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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Justice and Necessity of Taxing the
+American Colonies, Demonstrated, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Justice and Necessity of Taxing the American Colonies, Demonstrated
+       Together with a Vindication of the Authority of Parliament
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: May 20, 2010 [EBook #32463]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TAXING THE AMERICAN COLONIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ernest Schaal, Jana Srna and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                 THE
+                         JUSTICE and NECESSITY
+                                  OF
+                                TAXING
+                                 THE
+                               COLONIES.
+
+                         [Price One Shilling.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                                  THE
+                          JUSTICE and NECESSITY
+                                   OF
+                                 TAXING
+                                  THE
+                           AMERICAN COLONIES,
+                              Demonstrated.
+
+                            TOGETHER WITH A
+                              VINDICATION
+                                 OF THE
+                        Authority of Parliament.
+
+                                LONDON:
+        Printed for J. Almon, opposite Burlington-House in
+                            Piccadilly, 1766.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                    A
+                           VINDICATION OF THE
+                     Authority of Parliament, _&c._
+
+
+OF all the objects, which have since the revolution, engaged the
+attention of the legislature, the proper method of adjusting our present
+quarrels with the Americans is undoubtedly the most important. For as
+the riches and power of Britain depend chiefly on trade, and that trade
+on her colonies; it is evident that her very existence as the first of
+commercial nations, turns upon this hinge.
+
+It cannot therefore be impertinent in any one modestly to offer his
+sentiments on this topick; that by the confrontation of different
+opinions we may strike out truth, as we do fire by the collision of
+flints; and that, as much light as possible may be afforded to our
+legislators to guide them through so dark and intricate a labyrinth.
+
+This is the more necessary, as there can be found no similar case in all
+the records of history to serve as a precedent, or clew, to direct their
+steps; and all they can do is to grope their way by their own industry,
+and to employ their reason, as the only compass which can steer their
+course aright to this land unknown.
+
+Without any farther preamble, therefore, I shall proceed to discuss this
+point, and to state the case fairly between the two contending parties,
+that those, who having like myself, no particular interest concerned,
+have consequently little prepossession for either side, may be enabled
+to form an adequate idea of the subject.
+
+While the colonies were under any apprehensions from the encroachments
+of the French and Indians, they submitted to the British legislature
+without reluctance; because they were sensible of their inability to
+defend themselves, and of the necessity of taking shelter under the
+wings of their mother. But no sooner were the French kites and Indian
+vultures scared away, than they began to strut and to claim an
+independent property to the dunghil. Their fear and their natural
+affection forsook them at one and the same time. They now boast that
+they owe their present happy state to no power on earth but themselves;
+that they worked out their own salvation by their own right arm:
+forgetting that, had we not conquered at Louisbourg, at Quebec, and many
+other places; had we not constantly protected and defended them, the
+French and Indians would have long ago reduced them to the situation of
+the ancient Britons, and we should ere now have received some such
+letter as this, inscribed, _The groans of the Americans. The
+barbarians, on one hand, drive us into the sea; the sea on the other,
+forces us back on the barbarians: so that we have only the hard
+alternative left us, of perishing by the sword, or by the waves._
+
+Their insolence is arrived to such a pitch that they are not ashamed to
+assume to themselves the merit of bringing the last war but one to a
+period. According to them, what obliged the enemy to listen to terms of
+accommodation was not our success by sea, not the ruin of the French
+navy, not the total stagnation of their trade, not the march of the
+Russian auxiliaries; but the reduction, in a couple of short days, by a
+couple of little cannon, of a little island hardly discernable in a map,
+called Cape-Breton.
+
+This undutiful, this disobedient behaviour of Britain's children abroad,
+owed, no doubt, its origin partly to the causes assigned above, and
+partly to the murmurs and discontent of those at home; the Sacheveril
+in London produced another in Boston; the spirit of disaffection and
+mutiny, which the harangues of a general raised in the cyder counties,
+those of a colonel conjured up in New-England. Out of one hydra many
+more arose, and there wants a Hercules to crush them. But who has the
+courage and skill to wield his club? In hopes that such a hero will
+arise, I will endeavour to furnish him with weapons, and to show him how
+to pierce the vitals of the monster.
+
+The most effectual way, in my opinion, of laying the spirit of
+disaffection among the colonists, and of quieting the present
+disturbances to the mutual satisfaction of each party, is to convince
+the Americans that they ought to be taxed rather than the English, and
+to prove that the interest of both is best promoted by leaving the power
+of taxation in the hands of the British legislature; I shall therefore
+address myself now to this task.
+
+In this age all the kingdoms in Europe maintain a standing military
+force, which may be ready on all occasions to defend themselves, and to
+seize every opportunity of annoying their foes; Great-Britain therefore
+is obliged to keep, tho' contrary to the genius of its constitution, a
+large body of regular troops in constant pay: and as America must have a
+considerable share of these for its safeguard, on whom ought the burden
+of supporting them to fall, but on the Americans, to whom they prove an
+immediate benefit? Great-Britain is sufficiently exhausted already; she
+has spilt plenty of her blood in their cause, she has expended many
+millions in their service, and has by these means contracted an immense
+load of debt, of which she is never likely to be eased. Must she then
+expire under her pressures? Instead of being relieved, must a new burden
+be laid on her shoulders to crush her entirely? A tax for the support of
+American guards and garrisons must be raised somewhere; else all the
+labour of the last war may be lost in a moment; the colonies may be
+conquered by our enemies in one campaign.
+
+What then must be done? America must be taxed. By no means, says
+America; I am sufficiently taxed already; the many restrictions and
+prohibitions, under which I labour in point of trade, are an ample tax.
+You gain of me by way of balance about half a million a year; let this
+be applied to the defence of America, and it will be found an abundant
+provision for all her wants.
+
+But why, good America, dost thou not also desire us to apply to the
+defence of Spain and Turkey all that we gain by them annually? The
+argument will hold equally good, and cannot be absurd in the latter case
+without being so in the former.
+
+Why likewise, do'st thou not throw into the opposite scale the many
+millions, which we have already laid out for thy preservation, and see
+whether they do not make all, that we have ever drawn from thee, mount
+up and kick the beam.
+
+Thou sayest indeed, that we receive in the general course of trade all
+the specie, which thou can'st spare; and that it is cruel, nay,
+impolitick, to exact more than thou can'st afford; as excessive imposts
+always damp industry, create a despondency in merchants, and
+incapacitate a state for furnishing its ordinary quota of taxes.
+
+But let me tell thee that the money raised by the stamp act, being all
+necessary for paying the troops within thy own territories, must center
+wholly in thyself, and therefore cannot possibly drain thee of thy
+bullion.
+
+It is true, this act will hinder thee from sucking out the blood of thy
+mother, and gorging thyself with the fruit of her labour. But at this
+thou oughtest not to repine, as experience assures us that the most
+certain method of rendering a body politick, as well as natural,
+wholesome and long-lived, is to preserve a due equilibrium between its
+different members; not to allow any part to rob another of its
+nourishment, but, when there is any danger, any probability of such a
+catastrophe, to make an immediate revulsion, for fear of an unnatural
+superfetation, or of the absolute ruin and destruction of the whole.
+
+All countries, unaccustomed to taxes, are at first violently
+prepossessed against them, though the price, which they give for their
+liberty: like an ox untamed to the yoke, they show, at first, a very
+stubborn neck, but by degrees become docile, and yield a willing
+obedience. Scotland was very much averse to the tax on malt; but she is
+so far from being ruined by it, that it has only taught her to double
+her industry, and to supply, by labour, what she was obliged to give up
+to the necessities of the state. Can America be said to be poorer, to be
+more scanty of money than Scotland? No. What then follows? America must
+be taxed.
+
+It is in vain to pretend that the increase of the American territories,
+and of the commodities, which they furnish to the British markets, has
+reduced the price of any article; or placed the ancient colonists in a
+worse situation than before the war; and consequently rendered them
+incapable of bearing any additional burden.
+
+Europe is still the same as in seventeen hundred and fifty-five, its
+inhabitants are as numerous; therefore as Britons, with regard to it and
+America, are, for the most part, but factors, the demand for American
+goods must be as great, if not greater, than formerly; their value
+cannot be diminished, nor can the Americans be worse situated than at
+the commencement of the war.
+
+It is equally idle to pretend that a tax on America must prove
+prejudicial to Britain.
+
+A tax for defending it must, as hinted above, be levied somewhere;
+either in Britain or its colonies: and nothing is more manifest than
+that those, on whom the tax is laid, or who advance the money, must be
+the only sufferers, as in all dealings between two, what is taken from
+the one is added to the other; it always requires some time to balance
+accounts, by raising the price of commodities in proportion to the tax,
+and to reduce every thing by the course of circulation to a level. What
+America loses, Britain gains; the expences of the former are a saving to
+the latter. All the world is sensible of the justness of this maxim, the
+clamours of the colonists are a striking proof of it. If they were not
+convinced of this truth, why grumble at the impost? If they did not know
+that a tax upon them must prove comparatively detrimental to their
+country, and serviceable to Britain, why exclaim against it? How absurd
+then, is it to advance that as an argument for the abolition of the
+tax, which was the principal one for opposing it? Indeed, to alledge
+that England will gain more by laying the tax on herself, is to alledge
+that a man, who gives his daughter an annual pension, becomes richer
+than if he received an equal sum.
+
+I own, if Britain, by any channel, receives in return a larger portion
+than she bestows, she gains by the bargain. But that cannot be the
+present case; for by taxing herself she raises the price of provisions,
+which encreases that of labour, and manufactures, not only at home, but
+also in America, and all other foreign markets; by which means all her
+rivals in trade undersell her; she diminishes the quantity of her
+exports, the number of her artisans and people, and empoverishes herself
+in general. Whereas by levying the tax on the colonies, she saves a
+round sum of money annually; the price of her manufactures continues
+nearly the same, and as the wants of the colonists, cannot be much
+lessened, her exports are almost equally considerable; in short, the
+foregoing prospect is wholly inverted.
+
+But why keep any Forces at all in America? She is sufficiently able to
+defend herself. Every Male above sixteen years of age is enrolled in the
+militia; they have arms, they are disciplined, their numbers are great,
+and still upon the Increase: what more is wanting for her security? Is
+she in greater danger now, that the French are exterminated, than she
+was before the last war, when the enemy pressed vigorously upon her, and
+yet hardly any troops were to be found throughout her whole extent?
+
+No; but lest the same Difficulties should recur, lest the same quarrels
+which bred the last expensive and bloody War, should return, troops must
+be maintained for her safeguard. Britain observes this policy within
+herself; is it not absurd to imagine she would not follow the same
+maxim with regard to her colonies? She keeps on foot a considerable
+body of forces to be prepared on every emergency, not only to oppose a
+public foe, but also to enforce the decisions of the civil magistrate.
+And notwithstanding the antipathy which most people have to standing
+armies, they have been found to be very useful; and no government,
+antient or modern, can be named, which was not, without their
+assistance, subject to bloody riots and insurrections. Nor is there any
+danger to be apprehended from them, while their number is small, while
+the sword is in the hands of the people in general, while, as in
+America, there is a superior well regulated militia to check them, if
+they should discover any sinister design against liberty.
+
+It is with a view of being useful to the mother country, that colonies
+are first planted; this is part of their charter, a tacit condition, on
+which they are allowed to depart and settle; therefore they are not
+allowed by the laws of nature and nations to violate this agreement, as
+long as the mother is able to avail herself of it, and treats them with
+due Lenity and maternal affection. A few restrictions on their trade, in
+order to pay off what debts they contracted, while yet in the nursery,
+cannot be construed into acts of severity, and as little can a tax
+intended for their own defence, and appropriated to that sole use.
+
+Upon the supposition that America is never to be taxed, this country,
+which now groans, and is like long to groan under the weight of taxes,
+will in time be left desolate, all its inhabitants will flock to
+America, to enjoy the benefits of a less oppressive government, and to
+mingle with a people of similar manners, religion and laws. Britain, the
+assylum of liberty, the seat of arts and sciences, the glory of Europe,
+and the envy of the world, will be ruined by her own ungrateful sons,
+and become a desart. What neither Spain nor France, nor all the world
+combined, could accomplish, America, the child of her own fostering,
+will effect.
+
+    _Quos neque Tydides, nec Larissæus Achilles,
+    Non anni domuere decem, non mille carinæ,
+    Vincentur_ pueris.
+
+America will prove a continual drain upon her industry and people, an
+eternal spunge to suck up her vital moisture, and leave her a dry and
+sapless trunk, exposed, without branches, without leaves, to the
+inclemency of the weather. This event may be distant, but it is in the
+womb of time; and must be brought forth, unless we have sufficient skill
+to cause an abortion.
+
+But what does America gain by all this? A transitory independence
+perhaps, on the most noble constitution, which the wit of man has been
+hitherto able to invent. I say transitory independence, for the broken
+and disjointed members of the American empire cannot be cemented and
+consolidated into one firm mass; it is too unwieldy and unmanageable; it
+is composed of particles too heterogeneous to be ever melted down into
+one consistent and well digested system of liberty. Anarchy and
+confusion will soon prevail, were it to attempt an union; and the loss
+of liberty will tread fast upon their heels. For a free and extended
+empire on a continent are incompatible: to think they are not is a
+perfect solecism in politicks. No history furnishes us with an example;
+foreign conquest, or the power with which the magistrate must be
+entrusted, are an invincible obstacle in their way. It is in islands
+alone, where one part of the people cannot be so easily employed to
+oppress the other, where the sea separates them from conquerors and
+great empires, that liberty can be deemed a native of the soil. What a
+wretched exchange, then, would the Americans make! They would barter
+liberty for slavery.
+
+But, say they, we are not represented in parliament.
+
+True; you are not; no more is one twentieth of the British nation; but
+they may, when they become freeholders, or burgesses: so may you;
+therefore complain not; for it is impossible to render any human
+institution absolutely perfect. Were the English animated by your
+spirit, they would overturn the constitution to-morrow.
+
+Like the colonies of all other countries, you enjoy the privilege of
+being governed in the same manner, as the people, from which you are
+derived. You have the same parliament, the same laws; you are all deemed
+free-born Britons, and are intitled to all their immunities. What would
+you have more? Would you reduce your protectors, your deliverers, your
+parents to a state of servitude, by obliging them to pay taxes for you?
+It is plain, too plain, excessive prosperity has rendered your heads
+giddy, you attempt to soar higher than your strength will carry you,
+than your safety will permit; it is incumbent on us, under whose care
+you are, to clip your wings.
+
+You tell us you are very sober and temperate, that you fear the
+influence of a standing army will corrupt you, and introduce profligacy
+and debauchery.
+
+I take your word for it, and believe you are as sober, temperate,
+upright, humane and virtuous, as the posterity of independents and
+anabaptists, presbyterians and quakers, convicts and felons, savages and
+negro-whippers, can be; that you are as loyal subjects, as obedient to
+the laws, as zealous for the maintenance of order and good government,
+as your late actions evince you to be; and I affirm that you have much
+need of the gentlemen of the blade to polish and refine your manners, to
+inspire you with an honest frankness and openness of behaviour, to rub
+off the rust of puritanism, and to make you ashamed of proposing in your
+assemblies, as you have lately done, to pay off no more debts due to
+your original native country.
+
+I am only afraid that you will not be blest with enough of their
+company; they will be obliged to live on the frontiers, in order to
+check the Indians, and to preserve your hairy scalps untouched; they
+must be constantly exposed to secret treachery, and open violence, for
+your ease and security; and yet you will not contribute a single penny
+for their support.
+
+In the name of wonder, what would you desire? Every farthing raised by
+the stamps, and a great deal more from Britain, is necessary for your
+defence, and is to be applied solely to that purpose: what more would
+you ask? Would you, preferably to all the parts of the British
+dominions, be exempted from taxes?
+
+Do you murmur because Britain is not taxed for you, or because you are
+not allowed to lay the tax on what commodities you please? If the former
+be the source of your discontent, you are very unnatural, and very
+ungrateful: very unnatural, because you have no compassion, no
+fellow-feeling for the distresses of your exhausted parent; very
+ungrateful, because, after Britain has done so much for you, after she
+has nourished and reared you up, from your sickly infancy to a vigorous
+state of adolescence, or rather manhood, after she has conquered your
+enemies, and placed you, if now you be not wanting to yourselves, beyond
+the reach of French perfidy and fraud, you will not stretch forth your
+hand to ease her, sinking under her burden, nor contribute to her
+security, or more properly your own.
+
+But if the latter gave rise to your disaffection, you are very ill
+informed, very short sighted, in not perceiving, that a general tax, for
+the general defence of all America, could not be raised by
+_peace-meal_, in every province separately. How could the quota of every
+colony be ascertained; and, if it could be ascertained, how were the
+colonists to be persuaded to grant it? We remember with what difficulty
+they were induced to advance money for their own defence in the late
+war, when the enemy was at their gates, when they fought _pro aris &
+focis_, for their religion and property. Some of them have not, to this
+day, contributed a single shilling. Are we to imagine, that they will be
+more forward, more lavish now, when the danger is distant, and perhaps
+imperceptible to the dull senses of most of them, than when it stared
+them in the face, and threatened immediate ruin. Whoever thinks so, must
+be a very weak politician, and ought to be sent to catch flies with
+Domitian.
+
+Each assembly among you, forsooth, pretends to an equality with the
+British parliament, and allows no laws binding but those, which are
+imposed by itself. But mark the consequence. Every colony becomes at
+once an independant kingdom, and the sovereign may become, in a short
+time, absolute master, by playing the one against the other.
+
+But were the sovereign always virtuous enough not to avail himself of
+this power, which with the greatest good nature, with the utmost
+political foresight, you thus put into his hand, quarrels would, in all
+probability, soon arise among you. It is well known you cannot boast of
+much mutual love, or christian charity; the same spirit which actuated
+your ancestors, and kindled the flames of civil war in this country,
+still reigns among you, and wants but a single spark to raise a
+combustion.
+
+You will tell me, perhaps, that notwithstanding the multiplicity of
+governments, you may, like the Swiss cantons, live for ages in harmony
+and unity.
+
+But I aver the contrary. The strength of the Protestants and Roman
+Catholicks among them, is nearly equal, and keeps them in awe of each
+other; but above all, the fear of being crushed by the surrounding
+powers in case of intestine dissensions, prevents ambitious projects,
+and secures the peace. But as neither of these is your case, you have
+little reason to hope that you could preserve your liberties. Greece, as
+soon as it ceased to dread the Persian monarch, fell immediately into
+the hands of a despotick prince; you have no king of Persia to fear, how
+then do you expect to remain free from slavery? Believe me, your safest
+course is to continue in your dependence on Britain, where liberty is
+naturalized, and where you are entitled to every blessing with which it
+is attended.
+
+Can you be so weak as to imagine that the two houses of parliament will
+allow you to set up a claim to uncontrollable authority in your several
+provinces? Perhaps you do not comprehend how this will in time reduce
+them, and consequently you to mere cyphers? I will inform you. The power
+of the crown is, of late, greatly encreased, by the vast number of
+places, which the last war, and the enormous growth of the national debt
+have left at its disposal. Give it also but the management of the
+colonies, exclusive of the parliament, and there needs no more, in a few
+years, to render it despotick.
+
+Undoubtedly, the weight of this consideration was what moved the
+British, to assume a superiority over the Irish parliament; and Ireland,
+considerable a country as it is, submits to their controul; how can you
+have the front to ask greater privileges? Indeed, till you are placed on
+a quite different footing, you cannot expect even this indulgence: such
+a number of scattered jarring governments would create so much
+embarrassment and perplexity, as to be quite unmanageable.
+
+Some of you complain that the privileges granted by your charters are
+invaded.
+
+But by whom, pray, were these privileges granted? By a king, who had no
+power, I mean legal power, to grant you any privileges, which rendered
+you independent of parliament, no more than he can make a corporation in
+England independent of it. Talk not then, of such privileges; the spirit
+of the British constitution could allow you none, by which you did not
+remain subordinate to every branch of the legislature, and consequently
+subordinate to parliament. The king makes but one member of the
+legislature, and it is self-evident he cannot give away the rights and
+privileges of the rest. He can grant any body of men a charter, by which
+they are empowered to make bye-laws for their own government, but
+farther his prerogative does not extend. He cannot free them from
+obedience to acts of parliaments.
+
+Another, and a general complaint is, that you are taxed by a body of men
+unacquainted with your circumstances.
+
+But who can be so well acquainted with the circumstances of the colonies
+in general, as the British parliament? It is composed of men very well
+versed in mercantile affairs, and much accustomed to the discussion of
+intricate questions; many of them are merchants, and merchants that
+trade to America and the West Indies. They are always ready to receive
+information from any hand, and never proceed to business of importance,
+till they have made the requisite inquiries. Nothing can be a better
+proof of this, than their conduct with regard to the stamp act. A year
+before it was passed, the ministers desired you to send agents over to
+London, in order to propose your objections to the whole, or any part of
+it; but you neglected this reasonable request; therefore, if the duty
+on some articles should be too high, you have none but yourselves to
+blame.
+
+How then can you pretend to set up your own knowledge in competition
+with that of the British parliament? Every single assembly among you,
+may, perhaps, be a better judge of its own province than it; but that is
+all: a full and comprehensive idea of the whole they cannot be expected
+to have; their own particular interest they may understand, but the
+interest of the colonies in general is an object too large, too complex,
+to be taken in at one view, and to be perfectly scanned by them. It is
+the British legislature alone, whose close connection with all the
+colonies, whose thorough acquaintance with their trade and with commerce
+in general, is universally allowed, that is properly qualified for such
+an arduous task.
+
+Thus have I shewn that the interest of both parties, of England and
+America, is best promoted by adhering religiously to the ancient
+system; that a claim of new privileges by the Americans, for they have
+been taxed before by our parliament, will be attended with many
+immediate disadvantages, and that the remote consequence will be their
+own ruin and slavery.
+
+But if, after all, the prejudices of the Americans should be so great as
+to make them reject all reasonable terms of accommodation, should they
+be so tenacious of what they call their privileges, as to be fully
+resolved on asserting an absolute independence on the parliament of
+Great Britain. Should they be determined, rather than yield to it as
+formerly, to proceed to the last extremity, I would, with all due
+deference to the wisdom of parliament, advise a certain number of
+contiguous provinces to be incorporated, and to be allowed parliaments
+under the same restriction as that of Ireland.
+
+If they decline this equitable compromise, were I a member of either
+House, I would give my vote for treating them as the Romans did the
+Latins, when they attempted by force to make themselves denizens of
+Rome. This step, I own, is dangerous, and very delicate in its
+management, but in such a crisis, it is the only one which can, with any
+dignity and prudence, be taken.
+
+Though the partizans of America, in order to throw dust in our eyes, and
+erect a bug-bear to the ignorant, insinuate that the colonies would, in
+this extremity, follow the example of the Low Countries under Philip the
+Second, and call in the assistance of France and Spain. There is little
+reason to be apprehensive on that score; for the case is by no means
+parrellel: the Flemings and Dutch contended for ancient established
+rights, which had been allowed such by their oppressors themselves; the
+Americans assert privileges unknown, unheard of before; the Spaniards
+were strangers and foreigners to the inhabitants of the Low Countries;
+the Britons are brothers and relations to the Americans; the seventeen
+provinces were cruelly oppressed by the king of Spain, and a few of his
+counsellors; the colonies are moderately taxed by the whole body of the
+British legislature. Is it credible then, that, in order to free
+themselves from the gentle tutorage of their parent, they should run
+directly into the jaws of ruin and slavery? It is more probable that,
+when they hear of the final determination of this point against them by
+our parliament, the weight and authority of that body, the most august
+in the world, will make them sit down, like the Cyder counties, quiet
+under their burden.
+
+But should they be so far infatuated as to act otherwise, it is in our
+power to prevent any fatal consequence; the British fleet can soon bring
+them to reason; all their capital towns lie defenceless on the edge of
+the shore, and must always obey the dictates of the tremendous mouths of
+cannon. This, however, is the last argument which ought to be used; for
+it is always of consequence to preserve the affections of subjects, to
+rule them by love rather than fear: nothing but the utmost contumacy, of
+which, I trust in Heaven, they will never be guilty, can justify such a
+violent measure.
+
+
+                               F I N I S.
+
+
+
+
+_Speedily will be Published._
+
+_In two Volumes Octavo, Price_ 10s. _sewed, or_ 12s. _bound._
+
+
+An Authentic Collection of the SPEECHES and DEBATES in the British House
+of Commons from the Year 1742, to the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.
+In the Debates of this Period, are many important Motions arising from a
+Variety of interesting Events, both Domestic and Foreign. Several
+material Changes in the Administration, were the Consequence of those
+Debates. As the Attention of Parliament was occasionally employed upon a
+long and expensive War with both France and Spain, and the Suppression
+of an unnatural and intestine Rebellion; a Moment's Reflection will shew
+this to have been one of the most important Periods in our History. It
+is therefore to be regretted, that these Debates have not been collated
+and digested before, and that so necessary a Work has been so long
+neglected; a Work so essentially useful to every Member of Parliament,
+and every Lover of Constitutional History. These Debates which are
+principally compiled from authentic Notes taken in the House, are
+arranged partly upon the same Plan with Chandler's Collection, which is
+brought down to the Year 1742; but with such Improvements from the
+Journals, and other authentic Papers, as, it is presumed, will render
+them worthy the Notice of every British Legislator.
+
+Printed for J. Almon, opposite _Burlington-House_, in _Piccadilly_.
+
+
+Of whom may be had, just published;
+
+I. The Double Mistake; a new Comedy; as it is now performing at the
+Theatre-Royal, in Covent-Garden. Price 1s. 6d.
+
+II. The Royal Kalendar; containing new and very correct Lists of all the
+public Offices, and both Houses of Parliament. Price only 6d.--The same
+in an Annual Pocket-book. Price 1s. 6d.
+
+III. The late Occurrences in America, and Policy of Great-Britain,
+considered. Price 1s.
+
+IV. Considerations on the Propriety of imposing Taxes in the British
+Colonies. Price 1s. 6d.
+
+V. The Necessity of repealing the American Stamp-Act, demonstrated.
+Price 1s.
+
+VI. The Grievances of the American Colonies, examined. Price 1s.
+
+VII. Dummer's Defence of the Provincial Charters. Price 1s. 6d.
+
+VIII. Considerations on behalf of the Colonies. Written at _Boston_.
+Price 1s.
+
+IX. An Examination of the Rights of the Colonies, upon the Principles of
+Law. Price 1s.
+
+X. The Principles of the late Changes, impartially examined. By a Son of
+Candor. Third Edition. Price 1s. 6d.
+
+XI. THE SECURITY OF ENGLISHMEN's LIVES; or the Trust, Power, and Duty of
+the GRAND JURIES of ENGLAND, explained according to the fundamentals of
+the English Government, and the Declarations of the same made in
+Parliament by many Statutes. First printed in the Year, 1681. Written by
+the Right Honourable JOHN Lord SOMERS, Baron of Evesham, and Lord High
+Chancellor of England. Price 1s. 6d.
+
+This excellent Tract has for many Years been very scarce, although
+several Times strongly recommended by the best Writers on the English
+Constitution; and in particular by the learned and able Author of the
+_Letter upon Libels and Warrants_, &c. As that ingenious Work treats so
+fully on the Rights and Privileges of Petit and Special Juries; this
+admired Performance, on the Subject of Grand Juries, is thought to be
+its proper Companion: and is therefore printed in the same Size, and at
+the same Price.
+
+XII. A LETTER concerning Juries, Libels, Warrants, the Seizure of
+Papers, and Sureties for the Peace or Behaviour. With a View to some
+late Proceedings, and the Defence of them by the Majority, upon the
+Principles of Law and the Constitution. Fifth Edition. Price only 1s.
+6d.
+
+XIII. A POSTSCRIPT to the same, second Edition. Price 1s.
+
+XIV. A Letter from Candor to the Public Advertiser, on some late
+interesting Trials, and other Points of civil Liberty. Second Edition.
+Price 1s.
+
+XV. The Trial of Mr. William Owen (_never before printed_) Bookseller,
+near Temple Bar, who was charged with the Publication of a Libel
+against the Government in 1751, of which he was acquitted by a Jury of
+free-born Englishmen, Citizens of London. The principal Speakers in this
+Trial for the Crown, were, Sir Dudley Rider, Attorney-General,
+afterwards the _famous_ Chief Justice of that Name, and Mr. William
+Murray, Sollicitor-General, now Lord Mansfield and Chief Justice of the
+King's Bench. For the Defendant, Mr. Ford, since dead; and Mr. Pratt,
+now Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas: Whose Speeches are all
+printed as nearly _verbatim_ as possible.--To which is prefixed, the
+whole of the remarkable Trial of John Peter Zenger of New York, Printer,
+(which for some Time has been very Scarce) who was also charged with
+printing and publishing a Libel against the Government; of which he was
+acquitted by an honest, independent Jury. With a Narrative of his Case.
+Price only 1s. (Zenger's Trial alone was formerly sold for 1s. 6d.)
+
+XVI. The State of the Nation; with regard to its Income, Expenditure,
+and unfunded Debt. Fifth Edition. Price 1s.
+
+XVII. The BUDGET. Eleventh Edition. Price 1s.
+
+XVIII. The Right of Appeal to Juries in Causes of Excise asserted.
+Second Edit. Price 1s.
+
+XIX. The Rights of the Colonies, asserted and proved. By James Otis,
+Esq; of Boston in New England, Second Edit. Price 2s.
+
+XX. An Account of the late Right Hon. Henry Bilson Legge. With Original
+Papers. Price 1s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _underscores_.
+Small caps have been replaced with Title cased text.
+
+Obsolete spellings of words (e.g., impolitick, antient, assylum, can'st,
+etc.) have been retained; ct ligatures are represented as ct, and long s
+as modern round s.
+
+Typesetting error on page 30: comlpain changed to complain.
+Typesetting error on page 39: POSTCRIPT changed to POSTSCRIPT.
+
+On page 20, the last word of the three-sentence Latin passage was not
+italicized in the original, so the last word was not marked as
+italicized.
+
+Catchwords have been deleted. (Catchwords were used on each page of very
+old books to indicate the first word of the following page.)
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Justice and Necessity of Taxing
+the American Colonies, Demonstrated, by Unknown
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Justice and Necessity of Taxing the
+American Colonies, Demonstrated, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Justice and Necessity of Taxing the American Colonies, Demonstrated
+       Together with a Vindication of the Authority of Parliament
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: May 20, 2010 [EBook #32463]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TAXING THE AMERICAN COLONIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ernest Schaal, Jana Srna and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div id="tnote">
+<p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Notes:</b></p>
+<p>Obsolete spellings of words (e.g. impolitick, antient, assylum,
+can'st, etc.) have been retained; ct ligatures are represented as
+ct, and long s as modern round s.</p>
+<p>Typesetting errors have been corrected and marked
+<ins title="transcriber's note">like this</ins>.
+The original text appears when hovering the cursor over
+the marked text.</p>
+<p>Catchwords have been deleted. (Catchwords were used on each page
+of very old books to indicate the first word of the following page.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div id="text-block">
+
+
+<p class="center" style="line-height: 2em; margin-bottom: 4em;"><span class="gesperrt">THE</span><br/>
+<span class="gesperrt">JUSTICE</span> and <span class="gesperrt">NECESSITY</span><br/>
+<span class="gesperrt">OF</span><br/>
+<big style="font-size: 1.25em;" class="gesperrt">TAXING</big><br/>
+<span class="gesperrt">THE</span><br/>
+<big style="font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="gesperrt">COLONIES</span>.</big></p>
+
+<p class="center">[Price One Shilling.]</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h1 style="margin: 6em auto 1em auto; line-height: 2.2em;"><small class="gesperrt" style="font-size: 0.7em;">THE</small><br/>
+<span class="gesperrt">JUSTICE</span> and <span class="gesperrt">NECESSITY</span><br/>
+<small class="gesperrt" style="font-size: 0.7em;">OF</small><br/>
+<big class="gesperrt">TAXING</big><br/>
+<small class="gesperrt" style="font-size: 0.7em;">THE</small><br/>
+<span class="gesperrt">AMERICAN COLONIES</span>,<br/>
+Demonstrated.</h1>
+
+<p class="center" style="line-height: 2.5em; margin-bottom: 4em;"><span class="gesperrt">TOGETHER WITH A</span><br/>
+<big class="gesperrt" style="font-size: 1.4em;">VINDICATION</big><br/>
+<span class="gesperrt">OF THE</span><br/>
+<big style="font-size: 1.7em;">Authority of Parliament.</big></p>
+
+<hr style="margin-bottom: 1em;"/>
+<p class="center" style="max-width: 24em; margin: auto;"><big><span class="gesperrt">LONDON</span>:</big></p>
+<p class="center" style="max-width: 24em; margin: 0.5em auto;">Printed for <span class="smcap">J. Almon</span>, opposite Burlington-House in
+Piccadilly, 1766.</p>
+
+
+<div style="margin-top: 10em;"><a class="pagenum" name="Page_5" title="5"> </a>
+<hr/>
+<hr/>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin: 3em auto; line-height: 2em;">
+A<br/>
+<big class="gesperrt" style="font-size: 1.4em;">VINDICATION</big><br/>
+<span class="gesperrt">OF THE</span><br/>
+<big style="font-size: 1.4em;">Authority of Parliament, <i>&amp;c.</i></big></p>
+
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="first-word">Of</span> all the objects, which have
+since the revolution, engaged the
+attention of the legislature, the proper
+method of adjusting our present quarrels
+with the Americans is undoubtedly
+the most important. For as the riches
+and power of Britain depend chiefly
+on trade, and that trade on her colonies;
+it is evident that her very existence
+as the first of commercial nations,
+turns upon this hinge.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot therefore be impertinent in
+any one modestly to offer his sentiments
+on this topick; that by the confrontation
+of different opinions we may strike
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_6" title="6"> </a>out truth, as we do fire by the collision
+of flints; and that, as much light
+as possible may be afforded to our legislators
+to guide them through so dark
+and intricate a labyrinth.</p>
+
+<p>This is the more necessary, as there
+can be found no similar case in all the
+records of history to serve as a precedent,
+or clew, to direct their steps; and
+all they can do is to grope their way
+by their own industry, and to employ
+their reason, as the only compass which
+can steer their course aright to this land
+unknown.</p>
+
+<p>Without any farther preamble, therefore,
+I shall proceed to discuss this
+point, and to state the case fairly between
+the two contending parties, that
+those, who having like myself, no particular
+interest concerned, have consequently
+little prepossession for either
+side, may be enabled to form an adequate
+idea of the subject.</p>
+
+<p>While the colonies were under any
+apprehensions from the encroachments
+of the French and Indians, they submitted
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_7" title="7"> </a>to the British legislature without
+reluctance; because they were sensible
+of their inability to defend themselves,
+and of the necessity of taking
+shelter under the wings of their mother.
+But no sooner were the
+French kites and Indian vultures scared
+away, than they began to strut and
+to claim an independent property to
+the dunghil. Their fear and their
+natural affection forsook them at one
+and the same time. They now boast
+that they owe their present happy state
+to no power on earth but themselves;
+that they worked out their own salvation
+by their own right arm: forgetting
+that, had we not conquered at
+Louisbourg, at Quebec, and many
+other places; had we not constantly
+protected and defended them, the
+French and Indians would have long
+ago reduced them to the situation of
+the ancient Britons, and we should ere
+now have received some such letter as
+this, inscribed, <i>The groans of the Americans.
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_8" title="8"> </a>The barbarians, on one hand,
+drive us into the sea; the sea on the
+other, forces us back on the barbarians:
+so that we have only the hard alternative
+left us, of perishing by the sword, or
+by the waves.</i></p>
+
+<p>Their insolence is arrived to such a
+pitch that they are not ashamed to assume
+to themselves the merit of bringing
+the last war but one to a period.
+According to them, what obliged the
+enemy to listen to terms of accommodation
+was not our success by sea, not
+the ruin of the French navy, not the
+total stagnation of their trade, not the
+march of the Russian auxiliaries; but
+the reduction, in a couple of short
+days, by a couple of little cannon, of
+a little island hardly discernable in a
+map, called Cape-Breton.</p>
+
+<p>This undutiful, this disobedient behaviour
+of Britain's children abroad,
+owed, no doubt, its origin partly to the
+causes assigned above, and partly to
+the murmurs and discontent of those at
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_9" title="9"> </a>home; the Sacheveril in London produced
+another in Boston; the spirit of
+disaffection and mutiny, which the harangues
+of a general raised in the cyder
+counties, those of a colonel conjured
+up in New-England. Out of one
+hydra many more arose, and there
+wants a Hercules to crush them. But
+who has the courage and skill to wield
+his club? In hopes that such a hero
+will arise, I will endeavour to furnish
+him with weapons, and to show him
+how to pierce the vitals of the monster.</p>
+
+<p>The most effectual way, in my opinion,
+of laying the spirit of disaffection
+among the colonists, and of quieting
+the present disturbances to the mutual
+satisfaction of each party, is to convince
+the Americans that they ought
+to be taxed rather than the English,
+and to prove that the interest of both
+is best promoted by leaving the power
+of taxation in the hands of the British
+legislature; I shall therefore address
+myself now to this task.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" name="Page_10" title="10"> </a>
+In this age all the kingdoms in Europe
+maintain a standing military force,
+which may be ready on all occasions
+to defend themselves, and to seize every
+opportunity of annoying their foes;
+Great-Britain therefore is obliged to
+keep, tho' contrary to the genius of
+its constitution, a large body of regular
+troops in constant pay: and as
+America must have a considerable share
+of these for its safeguard, on whom
+ought the burden of supporting them
+to fall, but on the Americans, to
+whom they prove an immediate benefit?
+Great-Britain is sufficiently exhausted
+already; she has spilt plenty
+of her blood in their cause, she has
+expended many millions in their service,
+and has by these means contracted
+an immense load of debt, of which
+she is never likely to be eased. Must
+she then expire under her pressures?
+Instead of being relieved, must a new
+burden be laid on her shoulders to
+crush her entirely? A tax for the support
+of American guards and garrisons
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_11" title="11"> </a>must be raised somewhere; else all the
+labour of the last war may be lost in a
+moment; the colonies may be conquered
+by our enemies in one campaign.</p>
+
+<p>What then must be done? America
+must be taxed. By no means,
+says America; I am sufficiently taxed
+already; the many restrictions and
+prohibitions, under which I labour in
+point of trade, are an ample tax. You
+gain of me by way of balance about
+half a million a year; let this be applied
+to the defence of America, and
+it will be found an abundant provision
+for all her wants.</p>
+
+<p>But why, good America, dost thou
+not also desire us to apply to the defence
+of Spain and Turkey all that we
+gain by them annually? The argument
+will hold equally good, and cannot
+be absurd in the latter case without
+being so in the former.</p>
+
+<p>Why likewise, do'st thou not throw
+into the opposite scale the many millions,
+which we have already laid out
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_12" title="12"> </a>for thy preservation, and see whether
+they do not make all, that we have
+ever drawn from thee, mount up and
+kick the beam.</p>
+
+<p>Thou sayest indeed, that we receive
+in the general course of trade all the
+specie, which thou can'st spare; and
+that it is cruel, nay, impolitick, to
+exact more than thou can'st afford; as
+excessive imposts always damp industry,
+create a despondency in merchants,
+and incapacitate a state for furnishing
+its ordinary quota of taxes.</p>
+
+<p>But let me tell thee that the money
+raised by the stamp act, being all necessary
+for paying the troops within
+thy own territories, must center wholly
+in thyself, and therefore cannot possibly
+drain thee of thy bullion.</p>
+
+<p>It is true, this act will hinder thee
+from sucking out the blood of thy
+mother, and gorging thyself with the
+fruit of her labour. But at this thou
+oughtest not to repine, as experience
+assures us that the most certain method
+of rendering a body politick, as
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_13" title="13"> </a>well as natural, wholesome and long-lived,
+is to preserve a due equilibrium
+between its different members; not to
+allow any part to rob another of its
+nourishment, but, when there is any
+danger, any probability of such a catastrophe,
+to make an immediate revulsion,
+for fear of an unnatural superfetation,
+or of the absolute ruin and
+destruction of the whole.</p>
+
+<p>All countries, unaccustomed to
+taxes, are at first violently prepossessed
+against them, though the price, which
+they give for their liberty: like an ox
+untamed to the yoke, they show, at
+first, a very stubborn neck, but by
+degrees become docile, and yield a
+willing obedience. Scotland was very
+much averse to the tax on malt; but
+she is so far from being ruined by it,
+that it has only taught her to double
+her industry, and to supply, by labour,
+what she was obliged to give up
+to the necessities of the state. Can
+America be said to be poorer, to be
+more scanty of money than Scotland?
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_14" title="14"> </a>No. What then follows? America
+must be taxed.</p>
+
+<p>It is in vain to pretend that the increase
+of the American territories, and
+of the commodities, which they furnish
+to the British markets, has reduced
+the price of any article; or placed the
+ancient colonists in a worse situation
+than before the war; and consequently
+rendered them incapable of bearing
+any additional burden.</p>
+
+<p>Europe is still the same as in seventeen
+hundred and fifty-five, its inhabitants
+are as numerous; therefore as
+Britons, with regard to it and America,
+are, for the most part, but factors,
+the demand for American goods
+must be as great, if not greater, than
+formerly; their value cannot be diminished,
+nor can the Americans be
+worse situated than at the commencement
+of the war.</p>
+
+<p>It is equally idle to pretend that a
+tax on America must prove prejudicial
+to Britain.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" name="Page_15" title="15"> </a>
+A tax for defending it must, as
+hinted above, be levied somewhere;
+either in Britain or its colonies: and
+nothing is more manifest than that
+those, on whom the tax is laid, or
+who advance the money, must be the
+only sufferers, as in all dealings between
+two, what is taken from the
+one is added to the other; it always requires
+some time to balance accounts,
+by raising the price of commodities in
+proportion to the tax, and to reduce
+every thing by the course of circulation
+to a level. What America loses,
+Britain gains; the expences of the
+former are a saving to the latter. All
+the world is sensible of the justness of
+this maxim, the clamours of the colonists
+are a striking proof of it. If
+they were not convinced of this truth,
+why grumble at the impost? If they
+did not know that a tax upon them
+must prove comparatively detrimental
+to their country, and serviceable to
+Britain, why exclaim against it?
+How absurd then, is it to advance that
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_16" title="16"> </a>as an argument for the abolition of the
+tax, which was the principal one for
+opposing it? Indeed, to alledge that
+England will gain more by laying the
+tax on herself, is to alledge that a
+man, who gives his daughter an annual
+pension, becomes richer than if
+he received an equal sum.</p>
+
+<p>I own, if Britain, by any channel,
+receives in return a larger portion than
+she bestows, she gains by the bargain.
+But that cannot be the present case;
+for by taxing herself she raises the
+price of provisions, which encreases
+that of labour, and manufactures, not
+only at home, but also in America,
+and all other foreign markets; by
+which means all her rivals in trade
+undersell her; she diminishes the quantity
+of her exports, the number of her
+artisans and people, and empoverishes
+herself in general. Whereas by levying
+the tax on the colonies, she saves
+a round sum of money annually; the
+price of her manufactures continues
+nearly the same, and as the wants of
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_17" title="17"> </a>the colonists, cannot be much lessened,
+her exports are almost equally
+considerable; in short, the foregoing
+prospect is wholly inverted.</p>
+
+<p>But why keep any Forces at all in
+America? She is sufficiently able to
+defend herself.  Every Male above
+sixteen years of age is enrolled in the
+militia; they have arms, they are
+disciplined, their numbers are great,
+and still upon the Increase: what
+more is wanting for her security? Is
+she in greater danger now, that the
+French are exterminated, than she
+was before the last war, when the
+enemy pressed vigorously upon her,
+and yet hardly any troops were to be
+found throughout her whole extent?</p>
+
+<p>No; but lest the same Difficulties
+should recur, lest the same quarrels
+which bred the last expensive and
+bloody War, should return, troops
+must be maintained for her safeguard.
+Britain observes this policy within herself;
+is it not absurd to imagine she
+would not follow the same maxim
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_18" title="18"> </a>with regard to her colonies? She
+keeps on foot a considerable body of
+forces to be prepared on every emergency,
+not only to oppose a public
+foe, but also to enforce the decisions
+of the civil magistrate. And notwithstanding
+the antipathy which most
+people have to standing armies, they
+have been found to be very useful;
+and no government, antient or modern,
+can be named, which was not,
+without their assistance, subject to
+bloody riots and insurrections. Nor
+is there any danger to be apprehended
+from them, while their number is
+small, while the sword is in the hands
+of the people in general, while, as in
+America, there is a superior well regulated
+militia to check them, if
+they should discover any sinister design
+against liberty.</p>
+
+<p>It is with a view of being useful to
+the mother country, that colonies are
+first planted; this is part of their
+charter, a tacit condition, on which
+they are allowed to depart and settle;
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_19" title="19"> </a>therefore they are not allowed by the
+laws of nature and nations to violate
+this agreement, as long as the mother
+is able to avail herself of it, and treats
+them with due Lenity and maternal
+affection. A few restrictions
+on their trade, in order to pay off
+what debts they contracted, while
+yet in the nursery, cannot be construed
+into acts of severity, and as
+little can a tax intended for their own
+defence, and appropriated to that sole
+use.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the supposition that America
+is never to be taxed, this country,
+which now groans, and is like long
+to groan under the weight of taxes,
+will in time be left desolate, all its
+inhabitants will flock to America, to
+enjoy the benefits of a less oppressive
+government, and to mingle with a
+people of similar manners, religion
+and laws. Britain, the assylum of
+liberty, the seat of arts and sciences,
+the glory of Europe, and the envy
+of the world, will be ruined by her
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_20" title="20"> </a>own ungrateful sons, and become a
+desart. What neither Spain nor
+France, nor all the world combined,
+could accomplish, America, the child
+of her own fostering, will effect.</p>
+
+<div class="poem" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
+<div class="stanza">
+Quos neque Tydides, nec Larissæus Achilles,<br/>
+Non anni domuere decem, non mille carinæ,<br/>
+Vincentur <em>pueris</em>.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>America will prove a continual
+drain upon her industry and people,
+an eternal spunge to suck up her vital
+moisture, and leave her a dry and sapless
+trunk, exposed, without branches,
+without leaves, to the inclemency of
+the weather. This event may be distant,
+but it is in the womb of time;
+and must be brought forth, unless we
+have sufficient skill to cause an abortion.</p>
+
+<p>But what does America gain by all
+this? A transitory independence perhaps,
+on the most noble constitution,
+which the wit of man has been hitherto
+able to invent. I say transitory
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_21" title="21"> </a>independence, for the broken and disjointed
+members of the American empire
+cannot be cemented and consolidated
+into one firm mass; it is too
+unwieldy and unmanageable; it is
+composed of particles too heterogeneous
+to be ever melted down into one
+consistent and well digested system of
+liberty. Anarchy and confusion will
+soon prevail, were it to attempt an
+union; and the loss of liberty will
+tread fast upon their heels. For a free
+and extended empire on a continent
+are incompatible: to think they are not
+is a perfect solecism in politicks. No
+history furnishes us with an example;
+foreign conquest, or the power with
+which the magistrate must be entrusted,
+are an invincible obstacle in their
+way. It is in islands alone, where
+one part of the people cannot be so
+easily employed to oppress the other,
+where the sea separates them from conquerors
+and great empires, that liberty
+can be deemed a native of the soil.
+What a wretched exchange, then,
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_22" title="22"> </a>would the Americans make! They
+would barter liberty for slavery.</p>
+
+<p>But, say they, we are not represented
+in parliament.</p>
+
+<p>True; you are not; no more is
+one twentieth of the British nation;
+but they may, when they become
+freeholders, or burgesses: so may you;
+therefore complain not; for it is impossible
+to render any human institution
+absolutely perfect. Were the
+English animated by your spirit, they
+would overturn the constitution to-morrow.</p>
+
+<p>Like the colonies of all other countries,
+you enjoy the privilege of being
+governed in the same manner, as the
+people, from which you are derived.
+You have the same parliament, the
+same laws; you are all deemed free-born
+Britons, and are intitled to all
+their immunities. What would you
+have more? Would you reduce your
+protectors, your deliverers, your parents
+to a state of servitude, by obliging
+them to pay taxes for you? It is
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_23" title="23"> </a>plain, too plain, excessive prosperity
+has rendered your heads giddy, you
+attempt to soar higher than your
+strength will carry you, than your
+safety will permit; it is incumbent
+on us, under whose care you are, to
+clip your wings.</p>
+
+<p>You tell us you are very sober and
+temperate, that you fear the influence
+of a standing army will corrupt you,
+and introduce profligacy and debauchery.</p>
+
+<p>I take your word for it, and believe
+you are as sober, temperate, upright,
+humane and virtuous, as the
+posterity of independents and anabaptists,
+presbyterians and quakers, convicts
+and felons, savages and negro-whippers,
+can be; that you are as
+loyal subjects, as obedient to the laws,
+as zealous for the maintenance of order
+and good government, as your
+late actions evince you to be; and I
+affirm that you have much need of
+the gentlemen of the blade to polish
+and refine your manners, to inspire
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_24" title="24"> </a>you with an honest frankness and openness
+of behaviour, to rub off the rust
+of puritanism, and to make you ashamed
+of proposing in your assemblies,
+as you have lately done, to pay
+off no more debts due to your original
+native country.</p>
+
+<p>I am only afraid that you will not
+be blest with enough of their company;
+they will be obliged to live on
+the frontiers, in order to check the
+Indians, and to preserve your hairy
+scalps untouched; they must be constantly
+exposed to secret treachery, and
+open violence, for your ease and security;
+and yet you will not contribute
+a single penny for their support.</p>
+
+<p>In the name of wonder, what would
+you desire? Every farthing raised by
+the stamps, and a great deal more
+from Britain, is necessary for your defence,
+and is to be applied solely to
+that purpose: what more would you
+ask? Would you, preferably to all the
+parts of the British dominions, be
+exempted from taxes?</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" name="Page_25" title="25"> </a>
+Do you murmur because Britain is
+not taxed for you, or because you are
+not allowed to lay the tax on what
+commodities you please? If the former
+be the source of your discontent,
+you are very unnatural, and very ungrateful:
+very unnatural, because you
+have no compassion, no fellow-feeling
+for the distresses of your exhausted
+parent; very ungrateful, because, after
+Britain has done so much for you, after
+she has nourished and reared you up,
+from your sickly infancy to a vigorous
+state of adolescence, or rather manhood,
+after she has conquered your
+enemies, and placed you, if now you
+be not wanting to yourselves, beyond
+the reach of French perfidy and fraud,
+you will not stretch forth your hand
+to ease her, sinking under her burden,
+nor contribute to her security, or more
+properly your own.</p>
+
+<p>But if the latter gave rise to your
+disaffection, you are very ill informed,
+very short sighted, in not perceiving,
+that a general tax, for the general defence
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_26" title="26"> </a>of all America, could not be
+raised by <em>peace-meal</em>, in every province
+separately. How could the quota of
+every colony be ascertained; and, if
+it could be ascertained, how were the
+colonists to be persuaded to grant it?
+We remember with what difficulty
+they were induced to advance money
+for their own defence in the late war,
+when the enemy was at their gates,
+when they fought <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pro aris &amp; focis</i>, for
+their religion and property. Some of
+them have not, to this day, contributed
+a single shilling. Are we to
+imagine, that they will be more forward,
+more lavish now, when the danger
+is distant, and perhaps imperceptible
+to the dull senses of most of
+them, than when it stared them in the
+face, and threatened immediate ruin.
+Whoever thinks so, must be a very
+weak politician, and ought to be sent
+to catch flies with Domitian.</p>
+
+<p>Each assembly among you, forsooth,
+pretends to an equality with the
+British parliament, and allows no laws
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_27" title="27"> </a>binding but those, which are imposed
+by itself. But mark the consequence.
+Every colony becomes at once an independant
+kingdom, and the sovereign
+may become, in a short time,
+absolute master, by playing the one
+against the other.</p>
+
+<p>But were the sovereign always virtuous
+enough not to avail himself of
+this power, which with the greatest
+good nature, with the utmost political
+foresight, you thus put into his hand,
+quarrels would, in all probability, soon
+arise among you. It is well known
+you cannot boast of much mutual
+love, or christian charity; the same
+spirit which actuated your ancestors,
+and kindled the flames of civil war in
+this country, still reigns among you,
+and wants but a single spark to raise a
+combustion.</p>
+
+<p>You will tell me, perhaps, that
+notwithstanding the multiplicity of
+governments, you may, like the Swiss
+cantons, live for ages in harmony and
+unity.</p>
+
+<p><a class="pagenum" name="Page_28" title="28"> </a>
+But I aver the contrary. The
+strength of the Protestants and Roman
+Catholicks among them, is nearly
+equal, and keeps them in awe of
+each other; but above all, the fear of
+being crushed by the surrounding
+powers in case of intestine dissensions,
+prevents ambitious projects, and secures
+the peace. But as neither of
+these is your case, you have little reason
+to hope that you could preserve
+your liberties. Greece, as soon as it
+ceased to dread the Persian monarch,
+fell immediately into the hands of a
+despotick prince; you have no king
+of Persia to fear, how then do you
+expect to remain free from slavery?
+Believe me, your safest course is to
+continue in your dependence on Britain,
+where liberty is naturalized,
+and where you are entitled to every
+blessing with which it is attended.</p>
+
+<p>Can you be so weak as to imagine
+that the two houses of parliament will
+allow you to set up a claim to uncontrollable
+authority in your several provinces?
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_29" title="29"> </a>Perhaps you do not comprehend
+how this will in time reduce them,
+and consequently you to mere cyphers?
+I will inform you. The power
+of the crown is, of late, greatly encreased,
+by the vast number of places,
+which the last war, and the enormous
+growth of the national debt have left
+at its disposal. Give it also but the
+management of the colonies, exclusive
+of the parliament, and there needs no
+more, in a few years, to render it despotick.</p>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly, the weight of this
+consideration was what moved the
+British, to assume a superiority over the
+Irish parliament; and Ireland, considerable
+a country as it is, submits to
+their controul; how can you have the
+front to ask greater privileges? Indeed,
+till you are placed on a quite
+different footing, you cannot expect
+even this indulgence: such a number
+of scattered jarring governments would
+create so much embarrassment and
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_30" title="30"> </a>perplexity, as to be quite unmanageable.</p>
+
+<p>Some of you <ins title="comlpain">complain</ins> that the
+privileges granted by your charters are
+invaded.</p>
+
+<p>But by whom, pray, were these
+privileges granted? By a king,
+who had no power, I mean legal
+power, to grant you any privileges,
+which rendered you independent of
+parliament, no more than he can
+make a corporation in England independent
+of it. Talk not then, of
+such privileges; the spirit of the British
+constitution could allow you none, by
+which you did not remain subordinate
+to every branch of the legislature, and
+consequently subordinate to parliament.
+The king makes but one member
+of the legislature, and it is self-evident
+he cannot give away the rights
+and privileges of the rest. He can
+grant any body of men a charter, by
+which they are empowered to make
+bye-laws for their own government,
+but farther his prerogative does not
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_31" title="31"> </a>extend. He cannot free them from
+obedience to acts of parliaments.</p>
+
+<p>Another, and a general complaint
+is, that you are taxed by a body of
+men unacquainted with your circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>But who can be so well acquainted
+with the circumstances of the colonies
+in general, as the British parliament?
+It is composed of men very well versed
+in mercantile affairs, and much accustomed
+to the discussion of intricate
+questions; many of them are merchants,
+and merchants that trade to
+America and the West Indies. They
+are always ready to receive information
+from any hand, and never proceed to
+business of importance, till they have
+made the requisite inquiries. Nothing
+can be a better proof of this, than
+their conduct with regard to the stamp
+act. A year before it was passed, the
+ministers desired you to send agents
+over to London, in order to propose
+your objections to the whole, or any
+part of it; but you neglected this reasonable
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_32" title="32"> </a>request; therefore, if the duty
+on some articles should be too high,
+you have none but yourselves to blame.</p>
+
+<p>How then can you pretend to set
+up your own knowledge in competition
+with that of the British parliament?
+Every single assembly among
+you, may, perhaps, be a better judge
+of its own province than it; but that
+is all: a full and comprehensive idea
+of the whole they cannot be expected
+to have; their own particular interest
+they may understand, but the interest
+of the colonies in general is an object
+too large, too complex, to be taken
+in at one view, and to be perfectly
+scanned by them. It is the British
+legislature alone, whose close connection
+with all the colonies, whose thorough
+acquaintance with their trade
+and with commerce in general, is
+universally allowed, that is properly
+qualified for such an arduous task.</p>
+
+<p>Thus have I shewn that the interest
+of both parties, of England and America,
+is best promoted by adhering
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_33" title="33"> </a>religiously to the ancient system; that
+a claim of new privileges by the Americans,
+for they have been taxed before
+by our parliament, will be attended
+with many immediate disadvantages,
+and that the remote consequence will
+be their own ruin and slavery.</p>
+
+<p>But if, after all, the prejudices of
+the Americans should be so great as
+to make them reject all reasonable
+terms of accommodation, should they
+be so tenacious of what they call their
+privileges, as to be fully resolved on
+asserting an absolute independence on
+the parliament of Great Britain. Should
+they be determined, rather than yield
+to it as formerly, to proceed to the
+last extremity, I would, with all due
+deference to the wisdom of parliament,
+advise a certain number of contiguous
+provinces to be incorporated, and to
+be allowed parliaments under the same
+restriction as that of Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>If they decline this equitable compromise,
+were I a member of either
+House, I would give my vote for treating
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_34" title="34"> </a>them as the Romans did the Latins,
+when they attempted by force to make
+themselves denizens of Rome. This
+step, I own, is dangerous, and very
+delicate in its management, but in such
+a crisis, it is the only one which can,
+with any dignity and prudence, be
+taken.</p>
+
+<p>Though the partizans of America,
+in order to throw dust in our eyes, and
+erect a bug-bear to the ignorant, insinuate
+that the colonies would, in this
+extremity, follow the example of the
+Low Countries under Philip the Second,
+and call in the assistance of France
+and Spain. There is little reason to be
+apprehensive on that score; for the
+case is by no means parrellel: the
+Flemings and Dutch contended for
+ancient established rights, which had
+been allowed such by their oppressors
+themselves; the Americans assert privileges
+unknown, unheard of before;
+the Spaniards were strangers and foreigners
+to the inhabitants of the Low
+Countries; the Britons are brothers and
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_35" title="35"> </a>relations to the Americans; the seventeen
+provinces were cruelly oppressed
+by the king of Spain, and a few of
+his counsellors; the colonies are moderately
+taxed by the whole body of
+the British legislature. Is it credible
+then, that, in order to free themselves
+from the gentle tutorage of their parent,
+they should run directly into the
+jaws of ruin and slavery? It is more
+probable that, when they hear of the
+final determination of this point against
+them by our parliament, the weight
+and authority of that body, the most
+august in the world, will make them
+sit down, like the Cyder counties,
+quiet under their burden.</p>
+
+<p>But should they be so far infatuated
+as to act otherwise, it is in our power
+to prevent any fatal consequence; the
+British fleet can soon bring them to
+reason; all their capital towns lie defenceless
+on the edge of the shore, and
+must always obey the dictates of the
+tremendous mouths of cannon. This,
+however, is the last argument which
+<a class="pagenum" name="Page_36" title="36"> </a>ought to be used; for it is always of
+consequence to preserve the affections
+of subjects, to rule them by love rather
+than fear: nothing but the utmost
+contumacy, of which, I trust in
+Heaven, they will never be guilty,
+can justify such a violent measure.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin: 6em auto 10em auto;"><span class="gesperrt">FINIS</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Speedily will be Published.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>In two Volumes Octavo, Price <span class="upright">10s.</span> sewed, or
+<span class="upright">12s.</span> bound.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap"><span class="first-word">An</span> Authentic Collection</span> of the
+SPEECHES and DEBATES in the
+<span class="smcap">British House of Commons</span> from the Year
+1742, to the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in
+1748. In the Debates of this Period, are many
+important Motions arising from a Variety of
+interesting Events, both Domestic and Foreign.
+Several material Changes in the Administration,
+were the Consequence of those Debates.
+As the Attention of Parliament was occasionally
+employed upon a long and expensive War
+with both France and Spain, and the Suppression
+of an unnatural and intestine Rebellion;
+a Moment's Reflection will shew this to have
+been one of the most important Periods in our
+History. It is therefore to be regretted, that
+these Debates have not been collated and digested
+before, and that so necessary a Work
+has been so long neglected; a Work so essentially
+useful to every Member of Parliament,
+and every Lover of Constitutional History.
+These Debates which are principally compiled
+from authentic Notes taken in the House,
+are arranged partly upon the same Plan with
+Chandler's Collection, which is brought down
+to the Year 1742; but with such Improvements
+from the Journals, and other authentic
+Papers, as, it is presumed, will render them
+worthy the Notice of every British Legislator.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Printed for <span class="smcap">J. Almon</span>, opposite <i>Burlington-House</i>,
+in <i>Piccadilly</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 3em;">Of whom may be had, just published;</p>
+
+<ol id="book-list">
+<li>The <span class="smcap">Double Mistake</span>; a new Comedy;
+as it is now performing at the Theatre-Royal,
+in Covent-Garden. Price 1s. 6d.</li>
+
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+new and very correct Lists of all the public
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+Pocket-book. Price 1s. 6d.</li>
+
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+and Policy of Great-Britain, considered.
+Price 1s.</li>
+
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+Taxes in the British Colonies. Price
+1s. 6d.</li>
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+Stamp-Act, demonstrated. Price 1s.</li>
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+examined. Price 1s.</li>
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+impartially examined. By a Son of Candor.
+Third Edition.  Price 1s. 6d.</li>
+
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+LIVES; or the <span class="smcap">Trust</span>, <span class="smcap">Power</span>,
+and <span class="smcap">Duty</span> of the GRAND JURIES of
+ENGLAND, explained according to the
+fundamentals of the English Government, and
+the Declarations of the same made in Parliament
+by many Statutes. First printed in the
+Year, 1681. Written by the Right Honourable
+JOHN <span class="smcap">Lord</span> SOMERS, Baron of
+<span class="smcap">Evesham</span>, and <span class="smcap">Lord High Chancellor
+of England</span>. Price 1s. 6d.
+
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+the learned and able Author of the <cite>Letter
+upon Libels and Warrants</cite>, &amp;c. As that ingenious
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+the <span class="smcap">Constitution</span>. Fifth Edition. Price
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+(<em>never before printed</em>) Bookseller, near Temple
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+of which he was acquitted by a Jury of free-born
+Englishmen, Citizens of London. The
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+afterwards the <em>famous</em> Chief Justice of that
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+now Lord Mansfield and Chief Justice
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+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Justice and Necessity of Taxing
+the American Colonies, Demonstrated, by Unknown
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Justice and Necessity of Taxing the
+American Colonies, Demonstrated, by Unknown
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Justice and Necessity of Taxing the American Colonies, Demonstrated
+       Together with a Vindication of the Authority of Parliament
+
+Author: Unknown
+
+Release Date: May 20, 2010 [EBook #32463]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TAXING THE AMERICAN COLONIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ernest Schaal, Jana Srna and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
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+
+
+                                 THE
+                         JUSTICE and NECESSITY
+                                  OF
+                                TAXING
+                                 THE
+                               COLONIES.
+
+                         [Price One Shilling.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                                  THE
+                          JUSTICE and NECESSITY
+                                   OF
+                                 TAXING
+                                  THE
+                           AMERICAN COLONIES,
+                              Demonstrated.
+
+                            TOGETHER WITH A
+                              VINDICATION
+                                 OF THE
+                        Authority of Parliament.
+
+                                LONDON:
+        Printed for J. Almon, opposite Burlington-House in
+                            Piccadilly, 1766.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                    A
+                           VINDICATION OF THE
+                     Authority of Parliament, _&c._
+
+
+OF all the objects, which have since the revolution, engaged the
+attention of the legislature, the proper method of adjusting our present
+quarrels with the Americans is undoubtedly the most important. For as
+the riches and power of Britain depend chiefly on trade, and that trade
+on her colonies; it is evident that her very existence as the first of
+commercial nations, turns upon this hinge.
+
+It cannot therefore be impertinent in any one modestly to offer his
+sentiments on this topick; that by the confrontation of different
+opinions we may strike out truth, as we do fire by the collision of
+flints; and that, as much light as possible may be afforded to our
+legislators to guide them through so dark and intricate a labyrinth.
+
+This is the more necessary, as there can be found no similar case in all
+the records of history to serve as a precedent, or clew, to direct their
+steps; and all they can do is to grope their way by their own industry,
+and to employ their reason, as the only compass which can steer their
+course aright to this land unknown.
+
+Without any farther preamble, therefore, I shall proceed to discuss this
+point, and to state the case fairly between the two contending parties,
+that those, who having like myself, no particular interest concerned,
+have consequently little prepossession for either side, may be enabled
+to form an adequate idea of the subject.
+
+While the colonies were under any apprehensions from the encroachments
+of the French and Indians, they submitted to the British legislature
+without reluctance; because they were sensible of their inability to
+defend themselves, and of the necessity of taking shelter under the
+wings of their mother. But no sooner were the French kites and Indian
+vultures scared away, than they began to strut and to claim an
+independent property to the dunghil. Their fear and their natural
+affection forsook them at one and the same time. They now boast that
+they owe their present happy state to no power on earth but themselves;
+that they worked out their own salvation by their own right arm:
+forgetting that, had we not conquered at Louisbourg, at Quebec, and many
+other places; had we not constantly protected and defended them, the
+French and Indians would have long ago reduced them to the situation of
+the ancient Britons, and we should ere now have received some such
+letter as this, inscribed, _The groans of the Americans. The
+barbarians, on one hand, drive us into the sea; the sea on the other,
+forces us back on the barbarians: so that we have only the hard
+alternative left us, of perishing by the sword, or by the waves._
+
+Their insolence is arrived to such a pitch that they are not ashamed to
+assume to themselves the merit of bringing the last war but one to a
+period. According to them, what obliged the enemy to listen to terms of
+accommodation was not our success by sea, not the ruin of the French
+navy, not the total stagnation of their trade, not the march of the
+Russian auxiliaries; but the reduction, in a couple of short days, by a
+couple of little cannon, of a little island hardly discernable in a map,
+called Cape-Breton.
+
+This undutiful, this disobedient behaviour of Britain's children abroad,
+owed, no doubt, its origin partly to the causes assigned above, and
+partly to the murmurs and discontent of those at home; the Sacheveril
+in London produced another in Boston; the spirit of disaffection and
+mutiny, which the harangues of a general raised in the cyder counties,
+those of a colonel conjured up in New-England. Out of one hydra many
+more arose, and there wants a Hercules to crush them. But who has the
+courage and skill to wield his club? In hopes that such a hero will
+arise, I will endeavour to furnish him with weapons, and to show him how
+to pierce the vitals of the monster.
+
+The most effectual way, in my opinion, of laying the spirit of
+disaffection among the colonists, and of quieting the present
+disturbances to the mutual satisfaction of each party, is to convince
+the Americans that they ought to be taxed rather than the English, and
+to prove that the interest of both is best promoted by leaving the power
+of taxation in the hands of the British legislature; I shall therefore
+address myself now to this task.
+
+In this age all the kingdoms in Europe maintain a standing military
+force, which may be ready on all occasions to defend themselves, and to
+seize every opportunity of annoying their foes; Great-Britain therefore
+is obliged to keep, tho' contrary to the genius of its constitution, a
+large body of regular troops in constant pay: and as America must have a
+considerable share of these for its safeguard, on whom ought the burden
+of supporting them to fall, but on the Americans, to whom they prove an
+immediate benefit? Great-Britain is sufficiently exhausted already; she
+has spilt plenty of her blood in their cause, she has expended many
+millions in their service, and has by these means contracted an immense
+load of debt, of which she is never likely to be eased. Must she then
+expire under her pressures? Instead of being relieved, must a new burden
+be laid on her shoulders to crush her entirely? A tax for the support of
+American guards and garrisons must be raised somewhere; else all the
+labour of the last war may be lost in a moment; the colonies may be
+conquered by our enemies in one campaign.
+
+What then must be done? America must be taxed. By no means, says
+America; I am sufficiently taxed already; the many restrictions and
+prohibitions, under which I labour in point of trade, are an ample tax.
+You gain of me by way of balance about half a million a year; let this
+be applied to the defence of America, and it will be found an abundant
+provision for all her wants.
+
+But why, good America, dost thou not also desire us to apply to the
+defence of Spain and Turkey all that we gain by them annually? The
+argument will hold equally good, and cannot be absurd in the latter case
+without being so in the former.
+
+Why likewise, do'st thou not throw into the opposite scale the many
+millions, which we have already laid out for thy preservation, and see
+whether they do not make all, that we have ever drawn from thee, mount
+up and kick the beam.
+
+Thou sayest indeed, that we receive in the general course of trade all
+the specie, which thou can'st spare; and that it is cruel, nay,
+impolitick, to exact more than thou can'st afford; as excessive imposts
+always damp industry, create a despondency in merchants, and
+incapacitate a state for furnishing its ordinary quota of taxes.
+
+But let me tell thee that the money raised by the stamp act, being all
+necessary for paying the troops within thy own territories, must center
+wholly in thyself, and therefore cannot possibly drain thee of thy
+bullion.
+
+It is true, this act will hinder thee from sucking out the blood of thy
+mother, and gorging thyself with the fruit of her labour. But at this
+thou oughtest not to repine, as experience assures us that the most
+certain method of rendering a body politick, as well as natural,
+wholesome and long-lived, is to preserve a due equilibrium between its
+different members; not to allow any part to rob another of its
+nourishment, but, when there is any danger, any probability of such a
+catastrophe, to make an immediate revulsion, for fear of an unnatural
+superfetation, or of the absolute ruin and destruction of the whole.
+
+All countries, unaccustomed to taxes, are at first violently
+prepossessed against them, though the price, which they give for their
+liberty: like an ox untamed to the yoke, they show, at first, a very
+stubborn neck, but by degrees become docile, and yield a willing
+obedience. Scotland was very much averse to the tax on malt; but she is
+so far from being ruined by it, that it has only taught her to double
+her industry, and to supply, by labour, what she was obliged to give up
+to the necessities of the state. Can America be said to be poorer, to be
+more scanty of money than Scotland? No. What then follows? America must
+be taxed.
+
+It is in vain to pretend that the increase of the American territories,
+and of the commodities, which they furnish to the British markets, has
+reduced the price of any article; or placed the ancient colonists in a
+worse situation than before the war; and consequently rendered them
+incapable of bearing any additional burden.
+
+Europe is still the same as in seventeen hundred and fifty-five, its
+inhabitants are as numerous; therefore as Britons, with regard to it and
+America, are, for the most part, but factors, the demand for American
+goods must be as great, if not greater, than formerly; their value
+cannot be diminished, nor can the Americans be worse situated than at
+the commencement of the war.
+
+It is equally idle to pretend that a tax on America must prove
+prejudicial to Britain.
+
+A tax for defending it must, as hinted above, be levied somewhere;
+either in Britain or its colonies: and nothing is more manifest than
+that those, on whom the tax is laid, or who advance the money, must be
+the only sufferers, as in all dealings between two, what is taken from
+the one is added to the other; it always requires some time to balance
+accounts, by raising the price of commodities in proportion to the tax,
+and to reduce every thing by the course of circulation to a level. What
+America loses, Britain gains; the expences of the former are a saving to
+the latter. All the world is sensible of the justness of this maxim, the
+clamours of the colonists are a striking proof of it. If they were not
+convinced of this truth, why grumble at the impost? If they did not know
+that a tax upon them must prove comparatively detrimental to their
+country, and serviceable to Britain, why exclaim against it? How absurd
+then, is it to advance that as an argument for the abolition of the
+tax, which was the principal one for opposing it? Indeed, to alledge
+that England will gain more by laying the tax on herself, is to alledge
+that a man, who gives his daughter an annual pension, becomes richer
+than if he received an equal sum.
+
+I own, if Britain, by any channel, receives in return a larger portion
+than she bestows, she gains by the bargain. But that cannot be the
+present case; for by taxing herself she raises the price of provisions,
+which encreases that of labour, and manufactures, not only at home, but
+also in America, and all other foreign markets; by which means all her
+rivals in trade undersell her; she diminishes the quantity of her
+exports, the number of her artisans and people, and empoverishes herself
+in general. Whereas by levying the tax on the colonies, she saves a
+round sum of money annually; the price of her manufactures continues
+nearly the same, and as the wants of the colonists, cannot be much
+lessened, her exports are almost equally considerable; in short, the
+foregoing prospect is wholly inverted.
+
+But why keep any Forces at all in America? She is sufficiently able to
+defend herself. Every Male above sixteen years of age is enrolled in the
+militia; they have arms, they are disciplined, their numbers are great,
+and still upon the Increase: what more is wanting for her security? Is
+she in greater danger now, that the French are exterminated, than she
+was before the last war, when the enemy pressed vigorously upon her, and
+yet hardly any troops were to be found throughout her whole extent?
+
+No; but lest the same Difficulties should recur, lest the same quarrels
+which bred the last expensive and bloody War, should return, troops must
+be maintained for her safeguard. Britain observes this policy within
+herself; is it not absurd to imagine she would not follow the same
+maxim with regard to her colonies? She keeps on foot a considerable
+body of forces to be prepared on every emergency, not only to oppose a
+public foe, but also to enforce the decisions of the civil magistrate.
+And notwithstanding the antipathy which most people have to standing
+armies, they have been found to be very useful; and no government,
+antient or modern, can be named, which was not, without their
+assistance, subject to bloody riots and insurrections. Nor is there any
+danger to be apprehended from them, while their number is small, while
+the sword is in the hands of the people in general, while, as in
+America, there is a superior well regulated militia to check them, if
+they should discover any sinister design against liberty.
+
+It is with a view of being useful to the mother country, that colonies
+are first planted; this is part of their charter, a tacit condition, on
+which they are allowed to depart and settle; therefore they are not
+allowed by the laws of nature and nations to violate this agreement, as
+long as the mother is able to avail herself of it, and treats them with
+due Lenity and maternal affection. A few restrictions on their trade, in
+order to pay off what debts they contracted, while yet in the nursery,
+cannot be construed into acts of severity, and as little can a tax
+intended for their own defence, and appropriated to that sole use.
+
+Upon the supposition that America is never to be taxed, this country,
+which now groans, and is like long to groan under the weight of taxes,
+will in time be left desolate, all its inhabitants will flock to
+America, to enjoy the benefits of a less oppressive government, and to
+mingle with a people of similar manners, religion and laws. Britain, the
+assylum of liberty, the seat of arts and sciences, the glory of Europe,
+and the envy of the world, will be ruined by her own ungrateful sons,
+and become a desart. What neither Spain nor France, nor all the world
+combined, could accomplish, America, the child of her own fostering,
+will effect.
+
+    _Quos neque Tydides, nec Larissaeus Achilles,
+    Non anni domuere decem, non mille carinae,
+    Vincentur_ pueris.
+
+America will prove a continual drain upon her industry and people, an
+eternal spunge to suck up her vital moisture, and leave her a dry and
+sapless trunk, exposed, without branches, without leaves, to the
+inclemency of the weather. This event may be distant, but it is in the
+womb of time; and must be brought forth, unless we have sufficient skill
+to cause an abortion.
+
+But what does America gain by all this? A transitory independence
+perhaps, on the most noble constitution, which the wit of man has been
+hitherto able to invent. I say transitory independence, for the broken
+and disjointed members of the American empire cannot be cemented and
+consolidated into one firm mass; it is too unwieldy and unmanageable; it
+is composed of particles too heterogeneous to be ever melted down into
+one consistent and well digested system of liberty. Anarchy and
+confusion will soon prevail, were it to attempt an union; and the loss
+of liberty will tread fast upon their heels. For a free and extended
+empire on a continent are incompatible: to think they are not is a
+perfect solecism in politicks. No history furnishes us with an example;
+foreign conquest, or the power with which the magistrate must be
+entrusted, are an invincible obstacle in their way. It is in islands
+alone, where one part of the people cannot be so easily employed to
+oppress the other, where the sea separates them from conquerors and
+great empires, that liberty can be deemed a native of the soil. What a
+wretched exchange, then, would the Americans make! They would barter
+liberty for slavery.
+
+But, say they, we are not represented in parliament.
+
+True; you are not; no more is one twentieth of the British nation; but
+they may, when they become freeholders, or burgesses: so may you;
+therefore complain not; for it is impossible to render any human
+institution absolutely perfect. Were the English animated by your
+spirit, they would overturn the constitution to-morrow.
+
+Like the colonies of all other countries, you enjoy the privilege of
+being governed in the same manner, as the people, from which you are
+derived. You have the same parliament, the same laws; you are all deemed
+free-born Britons, and are intitled to all their immunities. What would
+you have more? Would you reduce your protectors, your deliverers, your
+parents to a state of servitude, by obliging them to pay taxes for you?
+It is plain, too plain, excessive prosperity has rendered your heads
+giddy, you attempt to soar higher than your strength will carry you,
+than your safety will permit; it is incumbent on us, under whose care
+you are, to clip your wings.
+
+You tell us you are very sober and temperate, that you fear the
+influence of a standing army will corrupt you, and introduce profligacy
+and debauchery.
+
+I take your word for it, and believe you are as sober, temperate,
+upright, humane and virtuous, as the posterity of independents and
+anabaptists, presbyterians and quakers, convicts and felons, savages and
+negro-whippers, can be; that you are as loyal subjects, as obedient to
+the laws, as zealous for the maintenance of order and good government,
+as your late actions evince you to be; and I affirm that you have much
+need of the gentlemen of the blade to polish and refine your manners, to
+inspire you with an honest frankness and openness of behaviour, to rub
+off the rust of puritanism, and to make you ashamed of proposing in your
+assemblies, as you have lately done, to pay off no more debts due to
+your original native country.
+
+I am only afraid that you will not be blest with enough of their
+company; they will be obliged to live on the frontiers, in order to
+check the Indians, and to preserve your hairy scalps untouched; they
+must be constantly exposed to secret treachery, and open violence, for
+your ease and security; and yet you will not contribute a single penny
+for their support.
+
+In the name of wonder, what would you desire? Every farthing raised by
+the stamps, and a great deal more from Britain, is necessary for your
+defence, and is to be applied solely to that purpose: what more would
+you ask? Would you, preferably to all the parts of the British
+dominions, be exempted from taxes?
+
+Do you murmur because Britain is not taxed for you, or because you are
+not allowed to lay the tax on what commodities you please? If the former
+be the source of your discontent, you are very unnatural, and very
+ungrateful: very unnatural, because you have no compassion, no
+fellow-feeling for the distresses of your exhausted parent; very
+ungrateful, because, after Britain has done so much for you, after she
+has nourished and reared you up, from your sickly infancy to a vigorous
+state of adolescence, or rather manhood, after she has conquered your
+enemies, and placed you, if now you be not wanting to yourselves, beyond
+the reach of French perfidy and fraud, you will not stretch forth your
+hand to ease her, sinking under her burden, nor contribute to her
+security, or more properly your own.
+
+But if the latter gave rise to your disaffection, you are very ill
+informed, very short sighted, in not perceiving, that a general tax, for
+the general defence of all America, could not be raised by
+_peace-meal_, in every province separately. How could the quota of every
+colony be ascertained; and, if it could be ascertained, how were the
+colonists to be persuaded to grant it? We remember with what difficulty
+they were induced to advance money for their own defence in the late
+war, when the enemy was at their gates, when they fought _pro aris &
+focis_, for their religion and property. Some of them have not, to this
+day, contributed a single shilling. Are we to imagine, that they will be
+more forward, more lavish now, when the danger is distant, and perhaps
+imperceptible to the dull senses of most of them, than when it stared
+them in the face, and threatened immediate ruin. Whoever thinks so, must
+be a very weak politician, and ought to be sent to catch flies with
+Domitian.
+
+Each assembly among you, forsooth, pretends to an equality with the
+British parliament, and allows no laws binding but those, which are
+imposed by itself. But mark the consequence. Every colony becomes at
+once an independant kingdom, and the sovereign may become, in a short
+time, absolute master, by playing the one against the other.
+
+But were the sovereign always virtuous enough not to avail himself of
+this power, which with the greatest good nature, with the utmost
+political foresight, you thus put into his hand, quarrels would, in all
+probability, soon arise among you. It is well known you cannot boast of
+much mutual love, or christian charity; the same spirit which actuated
+your ancestors, and kindled the flames of civil war in this country,
+still reigns among you, and wants but a single spark to raise a
+combustion.
+
+You will tell me, perhaps, that notwithstanding the multiplicity of
+governments, you may, like the Swiss cantons, live for ages in harmony
+and unity.
+
+But I aver the contrary. The strength of the Protestants and Roman
+Catholicks among them, is nearly equal, and keeps them in awe of each
+other; but above all, the fear of being crushed by the surrounding
+powers in case of intestine dissensions, prevents ambitious projects,
+and secures the peace. But as neither of these is your case, you have
+little reason to hope that you could preserve your liberties. Greece, as
+soon as it ceased to dread the Persian monarch, fell immediately into
+the hands of a despotick prince; you have no king of Persia to fear, how
+then do you expect to remain free from slavery? Believe me, your safest
+course is to continue in your dependence on Britain, where liberty is
+naturalized, and where you are entitled to every blessing with which it
+is attended.
+
+Can you be so weak as to imagine that the two houses of parliament will
+allow you to set up a claim to uncontrollable authority in your several
+provinces? Perhaps you do not comprehend how this will in time reduce
+them, and consequently you to mere cyphers? I will inform you. The power
+of the crown is, of late, greatly encreased, by the vast number of
+places, which the last war, and the enormous growth of the national debt
+have left at its disposal. Give it also but the management of the
+colonies, exclusive of the parliament, and there needs no more, in a few
+years, to render it despotick.
+
+Undoubtedly, the weight of this consideration was what moved the
+British, to assume a superiority over the Irish parliament; and Ireland,
+considerable a country as it is, submits to their controul; how can you
+have the front to ask greater privileges? Indeed, till you are placed on
+a quite different footing, you cannot expect even this indulgence: such
+a number of scattered jarring governments would create so much
+embarrassment and perplexity, as to be quite unmanageable.
+
+Some of you complain that the privileges granted by your charters are
+invaded.
+
+But by whom, pray, were these privileges granted? By a king, who had no
+power, I mean legal power, to grant you any privileges, which rendered
+you independent of parliament, no more than he can make a corporation in
+England independent of it. Talk not then, of such privileges; the spirit
+of the British constitution could allow you none, by which you did not
+remain subordinate to every branch of the legislature, and consequently
+subordinate to parliament. The king makes but one member of the
+legislature, and it is self-evident he cannot give away the rights and
+privileges of the rest. He can grant any body of men a charter, by which
+they are empowered to make bye-laws for their own government, but
+farther his prerogative does not extend. He cannot free them from
+obedience to acts of parliaments.
+
+Another, and a general complaint is, that you are taxed by a body of men
+unacquainted with your circumstances.
+
+But who can be so well acquainted with the circumstances of the colonies
+in general, as the British parliament? It is composed of men very well
+versed in mercantile affairs, and much accustomed to the discussion of
+intricate questions; many of them are merchants, and merchants that
+trade to America and the West Indies. They are always ready to receive
+information from any hand, and never proceed to business of importance,
+till they have made the requisite inquiries. Nothing can be a better
+proof of this, than their conduct with regard to the stamp act. A year
+before it was passed, the ministers desired you to send agents over to
+London, in order to propose your objections to the whole, or any part of
+it; but you neglected this reasonable request; therefore, if the duty
+on some articles should be too high, you have none but yourselves to
+blame.
+
+How then can you pretend to set up your own knowledge in competition
+with that of the British parliament? Every single assembly among you,
+may, perhaps, be a better judge of its own province than it; but that is
+all: a full and comprehensive idea of the whole they cannot be expected
+to have; their own particular interest they may understand, but the
+interest of the colonies in general is an object too large, too complex,
+to be taken in at one view, and to be perfectly scanned by them. It is
+the British legislature alone, whose close connection with all the
+colonies, whose thorough acquaintance with their trade and with commerce
+in general, is universally allowed, that is properly qualified for such
+an arduous task.
+
+Thus have I shewn that the interest of both parties, of England and
+America, is best promoted by adhering religiously to the ancient
+system; that a claim of new privileges by the Americans, for they have
+been taxed before by our parliament, will be attended with many
+immediate disadvantages, and that the remote consequence will be their
+own ruin and slavery.
+
+But if, after all, the prejudices of the Americans should be so great as
+to make them reject all reasonable terms of accommodation, should they
+be so tenacious of what they call their privileges, as to be fully
+resolved on asserting an absolute independence on the parliament of
+Great Britain. Should they be determined, rather than yield to it as
+formerly, to proceed to the last extremity, I would, with all due
+deference to the wisdom of parliament, advise a certain number of
+contiguous provinces to be incorporated, and to be allowed parliaments
+under the same restriction as that of Ireland.
+
+If they decline this equitable compromise, were I a member of either
+House, I would give my vote for treating them as the Romans did the
+Latins, when they attempted by force to make themselves denizens of
+Rome. This step, I own, is dangerous, and very delicate in its
+management, but in such a crisis, it is the only one which can, with any
+dignity and prudence, be taken.
+
+Though the partizans of America, in order to throw dust in our eyes, and
+erect a bug-bear to the ignorant, insinuate that the colonies would, in
+this extremity, follow the example of the Low Countries under Philip the
+Second, and call in the assistance of France and Spain. There is little
+reason to be apprehensive on that score; for the case is by no means
+parrellel: the Flemings and Dutch contended for ancient established
+rights, which had been allowed such by their oppressors themselves; the
+Americans assert privileges unknown, unheard of before; the Spaniards
+were strangers and foreigners to the inhabitants of the Low Countries;
+the Britons are brothers and relations to the Americans; the seventeen
+provinces were cruelly oppressed by the king of Spain, and a few of his
+counsellors; the colonies are moderately taxed by the whole body of the
+British legislature. Is it credible then, that, in order to free
+themselves from the gentle tutorage of their parent, they should run
+directly into the jaws of ruin and slavery? It is more probable that,
+when they hear of the final determination of this point against them by
+our parliament, the weight and authority of that body, the most august
+in the world, will make them sit down, like the Cyder counties, quiet
+under their burden.
+
+But should they be so far infatuated as to act otherwise, it is in our
+power to prevent any fatal consequence; the British fleet can soon bring
+them to reason; all their capital towns lie defenceless on the edge of
+the shore, and must always obey the dictates of the tremendous mouths of
+cannon. This, however, is the last argument which ought to be used; for
+it is always of consequence to preserve the affections of subjects, to
+rule them by love rather than fear: nothing but the utmost contumacy, of
+which, I trust in Heaven, they will never be guilty, can justify such a
+violent measure.
+
+
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+In the Debates of this Period, are many important Motions arising from a
+Variety of interesting Events, both Domestic and Foreign. Several
+material Changes in the Administration, were the Consequence of those
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+long and expensive War with both France and Spain, and the Suppression
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _underscores_.
+Small caps have been replaced with Title cased text.
+
+Obsolete spellings of words (e.g., impolitick, antient, assylum, can'st,
+etc.) have been retained; ct ligatures are represented as ct, and long s
+as modern round s.
+
+Typesetting error on page 30: comlpain changed to complain.
+Typesetting error on page 39: POSTCRIPT changed to POSTSCRIPT.
+
+On page 20, the last word of the three-sentence Latin passage was not
+italicized in the original, so the last word was not marked as
+italicized.
+
+Catchwords have been deleted. (Catchwords were used on each page of very
+old books to indicate the first word of the following page.)
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