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diff --git a/32454-h/32454-h.htm b/32454-h/32454-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..323e528 --- /dev/null +++ b/32454-h/32454-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2668 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Calvert and Penn, by John D Toy + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + table.right {padding-left: 20%;} + + td.tdr {text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;} + + .two {font-size: 2em; font-weight: normal;} + + .right {text-align: right; padding-right: 2em;} + + .four {font-size: 4em; font-weight: normal;} + + td.tdl {padding: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;} + + td.tdmid {text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-bottom: 1em;} + + + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poemblock {margin: auto; width: 20em;} + .poemblock2 {margin: auto; width: 30em;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Calvert and Penn, by Brantz Mayer + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Calvert and Penn + Or the Growth of Civil and Religious Liberty in America, + as Disclosed in the Planting of Maryland and Pennsylvania + +Author: Brantz Mayer + +Release Date: May 20, 2010 [EBook #32454] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALVERT AND PENN *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller, Jasmine Yu and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1>CALVERT AND PENN;</h1><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">OR THE GROWTH OF</p> + +<h2>CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTY +IN AMERICA,</h2> + +<p class="center">AS DISCLOSED IN THE PLANTING OF</p> +<h3>MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA:</h3> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/logo.jpg" width="200" height="195" alt="logo" title="logo" /> +</div> + +<p class="center">A DISCOURSE BY</p> +<h3>BRANTZ MAYER,</h3> + +<p class="center">DELIVERED IN PHILADELPHIA BEFORE THE</p> +<h3>PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY,</h3> + +<h5>8 APRIL, 1852.</h5> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> +<div class="poemblock"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Se mai turba il Ceil Sereno<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Fosco vel di nebbia impura,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Quando il sol gli squarcia il seno,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Piu sereno il ciel si fa.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Rea, discordia, invidia irata<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Fuga il tempo, e nuda splende.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Vincitrice e vendicata.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"L'offuscata Verita."<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<p class="center"><br />PRINTED FOR THE <br /> +PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY <br /> +BY JOHN D TOY <br /> +BALTIMORE</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CALVERT_AND_PENN" id="CALVERT_AND_PENN"></a>CALVERT AND PENN.</h2> + + +<p>It is a venerable and beautiful rite which commands the +Chinese not only to establish in their dwellings a Hall of +Ancestors, devoted to memorials of kindred who are dead, but +which obliges them, on a certain day of every year, to quit +the ordinary toils of life and hasten to the tombs of their Forefathers, +where, with mingled services of festivity and worship, +they pass the hours in honoring the manes of those +whom they have either loved or been taught to respect for +their virtues.</p> + +<p>This is a wholesome and ennobling exercise of the memory. +It teaches neither a blind allegiance to the past, nor a superstitious +reverence for individuals; but it is a recognition of +the great truth that no man is a mere isolated being in the +great chain of humanity, and that, while we are not selfishly +independent of the past, so also, by equal affinity, we are connected +with and control the fate of those who are to succeed +us in the drama of the world.</p> + +<p>The Time that merges in Eternity, sinks like a drop in the +ocean, but the deeds of that Time, like the drop in the deep, +are again exhaled and fitted for new uses; so that although +the Time be dead, the acts thereof are immortal—for the +achieved action never perishes. That which was wrought, in +innocence or wrong, is eternal in its results or influences.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> + +<p>This reflection inculcates a profound lesson of our responsibility. +It teaches us the value of assembling to look over +the account of the past; to separate the good from the false; +to winnow the historical harvest we may have reaped; to +survey the heavens, and find our place on the ocean after the +storm. And if such conduct is correct in the general concerns +of private life, how much more is it proper when we +remember the duty we owe to the founders of great principles,—to +the founders of great states,—of great states that +have grown into great nations! In this aspect the principle +rises to a dignity worthy our profoundest respect. History is +the garnered treasure of the past, and it is from the glory or +shame of that past, that nations, like individuals, take heart +for the coming strife, or sink under irresistible discouragement.</p> + +<p>Is it not well, then, that we, the people of this large country, +divided as we are in separate governments, should assemble, +at proper seasons, to celebrate the foundations of our time-honored +commonwealths; and, while each state casts its annual +tribute on the altar of our country, each should brighten +its distinctive symbols, before it merges their glory in that +great constellation of American nations, which, in the political +night that shrouds the world, is the only guiding sign for +unfortunate but hopeful humanity!</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>When the Reformation in England destroyed the supremacy +of the Roman Church, and the Court set the example +of a new faith, it may readily be supposed, that the people +were sorely taxed when called on to select between the dogmas +they had always cherished, and those they were authoritatively +summoned to adopt. The age was not one either of +free discussion or of printing and publication. Oral arguments, +and not printed appeals, were the only means of reaching +the uncultivated minds of the masses, and even of a large +portion of the illiterate gentry and aristocracy. If we reflect, +with what reverence creeds are, even now, traditionally +inherited in families, we must be patient with their entailed +tenure in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The soul of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +nations cannot be purged of its ancestral faith by Acts of Parliament. +There may be submission to law, external indifference, +hypocritical compliance, but, that implicit adoption +and correspondent honest action, which flow from conscientious +belief, must spring from sources of very different +sanctity.</p> + +<p>When the world contained only one great Christian Church, +the idea of Union betwixt that Church and the State, was not +fraught with the disgusts or dangers that now characterize it. +There were then no sects. All were agreed on one faith, one +ritual, one interpretation of God's law, and one infallible +expositor; nor was it, perhaps, improper that this law—thus +ecclesiastically expounded and administered in perfect national +unity of faith—should be the rule of civil and political, as well +as of religious life. Indeed, it is difficult, even now, to +separate the ideas; for, inasmuch as God's law is a law of life, +and not a mere law of death—inasmuch as it controls all our +relations among ourselves and thus defines our practical duty +to the Almighty—it is difficult, I repeat, to define wherein +the law of man should properly differ from the law of God. +Mere morality—mere political morality,—is nothing but a +bastard policy, or another name for expediency, unless it +conforms in all its motives, means and results, to religion. +In truth, morality, social as well as political, to be vital and +not hypocritical, must be religion put into practical exercise. +This is the simple, just, and wise reconciliation of religion and +good government, which I humbly believe to be, ever and +only, founded upon Christianity. But it was a sad mistake +in other days, to confound a Primitive Christianity and the +dogmas of a Historical Church. Unfortunately for the ancient +union of Church and State, this great identification of the true +christian action of the civil and ecclesiastical bodies, was +but a mere fiction, so far as religion was concerned, and +a fact, only so far as power was interested. Christianity +ever has remained, and ever will remain, the same radiant +unit; but a church, with irresponsible power—a church +which, at best, is but an aggregation of human beings, +with all the passions, as well as all the virtues of our race—soon,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +necessarily, abandons the purity of its early time, and +grows into a vast hierarchy, which, founding its claims to +authority on divine institution, sways the world, sometimes +for good and sometimes for evil, with a power suited to the +asserted omnipotence of its origin.</p> + +<p>But the idea of honest union between church and state was +naturally destroyed, in the minds of all right thinking persons, +from the moment that there was a secession from the Church +of Rome. The very idea, I assert, was destroyed; for the +Catholic Princes and the sects into which Protestants divided +themselves, began an internecine war, which, in effect, not +only forever obliterated supremacy from the vocabulary of +ecclesiastical power, but almost destroyed, by disgracing, the +religion in whose name it perpetrated its remorseless cruelties.</p> + +<p>The social as well as religious anarchy consequent upon +the Reformation, was soon discerned by the statesmen of +England, who took council with prudent ecclesiastics, and, +under the authority of law, erected the Church of England. +In this new establishment they endeavored to substitute for +Romanism, a new ecclesiastical system, which, by its concessions +to the ancient faith, its adoption of novel liberalities, +its compromises and its purity, might contain within itself, +sufficient elements upon which the adherents of Rome might +gracefully retreat, and to which the Reformers might either +advance or become reconciled. This scheme of legislative +compromise for a national religion, was doubtless, not merely +designed as an amiable neutral ground for the spiritual wants +of the people, but as the nucleus of an institution which would +gradually, if not at once, transfer to the Royalty of England, +that spiritual authority which its sovereigns had found it irksome +to bear or to control when wielded by the Pope.</p> + +<p>The architects of this modern faith were not wrong in their +estimate of the English people, for, perhaps, the great body +of the nation willingly adopted the new scheme. Yet there +were bitter opponents both among the Catholics and Calvinists, +whose extreme violence admitted no compromise, +either with each other, or with the Church of England. For +them there was no resource but in dumbness or rebellion; and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +as many a lip opened in complaint or attempted seduction, +the legislature originated that charitable and reconciling +system of disabilities and penalties, which a pliant judiciary +was not slow in enforcing with suitable rigor. While the +Puritan could often fairly yield a sort of abstinent conformity +which saved him from penalties, the Roman Catholic, who +adhered faithfully and conscientiously to his ancestral church, +made no compromise with his allegiance. Accordingly, on +him, the unholy and intolerant law fell with all its persecuting +bane.</p> + +<p>"About the middle of the reign of Queen Elizabeth there +arose among the Calvinists, a small body, who bore nearly +the same relation to them, which they bore to the great body +of the Reformed; these were ultra Puritans, as they were +ultra Protestants. These persons deemed it their religious +duty to separate themselves entirely from the church, and, in +fact, to war against it. The principle upon which they +founded themselves, was, that there should be no national +church at all, but that the whole nation should be cast in a +multitude of small churches or congregations, each self-governed, +and having only, as they believed, the officers of +which we read in the New Testament,—pastor, teacher, elder +and deacon."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Such was the ecclesiastical and political aspect of England, +and of a part of Scotland, about the period when the First +James ascended the British throne. As there is nothing +that so deeply concerns our welfare as the rights and duties +of our soul, it is not at all singular to find how quickly +men became zealous in the assertion of their novel privileges, +as soon as they discovered that there were two ways +of interpreting God's law, or, at least, two modes of worshiping +him,—one wrapped in gorgeous ceremonial, the other +stripped in naked simplicity,—and that the right to this +interpretation or worship was not only secured by law,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +but was inherent in man's nature. Personal interests may +be indolently neglected or carelessly pursued. It is rare to +see men persecute each other about individual rights or properties. +Yet, such is not the case when a right or an interest +is the religious property of a multitude. Then, community of +sentiment or of risk, bands them together in fervent support, +and when the thing contended for is based on conscience and +<i>eternal</i> interest, instead of personal or <i>temporary</i> welfare, we +behold its pursuit inflame gradually from a principle into a +passion,—from passion into persecution, until at length, what +once glimmered in holy zeal, blazes in bigoted fanaticism. +Thus, all persecutors may not, originally, be bad men, though +their practices are wicked. The very liberty of conscience +which freemen demand, must admit this to be possible in the +conduct of those who differ from us most widely in faith +and politics.</p> + +<p>Religious Conscience, therefore, is the firmest founder of +the right of forming and asserting Free Opinions; and when +it has securely established the great fact of Religious Freedom, +it at once, as an immediate consequence, realizes Political +Freedom, which is nothing but the individual right independently +to control our personal destinies, as well as to shape +our conscientious spiritual destinies. The right of free judgment +asserts that Christianity put into vital exercise, in our +social or national relations, is, in fact, the essence of pure +democracy. It is liberty of action that produces responsibility—it +is equal responsibility that makes us <i>one</i> before the +law. To teach man the humility and equality of his race, <i>as +rights</i>; and to illustrate the glorious lesson that from the +cottage and cabin have sprung the intellects that filled the +world with light, it pleased the Almighty to make a stable +the birth-place of our Redeemer, and a manger his lowly +cradle!</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>When the valiant men of olden times had checked the corporate +system of theology in England and Germany, and established +their right, at least, <i>to think</i> for themselves; and when +the Reformation had subsequently received a countercheck in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +Germany, England and France,—the stalwart, independent +worshippers, who could no longer live peacefully together +within their native realms, began to cast about for an escape +from the persecutions of non-conformity and the mean +"tyranny of incapacitation."</p> + +<p>The Reformation was the work of the early part of the +sixteenth century. The close of the fifteenth had been signalized +by the discovery of America, and by the opening of +a maritime communication with India. The East, though +now accessible by water, was still a far distant land. The +efforts of all navigators, even when blundering on our continent, +were, in truth, not to find a new world, but to reach +one already well known for the richness of its products, and +the civilization of its people. But distant as it was, it presented +no field for colonization. It was the temporary object +of mercantile and maritime enterprise, and although colonial +lodgments were impracticable on its far off shores, it nevertheless +permitted the establishment of factories which served, +in the unfrequent commerce of those ages, as almost regal +intermediaries between Europe and Asia.</p> + +<p>But the Western World was both nearer, and, for a while, +more alluring to avarice and enterprise. It was not a civilized, +populous, and warlike country like the East, but it possessed +the double temptation of wealth and weakness. The fertility +of the West Indies, the reports of prodigious riches, the conquests +of Cortez and Pizzaro, the emasculated semi-civilization +of the two Empires, which, with a few cities and royal +courts, combined the anomaly of an almost barbarous though +tamely tributary people—had all been announced throughout +Europe. Yet, the bold, brave and successful Spaniard of those +days contrived for a long while to reap the sole benefit of the +discovery. What he effected was done by <i>conquest</i>. <i>Colonization</i>, +which is a gradual settlement, either under enterprise +or persecution, was to follow.</p> + +<p>The conquest and settlement of the Southern part of this +continent are so well known, that it is needless for me to dwell +on them; but it is not a little singular that the very first effort +at what may strictly be called colonization, within the present<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +acknowledged limits of the United States, was owing to the +spirit of persecution which was so rife in Europe.</p> + +<p>The Bull of the Pope, in its division of the world, had +assigned America to Spain. Florida, which had been discovered +by Ponce de Leon, and the present coast of our +Republic on the Gulf of Mexico, were not, in the sixteenth +century, disputed with Spain by any other nation. Spain +claimed, however, under the name of Florida, the whole sea-coast +as far as Newfoundland and even to the remotest +north, so that, so far as <i>asserted</i> ownership was involved, the +whole of our coast was Spanish domain.</p> + +<p>The poor, persecuted, weather-beaten Huguenots of France, +had been active in plans of Colonization for escape from the +mingled imbecility and terrorism of Charles IX. They saw +that it was not well to stay in the land of their birth. +The Admiral de Coligny, one of the ablest leaders of the +French Protestants, was zealous in his efforts to found a +Gallic empire of his fellow subjects and sufferers on this continent. +He desired, at least, a refuge for them; and in 1562, +entrusted to John Ribault, of Dieppe, the command of an +expedition to the American shores. The first soil of this +virgin hemisphere that was baptised by the tread of refugees +flying from the terrors of the future hero of St. Bartholomew—of +men who were seeking freedom from persecution for the +sake of their religion—was that of South Carolina. Ribault +first visited St. John's River, in Florida, and then slowly +coasted the low shores northward, until he struck the indenture +where Hilton-Head Island, and Hunting and St. +Helen's Islands are divided by the entrance into the ocean of +Broad River at Port Royal.</p> + +<p>It was a beautiful region, where venerable oaks shadowed +a luxuriant soil, while the mild air, delicious with the fragrance +of forest-flowers, forever diffused a balmy temperature, free +alike from the fire of the tropics and the frost of the north. +Here, in this pleasant region, he built Fort Carolina, and +landed his humble colony of twenty persons who were to keep +possession of the chosen land.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<p>But Frenchmen are not precisely at home in the wilderness. +They require the aggregation of large villages or cities. The +Frenchman is a social being, and regret for the loss of civil +comforts soon spoils his vivacious temper, and fills him with +discontent. Accordingly, dissensions broke forth in the +colony soon after the departure of Ribault for France; and, +most of the dissatisfied colonists, finding their way back to +Europe as best they could, the settlement was broken up +forever.</p> + +<p>Yet, Coligny was not to be thwarted. In 1564, he again +resolved to colonize Florida, and entrusted Laudonnière—a +seaman rather than a soldier, who had already visited the +American coasts,—with three ships which had been conceded +by the king. An abundance of colonists, not disheartened by +the failure of their predecessors, soon offered for the voyage, +and, after a passage of sixty days, the eager adventurers +hailed the American coast. They did not go to the old site, +marked as it was by disaster, but nestled on the embowered +banks of the beautiful St. John's, or, as it was then known—"The +River of May."</p> + +<p>But the French of that era, when in pursuit of qualified self-government +or of any principle, either civil or religious, were +not unlike their countrymen of the present time. They found +it difficult to make enthusiasm subordinate to the mechanism +of progress, and to restrain the elastic vapor which properly +directed gives energy to humanity, but which heedlessly +handled destroys what it should impel or guide. Religious +enthusiasm is not miraculously fed by ravens in the wilderness. +Coligny's emigrants were improvident or careless settlers. +Their supplies wasted. They were not only gratified by the +sudden relief from royal oppression, but the removal of a +weight, gave room for the display of that secret avarice, which, +more or less, possesses the hearts of all men. They had heard +of the Spaniard's success, and were seized with a passion for +sudden wealth. They became discontented with the toil of +patient labor and slow accretion. Mutiny ripened into rebellion. +A party compelled Laudonnière to suffer it to embark +for Mexico; but its two vessels were soon employed in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +piratical enterprises against the Spaniards. Some of the +reckless insurgents fell into the hands of the men they assailed, +and were made prisoners and sold as slaves, while the few +who escaped, were, on their return, executed by orders of +Laudonnière.</p> + +<p>The main body of the colonists who had either remained +true to their duty or were kept in subjection, had, meanwhile, +become greatly disheartened by these occurrences and by the +failing supplies of their settlement, when they were temporarily +relieved by the arrival of the celebrated English adventurer—Sir +John Hawkins. Ribault soon after came out +from France to take command, and brought with him new +emigrants, seeds, animals, agricultural implements, and fresh +supplies of every kind.</p> + +<p>These occurrences, it will be recollected, took place in +Florida, within the ancient claim of Spain. It is true that +the country was a wilderness; but Spain still asserted her +dominion, though no beneficial use had been made of the +neglected forest and tangled swamp. At this epoch, a certain +Pedro Melendez de Aviles—a coarse, bold, bloody man, who +signalized himself in the wars in Holland against the Protestants, +and was renowned in Spanish America for deeds +which, even in the loose law of that realm, had brought him +to justice, was then hanging about the Court of Philip II. in +search of plunder or employment. He perceived a tempting +"mission" of combined destruction and colonization in the +French Protestant settlement in Florida; and, accordingly, a +compact was speedily made between himself and his sovereign, +by which he was empowered, in consideration of certain +concessions and rights, to invade Florida with at least +five hundred men, and to establish the Spanish authority and +Catholic religion.</p> + +<p>An expedition, numbering under its banner more than +twenty-five hundred persons, was soon prepared. After +touching, with part of these forces, on the Florida coast, in +the neighborhood of the present river Matanzas, the adventurer +sailed in quest of the luckless Huguenots, whose vessels +were soon descried escaping seaward from a combat for which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +they were unprepared. For a while, Melendez pursued them, +but abandoning the chase, steered south once more, and entering +the harbor on the coast he had just before visited, laid the +foundations of that quaint old Spanish town of <span class="smcap">St. Augustine</span>, +which is the parent of civic civilization on our continent. +Ribault, meanwhile, who had put to sea with his craft, lost +most of his vessels in a sudden storm on the coast, though the +greater part of his companions escaped.</p> + +<p>But Melendez, whose ships suffered slightly from this +tempest, had no sooner placed his colonists in security, at +St. Augustine, than he set forth with a resolute band across +the marshy levels which intervened between his post and the +St. John's. With savage fury the reckless Spaniard fell on +the Huguenots. The carnage was dreadful. It seems to +have been rather slaughter than warfare. The Huguenots, +unprepared for battle, little dreamed that the wars of the old +world would be transferred to the new, and vainly imagined +that human passion could find victims enough for its malignity +without crossing the dangerous seas. Full two hundred +fell. Many fled to the forest. A few surrendered, and were +slain. Some escaped in two French vessels that fortunately +still lingered in the harbor. The wretches who had been providentially +saved from the wreck, were next followed and found +by this Castilian monster. "Let them surrender their flags +and arms," said he, "and thus placing themselves at my +discretion, I may do with them what God in his mercy +desires!" Yet, as soon as they yielded, they were bound and +marched through the forest to St. Augustine, and, as they +approached the fort which had been hastily raised on the level +shores, the sudden blast of a trumpet was the signal for the +musketeers to pour into the crowd a volley that laid them +dead on the spot. It was asserted that these victims of reliance +on Spanish mercy, were massacred, "not as Frenchmen, +but as Lutherans;"—and thus, about nine hundred Protestant +human beings, were the first offering on the soil of our +present Union to the devilish fanaticism of the age.</p> + +<p>But the bloody deed was not to go unrevenged. A bold +Gascon, Dominic de Gourgues, in 1567, equipped three ships<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +and set sail for Florida. He swooped down suddenly, like a +falcon on the forts at the mouth of the St. John's, and putting +the occupants to the sword, hanged them in the forest, inscribing +over their dangling corpses, this mocking reply to the +taunt at the Lutherans: "I do this not as unto Spaniards and +sailors, but as unto murderers, robbers and traitors!"</p> + +<p>The revenge was merciless; and thus terminated the first +chapter in the history of religious liberty in America. BLOOD +stained the earliest meeting between Catholic and Protestant +on the present soil of our Union!</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The power of Spain, the unattractiveness of our coast, the +indifferent climate, and the failure to find wealthy native +nations to plunder, kept the northern part of our continent in +the back ground for the greater part of a century after the +voyages of Columbus and Cabot. There were discouragements +at that time for mercantile or maritime enterprise, +which make us marvel the more at the energy of the men +who with such slender vessels and knowledge of navigation, +tempted the dangers of unknown seas.</p> + +<p>Emigration from land to land, from neighboring country +to neighboring country, was, at that epoch, a formidable +enterprise; what then must we think of the hardihood, or +compulsion, which could either tempt or drive men, not only +over conterminous boundaries, but across distant seas? +Feudal loyalty and the strong tie of family, bound them not +only to their local homes, but to their native land. The lusty +sons of labor were required to till the soil, while their stalwart +brethren, clad in steel, were wandering on murderous errands, +over half of Europe, fighting for Protestantism or Catholicity. +Adventure, then, in the shape of colonization, must hardly +be thought of, from the inland states of the old world; and, +even from the maritime nations, with the exception of Spain +and Portugal, we find nothing worthy of record, save the +fisheries on the Banks, the small settlements of the French +in Acadia and along the St. Lawrence, and the holy efforts of +Catholic Missionaries among the Northern Indians. If we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +did not know their zeal to have been Christian, it might +almost be considered romantic.</p> + +<p>Soon after the return of De Gourgues from his revengeful +exploit, the report of the daring deed and its provocation, +was spread over Europe, and excited the people's attention +to America more eagerly than ever. Among those who +were attracted to the subject, was a British gentleman, whose +character and misfortunes have always engaged my sincere +admiration.</p> + +<p>Sir Walter Raleigh was the natural offspring of the remarkable +age in which he lived. We owe him our profoundest +respect, for it was Sir Walter who gave the first decided +impulse to our race's beneficial enjoyment of this continent. +It was his fortune to live at a time of great and various action. +The world was convulsed with the throes of a new civilization, +and the energy it exhibited was consequent upon its long +repose. It was an age of transition. It was an age of coat +and corselet—of steel and satin—of rudeness and refinement,—in +which the antique soldier was melting into the +modern citizen. It was the twilight of feudalism. Baronial +strongholds were yielding to municipal independence. +Learning began to teach its marvels to the masses; warfare +still called chivalrous men to the field; a spirited queen, +surrounded by gallant cavaliers, sat on a dazzling throne; +adventurous commerce armed splendid navies and nursed a +brood of hardy sailors; while the mysterious New World +invited enterprise to invade its romantic and golden depths. +It was peculiarly an age of thought and action; and is +characterized by a vitality which is apparent to all who +recollect its heroes, statesmen, philosophers and poets.</p> + +<p>Sir Walter Raleigh was destined, by his deeds and his +doom, to bring this northern continent, which we are now +enjoying, into prominent notice. He was the embodiment +of the boyhood of our new world. In early life he had +been a soldier, but the drift of his genius led him into +statesmanship. He was a well known favorite of the Virgin +Queen. A spirit of adventure bore him across the Atlantic, +where, if the occasion had offered, he would have rivalled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +Cortez in his courageous hardihood, and outstripped him in +his lukewarm humanity. He became a courtier; and, mingling +in the intrigues of the palace, according to the morals of +the age, was soon too great a favorite with his sovereign to +escape the dislike of men who beheld his sudden rise with +envy. From the palace he passed to prison; and, scorning +the idleness which would have rusted so active an intellect, he +prepared that remarkable History of the World, wherein he +concentrated a mass of rare learning, curious investigation, and +subtle thought, which demonstrate the comprehensive and +yet minute character of his wonderful mind. A volume of +poems shows how sweetly he could sing. The story of his +battles, discloses how bravely he could fight. The narrative +of his voyages proves the boldness of his seamanship. The +calmness of his prison life teaches us the manly lesson of +endurance. The devotion of his wife, denotes how deeply he +could love; while his letters to that cherished woman—those +domestic records in which the heart divulges its dearest +secrets—teem with proofs of his affection and Christianity. +Indeed, the gallantry of his courtiership; the foresight of his +statecraft; the splendid dandyism of his apparel; the wild +freedom and companionship of his forest life, show how completely +the fop and the forager, the queenly pet and loyal +subject, the author and the actor, the noble and the democrat, +the soldier and the scholar, were, in the age of Elizabeth and +James, blent in one man, and that man—Sir Walter Raleigh.</p> + +<p>Do we not detect in this first adventurous and practical +patron of North America, many of the seemingly discordant +qualities which mingle so commonly in the versatile life of +our own people? If the calendar of courts had its saints, like +the calendar of the church, well might Sir Walter have been +canonized as protector of the broad realm for which the brutal +James made him a martyr to the jealousy and fear of Spain.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> +<p>Queen Elizabeth was the first British Sovereign who built +up that maritime power of England which has converted her +magnificent Island—dot as it is, in the waste of the sea—into +the wharf of the world. She was no friend of the Spaniards, +and she had men in her service who admired Spanish galeons. +Wealth, realized in coin, and gold or silver, in bulk, were +tempting merchandize in frail vessels, which sailors, half +pirate, half privateer, might easily deliver of their burden. It +was easier to rob than to mine; and, while Spain performed +the labor in the bowels of the earth, England took the profit +as a prize on the sea! Such were some of the elements of +maritime success, which weakened Spain by draining her +colonial wealth, while it enriched her rival and injured the +Catholic sovereign.</p> + +<p>Yet, in the ranks of these adventurers, there were men of +honest purpose; and, among the first whose designs of colonization +on this continent were unquestionably conceived in +a spirit of discovery and speculation, was the half brother of +Sir Walter Raleigh—Sir Humphrey Gilbert. But Sir Humphrey, +while pursuing his northern adventures, was unluckily +lost at sea, and Sir Walter took up the thread where his relative +dropped it. I regret that I have not time to pursue this +subject, and can only say that his enterprises were, doubtless,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +the germ of that colonization, which, by degrees, has filled +up and formed our Union.</p> + +<p>You will remember the striking difference between colonization +from England, and the colonization from other nations +of ancient and modern times. The short, imperfect navigation +of the Greeks, along the shores and among the islands of their +inland sea, made colonization rather a diffusive overflow, +than an adventurous transplanting of their people. They +were urged to this oozing emigration either by personal want, +by the command of law, or by the oracles of their gods, who +doubtless spoke under the authority of law. Where the +national religion was a unit in faith, there was no persecution +to drive men off, nor had the spirit of adventure seized those +primitive classics with the zeal of "annexation" that animated +after ages.</p> + +<p>The Roman colonies were massive, military progresses of +population, seeking to spread national power by conquest and +permanent encampment.</p> + +<p>Portugal and Spain, mingled avarice and dominion in their +conquests or occupation of new lands.</p> + +<p>The French Protestants were, to a great extent, prevented +by the bigotry of their home government, as well as by foreign +jealousy, from obtaining a sanctuary in America. France +drove the refugees chiefly into other European countries, +where they established their manufacturing industry; and +thus, fanaticism kept out of America laborious multitudes who +would have pressed hard on the British settlements. In the +islands, a small trade and the investment of money, rather +than the desire to acquire fortune by personal industry, were +the motives of the early and regular emigration of Frenchmen.</p> + +<p>The Dutch, devoted to trade, generally located themselves +where they "have just room enough to manifest the miracles +of frugality and diligence."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Thus, wherever we trace mankind abandoning its home, +in ancient or modern days, we find a selfish motive, a +superstitious command, a love of wealth, a lust of power, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +a spirit of robbery, controlling the movement. The first +adventurous effort towards the realization of actual settlement +on this continent, was, as we have seen, made by the persecuted +Huguenots, and was, probably, an attempt rather to fly +from oppression, than to establish religious freedom. The +first English settlement, also, was founded more upon speculation +than on any novel or exalted principle. There was +a quest of gold, a desire for land, and an honest hope of +improving personal fortunes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Virginia</span> had been a charter government, but, in 1624, +it was merged in the Royal Government. The crown reassumed +the dominion it had granted to others. Virginia, +in the first two decades of the seventeenth century, although +exhibiting some prosperous phases, was nothing more than a +delicate off-shoot from the British stock, somewhat vigorous +for its change to virgin soil, but likely to bear the same fruit +as its parent tree. Virginia was a limb timidly transplanted,—not +a branch torn off, and flung to wither or to fertilize new +realms by its decay. This continent, with all that a century +and a half of maritime coasting had done for it, was but +thinly sprinkled with settlements, which bore the same proportion +to the vast continental wilderness that single ships +or small squadrons bear to the illimitable sea. But the spirit +of adventure, the desire for refuge, the dream of liberty, were +soon to plant the seeds of a new civilization in the Western +World.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Henry VIII, Founder of the English Church, as he had, +whilom, been, Defender of the Roman Faith, was no friend +of toleration; but the rigor of his system was somewhat +relaxed during the reign of the sixth Edward. Mary, +daughter of Henry, and sister of Edward, re-constructed +the great ancestral church, and the world is hardly divided +in opinion as to the character of her reign. Elizabeth re-established +the church that had been founded by her father; +and her successor James I of England and VI of Scotland,—the +Protestant son of a Catholic mother,—while he +openly adhered to the church of his realm, could not avoid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +some exhibitions of coquettish tenderness for the faith of his +slaughtered parent.</p> + +<p>But, amid all these changes, there was one class upon +which the wrath of the Church of England and of the Church +of Rome, met in accordant severity;—this was the Puritan +and ultra Puritan sect,—to which I have alluded at the commencement +of this discourse,—whose lot was even more +disastrous under the Protestant Elizabeth, than under the +Catholic Mary. The remorseless courts of her commissioners, +who inquisitorially tried these religionists by interrogation +on oath, imprisoned them, if they remained lawfully +silent and condemned them if they honestly confessed!</p> + +<p>A congregation of these sectaries had existed for some +time on the boundaries of Lincoln, Nottingham and York, +under the guidance of Richard Clifton and John Robinson, +the latter of whom was a modest, polished, and learned man. +This christian fold was organized about 1602; but worried by +ceaseless persecution, it fled to Holland, where its members, +fearing they would be absorbed in the country that had entertained +them so hospitably, resolved in 1620 to remove to that +portion of the great American wilderness, known as North +Virginia. Such, in the chronology of our Continent, was the +first decisive emigration of our parent people to the New +World, <i>for the sake of opinion</i>.</p> + +<p>It is neither my purpose, nor is it necessary, to sketch the +subsequent history of this New England emigration, or of the +followers, who swelled it into colonial significance.</p> + +<p>Its great characteristic, seems to me, to have been, an +unalterable will to worship God according to <i>its</i> own sectarian +ideas, and to afford an equal right and protection to all +who thought as <i>it</i> did, or were willing to conform to its despotic +and anchoritic austerity. It is not very clear, what +were its notions of abstract political liberty; yet there can be +very little doubt what its practical opinions of equality must +have been, when we remember the common dangers, duties, +and interests of such a band of emigrants on the dreary, ice-bound, +savage haunted, coasts of Massachusetts.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + +<div class="poemblock2"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"<i>When Adam delved, and Eve span,</i><br /></span> +<span class="i0"><i>Pray who was then the gentleman?</i>"<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<p>may well be asked of a community which for so long a time, +had been the guest of foreigners, and now saw the first great +human and divine law of liberty and equality, taught by the +compulsion of labor and mutual protection, on a strip of land +between the sea and the forest. The colonists were literally +reduced to first principles; they were stripped of the comforts, +pomps, ambitions, distinctions, of the Old World, and +they embraced the common destiny of a hopeful future in +the New.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> They had been persecuted for their opinions, but +that did not make them tolerant of the opinions of their persecutors. +It was better, then, that oppressor and oppressed +should live apart in both hemispheres; and thus, in sincerity, +if not in justice, their future history exhibits many bad examples +of the malign spirit from which they fled in Europe. If +they were, essentially, Republicans, their democracy was limited +to a political and religious equality of Puritan sectarianism;—it +had not ripened into the democracy of an all +embracing Christianity.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p><p>These occurrences took place during the reign of the prince +who united the Scottish and English thrones. At the Court +of James, and in his intimate service, during nearly the whole +period of his sovereignty, was a distinguished personage, who, +though his name does not figure grandly on the page of history, +was deeply interested in the destiny of our continent.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir George Calvert</span>, was descended from a noble Flemish +family, which emigrated and settled in the North of England, +where, in 1582, the Founder of Maryland was born. +After taking his Bachelor's degree at Oxford and travelling on +the Continent, he became, at the age of twenty-five, private +Secretary to Sir Robert Cecil, the Lord Treasurer—afterwards +the celebrated Earl of Salisbury. In 1609, he appears as +one of the patentees named in the new Charter then granted +to the Virginia Company. After the death of his ministerial +patron, he was honored with knighthood and made clerk of +the crown to the Privy Council. This brought him closely to +the side of his sovereign. In 1619, he was appointed one of +the Secretaries of State, and was then, also, elected to Parliament; +first for his native Yorkshire, and subsequently for Oxford. +He continued in office, under James, as Secretary of +State, until near that monarch's death, and resigned in 1624.</p> + +<p>Born in the Church of England, Sir George, had, in the +course of his public career, become a Roman Catholic. With +the period or the means of his conversion from the court-faith +to an unpopular creed, we have now no concern. Fuller, +in his "Worthies of England," asserts that Calvert resigned +in consequence of his change of religion;—other writers, +relying, perhaps, more on the <i>obiter dicta</i> of memoirs and history, +believe that his convictions as to faith had changed some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +years before. Be that, however, as it may, the resignation, +and its alleged cause which was well known to his loving +master, James, produced no ill feeling in that sovereign. He +retired in unpersecuted peace. He was even honored by the +retention of his seat at the Privy Council;—the King bestowed +a pension for his faithful services;—regranted him, in fee simple, +lands which he previously held by another tenure; and, +finally, created him Lord Baron of Baltimore, in Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Whilst Sir George was in office, his attention, it seems, +had been early directed towards America; and in 1620, he is +still mentioned in a list of the members of the Virginia Company. +Soon after, he became concerned in the plantation of +Newfoundland, and finally, obtained a patent for it, to him +and his heirs, as Absolute Lord and Proprietary, with all the +royalties of a Count Palatine. We must regret that the original, +or a copy of this grant for the province of Avalon, in +Newfoundland, has not been recently seen, or, if discovered, +transmitted to this country.</p> + +<p>Here, Sir George built a house; spent £25,000 in improvements; +removed his family to grace the new Principality; +manned ships, at his own charge, to relieve and guard the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +British fisheries from the attacks of the French; but, at length, +after a residence of some years, and an ungrateful return from +the soil and climate, he abandoned his luckless enterprise.</p> + +<p>Yet, it was soil and climate alone that disheartened the +Northern adventurer:—he had not turned his back on America. +In 1629 he repaired to Virginia, in which he had been so +long concerned, and was most ungraciously greeted by the +Protestant royalists, with an offer of the Test-Oaths of Allegiance +and supremacy. Sir George, very properly refused +the challenge, and departed with his followers from the inhospitable +James River, where the bigotry of prelacy denied him +a foothold within the fair region he had partly owned.</p> + +<p>But, before he returned to England, he remembered that +Virginia was now a Royal Province and no longer the property +of corporate speculation;—he recollected that there +were large portions of it still unoccupied by white men, and +that there were bays and rivers, pouring, sea-like, to the +ocean, of which grand reports had come to him when he was +one of the committee of the Council for the affairs of the Plantations. +Accordingly, when he left the James River, he +steered his keel around the protecting peninsula of Old Point +Comfort, and ascending the majestic Chesapeake, entered its +tributary streams, and laid, in imagination, at least, the foundations +of Maryland.</p> + +<p>His examination of the region being ended, Calvert went +home to England, and in 1632, obtained the grant of Maryland +from Charles I, the son of his royal patron and friend. +The charter, which is said to have been the composition +of Sir George, did not, however, pass the seals until after +the death of its author; but was issued to his eldest son and +heir, Cecilius, on the 20th of June, 1632. The life of Sir +George had been one of uninterrupted personal and political +success; his family was large, united and happy; if he did +not inherit wealth, he, at least, contrived to secure it; and, +although his conscience taught him to abandon the faith of +his fathers, his avowal of the change had been the signal for +princely favors instead of political persecution.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + +<p>Here the historic connexion of the <i>first</i> <span class="smcap">Lord Baltimore</span> +with Maryland ends. The real work of Plantation was the +task of <span class="smcap">Cecilius</span>, the first actual Lord Proprietary, and of +<span class="smcap">Leonard Calvert</span>, his brother, to whom, in the following +year, the heir of the family intrusted the original task of colonial +settlement. If anything was done by <span class="smcap">Sir George</span>, in +furtherance of the rights, liberties, or interests of humanity, +so far as the foundation of Maryland is concerned, it was unquestionably +effected anterior to this period, for we have no +authority to say, that after his death, his children were mere +executors of previous designs, or, that what was then done, +was not the result of their own provident liberality. I think +there can be no question that the charter was the work of Sir +George. That, at least, is his property; and he must be +responsible for its defects, as well as entitled to its glory.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> + +<p>I presume it is hardly necessary for me to say what manner +of person the King was, whom Calvert had served so intimately +during nearly a whole reign. James is precisely the historical +prodigy, to which a reflective mind would suppose the +horrors of his parentage naturally gave birth. In royal chronology +he stands between two axes,—the one that cleft the +ivory neck of his beautiful mother—the other that severed the +irresolute but refined head of his son and heir. His father, +doubtless, had been deeply concerned in the shocking murder +of his mother's second husband. Cradled on the throne of +Scotland; educated for Kingship by strangers; the ward of a +regency; the shuttle-cock of ambitious politicians; the hope +and tool of two kingdoms,—James lived during an age in +which the struggle of opinion and interest, of prerogative and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +privilege, of human right and royal power, of glimmering +science and superstitious quackery, might well have bewildered +an intellect, brighter and calmer than his. The English +people, who were yet in the dawn of free opinions, but who, +with the patience that has always characterized them, were +willing to obey any symbol of order,—may be said, rather to +have tolerated than honored his pedantry in learning, his kingcraft +in state, his petulance in authority, and his manifold +absurdities, which, while they made him tyrannical, deprived +him of the dignity that sometimes renders even a tyrant respectable.</p> + +<p>You will readily believe that a man like George Calvert +found it sometimes difficult to serve such a sovereign, in intimate +state relations. In private life he might not have selected +him for a friend or a companion. But James was his +King; the impersonation of British Royalty and nationality. +In serving him, he was but true to England; and, even in +that task, it, no doubt, often required the whole strength of his +heart's loyalty, to withstand the follies of the royal buffoon. +Calvert, I think, was not an enthusiast, but, emphatically, a +man of his time. His time was not one of Reform, and he +had no brave ambition to be a Reformer. Accustomed to the +routine of an observing and technical official life, he was, +essentially a practical man, and dealt, in politics, exclusively +with the present. Endowed, probably, with but slender imagination, +he found little charm or flavor in excursive abstractions. +His maxim may perhaps have been—"<i>quieta ne movete,</i>"—the +motto of moderate or cautions men who live in disturbed +times, preceding or succeeding revolutions, and think +it better—</p> + +<div class="poemblock2"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"——to bear those ills we have<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Than fly to others that we know not of!"<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<p>Yet, with all these characteristics, no one will hesitate to believe +that Calvert was a bold and resolute person, when it is +recollected that he visited the wilderness of the New World +in the seventeenth century, and projected therein the formation +of a British Province.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<p>But, in truth, our materials for his biography are extremely +scant. He died at the very moment when America's chief +interest in him began. He belonged to the Court Party, as +distinguished from the Country Party. He is known to have +been a zealous supporter of the "supremacy of authority." He +held, that "America, having been acquired by conquest, was +subject, exclusively, to the control of royal prerogative." He +was the defender of the Court in its diplomacy; and, ultra as +James was in his monarchical doctrines, there can be little +doubt that he would have dismissed Calvert from office, had +there not been concord between the crown and its servant, as +to the policy, if not the justice, of the toryism they both professed. +But let us not judge that century by the standards of +this. That would be writing history from a false point. Let +us not condemn rulers who seem to be despotic in historic +periods of transition—in periods of mutual intolerance and distrust—in +periods when men know nothing, from practical +experience, of the capacity of mankind for self government.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>The charter which Sir George Calvert framed, and the successor +of James granted, was precisely the one we might justly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +suppose such a subject, and such a sovereign would prepare +and sign. It invested the Lord Proprietary with all the +royal rights, enjoyed by the Bishop of Durham, within the +County Palatine of Durham. He was the source of justice. +He was the fountain of honor, and allowed to decorate meritorious +provincials with whatever titles and dignities he should +appoint. He had the power to establish feudalism and all its +incidents. He was not merely the founder and filler of office, +but he was also the sole executive. He might erect towns, +boroughs and cities;—he might pardon offences and command +the forces. As ecclesiastical head of the Province, he had +the right to found churches, and was entitled to their advowsons.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +In certain cases he had the dangerous privilege of +issuing ordinances, which were to have the force of sovereign +decrees. In fact, allegiance to England, was alone preserved, +and the Lord Proprietary became an autocrat, with but two +limitations: 1st, the laws were to be enacted by the Proprietary, +with the advice and approbation of the free men, or free-holders +or their deputies,—the "<i>liberi homines</i>" and "<i>liberi +tenentes,</i>" spoken of in the charter;—and 2nd, "no interpretation" +of the charter was "to be made whereby God's Holy +Rights and the true Christian Religion, <i>or</i> the allegiance due +to us," (the King of England,) "our heirs and successors, +may, in any wise, suffer by change, prejudice or diminution." +Christianity and the King—I blush to unite such discordant +names—were protected in equal co-partnership.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> + +<p>The first of these reserved privileges of the people, the +Lord Proprietary Cecilius understood, to mean, that <i>he</i> had the +exclusive privilege of proposing laws, and that the free-men, +or free-holders of his province, could only accept or reject his +propositions. These laws of the province were not to be submitted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +to the King for his approval, nor had he the important +<i>right of taxation</i>, which was expressly relinquished. In the +early legislation of Maryland, this supposed exclusive right of +proposing laws by the Proprietary, was soon tested by mutual +rejections, both by the legislative Assembly and by Cecilius, +of the Acts, which each had separately passed or prepared.</p> + +<p>But the other clause, touching "God's Holy Rights and +the true Christian Religion," was one, in regard to the practical +interpretation of which, I apprehend, there was never a +moment's doubt in the mind either of the people or of the Proprietary. +It is a radiant gem in the antique setting of the charter. +It is the glory of Calvert. It is the utter obliteration of +prejudice among all who professed Christianity. Toleration +was unknown in the old World; but this was more than toleration, +for it declared freedom at least to <i>Christians</i>,—yet it +was not perfect freedom, for it excluded that patient and suffering +race—that chosen people—who, to the disgrace even +of republican Maryland, within my recollection, were bowed +down by political disabilities.</p> + +<p>I am aware that many historians consider the religious freedom +of Maryland as originating in subsequent legislation, and +claim the act of 1649 as the statute of toleration. I do not +agree with them. Sir George Calvert had been a Protestant;—he +became a Catholic. As a Catholic, he came to Virginia, +and in the colony where he sought to settle, he found himself +assailed, for the first time in his life, by Protestant virulence +and incapacitation. He was now, himself, about to become +a Lord Proprietor. The sovereign who granted his charter +was a Protestant, and moreover, the king of a country whose +established religion was Protestant. The Protestant monarch, +of course, could not <i>grant</i> anything which would compromise +him with his Protestant subjects; yet the Catholic nobleman, +who was to take the beneficiary charter, could not +<i>receive</i>, from his Protestant master, a grant which would assail +the conscience of co-religionists over whom he was, in fact, to +be a sovereign. In England, the King had no right to interfere +with the Church of England; but in America, which was +a vacant, royal domain, his paramount authority permitted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +him to abolish invidious ecclesiastical distinctions. Calvert, +the Catholic, must have been less than a man, if he forgot his +fellow sufferers and their disabilities when he drew his charter. +His Protestant recollections taught him the vexations of +Catholic trials, while his Catholic observation informed him +sharply of Protestant persecution. Sectarianism was already +rampant across the Atlantic.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> The two British lodgments, in +Virginia and New England, were obstinately sectarian. Virginia +was Episcopalian; New England was Puritan;—should +Maryland be founded as an exclusively Protestant province, +or an exclusively Catholic settlement? It is evident that either +would be impossible:—the latter, because it would have been +both impolitic and probably illegal; and the former because it +would have been a ridiculous anomaly to force a converted +Catholic, to govern a colony wherein his own creed was not +tolerated by a fundamental and unalterable law. It is impossible +to conceive that the faith of Calvert and the legal religion +of Charles, did not enter into their deliberations, when +they discussed the Charter; and, doubtless, both subject and +sovereign justly decided to make "<span class="smcap">The Land of Mary,</span>" +which the Protestant Charles baptised in honor of his Catholic +Queen, a free soil for Christianity. It was Calvert's duly +and interest to make Charles tolerant of Catholic Christianity; +nor could he deny to others the immunity he demanded for +himself and his religious brethren. The language of the +charter, therefore, seems explicit and incapable of any other +meaning. There were multitudes of Catholics in England, +who would be glad to take refuge in a region where they were +to be free from disabilities, and could assert their manhood.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +The king, moreover, secured for his Catholic subjects a quiet, +but chartered banishment, which still preserved their allegiance. +At the court there was much leaning towards the +church of Rome. It was rather fashionable to believe one +way, and conform another. The Queen was zealous in her +ancestral faith; and her influence over the king, colored more +than one of his acts. Had Calvert gone to the market place, +and openly proclaimed, that a Protestant king, by a just charter +of neutrality, had established an American sanctuary for +Catholics, and invited them thither under the banner of the +cross, one of his chief objects, must have been at once defeated; +for intolerance would have rallied its parties against the +project, and the dream of benevolence would have been destroyed +for ever. If by the term, "God's Holy Rights and the +true Christian religion," the charter meant, <i>the church of England</i>, +then, <i>ex vi termini</i>, Catholicity could never have been +tolerated in Maryland; and yet it is unquestionable that the +original settlement was made under Catholic auspices—blessed +by Catholic clergymen—and acquiesced in by Protestant +followers. Was it not wise, therefore, to shield conscience in +Maryland, under the indefinite but unsectarian phraseology of +"God's Holy Rights and the true Christian Religion?"<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>So far, then, for the basis of the charter, and for the action +of Sir George Calvert. After his death, the planting of the +colony took place under the administration of Cecilius, who, +remaining in Europe, dispatched his brother Leonard to +America to carry out his projects.</p> + +<p>If the personal history of the Calverts is scant, the history +of the early days of Maryland is scarcely less so; but the industry +of antiquarians, and the researches of a learned Catholic +clergyman, have brought to light two documents which disclose +much of the religious and business character of the settlement. +The work entitled:—"<span class="smcap">A Relation of Maryland,</span>" +which was published in London in 1635, and gave the first +account of the planting of the province, is a minute, mercantile, +statistical, geographical and descriptive narrative of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +landing and locating of the adventurers who set sail in 1633, +and of their genial intercourse with the aborigines. If I had +time, it would be pleasing to sum up the facts of this historical +treasure, which was evidently prepared under the direction of +Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, if not actually written by him. +It is full of the spirit of careful, honest enterprise; and exhibits, +I think, conclusively, the fact that the design of Calvert, +in establishing this colony, was mainly the creation of a +great estate, manorial and agricultural, whose ample revenues +should, at all times, supply the needs of his ten children and +their descendants.</p> + +<p>The other document to which I refer, is a manuscript discovered +some years ago, by the Rev. Mr. McSherry, in the +archives of the college of the Propaganda, at Rome, and exhibits +the zeal with which the worthy Jesuits, whom Lord +Baltimore sent forth with the first settlers, applied themselves +to the christianization of the savages. It presents some beautiful +pictures of the simple life of these devotees. It shows +that, in Maryland, the first step was <i>not</i> made in crime; and +that the earliest duty of the Governor, was not only to conciliate +the Indian proprietors, but to purchase the land they were +willing to resign. Nor was this all; there was provident +care for the soul as well as the soil of the savage. There is +something rare in the watchful forethought which looks not +only to the present gain or future prospects of our fellow men, +which takes heed not only of the personal rights and material +comforts of the race it is displacing, but guards the untutored +savage, and consigns him to the vigilance of instructed +piety. This "<span class="smcap">Narrative of Father White,</span>" and the +Jesuits' letters, preserved in the college at Georgetown, portray +the zeal with which the missionaries, in their frail barks, +thridded the rivers, coves and inlets of our Chesapeake and +Patapsco;—how they raised the cross, under the shadow of +which the first landing was effected;—how they set up their +altars in the wigwams of the Indians, and sought, by simplicity, +kindness and reason, to reach and save the Indian. In Maryland, +persecution was dead at the founding;—prejudice, even, +was forbidden. The cruelties of Spanish planting were unknown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +in our milder clime. No violence was used, to convert +or to appropriate, and thus, the symbol of salvation, was +properly raised on the green Isle of St. Clement, as an emblem +of the peace and good will, which the Proprietary desired +should sanctify his enterprise.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> +<p>I think there ran be no doubt that this adventure had the +double object of affording an exile's refuge to Calvert's co-religionists, +as well as of promoting the welfare of his family. +It was designed for land-holders and laborers. It was a +manorial, planting colony. Its territory was watered by two +bays, several large rivers, and innumerable streams. Its fertile +lands and thick forests, invited husbandmen, while its +capacious coasts tempted the hardy fisherman. And so it is, +that in the Arms which were prepared for the Proprietary government, +the baronial shield of the Calvert family, dropped, +in America, its two supporting leopards, and received in +their stead, on either side, a Fisherman and a Farmer. +"Crescite et Multiplicamini,"—its motto,—was a watchword +of provident thrift.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Forty-nine years after the charter was granted to Lord +Baltimore, King Charles II issued a patent, for a magnificent +patrimony in America, to <span class="smcap">William Penn</span>.</p> + +<p>But what a change, in that half century, had passed over +the world! A catalogue of the events that took place, in +Great Britain alone, is a history of the growth of Opinion and +of the People.</p> + +<p>Charles's efforts to overthrow the Presbyterian Church in +Scotland, and to enforce Episcopacy, brought on the war +with the stern enthusiasts of that country. Laud, in the +Church, and the Earl of Strafford, in the Cabinet, kept the +King in a constant passion of royal and ecclesiastical power. +Strafford fell, and the civil war broke out. Cromwell towered +up suddenly, on the bloody field, and was victorious over the +royalists. The King perished on the scaffold. Cromwell +became Lord Protector. Anon, the commonwealth fell; the +Stuarts were restored, and Charles II ascended the throne;—but +amid all these perilous acts of political and religious fury, +the world of thought had been stirred by the speeches and +writings, of Taylor, Algernon Sydney, Hampden, and Milton. +As the people gradually felt their power they learned to know +their rights, and, although they went back from Republicanism +to Royalty, they did so, perhaps, only to save themselves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +from the anarchy that ever threatens a nation while +freeing itself from feudal traditions.</p> + +<p>Besides these political and literary phases of the time, there +had been added to the Catholic, Episcopal, and Puritan sects, +a <i>new</i> element of religious power, which was destined to +produce a slow but safe revolution among men.</p> + +<p>An humble shoemaker, named <span class="smcap">George Fox</span>, arose and +taught that "every man was complete in himself; he stood in +need of no alien help; the light was free of all control,—above +all authority external to itself. Each human being, man or +woman, was supreme." The christian denomination called +Quakers, or more descriptively—"Friends,"—- thus obtained +a hearing and a standing among all serious persons who +thought Religion a thing of life as well as of death.</p> + +<p>Quakerism, with such fundamental principles of equality +in constant practice, became a social polity. If the Quaker +was a Democrat, he was so because the "inner light" of +his christianity made him one, and he dared not disobey +his christianity. He recognized no superiors, for his conscience +taught him to deny any privileges to claimed superiority. +But the Quaker added to his system, an element +which, hitherto, was unknown in the history of sects;—he was +a Man of Peace. It is not to be supposed that any royal or +ecclesiastical government would allow such radical doctrines +to pass unnoticed, in the midst of a society which was ever +greedy for new teachings. The Quaker, therefore, soon participated +in the persecutions which prelacy thought due to +liberal christianity. But persecution of the Friend, was the +Friend's best publication, for he answered persecution, not by +recantation, but by peaceful endurance. Combative resistance, +in religious differences, always gives the victor a right, or at +least, an excuse, to slay. But Quakerism, a system of personal +and religious independence and peace,—became slowly successful +by the <i>vis inertiæ</i> of passive resistance. All other +sects were, more or less, combative;—Quakerism was an +obstinate rock, which stood, in rooted firmness, amid a sea of +strife:—the billows of faction raged around it and broke on +its granite surface, but they wasted themselves—<i>not</i> the rock!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +And this is a most important fact in the history of Religion +in its development of society. All other sects lost caste, +power or material, either by aggression or by fighting. But +the Quaker said to the Prelate, the Puritan, and the Catholic, +you may annoy us by public trials, by denial of justice, by +misrepresentation, by imprisonment, by persecution, by the +stake,—yet we shall stand immovable on two principles, +which deny that God is glorified by warfare—especially for +opinion. Our principles are, equality and peace—in the +church and in the world. Equality is to make us humble +and good citizens. Peace is to convert this den of human +tigers into a fold, wherein by simply performing our duties to +each other and to God, we may prepare ourselves for the +world of spirits. You can persecute—<i>we</i> can suffer. Who +shall tire first? We will be victorious by the firmness that +bears your persecutions; and those very persecutions, while +they publish your shame, shall proclaim our principles as well +as our endurance. They knew, from the history of Charles +1st, that the worst thing to be done with a bad king was to +kill him; for, if the axe metamorphosed that personage into +a martyr, the prison could never extinguish the light of +truth in the doctrines of Quakerism!<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>You will pardon me, gentlemen, for having detained you so +long in discussing the foundation of Maryland. The planting +of your own state is familiar to you. It has been thoroughly +treated in the writings of your Proud, Watson, Gordon, +Du Ponceau, Tyson, Fisher, Wharton, Reed, Ingraham, Armstrong +and many others. Can it be necessary for me to say +a word, in Philadelphia, of the history of <span class="smcap">William Penn</span>;—of +him, who, as a lawgiver and executive magistrate,—a +practical, pious, Quaker,—<i>first</i> developed in state affairs, and +reduced to practice, the liberty and equality enjoined by his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +religion and founded on liberal christianity;—of him who +<i>first</i> taught mankind the sublime truth, that—</p> + +<div class="poemblock2"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Beneath the rule of men entirely great<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"The <span class="smcap">Pen</span> <i>is mightier than the sword? Behold</i><br /></span> +<span class="i0">"The arch-enchanter's wand,—itself a nothing!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"But taking sorcery from the master hand<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"To paralyse the Cesars! <i>Take away the sword</i>,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"<i>States can be saved without it!</i>"<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<p>It would be idle to detail the facts of his life or government, +for, not only have Pennsylvanians recorded and dwelt upon +them until they are household lessons, but they have been +favorite themes for French, British, Italian, German and +Spanish philosophers and historians.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>It was Penn to whom the charter of 1681 was granted, +half a century after the patent issued to Cecilius Calvert. +The instrument itself, has many of the features of the Maryland +grant; but it is well known that the absolute powers it +bestowed on the Proprietary, were only taken by him in order +that he might do as he pleased in the formation of a new +state, whose principles of freedom and peace, might, first in +the World's history, practically assume a national aspect.</p> + +<p>I shall not recount the democratic liberalities of his system, +as it was matured by his personal efforts and advice. Original, +as he unquestionably was, in genius; bold as he was in +resisting the pomp of the world, at a time when its vanities +sink easiest and most corruptingly into the heart,—we may +nevertheless, say, that the deeds and history of his time, as +well as of the previous fifty years, had a large share in +moulding his character.</p> + +<p>In William Penn, the crude germs of religious originality, +which, in Fox, were struggling, and sometimes almost stifling +for utterance, found their first, ablest, and most accomplished +expounder. He gave them refinement and respectability. +His intimacy with Algernon Sidney taught him the value of +introducing those principles into the doctrines of government;—and +thus, he soon learned that when political rights +grow into the sanctity of religious duties, they receive thereby<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +a vitality which makes them irresistible. Penn, in this wise, +become an expanded embodiment of Fox and Sidney; and, +appropriating their mingled faith and polity, discarded every +thing that was doctrinal and not practical, and realized, in +government, their united wisdom. Nobly <i>in his age</i>, did he +declare: "I know what is said by the several admirers of +monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, which are the rule +of one, of a few, and of the many, and are the three common +ideas of government when men discourse on that subject. +But I choose to solve the controversy with this small distinction, +and it belongs to all three:—<i>any government is free to +the people under it, whatever be the frame, where the laws +rule and the people are a party to those laws; and more than +this is tyranny, oligarchy, and confusion.</i>"<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<p>In these historical illustrations, I have striven to show that +Primitive Christianity was the basis of equal rights and responsibilities. +The alleged defence of this christianity, in the +land of its birth, gave rise to "holy wars," in which Feudalism +and Chivalry originated. Feudalism was the source of +the strictest military dependence, as well as of manifold social +perversions. The knight expanded into a lord,—the subject +commoner dwindled to a soldier or a serf. Thus Feudalism +and a great historical Church, grew up in aristocratic co-partnership +over the bodies and souls of mankind, until the one, +by the omnipotence of its spiritual authority, ripened into an +universal hierarchy, while the other, by the folly of its "divine +right," decayed into a temporal despotism that fell at the first +blow of the heads-man's axe. The reformation and revolution +broke the enchanter's wand; and, when the cloud passed +from the bloody stage, instead of seeing before us a magician +full of the glories of his art and almost deceived himself, by +the splendor of his incantations, we beheld a meagre and +pitiful creature, who though blind and palsied, still retained +for a while, the power of witch-like mischief. But his reign +was not lasting. The stern Puritan,—the pioneer of Independence,—advanced +with his remorseless weapon,—while +quietly, in his shadow, followed the calm and patient Friend,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +sowing the seed of Peace and Good-Will in the furrows +plowed by the steel of his unrelenting predecessor. And +thus again, after ages of corrupt and desolating perversion, +the selfish heart of man came humbly back to its original faith +that Liberal Christianity is the true basis of enlightened freedom, +and the only foundation of good and lasting government.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The bleak winds of March were blowing in Maryland, +when Calvert conciliated and purchased from the Indians at +Saint Mary's; but Autumn was</p> + +<div class="poemblock"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Laying here and there<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"A fiery finger on the leaves,"<br /></span> +</div></div></div> + +<p>when Penn, also, established a perfect friendship with the +savages at Shackamaxon.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>Calvert, a protestant officer of the crown, became a catholic, +and, retiring to private life, was rewarded by his king, +with a pension, estates, and an American principality;—Penn, +the son of a British Admiral, and who is only accurately +known to us by a portrait which represents him <i>in armor</i>, began +life as an adherent of the Church of England, and having +conscientiously, doffed the steel for the simple garb of Quakerism, +was persecuted, not only by his government but his +parent. Calvert took the grant of a feudal charter, and +asserting all its legislative and baronial powers, sought to fasten +its Chinese influence, in feudal fixedness, on his colonists;—but +Penn, knowing that feudalism was an absurdity, +in the necessary equality of a wilderness, embraced his great +authority in order "to leave himself and his successors no +power of doing mischief, so that the will of one man might +not hinder the good of a whole community."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p><p>Calvert seems to have thought of English or Irish emigration +alone;—Penn, did not confine himself to race, but +sought for support from the Continent as well as from Britain.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>Calvert was ennobled for his services;—Penn rejected a +birthright which might have raised him to the peerage.</p> + +<p>Calvert's public life was antecedent to his American visit—Penn's +was almost entirely subsequent to the inception of his +"holy experiment."</p> + +<p>Calvert laid the foundations of a mimic kingdom;—Penn, +with the power of a prince, stripped himself of authority. +The one was naturally an aristocrat of James's time; the +other, quite as naturally, a democrat of the transition age of +Sidney.</p> + +<p>Calvert imagined that mankind stood still; but, Penn believed, +that mankind <i>ever</i> moves, or, that like an army under +arms, when not marching, it is marking time.</p> + +<p>While to Calvert is due the honor of a considerable religious +advance on his age, as developed in his charter,—Penn is to +be revered for the double glory of civil and <i>perfect</i> religious +liberty. Calvert mitigated man's lot by toleration;—Penn +expanded the germ of toleration into unconditional freedom.</p> + +<p>Calvert was the founder of a Planting Province, mainly +agricultural, and creative of all the manorial dependencies;—but +Penn seems to have heartily cherished the idea of a great +City, and of the commerce it was to gather and develope +from a wilderness over which it was to stand as guardian +sentinel. As farming was the chief interest of the one, trading, +became, also, a favorite of the other; and thus, while +the <i>transient</i> trader visited, supplied, and left the native +Indian free,—the <i>permanent</i> planter settled forever on his +"hunting grounds," and drove him further into the forest.</p> + +<p>Calvert recognized the law of war;—Penn made peace a +fundamental institution. They both felt that civilized nations +have a double and concurrent life,—material and spiritual;—but +Calvert sought rather to develop one, while Penn addressed +himself to the care of both.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> +<p>Calvert's idea was to open a new land by old doctrines, +and to form his preserving amber around a worthless fly;—but +Penn's Pennsylvania was to crystalize around the novel +and lucid nucleus of freedom.</p> + +<p>Calvert supposed that America was to be a mere reflex of +Britain, and that the heart of his native Island would pulsate +here; but Penn, seeing that the future population of +America, like the soil of the Mississippi Valley, would be an +alluvial deposit from the overflow of European civilization, +thought it right to plant a new doctrine of human rights, +which would grow more vigorously for its transplanting and +culture.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The germs of Civil and Religious freedom may be found +elsewhere in the foundation of American provinces and colonies. +I know they are claimed for the cabin of the Mayflower, +the rock of Plymouth, and the sands of Rhode Island. +But I think that William Penn is justly entitled to the honor +of adopting them on principle, after long and patient reflection, +as the seed of his people, and thus, of having taken from their +introduction by him into this country, all the disparagement +of originating either in discontent or accident. His plan was +the offspring of beautiful design, and not the gypsey child of +chance or circumstance.</p> + +<p>History is to man what water is to the landscape,—it mirrors, +but distorts in its reflection, and the great founder of +Pennsylvania has suffered from this temporary distortion. +But, at length, the water will become still, and the image will +be perfect. Penn is one of those majestic figures that loom +up on the waste of time, in the same eternal permanence and +simple grandeur in which the Pyramids rise in relief from the +sands of Egypt. Let no Arab displace a single stone!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX_No_I" id="APPENDIX_No_I"></a>APPENDIX No. I.</h2> + + +<p>It is singular that the clause in the XXII section of Charles Ist's charter to +Lord Baltimore, relating to the interpretation of that instrument in regard to +religion, has never been accurately translated, but that all commentators have, +hitherto, followed the version given by Bacon. I shall endeavor to demonstrate +the error.</p> + +<p>The following parallel passages exhibit the original Latin, and Bacon's +adopted translation:</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>ORIGINAL LATIN.</td> +<td align='center'>ENGLISH TRANSLATION.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>The 22nd section of the charter of Maryland, copied from Bacon's Laws, +wherein it was adopted from an attested copy from the original record +remaining in the Chapel of Rolls in 1758:</td> +<td align='left'>Translation of the 22nd section of the charter, from Bacon's Laws of +Maryland, wherein it is copied from an old translation published by +order of the Lower House in the year 1725:</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>"<span class="smcap">Section xxii.</span> Et si fortè imposterum contingat Dubitationes aliquas +quæstiones circa verum sensum et Intellectum alicujus verbi clausulæ vel +sententiæ in hâe presenti <span class="smcap">Charta</span> nostrâ contentæ generari <span class="smcap">Eam</span> semper et +in omnibus Interpretationem adhiberi et in quibuscunque Curiis et +Prætoriis nostris obtinere <span class="smcap">Volumus</span> præcipimus et mandamus quæ præfato +modò Baroni de <span class="smcap">Baltimore</span> Hæredibus et Assignatis suis benignior utilior +et favorabilior esse judicabitur Proviso semper quod nulla fiat +Interpretatio per quam sacro-sancta <span class="smcap">Dei</span> et vera Christiana Religio aut +Ligeantia <span class="smcap">Nobis</span> Hæredibus et successoribus nostris debita Immutatione +Prejudicio vel dispendio in aliquo patiantur:" &c. &c.</td> + +<td align='left' style='vertical-align: top;'>"<span class="smcap">Section xxii.</span> And if, peradventure, hereafter it may happen that +any doubts or questions should arise concerning the true sense and +meaning of any word, clause or sentence contained in this our +present charter, we will, charge, and command, <span class="smcap">That</span> Interpretation +to be applied, always, and in all things, and in all our Courts and +Judicatories whatsoever, to obtain which shall be judged to be more +beneficial, profitable and favorable to the aforesaid now Baron of +<span class="smcap">Baltimore</span>, his heirs and assigns: Provided always that no +interpretation thereof be made whereby <span class="smcap">God</span>'s holy and true christian +religion, or the allegiance due to us, our heirs and successors, +may, in any wise, suffer by change, prejudice or diminution:" &c. +&c.,</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>It will be noticed that this <i>Latin</i> copy, according to the well known ancient +usage in such papers, is not punctuated, so that we have no guidance, for the +purpose of translation, from that source.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> + +<p>The translation of this section as far as the words: "<i>Proviso semper quod +nulla fiat interpretatio,</i>" &c. is sufficiently correct; but the whole of the final +clause, should in my opinion, be rendered thus:—</p> + +<p>"Provided always that no interpretation thereof be made, whereby <span class="smcap">God's +holy rights</span> <i>and</i> the <span class="smcap">TRUE CHRISTIAN RELIGION</span>, or the allegiance due to +us our heirs or successors, may, in any wise suffer by change, prejudice or +diminution." Let me offer my reasons for this alteration:</p> + +<p>1st, This new translation harmonizes with the evident grammatical construction +of the Latin sentence, and is the easiest as well as most natural. +The common version, given by Bacon: "<span class="smcap">God's</span> holy <i>and</i> true <span class="smcap">CHRISTIAN</span> +religion,"—is grossly pleonastic, if not nonsensical. Among christians, "God's +religion," can of course, only be the "christian religion;" and, with equal +certainty, it is not only a "true" religion, but a "holy" one!</p> + +<p>2nd, The word <i>Sacrosanctus</i>, always conveys the idea of a <i>consecrated inviolability, +in consequence of inherent rights and privileges</i>. In a dictionary, <i>contemporary +with the charter</i>, I find the following definition,—<i>in verbo sacrosanctus.</i></p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Sacrosanctus</span>: Apud Ciceronem dicebatur id quod interposito jurejurando +sanctum, et institutum erat idem etiam significat ac sanctus, <i>santo</i>. +<i>Tribunus plebis dicebatur sacrosanctus, quia eum nefas erat attingere, longè +diviniori ratione Catholici appellamus ecclesiam Romanam sacrosanctam.</i> Calpinus +Parvus;—seu Dictionarium Cæsaris Calderini Mirani: <i>Venetiis</i>, 1618.</p> + +<p>Cicero, <i>in Catil</i>: 2. 8.—uses the phrase—"Possessiones sacrosanctæ," in this +sense; and so does Livy in the epithet,—"Sacrosancta potestas," as applied to +the Tribuneship; and, in the sentence,—"ut plebi sui magistratus essent sacrosanctæ."</p> + +<p>From the last sentence, in the definition given in the Venetian Dictionary of +1618, which I have cited in italics, it will be seen that the epithet had a peculiarly +Catholic signification <i>in its appropriation</i> by the Roman Church.</p> + +<p>3d, I contend that "<i>sacrosancta</i>" does not qualify "<i>religio</i>," but agrees with +<i>negotia</i>, or some word of similar import, understood; and thus the phrase—"<i>sacrosancta +Dei</i>"—forms a distinct branch of the sentence.</p> + +<p>If the translation given in Bacon is the true one, the positions of the words +"sacrosancta" and "Dei" should be reversed, for their present collocation clearly +violates accurate Latin construction. In that case, "<i>Dei</i>" being subject to the +government of "<i>religio</i>," ought to precede "<i>sacrosancta</i>," which would be appurtenant +to "<i>religio</i>," while "<i>et</i>," which would then couple the two adjectives +instead of the two members of the sentence, should be placed immediately between +them, without the interposition of any word to disunite it either from +"<i>sacrosancta</i>" or "<i>vera</i>." If my translation be correct, then the collocation of +all the words in the original Latin of the charter, is proper. If "<i>sacrosancta</i>" +is a neuter adjective agreeing with "<i>negotia</i>," understood,—and "<i>et</i>" conjoins +members of sentences, then the whole clause is obedient to a positive law of +Latin verbal arrangement. Leverett says: "The genitive is elegantly put before +the noun which governs it with one or more words between; <i>except</i> when +the genitive is <i>governed by a neuter adjective</i>, in which case, <i>it must</i> be <i>placed +after it</i>."</p> + +<p>4th, Again:—if "<i>et</i>" joins "<i>sacrosancta</i>" and "<i>vera</i>," which, thereby, qualify +the same noun, there are <i>then</i> only two nominatives in the Latin sentence of +the charter, viz: "<i>religio</i>" and "<i>ligcantia</i>." Now these nouns, being coupled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +by the disjunctive conjunction "<i>aut</i>," must have the verb agreeing with them +<i>separately</i> in the singular. But, as "<i>patiantur</i>" happens to be in the plural, the +author of the charter must either have been ignorant of one of the simplest +grammar rules, or have designed to convey the meaning I contend for.</p> + +<p>I must acknowledge the aid and confirmation I have received, in examining +this matter, from the very competent scholarship of my friend Mr. Knott, +assistant Librarian of the Maryland Historical Society.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX_No_II" id="APPENDIX_No_II"></a>APPENDIX No. II.</h2> + + +<p>The scope of my discourse is confined to the illustration of <i>principles</i> either +announced, or acted on, in the <i>founding</i> of Maryland and Pennsylvania. I +have contended that Sir George Calvert, the <i>first</i> Lord Baltimore, so framed +the charter which was granted by Charles I, that, without express concessions, +the general character of its language in regard to religious rights, would secure +liberty of conscience to christians.</p> + +<p>I: 1632.—Language can scarcely be more perspicuously comprehensive, +than in the phrase: "God's Holy Rights and the true Christian Religion." +Under such a clause, <i>in the charter</i>, no particular church could set up a claim +for its exclusive christianity. There was no mention, in the instrument, of +"the Established Church," or, of "the Church of England." The Catholic +could not deny the Episcopalian's christianity; the Episcopalian could not +deny the Catholic's, nor could the Puritan question the christianity of either. +All professed faith in Christ. Each of the three great sects might contend that +its <i>form</i> of worship, or interpretation of the Bible, was the correct one; but +all came lawfully under the great generic class of christians. And, while the +political government of the colonists was to be conducted by a Catholic magistrate, +in a province belonging to a Catholic Lord,—the <i>interpretation</i> of the law +of religious rights was to be made, not by the laws of England, but exclusively +under the paramount law of the provincial charter. By that document the +broad "rights of God," and "the true christian religion," could not "suffer by +change, prejudice or diminution."</p> + +<p>This view is strengthened by a clause in the 4th section of the charter, by +which the king granted Lord B. "the patronages and advowsons of <span class="smcap">ALL</span> <i>churches</i> +which, <i>with the increasing worship and</i> <span class="smcap">Religion of Christ</span>, (<i>crescenti Christi +cultu et religione,</i>") should be built within his province. The right of <i>advowson</i>, +being thus bestowed on the Lord Proprietary, for <i>all Christian Churches</i>; +his majesty, then, goes on, empowering Lord B. to erect and found churches, +chapels, &c. and <i>to cause</i> them to be dedicated "<i>according to the Ecclesiastical +laws of our kingdom of England</i>." The general right of advowson, and the particular +privilege, conceded to a Catholic, of causing the consecration of Episcopal +churches, are <i>separate</i> powers and ought not to be confounded by a hasty +reader of the charter.</p> + +<p>I think there can hardly be a fair doubt that the interpretation I give to the +22nd clause is the one assigned to it by the immigrants from the earliest colonial<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +movement in 1633. We may assert, therefore, the fact, that religious freedom +was offered and secured for christians, in the province of Maryland, from the +very beginning.</p> + +<p>II: 1633.—We must recollect that under the English statutes, <i>adherents of +the national church required no protection</i>; they were free in the exercise of their +faith; but Catholics and Puritans were not so happily situated, and, accordingly, +they sought, in the new world an exemption from the disabilities and +persecutions they experienced at home. Can it be credited, that, under such +vexations, the Catholic Lord Baltimore would have drawn a charter, or, his +Catholic son and successor, sent forth a colony, under a Catholic Governor, +when the fundamental law, under which alone he exercised his power, did not +secure liberty to him and his co-religionists? It is simply necessary to ask the +question, in order to demonstrate the absurdity of such a supposition.</p> + +<p>III: 1634.—If we show, then, that Catholic conscience was untrammeled in +Maryland, I think we may fairly assume the general ground as satisfactorily +proved. What was, briefly, the first movement of this sect, under the Lord +Proprietary's auspices? When Lord Cæcilius was planning his colonial expedition +in 1633, one of his earliest cares was to apply to the Order of Jesus for +clergymen to attend the Catholic planters and settlers, and to convert the natives. +Accordingly, under the sanction of the Superior, Father White joined +the emigrants, <i>although, under previous persecutions in England, he had been +sent into perpetual banishment, to return from which subjected the culprit to the +penalty of death</i>! These facts are set forth, at page 14 of the 2nd volume of +Challoner's Memoirs. Historia Anglo-Bavara, S. J. Rev. Dr. Oliver's collections +illustrative of the Scotch, English and Irish Jesuits, page 222, and in +the essay on the Early Maryland Missions, by Mr. B. U. Campbell. Fathers +Andrew White and John Altham, and two lay brothers, named John Knowles +and Thomas Gervase, accompanied the first expedition, and were active agents +in consecrating the possession of the soil, and converting <i>Protestant immigrants</i> +as well as heathen natives. The colony, therefore, cannot properly be called a +Protestant one, when its <i>only</i> spiritual guides were Catholics; and consequently +if it was more of a Catholic than a Protestant emigration, it must, by legal +necessity, have been free from the moment it quitted the shores of England. +If the Catholic was free, all were free.</p> + +<p>IV: 1637.—Our next authority, in regard to the <i>early interpretation</i> of religious +rights in Maryland, is found in a passage in Chalmers's Political Annals, +page 235. "In the oath," says he, "taken by the Governor and Council, +<i>between</i> the years 1637 and 1657, there was the following clause, which ought +to be administered to the rulers of every country. 'I will not, by myself or any +other, directly or indirectly, trouble, molest or discountenance, any person professing +to believe in Jesus Christ, for or on account of his religion.'" This +shows, that "belief in Jesus Christ," under the constitutional guaranty of the +charter, anterior to the enactment of any colonial law by the Maryland Assembly, +secured sects from persecution. The language of the oath, which was +doubtless promulgated by the Lord Proprietor, is as broad as the language of +the charter. The statement of Chalmers has been held to be indefinite as to +whether the oath was taken <i>from</i> 1637 to 1657, or, whether it was taken in +some years <i>between</i> those dates; but, if the historian did not mean to say that +it had been administered <i>first</i> in 1637, and continued afterwards, why would he +not have specified any other, as the beginning year, as well as 1637? The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +objection seems rather hypercritical than plausible. Chalmers was too accurate +a writer to use dates so loosely, and inasmuch as he was an old Maryland +lawyer and custodian of the Maryland provincial papers, he had the best opportunity +to designate the precise date. A Governor's oath was a regular and +necessary official act. No one can doubt that an oath was required of that +personage in Maryland; and the oath in question, is precisely such an one as +Protestant settlers, in that age, might naturally expect from a Catholic Magistrate, +who, (even from motives of the humblest policy,) would be willing to +grant to others what he was anxious to secure for himself. If ever there was +a proper time for perfect toleration, it was at this moment, when a Catholic +became, <i>for the first time in history</i>, a sovereign prince of the <i>first province</i> of +the British Empire!</p> + +<p>Mr. Chalmers could not have confounded the oath whose language he cites, +with other oaths which the reader will find cited in the 2nd volume of Bozman's +History of Maryland, at pages 141, 608, 642. The oath prepared for +Stone in 1648, appears to have been an augmented edition of the one quoted +by Chalmers, and is so different in parts of its phraseology as well as items, +that it cannot have been mistaken by the learned annalist. Bancroft, +McMahon, Tyson, C. F. Mayer and B. U. Campbell, adopt his statement as +true.</p> + +<p>V: 1638.—In regard to the early <i>practice of Maryland</i> tribunals, on the subject +of tolerance, we have a striking case in 1638. In that year a certain +<i>Catholic</i>, named William Lewis, was arraigned before the Governor, Secretary, +&c., for <i>abusive language to Protestants</i>. Lewis confessed, that, coming into a +room where Francis Gray and Robert Sedgrave, servants of Captain Cornwaleys, +were reading, he heard them recite passages so that he should hear them, +that were reproachful to his religion, "viz: that the Pope was anti-Christ, +and the Jesuits anti-Christian Ministers, &c: he told them it was a falsehood +and came from the devil, and that he that writ it was an instrument of the +devil, and so he would approve it!" The court found the culprit "guilty of +a very offensive speech in calling the Protestant ministers, the ministers of +the devil," and of "exceeding his rights, in forbidding them to read a lawful +book." In consequence of this "offensive language," and other "unreasonable +disputations, in point of religion, tending to the disturbance of the +peace and quiet of the Colony, committed by him, <i>against a public proclamation +set forth to prohibit all such disputes</i>," Lewis was fined and remanded +into custody until he gave security for future good behaviour.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Thus, four years, only, after the settlement, the liberty of conscience was +vindicated by a recorded judicial sentence, and "unreasonable disputations in +point of religion," rebuked by a Catholic Governor in the person of a Catholic +offender. There could scarcely be a clearer evidence of impartial and tolerant +sincerity. The decision, moreover, is confirmatory of the fact that the Governor +had taken such an oath as Chalmers cites, in the previous year, 1637; especially +as there had <i>already been a "proclamation to prohibit disputes</i>!"</p> + +<p>VI: 1638.—At the <i>first efficient</i> General Assembly of the Colony, which +was held in this year, only two Acts were passed, though thirty-six other bills +were twice read and engrossed, but not finally ripened into laws. The second<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +of the two acts that were passed, contains a section asserting that "Holy +Church, <i>within this province</i>, shall have all her rights and liberties;" thus securing +the rights of Catholics;—while the first of the thirty-six incomplete +acts was one, which we know only by <i>title</i>, as "An act for <i>Church liberties</i>." +It was to continue in force until the end of the next General Assembly, and +then, with the Lord Proprietary's consent, to be perpetual. Although we +have no means of knowing the extent of the proposed "Church liberties," we +may suppose that the proposed enactment was general, in regard to all Christian +sects besides the Catholics.</p> + +<p>VII: 1640.—At the session of 1640, an act for "Church liberties" <i>was passed</i> +on the 23d October, and confirmed, as a perpetual law, in the first year of the +accession of Charles Calvert, 3d Lord Baltimore, in 1676. This Act also +declares that "Holy Church, within this province, shall have and enjoy all +her rights, liberties and franchises, wholly and without blemish." Thus, in +1640, legislation had already settled opinion as to the rights of Catholics and +Protestants. Instead of the early Catholics seeking to contract the freedom of +other sects, their chief aim and interest seem to have been to secure their own. +I consider the Acts I have cited rather as mere declaratory statutes, than as +necessary original laws.</p> + +<p>VIII: 1649.—In this year, an assembly, believed to have been composed of +a Protestant majority, passed the act which has been lauded as the source of +religious toleration. It is "An Act concerning Religion," and, in my judgment, +is less tolerant than the Charter or the Governor's Oath, inasmuch as it +included Unitarians in the same category with blasphemers and those who +denied our Saviour Jesus Christ, punishing all alike, with confiscation of +goods and the pains of <i>death</i>. This was the epoch of the trial and execution +of Charles I, and of the establishment of the Commonwealth.</p> + +<p>IX: 1654.—The celebrated act I have just noticed, however, was passed +fifteen years after the original settlement, which exceeds the period comprised +in the actual <i>founding</i> of Maryland. Besides this, the political and religious +aspect of England was changing, and the influence of the home-quarrel was +beginning to be felt across the Atlantic. In 1654, during the mastery of +Cromwell, religious freedom was destroyed: Puritanism became paramount; +Papacy and Prelacy were denounced by law; and freedom was assured only +to Puritans, and such as professed "faith in God by Jesus Christ, though differing +in judgment, from the doctrine or worship publicly held forth."</p> + +<p>X.—It has been alleged that the clause in the Maryland Charter securing +"God's holy rights and the true Christian religion," is only an incorporation +into Lord Baltimore's instrument, of certain clauses contained in the early +Charters of Virginia. If the reader will refer to the 1st volume of Henning's +Statutes at large, he will find all those documents in English, but <i>unaccompanied +by the original Latin</i>. Thus, we have no means of judging the <i>accuracy +of the translation</i>, or <i>identity of language</i> in the Maryland and Virginia instruments. +Adopting, however, for the present, the translation given by Henning, +we find no coincidence of phraseology either to justify the suspicion of a mere +copy, or to subject our charter to the <i>limitations</i> contained in the Virginia +patents. Disabilities are to be construed strictly in law, and our charter is not +to be interpreted by another, but stands on its own, independent, context and +manifest signification.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> + +<p>The first Virginia Charter or Patent was issued to Sir Thomas Gates and +others, April 10th, 1606, in the 4th year of James's English reign. Among +the "Articles, Orders, Instructions," &c., set down for Virginia, 20th Nov., +1606,—(though nothing is said about restrictions in religion, while the preamble +commends the noble work of propagating the Christian religion among +infidel savages,)—is the following clause:—"And we doe specallie ordaine, +charge, and require the presidents and councills," (of the two Colonies of +Virginia,) "respectively, within their severall limits and precincts, that they +with all diligence, care and respect, doe provide, that the <i>true word and service +of God and Christian faith</i>, be preached, planted and used, not only within +every of the said severall colonies and plantations, but alsoe, as much as they +may, among the salvage people which doe or shall adjoine unto them, or border +upon them, <i>according to the</i> <span class="smcap">DOCTRINE</span>, <span class="smcap">RIGHTS</span>, <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">RELIGION</span>, <i>now professed +and established within our realme of England</i>."—<i>1st Henning</i>, 69.</p> + +<p>The second charter or patent, dated 23d May, 1609, 7th "James I," was +issued to the Treasurer and Company for Virginia, and in its XXIX section, +declares: "And lastly, because the principal effect, which we can desire or +expect of this action, is the conversion and reduction of the people in those +parts unto the <i>Worship of God and Christian religion, in which respect we should +be loath, that any person be permitted to pass, that we suspected to affect the superstitions +of the Church of Rome</i>; we do hereby declare that it is our will and +pleasure that none be permitted to pass in any voyage, from time to time, to +be made unto the said country, but such as shall first have taken the Oath of +Supremacy; &c., &c.—<i>1st Henning</i>, 97.</p> + +<p>The third Charter of James the I, in the 9th year of his English reign, was +issued 12th March, 1611-12 to the Treasurer and Company for Virginia. The +XIIth section empowers certain officers to administer the <i>Oath of Supremacy +and Allegiance</i>, to "all and every persons which shall at any time or times +hereafter go or pass to said Colony of Virginia."</p> + +<p>The Instructions to Governor Wyatt, of 24th of July, 1621, direct him:—"<i>to +keep up the Religion of the Church of England, as near as may be</i>," &c., +&c.—<i>1st Henning.</i></p> + +<p>All these extracts, it will be observed, contain <i>limitations</i> and <i>restrictions</i>, +either explicitly <i>in favor</i> of the English Church, or <i>against</i> the, so called, "superstitions +of the Church of Rome." The Maryland Charter shows no such +narrow clauses, and consequently, is justly free from any connexion, <i>in interpretation</i>, +with the Virginia instruments. Besides this, we do not know that +the language of the original Latin of the Virginia Charters, is the same as ours, +and, therefore, it would be "reasoning in a circle," or, "begging the question," +if we translated the Maryland Charter into the exact language of the Virginian. +The phraseology—"God's holy rights and the true Christian religion,"—<i>unlimited +in the Maryland Patent</i>,—was a distinct assertion of broad equality +to all professing to believe in Jesus Christ. It was not subject to any sectarian +restriction, and formed the basis of religious liberty in Maryland, until it was +undermined during the Puritan intolerance in 1654.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CORRESPONDENCE" id="CORRESPONDENCE"></a>CORRESPONDENCE.</h2> + +<table class="right" summary="Address"> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">Hall of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania,</td> +<td class="tdr two" rowspan="2">}</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, <em>April 12th, 1852</em>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</p> + +<p>We have been appointed a committee to communicate to +you the following resolution passed at a meeting of the Historical Society held +this evening:</p> + +<blockquote><p>"<span class="smcap">Resolved</span>, That the thanks of the <span class="smcap">Historical Society</span>, are hereby +returned to <span class="smcap">Mr. Brantz Mayer</span>, of <span class="smcap">Baltimore</span>, for his very able and eloquent +address, delivered before it, on Thursday evening, the 8th instant; and +that <span class="smcap">Messrs. Tyson</span>, <span class="smcap">Fisher</span>, <span class="smcap">Coates</span> and <span class="smcap">Armstrong</span>, be appointed a +committee to transmit this resolution to Mr. Mayer, and request a copy of the +address for publication."</p></blockquote> + +<p>Permit us to express the pleasure we derived from the delivery of your Discourse, +and, also, the hope that you will comply with the Society's request.</p> + +<p>We remain, with great respect, your obedient servants,</p> + +<table summary="Recipients"> +<tr> +<td>JOB R. TYSON,<br /> +J. FRANCIS FISHER,<br /> +B. H. COATES,<br /> +EDW. ARMSTRONG.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>To MR. BRANTZ MAYER, <span class="smcap">Baltimore</span>.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Baltimore</span>, <em>15th April, 1852</em>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>:</p> + +<p>I am much obliged to the <span class="smcap">Pennsylvania Historical +Society</span>, for the complimentary resolution it was pleased to pass in relation to +the Discourse I delivered before it on the 8th of this month. In compliance +with your request, I place a copy of the address at your disposal; and, while +thanking you for the courtesy with which you have communicated the vote of +your colleagues, I have the honor to be, your most obedient servant,</p> + +<p class="right">BRANTZ MAYER.</p> + +<table summary="Recipients"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">To <span class="smcap">Messieurs</span></td> + +<td class="tdl">JOB R. TYSON,<br/> +J. FRANCIS FISHER,<br /> +B. H. COATES,<br /> +EDW. ARMSTRONG,</td> + +<td class="tdmid"><span class="four">}</span></td> + +<td class="tdmid">Committee, &c. &c. &c.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr style="width: 100%;" /> + +<h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mr. Joseph Hunter's "Collections concerning the Early History of the +Founders of New Plymouth." London, 1849: No 2 of his Critical and Historical +Tracts, p. 14.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> It is believed by historians that Sir Walter Raleigh fell a victim to the +intrigues of Spain at the Court of James. His American adventures and hardihood +were dangerous to the Spanish Empire. A small pamphlet entitled: A +<span class="smcap">New Description of Virginia</span>, published in London in 1619, a reprint of +which is possessed by the Virginia Historical Society, shows how the prophetic +fears of the Spaniard, even at that early time, conjured up the warning +phantom of Anglo-Saxon "<i>annexation.</i>"</p> + +<p>"It is well known," says the pamphlet, "that our English plantations have +had little countenance; nay, that our statesmen, (when time was,) had store +of Gundemore's gold," (meaning Gondomar, Spanish Minister at James's +Court)—"<i>to destroy</i> and discountenance the plantation of Virginia; and he +effected it, in great part, by dissolving the company, wherein most of the +nobility, gentry, corporate cities, and most merchants of England, were +interested and engaged; after the expense of some hundred of thousands of +pounds; for Gundemore did affirm to his friends, that he had commission from +his master"—(the King of Spain,)—"to destroy that plantation. For, said +he, should they thrive and go on increasing, as they have done under that +popular Lord of Southampton, <i>my master's West Indies</i>, <span class="smcap">and his Mexico</span>, +<i>would shortly be visited by sea and by land, from those Planters in Virginia</i>." +</p> +<p>Generals Scott and Taylor—both sons of Virginia—have verified, in the +nineteenth century, the foresight of the cautious statesman of the seventeenth. +</p> + +<p><br /> +<i>See Virginia His. Reg. Vol. 1. p. 28.</i><br /> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Dr. Miller's "History Philosophically Illustrated," vol 1. p. 95.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Men who have to count, miserly, the kernels of corn for their daily bread, +and to till their ground, staggering through weakness from the effect of famine, +can do but little in settling the metaphysics of faith, or in counting frames, +and gauging the exercises of their feelings. Grim necessity of hunger looks +morbid sensibility out of countenance."—<i>Rev. Dr. G. B. Cheever's edition of +the Journal of the Pilgrims;—1848: p. 112.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "The New England Puritans, though themselves refugees from religions +intolerance, and martyrs, as they supposed, to the cause of religious freedom, +practiced the same intolerance to those who were so unfortunate as to differ +from them. In 1635, Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts +colony for differences of religious opinions with the civil powers. This was +the next year after the arrival of the Maryland colony. In 1659, fifteen years +later, a Baptist received thirty lashes at the whipping post, in Boston, for his +peculiar faith; and nine years later, three persons suffered death by the common +hangman, in the same place, for their adherence to the sect of Quakers."—<i>Rev. +Dr. Burnap's Life of Leonard Calvert, in Sparks's Am. Biog. 2nd series, +vol. IX. p. 170, Boston, 1846.</i> +</p><p> +On the 13th Sept. 1644, these N. England Puritans, passed a law of banishment +against Anabaptists; in 1646, another law, imposing the same punishment, +was passed against Heresy and Error; in 1647, the order of Jesuits came +in for a share of intolerance;—its members were inhibited from entering the +colony; if they came in, heedless of the law, they were to be banished, and if +they returned after banishment, they were to be <i>put to death</i>. On the 14th of +October 1656, the celebrated law was enacted against "the cursed sect of heretics +lately risen up in the world, which are commonly called Quakers:"—by its +decrees, captains of vessels who introduced these religionists, knowingly, were +to be fined or imprisoned; "quaker books or writings containing their devilish +opinions," were not to be brought into the colony, under a penalty; while quakers +who came in, were to be committed to the house of correction, kept constantly +at work, not allowed to speak, and severely whipped, on their entrance +into this sanctuary!—See original Acts, <i>Hazard's His. Coll. 1, pp. 538, 545, +550, 630</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See Mr. John P. Kennedy's discourse on the life and character of Sir George +Calvert, and the reviews thereof, with Mr K's reply, on this question of religion, +in the U. S. Catholic Magazine, 1846. Since the publication of Mr. +Kennedy's discourse and the reviews of it, in 1846, I have met with an English +work published in London in 1839, <i>attributed</i> to Bishop Goodman, entitled an +"Account of the Court of James the first." In vol. 1, p. 376, he says: "The +third man who was thought to gain by the Spanish match was Secretary Calvert; +and as he was the <i>only Secretary employed in the Spanish match</i>, so undoubtedly +he did what good offices he could therein, for religion's sake, <i>being +infinitely addicted to the Roman Catholic faith, having been converted thereto by +Count Gondemar and Count Arundel, whose daughter Secretary Calvert's Son +had married; and, as it was said, the Secretary did usually catechise his own +children, so to ground them in his own religion; and in his best room having an +altar set up, with chalice, candlesticks, and all other ornaments, he brought all +strangers thither, never concealing anything, as if his whole joy and comfort had +been to make open profession of his religion</i>." As the Prelate was a <i>contemporary</i>, +this statement, founded, as it may be, on report, is of considerable importance. +Fuller, also, was a contemporary though thirty years younger than +Calvert. The Spanish match, alluded to, was on the carpet as early as 1617, +and was broken off in the beginning of 1624. It was probably during this +period that Lord Arundel and the Spanish Minister influenced the mind of Sir +George as to religion.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Mr. Chalmers, in his Hist. of the Revolt of the Am. Col. B. 2 ch. 3, says +that the charter of Maryland was a <i>literal copy</i> from the prior patent of Avalon; +but of this we are unable to judge, as he neither cites his authority nor indicates +the depository of the Avalon Charter. If the Maryland charter is an <i>exact</i> +transcript of the Avalon document, it is interesting to know the fact, as Calvert +may have been a Protestant, when the latter was issued. Bozman states +an authority for its date, as of 1623, which would indicate that this document +may still probably be found in the British Museum. If it was issued in 1623, +it was granted a year before, Fuller says, Calvert resigned because he had become +a Catholic. In all likelihood, however, Sir George was not converted in +a day!—<i>See Bozman Hist. Maryland ed. 1837, vol. 1 p. 240 et seq. in note.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The Baron Von Raumer, in his Hist. of the XVI and XVII Centuries, vol. +2, p. 263, quoting from Tillieres, says of Calvert: "He is an honorable, sensible +well-minded man, courteous towards strangers, full of respect towards embassadors, +zealously intent on the welfare of England; but by reason of all these +good qualities, entirely without consideration or influence." +</p><p> +The only original work or tract by which we know the character of Sir +George Calvert's mind is "<span class="smcap">The Answer to Tom Tell-Troth, the Practise +of Princes and the Lamentations of the Kirke</span>, <i>written by Lord +Baltimore, late Secretary of State</i>." London, <i>printed 1642</i>:—a copy of which, in +MS., is in the collections of the Maryland Hist. Soc. This is a quaint specimen +of pedantic politics and toryism—larded with Latin quotations, and altogether +redolent of James's Court. It was addressed to Charles I, and shows +the author's intimate acquaintance with the political history and movements of +the continental powers. We may judge Calvert's politics by the following passage +in which he <i>commends</i> the doctrines of his old master:— +</p><p> +"King James," says he, "in his oration to the Parliament, 1620, used these +words <i>very judiciattie</i>; Kings and Kingdoms were before Parliaments; the +Parliament was never called for the purpose to meddle with complaints against +the King, the Church, or State matters, but <i>ad consultandum de rebus arduis, +Nos et Regnum nostrum concernantibus</i>; as the writ will inform you. I was +never the cause, nor guiltie of the election of my sonne by the Bohemians, +neither would I be content that any other king should dispute whether I am +a lawful King or no, and to tosse crowns like Tennis-balls."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> It may seem strange, that, being a Catholic, he still had the right of advowson +or of presentation to Protestant Episcopal Churches; but it was not until +the Act of 1st William and Mary, chapter 26, that Parliament interfered with +the right of Catholics to present to religious benefices. That Act vested the +presentations belonging to Catholics in the Universities. An Act passed 12th +Anne, was of a similar disabling character.—<i>Butler's Hist. Mem. vol. 3, pp. +136, 148, 149.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See Appendix No. 1, in regard to the erroneous translation of this clause +from the Latin, that has hitherto been adopted from Bacon's laws of Maryland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> As an illustration of this feeling, I will quote a passage showing how it fared +with Marylanders in Massachusetts in 1631. "The Dove," one of the vessels +of the first colonists to Maryland, was dispatched to Massachusetts with a +cargo of corn to exchange for fish. She carried a friendly letter from Calvert +and another from Harvey, but the magistrates were suspicious of a people who +"<i>did set up mass openly</i>." Some of the crew were accused of reviling the inhabitants +of Massachusetts as "holy brethren," "the members," &c., and just +as the ship was about to sail; <i>the supercargo, happening on shore, was arrested in +order to compel the master to give up the culprits</i>. The proof failed, and the +vessel was suffered to depart, but not without a special charge to the master +"<i>to bring no more such disordered persons!</i>"—<i>Hildreth Hist. U. S., vol. 1, 209</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> See Appendix No. 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> In order to illustrate the spirit in which the region for the first settlement at +St. Mary's was acquired, I will quote from a MS. copy of "A Relation of Maryland, +1635," now in my possession: "To make his entrie peaceable and safe, +he thought fit to present ye Werowance and Wisoes of the town (so they call +ye chief men of accompt among them,) with some English cloth (such as is +used in trade with ye Indians,) axes, hoes, and knives, which they accepted +verie kindlie, and freely gave consent toe his companie that hee and they should +dwell in one part of their towne, and reserved the other for themselves: and +those Indians that dwelt in that part of ye towne which was allotted for ye +English, freely left them their houses and some corne that they had begun to +plant: It was also agreed between them that at ye end of ye Harvest they +should have ye whole Towne, which they did accordinglie. And they made +mutuall promises to each other to live peaceably and friendlie together, and if +any injury should happen to be done, on any part, that satisfaction should be +made for ye same; and thus, on ye 27 <span class="smcap">Daie</span> of <span class="smcap">March</span>, A. D. 1634, ye Gouernour +took possession of ye place, and named ye <i>Towne—Saint Marie's</i>. +</p><p> +"There was an occasion that much facilitated their treatie with these Indians +which was this: the Susquehanocks (a warlike people that inhabit between +Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay) did usuallie make warres and incursions +upon ye neighboring Indians, partly for superioritie, partly for to gett their +women, and what other purchase they could meet with; which the Indians of +<i>Yoacomaco</i> fearing, had, ye yeere before our arivall there, made a resolution, +for there safetie, to remove themselves higher into ye countrie, where it was +more populous, and many of them where gone there when ye English arrived." +</p><p> +At Potomac, Father Altham,—according to Father White's Latin MS. in +the Maryland Hist. Soc. Col.—informed the guardian of the King that <i>we</i> (the +clergy) had not come thither for war, but for the sake of benevolence,—that we +might imbue a rude race with the principles of civilization, and open a way to +Heaven, as well as to impart to them the advantages enjoyed by distant regions. +The prince signified that we had come acceptably. The interpreter was one +of the Virginia Protestants. When the Father, for lack of time, could not continue +his discourse, and promised soon to return: "I will that it should be so," +said Archihau—"our table shall be one; my men shall hunt for you; all +things shall be in common between us." +</p><p> +The Werowance of Pautuxent visited the strangers, and when he was about +departing, used the following language, as recorded in the MS. Relation of +Maryland of 1635: "I love ye English so well that if they should goe about to +kill me, if I had so much breath as to speak, I would command ye people not +to revenge my death; for I know they would not doe such a thinge except +it was through mine own default." See also Mr. B. U. Campbell's admirable +<span class="smcap">Sketch of the early missions to Maryland</span>, read before the Md. +Hist. Soc. 8th Jan. 1846, and subsequently printed in the U.S. Catholic +Magazine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> In William Penn's second reply to a committee of the House of Lords appointed +in 1678, he declares that those who cannot comply with laws, through +tenderness of conscience, should not "revile or conspire against the government, +<i>but with christian humility and patience tire out all mistakes against us</i>, +and wait their better information, who, we believe, do as undeservedly as +severely treat us."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Preface to Frame of Government, 25 April, 1682.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Those who desire to know the precise character of the celebrated Elm-tree +Treaty, should read the Memoir on its history, in vol. 3, part 2, p. 145 of the +Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Hist. Soc., written by the late Mr. Du Ponceau, +and Mr. Joshua Francis Fisher. It is one of the finest specimen of minute, +exhaustive, historical analysis, with which I am acquainted. These gentlemen, +prove, I think, conclusively, that the Treaty was altogether one of amity +and friendship, and was entirely unconnected with the purchase of lands.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Janney's Life of Penn, 163.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> See 2nd Bozman Hist. Md. p. 616—note XLIII, Conditions, &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> 2d Bozman, 597, and Orig. MS. in Md. His. Soc.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Calvert and Penn, by Brantz Mayer + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CALVERT AND PENN *** + +***** This file should be named 32454-h.htm or 32454-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/4/5/32454/ + +Produced by Julia Miller, Jasmine Yu and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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