by s or ç. + _c_, " _can_, _cut_, " " k. + _ch_, " _child_, _much_, " " ch. + _ch_, " _machine_, " " sh. + _ch_, " _chorus_, " " k. + _g_, " _ginger_, " " j. + _n_, " _think_, _uncle_, " " ñ. + _qu_, " _require_, " " kw. + _s_, " _these_, _ease_, " " z. + +Obscure vowel sounds, or those which are glided over in a word without +any noticeable accent, are unmarked. In those cases where the +pronunciation is so evident that mistakes seem improbable, the marks +are also omitted. + + + + +EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH. + + + A. + + =Abacus=--ab´a-k[)u]s, not a-b[)a]k´[)u]s. + + =Abdomen=--ab-d[=o]´men, not ab´do-men. + + =Acclimate=--ak-kl[=i]´m[=a]te, not ak´kli-m[=a]te. + + =Acclimated= is also accented on the second syllable. + + =Acclimatization=--ak-kli-mat-i-z[=a]´shun, not + ak-kl[=i]´ma-ti-z[=a]-shun. + + =Adult=--a-d[)u]lt´, not [)a]d´ult. + + =Aerated=--[=a]´er-[=a]-ted, not [=a]´r[=e]-[=a]-ted. "_Areated + bread_" is a mistake that is frequently made. + + =Ailantus=--[=a]-l[)a]n´t[)u]s, not [=a]-l[)a]n´th[)u]s; + [)a]t-l[)a]n´tus is a still worse error. + + =Albumen=--al-b[=u]´men, not al´bu-men. + + =Alder=--awl´der, not [)a]l´der; it is the name of a _tree_ and + does not mean the ordinary _elder_. + + =Alike.= It is sufficient to say that two persons or things are + _alike_, not _both alike_. The word associated with _alike_ is + just as unnecessary as it is with _resemble_ and _equal_ in the + following sentences: "These two men _both_ resemble each + other." "These two sums are _both_ equal." + + =Allopathy=--al-l[)o]p´a-thy, not al´lo-path-y. + + =Allopathist= is similarly accented. + + =Alpaca=--al-p[)a]k´a, not al-la-p[)a]k´a. + + =Altercate=--[)a]l´ter-k[=a]te, not awl´ter-kate. + + =Amenable=--a-m[=e]´na-ble, not a-m[)e]n´a-ble. + + =Among.= A thing is divided _among_ many and _between_ two. + + =Amour=--a-m[=o][=o]r´, not am´-m[=o]re nor [=a]´m[=o][=o]r. + + =Angry.= Say angry _with_ a person and _at_ a thing. + + =Animalcula= is the plural of _animalculum_; there is no such + word as _animalcul[oe]_. Animalcule (singular) and animalcules + (plural), are proper words; the former is pronounced + an-i-mal´k[=u]le and the latter an-i-mal´k[=u]lz. + + =Antarctic=--ant-ärk´tik, not ant-är´tik. + + =Antepenult=--an-te-pe-n[)u]lt´, not an-te-p[=e]´n[)u]lt. + + =Apex=--[=a]´pex, not [)a]p´ex. + + =Apparatus=--ap-pa-r[=a]´tus, not ap-pa-r[)a]t´us. + + =Aquaria=, not _aquariums_, is the plural of _aquarium_. + + =Arabic=--[)a]r´a-b[)i]k, not a-r[)a]b´[)i]k, a-r[=a]´b[)i]k, nor + [)a]r´a-b[)a]k; which errors are very common, especially in the + compound word _gum-arabic_. + + =Arbitrary= is often incorrectly pronounced as if spelled + _ar-bi-ta-ry_. + + =Archangel=--ärk-[=a]n´jel, not ärch-[=a]n´jel. + + =Archbishop=--ärch-bish´op, not ärk-bish´op. + + =Archipelago=--ärk-i-pel´a-g[=o], not ärch-i-pel´a-g[=o]. + + =Architect=--är´ki-tect, not är´chi-tect. + + =Archives=--är´k[=i]vez, not är´ch[=i]vez, nor är´k[=e]vez. + + =Arctic=--ärk´tik, not är´tik. + + =Arid=--[)a]r´id, not [=a]´rid. + + =Aroma=--a-r[=o]´ma, not [)a]r´o-ma. + + =At= should not be used when it has no possible connection with + the other words of a sentence; as, "Where are you living _at_?" + + =At all=, not a tall. + + =Attacked=, not attackted. + + =Auction=--awk´shun, not [)o]k´shun. + + =Ay= or =Aye=, meaning _yes_, and =aye=, an affirmative vote, are + pronounced ä[)i] and not [=i] nor [=a]. + + =Aye=, meaning forever, always (used chiefly in poetry), is + pronounced [=a] not [=i] nor ä[)i]. + + + B. + + =Bade=--b[)a]d, not b[=a]de. + + =Badinage=--b[)a]d´in-äzh, not b[)a]d´in-[=a]je. Worcester gives + the same pronunciation, but places the accent on the last + syllable. + + =Balance.= There are two common errors connected with this word. + One is to write it _ballance_: the other is to use it in the + sense of _remainder_, _rest_, etc.; as, the _balance_ of the + day, the _balance_ of the people. Balance means properly "the + excess on one side, or what added to the other makes equality." + The corrupt use of the word, as above mentioned, is laid down + as a vulgarism. + + =Bantam=, not _banty_. + + =Bellows=--b[)e]l´l[)u]s, not b[)e]l´l[=o]z. The plural is the + same as the singular. + + =Besom=--b[=e]´zum, not b[=e]´sum. A broom. + + =Betroth=--be-tr[)o]th, not be-tr[=o]th. =Betrothed=, + =Betrothal=, etc., are similarly pronounced. + + =Blacking=, not _blackening_ for boots and shoes. + + =Blouse=--blowz, not blowss. + + =Bologna=--b[=o]-l[=o]n´ya, not b[=o]-l[=o]´na. _Bologna_ + sausage, _Bologna_ phial, etc. + + =Bona fide=--b[=o]´na-f[=i]´de, not b[=o]´na-f[=i]de nor + b[)o]n´a-f[=i]de. + + =Booth.= The _th_ is sounded as in the preposition _with_, not as + in _both_. + + =Bouquet=--b[=o][=o]-k[=a]´ or bo[=o][=o]´k[=a], not b[=o]-k[=a]´. + + =Bourgeois=, meaning a kind of type, is pronounced bür-jois´, not + like the following word: + + =Bourgeois=, a citizen, pronounced b[=o][=o]r-zhwaw´. + + =Brand-new=, not _bran-new_. Although the latter adjective is + much used, it is evidently a corruption of the former. An + article in its newness may be bright like a _brand_ of fire, or + the _brand_ of the manufacturer may remain intact, but there is + certainly no _bran_ about it. + + =Breeches=--br[)i]tch´ez, not as spelled. + + =Bretzel=, not _pretzel_. A brittle German cake. + + =Brilliant.= A diamond of the finest cut, with its faces and + facets so arranged as to secure the greatest degree of + brilliancy--whence the name. The name to many conveys the idea + of paste, or imitation. A _rose_ diamond may be just as pure, + but its depth does not permit it to be made a _brilliant_ of + without a much greater loss of substance. + + =Brougham=--br[=o][=o]m or br[=o][=o]´am, not br[=o]´am nor + brow´am. A kind of carriage. + + =Burst=, =Burst= and =Bursting=, not _bust_, _busted_ and + _busting_. + + + C. + + =Calculate= is often inappropriately used in lieu of _believe_, + _suppose_, _expect_, etc., as in the following sentences: "I + _calculate_ you are my friend;" "I _calculate_ the report is + true." Still worse than this passive misuse is that active one + of using the word in some such sense as this: "Doctor, I know + that you are a man of great intelligence and I have unlimited + confidence in your honor and ability; but I must say that I + think the course of treatment pursued by you during this + epidemic, is _calculated_ to increase the mortality among your + patients." How inconsistent with the encomium is the dreadful + accusation just following! As if the Doctor had sat down and + _calculated_ how he could cause injury rather than benefit. + Calculate means to ascertain by means of figures or to study + what means must be used to secure a certain result. A person + may make a speech, write a book, or do anything else + _calculated_ to do good, or more rarely, evil, but the + intention to accomplish the object spoken of must be present, + before the word can be properly used. + + =Calliope=--kal-l[=i]´o-pe, not kal´li-[=o]pe. + + =Calvary=, not _cavalry_, when the place of our Saviour's + crucifixion is meant. + + =Camelopard=--ka-mel´o-pärd or kam´el-o-pärd, not + kam-el-l[)e]op´ard. + + =Cantatrice=--k[)a]n-ta-tr[=e]´che, not k[)a]n´ta-treess. + + =Canon=--k[)a]n´yun, not k[)a]n´nun. A deep gorge or ravine. + Spelled also =Canyon=, pronounced kän-y[=o]n´ or k[)a]n´yon. + + =Capoch=--ka-p[=o][=o]tsh´, not ka-p[=o]ch´. =Capouch= is another + orthography. + + =Caption= in the sense of the heading of a discourse, chapter, + page, etc., is not sanctioned by good writers. + + =Carminative=--kär-m[=i]n´a-tive, not kär´mi-n[=a]-tive. + + =Casualty=--k[)a]zh´u-al-ty, not k[)a]z-u-[)a]l´i-ty. + + =Cater-cornered=--k[=a]´ter-cor-nered, not k[)a]t´ty-cor-nered. + Not down, thus compounded in Webster, but his pronunciation of + the separate words is as given. Worcester gives the word as + above and defines it as an adjective--diagonal. It is generally + used though, I believe, as an adverb; as, "the piano stands + cater-cornered" (diagonally). It is regarded as an inelegant + word, diagonal and diagonally being preferred: though it is + probable that this opinion has been caused by the abominable + pronunciations _catty_ and _kitty_ cornered. + + =Catalpa=--ka-t[)a]l´pa, not ka-tawl´pa. + + =Catch=, =Catching=--k[)a]tch and k[)a]tching, not k[)e]tch and + k[)e]tching. + + =Catholic= means liberal, general, not bigoted, and not _Roman_ + Catholic, unless specially so applied. + + =Caucasian=--kaw-k[=a]´sian,not kaw-k[=a]zh´ian, kaw-k[)a]sh´ian, + kaw-k[=a]z´ian nor kaw-k[)a]ss´ian. + + =Cayenne=--k[=a]-[)e]n´, not k[=i]-[)e]n´. + + =Chaps=--ch[)o]ps, not ch[)a]ps. The jaws. =Chops= is also + correct orthography. + + =Chasten=--ch[=a]s´en, not ch[)a]s´en. =Chastened=, + =chastening=, etc., have also the long a. + + =Chew=, not _chaw_. The latter word either as a verb or noun is + now considered quite vulgar. + + =Chid=, not ch[=i]´ded, is the imperfect tense of chide. + + =Chimera=--k[)i]-m[=e]´ra, not chi-m[=e]´ra, nor k[=i]-m[=e]´ra. + + =Chivalric=--sh[)i]v´al-rik, not sh[)i]v-[)a]l´rik. Worcester + allows the latter. + + =Chivalrous=--sh[)i]v´al-r[)u]s, not sh[)i]v-[)a]l´rus. Worcester + gives ch[)i]v´al-rus also. + + =Chivalry=--sh[)i]v´al-ry, not ch[)i]v´al-ry. Worcester sanctions + both. + + =Cicerone=--ch[=e]-che-r[=o]´ne or s[)i]s-e-r[=o]´ne, not + s[)i]s´e-r[=o]ne. A guide. + + =Citrate=--s[)i]t´rate, not s[=i]´trate. "Citrate of magnesia." + + =Climbed=, not clomb (klum). One climbs _up_ but does not climb + _down_. + + =Cochineal=--k[)o]ch´i-neel, not k[=o]´chi-neel nor + k[=o]´ki-neel. + + =Cocoa= (k[=o]´k[=o]) is not made from the cocoa-nut or tree, but + from the seeds of the _cacao_ (ka-k[=a]´o) or chocolate tree. + The word is evidently a perversion, but it has gained a + permanent footing in its present signification. + + =Cognomen=--k[)o]g-no´men, not k[)o]g´no-men. + + =Cold-chisel=, not _coal-chisel_. It is a chisel of peculiar + strength and hardness for cutting _cold_ metal. + + =Cole-slaw.= In the former editions of some dictionaries it has + been taught that this word is derived from _cole_ meaning + cabbage, and _slaw_ meaning salad. Cole-slaw--cabbage-salad. + The uninstructed soon changed the _cole_ into _cold_ and + substituted _hot_ for the other extreme of temperature, thus + entirely changing the signification. What was really meant, was + _hot cole-slaw_ and _cold cole-slaw_. Many persons still regard + _cole-slaw_ as the proper word, and receipt books give that + orthography. The last editions of Webster and Worcester, + however, only give the words _cole_ and _slaw_ in separate + places and define the latter as "sliced cabbage." + + =Combatant=--k[)o]m´bat-ant, not kom-b[)a]t´ant. + + =Combativeness=--k[)o]m´bat-ive-ness, not kom-b[)a]t´ive-ness. + + =Come= is often thoughtlessly used for _go_ or some other word. If + How is just leaving Howard's house it is right for How to say, + "I'll come to see you soon," but Howard could not properly say, + _at that place_, the same thing. He should say, "I will go to see + you soon." If they both live in Philadelphia and should meet in + New York, neither could say appropriately, "I'll come to see you + after I get home;" that would mean that one would travel back + from his home in Philadelphia to New York to see the other. But + either might say, "Come and see me when you get home." + + =Comparable=--k[)o]m´pa-ra-ble, not k[)o]m-p[)a]r´a-ble. + + =Complaisance=--k[)o]m´pla-zans, not k[)o]m-pl[=a]´z[)a]ns. In + complaisant and complaisantly, the accent is also on the first + syllable. Worcester places it on the third, thus: complaisant + (kom-pla-z[)a]nt´), etc. + + =Comptroller=--kon-tr[=o]l´ler, not k[)o]mp-tr[=o]l´ler. + + =Conduit=--k[)o]n´d[)i]t or k[)u]n´dit, not k[)o]n´du[)i]t or + k[)o]n´d[=u]te. A pipe or canal for the conveyance of fluid. + + =Confab=, not _conflab_. A contraction of confabulation. + + =Congeries=--k[)o]n-j[=e]´r[)i]-eez, not kon-j[=e]´r[=e]z nor + k[)o]n´je-r[=e]z. A collection of particles into one mass. + + =Contemptuous=, not =contemptible=, when the manifestation of + contempt for another is meant. I once heard a young lady + describing how she had withered at a glance a poor young man + that had incurred her displeasure. "O, I gave him such a + _contemptible_ look," said she. If in the enthusiasm of the + rehearsal, the look that dwelt upon her features was akin to + that given upon the occasion mentioned, no auditor doubted the + exact truth of what she said; but she meant differently. + + =Contiguous=--kon-tig´[=u]-[)u]s, not kon-t[)i]j´[=u]-[)u]s. + + =Contour=--k[)o]n-t[=o][=o]r´, not k[)o]n´t[=o][=o]r. The + boundary lines of a figure. + + =Contra-dance= is better than _country-dance_, the latter word + being a corruption; but it has become admissible from long use. + _Contredanse_ is the French original, and means that the + parties stand opposite to each other. + + =Contrary=--k[)o]n´tra-ry, not kon-tr[=a]´ry, interfering with + the rhythm of the distich from Mother Goose's Melodies: + + "Mary, Mary, quite contrary, + How does your garden grow?" + + =Contumacy=--k[)o]n´tu-ma-sy, not kon-t[=u]´ma-sy. Obstinacy, + stubbornness. + + =Contumely=--k[)o]n´tu-me-ly not k[)o]n-t[=u]´me-ly. Insolence, + contemptuousness. + + =Conversant=--k[)o]n´ver-sant, not kon-v[)e]r´s[)a]nt. + + =Conversazione=--k[)o]n´ver-sät-se-[=o]´n[=a], not + kon-ver-s[)a]s´si-[=o]ne. A meeting for conversation. Worcester + pronounces it k[)o]n-ver-sät-ze-[=o]´n[=a]. The plural is + conversazioni (-n[=e]). + + =Corporal= punishment, not cor-p[=o]´re-al. + + =Cortege=--kôr´t[=a]zh, not kor´t[=e]je. A train of attendants. + + =Councilor=, is a member of council. + + =Counselor=, one who gives advice. Worcester's spelling is + councillor and counsellor. + + =Creek=, not kr[)i]ck. + + =Creole.= From Webster's dictionary are taken the following + definitions and remarks: + + 1. "One born in America, or the West Indies, of European + ancestors. + + 2. "One born within or near the tropics, of any color. 'The + term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to + distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans + imported during the time of the slave trade. The application + of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common + in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, + that it implies an admixture greater or less of African + blood.'--R. Hildreth." + + =Crinoline=--kr[)i]n´o-l[)i]n, not kr[)i]n´o-l[=i]ne nor + kr[)i]n´o-leen. + + =Cuirass=--kw[=e]-r[)a]s´ or kw[=e]´r[)a]s, not k[=u]´r[)a]s. A + piece of armor. + + =Cuisine=--kwe-z[=e]n´, not k[=u]-seen´ or k[=u]-z[=i]ne´. + Cooking or cooking department. + + =Culinary=--k[=u]´li-na-ry, not k[)u]l´i-na-ry. + + =Cupola=--k[=u]´po-la, not k[=u]-po-l[=o]´. + + + D. + + =Dahlia=--däl´ya or d[=a]l´-ya, not d[)a]l´ya. + + =Dare not=, not darse'nt. + + =Data=--d[=a]´ta, not d[)a]t´a, is the plural of datum (d[=a]´tum). + + =Debris=--d[=a]-br[=e]´, not d[=e]´br[)i]s nor d[=a]´br[=e]. + Rubbish, ruins. + + =Decade=--d[)e]k´ade, not d[=e]´kade nor d[=e]-k[=a]de´. Ten in + number. + + =Defalcate=--de-f[)a]l´kate, not de-fawl´k[=a]te. + + =Defalcation=--d[=e]-f[)a]l-k[=a]´shun not d[=e]-fawl-k[=a]´shun. + Worcester gives d[)e]f-al-k[=a]´shun. No such word as + _defalcater_ is seen. + + =Deficit=--d[)e]f´i-sit, not de-f[=i]´sit nor de-f[)i]s´sit. A + deficiency. + + =Delusion=, not _illusion_, when deception occurs from want of + knowledge of the world, ignorance of business or trade, or from + lack of acumen generally. Illusions are deceptions arising from + a temporarily or permanently disordered imagination, or from + phenomena occurring in nature: thus we speak of the illusions of + fancy, of dreams, and of optical illusions. The mirage of the + desert and the fata Morgana are instances of the latter. + + =Demonstrative=--de-m[)o]n´stra-tive, not d[)e]m´on-str[=a]-tive. + + =Demonstrator=--d[)e]m´on-str[=a]-tor, not de-m[)o]n´str[=a]-tor. + Worcester allows the latter. + + =Depot=--de-p[=o]´ or d[=e]´p[=o], not d[=a]´p[=o], nor + d[)e]p´po. Worcester sanctions de-p[=o]´ only. I once had a + friend, deceased now, of course, who called it de-p[)o]t´. + + =Dereliction=--der-e-l[)i]k´shun, not d[)e]r-e-l[)e]k´shun. A + forsaking, abandonment. + + =Deshabille=--d[)e]s-a-b[)i]l´, } =Dishabille=--d[)i]s-a-b[)i]l´, + } not d[)e]s´ha-beel nor d[)i]s´ha-beel. The French is + déshabillé, pronounced about like d[=a]-zä-be-y[=a], without + any particular accent. Some persons, in their vain efforts to + get the peculiar liquid sound of the double l, sometimes used, + distort the word terribly, pronouncing it even as broad as + d[)i]s-ha-beel´yuh. + + =Desideratum=--de-sid-e-r[=a]´tum, not de-s[)i]d-er-[)a]t´um; + plural, de-s[)i]d-er-[=a]´ta. Something particularly desired. + + =Desperado=--des-per-[=a]´do, not des-per-ä´do. + + =Dessert=--d[)e]z-zërt´, not d[)e]z´zert, nor d[)e]s´sert: + _dessert-spoon_ (dez-zërt´-spoon). + + =Die.= One dies _of_ a disease, not with it. + + =Differ.= One differs with a person in opinion; one person or + thing differs _from_ another in some quality. + + =Disappointed.= One is disappointed _of_ a thing not obtained and + _in_ a thing obtained. "He will be disappointed of his + expectations." + + =Discourse=--dis-k[=o]rs´, not d[)i]s´k[=o]rs. + + =Disputable=--dis´pu-ta-ble, not dis-p[=u]´ta-ble. + + =Disputant=--dis´pu-tant, not dis-p[=u]´tant. + + =Distich=--d[)i]s´t[)i]k, not d[)i]s´t[)i]ch. Two poetic lines + making sense. + + =Docible=--d[)o]s´i-ble, not d[=o]´si-ble. Tractable; teachable. + + =Docile=--d[)o]s´[)i]l, not d[=o]´s[=i]le. + + =Dolorous=--d[)o]l´or-[)u]s, not d[=o]´lor-o[)u]s. =Dolorously= + and =Dolorousness= are similarly accented; but =dolor= is + pronounced d[=o]´lor. + + =Doubt.= "I do not doubt but that it is so," is a very common + error. The meaning conveyed is just the opposite to that which + the speaker intends. He declares in other words, that he has + _no_ doubt _but_ a doubt that it is so; or he does not doubt + that it is false. "I have no doubt but," and "there is no doubt + but,"--are similar mistakes. The word "but" should be left out. + + =Dough-face= means one that is easily molded to one's will, or + readily changed in his views, and not a putty-faced or + white-faced person. + + =Dragomans=, not _dragomen_, is the plural of _dragoman_, an + Eastern interpreter. + + =Drama=--drä´ma or dr[=a]´ma, not dr[)a]m´a. Worcester says + dr[=a]´ma or dr[)a]m´a. + + =Dramatis Personæ=--dr[)a]m´a-t[=i]s per-s[=o]´n[=e], not + dra-m[)a]t´is p[)e]r´so-n[=e]. + + =Drank=, not _drunk_, is the imperfect tense of drink. + + =Ducat=--d[)u]k´at, not d[=u]´kat. + + + E. + + =Ear=--[=e]ar, not y[=e]ar. Persons frequently speak of the + _year-ache_, and occasionally "_a year of corn_," may be heard. + + =Ecce Homo=--[)e]k´s[=e] h[=o]´m[=o], not [)e]k´k[=e] + h[=o]´m[=o]. + + =Eider=--[=i]´der, not [=e]´der. _Eider-down_ and _eider-duck_. + + =Elm= is pronounced in one syllable and not [)e]l´lum. + + =Elysian=--e-l[)i]z´i-an, not e-l[)i]s´sian. Worcester gives + e-l[)i]zh´e-an. + + =Embryo=--em´bry-[=o], not em-bry´[=o]. + + =Employe= (Fr. employé)--[)e]m-ploy-[=a]´ or [)o]ng-plwaw-y[=a]´, + not employ´[=e] or ong-ploy´[=a]. Employee is not allowed. + + =Encore=--[)o]ng-k[=o]r´, not [)o]ng´k[=o]r nor [)e]n´k[=o]r. + + =Eneid=--[=e]-n[=e]´id not [=e]´ne-id. A poem of Virgil. + Worcester sanctions both methods of pronunciation. + + =Ennui=--[)o]ng-nw[=e]´, not [)o]ng´w[=e]. Worcester gives a much + simpler pronunciation, viz: än-w[=e]´. + + =Enquiry=--en-kw[=i]´ry, not [)e]n´kw[)i]-ry. + + =Epsom Salt=, not Epsom _Salts_. + + =Equable=--[=e]´kwa-ble, not [)e]k´wa-ble. + + =Equally well=, etc., not equally _as_ well, etc. + + =Espionage=--[)e]s´pe-on-[=a]je or [)e]s´pe-on-äzh, not + [)e]s-p[=i]´o-n[=a]je nor es-p[=e]´on-äzh. + + =Esquimau=--[)e]s´ke-m[=o], not [)e]s´qui-maw: plural, + =Esquimaux= ([)e]s´ke-m[=o]z), not [)e]s´ke-mawz nor + [)e]s´ke-m[=o]. + + =Etagere=--[)e]t-a-zhâr´, not e-t[)a]zh´er-y nor + at-t[)a]zh´[)i]-a. Worcester's pronunciation is [=a]-tä-zhâr´. + A piece of parlor furniture with shelves, used for placing + small ornaments and fancy articles upon; a what-not. + + =Excrescence=--ex-kr[)e]s´sense not ex-kr[=e]´sense. A + superfluous appendage: morbid outgrowth. + + =Expect= has reference to the future only, and not to the present + or past. "I _expect_ that you are wrong." "I _expect_ you were + disappointed yesterday," are errors. There is an abundance of + words that may be correctly used, as _suppose_, _suspect_, + _imagine_, _believe_ and _think_. + + =Expose= (Fr. exposé)--[)e]ks-po-z[=a]´, not ex-p[=o]z´. An + exposition; statement. + + =Exquisite=--[)e]ks´qu[)i]-z[)i]t, not eks-qu[)i]z´it[)e]. + =Exquisitely= is accented on the first syllable also. + + =Extant=--ex´tant not ex-t[)a]nt´. + + =Extol=--ex-t[)o]l´, not ex-t[=o]´. =Extolled=, ex-t[)o]ld´, etc. + + + F. + + =Facet=--f[)a]s´set not f[=a]-s[)e]t´. A small surface or face; + as one of the _facets_ of a diamond. + + =Falchion=--fawl´chun, not f[)a]l´ch[)i]-on. A sword. Worcester + sanctions fawl´shun, also. + + =Falcon=--faw´kn, not f[)a]l-k[)o]n. + + =Fang.= When applied to a tooth, _fang_ means the portion that is + outside of the jaw. This name is often, even by dentists, + erroneously given to the _root_ or part that is set into the jaw. + + =Far=, not _fur_. + + =Febrile=--f[=e]´br[)i]l or f[)e]b´r[)i]l, not f[=e]´br[=i]le. + Relating to fever. + + =February=, as it is spelled, and not F[)e]b´u-a-ry, as many say + and write it. + + =Feod=, =feodal=, =feodality=--f[=u]d, f[=u]d´al, and + f[=u]-d[)a]l´i-ty. Relating to a kind of tenure formerly + existing in Europe, in which military services were rendered by + the tenant as a consideration. =Feud=, =feudal=, =feudality=, + is the orthography generally adopted now. + + =Ferret.= A ferret is an animal of the weasel kind, used to drive + rabbits out of their burrows, and not a species of dog. + + =Fetid=--f[)e]t´id, not f[=e]´tid. + + =Fetor=--f[=e]´tor, not f[)e]t´or. + + =Finale=---fe-nä´l[=a], not f[=i]´n[=a]le or f[=i]-n[)a]l´ly. + + =Finance=--f[)i]-n[)a]ns´, not f[=i]´-n[)a]ns. + + =Finances=--f[)i]-n[)a]n´s[)e]z, not f[=i]´n[)a]n-s[)e]z. + + =Financier=--f[)i]n-an-seer´, not f[=i]-nan-seer´. =Financial=, + and =financially=, have also the short i in the first syllable. + + =Finis=--f[=i]´nis, not f[)i]n´is. + + =Firmament= means the expanse of the sky: the heavens. The + meaning, solid foundation, is obsolete. + + =Flannel=, not _flannen_. + + =Florid=--fl[)o]r´id, not fl[=o]´r[)i]d. + + =Florin=--fl[)o]r´in, not fl[=o]-r[)i]n. A piece of money. + + =Florist=--fl[=o]´rist, not fl[)o]r´ist. + + =Forage=--f[)o]r´aje, not f[=o]´raje. + + =Forceps=--fôr´seps, not f[=o]r´seps. The word is spelled the + same in both the singular and the plural numbers. Such mistakes + as, "hand me a forcep," instead of "hand me a forceps," are + very common. Strictly speaking, "a pair of forceps," ought, I + suppose, to mean _two_ forceps; but like the expressions "a + pair of scissors" and "a pair of stairs," the phrase has been + in use so long that it must be tolerated. + + =Forehead=--f[)o]r´ed, not f[=o]r´h[)e]d. Worcester allows either. + + =Foreign=--f[)o]r´in, not f[)u]r´in. + + =Fortnight=--fôrt´n[=i]te, not f[=o]rt´n[=i]te, f[=o]rt´n[)i]t + nor fôrt´n[)i]t. Worcester gives what is authorized above and + fôrt´n[)i]t. + + =Fortress=--fôr´tress, not f[=o]r´tress. + + =Fragile=--fr[)a]j´[)i]l, not fr[=a]´j[)i]l nor fr[=a]´j[=i]le. + + =Fritter=, not _flitter_, is the name of a kind of fried cake. + + =Frivolity=--fri-v[)o]l´i-ty, not fr[)i]v´ol-ty. + + =Frontier=--fr[)o]nt´eer, not fr[)u]nt´eer nor fr[)u]n-teer´. + + =Frontispiece=--fr[)o]nt´is-p[=e]se, not fr[)u]nt´is-p[=e]se. + + =Fuchsia=--f[=o][=o]k´s[)i]-a, not f[=u]´sh[)i]-a. Worcester + gives the latter. + + =Fuzz=, not _furze_, is the word to use, if used at all, when the + embryo whiskers, or the downy surface of fruit, etc., are + meant. Down is the more appropriate word. _Furze_ is the name + of an evergreen shrub. + + + G. + + =Gallivating=, not _gallivanting_. Gallivanting is a word that is + used to some extent, being applied to persons that are roaming + about for amusement or adventure; as, "this young man has been + _gallivanting_ around." If it is a corruption of _gallanting_, + it should certainly be abolished as a vulgarism; but if it is a + corruption of _gallivating_, from _gallivat_, the name of a + small sailing vessel, it might be clothed in its proper garb + and retained as a useful word in our language. If either is + used, the one above preferred should be chosen, at any rate. + + =Gallows=--g[)a]l´lus, not g[)a]l´l[=o]z. =Gallowses=, plural. + + =Gamin=--ga-m[)a]ng´, not g[)a]m´in nor g[=a]´min. A street child. + + =Gape=--gäpe or g[=a]pe, not g[)a]p. + + =Gargle.= One _gargles_, not _gurgles_, the throat. + + =Gaseous=--g[)a]z´e-us, not g[)a]ss-e-us. Worcester gives + g[=a]´ze-us too. + + =Gather=--g[)a]th´er, not g[)e]th´er. + + =Genealogy=--j[)e]n-e-[)a]l´o-jy, not j[=e]-ne-[)a]l´o-jy nor + je-ne-[)o]l´o-jy. + + =Genealogist= (j[)e]n-e-[)a]l´o-jist), =genealogical= + (j[)e]n-e-a-l[)o]j´i-kal) and =genealogically= + (j[)e]n-e-a-l[)o]j´i-kal-ly). + + =Generic=--je-n[)e]r´ik, not j[)e]n´er-ik, nor je-n[=e]´rik. + Relating to a genus, or kind. + + =Gerund=--j[)e]r´und, not j[=e]-rund. A kind of verbal noun in + Latin. + + =Get=, not g[)i]t. + + =Giaour=--jowr, not g[=i]´[=o][=o]r, j[=i]-owr´ nor j[=o][=o]r. + An epithet applied by the Turks to a disbeliever in Mahomet; + the name of one of Byron's poems. + + =Gibbet=--j[)i]b´bet, not g[)i]b´bet. + + =Glamour=--gl[=a]´m[=o][=o]r, not gl[)a]m´mur. Worcester gives + gl[=a]´mer, also. A charm in the eyes, making them see things + differently from what they really are. + + =Gneiss=--n[=i]s, not n[=e]s nor gn[=e]s. A kind of rock. + + =Gondola=--g[)o]n´do-la, not gon-d[=o]´la. + + =Got.= There are some sticklers for niceties that overdo + themselves in contending that the use of the verb _got_ is + generally unnecessary and incorrect in conjunction with _have_ + and _had_. Get means to procure, to obtain, to come into + possession of, etc., and it is a very tame assertion that one + simply _has_ a thing that cost much mental or physical labor. A + scholar _has_ his lesson, but did it creep into his head while + he passively shut his eyes and went to sleep? On the contrary, + he _got_ it or learned it by hard study, and it is proper to + say that he has _got_ it. A man _has_ a cold, but he _got_ it + or _took_ it by exposing himself. A person _has_ a sum of + money, but he _got_ or _earned_ it by his labor. Another _has_ + good friends, but he _got_ or _secured_ them by his pleasant + address. The great causes of the warfare against this word are, + I think, that _have_ and _had_, though generally used as + auxiliaries, can sometimes be used as principal verbs and make + good sense; and that it has not been recollected that in the + majority of cases _got_ either stands for, or can be + substituted for another verb. In confirmation of this last + statement, is appended the following composed by Dr. Withers: + "I _got_ on horseback within ten minutes after I _got_ your + letter. When I _got_ to Canterbury, I _got_ a chaise for town, + but I _got_ wet before I _got_ to Canterbury; and I have _got_ + such a cold as I shall not be able to _get_ rid of in a hurry. + I _got_ to the Treasury about noon, but first of all I _got_ + shaved and dressed. I soon _got_ into the secret of getting a + memorial before the board, but I could not _get_ an answer + then; however, I _got_ intelligence from the messenger, that I + should most likely _get_ one the next morning. As soon as I + _got_ back to my inn, I _got_ my supper and _got_ to bed. It + was not long before I _got_ asleep. When I _got_ up in the + morning, I _got_ my breakfast, and then I _got_ myself dressed + that I might _get_ out in time to _get_ an answer to my + memorial. As soon as I _got_ it, I _got_ into the chaise and + _got_ to Canterbury by three, and about tea-time, I got home. I + have _got_ nothing for you, and so adieu." + + Applying this test of substitution to any doubtful case, I think + it right to assert that if there is no other verb, or + participle, that will appropriately take the place of "got," + the latter word is _unnecessary_; but it should hardly be + considered as an error, as it is so slight an impropriety + compared with many others that are allowed, and especially + because we have long had the usage of many of the best writers + to sanction the employment of the word. The very people that + appear to be so shocked at the use of the superfluous _got_, + may generally be heard making use of such expressions as "fell + _down_ upon the ground," "rose _up_ and went away," "covered it + _over_," and "a great, _big_ fire." The _down_, _up_, _over_ + and _big_ are certainly superfluities, but they have been heard + so long that they are seldom mentioned as errors. + + =Gourmand=--g[=o][=o]r´mänd, not gôr´mand, unless the orthography + =gormand= is used. + + =Gout=--gowt, not g[=o][=o]t, as actors are sometimes heard + pronounce it in the following line from Macbeth: "On thy blade + and dudgeon, _gouts_ of blood." + + =Government=--g[)u]v´ern-ment not g[)u]v´er-ment. It is a + mistake, frequently made, to write and pronounce the word as if + it had no "n" in the penultimate. + + =Gramercy=--gra-mër´sy, not gr[)a]m´er-sy. A word formerly used + to express thankfulness with surprise. + + =Granary=--gr[)a]n´a-ry, not gr[=a]´na-ry. There are no such + words as _grainery_ and _grainary_. + + =Gratis=--gr[=a]´tis, not gr[)a]t-is. + + =Grenade=--gre-n[=a]de´, not gr[)e]n´ade. A kind of explosive + shell. + + =Guardian=--gärd´[)i]-an, not gär-d[=e]´an. + + =Guerdon=--gër´don, not gw[)e]r´don nor j[)e]r´don. A reward; a + recompense. + + =Guild=--g[)i]ld, not g[=i]ld. A society; a fraternity. + + =Guipure=--ge-p[=u]r´, not g[)i]m-p[=u]re´ nor gw[)i]-p[=u]re´. + An imitation of antique lace. + + =Gunwale=--commonly pronounced g[)u]n´nel and spelled so + sometimes. + + =Gutta-percha=--g[)u]t´ta-për´cha, not g[)u]t´ta-për´ka. + + =Gyrfalcon=--jër´faw-kn, not j[=e]r´f[)a]l-kun. + + + H. + + =Habitue= (Fr. habitué)--ä-b[)i]t-u-[=a]´, not h[)a]b-it-u-[=e] + nor h[)a]b-[)i]t-u-[=a]´. + + =Halloo= (hal-l[=o][=o]´), =holla= (h[)o]l´lä), =hollo= + (h[)o]l´l[=o] or h[)o]l-l[=o]´) or =hollow= (h[)o]l´l[=o]w), + but not h[)o]l´ler. Worcester gives =halloo= (hal-l[=o][=o]´), + =holla= (h[)o]l-lä´), =hollo= (h[)o]l-l[=o]´) and =hollow= + (h[)o]l´l[=o]w or h[)o]l-l[=o]w´). It is strange that with such + a variety of words to choose from, people generally say + "_holler_." + + =Hanged= is preferable to _hung_, when the infliction of the + death penalty by hanging is meant. + + =Harass=--h[)a]r´ass, not ha-r[)a]ss´. + + =Harem=--h[=a]´rem, not h[)a]r´em. Worcester gives hä´rem also. + Written also =haram= (ha-r[)a]m´). + + =Hardly.= _Don't_ and _can't_ should not be used with =hardly=. + Such errors as, "I don't hardly believe it," are not uncommon. + _Hardly_ means _scarcely_, and the use of don't or can't gives + an opposite signification to the sentence. + + =Haunt=--hänt, not h[)a]nt. + + =Haunted=--hänt´ed, not h[)a]nt´ed. + + =Hawaiian=--ha-w[=i]´yan, not ha-waw´yan. Relating to the island + of Hawaii. + + =Hearth=--härth, not hërth. + + =Hearth-stone=--härth´stone, not hërth´stone. + + =Heather=--h[)e]th´er, not h[=e]th´er. Worcester gives h[=e]th´er + as the pronunciation. + + =Heinous=--h[=a]´nus, not h[=e]´nus, h[=e]n´yus nor h[=a]n´yus. + + =Herb=--ërb, not hërb. + + =Herbaceous=--her-b[=a]´shus, not er-b[=a]´shus. + + =Herbage=--ërb´ej or h[)e]rb´ej, not h[)e]r´b[=a]je. + + =Heroine=--h[)e]r´o-[)i]n, not h[=e]´-ro-[=i]ne nor h[=e]´ro-[)i]n. + Worcester gives the first and the last of the above. + + =Heroism=--h[)e]r´o-izm, not h[=e]´ro-[)i]zm. Worcester sanctions + both. + + =Hieroglyphic=--h[=i]-er-o-gl[)i]f´ik, not h[=i]-er-o-gr[)i]f´ik. + + =Hindoostanee=} =Hindustani= } hin-d[=o][=o]-st[)a]n´ee, not + hin-d[=o][=o]´st[)a]n-ee. Worcester's orthography is + _Hindostanee_ and _Hindostany_, but the accent is on the penult + as above. + + =Homage=--h[)o]m´aje, not [)o]m´-aje. + + =Homeopathy=--h[=o]-me-[)o]p´a-thy, not h[=o]´me-o-p[)a]th-y. + + =Homeopathist=--h[=o]-me-[)o]p´a-thist, not + h[=o]´me-o-p[)a]th-ist. + + =Hooping-cough=--h[=o][=o]p´ing-cough, not h[)o][)o]p´ing-cough. + Spelled =Whooping-cough=, also. + + =Horizon=--ho-r[=i]´zon, not h[)o]r´i-zon. + + =Horse-radish=--horse-r[)a]d-ish, not horse-r[)e]d-dish. + + =Hough=--h[)o]k, not h[)u]ff. To disable by cutting the sinews of + the ham. As a noun, the word means the joint at the lower + portion of the leg of a quadruped; written =hock=, also. + + =Houri=--howr´y, not owr´y. A nymph of paradise. + + =Hovel=--h[)o]v´el, not h[)u]v´el. + + =Hundred=, as spelled, not _hun´derd_. + + =Hydropathy=--h[=i]-dr[)o]p´a-thy, not h[=i]´dr[=o]-p[)a]th-y. + + =Hydropathist=--h[=i]-dr[)o]p´a-thist, not + h[=i]´dr[=o]-p[)a]th-ist. + + =Hygiene=--h[=i]´ji-[=e]ne, not h[=i]-geen´ nor h[=i]´geen. + Worcester authorizes the first and last. + + + I. + + =Illustrate=--il-l[)u]s´trate, not [)i]l´lus-tr[=a]te. + =Illustrated=, =illustrating=, =illustrative= and + =illustrator=, are likewise accented on the second syllable. + + =Imbroglio=--[)i]m-br[=o]l´y[=o], not [)i]m-br[)o]l´y[=o]. + Worcester says [)i]m-br[=o]l´ye-[=o]. + + =Immobile=--im-m[)o]b´[)i]l, not [)i]m-m[=o]´b[)i]l nor + [)i]m-m[=o]´b[=i]le. + + =Imperturbable=--im-per-tür´ba-ble, not + [)i]m-per-t[=o][=o]´ra-ble, nor [)i]m-për´tu-ra-ble. Incapable + of being disturbed. + + =Implacable=--im-pl[=a]´ka-ble, not [)i]m-pl[)a]k´a-ble. + + =Impotent=--im´po-tent, not [)i]m-p[=o]´tent. =Impotency= and + =impotence= are accented similarly. + + =Improvise=--im-pro-v[=i]ze´, not [)i]m´pro-v[=i]ze. + + =Incognito=--in-k[)o]g´ni-t[=o], not in-c[)o]n´i-to nor + in-c[)o]g-n[)i]sh´[=o]. =Incog= is an authorized abbreviation. + =Incognita=, is a female in disguise. + + =Indiscretion=--[)i]n-dis-kr[)e]sh´un, not [)i]n-dis-kr[=e]´shun. + + =Indissoluble=--in-d[)i]s´so-lu-ble, not + [)i]n-d[)i]s-s[)o]l´u-ble. =Indissolubly=, etc. + + =Industry=--in´dus-try, not [)i]n-dus´try. + + =Infinitesimal=--in-fin-i-t[)e]s´i-mal, not + [)i]n-f[)i]n-t[)e]s´i-mal. + + =Ingenious=--[)i]n-j[=e]n´y[)u]s, means possessed of genius; + skillful, etc. + + =Ingenuous=--[)i]n-j[)e]n´yu-us, means noble, open, frank, + generous, etc. + + =Inquiry=--in-kw[=i]´ry, not [)i]n´kw[)i]-ry. + + =Inveigle=--[)i]n-v[=e]´gle, not [)i]n-v[=a]´gle. =Inveigler= + (in-v[=e]´gler) and =inveiglement= (in-v[=e]´gle-ment). + + =Irate= [=i]-r[=a]te´, not [=i]´r[=a]te. Worcester gives the + latter. + + =Irrational=--ir-r[)a]sh´un-al, not [)i]r-r[=a]´shun-al. + =Irrationally= ([)i]r-r[)a]sh´un-al-ly), etc. + + =Irrecognizable=--ir-re-k[)o]g´ni-za-ble, not + [)i]r-r[)e]k´og-n[=i]-za-ble. + + =Irrelevant=, not _irrevelant_. Not applicable; not suited. + + =Isinglass= [=i]´z[)i]ng-glass, is a kind of gelatine prepared + from the sounds or air-bladders of certain fish, and is used in + jellies, for clarifying liquors, etc.; while the transparent + substance, frequently called _isinglass_, which is used in the + doors of stoves and lanterns, is really _mica_, a mineral that + admits of being cleaved into thin plates. + + =Isolate=--[)i]s´o-l[=a]te, not [=i]´so-late. =Isolated= + ([)i]s´o-l[=a]-ted), etc. Worcester gives [)i]z´o-l[=a]te, etc. + + =Itch=--[)i]tch, not [=e]ch. + + + J. + + =Jamb=, not _jam_ is the spelling of the side-piece of a door, + window or fire-place. + + =Jaundice=--jän´d[)i]s, not _jan-ders_. + + =Jean=--j[=a]ne, not jeen. A twilled cotton cloth. Written also + =jane=. + + =Jew's-harp=--j[=u]z´härp, not j[=u]s´härp. + + =Jocund=--j[)o]k´und, not j[=o]´kund. =Jocundity=, =jocundly=, + =jocundness=, have also the short o. + + =Jugular=--j[=u]´gu-lar, not j[)u]g´u-lar. + + =Jujube=--j[=u]´j[=u]be, not j[=u]´j[=u]-be. "Jujube paste." + + =Just=, not j[)e]st in such sentences as: "I have _just_ done + it;" "He has _just_ enough," etc. + + + K. + + =Knoll=--n[=o]l, not n[)o]l. + + + L. + + =Lamm=, to beat, is not spelled l[)a]m nor l[)a]mb. + + =Lapel=--la-p[)e]l´, not l[)a]p´el. That part of a coat which + laps over the facing. + + =Lariat=--l[)a]r´i-at, not l[=a]´ri-at. A lasso. + + =Lay=. This word in the sense here considered is a transitive + verb, or one in which the action or state implied by the verb, + passes over to an object. The present tense is _lay_; the + imperfect tense and past participle are _laid_; and the present + participle _laying_. Requiring an object in each of the various + meanings attached to it, it is proper to say: "The hen _lays_ + an egg every day;" "The man _laid_ his load on the ground;" + "The rain has _laid_ the dust;" "The hunter is _laying_ a + snare." The verb _lie_ is an _intransitive_ verb and can have + _no object_ after it. The present tense is _lie_; the imperfect + tense is _lay_; the past participle is _lain_; the present + participle is _lying_. Having no objective case to which the + action or state passes over, it is correct to say: "Ohio _lies_ + north of Kentucky;" "The sick man _lay_ upon the bed + yesterday;" "He has _lain_ there helpless for weeks;" "The + goods I bought are _lying_ on my hands." Contrasting the + sentences under each verb it will be readily seen that Ohio + does not _lie_ Kentucky, but the hen _lays_ the egg; the + invalid did not _lay_ the bed like the man _laid_ his load; he + has not _lain_ anything, as the rain has _laid_ the dust; and + the goods are not _lying_ anything, as the hunter is _laying_ + the snare. If the foregoing differences have been carefully + observed, I imagine that it will always be easy to select the + proper word by remembering the following rules: + + 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + must pass over to an object, use _lay_, _laid_ and _laying_. + + 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + does not pass over to an object, use _lie_, _lay_, _lain_ + and _lying_. + + "He _laid_ upon the bed," then, is incorrect, for the verb has no + object. It should be: "He _lay_ upon the bed." But, "He _laid + himself_ upon the bed," would be correct, for there is an + objective case, _himself_, supplied. "Let these papers _lay_," + should be, "Let these papers _lie_." "The ship _lays_ at + anchor," should be, "The ship _lies_ at anchor." "The ship + _laid_ at anchor," should be, "The ship _lay_ at anchor." "They + have _laid_ in wait for you," should be, "They have _lain_ in + wait for you." "This trunk is _laying_ in our way," should be, + "This trunk is _lying_ in our way." Errors connected with the + use of these verbs are more common, probably, than any others + in our language, being detected in the conversation and + writings of many of the best educated people. Attention to the + above rules, and a few trial sentences in the different moods, + tenses, numbers and persons, ought to make the selection of the + proper word so simple, that persons should seldom make mistakes. + + =Learn.= _Learning_ is done by the scholar or student, and + _teaching_ by the instructor. "She will _learn_ me how to + play," should be, "She will _teach_ me how to play," etc. + + =Leasing=--leez´ing, not l[=e]s´ing. An obsolete word meaning + falsehood; lying. "Thou shalt destroy them that speak + leasing."--_Bible._ + + =Leg.= Of late years there has become quite popular a prudish + notion that it is indelicate to say _leg_ when one of the limbs + that supports the human body is meant, _limb_ being preferred + instead. _Leg_ is certainly a less euphonious word than _limb_, + and if the latter had the same signification attached to it, + there would be no objection to its employment; but _limb_ means + _arm_ just as much as it does _leg_. There is nothing immodest in + the sound or meaning of the word _leg_; if there were, it would + be well to speak of the _limb_ of a table, a _limb_ of mutton, or + a three _limbed_ stool; and the mention of such words as _legacy_ + or _legate_ should cause the blush to rise to our cheeks. The + very use of the word _limb_ indicates what is passing in the mind + of the speaker--a thought of _leg_, an indelicate meaning + attached to it, and a fear to speak the word. The mind of the + listener is affected similarly and the result is that a + conversation intended to be perfectly pure, has a slight stain + left upon it. If we could pass through life without ever finding + it necessary to speak of our legs to strangers, there would be no + danger of compromising ourselves; but run-away and other + accidents are constantly occurring in which legs are broken or + otherwise injured. When a surgeon is called, if he is told that a + _limb_ is injured, he has one chance in four of guessing the + riddle. It is not always safe to trifle thus with some of the + serious, practical old followers of Esculapius. Before now they + have given such rebukes as to make people ashamed that they did + not say _leg_ in the first place; or they have left the bedside + abruptly with such a remark as: "When you find out whether it is + your arm or your leg, send for me again." If people will persist + in using _limb_ for _leg_, it is to be hoped that they will adopt + some adjective prefix to remove all ambiguity. How would + north-east, south-east, etc., do? Any one informed that the + _south-east limb_ was fractured, would know at once that it was + the _right leg_. + + =Legate=--l[)e]g´ate, not l[=e]´g[=a]te. + + =Legendary=--l[)e]j´end-a-ry, not l[=e]´j[)e]nd-a-ry. + + =Leisure=--l[=e]´zhur, not l[)e]zh´ur, nor l[=a]´zhur. + =Leisurely= (l[=e]´zhur-ly). + + =Length=, not l[)e]nth. Every letter is sounded, also, in + =lengthy=, =lengthen=, =lengthiness=, etc. + + =Lenient=--l[=e]´ni-ent, not l[)e]n´i-ent. =Leniently= + (l[=e]´ni-ent-ly), etc. + + =Lethe=--l[=e]´the, not l[=e]th; the _th_ is as in _both_. The + mythological and poetical name of a river of the infernal + region, the drinking of a portion of which caused forgetfulness + of the past. + + =Lethean=--l[=e]-th[=e]´an, not l[=e]´the-an. + + =Let's.= It should be remembered that _let's_ is really _let us_, + the apostrophe denoting the elision of the u. Such expressions + then as: "let's us go," "let's him and me go," should he, "let + us go" (or let's go), and "let him and me go;" for who wishes + to say "let us us go," or "let us him and me go." + + =Leverage=--l[)e]v´er-aje, not l[=e]´ver-aje. + + =Licorice=--l[)i]k´o-r[)i]s, not l[)i]k´er-[)i]sh. + + =Lie.= See =Lay=. + + =Lien=--l[=e]´en or l[=i]´en, not _leen_. A charge upon property + for the satisfaction of a debt. + + =Lighted= is preferable to l[)i]t as the imperfect tense and past + participle of _light_. "He _lighted_ the gas," instead of, "He + _lit_ the gas." "I have _lighted_ the fire," instead of, "I + have _lit_ the fire." The same remarks apply to the imperfect + and participle of _light_ taken as an intransitive verb. "The + bird has _lighted_ upon the tree," instead of, "has _lit_ upon + the tree." _Lit_ is condemned as common. + + =Lithographer=--l[)i]-thog´ra-pher, not l[)i]th´o-gr[)a]ph-er, + nor l[=i]-th[)o]g´ra-pher. =Lithography= + (l[)i]-th[)o]g´ra-phy). + + =Loath=--l[=o]th, not l[)o]th; the _th_ is as in _both_. + Reluctant. Written sometimes =loth=. The verb is =loathe=, with + the _th_ as in _breathe_. + + =Lyceum=--l[=i]-s[=e]´um, not l[=i]´se-um. + + + M. + + =Machiavelian=--m[)a]k-i-a-v[=e]l´ian, not m[)a]sh-i-a-v[)e]l´ian. + pertaining to Machiavel; politically cunning. + + =Mad.= In the sense of provoked, wrathful or indignant, _angry_ + is generally considered the more appropriate word. "_Mad as a + March hare_," is an indelicate term that should not be used on + account of its origin. + + =Madame=--mä-däm´, not m[)a]d´am. + + =Magna Charta=--magna kär´ta, not magna chär´ta. + + =Manes=--m[=a]´n[=e]z, not m[=a]nz. The souls of the dead. + + =Manor=--m[)a]n´or, not m[=a]´nor. + + =Marigold=--m[)a]r´i-gold, not m[=a]´ri-gold. + + =Matin=--m[)a]t´in, not m[=a]´tin. + + =Matins=--m[)a]t´inz, not m[=a]´tinz. + + =Mattress=--m[)a]t´tress, not ma-tr[)a]ss´. Written also + =matress= and pronounced as the first. + + =Meaw=--m[=u], not meyow. To cry like a cat. + + =Mediocre=--me´di-[=o]-ker, not m[=e]-di-[=o]´ker, nor + m[=e]-di-[)o]k´er. + + =Melange=--m[=a]-l[)o]ngzh´, not me-l[)a]nj´. + + =Melanotype=--me-l[)a]n´o-type, not me-l[=a]n´o-type. + + =Melodrama=--m[)e]l-o-dr[=a]´ma, not m[)e]l-o-dr[)a]m´a, nor + m[)e]l-o-drä´ma. + + =Memoir=--m[)e]m´wor or m[=e]m´wor, according to Webster; + Worcester gives m[=e]-moir´ or m[)e]m´wär. + + =Mesdames=--m[=a]-däm´, not m[)e]z-d[=a]mes´. + + =Metallurgy=--m[)e]t´al-lur-jy, not me-t[)a]l´lur-jy. + + =Metaphor.= The failure to distinguish between metaphors and + similes, is a very common mistake. In a metaphor the + resemblance is implied without any words to show the + similarity; as soon as the latter are added it becomes a + simile. "Hope is an anchor," and "Judah is a lion's whelp" are + metaphors. "Hope is _like_ an anchor," and "Judah is _like_ a + lion's whelp" are similes. + + =Metrical=--m[)e]t´rik-al, not m[=e]´trik-al. + + =Mezzo=--m[)e]d´z[=o] or m[)e]t´z[=o], not m[)e]z´z[=o]. An + Italian word meaning middle; not extreme. =Mezzo-soprano= + (m[)e]d´zo-so-prä´no); between contralto and soprano; said of + the voice of a female singer. =Mezzotinto=, etc. + + =Microscope=--m[=i]´kro-scope, not m[)i]k´ro-scope. =Microscopic= + (m[=i]-kro-sc[)o]p´ic). =Microscopy= (m[=i]-kros´co-py). + + =Mien=--meen, not m[=a]ne. + + =Mineralogy=--min-er-al´o-jy, not min-er-[)o]l´o-jy. + + =Minuet=--m[)i]n´[=u]-et, not m[)i]n-[=u]-[)e]t´. A dance. + + =Mischievous=--m[)i]s´che-v[)u]s, not m[)i]s-ch[=e]´v[)u]s, nor + mis-ch[=e]´ve-us. =Mischievously= and =mischievousness= are + also accented on the first syllable. + + =Modulate.= This word is often used incorrectly instead of + _moderate_ in such sentences as: "_Modulate_ your voice," when + it is meant to command or request that the tone be _moderated_ + or lowered. _Modulate_ means to vary or inflect in a musical + manner, and although the word might often be used with + propriety in such sentences as the above, yet it is not always + what is _meant_ by the speaker. A person's voice may be + perfectly _modulated_ and yet the tone may be so high that it + is desirable, upon certain occasions, to have it _moderated_. + + =Moire=--mwôr, not m[=o]re nor m[=o]´re. =Moire antique= (mwor + [)a]n-t[=e]k´). + + =Molasses.= It may seem incredible to those who have never heard + the error I am about to mention, that such a ridiculous blunder + could occur. I should hardly have believed it myself, if I had + only heard _of_ it; but I was once in a portion of the country + where all the people for miles around spoke of molasses as if + it were a plural noun, and I frequently heard such remarks as + the following: "_These_ molasses are very good; _they_ are the + best I have seen for some time." I once began to remonstrate + with one of the champions of the plurality of the treacle, and + insisted that he should say, "_this_ molasses" and, "_it_ is + good," etc.; but it was of no avail. He insisted that the word + was analogous to _ashes_, and if one was plural so was the + other. There was no good dictionary or other reliable authority + in the neighborhood, as might be imagined from what has been + said, so they were left happy in their ignorance. + + =Monad=--m[)o]n´ad, not m[=o]´nad. An ultimate atom. + + =Monogram=--m[)o]n´o-gram, not m[=o]´no-gram. + + =Monograph=--m[)o]n´o-graph, not m[=o]´no-graph. + + =Monomania=--m[)o]n-o-m[=a]´nia, not m[=o]-no-m[=a]´nia. + =Monomaniac= (m[)o]n-o-m[=a]´ni-ac). + + =Moor=--m[=o][=o]r, not m[=o]re. An extensive waste; a heath. + _Moor_, the name of a native of North Africa, is similarly + pronounced. + + =Morale=--mo-räl´, not m[)o]r´[=a]le nor m[=o]-r[)a]l´. + + =Mountainous=--mount´ain-ous, not moun-t[=a]´ni-o[)u]s. + + =Multiplication=--m[)u]l-ti-pli-c[=a]´tion, not + m[)u]l-ti-pi-c[=a]´tion. + + =Murrain=--m[)u]r´r[)i]n, not m[)u]r´r[=a]ne. A disease among + cattle. + + =Museum=--mu-z[=e]´um, not m[=u]´ze-um. + + =Mushroom=, not _mush-roon_. + + =Musk-melon=, not _mush-melon_; but anything before + _mush-million_. + + =Mussulmans=, not _musselmen_, is the plural of =Mussulman=. + + =Mythology=--m[)i]-th[)o]l´o-jy, not m[=i]-th[)o]l´o-jy. + + + N. + + =Naiad=--n[=a]´yad, not n[=a]´[)i]d nor n[=a]´[)a]d. A water nymph. + + =Nainsook=--n[=a]n-s[=o][=o]k´, not n[)a]n-s[=o][=o]k´. A kind of + muslin. + + =Naive=--nä´[=e]v, not n[=a]ve nor näve. Natural; artless. + + =Naivete=--nä´[=e]v-t[=a], not n[=a]-v[=e]te´ nor n[=a]-v[=e]´ta. + + =Nape=--n[=a]p, not n[)a]p. The back part of the neck. + + =Nasal=--n[=a]´zal, not n[=a]´sal nor n[)a]s´al. + + =Nasturtium= or =Nasturtion=, not _asturtion_. + + =Negligee=--n[)e]g-li-zh[=a]´, not n[)e]g-li-j[=e]´, nor + n[)e]g´li-zh[=a]. + + =Newspaper=--n[=u]z´p[=a]-per, not n[=u]s´p[=a]-per. + + =Niche=--n[)i]ch, not n[)i]ck, when a concave recess in a wall + for an ornament is meant. If a piece is chopped roughly out of + anything, it is a _nick_. _Nick_ of time, not _niche_ of time, + when a critical moment is meant; but in figurative language + there is no doubt that the phrase "niche of time," may be + appropriately used. A great event may be said to stand in a + _niche of time_ as an example for coming ages. + + =Nomad=--n[)o]m´ad, not n[=o]´-mad. One of a wandering tribe. + Written =nomade= (n[)o]m´ade) also. + + =Nomenclature=--no-men-cl[=a]´ture, not n[=o]´men-cl[=a]t[=u]re. + + =Nominative=, not _nom-a-tive_. + + =Nonillion=--n[=o]-n[)i]ll´ion, not n[)o]n-[)i]ll´ion. + + =Nook=--n[=o][=o]k, as given by Webster. Worcester sanctions both + n[=o][=o]k and n[)o][)o]k. + + =Notable=--n[)o]t´a-ble, not n[=o]´ta-ble, when it is applied to + a person distinguished for thrift, management, care, etc.; as a + _notable housekeeper_. + + =Nymphean=--n[)i]m-f[=e]´an, not n[)i]mf´e-an. Relating to nymphs. + + + O. + + =Obesity=--o-b[)e]s´i-ty, not o-b[=e]´si-ty. + + =Obligatory=--[)o]b´li-ga-to-ry, not [)o]b-l[)i]g´a-to-ry. + + =Often=--[)o]f´n, not [)o]f´t[)e]n. + + =Omega=--o-m[=e]´ga or o-m[)e]g´a, not [)o]m´e-ga. Worcester + allows the first only. + + =Onerous=--[)o]n´er-ous, not [=o]´ner-o[)u]s. + + =Only=--[=o]n´ly, not [)u]n´ly. + + =Onyx=--[=o]´nyx, not [)o]n´yx. + + =Opal=--[=o]´-pal, not [=o]-p[)a]l´ nor [=o]-pawl´. + + =Opponent=--op-p[=o]´nent, not [)o]p´po-nent. + + =Ordnance=, not _ordinance_, when cannon, artillery, etc., are + intended. _Ordinance_ is a rule established by authority. + + =Orgeat=--ôr´zhat or ôr´zh[=a], not ôr´je-at. Worcester gives + ôr´zhat. + + =Orthoepy=--ôr´tho-e-py, not ôr-th[=o]´e-py. + + =Orthoepist=--ôr´tho-e-pist, not ôr-th[=o]´e-pist. + + =Overflowed=, not _overflown_. + + + P. + + =Palaver=--pa-lä´ver, not pa-l[)a]v´er. + + =Pall-mall=--p[)e]l-m[)e]l´, not pawl-mawl´. The name of a game + formerly played in England; and the name of a street in London. + Written also _pail-mail_ and _pell-mell_, both pronounced as + above. Pell-mell used as an adverb means mixed together in a + disorderly manner; but one person can not rush _pell-mell_. + + =Papaw=--pa-paw´, not p[)o]p´paw as commonly called. Written also + =pawpaw=. + + =Papyrus=--pa-p[=i]´rus, not p[)a]p´i-r[)u]s. A material used for + writing upon by the ancients, made from the inner bark of a + plant. + + =Parent=--pâr´ent, not p[=a]´rent. + + =Parisian=--pa-r[)i]z´ian, not pa-r[)i]sh´ian nor pa-r[)i]ss´ian. + Worcester gives pa-r[)i]zh´i-an. + + =Paroquet=--p[)a]r´o-quet, not p[)a]r-o-k[)e]t´. + + =Parquet=--pär-k[=a]´ or pär-k[)e]t´. Worcester allows pär-k[=a]´ + only. + + =Parquette=--pär-ket´, not pär-k[=a]´. + + =Partner=, not _pardner_. + + =Partridge=, not _pattrij_. + + =Patent.= The _adjective_ is pronounced either p[)a]t´ent or + p[=a]´tent. When used as a verb or a noun it is pronounced + p[)a]t´ent. + + =Patois=--p[)a]t-w[)o]´, not p[)a]t´w[)o] nor p[)a]t-waw´. + + =Patriot=--p[=a]´tri-ot, not p[)a]t´ri-ot. =Patriotic=, + =patriotism=, etc., have also the long a. Worcester gives the + same with the exception of _patriotic_, which he pronounces + both p[=a]´tri-ot-ic and p[)a]t´ri-ot-ic. + + =Patron=--p[=a]´tron, not p[)a]t´ron. =Patroness= and + =patronless= have also the long a. + + =Patronize=--p[)a]t´ron-[=i]ze, not p[=a]´tron-[=i]ze. + + =Patronage=--p[)a]t´ron-aje, not p[=a]´tron-aje. + + =Pease=, not _peas_, when an uncounted quantity is referred to, + as: a bushel of _pease_, a plateful of _pease_, some more + _pease_, etc. _Peas_ when a certain number is mentioned, as: a + dozen _peas_, fifty _peas_, etc. + + =Pedal=--p[)e]d´al, not p[=e]´dal, when that portion of a piano + or harp that is acted upon by the feet, is meant. P[=e]´dal is + an adjective, and means pertaining to the above, or to a foot. + + =Perfect.= I have selected this as the representative of a class + of adjectives that, strictly speaking, do not admit of + comparison. I have noticed, invariably, that those who appear + to be so anxious to correct the error of giving degrees of + comparison to a few stereotyped words of this class, such as + _round_, _square_, _universal_, _chief_, _extreme_, etc., are + singularly remiss in calling attention to a great many other + mistakes of the same kind that are equally prominent. Amongst + the latter may be mentioned the comparison of _correct_, + _complete_, _even_, _level_, _straight_, etc. It will be + admitted that if anything is _perfect_ it can not be _more_ so; + and as soon as it is _less_ so it fails to be _perfect_ at all. + So, if anything is _correct_ it is perfectly free from error; + it can not be made _more_ correct, and if its correctness is + detracted from, it is not quite correct any longer. A + _straight_ line is one that does not vary from a perfectly + _direct_ course in the slightest degree; it can not be + _straighter_ and if it could be _less_ straight, it would be + _curved_. It is ridiculous for any one to insist upon a + national reformation of a few such errors, and suffer a hundred + others just like them to exist without remonstrance. Either + _nearer_ and _nearest_, _more nearly_, and _most nearly_, and + the like, should be substituted for the degrees of comparison + and used with all such words; or people should treat them as + all other adjectives, just as the best writers and speakers + have always done. The former course is the more desirable; the + latter is certainly the more probable. + + =Perfidious=--per-f[)i]d´i-ous, not p[)e]r´f[)i]d-o[)u]s. + Worcester allows per-f[)i]d´y[)u]s in addition to the first. + + =Peony=--p[=e]´o-ny) =Pæony= (p[=e]´o-ny) or =Piony= (p[=i]´o-ny) + not p[=i]´ny as often called. A flower. + + =Perambulate=, not _preambulate_. + + =Period=--p[=e]´ri-od, not p[)e]r´i-od. =Periodic=, =Periodical=, + etc., have also the long e. + + =Perspire=, not _prespire_. + + =Perspiration=, not _prespiration_. + + =Persuade.= This word carries with it the idea of success in + one's endeavors to convince or induce. "I _persuaded_ him for a + long time, but he would not grant my request," should be, "I + _tried_ to _persuade_ him," etc. + + =Petrel=--p[)e]t´rel, not p[=e]´trel. A bird. Worcester allows + the latter also. + + =Phaeton=--ph[=a]´et-on, not ph[=a]'te-on. A vehicle. + + =Pharmaceutist=--fär-ma-s[=u]´t[)i]st, not fär-m[=a]-k[=u]´tist + nor fär-m[=a]´k[=u]-tist. + + =Pharmacop[oe]ia=--fär-ma-co-p[=e]´ya, not fär-m[=a]-c[=o]´pi-a. + + =Piano=--pi-ä´no, not p[=i]-[)a]n´o. Worcester allows + p[)i]-[)a]n´o. + + =Piano-forte=--p[)i]-ä´no-f[=o]r´t[=a], not + p[=i]-[)a]n´o-f[=o]rt. Worcester sanctions + p[)i]-ä´no-f[=o]r´te, p[)i]-[)a]n´o-fôr-te, and remarks in + parenthesis, _often_ pe-[)a]n´o-f[=o]rt; but the last + pronunciation is evidently not preferred. + + =Pilaster=--p[)i]-l[)a]s´ter, not p[)i]l´as-ter. A square pillar + set into a wall and projecting slightly. + + =Piquant=--p[)i]k´ant, not p[)i]k´w[)a]nt nor p[=e]k´w[)a]nt. + =Piquantly= (p[)i]k´ant-ly), etc. + + =Placard=--pla-kärd´, not pl[)a]k´ard. + + =Placid=--pl[)a]s´id, not pl[=a]´sid. =Placidly= and =placidness= + have also the short a. + + =Plait=--pl[=a]t, not pl[)a]t nor pl[=e]t. A braid; or to braid. + =Plat= (pl[)a]t) is a proper word, however, having the same + meanings, but the difference in pronunciation must be observed, + when the spelling is as above. =Plait=, meaning a fold of + cloth, as in a shirt bosom, is also pronounced pl[=a]t. How + common an error it is to speak of the _pleets_ when alluding + to such folds. + + =Platina=--pl[)a]t´i-na or pla-t[=e]´na, not pla-t[=i]´na nor + pla-t[)i]n´a. Worcester allows pl[)a]t´i-na only. + + =Platinum=--pl[)a]t´i-num or pla-t[=i]´num, not pla-t[=e]´num nor + pla-t[)i]n´um. Worcester gives pl[)a]t´i-num only. + + =Plebeian=--ple-b[=e]´ian, not pl[=e]´bi-an. Ple-b[)o]n´, as some + pronounce it, is outrageous, neither French, English, nor + Hottentot. + + =Plenary=--pl[=e]´na-ry, not pl[)e]n´a-ry. Full; entire. + Worcester gives both methods. + + =Poetaster=--p[=o]´et-[)a]s-ter, not p[=o]´et-t[=a]st-er. A petty + poet. + + =Poniard=--p[)o]n´yard, not poin´yard. + + =Posthumous=--p[)o]st´hu-mous, not p[=o]st´hu-mo[)u]s nor + p[)o]st-[=u]´mo[)u]s. =Posthumously= (p[)o]st´hu-mous-ly). + + =Potable=--p[=o]´ta-ble, not p[)o]t´a-ble. Drinkable. + + =Potheen=--po-theen´, not p[)o]t-teen´. When spelled =potteen=, + however, as it may be correctly, the latter pronunciation is + proper. + + =Prairie=--pr[=a]´ry, not per-r[=a]´ry. + + =Prebendary=--pr[)e]b´end-a-ry, not pr[=e]´bend-a-ry. A clergyman + of a collegiate or cathedral church, who enjoys a prebend. + + =Prebend=--pr[)e]b´end, not pr[=e]´bend. A stipend. + + =Precedence=--pre-s[=e]´dence, not pr[)e]s´e-dence. =Precedency= + and =precedently=, have the second syllable accented also. + + =Precedent=--pre-s[=e]´dent, not pr[)e]s´e-dent. An adjective + meaning antecedent. + + =Precedent=--pr[)e]s´e-dent, not pre-s[=e]´dent nor + pr[=e]´se-dent. A noun meaning an example or preceding + circumstance. =Precedented= and =unprecedented= have also the + short e. + + =Precocious=--pre-k[=o]´shus, not pre-k[)o]sh´[)u]s. + =Precociously= and =precociousness= have also the long o. + + =Predatory=--pr[)e]d´a-to-ry, not pr[=e]´da-tory. Plundering; + pillaging. + + =Predecessor=--pr[)e]d-e-c[)e]s´sor, not pr[=e]-de-c[)e]s´sor. + + =Preface=--pr[)e]f´ace, not pr[=e]´face. =Prefatory= + (pr[)e]f´a-to-ry). + + =Prejudice=, not _predudice_. + + =Prelate=--pr[)e]l´ate, not pr[=e]´-late. + + =Presage=, not _prestige_, when something is meant that foreshows + a future event; an omen. "This is a _presage_ of victory." + + =Prescription=, not _perscription_. + + =Prestige=, not _presage_, when it is meant that some one carries + weight or influence from past deeds or successes. "The + _prestige_ of the hero's name was half the battle." + + =Presentiment=--pre-sent´i-ment, not pre-zent´i-ment. + + =Pretty=--pr[)i]t´ty, not pr[)e]´ty. =Prettily= (pr[)i]t´ti-ly), + etc. + + =Preventive=, not _preventative_. + + =Primeval=--pr[=i]-m[=e]´val, not pr[)i]m´e-val. + + =Process=--pr[)o]s´ess, not pr[=o]´sess. + + =Prodigy=, not _projidy_. + + =Produce=--pr[)o]d´uce, not pr[=o]´d[=u]ce. The noun; the verb is + pro-d[=u]ce´. + + =Product=--pr[)o]d´uct, not pr[=o]´duct. + + =Progress=--pr[)o]g´ress, not pro´gress. Noun; the verb is + pro-gress´. + + =Prosody=--pr[)o]s´o-dy, not pr[=o]´so-dy nor pr[)o]z´o-dy. + + =Protean=--pr[=o]´te-an, not pro-t[=e]´an. Assuming different + shapes. + + =Protege= (Fr. protégé)--pr[=o]-t[=a]-zh[=a]´, not + pr[=o]´t[=e]je. One under the care of another. =Protegee= (Fr. + protégée)--pr[=o]-t[=a]-zh[=a]´, feminine. + + =Psalm=--säm, not s[)a]m. =Psalmist= (säm´ist). Worcester gives + s[)a]m´ist also for the latter word. + + =Psalmody=--s[)a]l´mo-dy, not säm´o-dy nor s[)a]m-o-dy. + + =Psychical=--s[=i]´k[)i]k-al, not s[)i]k´[)i]k-al nor + f[)i]z´[)i]k-al, as it is sometimes thoughtlessly pronounced in + reading. Pertaining to the human soul. + + =Pumpkin=, not _punkin_. _Pumpkin_ itself is a corruption of + _pumpion_ or _pompion_, but is the word that is now generally + used. + + =Purulent=--p[=u]´ru-lent, not p[)u]r´u-lent. Containing pus or + matter. =Purulence= and =purulency= have also the long u in the + first syllable. + + =Put=--p[)o][)o]t, not p[)u]t. This anomalous pronunciation is + hard for some to adopt, the natural tendency being to sound the + _u_ as it is in a host of other words consisting of two + consonants with a short u between them, as: bun, but, cut, dug, + fun, gun, hut, nut, etc. + + =Pyrites=--p[=i]-r[=i]´tez, not pe-r[=i]´tez, p[)i]r´i-tez nor + p[=i]´r[=i]tez. + + + Q. + + =Qualm=--kwäm, not kw[)a]m. Worcester allows kwawm also. + + =Quay=--k[=e], not kw[=a]. + + =Querulous=, means complaining, whining, etc., and not + _questioning_. + + =Quinine=--kw[=i]´n[=i]ne or kw[)i]-n[=i]ne´, not kwi-neen´. + Worcester gives kw[)i]-n[=i]ne´ or kw[)i]n´[=i]ne. + + =Quoit=--kwoit, not kw[=a]te. + + =Quoth=--kw[=o]th or kw[)u]th, not kw[)o]th. + + + R. + + =Rabies=--r[=a]´bi-[=e]z, not r[)a]b´[=e]z. Madness, as that of + dogs. + + =Radish=--r[)a]d´ish, not r[)e]d-ish. + + =Raillery=--r[)a]l´ler-y, not r[=a]l´ler-y. Slight ridicule; + pleasantry. + + =Raise=--=Rise.= _Raise_ is a transitive verb, or one in which + the action passes over to an object. Present tense, _raise_; + imperfect tense and past participle, _raised_; present + participle, _raising_. _Rise_ is an intransitive verb, the + action not passing over to an object. Present tense, _rise_; + imperfect tense, _rose_; past participle, _risen_; present + participle, _rising_. Errors in the use of these words ought to + be avoided by remembering the following rules: + + 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + passes over to an object, use _raise_, _raised_, and + _raising_. + + 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that + does not pass over to an object, use _rise_, _rose_, + _risen_, _rising_. To avoid further repetition in the method + I have adopted to impress upon the mind the difference + between transitive and intransitive verbs by contrasted + sentences, I would refer the reader to the remarks under + =Lay=. "I will _raise_ in the morning at five," should be, + "I will _rise_," etc. "I will _raise_ the _window_," etc., + is correct, for the action passes to or affects the window. + "I will _raise myself_ if I have the strength" is correct, + because an object, _myself_, is furnished. "The price of + flour is _raising_," should be, "The price of flour is + _rising_;" but it is right to say, "The merchants are + _raising_ the price of flour." "Gold has _raised_ in value," + should be, "Gold has _risen_ in value." "The price of bonds + _raised_ in less than an hour," should be, "The price of + bonds _rose_," etc. "The sun is _raising_," should be, "The + sun is _rising_." "The sun is _raising_ the temperature," is + proper. The pulse has _risen_, but excitement has _raised_ + it. The river has _risen_ in its bed and has _raised_ the + canal. Birds _rise_ in the air. _Arise_ can often be + appropriately substituted for _rise_. + + =Rampant=--r[)a]m´pant, not ram-pant´. + + =Rapine=--r[)a]p´[)i]n, not r[)a]p´een nor r[=a]-peen´. + + =Raspberry=--r[)a]z´ber-ry, not r[)a]ss´ber-ry nor rawz´ber-ry. + Worcester gives raz´ber-ry and räs´ber-ry. + + =Rational=--r[)a]sh´un-al, not r[=a]-shun-al. =Rationalist= + (r[)a]sh´un-al-[)i]st), etc. + + =Recess=--re-c[)e]ss´, not r[=e]´c[)e]ss. + + =Recherche= (Fr. recherché)--r[)u]h-shêr-sh[=a]´, not re-shersh´. + Worcester gives r[=a]-sher-sh[=a]´. + + =Recluse=--re-kluse´, not re-kluze´. + + =Reconnoissance=--re-c[)o]n´no[)i]s-sänçe, not rek-on-nois´sançe. + Worcester gives re-c[)o]n´no[)i]s-sänçe´. =Reconnaissance= is + another method of spelling. + + =Recriminations=, not _mutual recriminations_; the word itself + tells of the _mutuality_. + + =Redolent=--r[)e]d´o-lent, not red[=o]´lent. Diffusing odor or + fragrance. + + =Relevant=, not _revelant_. Pertinent; applicable. + + =Relic=, not _relict_, when that which remains, a corpse, or + anything preserved in remembrance, is meant. =Relict= means a + widow. + + =Rendezvous=--r[)e]n´de-v[=o][=o], not r[)o]n´de-v[=o][=o] nor + r[)e]n´de-v[=o][=o]z. Worcester gives r[)e]n´de-v[=o][=o] and + r[)e]n´de-v[=o][=o]z. The plural is =rendezvouses= + (r[)e]n´de-v[=o][=o]z-ez). + + =Requiem=--r[=e]´kwi-em, not r[)e]k´w[)i]-em. Worcester gives + both pronunciations. + + =Resume= (Fr. résumé)--r[=a]-z[=u]-m[=a]´, not re-z[=u]me´ nor + re-z[=u]´m[=a]. Worcester gives rez-u-m[=a]´. + + =Reticule=, not _ridicule_, when a little bag of net-work is meant. + + =Reveille=--re-v[=a]l´y[=a], not rev-a-l[=e]´. Worcester gives + the first and re-v[=a]l´. + + =Ribald=--r[)i]b´ald, not r[=i]´bald. Low; obscene. =Ribaldry= + (r[)i]b´ald-ry). + + =Rinse=--r[)i]nss, not r[)e]nse nor wr[)e]nch. "_Wrench_ your + mouth," said an uneducated dentist to a patient after _wrenching_ + out a large molar. "Thank you," replied the patient. "_You_ have + done that, but I'll _rinse_ it, if you please." + + =Ripples=, not _riffles_. + + =Romance=--ro-manss´, not r[=o]´manss. + + =Roseate=--r[=o]´ze-at, not r[=o]z´[=a]te. Worcester gives + r[=o]´zhe-at also. + + =Roue= (Fr. roué)--r[=o][=o]-[=a]´, not r[=o][=o]. Worcester + gives r[=o][=o]´[=a]. + + + S. + + =Sacerdotal=--s[)a]s-er-d[=o]´tal, not s[=a]-ser-d[=o]´tal, + s[=a]-ker-d[=o]´tal nor s[)a]k-er-d[=o]´tal. + + =Sacrament=--s[)a]k´ra-ment, not s[=a]´kra-ment. =Sacramental= + (s[)a]k´ra-ment-al), etc. + + =Sacrifice=--s[)a]k´r[)i]-f[=i]z, not s[)a]k´r[)i]-f[)i]s nor + s[)a]k´r[)i]-f[=i]se. Verb and noun the same. =Sacrificing= + (s[)a]k´r[)i]-f[=i]-z[)i]ng), etc. + + =Sacristan=--s[)a]k´rist-an, not s[=a]´krist-an nor + s[=a]-kr[)i]s´tan. =Sacristy= (s[)a]k´rist-y). + + =Salam=--sa-läm´, not sa-l[)a]m´. Written =salaam= also, and + pronounced similarly. + + =Saline=--sa-l[=i]ne´ or s[=a]´l[=i]ne, not s[=a]-l[=e][=e]n´. + Worcester gives sa-l[=i]ne´ only. + + =Salve=--säv, not s[)a]v. Worcester gives sälv also. + + =Samaritan=--sa-m[)a]r´i-tan, not sa-m[=a]´ri-tan. + + =Sanitary=, not _sanatory_, when _pertaining_ to health is meant. + =Sanatory= is more restricted in its application, and means + healing; curative. + + =Saracen=--s[)a]r´a-sen, not s[)a]r´a-ken. + + =Sarsaparilla=--sär-sa-pa-r[)i]l´la, not s[)a]s-sa-pa-r[)i]l´la, + nor sär-sa-fa-r[)i]l´la. + + =Satyr=--s[=a]´tur, according to Webster. Worcester gives + s[)a]t´ir also. + + =Saucy=--saw´sy, not _sassy_. + + =Said.= _Said_ (s[)e]d), not says (s[)e]z), in speaking of past + remarks. Many of the most cultivated people are guilty of this + vulgarism. "'I will call to see you soon,' _sez_ he." "'I will + be glad to see you at any time,' _sez_ I." Where the details of + a long conversation are given the frequent repetition of _sez_, + or even _said_, is very grating to the refined ear. The use of + _asked_, _inquired_, _remarked_, _suggested_, _answered_, + _replied_, etc., instead, has a pleasing effect upon narrative + or anecdote. It is preferable, also, to give the _exact words_ + of the speaker after _said_, etc., as: "When he had finished + reading the letter, he said: 'I will attend to the business the + first leisure moment I have.'" When the word _that_ follows the + _said_, the substance only of the remark may be given, as "He + said that he would attend to the business the first leisure + moment he had." Whichever form is used in narrative, it is not + at all harmonious to give the _exact words_ of one speaker and + only the substance of the remarks of another, at least without + regard to regularity in alternation. + + =Schism=--s[)i]zm, not sk[)i]sm. + + =Seckel=, not s[)i]ck-el. A kind of pear. + + =See.= It is not uncommon to meet with people that incorrectly + use _see_ in the imperfect tense, as: "I _see_ him yesterday," + instead of, "I _saw_ him yesterday." See is never used in any + tense but the present, without an auxiliary, as did, shall, etc. + + =Seignior=--s[=e]n´yur, not s[=a]n´yor. + + =Seine=--s[=e]n, not s[=a]n. A net for catching fish. + + =Senile=--s[=e]´n[=i]le, not s[)e]n´[=i]le. Pertaining to old age. + + =Separate=, not _seperate_. The loss of the a is not noticed in + the pronunciation, but the mistake frequently occurs in writing + this word as it does in the words =inseparable=, + =inseparableness=, =separation=, etc. + + =Servile=--sër´v[)i]l, not sër´v[=i]le. + + =Set.= Noun. There are many who incorrectly use _sett_ in writing + of a _set_ of dishes, a _set_ of chess-men, a _set_ of teeth, + or of some other collection of things of the same kind. A + =sett= is a piece placed upon the head of a pile for striking + upon, when the pile can not be reached by the weight or hammer. + + =Set=--=Sit.= Blunders in the use of these words are amongst the + most common we have. _Set_, as we shall first consider it, is a + transitive verb, or one in which the action passes over to an + object. Present tense, _set_; imperfect tense and past + participle, _set_; present participle, _setting_. _Sit_ is an + intransitive verb, or one which has no object after it. Present + tense, _sit_; imperfect tense and past participle, _sat_; + present participle, _sitting_. + + To avoid repetition as much as possible, I would refer any one to + whom the explanation here given is not perfectly clear, to the + rules and remarks under =Lay= and =Raise=, which are equally + applicable here. "Will you _set_ on this chair?" should be, "Will + you _sit_ on this chair?" "Will you _set_ this _chair_ in the + other room?" is correct. "I _set_ for my picture yesterday," + should be, "I _sat_," etc. "This hat _sets_ well," should be, + "This hat _sits_ well." "Court _sets_ next month," should be, + "Court _sits_ next month." "The hen has been _setting_ for a + week," should be, "The hen has been _sitting_," etc. "As cross as + a _setting_ hen," should be, "As cross as a _sitting_ hen." But a + person may _set_ a hen; that is, place her in position on eggs. + One _sits_ up in a chair, but he _sets_ up a post. One _sits_ + down on the ground, but he _sets_ down figures. _Set_ is also an + intransitive verb and has special meanings attached to it as + such, but they may be readily understood by a little study of + the dictionary, and no confusion need arise. The sun _sets_. + Plaster of Paris _sets_. A setter dog _sets_. One _sets_ out on a + journey. _Sit_ may also be used in two senses as a transitive + verb, as: "The general _sits_ his horse well," and "The woman + _sat_ herself down." + + =Sew=--s[=o], not s[=u]. + + =Shampoo=, not _shampoon_. =Shampooing.= Written also =champoo=. + + =Shekel=--sh[)e]k´el, not sh[=e]´kel. + + =Shumac=--sh[=u]´mak, not sh[=u]-mak´. Written also =sumac= and + =sumach=, both accented on the first syllable. + + =Sick= _of_, not sick _with_, as sick _of_ a fever. + + =Sienna=--si-[)e]n´na, not _senna_, when paint is meant. =Senna= + is a plant used as medicine. + + =Simultaneous=--s[=i]-mul-t[=a]´ne-ous, not + s[)i]m´ul-t[=a]´ne-o[)u]s. =Simultaneously= + (s[=i]-mul-t[=a]´ne-ous-ly), etc. + + =Since=, not _sence_. + + =Sinecure=--s[=i]´ne-cure, not s[)i]n´e-cure. An office which + yields revenue without labor. + + =Sit.= See =Sat=. + + =Slake=--sl[=a]ke, not sl[)a]k, when the word is spelled as + given, as: _slaked_ lime, to _slake_ one's thirst, etc. If + spelled =slack=, the ordinary pronunciation is right. + + =Slough=--slow, not sl[=o][=o] nor sl[=o]. A mudhole. Written + =sloo= (sl[=o][=o]) also. + + =Slough=--sl[)u]f, not as above. The cast skin of a serpent. Dead + flesh which separates from the living. The verb expressing this + action is pronounced the same. + + =Sobriquet=--so-bri-k[=a]´, not written _soubriquet_. Worcester + pronounces it s[)o]b´r[=e]-k[=a]´. + + =Soften=--s[)o]f´fn, not sawf´ten. + + =Sonnet=--s[)o]n´net, not s[)u]n´net. + + =Soot=--s[=o][=o]t or s[)o][)o]t, not s[)u]t. + + =Soporific=--s[)o]p-o-r[)i]f´ik, not s[=o]-por-[)i]f´ik. + + =Sotto voce=--s[)o]t´t[=o] v[=o]´ch[=a], not s[)o]t´to v[=o]s´ + nor s[)o]t´t[=o] v[=o]´s[=e]. + + =Souse=--souss, not sowze. To plunge into water. + + =Spasmodic=, not _spasmotic_. + + =Spectacles=--sp[)e]k´ta-kls, not sp[)e]k´t[)i]k´els. + + =Spermaceti=--sperm-a-s[=e]´t[)i], not sperm-a-ç[)i]t´y. + + =Spider=, not _spiter_. + + =Splenetic=--spl[)e]n´e-tic, not sple-n[)e]t´ic. Fretful; + peevish. + + =Spoliation=--sp[=o]-li-[=a]´tion, not spoil-a´tion. + + =Spurious=--sp[=u]´ri-ous, not sp[)u]r´i-o[)u]s. =Spuriously= + (sp[=u]´ri-ous-ly), etc. + + =Statical=--st[)a]t´i-cal, not st[=a]´ti-cal. Pertaining to + bodies at rest. + + =Stationery=, not _stationary_, when paper, envelopes, ink, etc., + are meant. + + =Statue=, not _statute_, when a carved image is meant. + + =Statute=, not _statue_, when a law or decree is meant. + + =Stearine=--st[=e]´a-r[)i]n, not st[)e]r´[)i]n. + + =Stereoscope= (st[=e]´re-o-scope), =Stereotype= + (st[=e]´re-o-type), etc., according to Webster; and + st[)e]r´e-o-scope, st[)e]r´-e-o-type, etc., according to + Worcester. + + =Stolid=--st[)o]l´id, not st[=o]´lid. Stupid; dull. + + =Stratum=--str[=a]´tum, not str[)a]t´um. =Strata= (str[=a]´ta), + the Latin plural is used much more than the English =stratums=. + Errors like "a _strata_ of gravel," are also not infrequently + heard. + + =Strategic=--stra-t[=e]´jik, not str[)a]t´e-j[)i]k. =Strategical= + (stra-t[=e]´ji-cal) and =strategist= (str[)a]t´e-jist). + Worcester gives stra-t[)e]j´ic and stra-t[)e]j´i-cal. + + =Strum= or =Thrum= should be used, and not _drum_, when the noisy + and unskillful fingering of a musical instrument is meant. + + =Stupendous=--stu-pen´d[)u]s, not stu-p[)e]n´j[)u]s nor + stu-p[)e]n´de-us. + + =Suavity=--sw[)a]v´[)i]-ty, not swäv´[)i]-ty nor su[)a]v´i-ty. + + =Subtraction=, not _substraction_, when the act of deducting is + meant. =Substraction= is a law term meaning the withholding of + some right, for which, however, the word _subtraction_ is also + used. =Subtract=, not _substract_. + + =Subtile=--s[)u]b´t[)i]l, not s[)u]t´tle. + + =Subtle=--s[)u]t´tle, not s[)u]b´tle. + + =Suffice=--s[)u]f-f[=i]z´, not s[)u]f-f[=i]s´. + + =Suicidal=--s[=u]-i-s[=i]´dal, not s[=u]-[)i]s´i-dal. Worcester + placed the principal accent on the first syllable. + + =Suite=--sweet, not s[=u]te. When the word =suit= is used, + however, the latter pronunciation is correct. + + =Sulphurous=--s[)u]l´phur-[)u]s, not sul-ph[=u]´r[)u]s nor + s[)u]l-ph[=u]´re-us. =Sulphureous= is another word. + + =Summoned=, not _summonsed_. + + =Supersede=, =superseded=, =superseding=. Observe the s in the + penultimate. It is a common error to write _supercede_, etc. + + =Supposititious=--sup-pos-i-t[)i]´shus, not sup-po-s[)i]´shus. + Put by a trick in the place of another, as, a _supposititious_ + child, a _supposititious_ record. + + =Surtout=--s[)u]r-t[=o][=o]t´, not s[)u]r-towt´ nor + s[)u]r´t[=o][=o]t. + + =Swath=--swawth, not swawthe. Worcester gives sw[)o]th. The sweep + of the scythe in mowing. + + + T. + + =Tabernacle=--t[)a]b´er-na-cle, not t[)a]b´er-n[)a]k´cle. + + =Tapestry=--t[)a]p´es-try, not t[=a]´p[)e]s-try. + + =Tarlatan=--tär´la-tan, not tärl´tun. =Tartan= is a different + material. + + =Tarpaulin=--tär-paw´lin, not tär-p[=o]´lin. Written also + =tarpauling= and =tarpawling=. + + =Tartaric=--tar-t[)a]r´ic, not tar-tär´ic. Pertaining to or + obtained from tartar, as _tartaric_ acid. + + =Tassel=--t[)a]s´sel, not taw´sel. Worcester gives t[)o]s´sl also. + + =Tatterdemalion=--t[)a]t-ter-de-m[)a]l´ion, not + t[)a]t-ter-de-m[=a]l´ion. + + =Telegraphy=--te-l[)e]g´ra-phy, not t[)e]l´e-gr[)a]ph-y. + + =Telegraphist=--te-l[)e]g´ra-phist, not tel´e-gr[)a]ph-ist. A + telegraphic operator. No such word as _telegrapher_ is given. + + =Terpsichorean=--terp-s[)i]k-o-r[=e]´an, not terp-si-k[=o]´re-an. + Relating to =Terpsichore= (terp-sik´o-re), the muse who + presided over dancing. + + =Tete-a-tete=--t[=a]t-ä-t[=a]t´, not teet-ä-teet. + + =Theatre= or =theater=--th[=e]´a-ter, not the-[=a]´ter. + + =Threshold=--thr[)e]sh´[=o]ld, not thr[)e]z´[=o]ld nor + thr[)e]z´hold. Worcester gives thr[)e]sh´hold. + + =Thyme=--t[=i]m, not as spelled. + + =Tic-douloureux=--t[)i]k´d[=o][=o]-l[=o][=o]-r[=o][=o]´, not + -d[)o]l-o-r[=o][=o]´ nor -d[=o]-l[=o]-r[=o][=o]´. + + =Tiny=--t[=i]´ny, not tee´ny nor t[)i]n´y. + + =Tolu=--to-l[=u]´, not t[=u]´l[=u]. + + =Tomato=--to-m[=a]´to or to-mä´to, not to-m[)a]t´o. + + =Topographic=--t[)o]p-o-graph´ic, not t[=o]-po-gr[)a]ph´ic. + =Topographical= and =topographically= have also the short o in + the first syllable. + + =Tour=--t[=o][=o]r, not towr. + + =Tournament=--tür´na-ment according to Webster. Worcester gives + t[=o][=o]r´na-ment also. + + =Toward= and =towards=--t[=o]´-ward and t[=o]´wardz, not to-ward´ + and to-wardz´. + + =Tragacanth=--tr[)a]g´a-k[)a]nth, not tr[)a]j´a-s[)i]nth nor + tr[)a]g´a-s[)a]nth. A gum used for mucilage. + + =Traverse=--tr[)a]v´erse, not tra-verse´. =Traversable=, + =traversing= and =traversed= have also the accent on the first + syllable. + + =Tremendous=--tre-m[)e]n´d[)u]s, not tre-m[)e]n´de-[)u]s nor + tre-m[)e]n´j[)u]s. + + =Trilobite=--tr[=i]´lo-b[=i]te, not tr[)i]l´o-b[=i]te nor + tr[)o]l´lo-b[=i]te, as it is often called. + + =Troche=--tr[=o]´kee, not tr[=o]sh, tr[=o]´she, tr[=o]ke nor + tr[)o]tch. Plural, =troches= (tr[=o]´keez). A lozenge composed + of sugar, mucilage and medicine, as: _bronchial troches_. + =Trochee=--tr[=o]´kee, is a foot in poetry. + + =Truculent=--tr[=u]´ku-lent, not tr[)u]k´u-lent. + + =Truths=--truths, not truthz, is the plural of =truth=. + + =Tryst=--tr[)i]st, not tr[=i]st. An appointment to meet. + =Tryster= (tr[)i]st´er), =trysting= (tr[)i]st´ing). + + =Turbine=--tür´b[)i]n, not tür´-b[=i]ne. A kind of water wheel. + + + U. + + =Umbrella=--um-br[)e]l´la, not um-ber-r[)e]l´ nor + um-ber-r[)e]l´la. + + =Upas=--[=u]´p[)a]s, not [=u]´paw nor [=u]´pawz. + + =Usurp=--y[=u]-zurp´, not y[=u]-surp´. =Usurper= (y[=u]-zurp´er), + etc. + + + V. + + =Vagary=--va-g[=a]´ry, not v[=a]´-ga-ry. + + =Valenciennes=--va-l[)e]n´si-[)e]nz´, not v[)a]l-[)e]n-seenz´. A + French lace. + + =Valleys=, not _vallies_, is the plural of =valley=. + + =Vamos= (vä´m[=o]s), or =vamose= (va-m[=o]se´), not vam-moos´. To + depart. (Inelegant.) + + =Vase=, according to Webster; v[=a]se or v[=a]ze, according to + Worcester. The pronunciations väz and vawz are alluded to but + not recommended. + + =Vehemence=--v[=e]´he-mence, not ve-h[=e]´mence nor + ve-h[)e]m´ence. =Vehemently= and =vehement= have also the + accent on the first syllable. + + =Vermicelli=---vër-me-ch[)e]l-l[)i] or vër-me-s[)e]l´l[)i], not + vêr-me-s[)i]l´ly. Worcester sanctions the first method only. + + =Veterinary=--v[)e]t´er-[)i]n-a-ry, not ve-t[)e]r´in-a-ry. + + =Vicar=--v[)i]k´ar, not v[=i]´kar. =Vicarage= and =vicarship= + have also the short i in the first syllable. + + =Violent= (v[=i]´o-lent), =violence= (v[=i]´o-lence), =violet= + (v[=i]´o-let), =violin= (v[=i]-o-l[)i]n´), etc., not + voi´o-lent, voi´o-lence, voi´o-let, voi-o-lin´, etc. + + =Viscount=--v[=i]´kount, not v[)i]s´kount. =Viscountess= + (v[=i]´kountess), etc. + + =Visor=--v[)i]z´or, not v[=i]´zor. + + + W. + + =Wake=, etc. _Wake_ is both a transitive and an intransitive + verb. Present tense, _wake_; imperfect and past participle, + _waked_; present participle, _waking_. _Awake_ is also both + transitive and intransitive. Present, _awake_; imperfect, + _awoke_ or _awaked_; participles, _awaked_ and _awaking_. + _Awaken_ is another verb, both transitive and intransitive. + Present, _awaken_; imperfect and past participle, _awakened_; + present participle, _awakening_. Thus it is seen that we have a + great many words to express the fact of _being_ in a conscious + state, and the arousing of a person who is asleep. With a + little attention there is no reason for committing an error in + the use of these words. One may say that he _waked_, _awoke_, + or _awakened_ early in the morning, but it is wrong to say that + he _woke_ in the morning, or that he _woke_ another; for there + is no such word as _woke_. "I _wakened_ at five o'clock," + should be, "I _awakened_ at five o'clock;" for there is no such + word as _wakened_. _Up_ is used only with _wake_, _waked_ and + _waking_, but even then it is one of our most senseless + superfluities. There is no stronger meaning in the assertion + that a man was _waked up_, than that he was _waked_ or + _awakened_. If _waking up_ meant to _wake_ and make _get up_, + it would be different, but it does not. One may be _waked up_ + and it is just as likely that he will go to sleep again as if + he were simply _awakened_. _Awake_ and _awaken_ are more + elegant words than _wake_. + + =Wassail=--w[)o]s´s[)i]l, not w[)a]s´s[)i]l. A festive occasion, + carousal, the song sung at such a time, etc. The verb and the + adjective are spelled and pronounced similarly. + + =Water=--waw´ter, not w[)o]t´er. + + =Welsh=, not _Welch_. The latter word is seldom used. =Welshman=, + etc. + + =Whinny=, not _winny_, when the cry of a horse is spoken of. + + =Whisk=, not _whist_, when a small hand-broom is meant. =Wisp=, + however, is a proper word, meaning the same thing. + + =Whiting= is preferable to _whitening_. + + =Widow.= It is not necessary to say _widow woman_; no one will + suspect her of being a man. + + =Wrestle=--r[)e]s´l, not r[)a]s´sl. + + + Y. + + =Yacht=--y[)o]t, not y[)a]t. =Yachting= (y[)o]t´ing), etc. + + =Yeast=--y[=e]st, not [=e]st. + + =Yellow=--y[)e]l´l[=o], not y[)a]l´l[=o]. + + + Z. + + =Zoology=--zo-[)o]l´o-jy, not z[=o][=o]-[)o]l´o-jy. =Zoological= + (zo-o-l[)o]j´i-cal), etc. + + + + +SCRIPTURAL, MYTHOLOGICAL AND OTHER PROPER NAMES. + + +In the vocabulary just completed, it has been the design to point out +the majority of errors occurring in the pronunciation of the words +usually selected by people of fair or excellent education to carry on +ordinary English discourse. In the portion of the work now under +consideration, nothing like such thoroughness is contemplated. + +After a moment's reflection, it will appear to any one, that to +mention the thousands upon thousands of proper names, the erroneous +pronunciation of which is rather to be expected than the correct, +would require an elaborate volume. Every one who has striven to become +a fine orthoepist has longed for the ability to comprehend the +pronunciation of that myriad of names, any one of which is apt to +confront him in any book or paper he may chance to pick up. But to +become a proficient in this respect would require years of study and a +knowledge of the principles of many foreign languages. + +Amongst geographical names, for example, who but the specially +instructed would think of pronouncing correctly _Goes_ (H[)o][)o]ce), +_Gelves_ (H[)e]l´v[)e]s) or _Jalapa_ (Hä-lä´pä); or amongst +biographical names, _Gaj_ (g[=i]), _Geel_ (H[=a]l) or _Geijer_ +(g[=i]'er). + +It is fortunate for the reputation of those who bear the name of being +good scholars, that errors in the pronunciation of most proper names +are excusable, which is not the case with the mistakes that have +before been laid down. But there are some proper names, of such +constant occurrence in daily lectures, reading and conversation, that +errors connected with them are not to be overlooked. It is the +intention here, simply to call attention to the more common of these, +and to lead the reader to appreciate the fact that if one depends upon +the usual power of the English letters to gain a correct pronunciation +of proper names, he will be more often led astray than otherwise. + +The Authorities consulted are the best--Webster, Worcester, +Lippincott's Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and +Mythology and Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World. + + + + +SCRIPTURAL NAMES. + + + =Abednego=--a-b[)e]d´ne-g[=o], not [)a]b-[)e]d-n[=e]´go. + + =Abiathar=--a-b[=i]´a-thar, not ab-i-[=a]´thar. + + =Adonibezek=--a-d[)o]n-i-b[=e]´z[)e]k, not a-d[)o]n´i-be-zek. + + =Adonijah=--ad-o-n[=i]´jah, not a-d[)o]n´i-jah. + + =Agee=--[)a]g´e-[=e], not [=a]´j[=e]. + + =Ahasuerus=--a-h[)a]s-u-[=e]´rus, not a-haz-u-[)e]r´us. + + =Aijalon=--[)a]j´a-lon, not [=a]´ja-lon. + + =Akrabattine=--[)a]k-ra-b[)a]t-t[=i]´ne, not + [)a]k-ra-b[)a]t´i-ne. + + =Alpheus=--[)a]l-ph[=e]´us, not [)a]l´phe-us. + + =Amasai=--a-m[)a]s´a-[=i], not [)a]m-a-s[=a]´[=i]. + + =Andronicus=--an-dron-[=i]´cus, not an-dr[)o]n´i-cus. + + =Antiochia=--an-ti-o-k[=i]´a, not an-ti-[=o]´kia. + + =Ararat=--[)a]r´a-r[)a]t, not [=a]´ra-r[)a]t. + + =Arimathea=--[)a]r´i-ma-th[=e]´a, not [)a]r-i-m[=a]´the-a. + + =Aristobulus=--[)a]r-is-to-b[=u]´lus, not ar-is-t[)o]b´u-lus. + + =Aroer=--[)a]r´o-er, not a-r[=o]´er. + + =Aroerite=--[)a]r´o-er-[=i]te, not a-r[=o]´er-[)i]te. + + =Asarael=--a-s[)a]r´a-el, not az-a-r[=a]´el. + + =Asmodeus=--az-mo-d[=e]´us, not az-m[=o]´de-us. + + =Beelzebub=--be-[)e]l´ze-bub, not b[)e]l´ze-bub. + + =Belial=--b[=e]´li-al, not be-l[=i]´al. + + =Bethhaccerem=--b[)e]th-h[)a]k´se-rem, not beth-h[)a]s´se-rem. + + =Bethphage=--b[)e]th´pha-j[=e], not b[)e]th´ph[=a]je. + + =Bethuel=--be-th[=u]´el, not b[)e]th´u-el. + + =Cainan=--ka-[=i]´nan, not k[=a]´nan. + + =Cherub= (a city)--k[=e]´rub, not ch[)e]r´ub. + + =Chittim=--k[)i]t´tim, not ch[)i]t´tim. + + =Chloe=--kl[=o]´e, not kl[=o]. + + =Crates=--kr[=a]´t[=e]z, not kr[=a]tz. + + =Cyprians=--s[)i]p´ri-anz, not s[=i]´pri-anz. + + =Delilah=--d[)e]l´i-lah, not de-l[=i]´lah. + + =Ecbatana=--ek-b[)a]t´a-na, not ek-ba-t[=a]´na. + + =Eloi=--e-l[=o]´[=i] not [=e]´loi. + + =Esther=--[)e]s´ter, not [)e]s´ther. + + =Eumenes=--[=u]´me-n[=e]z, not [=u]-m[=e]´n[=e]z. + + =Gennesaret=--g[)e]n-n[)e]s´a-r[)e]t, not j[)e]n-n[)e]s´a-ret. + + =Gerar=--ge[)e]´rar, not j[=e]´rar. + + =Idumea=--[)i]d-u-m[=e]´a, not [=i]-du-m[=e]´a. + + =Iturea=--[)i]t-u-r[=e]´a, not [=i]-tu-r[=e]´a. + + =Jacubus=--ja-k[=u]´bus, not j[)a]k´u-bus. + + =Jadau=--ja-d[=a]´u, not j[)a]d´a-u. + + =Jairus= (Old Test.)--j[=a]´i-rus. + + =Jairus= (New Test.)--j[=a]-[=i]´rus. + + =Jearim=--j[=e]´a-r[)i]m, not je-[=a]´rim. + + =Jeiel=--je-[=i]´el, not j[=e]´el nor j[=i]´el. + + =Jephthae=--j[)e]ph´tha-[=e], not j[)e]ph´tha. + + =Jeshohaiah=--j[)e]sh-o-ha-[=i]´ah, not j[)e]sh-o-h[=a]´yah. + + =Keilah=--k[=e]´lah, not k[=i]´lah nor ke-[=i]´lah. + + =Kolaiah=--k[)o]l-a-[=i]´ah, not k[)o]l-[=a]´yah. + + =Labana=--l[)a]b´a-na, not la-b[=a]´na. + + =Lebanah=--l[)e]b´a-nah, not le-b[=a]´nah. + + =Magdalene=--m[)a]g-da-l[=e]´ne, not m[)a]g´da-l[=e]ne. + + =Mahalath=--m[=a]´ha-lath, not ma-h[=a]´lath. + + =Mardocheus=--mar-do-k[=e]´us, not mar-d[=o]´ke-us. + + =Matthias=--m[)a]th-th[=i]´as, not m[)a]th´thi-as. + + =Meremoth=--m[)e]r´e-moth, not me-r[=e]´moth. + + =Meshach=--m[=e]´sh[)a]k, not m[)e]sh´ak. + + =Methuselah=--me-th[=u]´se-lah, not m[)e]th-[=u]´ze-lah. + + =Moosias=--mo-o-s[=i]´as, not m[=o]´si-as. + + =Nebuchadnezzar=--n[)e]b´u-k[)a]d-nez´zar, not + ne-b[)u]k´kad-nez´zar. + + =Orthosias=--ôr-tho-s[=i]´as, not ôr-th[=o]´si-as. + + =Othonias=--[)o]th-o-n[=i]´as, not [)o]th-[=o]´ni-as. + + =Oziel=--[=o]´zi-el, not [=o]-z[=i]´el. + + =Penuel=--pe-n[=u]´el, not p[)e]n´[=u]-el. + + =Perseus=--për´s[=u]s, not për´se-us. + + =Pethuel=--pe-th[=u]´el, not p[)e]th´u-el. + + =Phanuel=--pha-n[=u]´el, not ph[)a]n´u-el. + + =Pharaoh=--ph[=a]´r[=o] or ph[=a]´ra-[=o], not ph[)a]r´[=o] nor + ph[)a]r´a-[=o]. + + =Philippi=--ph[)i]-l[)i]p´pi, not ph[)i]l´lip-pi. + + =Philistine=--ph[)i]-l[)i]s´t[)i]n, not ph[)i]l´[)i]s-t[=i]ne. + + =Pontius=--p[)o]n´sh[)i]-us, not p[)o]n´ti-us. + + =Raguel=--ra-g[=u]´el, not r[)a]g´u-el. + + =Sabachthani=--s[=a]-b[)a]k-th[=a]´n[=i], not + sa-b[)a]k´tha-n[=i]. + + =Sathrabuzanes=--s[)a]th-ra-bu-z[=a]´n[=e]z, not + s[)a]th-r[)a]b´u-z[=a]nz. + + =Shabbethai=--sh[)a]b-b[)e]th´a-[=i], not + sh[)a]b-b[)e]th-[=a]´[=i] + + =Shadrach=--sh[=a]´dr[)a]k, not sh[)a]d´r[)a]k. + + =Shemiramoth=--she-m[)i]r´a-moth, not sh[)e]m-i-r[=a]´moth. + + =Shemuel=--she-m[=u]´el, not sh[)e]m´[=u]-el. + + =Sinai=--s[=i]´[=a], not s[=i]´n[=a]-[=i]. + + =Zaccheus=--zak-k[=e]´us, not z[)a]k´ke-us. + + =Zerubbabel=--z[=e]-r[)u]b´ba-bel, not ze-rub-b[=a]´bel. + + =Zipporah=--z[)i]p-p[=o]´rah, not z[)i]p´po-rah. + + + + +GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES--MYTHOLOGICAL, ETC. + + + =Actæon=--[)a]k-t[=e]´on, not [)a]k´te-on. + + =Adonis=--a-d[=o]´nis, not a-d[)o]n´is. + + =Alcides=--[)a]l-s[=i]´d[=e]z, not [)a]l´si-d[=e]z. + + =Amphion=--[)a]m-ph[=i]´on, not [)a]m´phi-on. + + =Amphitrite=--[)a]m-phi-tr[=i]´te, not [)a]m´phi-tr[=i]te nor + am-ph[)i]t´ri-te. + + =Anabasis=--a-n[)a]b´a-sis, not an-a-b[=a]´sis. + + =Antiope=--[)a]n-t[=i]´o-pe, not [)a]n´ti-[=o]pe nor + [)a]n-ti-[=o]´pe. + + =Anubis=--a-n[=u]´bis, not [)a]n´u-bis. + + =Arion=--a-r[=i]´on, not [=a]´ri-on. + + =Aristides=--ar-is-t[=i]´d[=e]z, not ar-[)i]s´ti-d[=e]z. + + =Aristogiton=--a-ris-to-j[=i]´ton, not ar-is-t[)o]j´i-ton. + + =Belides= (singular, masculine)--b[)e]-l[=i]´d[=e]z. + + =Belides= (plural, female descendants of + Belus)--b[)e]l´-i-d[=e]z. + + =Bellerophon=--bel-l[)e]r´o-phon, not bel-ler-[=o]´phon. + + =Cæculus=--s[)e]k´u-lus, not s[=e]´ku-lus. + + =Calliope=--kal-l[=i]´o-pe, not kal-li-[=o]´pe nor + k[)a]l´li-[=o]pe. + + =Caucasus=--kaw´ka-sus, not kaw-k[=a]´sus. + + =Charon=--k[=a]´ron, not ch[=a]´ron nor ch[)a]r´on. + + =Chæronea=--ker-o-n[=e]´a, not cher-o-n[=e]´a. + + =Chimera=--ke-m[=e]´ra, not k[)i]m´er-a nor ch[=i]-m[)e]r´a. + + =Codrus=--k[=o]´drus, not k[)o]d´rus. + + =Corcyra=--kor-s[=i]´ra, not kor´si-ra. + + =Coriolanus=--ko-ri-o-l[=a]´nus, not kor-i-[)o]l´a-nus. + + =Crete=--kr[=e]´te, not kreet. + + =Cyclades=--s[)i]k´la-d[=e]z, not s[=i]´kla-d[=e]z. + + =Cyclops=--s[=i]´klops, not s[)i]k´lops. + + =Cyclopes=--s[=i]´klo-p[=e]z, not s[=i]´kl[=o]ps. + + =Cyrene=--s[=i]-r[=e]´ne, not s[)i]-r[=e]ne´. + + =Cyzicus=--s[)i]z´i-kus, not s[)i]-z[=i]´kus. + + =Danaides=--da-n[=a]´[)i]-dez, not da-n[=i]´dez. + + =Darius=--da-r[=i]´us, not d[=a]´ri-us. + + =Deianira=--de-[=i]-an-[=i]´ra, not de-yan-[=i]´ra. + + =Diodorus=--d[=i]-o-d[=o]´rus, not d[=i]-[)o]d´o-rus. + + =Diomedes=--d[=i]-o-m[=e]´d[=e]z, not d[=i]-[)o]m´e-d[=e]z. + + =Dodonæus=--do-do-n[=e]´us, not do-d[=o]´ne-us. + + =Echo=--[=e]´ko, not [)e]k´ko. + + =Endymion=--en-d[)i]m´i-on, not en-d[=i]´mi-on. + + =Epirus=--e-p[=i]´rus, not [)e]p´i-rus. + + =Erato=--[)e]r´a-to, not e-r[=a]´to. + + =Eumenes=--[=u]´me-n[=e]z, not [=u]-m[=e]´n[=e]z. + + =Euripus=--[=u]-r[=i]´pus, not [=u]´ri-pus. + + =Eurydice=--[=u]-r[)i]d´i-se, not [=u]´ri-d[=i]ce´ nor + [=u]-ri-d[=i]´se. + + =Ganymedes=--gan-[)i]-m[=e]´d[=e]z, not gan-[)i]-m[=e]dz´. + + =Geryon=--j[=e]´r[)i]-on, not je-r[=i]´on. + + =Halcyone=--h[)a]l-s[=i]´o-ne, not h[)a]l´si-[=o]ne nor + hal-si-[=o]´ne. + + =Hebe=--h[=e]´be, not h[=e]b´. + + =Hecate=--h[)e]k´a-te or h[)e]k´at, not h[=e]´k[=a]te. + + =Hecuba=--h[)e]k´u-ba, not he-k[=u]´ba. + + =Helena=--h[=e]l´en-a, not he-l[=e]´na. + + =Hermione=---h[)e]r-m[=i]´o-ne, not h[)e]r´mi-[=o]ne nor + h[)e]r-mi-[=o]´ne. + + =Herodotus=--he-r[)o]d´o-tus, not her-o-d[=o]´tus. + + =Hiero=--h[=i]´er-o, not h[=i]-[=e]´ro. + + =Hippocrene=--hip-po-kr[=e]´ne, not hip-p[)o]k´re-ne. + + =Hippodromus=--hip-p[)o]d´ro-mus, not hip-po-dr[=o]´mus. + + =Icarus=--[)i]k´a-rus, not [=i]k-[=a]´-rus. + + =Iolaus=--[=i]-o-l[=a]´us, not [=i]-[=o]´la-us. + + =Iphiclus=--[)i]ph´i-klus, not [)i]ph-[=i]´klus. + + =Iphigenia=--[)i]ph-i-je-n[=i]´a, not [)i]ph-i-j[=e]´ni-a. + + =Irene=--[=i]-r[=e]´ne, not [=i]-r[=e]ne´. + + =Ithome=--i-th[=o]´me, not [=i]th´o-me. + + =Lachesis=--l[)a]k´e-sis, not la-k[)e]´sis. + + =Laocoon=--la-[)o]k´o-on,not l[=a]-o-k[=o][=o]n´. + + =Lethe=--l[=e]´the, not l[=e]th. + + =Leucothoe=--l[=u]-k[)o]th´o-e, not l[=u]-k[=o]´tho-e nor + l[=u]-ko-th[=o]´e. + + =Libitina=--l[)i]b-i-t[=i]´na, not li-b[)i]t´i-na. + + =Lycaon=--l[=i]-k[=a]´on, not l[)i]k´a-on. + + =Lyceus=--l[=i]-s[=e]´us, not l[)i]s´e-us. + + =Meleager=--m[=e]-le-[=a]´ger, not me-le-[=a]´jer nor + me-l[=e]´a-jer. + + =Meroe=--m[)e]r´o-e, not me-r[=o]´e. + + =Mitylene=--m[)i]t-[)i]-l[=e]´ne, not m[)i]t´i-l[=e]ne. + + =Myrmidones=--myr-m[)i]d´o-n[=e]z, not myr´m[)i]-d[=o]nz nor + myr-m[)i]-d[=o]´n[=e]z. + + =Naiades=--n[=a]-[=i]´a-d[=e]z, not n[=a]´a-d[=e]z. + + =Nemesis=--n[)e]m´e-sis, not ne-m[=e]´sis. + + =Nereides=--ne-r[=e]´i-d[=e]z, not n[=e]r´yi-d[=e]z. + + =Nereus=--n[=e]´r[=u]s, not ne-r[=e]´us. + + =Nicæa=--ni-s[=e]´a, not n[)i]s´e-a. + + =Nundina=--n[)u]n´di-na, not nun-d[=i]´na. + + =Oceanus=--o-s[=e]´a-nus, not o-se-[=a]´nus. + + =Ocypete=--o-s[)i]p´e-te, not o-si-p[=e]´te. + + =[OE]dipus=--[)e]d´i-pus, not [=e]´di-pus nor e-d[=i]´pus. + + =Opigena=--o-p[)i]j´e-na, not op-i-j[=e]´na. + + =Orion=--o-r[=i]´on, not [=o]´ri-on. + + =Pactolus=--pak-t[=o]´lus, not p[)a]k´to-lus. + + =Palæmon=--pa-l[=e]´mon, not p[)a]l´e-mon. + + =Parrhasius=--par-r[=a]´she-us, not par-r[)a]s´i-us. + + =Pasiphae=--pa-s[)i]ph´a-e, not p[)a]s-i-ph[=a]´e. + + =Pegasus=--p[)e]g´a-sus, not pe-g[=a]´sus. + + =Penelope=--pe-n[)e]l´o-pe, not p[)e]n´e-l[=o]pe. + + =Phlegethon=--phl[)e]j´e-thon, not phl[)e]g´e-thon. + + =Pleiades=--pl[=e]´ya-d[)e]z not pl[=e]´y[)a]dz. + + =Polyphemus=--pol-y-ph[=e]´mus, not po-l[)i]ph´e-mus. + + =Priapus=--pr[=i]-[=a]´pus, not pr[=i]´a-pus. + + =Proserpine=--pr[)o]s´er-p[=i]ne, not pro-s[)e]r´pi-ne. + + =Rhode=--r[=o]´de, not r[=o]de. + + =Sarapis=--sa-r[=a]´pis, not s[)a]r´a-pis. + + =Sardanapalus=--sar-da-na-p[=a]´lus, not sar-dan-[)a]p´a-lus. + + =Semiramis=--se-m[)i]r´a-mis, not s[)e]m-i-r[=a]´mis. + + =Tereus=--t[=e]´re-us, not te-r[=e]´us. + + =Terpsichore=--terp-s[=i]k´o-re, not t[)e]rp´si-k[=o]re. + + =Thebæ=--th[=e]´be, not th[=e]be. + + =Theodamas=--the-[)o]d´a-mas, not the-o-d[=a]´mas. + + =Theodamus=--the-o-d[=a]´mus, not the-[)o]d´a-mus. + + =Theodotus=--the-[)o]d´o-tus, not the-o-d[=o]´tus. + + =Theodorus=--the-o-d[=o]´rus, not the-[)o]d´o-rus. + + =Thessalonica=--thes-sa-lo-n[=i]´ka, not thes-sa-l[)o]n´i-ka. + + =Thrace=--thr[=a]´se, not thr[=a]se. + + + + +MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. + + + =Adam.= As an English name is pronounced [)a]d´am; as French, + ä-dóng´, as German, ä´däm. + + =Annesley=--[)a]nz´le, not [)a]n´nes-le. + + =Arundel=--[)a]r´[)u]n-d[)e]l, not a-r[)u]n´d[)e]l. + + =Bacciochi=--bät-ch[=o]´kee, not b[)a]k-ki-[=o]´kee. + + =Beatrice=--b[=a]-ä-tree´ch[=a] or b[=e]´a-treess, not + be-[)a]t´r[)i]s. + + =Beethoven=--b[=a]´t[=o]-ven, not beet´h[=o]-ven. + + =Belvedere=--b[)e]l-v[=a]-d[=a]´r[=a], not b[)e]l-ve-d[=e]re´. + + =Beranger= (Fr. Béranger)--b[=a]-r[)o]ng-zh[=a]´, not + b[)e]r´an-jer. + + =Blucher=--bl[=o][=o]´ker, not bl[=u]´cher. + + =Boccaccio=--bo-kät´cho, not b[)o]k-k[)a]s´i-o. + + =Boleyn=--b[)o][)o]l´[)i]n, not b[=o]´l[)i]n nor b[=o]-l[)i]n´. + + =Boniface=--b[)o]n´e-fass or Fr. bo-ne-fäss´, not b[)o]n´e-face. + + =Boucicault= or =Bourcicault=--b[=o][=o]-se-k[=o]´ or + b[=o][=o]r-se-k[=o]´, not b[=o][=o]´se-kawlt. + + =Bozzaris=--b[)o]t´zä-r[)i]s, not boz-z[)a]r´is, as generally + called. + + =Brown-Sequard= (Fr. Séquard)--brown-s[=a]-kärr´, not see-kward´. + + =Buchanan=--b[)u]k-[)a]n´an, not b[=u]-k[)a]n´an. + + =Bull, Ole=--[=o]´l[)e]h b[)o][)o]l, not [=o]l´ b[)o][)o]l. + + =Buonaparte=--b[=o][=o]-o-nä-pärr´t[=a], not b[=o]´na-pärt; the + latter is the allowed English pronunciation when spelled + =Bonaparte=. + + =Bysshe=--b[)i]sh, not b[)i]sh´she. + + =Cecil=--s[)e]s´[)i]l or s[)i]s´[)i]l, not s[=e]´s[)i]l. + + =Cenci=--ch[)e]n´chee, not s[)e]n´see. + + =Chevalier=--sheh-vä-le-[=a]´, not shev-a-leer´. + + =Crichton=--kr[=i]´ton, not kr[)i]k´ton. + + =D'Aubigne= (Fr. D'Aubigné)--d[=o]-b[=e]n-y[=a]´, not daw-been´. + + =Daubigny=--d[=o]-b[=e]n-y[=e]´, not daw-b[=e]´ny. + + =Disraeli=--d[)i]z-r[=a]´el-e, not d[)i]z´rel-ee. + + =Drouyn de Lhuys=--dr[=o][=o]-[)a]ng´ deh lwee´. + + =Gillot=--zh[=e]-y[=o]´, not j[)i]l´lot nor j[)i]l-l[=o]´. + + =Giovanni=--jo-vän´nee, not je-o-v[)a]n´nee. + + =Goethe=--pronounced much like gür´teh, leaving out the r; not + g[)o]th nor g[=o]th. + + =Hemans=--h[)e]m´anz, not h[=e]´manz. + + =Ingelow=--[)i]n´je-l[=o], not [)i]ng´e-l[=o]. + + =Ivan=--e-vän´, not [=i]´van. + + =Juarez=--j[=o][=o]-ä´r[)e]z or H[=o][=o]-ä´r[)e]th, not + jaw´r[)e]z. + + =Lancelot=--l[)o]ngss-l[=o]´, not l[)a]n´se-l[)o]t. + + =Lavater=--lä´vä-ter or lä-vä-tair´, not l[)a]v´a-ter. + + =Macleod=--m[)a]k-lowd´, not mak-l[=e]´od. + + =Marat=--mä-rä´, not ma-r[)a]t´. + + =Marion=--m[)a]r´i-on, not m[=a]´ri-on. + + =Medici=--m[)e]d´e-chee or m[=a]´de-chee, not m[)e]d´i-see nor + me-d[=e]´see. + + =Minie= (Fr. Minié)--me-ne-[=a]´, not m[)i]n´ne. + + =Montague=--m[)o]n´ta-g[=u], not m[)o]n´t[=a]g. + + =Moultrie=--m[=o][=o]´tre, not m[=o]l´tre. + + =Muhlbach=--(Ger. Mühlbach). The u in the first syllable of this + word is very difficult for those to pronounce who are not + German or French, and can not be well represented in English; + but there is no need of coming so far from the mark as is + generally done, especially in the last syllable. It is not + m[=u]l´b[)a]k nor m[=e]l´b[)a]k; meul´bäk is nearer correct. + + =Mundt=--m[)o][)o]nt, not m[)u]nt. + + =Neumann=--noi´män, not n[=u]´man. + + =Ovid=--[)o]v´[)i]d, not [=o]´vid [Ovidius]. + + =Paganini=--pä-gä-nee´nee, not p[)a]j-a-n[)i]n´[)i]. + + =Pepin=--p[)e]p´[)i]n or p[)i]p´[)i]n, not p[=e]´p[)i]n. French + pronunciation peh-p[)a]ng´. + + =Piccolomini=--p[=e]k-ko-l[)o]m´e-nee, not p[)i]k-ko-lo-mee´nee. + + =Pliny=--pl[)i]n´y, not pl[=i]´ny [Plinius]. + + =Ponce de Leon=--p[=o]n´ch[=a] d[=a] l[=a]-[=o]n´, not ponss de + l[=e]´on. + + =Rachel=--rä-sh[)e]l´, not r[=a]´chel as the English name. When a + German name it is pronounced räk´el. + + =Richelieu=--r[=e]sh´e-l[=o][=o], not r[)i]ch´e-l[=o][=o]. + + =Rochefort=--rosh-for´, not roch´fort. + + =Rothschild=--ros´ch[=i]ld or r[=o]t´sh[)i]lt, not + r[)o]th´ch[=i]ld. + + =Stael=--stäl, stawl or stä-[)e]l´, not st[=a]le. + + =Strauss=--strowss, not strawss. + + =Taliaferro=--t[)o]l´i-v[)e]r, not t[)a]l-i-f[)e]r´ro. + + =Thiers=--te-air´, not theers. + + + + +MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. + + + =Abomey=--[)a]b-o-m[=a]´, not a-b[)o]m´ey nor a-b[=o]´mey. + + =Acapulco=--ä-kä-p[=o][=o]l´ko, not [)a]k-a-p[)u]l´ko. + + =Adriatic=--[)a]d-ri-[)a]t´[)i]k, not [=a]-dr[)i]-[)a]t´[)i]k. + + =Afghanistan=--äf-gän-is-tän´, not [)a]f-g[)a]n-[)i]s´t[)a]n. + + =Agulhas=--ä-g[=o][=o]l´yäs, not a-g[)u]l´h[)a]s. + + =Aix-la-Chapelle=--[=a]kz-lä-shä-p[)e]l´, not + [=a]-lä-sh[)a]-p[)e]l´. + + =Alsace=--äl-säss´, not [)a]l´s[=a]s. + + =Altai=--äl-t[=i]´, not äl´t[=a] nor äl´t[=i]. + + =Amherst=--[)a]m´erst, not [)a]m´herst. + + =Amoor=--ä-m[=o][=o]r´, not [)a]m´[=o][=o]r nor [=a]´m[=o]re. + + =Antilles=--[)o]ng-teel´, not [)a]n´-teelz. + + =Araguay=--ä-rä-gw[=i]´, not [)a]r´a-gw[=a]. + + =Aral=--[)a]r´al, not [=a]´ral. + + =Arkansas=--är-k[)a]n´sas, not är´kan-saw nor är-k[)a]n-zaz. + + =Asia=--[=a]´she-a, not [=a]´zhe-a. + + =Bantam= (Java)--bän-täm´, not b[)a]n´tam. + + =Barbados= or =Barbadoes=--bar-b[=a]´d[=o]z, not bär´ba-d[=o]z. + =Barbados=, a river of Brazil, is pronounced bar-bä´doce. + + =Bayou=--b[=i]´[=o][=o] or b[=i]´[=o], not b[=a]´[=u]. + + =Belfast=--b[)e]l-f[)a]st´, not b[)e]l´f[)a]st. + + =Beloochistan=--b[)e]l-oo-ch[)i]s-tän´, not + b[)e]l-oo-ch[)i]s´tan. + + =Bingen=--b[)i]ng´en, not b[)i]n´jen. + + =Bombay=--b[)o]m-b[=a]´, not b[)o]m´b[=a]. + + =Bremen= (Germany)--br[)e]m´en or br[=a]´men, not br[=e]´men. + =Bremen= (U. S.)--br[=e]´men. + + =Buena Vista=--bw[=a]´nä vees´tä or b[=o]´na v[)i]s´ta, not + b[=u]´na v[)i]s´ta. + + =Buenos Ayres=--b[=o]´nos [=a]´riz or b[=o]´nos airz, not + b[=u]´nos [=a]rz; Spanish pronunciation, bw[=a]´noce + [=i]´r[)e]s. + + =Cairo= (Italy and Egypt)--k[=i]´ro, not k[=a]´ro. =Cairo= (U. + S.)--k[=a]´ro. + + =Calais=--k[)a]l´[)i]s or kä-l[=a]´, not ka-l[=a]s´. + + =Canton= (China)--kan-t[)o]n´, not k[)a]n´ton. =Canton= (U. + S.)--k[)a]n´ton. + + =Cape Girardeau=--jee-rär-d[=o]´, not jee-rär´d[=o]. + + =Caribbean= or =Carribbean=--k[)a]r-[)i]b-b[=e]´an, not + ka-r[)i]b´be-an. + + =Cashmere=--käsh-meer´, not k[)a]sh´mere. + + =Cayenne=--k[=i]-[)e]n´ or k[=a]-y[)e]n´, not k[=a]-[)e]n´. + + =Cheyenne=--she-[)e]n´, not sh[=i]-[)e]n´ nor ch[=a]-[)e]n´. + + =Chili=--ch[)i]l´lee, not sh[=e]´lee. + + =Christiania=--kr[)i]s-te-ä´ne-ä, not kr[)i]s-te-[=a]´ne-a nor + kr[)i]s-te-[)a]n´a. + + =Chuquisaca=--ch[=o][=o]-ke-sä´kä, not ch[=o][=o]-kw[)i]s´a-kä. + + =Cincinnati=--sin-sin-nah´t[)i], not sin-sin-n[)a]t´ta. + + =Cochin China=--k[=o]´chin ch[=i]´na, not k[)o]ch´in ch[=i]´na. + + =Delhi= (India)--d[)e]l´lee, not d[)e]l´h[=i]. =Delhi= (U. + S.)--d[)e]l´h[=i]. + + =Dubuque=--d[=u]-b[=o][=o]k´, not d[=u]-b[=u]k´. + + =Fezzan=--f[)e]z-zän´, not f[)e]z´zan nor f[)e]z-z[)a]n´. + + =Freiburg=--fr[=i]´b[)o][)o]rg, not fr[=e]´burg. + + =Genoa=--j[)e]n´o-a, not je-n[=o]´a. + + =Gloucester=--glos´ter, not as spelled. =Gloucestershire= + (glos´ter-shir). + + =Greenwich= (England)--gr[)i]n´[)i]dge, not as spelled. + =Greenwich= (U. S.)--green´[)i]ch. + + =Havre de Grace=--h[)a]v´er de grass, not h[=a]´ver de gr[=a]s´. + French pronunciation, hä´v'r deh gräss or ä´v'r deh gräss´. + + =Iowa=--[=i]´o-wa, not [=i]-[=o]´wa nor [=i]´o-w[=a]. + + =Java= (Island)--jä´va, not j[)a]v´a nor j[=a]´va. =Java= (U. + S.)--j[=a]´va. + + =Jeddo= (Japan)--y[)e]d´do, not j[)e]d´do. =Jeddo= (U. + S.)--j[)e]d´do. + + =Juniata=--j[=o][=o]-ne-ah´ta, not j[=o][=o]-ne-[)e]t´a. + + =Kankakee=--kan-kaw´kee, not kang-ka-kee´. + + =Ladoga=--lä´do-gä, not la-d[=o]´ga. + + =Lausanne= (Switzerland)--l[=o]-zän´, not law-san´. =Lausanne= + (Pennsylvania)--law-s[)a]n´. + + =Leicester=--l[)e]s´ter, not as spelled. =Leicestershire= + (l[)e]s´ter-shir). + + =Leipsic= (Saxony)--l[=i]p´s[)i]k, not leep´s[)i]k. =Leipsic= (U. + S.)--leep´s[)i]k. + + =Madrid= (Spain)--mä-dr[)i]d´, not m[)a]d´r[)i]d; Spanish + pronunciation, mä-DreeD´--almost maTH-reeTH´. =Madrid= (U. + S.)--m[)a]d´rid. + + =Mauch Chunk=--mawk ch[)u]nk´, not mawch shunk´. + + =Milan=--m[)i]l´an, not m[=i]´lan. + + =Modena= (Italy)--m[)o]d´en-a, not mo-d[=e]´na. =Modena= (U. + S.)--mo-d[=e]´na. + + =Nantes=--n[)a]ntz, not n[)a]n´tez; French pronunciation, + n[)o]ngt. + + =Neufchatel=--nush-ä-t[)e]l´, not n[=o][=o]f´ch[)a]t-el. + + =Newfoundland=--n[=u]´fond-land´, not nu-found´land. + + =Norwich= (England)--n[)o]r´r[)i]j, not n[)o]r´wich. =Norwich= + (U. S.)--n[)o]r´wich or n[)o]r´rich. + + =Otaheite=--[=o]-tä-hee´te, not [=o]-ta-heet´. + + =Panama=--pän-a-mä´, not p[)a]n´a-maw. + + =Persia=--per´she-a, not per´zhe-a. + + =Pesth=--p[)e]st, not pesth; Hungarian pronunciation, p[)e]sht. + + =Piqua=--p[)i]k´wa, not p[)i]k´w[=a]. + + =Pompeii=--p[)o]m-p[=a]´yee, not p[)o]m´pe-[=i]. + + =Popocatapetl=--po-po-kä-t[=a]-p[)e]tl´, not + po-po-k[)a]t-a-p[=e]´tel. + + =Poughkeepsie=--po-k[)i]p´see, not po-keep´see. + + =Quebec=--kwe-b[)e]k´, not kw[=e]´bek. + + =Queretaro=--k[=a]-r[=a]-tä´ro, not kwer-e-t[=a]´ro. + + =Sahara=--sä-hä´rä or sä´ha-rä, not s[=a]-h[=a]´ra nor + sa-h[)a]r´a. + + =San Diego=--sän-de-[=a]´go, not s[)a]n-d[=i]-[=e]´go. + + =Sangamon=--s[)a]ng´ga-mon, not s[)a]ng-g[)a]m´on. + + =San Joaquin=--sän-Ho-ä-keen´, not s[)a]n´j[=o]´a-kw[)i]n. + + =Shang-Hai=--shang-h[=i]´, not sh[)a]ng´-h[=a] nor + sh[)a]ng´-h[=i]. + + =Siam=--s[=i]-am´ or se-am´, not s[=i]´am. + + =Sumatra=--s[=o][=o]-mä´tra, not s[=o][=o]-m[=a]´tra nor + s[=o][=o]-m[)a]t´ra. + + =Swabia=--sw[=a]´bi-a, not swaw´be-a. + + =Taliaferro=--t[)o]l´e-ver, not t[)a]l-[)i]-a-f[)e]r´ro. + + =Toulouse=--t[=o][=o]-l[=o][=o]z´, not t[=o][=o]-l[=o][=o]ss´. + + =Truxillo=--tr[=o][=o]-Heel´yo, not tr[)u]x-[)i]l´lo. + + =Tyrol=--t[)i]r´ol or te-r[)o]l´, not t[=i]´rol. + + =Ulster= (Germany)--[)o][)o]l´ster, not [)u]l´ster. =Ulster= + (Ireland and U. S.)--[)u]l´ster. + + =Valenciennes=--vä-long-se-[)e]nn´, not va-l[)e]n-se-[)e]nz´. + + =Valparaiso= (Chili)--väl-pä-r[=i]´so, not v[)a]l-pa-r[=a]´zo. + =Valparaiso= (U. S.)--v[)a]l-pa-r[=a]´zo. + + =Venezuela=--ven-ez-wee´la or v[=a]-n[)e]th-w[=a]´lä, not + ven-ez-[=o][=o]-[=e]´la. + + =Vevay=--ve-v[=a]´, not v[=e]´v[=a]. + + =Vosges=--v[=o]zh, not v[)o]s´jez. + + =Worcester=--w[)o][)o]s´ter, not as spelled. =Worcestershire= + (w[)o][)o]s´ter-shir). + + =Wyandot= or =Wyandotte=--w[=i]-an-dott´, not w[=i]´an-d[)o]t. + + =Wyoming=--w[=i]-[=o]´ming, not w[=i]´o-ming. + + =Yang-tse-kiang=--yäng-tse-ke-äng´, not yang´ste-k[=i]´[)a]ng. + + =Yo Semite=--y[=o]-sem´e-te, not y[=o]´se-m[=i]te. + + =Zanzibar=--zän-ze-bär´, not z[)a]n´ze-bär. + + + + +ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. + + + =Ada=--[=a]´da, not [)a]d´a. + + =Agnes=--[)a]g´n[=e]z, not [)a]g´ness. + + =Alphonso=--al-phon´so, not al-ph[)o]n´zo. + + =Artemas=--är´te-mas, not är-t[=e]´mas. + + =Augustine=--aw-g[)u]s´t[)i]n, not aw´g[)u]s-teen. + + =Basil=--b[)a]z´il, not b[=a]´sil nor b[)a]s´il. + + =Bernard=--bër´nard, not bër-nard´. + =Bernard= (French)--be<sc>R</sc>-na<sc>R</sc>´. + + =Cecily=--s[)e]s´i-ly, not s[=e]´si-ly. + + =Chloe=--kl[=o]´e, not kl[=o]. + + =Darius=--da-r[=i]´us, not d[=a]´ri-us. + + =Deborah=--d[)e]b´o-rah, not de-b[=o]´rah. + + =Eben=--[)e]b´en, not [=e]´ben. + + =Eleanor=--[)e]l´e-a-nor, not [)e]l´en-or. + + =Esther=--[)e]s´ter, not [)e]s´ther. + + =Eva=--[=e]´va, not [)e]v´a. + + =Frances=--fr[)a]n´sez, not fr[)a]n´sess nor fr[)a]n´s[)i]s. + + =Giles=--j[=i]lz, not g[=i]lz. + + =Hosea=--ho-z[=e]´a, not h[=o]´se-a. + + =Ivan=--[)i]v´an, not [=i]´van. =Ivan= (Russian)--e-vän´. + + =Irene=--[=i]-r[=e]´ne, not [=i]-reen´. + + =Jacqueline=--j[)a]q´ue-l[)i]n, not j[)a]k´a-l[=i]ne. + + =Joan=--j[=o]-[)a]n´, not j[=o]´an. + + =Joshua=--j[)o]sh´u-a, not j[)o]sh´a-w[=a]. + + =Leopold=--l[=e]´o-p[=o]ld, not l[)e]p´[=o]ld. =Leopold= + (German)--l[=a]-o-p[=o]lt. + + =Lionel=--li´o-nel, not l[=i]-[=o]´nel. + + =Louisa=--l[=o][=o]-[=e]´za, not l[=o][=o]-[=i]´za. + + =Marion=--m[)a]r´i-on, not m[=a]´ri-on. + + =Penelope=--pe-n[)e]l´o-pe, not p[)e]n´el-[=o]pe. + + =Phebe=--ph[=e]´be, not pheeb. + + =Philander=--ph[=i]-l[)a]n´der, not ph[)i]l-[)a]n´der. + + =Philemon=--ph[=i]-l[=e]´mon, not ph[)i]l´e-mon. + + =Reginald=--r[)e]j'i-nald, not r[)e]g´i-nald. + + =Rosalie=--r[)o]z´a-l[=e], not r[=o]´za-l[=e]. + + =Rosalind=--r[)o]z´a-lind, not r[=o]´za-lind. + + =Rosamond=--r[)o]z´a-mond, not r[=o]´za-mond. + + =Rowland=--r[=o]´land, not row´land. + + =Sigismund=--s[)i]j´is-mund, not s[)i]g´is-mund. =Sigismund= + (German)--see<sc>G</sc>´is-m[)o][)o]nt. + + =Silvester=--s[)i]l-v[)e]s´ter, not s[)i]l´v[)e]s-ter. + + =Sophia=--so-ph[=i]´a, not s[=o]´phi-a. + + =Ursula=---ür´su-la, not ür-s[=u]´la. + + =Viola=---v[=i]´o-la, not v[=i]-[=o]´la. + + + + +NAMES OF ROMANCE, SOBRIQUETS, ETC. + + =Achitophel=--a-k[)i]t´o-phel, not a-ch[)i]t´o-phel. A nickname + given to the Earl of Shaftesbury and used by Dryden in his + satirical poem of "Absalom and Achitophel." + + =Adonais=--[)a]d-o-n[=a]´is, not a-d[=o]´ni-as nor a-d[)o]n´i-as. A + name given to the poet Keats by Shelley. + + =Adriana=--[)a]d-ri-[)a]n´a, not [=a]-dri-[=a]´na nor + [=a]-dri-[)a]n´a. A character in the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Ægeon=--[=e]-j[=e]´on, not [=e]´je-on. A Syracusan merchant in the + "Comedy of Errors." + + =Æmilia=--[=e]-m[)i]l´i-a, not [=e]-m[=e]´li-a. Wife of Ægeon in + the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Agramante=--ä-grä-män´t[=a], not [)a]g´ra-m[)a]nt unless written + =Agramant=. King of the Moors in "Orlando Furioso." + + =Agricane=--ä-gre-kä´n[=a], not [)a]g´ri-k[=a]ne. Written also + =Agrican= ([)a]g´ri-k[)a]n). King of Tartary in "Orlando + Innamorato." + + =Al Borak=--äl b[)o]r´ak, not [)a]l b[=o]´rak. An imaginary animal + of wonderful appearance and fleetness, with which it was claimed + that Mohammed made a journey to the seventh heaven. + + =Alcina=--äl-ch[=e]´na, not [)a]l-s[=e]´na. A fairy in "Orlando + Innamorato." + + =Alciphron=--[)a]l´si-phron, not [)a]l-s[)i]ph´ron. The name of a + work by Bishop Berkeley and of a character in the same. + =Alciphron= is also the name of a poem by Thomas Moore and the + hero of his romance, "The Epicurean." + + =Almanzor=--al-m[)a]n´zor, not [)a]l´man-zor. A character in + Dryden's "Conquest of Granada." + + =Al Rakim=--är rä-keem´, not [)a]l r[=a]´kim. The dog in the legend + of the "Seven Sleepers of Ephesus." + + =Al Sirat=--äs se-rät´, not [)a]l´ si-r[)a]t. An imaginary bridge + between this world and the Mohammedan paradise. + + =Angelica=--an-j[)e]l´i-ka, not an-jel-ë´ka. A princess of great + beauty in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Angelo=--[)a]n´je-lo, not an-j[)e]l´o. A prominent character in + "Measure for Measure." A goldsmith in the "Comedy of Errors." + + =Archimago=--är-ki-m[=a]´go, not är-chi-m[=a]´go nor + är-ch[)i]m´a-go. A character in Spenser's "Faëry Queen." + + =Argalia=--a<sc>R</sc>-gä-lee´ä, not är-g[=a]´li-a. Brother of + Angelica in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Argantes=--a<sc>R</sc>-gän´tess, not är-g[)a]n´t[=e]z. An infidel + hero in "Jerusalem Delivered." + + =Asmodeus=--[)a]s-mo-d[=e]´us, not [)a]z-m[=o]´de-us. An evil + spirit. + + =Baba, Ali=--ä´lee bä´bä, not [)a]l´i b[=a]´ba. A character in the + "Forty Thieves." + + =Baba, Cassim=--käs´sim bä´bä, not k[)a]s´sim b[=a]´ba. Brother of + Ali Baba. + + =Bajardo=--bä-e-a<sc>R</sc>´do, not ba-jär´do. Rinaldo's steed in + "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Balwhidder=--b[)a]l´hw[)i]th-er, not bawl´wh[)i]d-der. A pastor in + Galt's "Annals of the Parish." + + =Banquo=--b[)a]nk´wo, not b[)a]ng´ko. A Scottish warrior and a + character in "Macbeth." + + =Bassanio=--bas-sä´ni-o, not bas-s[=a]´ni-o. Husband of Portia in + "Merchant of Venice." + + =Biron=--b[)i]r´on, not b[=i]´ron. A character in "Love's Labor's + Lost." + + =Boyet=--boy-[)e]t´, not b[=o]´yet. A character in "Love's Labor's + Lost." + + =Bradamante=--brä-dä-män´t[=a], not br[)a]d´a-m[)a]nt. Sister to + Rinaldo, in "Orlando Innamorato." + + =Brunehilde=--br[=o][=o]´n[=a]-h[)i]l´d[=a], not + br[)u]n-h[)i]l´dah. Written also =Brunehild= + (br[=o][=o]´neh-h[)i]lt). + + =Carrasco, Sanson=--sän-s[=o]n´ kä<sc>R</sc>-<sc>R</sc>äs´ko, not + s[)a]n´son k[)a]r-r[)a]s´ko. A character in "Don Quixote." + + =Cedric=--s[)e]d´rik, not s[=e]´drik. A character in "Ivanhoe." + + =Clarchen=--kl[)e]<sc>R</sc>´ken, not klär´chen. A female character + in Goethe's "Egmont." + + =Clavileno Aligero=--klä-ve-l[=a]n´yo ä-le-<sc>R</sc>[=a]´ro, not + kl[)a]v-i-l[=e]´no [)a]l-i-j[=e]´ro. A celebrated steed in "Don + Quixote." + + =Consuelo=--k[=o]ng-su-[=a]-l[=o]´, not k[)o]n-su-[)e]l´o. The + heroine of a novel of the same name by Georges Sand. + + =Don Adriano Armado=--[)a]d-re-ä´no är-mä´do, not [=a]-dri-[=a]´no + är-m[=a]´do. A character in "Love's Labor's Lost." + + =Don Cleofas=--kl[=e]´o-fas, not kle-[=o]´fas. Hero of "The Devil + on Two Sticks." + + =Don Juan=--j[=u]´an, not j[=u]-[)a]n´. + + =Dulcamara=--d[)o][)o]l-kä-mä´rä, not d[)u]l-sa-m[=a]´ra nor + d[)u]l-ka-m[=a]´ra. The itinerant physician in "L'Elisire + d'Amore." + + =Egeus=--[=e]-j[=e]´us, not [=e]´je-us. The Father of Hermia in + "Midsummer Night's Dream." + + =Eyre, Jane=--êr, not [=i]re. + + =Fata Morgana=--fä´tä mo<sc>R</sc>-gä´nä, not + f[=a]´ta mor-g[)a]n´a. + + =Fatima=--f[)a]t´i-ma, not fa-t[=e]´-ma. A female character in the + story of Aladdin, or the Wonderful Lamp; also, one of the wives + of Blue Beard. + + =Fidele=--f[=i]-d[=e]´le, not f[=i]-d[=e]le´. A name assumed by + Imogen, in "Cymbeline." + + =Fra Diavolo=--frä de-ä´vo-lo, not frä de-ä-v[=o]´lo. + + =Genevra=--je-n[)e]v´ra, not je-n[=e]´vra. =Ginevra= is pronounced + the same as the above. + + =Gil Blas=--zh[=e]l bläss, not j[)i]l blä nor jeel bläz. + + =Gotham=--g[=o]´tham, not g[)o]th´am. A name applied to New York + City. + + =Haidee=--h[=i]´dee, not h[=a]´dee. One of the heroines in "Don + Juan." + + =Iachimo=--y[)a]k´i-mo, not [=i]-[)a]k´i-mo. A prominent character + in "Cymbeline." + + =Iago=--e-ä´go, not [=i]-[=a]´go. One of the principal characters + in "Othello." + + =Jacques=--zhäk, not j[)a]k´kw[)e]s. A character in "As You Like + It." + + =Klaus, Peter=--klowss, not klawz. The hero of a German tradition + similar to that of "Rip Van Winkle." + + =Lalla Rookh=--lä´la r[=o][=o]k, not l[)a]l´la r[)o][)o]k. The + heroine of Moore's poem of the same name. + + =Laodamia=--la-[)o]d-a-m[=i]´a, not la-o-d[=a]´mi-a. The wife of + Protesilaus slain by Hector, and the name of a poem by + Wordsworth. + + =Lara=--lä´ra, not l[=a]´ra nor l[)a]r´a. The hero and name of + Byron's poem. + + =Le Fevre=--leh f[)e]v´r, not le f[=e]´ver. A poor lieutenant in + "Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy." + + =Leonato=--l[=e]-o-nä´to, not l[=e]-o-n[=a]´to. Governor of Messina + in "Much Ado About Nothing." + + =Mahu=--ma-h[=o][=o]´ or mä´hoo, not m[=a]´hu. A fiend spoken of in + "King Lear." + + =Maid of Orleans=--ôr´le-anz, not ôr-l[=e]nz´. Another name of Joan + of Arc. + + =Meister, Wilhelm=--v[)i]l´helm m[=i]s´ter, not w[)i]l´helm + m[=e]s´ter. The hero of a novel by Goethe. + + =Mohicans, Last of the=--mo-h[=e]´kans, not mo-h[)i]sh´ans nor + m[=o]´he-kans. + + =Montague=--m[)o]n´ta-g[=u], not mon-t[=a]g´. A noble family in + "Romeo and Juliet." + + =Moreno, Don Antonio=--än-t[=o]´ne-o m[=o]-r[=a]´no, not + [)a]n-t[=o]´ne-o m[=o]-r[=e]´no. A gentleman in "Don Quixote." + + =Munchausen=--mun-chaw´sen, not mun-kaw´sen. German, Münchhausen + (mün<sc>K</sc>-how´zen). + + =Oberon=--[)o]b´er-on, not [=o]´ber-on. King of the fairies. Takes + an important part in "Midsummer Night's Dream." + + =Ossian=--[)o]sh´an, not aw´si-an. + + =Parizade=--pä-re-zä´d[=a], not p[)a]r´i-z[=a]de´. A princess in + "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." + + =Parolles=--pa-r[)o]l´les, not pa-r[=o]lz´. A follower of Bertram + in "All's Well That Ends Well." + + =Perdita=--për´di-ta, not për-d[=i]´ta nor për-d[=e]´ta. A princess + in "Winter's Tale." + + =Petruchio=--pe-tr[=o][=o]´ch[)i]-o, not pe-tr[=o][=o]´k[)i]-o. A + principal character in "Taming of the Shrew." + + =Pisanio=--p[)i]-zä´n[)i]-o, not p[)i]-s[=a]´n[)i]-o. A character + in "Cymbeline." + + =Posthumus=--p[)o]st´hu-m[)u]s, not p[=o]st-h[=u]´m[)u]s. Imogen's + husband in "Cymbeline." + + =Prospero=--pr[)o]s´pe-ro, not pros-p[=e]´ro. An important + character in the "Tempest." + + =Rosalind=--r[)o]z´a-l[)i]nd, not r[=o]z´a-lind. The lady loved by + Orlando in "As You Like It." + + =Rosaline=--r[)o]z´a-l[)i]n or r[)o]z´a-l[=i]n, not r[=o]z´a-leen. + A lady in "Love's Labor's Lost;" also the name of a lady loved by + Romeo before Juliet. + + =Rosamond, Fair=--r[)o]z´a-mond, not r[=o]´za-mond. + + =Rozinante=--r[)o]z-i-n[)a]n´te, not r[=o]-zi-n[)a]n´te. Don + Quixote's famous horse. + + =Ruggiero=--r[=o][=o]d-j[=a]´ro, not r[)u]g-gi-[)e]r´o or + r[)u]j-ji-[=e]´ro. A knight in "Orlando Furioso." + + =Sakhrat=--sä<sc>K</sc>-rä´, not s[)a]k´rat. A sacred stone of + great powers, in "Mohammedan mythology." + + =Stephano=--st[)e]f´a-no, not ste-f[=a]´no. A drunken butler in + "Tempest;" also a servant of Portia in "Merchant of Venice." + + =Titania=--t[)i]-t[=a]´ni-a, not t[)i]-t[)a]n´i-a. The wife of + Oberon, king of the fairies. + + =Tybalt=--t[)i]b´alt, not t[=i]´balt. One of the Capulets in "Romeo + and Juliet. + + =Ulrica=--ul-r[=i]´ka, not [)u]l´ri-ka. An old sibyl in "Ivanhoe." + + =Ursula=--ür´su-la, not ür-s[=o][=o]´la. An attendant in "Much Ado + About Nothing." + + =Viola=--v[=i]´o-la, not v[=i]-[=o]´la. The disguised page of Duke + Orsino in "Twelfth Night." + + + + +ORTHOEPICAL ERRORS OF THE PROFESSIONS. + + +Although errors of speech are at all times to be deprecated, and are +generally criticised without much leniency, it must be admitted that +unless they are very gross, reasonable excuses are to be taken for +those who have never made their language a subject of close study, and +whose only use of words is entirely impromptu in the business affairs +of life, in the home circle, or in the social gathering. + +Though a person's descent from Belgravia or Billingsgate is in a great +measure revealed by the propriety of his discourse, yet this refers +principally to those words that are employed by the masses in the +every-day conversations of life, rather than to technicalities and +words related to particular professions, the use of which is generally +confined to the specially instructed. But when a man stands forth as +an orator, a teacher, a minister, or a professor of some college, it +is certainly not unreasonable for those that sit under his +instruction, to expect and demand that his speech should be almost +free from errors. + +One occupying such a position may well be excused for occasional +embarrassment, poor voice, unpleasant address, hesitation of delivery, +and various failings and peculiarities that can not be overcome, but +little or no allowance can be made for constantly repeated errors. + +Probably there has never been a public speaker so perfect in diction, +that he has not in moments of embarrassment, or when much absorbed in +his subject, been guilty of grammatical inaccuracies or mistakes of +pronunciation; and doubtless he is as often aware of them as his +listeners are, as soon as they drop from his lips, but it would be +foolish to call attention to them by going back to correct them. But +when these offenses are so glaring and so frequently repeated that it +is evident the speaker knows no better, it is no wonder that the +educated hearer often thinks that the teacher had better leave his +position and submit to being taught. + +What allowance can an intelligent congregation make for their minister +who has nothing else to do but prepare his sermons, if, besides a +multitude of common English mistakes, he pronounces more than half of +his scriptural names in a manner that is not sanctioned by any +authority? + +When the orotund medical professor stands up to address his students, or +to engage in the discussions of a convention, and rolls out technicality +after technicality pronounced in a manner that would be disowned by the +original Latin or Greek, and is totally at variance with established +usage, who would not ask for a little less elegance and a little more +education? If it required a great amount of labor outside of the usual +course of study for professional men to acquire a knowledge of the +pronunciation of words peculiar to the professions, the subject might be +treated with more tolerance; but as the definitions and the orthoepy +might be so readily learned together during those years of daily +reference to books that are required before one should be considered +competent to stand as a guide to others, it certainly seems that they do +not properly appreciate the dignity of their position by thus laying +themselves open to public criticism. + +Many a student, in order to become instructed in certain branches, has +been compelled to reluctantly sit for months or years at the feet of +those that he felt were far inferior to him in common school +education, hearing hourly such violations of orthoepy and syntax as +would be a discredit to school children. And, doubtless, many such +students have had such a charity for their teachers that they have +wished to direct their attention to their faults, but have been +restrained on account of the fear of enmity, expulsion, or of +lessening the chances for passing the final examination. + +The bare thought of being so criticised should be so galling to any +one bearing the dignified title of "professor," that he ought to be +stimulated to endeavor to make himself an authority concerning the +proprieties of speech. + +The study of orthoepy was held in such high esteem by the accent +Greeks, and their delicate ears were so offended by any violation of +its rules, that if an orator mispronounced a single word, the entire +audience immediately hissed him. + +During the present state of pronunciation it would indeed be +embarrassing to the public speaker, if such a custom existed in this +country. Let us imagine, for instance, our friend Professor Abdominous +Gynæcophonus, with his face ebullient with smiles of self-conceit, +arising to address such an audience. "Gentlemen: I have listened +patiently to this op´po-nent (_hisses_) of al´lo-path-y (_hisses_) and +now arise to make a few remarks and in´quir-ies (_hisses_). In answer +to his objections against hy-os-cy-[=a]´mus (_hisses_) as an anodyne +and s[=o]´por-if-ic, (_hisses_) I would say that in cases of cough and +sleeplessness, I have long used hyoscyamia combined in tr[=o]´ch[)e]z +(_hisses_) without any of those effects that the p[)a]t´ron (_hisses_) +of h[=o]´me-o-path-y (_hisses_) mentions. And having made almost a +specialty of the treatment of f[)a]ç´i-al (_hisses_) neuralgia or +tic-d[)o]l-o-r[=o][=o]´" (_hisses_)--and it would certainly be time for +him to dolorously sit down, although he might raise the question-- + + "What's in a name? that which we call a rose, + By any other name would smell as sweet," + +and argue therefrom that the pronunciation of a word should make no +difference so long as its meaning was understood. Amongst professional +men, it has been observed that physicians and dentists are by far more +prone than others to orthoepical errors. Attention is requested to a +few of the more common of these in addition to those found in the +preceding vocabulary connected with words that are alike used by the +professional and the unprofessional, such as: _abdomen_, _acclimated_, +_albumen_, _animalcula arabic_, _citrate_, _embryo_, _excrescence_, +_fetid_, _fetor_, _forceps_, _homeopathy_, _hydropathy_, _jugular_, +_jujube_, _nasal_, _pharmacop[oe]ia_, _purulent_, _spasmodic_, +_sulphurous_, _tragacanth_, etc. The authorities appealed to are +Dunglison, Thomas, Webster and Worcester. Notwithstanding the superior +merit of Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, as far as the +comprehensiveness and reliability of its definitions are concerned, it +is evident that it is almost useless as an orthoepical guide. The +principal accent is in many cases marked, but the pronunciation of +preceding and succeeding syllables can not be determined, and there is +no attempt at syllabication. + +Dr. Thomas' dictionary, though less comprehensive, is equally reliable +in its definitions, and is excellent authority in regard to orthoepy; +though it is to be regretted that in some words important syllables +are not sufficiently marked. For instance, take the words _as-bes´tos_ +and _bis´muth_; how can it be determined whether the first should be +pronounced [)a]s-b[)e]s´toss or [)a]z-b[)e]s´t[=o]z or the latter +b[)i]z´muth or b[)i]ss´muth? Webster and Worcester are undoubtedly +good authorities for the pronunciation of the medical words they give. +In the following vocabulary all of the authorities that mention the +words may be considered as agreeing, unless notice is made of their +disagreement. + + + + +MEDICAL AND DENTAL WORDS. + + [In Latin and Latinized Greek words, the English sounds of the + vowels are given as those used by the majority of professional + men. If any one, however, prefers to adopt the continental + method, sounding _a_ as in _father_, _y_ and _i_ as _e_ in + _veto_, etc., and consistently applies it to all such words, no + one, of course, has a right to object.] + + + =Adipose=--[)a]d´i-p[=o]se, not ad´i-p[=o]ze. + + =Ala=--[=a]´la, not [)a]l´a. =Alæ=, plural. + + =Alis=--[=a]´l[)i]s, not [)a]l´[)i]s. This as a termination of + many words, such as =abdominalis=, =digitalis=, =frontalis=, + =lachrymalis=, =transversalis=, etc., is often erroneously + pronounced [)a]l´is. + + =Alumen=--al-[=u]´men, not [)a]l´u-men. + + =Alveolus=--al-v[=e]´o-lus, not al-ve-[=o]´lus. Plural, =alveoli= + (al-v[=e]´o-l[=i]). =Alveolar=--(al-v[=e]´o-lar). Alveolus is + the name given to the _cavity_ in the jaw that is seen upon the + removal of the root of a tooth, and it possesses no more + tangibility than a pinch of air; almost daily, however, we hear + dentists speak of extracting a tooth with a piece of the + _alveolus_ attached. What a curiosity for preservation in a + museum is a tooth with a piece of a little hole fastened to the + root! What is meant is a piece of the _alveolar process_, or + portion of bone around the alveolus. + + =Anæmic=--a-n[)e]m´[)i]k, not a-n[=e]´m[)i]k. Dunglison gives the + latter. + + =Andral=--[)o]ng-dräl´, not [)a]n´-dral. + + =Aphthæ=--[)a]f´th[=e], not [)a]p´th[=e]. + + =Aqua=--[=a]´kwa, not [)a]k´wa. + + =Arcus Senilis=--se-n[=i]´lis, not s[)e]n´i-lis. + + =Areolar=--a-r[=e]´o-lar, not a-re-[=o]´lar. + + =Aris=--[=a]´r[)i]s, not [)a]r´is in the termination of + =angularis=, =medullaris=, =palmaris=, =orbicularis=, + =pulmonaris=, etc. + + =Asarum=--[)a]s´a-rum, not a-s[=a]´rum. + + =Asbestos=--[)a]s-b[)e]s´t[)o]ss, not [)a]z-b[)e]s´t[=o]z. + + =Attollens=--at-t[)o]l´lenz, not at-t[=o]´lenz. + + =Azygos=--az´y-gos, not a-zy´gos. + + =Bagge=--bäg´geh, not b[)a]g. + + =Bimana=--b[=i]-m[=a]´na, not b[=i]-m[=a]´n[)i]-a. + + =Bismuth=--b[)i]z´muth, not b[)i]ss´muth. + + =Bitumen=--b[)i]-t[=u]´men, not b[)i]t´u-men. + + =Cadaver=--ka-d[=a]´ver, not ka-d[)a]v´er. + + =Caries=--k[=a]´r[)i]-[=e]z, not k[=a]´r[=e]z nor k[)a]r´r[=e]z. + + =Carminative=--kar-m[)i]n´a-tive, not kar´mi-n[=a]-t[)i]ve. + + =Caryophillus=--k[)a]r-[)i]-o-ph[)i]l´lus, not + k[)a]r-[)i]-[)o]ph´[)i]l-lus. + + =Cerebral=--s[)e]r´e-bral, not ser-[=e]´bral. + + =Cerebric=--s[)e]r´e-bric, not ser-[=e]´bric. + + =Cerebrum=--s[)e]r´e-brum, not ser-[=e]´brum. Dunglison gives + both. + + =Cerumen=--se-r[=u]´men, not s[)e]r´[=u]-men. + + =Cheyne=--ch[=a]n or cheen, not sh[=a]ne. + + =Choledochus=--ko-l[)e]d´o-kus, not k[)o]l-e-d[=o]´kus nor + ko-l[)i]d´a-kus. + + =Cicatrix=--si-k[=a]´trix, not s[)i]k´a-trix nor si-k[)a]t´rix. + Plural, =cicatrices= (s[)i]k´a-tr[=i]´s[=e]z), not + s[)i]-k[)a]t´r[)i]-s[=e]z. + + =Cimicifuga=--s[)i]m-[)i]-s[)i]f´u-ga, not + s[)i]m-i-s[)i]-f[=u]´ga nor s[)i]m-[)i]s´i-f[=u]´ga. + + =Cochlea=--k[)o]k´le-a, not k[=o]k´le-a. + + =Conein=--ko-n[=e]´[)i]n, not k[=o]´ne-[)i]n. + + =Conium=--ko-n[=i]´um, not k[=o]´ni-um. + + =Cranium=--kr[=a]´ni-um, not kr[)a]n´i-um. + + =Cynanche=--s[)i]-n[)a]n´k[=e], not s[=i]-n[)a]n´ch[=e]. + + =Diastase=--d[=i]´as-t[=a]se, not d[=i]-as´t[=a]ze. + + =Diastole=--d[=i]-as´to-le, not d[=i]´as-t[=o]le. + + =Diploe=--d[)i]p´lo-e, not dip-l[=o]´e. + + =Dulcamara=--dul-ka-m[=a]´ra, not dul-sa-m[=a]´ra. Webster gives + dul-kam´a-ra also. + + =Duodenum=--du-o-d[=e]´num, not du-[)o]d´e-num. + + =Dyspn[oe]a=--d[)i]sp-n[=e]´a, not d[)i]s-n[=e]´a. + + =Emesis=--[)e]m´e-sis,not em-[=e]´sis. + + =Epiploon=--e-p[)i]p´lo-on, not ep-ip-l[=o]´on. + + =Facial=--f[=a]´shal, not f[)a]sh´i-al. + + =Foramen=--fo-r[=a]´men, not fo-r[)a]m´en. + + =Fungi=--fun´j[=i] not fun´g[=i]. Plural of =fungus=. + + =Galbanum=--g[)a]l´ba-num, not gal-b[=a]´num. + + =Gingiva=--j[)i]n-j[=i]´va, not j[)i]n´ji-va. + + =Glenoid=--gl[=e]´noid, not gl[)e]n´oid. + + =Glutæus=--gl[=u]´tæ-us, according to Webster. The rest give + gl[=u]-tæ´us. + + =Helleborus=--hel-l[)e]b´o-rus, not hel-le-b[=o]´rus. + + =Hyoscyamus=--h[=i]-os-s[=i]´a-mus, not h[=i]-os-sy-[)a]m´us nor + hi-os-sy-[=a]´mus. =Hyoscyamine= (h[=i]-os-s[=i]´a-m[)i]n). + + =Impetigo=--[)i]m-pe-t[=i]´go, not [)i]m-p[)e]t´i-go. + + =Incisive=--[)i]n-s[=i]´s[)i]v, not in-s[)i]s´ive. + + =Iodoform=--[=i]-[)o]d´o-form, not [=i]-[=o]´do-form. Dunglison + gives [=i]´o-do-form. + + =Itis.= According to Webster and Worcester this termination is + pronounced [=i]´t[)i]s in =bronchitis=, =pleuritis=, + =gastritis=, etc. Thomas and Dunglison do not specify, but the + inference is that they intend the same. It is, however, so + generally pronounced [=e]´tis, that many would object to the + attention attracted by calling it [=i]´tis. + + =Jejunum=--je-j[=u]´num, not j[)e]j´u-num. + + =Juniperus=--ju-n[)i]p´e-rus, not j[=u]´ni-per-us nor + ju-ni-p[=e]´rus. + + =Laudanum=--law´da-num, not l[)o]d´a-num. + + =Lentigo=--len-t[=i]´go, not l[)e]n´ti-go. + + =Lepra=--l[)e]p´ra, not l[=e]´pra. Dunglison gives the latter. + + =Leuwenhoek=--l[=o][=o]´en-h[)o][)o]k or + l<sc>U</sc>h´wen-h[)o][)o]k (U as in fur), not + l[=o][=o]´wen-h[=o]ke. + + =Levator=--le-v[=a]´tor, not le-v[)a]t´or. + + =Liquor= (Latin)--l[=i]´kwor, not l[)i]k´ur as in English. + + =Magendie=--mä-zh[)o]ng-d[=e]´, not m[=a]-j[)e]n´d[=e]. + + =Malic=--m[=a]´lic, not m[)a]l´ic. Thomas gives the latter. + + =Matrix=--m[=a]´trix, not m[)a]t´rix. + + =Mistura=--m[)i]s-t[=u]´ra, not m[)i]s´tu-ra. + + =Molecule=--m[)o]l´e-k[=u]le, not m[=o]´le-k[=u]le. + + =Mollities=--mol-l[)i]sh´[)i]-[=e]z, not m[)o]l´l[)i]-t[=e]z. + + =Molybdenum=--m[)o]l-[)i]b-d[=e]´num, not mo-l[)i]b´de-num. + + =Nasmyth=--n[=a]´smith, not n[)a]z´m[)i]th. + + =Nicolai=--nee´ko-l[=i], not n[)i]k´o-l[=a]. + + =Nucleolus=--nu-kl[=e]´o-lus, not nu-kle-[=o]´lus. + + =Oris=--[=o]´r[)i]s, not [)o]r´is. + + =Ovale=--[=o]-v[=a]´le, not [=o]-v[)a]l´e. + + =Panizzi=--pä-n[)i]t´see or pä-n[=e]t´see, not pan-[)i]z´zy. + + =Pepys=--p[)e]ps, not p[=e]´p[)i]s nor p[)e]p´[)i]s. + + =Pes Anserinus=--p[=e]z an-ser-[=i]´nus, not p[)e]z + an-s[)e]r´i-nus. I once heard a professor describing the facial + nerve to his class, and he dwelt upon this plexus for some + time, calling it the "Pons Asinorum." + + =Podagra=--p[)o]d´a-gra, not po-d[=a]´gra. Worcester gives + po-d[)a]g´ra also. + + =Podophyllum=---p[)o]d-o-phyl´um, not po-d[)o]ph´yl-lum. + + =Process=--pr[)o]s´ess, not pr[=o]´sess. + + =Prostate=--pros´t[=a]te, not pr[)o]s´tr[=a]te. + + =Purkinje=--p[)o][)o]<sc>R</sc>´k[)i]n-yeh or p[)o][)o]r´k[)i]n, + not par-k[)i]n´j[=e]. + + =Pylorus=--p[)i]-l[=o]´rus, not p[=i]-lôr´us. + + =Pyrethrum=--p[)i]r´e-thrum, not p[=i]-r[=e]´thrum. + + =Quadrumana=--quad-r[=u]´ma-na, not quad-ru-m[=a]´nia. + + =Rubeola=--ru-b[=e]´o-la, not ru-be-[=o]´la. + + =Sacrum=--s[=a]´krum, not s[)a]k´rum. + + =Sagittal=--s[)a]j´it-tal, not sa-j[)i]t´tal. Danglison gives the + latter. + + =Sanies=--s[=a]´n[)i]-[=e]z, not s[=a]´n[=e]z nor s[)a]n´[=e]z. + + =Scabies=--sc[=a]´b[)i]-ez, not sc[)a]b´[=e]z nor sc[=a]´b[=e]z. + + =Seidlitz=--s[=i]d´l[)i]tz, not s[)e]d´l[)i]tz, unless spelled + =Sedlitz=. + + =Sinapis=--si-n[=a]´pis, not s[)i]n´a-pis. + + =Squamous=--skw[=a]´mus, not skwaw´mus. + + =Systole=--s[)i]s´to-le, not s[)i]s´t[=o]le. + + =Tinctura=--tinc-t[=u]´ra, not tinct´u-ra. + + =Titanium=--ti-t[=a]´ni-um, not ti-t[)a]n´i-um. + + =Trachea=--tra-k[=e]´a or tr[=a]´ke-a, not tr[)a]ck´e-a. + + =Tremor=--tr[=e]´mor, not tr[)e]m´-or. Webster allows the latter + also. + + =Trismus=--triss´mus, not tr[)i]z´mus. + + =Umbilicus=--um-b[)i]-l[=i]´kus, according to Worcester, Thomas + and Dunglison. Webster gives um-bil´i-kus. + + =Variola=--va-r[=i]´o-la, not va-ri-[=o]´la. + + =Veratrum=--ve-r[=a]´trum, not ve-r[)a]t´rum. + + =Vertebral=--v[)e]r´te-bral, not ver-t[=e]´bral. + + =Virchow=--f[)i]r´ko, not vïr´chow nor vïr´kow. + + =Zinci=--z[)i]n´si, not zink´[=i]. + + + + +SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE. + + +The following extract is from the letter of a friend, to whom were +sent some of the advance pages of this work: "I am absolutely filled +with astonishment to see how many simple words I have been +mispronouncing all my life, and would have kept on mispronouncing to +the end of my days if my thoughts had not been directed to them. If I +were in your place I would end the book with a story in which all the +words would be used in the course of the narrative. I can imagine no +amusement more instructive or interesting than for a social party to +read in turns, under some penalty for each mistake." + +I had myself conceived the idea of presenting the words untrammeled +with explanation of the orthoepy, or marks of accent; but the form was +not decided upon. + +The effort to compose a narrative was abandoned after a fair trial; +for to have a plot and also bring the words in natural position would +require a large volume; otherwise, it made senseless jumble. In the +trial sentences given the objects are gained in small space. Those +objects are to allow readers to exercise the memory and test their +friends; and at the same time to use the words syntactically. It is +hoped that the reader will pardon any absurdities of context; as they +can not be avoided where one is compelled to use so many selected +words, and is obliged to force them into a small compass. + + + + +MELANGE. + + +The invalid came from _Bremen_ to America and hoped to be soon +_acclimated_, but was stricken down with a disease that was not +_amenable_ to treatment, although he had many physicians: +_allopathists_, _hydropathists_ and _homeopathists_. He said that the +aim of _allopathy_ was to poison him; of _hydropathy_ to drown him; +and of _homeopathy_ to let him die unaided. + + * * * * * + +One of the _combatants_ struck his _opponent_ in the _abdomen_ with a +club, cut off an _alder_ tree; he was carried under the shade of an +_ailantus_ and immediately expired. + + * * * * * + +_Sophia_ found the egg under a _piony_ near the _shumac_ tree; but she +broke it in carrying, and spilled the _albumen_ all over her _alpaca_ +dress. + + * * * * * + +The dose for an _adult_ is a _dessert-spoonful_. + + * * * * * + +It was a plain supper--nothing but _aerated_ bread, _Bologna_ sausage +and _radishes_. + + * * * * * + +He told his _demonstrative disputant_ that he did not wish to _get_ +into an _altercation_, but it only appeared to arouse his +_combativeness_ still more. + + * * * * * + +Why do you accent the _antepenult_ of _espionage_? + + * * * * * + +He _illustrated_ his proposition by cutting off the _apex_ of the +figure, and then exhibited his _apparatus_ for the production of +_statical_ electricity. + + * * * * * + +Two-thirds _gum-arabic_ and one-third _gum-tragacanth_ make a good +mucilage. + + * * * * * + +The _archbishop_ dreamed that an _archangel_ came to him and told him +to have his _architect_ send to an island in the Grecian _Archipelago_ +for white marble for the _pilasters_. + + * * * * * + +Search the _archives_ of history and you will not find another such +_prodigy_ as Admirable _Crichton_. + + * * * * * + +When, after _traversing_ the ocean, you find yourself in the _arid_ +desert of _Sahara_, where there is no _aroma_ of sweet flowers, or +anything _at all_ to regale your exhausted energies; where there is no +_herb_ nor _herbaceous_ plant near you; where you are almost famished +for want of some _potable_ fluid; where you are in constant fear of +being _harassed_ by _truculent nomads_--then will you realize that +there are no joys _comparable_ to those that exist around the +_hearthstone_ of your humble home. + + * * * * * + +When the contents of the _museum_ were sold by _auction_, the +antiquary bought a roll of _papyrus_ filled with _hieroglyphics_, a +kind of _bellows_ used by the ancients for starting their fires, and a +fine collection of _trilobites_. + + * * * * * + +The attempt at a _reconnoisance_ in force had been unsuccessful; +immediately after _reveille_, the commander of the _fortress_ _put_ it +to vote amongst his officers, whether or not they should surrender. +The _ayes_ carried it, although some _vehemently_ opposed on account +of the excellent _morale_ of the garrison. + + * * * * * + +The _heroine_ of the _melodrama_ sent to her _betrothed Seignior_ an +_exquisite bouquet_, composed of _catalpa_ flowers, _dahlias_, +_marigold_ and _thyme_, and prayed his forgiveness for not allowing +him the promised _tête-à-tête_ at the _trysting_ place; she had been +suffering with the _tic-douloureux_, she said. He generously forgave +her and sent her a _sonnet_, in which he said that her voice was +sweeter than that of _Piccolomini_, or any other _cantatrice_; that no +_houri_ could be more beautiful than she; he called her a fair +_florist_, and after _extolling_ her _naïveté_, _roseate_ cheeks and +_nymphean_ graces, he swore eternal _homage_ and that he would love +her forever and for _aye_. + + * * * * * + +The judge _bade_ the _desperado_ cease his _badinage_ and answer his +_inquiries_, and threatened that if he did not, he would punish him +for his _contumacy_. + + * * * * * + +The _vicar_ was one of the _notable_ men of his day; his wife was a +pattern of _industry_, a _notable_ housekeeper. While the birds were +chirping their _matin_ song, she might be seen with her _besom_ in her +hand. + + * * * * * + +Is this a _bona fide_ transaction, or is it a _Machiavelian_ attempt +to _inveigle_ the _prelate_ into an _imbroglio_? + + * * * * * + +A _booth_ was erected at the fair where the _pretty_ Misses _Agnes_ +and _Rosalind_ with much _complaisance_ dispensed _gratis_ to the +visitors, _soda-water_ flavored with _orgeat_ or _sarsaparilla_. + + * * * * * + +General _Silvester_ and his _protégé_, _Reginald_, met with a +_casualty_ that nearly cost them their lives. The horses attached to +their _Brougham_ became frightened at a _yacht_ and made a +_tremendous_ leap over a high embankment into a _creek_. + + * * * * * + +At the _zoological_ garden was found nearly every animal _extant_, +from a mouse to a _camelopard_. + + * * * * * + +The _rendezvous_ of the _topographical_ surveyors was at the camp of +some hunters on a _knoll_ near the banks of a _cañon_. + + * * * * * + +The monk concealed his features with his _capoch_ and would have been +_irrecognizable_ if his _discourse_ had not betrayed him. + + * * * * * + +The _étagère_ stands _cater-cornered_ in a _recess_ and contains many +beautiful ornaments that his _predecessor_ _gathered_ within the last +_decade_ of years; amongst which may be mentioned the heads of +_Beethoven_, _Béranger_, _Goethe_, Percy _Bysshe_ Shelley, and many +other celebrities, cut in _onyx_. + + * * * * * + +The _Caucasian_ races obtained their name on account of originating +near Mount _Caucasus_. + + * * * * * + +The _mischievous_ children got _cayenne_ all over their _chaps_, by +which they were sufficiently punished without any further +_chastening_. + + * * * * * + +The _chivalric_ Don Quixote, having become a _monomaniac_ on the +subject of _chivalry_, bestrode his _Rosinante_, and, attended by his +squire, started out to perform _chivalrous_ deeds. + + * * * * * + +Lord C. has been absent since _February_, 1870; it is said that he has +been traveling _incognito_, but it is certain that in Italy he has +retained his _cognomen_. He is now at _Modena_ awaiting the recovery +of his _Cicerone_, when he intends to visit _Genoa_ and _Milan_. + + * * * * * + +The _obesity_ of the _florid_-faced prebendary is observed to increase +with his _prebend_. + + * * * * * + +I have heard much of the _gamins_ of _Gotham_, but I never realized +what the _gallows_-deserving rascals were till I settled in New York +City. I opened business as a _pharmaceutist_ on a corner that was a +favorite _haunt_ of theirs. Such a crowd of _tatterdemalions_ as stood +in front of my show-window the first day I made my display of +_Parisian_ fancy goods, baffles description. One had the _hooping_ +cough, and every now and then would hoop till the _perspiration_ +rolled down his face; then he would shriek out the daily _newspapers_, +in a voice like a _calliope_. One dirty-faced _gourmand_ ate _papaws_ +till he had to _gape_ for breath, and would shoot the seeds and throw +the skins at his _hundred_ comrades, half of them coming in my front +door. Another, dressed in ragged _jean_, his face covered with _soot_, +played the _jew's-harp_ hour after hour, with as much pride in his +ability as _Paganini_ at his violin. Another, a tall, _jaundice_ +visaged youth with an _embryo_ beard of about a dozen hairs, covered +nearly to his heels with his great-grandfather's _surtout_, in the +_lapel_ of which was pinned a death's-head, danced upon the iron +cellar door till it roared like distant artillery. + +Then there were many other "_partners_" bearing such _sobriquets_ as +"Sore Snoot," "Pig Eye," "Limpy," etc., _improvising irrational_ +songs, boxing, _wrestling_, indulging in _raillery_ and _ribald_ +jests, pitching _quoits_, _meawing_ like cats, howling at my _patrons_ +and driving reputable _patronage_ away. Every now and then they would +send in little, _saucy_, _precocious_ urchins, who offered to +_patronize_ me by asking for two cents' worth of _jujube_ paste, +_tolu_ or _licorice_, or some _Samaritan_ _salve_ for Jim Biles' sore +nose. At last, when the sun had reached the _horizon_, as a _finale_ +of the day's _progress_, one of the young villains hurled a bowlder +through my French plate-glass, which, after its flight through a lot +of _citrate_ of magnesia, _cochineal_ and _quinine_, finally spilled a +large bottle of red ink all over my new _pharmacop[oe]ia_. Springing +over the _débris_, I rushed to the door with _implacable_ anger +flashing from my eyes. But one glance at that _imperturbable_ crowd +showed me how _impotent_ I was. One of them with _placid_ countenance +and _stolid_ indifference simply accosted me with, "Say, Mister, are +you going to see the '_Naiad_ Queen' to-night?" + +I left that store in less than a _fortnight_. + + * * * * * + +The _comptroller_ was appointed by the _government_ upon the +supposition that he was _conversant_ with the details of _finance_; +but he was only a _mediocre financier_ and was not aware of the +_deficit_ in the _finances_, until the conscience-stricken +_defalcating_ officer acknowledged his _defalcation_. + + * * * * * + +The emigrants to the _frontier_ chose a beautiful spot for their +settlement; but they found that the wells dug there and on the +_contiguous prairies_ had a _saline_ taste; so they were obliged to +bring water from the _mountainous_ region beyond, by means of a +_conduit_. + + * * * * * + +From the _congeries_ presented to the professor, he, at his _leisure_, +_isolated_ each genus and gave _generic_ names to each; and at the +next meeting of the _lyceum_, he solicited attention to his _data_ and +the _truths_ he had deduced. + + * * * * * + +The handsome _contour_ of _Madame_ G's face has been spoiled by an +_excrescence_ like a _raspberry_ on her _nasal_ organ. + + * * * * * + +Young _Philemon_ after reading _Lalla Rookh_, _Lara_, Don _Juan_, The +_Giaour_, the productions of Mrs. _Hemans_, and a few others, was +seized with the determination to become a poet; but he has only +succeeded in becoming a _poetaster_, without any ideas of _prosody_. +More _metrical_ excellence and sense can be found in the _distich_: + + "Mary, Mary, quite _contrary_, + How does your garden grow?" + +than in any of the _products_ of his brain that he has given us. His +brothers, _Eben_ and _Philander_, have become stage-struck, and expect +to excel in the _Protean_ art. Their _guardian_, himself a great lover +of _drama_, having foolish confidence in their success, grants them +_plenary_ indulgence in all their whims. They are _habitués_ of the +_theatre_, and have fitted up a _suite_ of apartments next to a _suit_ +of rooms occupied by some stock actors, with whom they are bound in +_indissoluble_ bonds of friendship. There they spend the day in +practice, and if you should call at any hour, there is no telling what +will present itself to you. Perhaps Macbeth with the _glamour_ of his +eyes, viewing the imaginary _gouts_ of blood; or _Banquo_ with his +gory locks; or some knight with his _cuirass_ on and his _visor_ down, +plunging, without a _qualm_, his carmine-stained _poniard_ into the +_jugular_ of some _patriot_. Possibly, Othello the _Moor_, King John +with the _Magna Charta_, or a _legendary_ warrior of frightful _mien_ +with his _falchion_ drawn, will admit you. Or you may see a +_viscount_ with _falcon_, a _rampant_ villain, a _jocund_ host, or an +_irate_, _splenetic_ old man with _spectacles_, pronouncing with +_senile vehemence_ a curse upon some _fragile_ female in _negligee_ +before him, who beseeches the aid of an _immobile statue_ in a _niche_ +in the wall. You may get there in the nick of time to save Desdemona +by an _exposé_ of _Iago_'so villainy, to rescue Pythias whom Damon +holds by the _nape_ of the neck on the _threshold_ of eternity, or to +restrain the _suicidal_ design of the _Montague_ by informing him that +the fair Capulet is only under the influence of a _soporific_--not +dead. You may arrive soon enough to arouse the womanhood in the +_docile_ Kate, making her less _docible_, and talk woman's rights to +_Petruchio_, making him more _lenient_. + +And you will find the guardian of these promising youths, sitting +there all day shouting _encore_ to their absurdities, and not +_rational_ enough to see his _indiscretion_ in permitting their +_frivolity_. + + * * * * * + +The _ennui_, recently complained of, was relieved by an invitation to +a party given by the _Mesdames_ B., the same you met at the +_conversazione_ of the church _guild_. The ladies received their +guests with their usual _suavity_. Their niece, _Rosamond_, recently +from _Madrid_, was the attraction of the evening; she wore an elegant +_moire_ antique with a profusion of _valenciennes_; she had a +beautiful set of jewelry--_opal_ and diamonds. It was marvelous how +her _tiny_ hands flew over the _piano-forte_. She sings very sweetly +too; her voice is a sort of _mezzo-soprano_. The _naïve_ Miss _Ursula_ +was present, nearly smothered in black silk and _guipure_. She looks +much prettier in _dishabille_. The little _piquant_ Miss _Irene_, with +her _plaited_ hair, sang with a voice like a _paroquet_ her favorite, +"_Tassels_ on the Boots." That disgusting young _Leopold_ was there, +feeling as important as a _Rothschild_, making his _salams_, and +_palavering sotto voce_ to all the girls, circulating his _monogram_ +cards and sporting his paste pin with its dazzling _facets_. He thinks +he cuts a wide _swath_. + +Late in the evening those that were fond of _Terpsichorean_ amusement +were ushered into a room where the _tapestry_ was covered and there +spent several hours in _minuets_, waltzes, quadrilles, etc. + +The topics of conversation amongst the more sensible during the +evening were the object of the visit of the new _prelate_, and the +recent speeches of _Disraeli_ and _Thiers_. + +Madame B. caused a good deal of merriment by describing an improvement +in her _cuisine_ that had been introduced that day. Bridget, a late +importation from _Belfast_, who had charge of the _culinary_ +department, was told to send for some _vermicelli_ to put in the soup, +but she ordered _spermaceti_ instead. + + * * * * * + +There was an old superstition that when the _sacristan_ caused the +bell in the _cupola_ to toll its _dolorous_ funeral notes, the _manes_ +of former friends joined in the solemn _cortege_, and gathering +around the grave moved their lips in inaudible _requiem_, and wrote in +invisible letters upon the tomb, _omega_. + + * * * * * + +The great _desideratum_ in the successful argument of _disputable_ +points, is the possession of an _equable_ temper. + + * * * * * + +_Alphonso_, while out hunting _partridges_, fell into a _slough_. +Being clothed only in _nainsook_, he took a severe cold, which soon +resulted in _febrile_ symptoms. + + * * * * * + +Dr. Mastiff's _posthumous monograph_ on "_Rabies_" will soon appear. +The _frontispiece_ represents a group of dogs. Next to the _preface_ +is a _memoir_ of the author. It was his own design to have "_Finis_" +placed upon a cut of a tombstone. It almost seems that he had a +_presentiment_ of his death. + + * * * * * + +_Suffice_ it to say that the dentist gave the patient enough letheon +to produce unconsciousness, and then applied his _forceps_ to the +offending tooth. Letheon, accented on the first syllable, and +_lethean_ are derived from _Lethe_, the name of a river described in +mythology, a draught from which caused forgetfulness. + + * * * * * + +_Sulphurous_ acid is _gaseous_, not liquid. + + * * * * * + +It is reported in the _Pall Mall_ Gazette that _Basil_ S., whom you +met several years ago at _Leipsic_, is dead. He lived the life of a +_roué_ for some years in Paris and London, and turned out to be a most +_perfidious_ villain. In the latter city he committed many _heinous_ +offenses and acts of _subtle_ knavery that were almost without +_precedent_. He was engaged for a long time in the manufacture of +_spurious_ money by a new _process_, in which dies were taken from +_gutta-percha_ impressions. He had purchased the services of an +experienced professor of _metallurgy_, and the _produce_ of their +crime would have been immense, if some of his other crimes had not +been betrayed. _Placards_, offering a large reward for his arrest, +were posted all over the city. He fled to Venice where he was soon +afterward drowned by falling from a _gondola_, thus cheating the +_gibbet_ of its dues. + + * * * * * + +The foolish lover, _Ivan_, rendered desperate because his rival +_Darius_ had gained the _precedence_ in _Marion's_ esteem, resolved to +commit suicide and rushed _toward_ the _quay_ and plunged into the +water. Some fishermen rescued him with their _seine_, poured some +_potheen_ down his throat, and carried him home on a piece of +_tarpaulin_. His _sousing_ cured him of his folly, but was a poor +_guerdon_ for his faithfulness. + + * * * * * + +The _Saracens_, taking advantage of the _strategic_ point, made a +sudden dash into the territory of the _usurper_; while a detachment +_houghed_ the horses of the enemy's _cavalry_, the rest proceeded on a +_predatory_ raid characterized by _rapine_ and terror, and after the +_spoliation_ of the villages, and the burning of the _granaries_, +returned to their own possessions. + + * * * * * + +_Lionel_, _prejudiced_ against the world on account of _onerous_ +cares, concluded to make a _sacrifice_ of his wealth and position and +become a _recluse_. His little _hovel_ on the _heather_, whitened with +lime which he himself _slaked_, and the little flower garden +_redolent_ of spring, present a strange contrast with his former +mansion and magnificent grounds. + + * * * * * + +_Eva_ answered the _inquiry_ of the French gentleman, "Parlez-vous +français?" with a "Oui;" but when she came to converse with him, he +understood about as much of her _patois_ as he did of _Hindoostanee_. + + * * * * * + +There is a fabulous report that the _upas_ tree exhales a _subtile_ +vapor that is fatal to animal life. + + * * * * * + +Since _Joshua_ has obtained his lucrative _sinecure_, he spends his +time in riding about in his _phaeton_ and reading _romances_. He is +_loth_ to acknowledge that he was ever a _plebeian_ and did all kinds +of _servile_ work. He is confident that his _genealogy_, if known, +would show that he was unto a _manor_ born, and that some +_supposititious_ child robbed him of his rights. + + * * * * * + +The knight dropped his _wassail cup_ and sprang to the assistance of +the ladies. "_Gramercy_," _quoth_ they, _simultaneously_. + + * * * * * + +The _veterinary_ physician said that the disease was _murrain_. + + * * * * * + +An _infinitesimal_ quantity of _yeast_ excited the fermentation. + + * * * * * + +_Augustine_ studied _microscopy_ just long enough to learn that a +_monad_ is one of the simplest kind of minute _animalcules_; he then +tried chemistry and _mineralogy_, but he could not master the +_nomenclature_; he then took a fancy for _telegraphy_, but soon +abandoned the idea of becoming a _telegraphist_. At last accounts, he +apprenticed himself to a druggist, but was told to _vamos_ soon after +making up a lot of _Seidlitz_ powders with oxalic instead of +_tartaric_ acid. + + * * * * * + +_Artemas_ has applied for a _patent_ on an improved _turbine_ wheel. + + * * * * * + +Mr. B., recollecting the _precedent_ services of his servant, advanced +him money enough to lift the _lien_ on his dwelling. + + * * * * * + +The _lithographer_ had only a poor _melanotype_ to copy from, but he +succeeded in making an excellent print. + + * * * * * + +"Thou shalt destroy them that speak _leasing_," is found in the sixth +verse of the fifth _psalm_. + + * * * * * + +At the examination in _orthoepy_, _Deborah_ had the following words +given to her: _contumely_, _crinoline_, _feudal_, _fetid_, _fetor_, +_gerund_, _gneiss_, _gyrfalcon_, _harem_, _Hawaiian_, _hygiene_, +_lariat_, _leverage_, _nonillion_, _obligatory_, _platina_, +_platinum_, _psalmody_, _psychical_, _purulent_, _pyrites_, +_recherché_, _résumé_, _sacerdotal_, _sacrament_, _schism_, _shekel_, +_stearine_ and _troches_. + + * * * * * + +The objective, me, is _often_ erroneously used instead of the +_nominative_, I, in answer to the question--"Who is there?" + + * * * * * + +In the _dramatis personæ_ of "Midsummer Night's Dream," _Oberon_ and +_Titania_, king and queen of the fairies, are introduced. + + * * * * * + +At the examination in geography, _Ada_ was required to draw a map of +_Asia_, which would have been well done, if she had not drawn +_Persia_, _Afghanistan_ and _Beloochistan_ nearly twice their proper +size. She was then asked to give the location and length of the +_Altai_ and _Vosges_ mountains, and the height of their principal +peaks; a description of the _Aral_, _Adriatic_ and _Caribbean_ seas; +the course and length of the _Amoor_ and _Yang tse-kiang_; and the +location and population of _Valparaiso_ (_Chili_), _Bantam_, (_Java_), +_Norwich_, (Eng.), _Pesth_, _Quebec_, _Valenciennes_, _Neufchatel_, +_Nantes_ and _Aix-la-Chapelle_. + +Her sister, _Frances_, was told to draw maps of _Buenos Ayres_ and +_Otaheite_, and to bound _Venezuela_ and _Arkansas_; to give the +length and direction of the _Araguay_, _Juniata_, _Kankakee_, +_Barbados_ and _San Joaquin_; the location of Cape _Agulhas_; the +situation and population of _Bingen_, _Calais_, _Canton_, _Acapulco_, +_Chuquisaca_, _Delhi_, _Dubuque_, _Jeddo_, _Quereturo_, _Truxillo_, +_Leicester_ and _Vevay_, and a description of _Sumatra_, _Zanzibar_, +_Barbadoes_ and the _Antilles_. + + * * * * * + +_Sigismund_ has just returned from _Yosemite_ Valley. + + * * * * * + +_Cecily_, _Chloe_ and _Viola_ have just passed their examination in +biography. The names presented to them were the following: _N. S. +Adam_ (Fr.), _G. Adam_ (Ger.), _Beatrice Cenci_, _Blucher_, +_Boccaccio_, _Anne Boleyn_, _Marco Bozzaris_, _Joseph Buonaparte_, +_D'Aubigné_, _Daubigny_, _Drouyn de Lhuys_, _Juarez_, _Lavater_, +_Marat_, _Marion_, _Catherine de Medici_, _Moultrie_, _Ovid_, _Pliny_, +_Ponce de Leon_ and _Richelieu_. + + + + +VIOLATED RULES OF GRAMMAR. + + +Many, who claim to be good grammarians, are occasionally guilty of the +violation of certain important rules. Attention is solicited to a few +of the more common errors of this nature. + + +NUMBER. + +Certain compounds change the form of the first word in pluralizing, +as: _court-martial_, _brother-in-law_, _sister-in-law_. Plural, +_courts-martial_, _brothers-in-law_, etc. "John has three +brother-in-laws," then, is incorrect. + +But _tea-spoonful_, _table-spoonful_, _cupful_, _pocketful_, etc., are +not considered such compounds; therefore, "two tea-spoonsful of +medicine" and "two-cupsful of flour," should be, "two tea-spoonfuls of +medicine," and "two cupfuls of flour." + +When name and title are given, with a numeral adjective prefixed, the +_name_ is pluralized. "Are the two Misses Wilson at home?" should be, +"Are the two Miss Wilsons at home?" But when the numeral is omitted +the _title_ must be pluralized. "Were the Dr. Browns there?" should +be, "Were the Drs. Brown there?" The rule has been given that the +_name_ only of married ladies is pluralized, but there appears to be +no reason except that of euphony: the _Mrs. Clarks_ certainly sounds +more agreeably than the _Mistresses Clark_. In giving the plural of +such titles as: _Hon._, _Rev._, _Squire_ and _Capt._, euphony is also +often considered; but in such cases it would doubtless be better to +add the numeral, as: the _three Hon. Jacksons_. + + +EACH OTHER--ONE ANOTHER. + +_Each other_ applies to two; _one another_ to more than two. "The +three witnesses contradicted each other," and "the two men accused one +another," are incorrect. + + +NEITHER, NOT--NOR. + +_Neither_ and _not_ are followed by _nor_, not _or_. "Neither James or +Charles will come," and "it is not white or black," are incorrect. + + +TO BE, UNITING WORDS. + +Words united by _to be_, referring to the same person, must be of the +same case. + +"It is me," "It may have been him," "It could not be her," and "It +was not them," are not correct: _it_, in each of the sentences, is +_nominative_ and the other pronouns should be _I_, _he_, _she_ and +_they_. "I took it to be he," and "I understood it to be they," are +also wrong; for _it_ is objective in both instances, and the following +pronouns should be _him_ and _them_. + + +THAN, AS. + +_Than_ and _as_ implying comparison, have the same case after as +before. "He loses more than me," "John knows more than him" and "James +is not so tall as her," should be, "He loses more than I" (lose), +"John knows more than he" (knows) and "James is not so tall as she" +(is tall). + + +WHO. + +Errors connected with the use of this word are very common, even +amongst good speakers. + +"Who did you see?" "Who do you know?" and "Who did you hear?" are +wrong: _whom_ should be used, for it is the object of the transitive +verbs, _see_, _know_ and _hear_. _Who_ in such sentences as: "Who are +you looking at?" and "Who are you writing to?" should likewise be +changed into _whom_, for it is the _object_ of the prepositions _at_ +and _to_. + + +ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. + +Adjectives are often erroneously used for adverbs in sentences like +the following: "This is an uncommon good portrait," "It is a miserable +poor painting. "_Uncommonly good_ and _miserably poor_ are right. + +Adverbs are still more commonly used for adjectives. "Mary looked +_beautifully_ at the party," and "Janauschek looked _majestically_ on +the stage," are incorrect, for it is intended to describe the +appearance of Mary and Janauschek, not their manner of looking; +therefore the adjectives _beautiful_ and _majestic_ should be used. + +When _two_ objects are compared, the _comparative_ degree should be +used. "William is the heaviest of the two," and "Which is the most +desirable--health or wealth?" ought to be, "William is the heavier of +the two," and "Which is the more desirable--health or wealth?" + + +THESE, THOSE. + +The plural demonstratives _these_ and _those_ are often erroneously +used with singular nouns, as: "I don't like these kind of people," and +"Those sort of things are very embarrassing." _Kind_ and _sort_ are +singular and should have _this_ and _that_. + + +INTO. + +_Into_, not _in_, is used to show the relation between verbs +expressing motion, entrance, change of state, etc., and an objective +case, as: "Come into the house," "Step into the carriage," and "Look +into the room." + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + + +* Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original +(=bold=). + +* Added punctuation as needed to preserve the author's and publisher's +intent. + +* Addition to the pronunciation guide: + + Small capital "D" indicates a sound similar to "th" (this). + Small capital "G" and "K" indicates the sound of the German "ch". + Small capital "H" resembles a guttural and strongly-aspirated "h". + Small capital "R" resembles the sound of "rr" (terror). + Small capital "U" indicates the sound of the French "eu", and + resembles the sound of the German "ö". + The sound for the small capitals "TH" is unknown. + +* Page 17 Corrected spelling of "spellling" to "spelling" in +"Worcestor's spellling is". + +* Page 29 Corrected spelling of "lenghten" to "lengthen" in "also, in +lengthy, lenghten".] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. 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