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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Legends of Ma-ui--a demi god of Polynesia,
+and of his mother Hina, by W. D. Westervelt
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Legends of Ma-ui--a demi god of Polynesia, and of his mother Hina
+
+Author: W. D. Westervelt
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2010 [EBook #32601]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEGENDS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Hale-a-ka-la Crater, the House of the Sun.]
+
+
+
+
+  LEGENDS
+  OF
+  MA-UI--A DEMI GOD
+  OF
+  POLYNESIA
+  AND OF
+  HIS MOTHER HINA.
+
+  BY
+  W. D. WESTERVELT.
+
+  HONOLULU:
+  THE HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD.
+  1910
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                                           PAGE
+
+  I. Maui's Home                                                       3
+
+  II. Maui the Fisherman                                              12
+
+  III. Maui Lifting the Sky                                           31
+
+  IV. Maui Snaring the Sun                                            40
+
+  V. Maui Finding Fire                                                56
+
+  VI. Maui the Skillful                                               78
+
+  VII. Maui and Tuna                                                  91
+
+  VIII. Maui and His Brother-in-Law                                  101
+
+  IX. Maui's Kite-Flying                                             112
+
+  X. Oahu Legends of Maui                                            119
+
+  XI. Maui Seeking Immortality                                       128
+
+  XII. Hina of Hilo                                                  139
+
+  XIII. Hina and the Wailuku River                                   146
+
+  XIV. The Ghosts of the Hilo Hills                                  155
+
+  XV. Hina, the Woman in the Moon                                    165
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                                OPPOSITE
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  Frontispiece--Haleakala Crater
+
+  "Rugged Lava of Wailuku River"                                       7
+
+  Leaping to Swim to Coral Reefs                                      12
+
+  Sea of Sacred Caves                                                 14
+
+  Spearing Fish                                                       21
+
+  Here are the Canoes                                                 29
+
+  Iao Mountain from the Sea                                           43
+
+  Haleakala                                                           53
+
+  Hawaiian Vines and Bushes                                           74
+
+  Bathing Pool                                                        84
+
+  Coconut Grove                                                       96
+
+  Boiling Pots--Wailuku River                                        100
+
+  Outside were other Worlds                                          107
+
+  Hilo Coast--Home of the Winds                                      115
+
+  Bay of Waipio Valley                                               121
+
+  The Ieie Vine                                                      125
+
+  Rainbow Falls                                                      147
+
+  Wailuku River--The Home of Kuna                                    151
+
+  On Lava Beds                                                       163
+
+
+
+
+HELPS TO PRONUNCIATION
+
+
+There are three simple rules which practically control Hawaiian
+pronunciation: (1) Give each vowel the German sound. (2) Pronounce each
+vowel. (3) Never allow a consonant to close a syllable.
+
+Interchangeable consonants are many. The following are the most common:
+h=s; l=r; k=t; n=ng; v=w.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Maui is a demi god whose name should probably be pronounced Ma-u-i, _i.
+e._, Ma-oo-e. The meaning of the word is by no means clear. It may mean
+"to live," "to subsist." It may refer to beauty and strength, or it may
+have the idea of "the left hand" or "turning aside." The word is
+recognized as belonging to remote Polynesian antiquity.
+
+MacDonald, a writer of the New Hebrides Islands, gives the derivation of
+the name Maui primarily from the Arabic word "Mohyi," which means
+"causing to live" or "life," applied sometimes to the gods and sometimes
+to chiefs as "preservers and sustainers" of their followers.
+
+The Maui story probably contains a larger number of unique and ancient
+myths than that of any other legendary character in the mythology of any
+nation.
+
+There are three centers for these legends, New Zealand in the south,
+Hawaii in the north, and the Tahitian group including the Hervey Islands
+in the east. In each of these groups of islands, separated by thousands
+of miles, there are the same legends, told in almost the same way, and
+with very little variation in names. The intermediate groups of islands
+of even as great importance as Tonga, Fiji or Samoa, possess the same
+legends in more or less of a fragmentary condition, as if the three
+centers had been settled first when the Polynesians were driven away
+from the Asiatic coasts by their enemies, the Malays. From these
+centers voyagers sailing away in search of adventures would carry
+fragments rather than complete legends. This is exactly what has been
+done and there are as a result a large number of hints of wonderful
+deeds. The really long legends as told about the demi god Ma-u-i and his
+mother Hina number about twenty.
+
+It is remarkable that these legends have kept their individuality. The
+Polynesians are not a very clannish people. For some centuries they have
+not been in the habit of frequently visiting each other. They have had
+no written language, and picture writing of any kind is exceedingly rare
+throughout Polynesia and yet in physical traits, national customs,
+domestic habits, and language, as well as in traditions and myths, the
+different inhabitants of the islands of Polynesia are as near of kin as
+the cousins of the United States and Great Britain.
+
+The Maui legends form one of the strongest links in the mythological
+chain of evidence which binds the scattered inhabitants of the Pacific
+into one nation. An incomplete list aids in making clear the fact that
+groups of islands hundreds and even thousands of miles apart have been
+peopled centuries past by the same organic race. Either complete or
+fragmentary Maui legends are found in the single islands and island
+groups of Aneityum, Bowditch or Fakaofa, Efate, Fiji, Fotuna, Gilbert,
+Hawaii, Hervey, Huahine, Mangaia, Manihiki, Marquesas, Marshall, Nauru,
+New Hebrides, New Zealand, Samoa, Savage, Tahiti or Society, Tauna,
+Tokelau and Tonga.
+
+S. Percy Smith of New Zealand in his book Hawaiki mentions a legend
+according to which Maui made a voyage after overcoming a sea monster,
+visiting the Tongas, the Tahitian group, Vai-i or Hawaii, and the
+Paumotu Islands. Then Maui went on to U-peru, which Mr. Smith says "may
+be Peru." It was said that Maui named some of the islands of the
+Hawaiian group, calling the island Maui "Maui-ui in remembrance of his
+efforts in lifting up the heavens." Hawaii was named Vai-i, and Lanai
+was called Ngangai--as if Maui had found the three most southerly
+islands of the group.
+
+The Maui legends possess remarkable antiquity. Of course, it is
+impossible to give any definite historical date, but there can scarcely
+be any question of their origin among the ancestors of the Polynesians
+before they scattered over the Pacific ocean. They belong to the
+prehistoric Polynesians. The New Zealanders claim Maui as an ancestor of
+their most ancient tribes and sometimes class him among the most ancient
+of their gods, calling him "creator of land" and "creator of man."
+Tregear, in a paper before the New Zealand Institute, said that Maui was
+sometimes thought to be "the sun himself," "the solar fire," "the sun
+god," while his mother Hina was called "the moon goddess." The noted
+greenstone god of the Maoris of New Zealand, Potiki, may well be
+considered a representation of Maui-Tiki-Tiki, who was sometimes called
+Maui-po-tiki.
+
+Whether these legends came to the people in their sojourn in India
+before they migrated to the Straits of Sunda is not certain; but it may
+well be assumed that these stories had taken firm root in the memories
+of the priests who transmitted the most important traditions from
+generation to generation, and that this must have been done before they
+were driven away from the Asiatic coasts by the Malays.
+
+Several hints of Hindoo connection is found in the Maui legends. The
+Polynesians not only ascribed human attributes to all animal life with
+which they were acquainted, but also carried the idea of an alligator or
+dragon with them, wherever they went, as in the mo-o of the story
+Tuna-roa.
+
+The Polynesians also had the idea of a double soul inhabiting the body.
+This is carried out in the ghost legends more fully than in the Maui
+stories, and yet "the spirit separate from the spirit which never
+forsakes man" according to Polynesian ideas, was a part of the Maui
+birth legends. This spirit, which can be separated or charmed away from
+the body by incantations was called the "hau." When Maui's father
+performed the religious ceremonies over him which would protect him and
+cause him to be successful, he forgot a part of his incantation to the
+"hau," therefore Maui lost his protection from death when he sought
+immortality for himself and all mankind.
+
+How much these things aid in proving a Hindoo or rather Indian origin
+for the Polynesians is uncertain, but at least they are of interest
+along the lines of race origin.
+
+The Maui group of legends is preëminently peculiar. They are not only
+different from the myths of other nations, but they are unique in the
+character of the actions recorded. Maui's deeds rank in a higher class
+than most of the mighty efforts of the demi gods of other nations and
+races, and are usually of more utility. Hercules accomplished nothing to
+compare with "lifting the sky," "snaring the sun," "fishing for
+islands," "finding fire in his grandmother's finger nails," or "learning
+from birds how to make fire by rubbing dry sticks," or "getting a magic
+bone" from the jaw of an ancestor who was half dead, that is dead on one
+side and therefore could well afford to let the bone on that side go for
+the benefit of a descendant. The Maui legends are full of helpful
+imaginations, which are distinctly Polynesian.
+
+The phrase "Maui of the Malo" is used among the Hawaiians in connection
+with the name Maui a Kalana, "Maui the son of Akalana." It may be well
+to note the origin of the name. It was said that Hina usually sent her
+retainers to gather sea moss for her, but one morning she went down to
+the sea by herself. There she found a beautiful red malo, which she
+wrapped around her as a pa-u or skirt. When she showed it to Akalana,
+her husband, he spoke of it as a gift of the gods, thinking that it
+meant the gift of Mana or spiritual power to their child when he should
+be born. In this way the Hawaiians explain the superior talent and
+miraculous ability of Maui which placed him above his brothers.
+
+These stories were originally printed as magazine articles, chiefly in
+the Paradise of the Pacific, Honolulu; therefore there are sometimes
+repetitions which it seemed best to leave, even when reprinted in the
+present form.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+MAUI'S HOME
+
+  "Akalana was the man;
+  Hina-a-ke-ahi was the wife;
+  Maui First was born;
+  Then Maui-waena;
+  Maui Kiikii was born;
+  Then Maui of the malo."
+
+  --Queen Liliuokalani's Family Chant.
+
+
+Four brothers, each bearing the name of Maui, belong to Hawaiian legend.
+They accomplished little as a family, except on special occasions when
+the youngest of the household awakened his brothers by some unexpected
+trick which drew them into unwonted action. The legends of Hawaii,
+Tonga, Tahiti, New Zealand and the Hervey group make this youngest Maui
+"the discoverer of fire" or "the ensnarer of the sun" or "the fisherman
+who pulls up islands" or "the man endowed with magic," or "Maui with
+spirit power." The legends vary somewhat, of course, but not as much as
+might be expected when the thousands of miles between various groups of
+islands are taken into consideration.
+
+Maui was one of the Polynesian demi-gods. His parents belonged to the
+family of supernatural beings. He himself was possessed of supernatural
+powers and was supposed to make use of all manner of enchantments. In
+New Zealand antiquity a Maui was said to have assisted other gods in the
+creation of man. Nevertheless Maui was very human. He lived in thatched
+houses, had wives and children, and was scolded by the women for not
+properly supporting his household.
+
+The time of his sojourn among men is very indefinite. In Hawaiian
+genealogies Maui and his brothers were placed among the descendants of
+Ulu and "the sons of Kii," and Maui was one of the ancestors of
+Kamehameha, the first king of the united Hawaiian Islands. This would
+place him in the seventh or eighth century of the Christian Era. But it
+is more probable that Maui belongs to the mist-land of time. His
+mischievous pranks with the various gods would make him another Mercury
+living in any age from the creation to the beginning of the Christian
+era.
+
+The Hervey Island legends state that Maui's father was "the supporter of
+the heavens" and his mother "the guardian of the road to the invisible
+world."
+
+In the Hawaiian chant, Akalana was the name of his father. In other
+groups this was the name by which his mother was known. Kanaloa, the
+god, is sometimes known as the father of Maui. In Hawaii Hina was his
+mother. Elsewhere Ina, or Hina, was the grandmother, from whom he
+secured fire.
+
+The Hervey Island legends say that four mighty ones lived in the old
+world from which their ancestors came. This old world bore the name
+Ava-iki, which is the same as Hawa-ii, or Hawaii. The four gods were
+Mauike, Ra, Ru, and Bua-Taranga.
+
+It is interesting to trace the connection of these four names with
+Polynesian mythology. Mauike is the same as the demi-god of New Zealand,
+Mafuike. On other islands the name is spelled Mauika, Mafuika, Mafuia,
+Mafuie, and Mahuika. Ra, the sun god of Egypt, is the same as Ra in New
+Zealand and La (sun) in Hawaii. Ru, the supporter of the heavens, is
+probably the Ku of Hawaii, and the Tu of New Zealand and other islands,
+one of the greatest of the gods worshiped by the ancient Hawaiians. The
+fourth mighty one from Ava-ika was a woman, Bua-taranga, who guarded the
+path to the underworld. Talanga in Samoa, and Akalana in Hawaii were the
+same as Taranga. Pua-kalana (the Kalana flower) would probably be the
+same in Hawaiian as Bua-taranga in the language of the Society Islands.
+
+Ru, the supporter of the Heavens, married Bua-taranga, the guardian of
+the lower world. Their one child was Maui. The legends of Raro-Tonga
+state that Maui's father and mother were the children of Tangaroa
+(Kanaloa in Hawaiian), the great god worshiped throughout Polynesia.
+There were three Maui brothers and one sister, Ina-ika (Ina, the fish).
+
+The New Zealand legends relate the incidents of the babyhood of Maui.
+
+Maui was prematurely born, and his mother, not caring to be troubled
+with him, cut off a lock of her hair, tied it around him and cast him
+into the sea. In this way the name came to him, Maui-Tiki-Tiki, or "Maui
+formed in the topknot." The waters bore him safely. The jelly fish
+enwrapped and mothered him. The god of the seas cared for and protected
+him. He was carried to the god's house and hung up in the roof that he
+might feel the warm air of the fire, and be cherished into life. When he
+was old enough, he came to his relations while they were all gathered in
+the great House of Assembly, dancing and making merry. Little Maui crept
+in and sat down behind his brothers. Soon his mother called the children
+and found a strange child, who proved that he was her son, and was taken
+in as one of the family. Some of the brothers were jealous, but the
+eldest addressed the others as follows:
+
+"Never mind; let him be our dear brother. In the days of peace remember
+the proverb, 'When you are on friendly terms, settle your disputes in a
+friendly way; when you are at war, you must redress your injuries by
+violence.' It is better for us, brothers, to be kind to other people.
+These are the ways by which men gain influence--by laboring for
+abundance of food to feed others, by collecting property to give to
+others, and by similar means by which you promote the good of others."
+
+[Illustration: Rugged Lava of Wailuku River.]
+
+Thus, according to the New Zealand story related by Sir George Grey,
+Maui was received in his home.
+
+Maui's home was placed by some of the Hawaiian myths at Kauiki, a
+foothill of the great extinct crater Haleakala, on the Island of Maui.
+It was here he lived when the sky was raised to its present position.
+Here was located the famous fort around which many battles were fought
+during the years immediately preceding the coming of Captain Cook. This
+fort was held by warriors of the Island of Hawaii a number of years. It
+was from this home that Maui was supposed to have journeyed when he
+climbed Mt. Haleakala to ensnare the sun.
+
+And yet most of the Hawaiian legends place Maui's home by the rugged
+black lava beds of the Wailuku river near Hilo on the island Hawaii.
+Here he lived when he found the way to make fire by rubbing sticks
+together, and when he killed Kuna, the great eel, and performed other
+feats of valor. He was supposed to cultivate the land on the north side
+of the river. His mother, usually known as Hina, had her home in a lava
+cave under the beautiful Rainbow Falls, one of the fine scenic
+attractions of Hilo. An ancient demigod, wishing to destroy this home,
+threw a great mass of lava across the stream below the falls. The rising
+water was fast filling the cave.
+
+Hina called loudly to her powerful son Maui. He came quickly and found
+that a large and strong ridge of lava lay across the stream. One end
+rested against a small hill. Maui struck the rock on the other side of
+the hill and thus broke a new pathway for the river. The water swiftly
+flowed away and the cave remained as the home of the Maui family.
+
+According to the King Kalakaua family legend, translated by Queen
+Liliuokalani, Maui and his brothers also made this place their home.
+Here he aroused the anger of two uncles, his mother's brothers, who were
+called "Tall Post" and "Short Post," because they guarded the entrance
+to a cave in which the Maui family probably had its home.
+
+"They fought hard with Maui, and were thrown, and red water flowed
+freely from Maui's forehead. This was the first shower by Maui." Perhaps
+some family discipline followed this knocking down of door posts, for it
+is said:
+
+  "They fetched the sacred Awa bush,
+  Then came the second shower by Maui;
+  The third shower was when the elbow of Awa was broken;
+  The fourth shower came with the sacred bamboo."
+
+Maui's mother, so says a New Zealand legend, had her home in the
+under-world as well as with her children. Maui determined to find the
+hidden dwelling place. His mother would meet the children in the evening
+and lie down to sleep with them and then disappear with the first
+appearance of dawn. Maui remained awake one night, and when all were
+asleep, arose quietly and stopped up every crevice by which a ray of
+light could enter. The morning came and the sun mounted up--far up in
+the sky. At last his mother leaped up and tore away the things which
+shut out the light.
+
+"Oh, dear; oh, dear! She saw the sun high in the heavens; so she hurried
+away, crying at the thought of having been so badly treated by her own
+children."
+
+Maui watched her as she pulled up a tuft of grass and disappeared in the
+earth, pulling the grass back to its place.
+
+Thus Maui found the path to the under-world. Soon he transformed himself
+into a pigeon and flew down, through the cave, until he saw a party of
+people under a sacred tree, like those growing in the ancient first
+Hawaii. He flew to the tree and threw down berries upon the people. They
+threw back stones. At last he permitted a stone from his father to
+strike him, and he fell to the ground. "They ran to catch him, but lo!
+the pigeon had turned into a man."
+
+Then his father "took him to the water to be baptized" (possibly a
+modern addition to the legend). Prayers were offered and ceremonies
+passed through. But the prayers were incomplete and Maui's father knew
+that the gods would be angry and cause Maui's death, and all because in
+the hurried baptism a part of the prayers had been left unsaid. Then
+Maui returned to the upper world and lived again with his brothers.
+
+Maui commenced his mischievous life early, for Hervey Islanders say that
+one day the children were playing a game dearly loved by
+Polynesians--hide-and-seek. Here a sister enters into the game and hides
+little Maui under a pile of dry sticks. His brothers could not find him,
+and the sister told them where to look. The sticks were carefully
+handled, but the child could not be found. He had shrunk himself so
+small that he was like an insect under some sticks and leaves. Thus
+early he began to use enchantments.
+
+Maui's home, at the best, was only a sorry affair. Gods and demigods
+lived in caves and small grass houses. The thatch rapidly rotted and
+required continual renewal. In a very short time the heavy rains beat
+through the decaying roof. The home was without windows or doors, save
+as low openings in the ends or sides allowed entrance to those willing
+to crawl through. Off on one side would be the rude shelter, in the
+shadow of which Hina pounded the bark of certain trees into wood pulp
+and then into strips of thin, soft wood-paper, which bore the name of
+"Tapa cloth." This cloth Hina prepared for the clothing of Maui and his
+brothers. Tapa cloth was often treated to a coat of cocoa-nut, or
+candle-nut oil, making it somewhat waterproof and also more durable.
+
+Here Maui lived on edible roots and fruits and raw fish, knowing little
+about cooked food, for the art of fire making was not yet known. In
+later years Maui was supposed to live on the eastern end of the island
+Maui, and also in another home on the large island Hawaii, on which he
+discovered how to make fire by rubbing dry sticks together. Maui was the
+Polynesian Mercury. As a little fellow he was endowed with peculiar
+powers, permitting him to become invisible or to change his human form
+into that of an animal. He was ready to take anything from any one by
+craft or force. Nevertheless, like the thefts of Mercury, his pranks
+usually benefited mankind.
+
+It is a little curious that around the different homes of Maui, there is
+so little record of temples and priests and altars. He lived too far
+back for priestly customs. His story is the rude, mythical survival of
+the days when of church and civil government there was none and worship
+of the gods was practically unknown, but every man was a law unto
+himself, and also to the other man, and quick retaliation followed any
+injury received.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+MAUI THE FISHERMAN
+
+  "Oh the great fish hook of Maui!
+  Manai-i-ka-lani 'Made fast to the heavens'--its name;
+  An earth-twisted cord ties the hook.
+  Engulfed from the lofty Kauiki.
+  Its bait the red billed Alae,
+  The bird made sacred to Hina.
+  It sinks far down to Hawaii,
+  Struggling and painfully dying.
+  Caught is the land under the water,
+  Floated up, up to the surface,
+  But Hina hid a wing of the bird
+  And broke the land under the water.
+  Below, was the bait snatched away
+  And eaten at once by the fishes,
+  The Ulua of the deep muddy places."
+
+  --Chant of Kualii, about A. D. 1700.
+
+
+One of Maui's homes was near Kauiki, a place well known throughout the
+Hawaiian Islands because of its strategic importance. For many years it
+was the site of a fort around which fierce battles were fought by the
+natives of the island Maui, repelling the invasions of their neighbors
+from Hawaii.
+
+[Illustration: Leaping to Swim to Coral Reefs.]
+
+Haleakala (the House of the Sun), the mountain from which Maui the
+demi-god snared the sun, looks down ten thousand feet upon the Kauiki
+headland. Across the channel from Haleakala rises Mauna Kea, "The White
+Mountain"--the snow-capped--which almost all the year round rears its
+white head in majesty among the clouds.
+
+In the snowy breakers of the surf which washes the beach below these
+mountains, are broken coral reefs--the fishing grounds of the Hawaiians.
+Here near Kauiki, according to some Hawaiian legends, Maui's mother Hina
+had her grass house and made and dried her kapa cloth. Even to the
+present day it is one of the few places in the islands where the kapa is
+still pounded into sheets from the bark of the hibiscus and kindred
+trees.
+
+Here is a small bay partially reef-protected, over which year after year
+the moist clouds float and by day and by night crown the waters with
+rainbows--the legendary sign of the home of the deified ones. Here when
+the tide is out the natives wade and swim, as they have done for
+centuries, from coral block to coral block, shunning the deep resting
+places of their dread enemy, the shark, sometimes esteemed divine. Out
+on the edge of the outermost reef they seek the shellfish which cling
+to the coral, or spear the large fish which have been left in the
+beautiful little lakes of the reef. Coral land is a region of the sea
+coast abounding in miniature lakes and rugged valleys and steep
+mountains. Clear waters with every motion of the tide surge in and out
+through sheltered caves and submarine tunnels, according to an ancient
+Hawaiian song--
+
+  "Never quiet, never failing, never sleeping,
+  Never very noisy is the sea of the sacred caves."
+
+Sea mosses of many hues are the forests which drape the hillsides of
+coral land and reflect the colored rays of light which pierce the
+ceaselessly moving waves. Down in the beautiful little lakes, under
+overhanging coral cliffs, darting in and out through the fringes of
+seaweed, the purple mullet and royal red fish flash before the eyes of
+the fisherman. Sometimes the many-tinted glorious fish of paradise
+reveal their beauties, and then again a school of black and gold
+citizens of the reef follow the tidal waves around projecting crags and
+through the hidden tunnels from lake to lake, while above the fisherman
+follows spearing or snaring as best he can. Maui's brothers were better
+fishermen than he. They sought the deep sea beyond the reef and the
+larger fish. They made hooks of bone or of mother of pearl, with a
+straight, slender, sharp-pointed piece leaning backward at a sharp
+angle. This was usually a consecrated bit of bone or mother of pearl,
+and was supposed to have peculiar power to hold fast any fish which had
+taken the bait.
+
+[Illustration: In the Sea of Sacred Caves.]
+
+These bones were usually taken from the body of some one who while
+living had been noted for great power or high rank. This sharp piece was
+tightly tied to the larger bone or shell, which formed the shank of the
+hook. The sacred barb of Maui's hook was a part of the magic bone he had
+secured from his ancestors in the under-world--the bone with which he
+struck the sun while lassooing him and compelling him to move more
+slowly through the heavens.
+
+"Earth-twisted"--fibres of vines--twisted while growing, was the cord
+used by Maui in tying the parts of his magic hook together.
+
+Long and strong were the fish lines made from the olona fibre, holding
+the great fish caught from the depths of the ocean. The fibres of the
+olona vine were among the longest and strongest threads found in the
+Hawaiian Islands.
+
+Such a hook could easily be cast loose by the struggling fish, if the
+least opportunity were given. Therefore it was absolutely necessary to
+keep the line taut, and pull strongly and steadily, to land the fish in
+the canoe.
+
+Maui did not use his magic hook for a long time. He seemed to understand
+that it would not answer ordinary needs. Possibly the idea of making
+the supernatural hook did not occur to him until he had exhausted his
+lower wit and magic upon his brothers.
+
+It is said that Maui was not a very good fisherman. Sometimes his end of
+the canoe contained fish which his brothers had thought were on their
+hooks until they were landed in the canoe.
+
+Many times they laughed at him for his poor success, and he retaliated
+with his mischievous tricks.
+
+"E!" he would cry, when one of his brothers began to pull in, while the
+other brothers swiftly paddled the canoe forward. "E!" See we both have
+caught great fish at the same moment. Be careful now. Your line is
+loose. "Look out! Look out!"
+
+All the time he would be pulling his own line in as rapidly as possible.
+Onward rushed the canoe. Each fisherman shouting to encourage the
+others. Soon the lines by the tricky manipulation of Maui would be
+crossed. Then as the great fish was brought near the side of the boat
+Maui the little, the mischievous one, would slip his hook toward the
+head of the fish and flip it over into the canoe--causing his brother's
+line to slacken for a moment. Then his mournful cry rang out: "Oh, my
+brother, your fish is gone. Why did you not pull more steadily? It was a
+fine fish, and now it is down deep in the waters." Then Maui held up his
+splendid catch (from his brother's hook) and received somewhat
+suspicious congratulations. But what could they do, Maui was the smart
+one of the family.
+
+Their father and mother were both members of the household of the gods.
+The father was "the supporter of the heavens" and the mother was "the
+guardian of the way to the invisible world," but pitifully small and
+very few were the gifts bestowed upon their children. Maui's brothers
+knew nothing beyond the average home life of the ordinary Hawaiian, and
+Maui alone was endowed with the power to work miracles. Nevertheless the
+student of Polynesian legends learns that Maui is more widely known than
+almost all the demi-gods of all nations as a discoverer of benefits for
+his fellows, and these physical rather than spiritual. After many
+fishing excursions Maui's brothers seemed to have wit enough to
+understand his tricks, and thenceforth they refused to take him in their
+canoe when they paddled out to the deep-sea fishing grounds. Then those
+who depended upon Maui to supply their daily needs murmured against his
+poor success. His mother scolded him and his brothers ridiculed him.
+
+In some of the Polynesian legends it is said that his wives and children
+complained because of his laziness and at last goaded him into a new
+effort.
+
+The ex-Queen Liliuokalani, in a translation of what is called "the
+family chant," says that Maui's mother sent him to his father for a hook
+with which to supply her need.
+
+  "Go hence to your father,
+  'Tis there you find line and hook.
+  This is the hook--'Made fast to the heavens--'
+  'Manaia-ka-lani'--'tis called.
+  When the hook catches land
+  It brings the old seas together.
+  Bring hither the large Alae,
+  The bird of Hina."
+
+When Maui had obtained his hook, he tried to go fishing with his
+brothers. He leaped on the end of their canoe as they pushed out into
+deep water. They were angry and cried out: "This boat is too small for
+another Maui." So they threw him off and made him swim back to the
+beach. When they returned from their day's work, they brought back only
+a shark. Maui told them if he had been with them better fish would have
+been upon their hooks--the Ulua, for instance, or, possibly, the
+Pimoe--the king of fish. At last they let him go far out outside the
+harbor of Kipahula to a place opposite Ka Iwi o Pele, "The bone of
+Pele," a peculiar piece of lava lying near the beach at Hana on the
+eastern side of the island Maui. There they fished, but only sharks were
+caught. The brothers ridiculed Maui, saying: "Where are the Ulua, and
+where is Pimoe?"
+
+Then Maui threw his magic hook into the sea, baited with one of the Alae
+birds, sacred to his mother Hina. He used the incantation, "When I let
+go my hook with divine power, then I get the great Ulua."
+
+The bottom of the sea began to move. Great waves arose, trying to carry
+the canoe away. The fish pulled the canoe two days, drawing the line to
+its fullest extent. When the slack began to come in the line, because of
+the tired fish, Maui called for the brothers to pull hard against the
+coming fish. Soon land rose out of the water. Maui told them not to look
+back or the fish would be lost. One brother did look back--the line
+slacked, snapped, and broke, and the land lay behind them in islands.
+
+One of the Hawaiian legends also says that while the brothers were
+paddling in full strength, Maui saw a calabash floating in the water. He
+lifted it into the canoe, and behold! his beautiful sister Hina of the
+sea. The brothers looked, and the separated islands lay behind them,
+free from the hook, while Cocoanut Island--the dainty spot of beauty in
+Hilo harbor--was drawn up--a little ledge of lava--in later years the
+home of a cocoanut grove.
+
+The better, the more complete, legend comes from New Zealand, which
+makes Maui so mischievous that his brothers refuse his
+companionship--and therefore, thrown on his own resources, he studies
+how to make a hook which shall catch something worth while. In this
+legend Maui is represented as making his own hook and then pleading with
+his brothers to let him go with them once more. But they hardened their
+hearts against him, and refused again and again.
+
+Maui possessed the power of changing himself into different forms. At
+one time while playing with his brothers he had concealed himself for
+them to find. They heard his voice in a corner of the house--but could
+not find him. Then under the mats on the floor, but again they could not
+find him. There was only an insect creeping on the floor. Suddenly they
+saw their little brother where the insect had been. Then they knew he
+had been tricky with them. So in these fishing days he resolved to go
+back to his old ways and cheat his brothers into carrying him with them
+to the great fishing grounds.
+
+Sir George Gray says that the New Zealand Maui went out to the canoe and
+concealed himself as an insect in the bottom of the boat so that when
+the early morning light crept over the waters and his brothers pushed
+the canoe into the surf they could not see him. They rejoiced that Maui
+did not appear, and paddled away over the waters.
+
+They fished all day and all night and on the morning of the next day,
+out from among the fish in the bottom of the boat came their troublesome
+brother.
+
+They had caught many fine fish and were satisfied, so thought to paddle
+homeward; but their younger brother plead with them to go out, far out,
+to the deeper seas and permit him to cast his hook. He said he wanted
+larger and better fish than any they had captured.
+
+[Illustration: Spearing Fish.]
+
+So they paddled to their outermost fishing grounds--but this did not
+satisfy Maui--
+
+  "Farther out on the waters,
+  O! my brothers,
+  I seek the great fish of the sea."
+
+It was evidently easier to work for him than to argue with
+him--therefore far out in the sea they went. The home land disappeared
+from view; they could see only the outstretching waste of waters. Maui
+urged them out still farther. Then he drew his magic hook from under his
+malo or loin-cloth. The brothers wondered what he would do for bait. The
+New Zealand legend says that he struck his nose a mighty blow until the
+blood gushed forth. When this blood became clotted, he fastened it upon
+his hook and let it down into the deep sea.
+
+Down it went to the very bottom and caught the under world. It was a
+mighty fish--but the brothers paddled with all their might and main and
+Maui pulled in the line. It was hard rowing against the power which held
+the hook down in the sea depths--but the brothers became enthusiastic
+over Maui's large fish, and were generous in their strenuous endeavors.
+Every muscle was strained and every paddle held strongly against the sea
+that not an inch should be lost. There was no sudden leaping and darting
+to and fro, no "give" to the line; no "tremble" as when a great fish
+would shake itself in impotent wrath when held captive by a hook. It was
+simply a struggle of tense muscle against an immensely heavy dead
+weight. To the brothers there came slowly the feeling that Maui was in
+one of his strange moods and that something beyond their former
+experiences with their tricky brother was coming to pass.
+
+At last one of the brothers glanced backward. With a scream of intense
+terror he dropped his paddle. The others also looked. Then each caught
+his paddle and with frantic exertion tried to force their canoe onward.
+Deep down in the heavy waters they pushed their paddles. Out of the
+great seas the black, ragged head of a large island was rising like a
+fish--it seemed to be chasing them through the boiling surf. In a little
+while the water became shallow around them, and their canoe finally
+rested on a black beach.
+
+Maui for some reason left his brothers, charging them not to attempt to
+cut up this great fish. But the unwise brothers thought they would fill
+the canoe with part of this strange thing which they had caught. They
+began to cut up the back and put huge slices into their canoe. But the
+great fish--the island--shook under the blows and with mighty earthquake
+shocks tossed the boat of the brothers, and their canoe was destroyed.
+As they were struggling in the waters, the great fish devoured them. The
+island came up more and more from the waters--but the deep gashes made
+by Maui's brothers did not heal--they became the mountains and valleys
+stretching from sea to sea.
+
+White of New Zealand says that Maui went down into the underworld to
+meet his great ancestress, who was one side dead and one side alive.
+From the dead side he took the jaw bone, made a magic hook, and went
+fishing. When he let the hook down into the sea, he called:
+
+  "Take my bait. O Depths!
+  Confused you are. O Depths!
+      And coming upward."
+
+Thus he pulled up Ao-tea-roa--one of the large islands of New Zealand.
+On it were houses, with people around them. Fires were burning. Maui
+walked over the island, saw with wonder the strange men and the
+mysterious fire. He took fire in his hands and was burned. He leaped
+into the sea, dived deep, came up with the other large island on his
+shoulders. This island he set on fire and left it always burning. It is
+said that the name for New Zealand given to Captain Cook was Te ika o
+Maui, "The fish of Maui." Some New Zealand natives say that he fished up
+the island on which dwelt "Great Hina of the Night," who finally
+destroyed Maui while he was seeking immortality.
+
+One legend says that Maui fished up apparently from New Zealand the
+large island of the Tongas. He used this chant:
+
+  "O Tonga-nui!
+  Why art Thou
+  Sulkily biting, biting below?
+  Beneath the earth
+  The power is felt,
+  The foam is seen,
+      Coming.
+  O thou loved grandchild
+  Of Tangaroa-meha."
+
+This is an excellent poetical description of the great fish delaying the
+quick hard bite. Then the island comes to the surface and Maui, the
+beloved grandchild of the Polynesian god Kanaloa, is praised.
+
+It was part of one of the legends that Maui changed himself into a bird
+and from the heavens let down a line with which he drew up land, but the
+line broke, leaving islands rather than a mainland. About two hundred
+lesser gods went to the new islands in a large canoe. The greater gods
+punished them by making them mortal.
+
+Turner, in his book on Samoa, says there were three Mauis, all brothers.
+They went out fishing from Rarotonga. One of the brothers begged the
+"goddess of the deep rocks" to let his hooks catch land. Then the island
+Manahiki was drawn up. A great wave washed two of the Mauis away. The
+other Maui found a great house in which eight hundred gods lived. Here
+he made his home until a chief from Rarotonga drove him away. He fled
+into the sky, but as he leaped he separated the land into two islands.
+
+Other legends of Samoa say that Tangaroa, the great god, rolled stones
+from heaven. One became the island Savaii, the other became Upolu. A god
+is sometimes represented as passing over the ocean with a bag of sand.
+Wherever he dropped a little sand islands sprang up.
+
+Payton, the earnest and honored missionary of the New Hebrides Islands,
+evidently did not know the name Mauitikitiki, so he spells the name of
+the fisherman Ma-tshi-ktshi-ki, and gives the myth of the fishing up of
+the various islands. The natives said that Maui left footprints on the
+coral reefs of each island where he stood straining and lifting in his
+endeavors to pull up each other island. He threw his line around a large
+island intending to draw it up and unite it with the one on which he
+stood, but his line broke. Then he became angry and divided into two
+parts the island on which he stood. This same Maui is recorded by Mr.
+Payton as being in a flood which put out one volcano--Maui seized
+another, sailed across to a neighboring island and piled it upon the top
+of the volcano there, so the fire was placed out of reach of the flood.
+
+In the Hervey Group of the Tahitian or Society Islands the same story
+prevails and the natives point out the place where the hook caught and a
+print was made by the foot in the coral reef. But they add some very
+mythical details. Maui's magic fish hook is thrown into the skies, where
+it continuously hangs, the curved tail of the constellation which we
+call Scorpio. Then one of the gods becoming angry with Maui seized him
+and threw him also among the stars. There he stays looking down upon his
+people. He has become a fixed part of the scorpion itself.
+
+The Hawaiian myths sometimes represent Maui as trying to draw the
+islands together while fishing them out of the sea. When they had pulled
+up the island of Kauai they looked back and were frightened. They
+evidently tried to rush away from the new monster and thus broke the
+line. Maui tore a side out of the small crater Kaula when trying to draw
+it to one of the other islands. Three aumakuas, three fishes supposed to
+be spirit-gods, guarded Kaula and defeated his purpose. At Hawaii
+Cocoanut Island broke off because Maui pulled too hard. Another place
+near Hilo on the large island of Hawaii where the hook was said to have
+caught is in the Wailuku river below Rainbow Falls.
+
+Maui went out from his home at Kauiki, fishing with his brothers. After
+they had caught some fine fish the brothers desired to return, but Maui
+persuaded them to go out farther. Then when they became tired and
+determined to go back, he made the seas stretch out and the shores
+recede until they could see no land. Then drawing the magic hook, he
+baited it with the Alae or sacred mud hen belonging to his Mother Hina.
+Queen Liliuokalani's family chant has the following reference to this
+myth:
+
+  "Maui longed for fish for Hina-akeahi (Hina of the fire, his mother),
+  Go hence to your father,
+  There you will find line and hook.
+  Manaiakalani is the hook.
+  Where the islands are caught,
+  The ancient seas are connected.
+  The great bird Alae is taken,
+  The sister bird,
+  Of that one of the hidden fire of Maui."
+
+Maui evidently had no scruples against using anything which would help
+him carry out his schemes. He indiscriminately robbed his friends and
+the gods alike.
+
+Down in the deep sea sank the hook with its struggling bait, until it
+was seized by "the land under the water."
+
+But Hina the mother saw the struggle of her sacred bird and hastened to
+the rescue. She caught a wing of the bird, but could not pull the Alae
+from the sacred hook. The wing was torn off. Then the fish gathered
+around the bait and tore it in pieces. If the bait could have been kept
+entire, then the land would have come up in a continent rather than as
+an island. Then the Hawaiian group would have been unbroken. But the
+bait broke--and the islands came as fragments from the under world.
+
+Maui's hook and canoe are frequently mentioned in the legends. The
+Hawaiians have a long rock in the Wailuku river at Hilo which they call
+Maui's canoe. Different names were given to Maui's canoe by the Maoris
+of New Zealand. "Vine of Heaven," "Prepare for the North," "Land of the
+Receding Sea." His fish hook bore the name "Plume of Beauty."
+
+On the southern end of Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, there is a curved ledge
+of rocks extending out from the coast. This is still called by the
+Maoris "Maui's fish-hook," as if the magic hook had been so firmly
+caught in the jaws of the island that Maui could not disentangle it, but
+had been compelled to cut it off from his line.
+
+There is a large stone on the sea coast of North Kohala on the island of
+Hawaii which the Hawaiians point out as the place where Maui's magic
+hook caught the island and pulled it through the sea.
+
+In the Tonga Islands, a place known as Hounga is pointed out by the
+natives as the spot where the magic hook caught in the rocks. The hook
+itself was said to have been in the possession of a chief-family for
+many generations.
+
+[Illustration: Here are the Canoes.]
+
+Another group of Hawaiian legends, very incomplete, probably referring
+to Maui, but ascribed to other names, relates that a fisherman caught a
+large block of coral. He took it to his priest. After sacrificing, and
+consulting the gods, the priest advised the fisherman to throw the coral
+back into the sea with incantations. While so doing this block became
+Hawaii-loa. The fishing continued and blocks of coral were caught and
+thrown back into the sea until all the islands appeared. Hints of this
+legend cling to other island groups as well as to the Hawaiian Islands.
+Fornander credits a fisherman from foreign lands as thus bringing forth
+the Hawaiian Islands from the deep seas. The reference occurs in part of
+a chant known as that of a friend of Paao--the priest who is supposed to
+have come from Samoa to Hawaii in the eleventh century. This priest
+calls for his companions:
+
+  "Here are the canoes. Get aboard.
+  Come along, and dwell on Hawaii with the green back.
+  A land which was found in the ocean,
+  A land thrown up from the sea--
+  From the very depths of Kanaloa,
+  The white coral, in the watery caves,
+  That was caught on the hook of the fisherman."
+
+The god Kanaloa is sometimes known as a ruler of the under-world, whose
+land was caught by Maui's hook and brought up in islands. Thus in the
+legends the thought has been perpetuated that some one of the ancestors
+of the Polynesians made voyages and discovered islands.
+
+In the time of Umi, King of Hawaii, there is the following record of an
+immense bone fish-hook, which was called the "fish-hook of Maui:"
+
+"In the night of Muku (the last night of the month), a priest and his
+servants took a man, killed him, and fastened his body to the hook,
+which bore the name Manai-a-ka-lani, and dragged it to the heiau
+(temple) as a 'fish,' and placed it on the altar."
+
+This hook was kept until the time of Kamehameha I. From time to time he
+tried to break it, and pulled until he perspired.
+
+Peapea, a brother of Kaahumanu, took the hook and broke it. He was
+afraid that Kamehameha would kill him. Kaahumanu, however, soothed the
+King, and he passed the matter over. The broken bone was probably thrown
+away.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+MAUI LIFTING THE SKY.
+
+
+Maui's home was for a long time enveloped by darkness. The heavens had
+fallen down, or, rather, had not been separated from the earth.
+According to some legends, the skies pressed so closely and so heavily
+upon the earth that when the plants began to grow, all the leaves were
+necessarily flat. According to other legends, the plants had to push up
+the clouds a little, and thus caused the leaves to flatten out into
+larger surface, so that they could better drive the skies back and hold
+them in place. Thus the leaves became flat at first, and have so
+remained through all the days of mankind. The plants lifted the sky inch
+by inch until men were able to crawl about between the heavens and the
+earth, and thus pass from place to place and visit one another.
+
+After a long time, according to the Hawaiian legends, a man, supposed to
+be Maui, came to a woman and said: "Give me a drink from your gourd
+calabash, and I will push the heavens higher." The woman handed the
+gourd to him. When he had taken a deep draught, he braced himself
+against the clouds and lifted them to the height of the trees. Again he
+hoisted the sky and carried it to the tops of the mountains; then with
+great exertion he thrust it upwards once more, and pressed it to the
+place it now occupies. Nevertheless dark clouds many times hang low
+along the eastern slope of Maui's great mountain--Haleakala--and descend
+in heavy rains upon the hill Kauwiki; but they dare not stay, lest Maui
+the strong come and hurl them so far away that they cannot come back
+again.
+
+A man who had been watching the process of lifting the sky ridiculed
+Maui for attempting such a difficult task. When the clouds rested on the
+tops of the mountains, Maui turned to punish his critic. The man had
+fled to the other side of the island. Maui rapidly pursued and finally
+caught him on the sea coast, not many miles north of the town now known
+as Lahaina. After a brief struggle the man was changed, according to the
+story, into a great black rock, which can be seen by any traveler who
+desires to localize the legends of Hawaii.
+
+In Samoa Tiitii, the latter part of the full name of Mauikiikii, is used
+as the name of the one who braced his feet against the rocks and pushed
+the sky up. The foot-prints, some six feet long, are said to be shown
+by the natives.
+
+Another Samoan story is almost like the Hawaiian legend. The heavens had
+fallen, people crawled, but the leaves pushed up a little; but the sky
+was uneven. Men tried to walk, but hit their heads, and in this confined
+space it was very hot. A woman rewarded a man who lifted the sky to its
+proper place by giving him a drink of water from her cocoanut shell.
+
+A number of small groups of islands in the Pacific have legends of their
+skies being lifted, but they attribute the labor to the great eels and
+serpents of the sea.
+
+One of the Ellice group, Niu Island, says that as the serpent began to
+lift the sky the people clapped their hands and shouted "Lift up!"
+"High!" "Higher!" But the body of the serpent finally broke into pieces
+which became islands, and the blood sprinkled its drops on the sky and
+became stars.
+
+One of the Samoan legends says that a plant called daiga, which had one
+large umbrella-like leaf, pushed up the sky and gave it its shape.
+
+The Vatupu, or Tracey Islanders, said at one time the sky and rocks were
+united. Then steam or clouds of smoke rose from the rocks, and, pouring
+out in volumes, forced the sky away from the earth. Man appeared in
+these clouds of steam or smoke. Perspiration burst forth as this man
+forced his way through the heated atmosphere. From this perspiration
+woman was formed. Then were born three sons, two of whom pushed up the
+sky. One, in the north, pushed as far as his arms would reach. The one
+in the south was short and climbed a hill, pushing as he went up, until
+the sky was in its proper place.
+
+The Gilbert Islanders say the sky was pushed up by men with long poles.
+
+The ancient New Zealanders understood incantations by which they could
+draw up or discover. They found a land where the sky and the earth were
+united. They prayed over their stone axe and cut the sky and land apart.
+"Hau-hau-tu" was the name of the great stone axe by which the sinews of
+the great heaven above were severed, and Langi (sky) was separated from
+Papa (earth).
+
+The New Zealand Maoris were accustomed to say that at first the sky
+rested close upon the earth and therefore there was utter darkness for
+ages. Then the six sons of heaven and earth, born during this period of
+darkness, felt the need of light and discussed the necessity of
+separating their parents--the sky from the earth--and decided to attempt
+the work.
+
+Rongo (Hawaiian god Lono) the "father of food plants," attempted to lift
+the sky, but could not tear it from the earth. Then Tangaroa (Kanaloa),
+the "father of fish and reptiles," failed. Haumia Tiki-tiki (Maui
+Kiikii), the "father of wild food plants," could not raise the clouds.
+Then Tu (Hawaiian Ku), the "father of fierce men," struggled in vain.
+But Tane (Hawaiian Kane), the "father of giant forests," pushed and
+lifted until he thrust the sky far up above him. Then they discovered
+their descendants--the multitude of human beings who had been living on
+the earth concealed and crushed by the clouds. Afterwards the last son,
+Tawhiri (father of storms), was angry and waged war against his
+brothers. He hid in the sheltered hollows of the great skies. There he
+begot his vast brood of winds and storms with which he finally drove all
+his brothers and their descendants into hiding places on land and sea.
+The New Zealanders mention the names of the canoes in which their
+ancestors fled from the old home Hawaiki.
+
+Tu (father of fierce men) and his descendants, however, conquered wind
+and storm and have ever since held supremacy.
+
+The New Zealand legends also say that heaven and earth have never lost
+their love for each other. "The warm sighs of earth ever ascend from the
+wooded mountains and valleys, and men call them mists. The sky also lets
+fall frequent tears which men term dew drops."
+
+The Manihiki islanders say that Maui desired to separate the sky from
+the earth. His father, Ru, was the supporter of the heavens. Maui
+persuaded him to assist in lifting the burden. Maui went to the north
+and crept into a place, where, lying prostrate under the sky, he could
+brace himself against it and push with great power. In the same way Ru
+went to the south and braced himself against the southern skies. Then
+they made the signal, and both pressed "with their backs against the
+solid blue mass." It gave way before the great strength of the father
+and son. Then they lifted again, bracing themselves with hands and knees
+against the earth. They crowded it and bent it upward. They were able to
+stand with the sky resting on their shoulders. They heaved against the
+bending mass, and it receded rapidly. They quickly put the palms of
+their hands under it; then the tips of their fingers, and it retreated
+farther and farther. At last, "drawing themselves out to gigantic
+proportions, they pushed the entire heavens up to the very lofty
+position which they have ever since occupied."
+
+But Maui and Ru had not worked perfectly together; therefore the sky was
+twisted and its surface was very irregular. They determined to smooth
+the sky before they finished their task, so they took large stone adzes
+and chipped off the rough protuberances and ridges, until by and by the
+great arch was cut out and smoothed off. They then took finer tools and
+chipped and polished until the sky became the beautifully finished blue
+dome which now bends around the earth.
+
+The Hervey Island myth, as related by W. W. Gill, states that Ru, the
+father of Maui, came from Avaiki (Hawa-iki), the underworld or abode of
+the spirits of the dead. He found men crowded down by the sky, which was
+a mass of solid blue stone. He was very sorry when he saw the condition
+of the inhabitants of the earth, and planned to raise the sky a little.
+So he planted stakes of different kinds of trees. These were strong
+enough to hold the sky so far above the earth "that men could stand
+erect and walk about without inconvenience." This was celebrated in one
+of the Hervey Island songs:
+
+  "Force up the heavens,
+        O, Ru!
+  And let the space be clear."
+
+For this helpful deed Ru received the name "The supporter of the
+heavens." He was rather proud of his achievement and was gratified
+because of the praise received. So he came sometimes and looked at the
+stakes and the beautiful blue sky resting on them. Maui, the son, came
+along and ridiculed his father for thinking so much of his work. Maui is
+not represented, in the legends, as possessing a great deal of love and
+reverence for his relatives provided his affection interfered with his
+mischief; so it was not at all strange that he laughed at his father. Ru
+became angry and said to Maui: "Who told youngsters to talk? Take care
+of yourself, or I will hurl you out of existence."
+
+Maui dared him to try it. Ru quickly seized him and "threw him to a
+great height." But Maui changed himself to a bird and sank back to earth
+unharmed.
+
+Then he changed himself back into the form of a man, and, making himself
+very large, ran and thrust his head between the old man's legs. He pried
+and lifted until Ru and the sky around him began to give. Another lift
+and he hurled them both to such a height that the sky could not come
+back.
+
+Ru himself was entangled among the stars. His head and shoulders stuck
+fast, and he could not free himself. How he struggled, until the skies
+shook, while Maui went away. Maui was proud of his achievement in having
+moved the sky so far away. In this self-rejoicing he quickly forgot his
+father.
+
+Ru died after a time. "His body rotted away and his bones, of vast
+proportions, came tumbling down from time to time, and were shivered on
+the earth into countless fragments. These shattered bones of Ru are
+scattered over every hill and valley of one of the islands, to the very
+edge of the sea."
+
+Thus the natives of the Hervey Islands account for the many pieces of
+porous lava and the small pieces of pumice stone found occasionally in
+their islands. The "bones" were very light and greatly resembled
+fragments of real bone. If the fragments were large enough they were
+sometimes taken and worshiped as gods. One of these pieces, of
+extraordinary size, was given to Mr. Gill when the natives were
+bringing in a large collection of idols. "This one was known as 'The
+Light Stone,' and was worshiped as the god of the wind and the waves.
+Upon occasions of a hurricane, incantations and offerings of food would
+be made to it."
+
+Thus, according to different Polynesian legends, Maui raised the sky and
+made the earth inhabitable for his fellow-men.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+MAUI SNARING THE SUN.
+
+  "Maui became restless and fought the sun
+  With a noose that he laid.
+  And winter won the sun,
+  And summer was won by Maui."
+
+  --Queen Liliuokalani's family chant.
+
+
+A very unique legend is found among the widely-scattered Polynesians.
+The story of Maui's "Snaring the Sun" was told among the Maoris of New
+Zealand, the Kanakas of the Hervey and Society Islands, and the ancient
+natives of Hawaii. The Samoans tell the same story without mentioning
+the name of Maui. They say that the snare was cast by a child of the sun
+itself.
+
+The Polynesian stories of the origin of the sun are worthy of note
+before the legend of the change from short to long days is given.
+
+The Tongan Islanders, according to W. W. Gill, tell the story of the
+origin of the sun and moon. They say that Vatea (Wakea) and their
+ancestor Tongaiti quarreled concerning a child--each claiming it as his
+own. In the struggle the child was cut in two. Vatea squeezed and rolled
+the part he secured into a ball and threw it away, far up into the
+heavens, where it became the sun. It shone brightly as it rolled along
+the heavens, and sank down to Avaiki (Hawaii), the nether world. But the
+ball came back again and once more rolled across the sky. Tongaiti had
+let his half of the child fall on the ground and lie there, until made
+envious by the beautiful ball Vatea made.
+
+At last he took the flesh which lay on the ground and made it into a
+ball. As the sun sank he threw his ball up into the darkness, and it
+rolled along the heavens, but the blood had drained out of the flesh
+while it lay upon the ground, therefore it could not become so red and
+burning as the sun, and had not life to move so swiftly. It was as white
+as a dead body, because its blood was all gone; and it could not make
+the darkness flee away as the sun had done. Thus day and night and the
+sun and moon always remain with the earth.
+
+The legends of the Society Islands say that a demon in the west became
+angry with the sun and in his rage ate it up, causing night. In the same
+way a demon from the east would devour the moon, but for some reason
+these angry ones could not destroy their captives and were compelled to
+open their mouths and let the bright balls come forth once more. In
+some places a sacrifice of some one of distinction was needed to placate
+the wrath of the devourers and free the balls of light in times of
+eclipse.
+
+The moon, pale and dead in appearance, moved slowly; while the sun, full
+of life and strength, moved quickly. Thus days were very short and
+nights were very long. Mankind suffered from the fierceness of the heat
+of the sun and also from its prolonged absence. Day and night were alike
+a burden to men. The darkness was so great and lasted so long that
+fruits would not ripen.
+
+After Maui had succeeded in throwing the heavens into their place, and
+fastening them so that they could not fall, he learned that he had
+opened a way for the sun-god to come up from the lower world and rapidly
+run across the blue vault. This made two troubles for men--the heat of
+the sun was very great and the journey too quickly over. Maui planned to
+capture the sun and punish him for thinking so little about the welfare
+of mankind.
+
+[Illustration: Iao Mountain From the Sea.]
+
+As Rev. A. O. Forbes, a missionary among the Hawaiians, relates, Maui's
+mother was troubled very much by the heedless haste of the sun. She had
+many kapa-cloths to make, for this was the only kind of clothing known
+in Hawaii, except sometimes a woven mat or a long grass fringe worn as a
+skirt. This native cloth was made by pounding the fine bark of
+certain trees with wooden mallets until the fibres were beaten and
+ground into a wood pulp. Then she pounded the pulp into thin sheets from
+which the best sleeping mats and clothes could be fashioned. These kapa
+cloths had to be thoroughly dried, but the days were so short that by
+the time she had spread out the kapa the sun had heedlessly rushed
+across the sky and gone down into the under-world, and all the cloth had
+to be gathered up again and cared for until another day should come.
+There were other troubles. "The food could not be prepared and cooked in
+one day. Even an incantation to the gods could not be chanted through
+ere they were overtaken by darkness."
+
+This was very discouraging and caused great suffering, as well as much
+unnecessary trouble and labor. Many complaints were made against the
+thoughtless sun.
+
+Maui pitied his mother and determined to make the sun go slower that the
+days might be long enough to satisfy the needs of men. Therefore, he
+went over to the northwest of the island on which he lived. This was Mt.
+Iao, an extinct volcano, in which lies one of the most beautiful and
+picturesque valleys of the Hawaiian Islands. He climbed the ridges until
+he could see the course of the sun as it passed over the island. He saw
+that the sun came up the eastern side of Mt. Haleakala. He crossed over
+the plain between the two mountains and climbed to the top of Mt.
+Haleakala. There he watched the burning sun as it came up from Koolau
+and passed directly over the top of the mountain. The summit of
+Haleakala is a great extinct crater twenty miles in circumference, and
+nearly twenty-five hundred feet in depth. There are two tremendous gaps
+or chasms in the side of the crater wall, through which in days gone by
+the massive bowl poured forth its flowing lava. One of these was the
+Koolau, or eastern gap, in which Maui probably planned to catch the sun.
+
+Mt. Hale-a-ka-la of the Hawaiian Islands means House-of-the-sun. "La,"
+or "Ra," is the name of the sun throughout parts of Polynesia. Ra was
+the sun-god of ancient Egypt. Thus the antiquities of Polynesia and
+Egypt touch each other, and today no man knows the full reason thereof.
+
+The Hawaiian legend says Maui was taunted by a man who ridiculed the
+idea that he could snare the sun, saying, "You will never catch the sun.
+You are only an idle nobody."
+
+Maui replied, "When I conquer my enemy and my desire is attained, I will
+be your death."
+
+After studying the path of the sun, Maui returned to his mother and told
+her that he would go and cut off the legs of the sun so that he could
+not run so fast.
+
+His mother said: "Are you strong enough for this work?" He said, "Yes."
+Then she gave him fifteen strands of well-twisted fiber and told him to
+go to his grandmother, who lived in the great crater of Haleakala, for
+the rest of the things in his conflict with the sun. She said: "You must
+climb the mountain to the place where a large wiliwili tree is standing.
+There you will find the place where the sun stops to eat cooked bananas
+prepared by your grandmother. Stay there until a rooster crows three
+times; then watch your grandmother go out to make a fire and put on
+food. You had better take her bananas. She will look for them and find
+you and ask who you are. Tell her you belong to Hina."
+
+When she had taught him all these things, he went up the mountain to
+Kaupo to the place Hina had directed. There was a large wiliwili tree.
+Here he waited for the rooster to crow. The name of that rooster was
+Kalauhele-moa. When the rooster had crowed three times, the grandmother
+came out with a bunch of bananas to cook for the sun. She took off the
+upper part of the bunch and laid it down. Maui immediately snatched it
+away. In a moment she turned to pick it up, but could not find it. She
+was angry and cried out: "Where are the bananas of the sun?" Then she
+took off another part of the bunch, and Maui stole that. Thus he did
+until all the bunch had been taken away. She was almost blind and could
+not detect him by sight, so she sniffed all around her until she
+detected the smell of a man. She asked: "Who are you? To whom do you
+belong?" Maui replied: "I belong to Hina." "Why have you come?" Maui
+told her, "I have come to kill the sun. He goes so fast that he never
+dries the tapa Hina has beaten out."
+
+The old woman gave a magic stone for a battle axe and one more rope. She
+taught him how to catch the sun, saying: "Make a place to hide here by
+this large wiliwili tree. When the first leg of the sun comes up, catch
+it with your first rope, and so on until you have used all your ropes.
+Fasten them to the tree, then take the stone axe to strike the body of
+the sun."
+
+Maui dug a hole among the roots of the tree and concealed himself. Soon
+the first ray of light--the first leg of the sun--came up along the
+mountain side. Maui threw his rope and caught it. One by one the legs of
+the sun came over the edge of the crater's rim and were caught. Only one
+long leg was still hanging down the side of the mountain. It was hard
+for the sun to move that leg. It shook and trembled and tried hard to
+come up. At last it crept over the edge and was caught by Maui with the
+rope given by his grandmother.
+
+When the sun saw that his sixteen long legs were held fast in the ropes,
+he began to go back down the mountain side into the sea. Then Maui tied
+the ropes fast to the tree and pulled until the body of the sun came up
+again. Brave Maui caught his magic stone club or axe, and began to
+strike and wound the sun, until he cried: "Give me my life." Maui said:
+"If you live, you may be a traitor. Perhaps I had better kill you." But
+the sun begged for life. After they had conversed a while, they agreed
+that there should be a regular motion in the journey of the sun. There
+should be longer days, and yet half the time he might go quickly as in
+the winter time, but the other half he must move slowly as in summer.
+Thus men dwelling on the earth should be blessed.
+
+Another legend says that he made a lasso and climbed to the summit of
+Mt. Haleakala. He made ready his lasso, so that when the sun came up the
+mountain side and rose above him he could cast the noose and catch the
+sun, but he only snared one of the sun's larger rays and broke it off.
+Again and again he threw the lasso until he had broken off all the
+strong rays of the sun.
+
+Then he shouted exultantly, "Thou art my captive; I will kill thee for
+going so swiftly."
+
+Then the sun said, "Let me live and thou shalt see me go more slowly
+hereafter. Behold, hast thou not broken off all my strong legs and left
+me only the weak ones?"
+
+So the agreement was made, and Maui permitted the sun to pursue his
+course, and from that day he went more slowly.
+
+Maui returned from his conflict with the sun and sought for Moemoe, the
+man who had ridiculed him. Maui chased this man around the island from
+one side to the other until they had passed through Lahaina (one of the
+first mission stations in 1828). There on the seashore near the large
+black rock of the legend of Maui lifting the sky he found Moemoe. Then
+they left the seashore and the contest raged up hill and down until Maui
+slew the man and "changed the body into a long rock, which is there to
+this day, by the side of the road going past Black Rock."
+
+Before the battle with the sun occurred Maui went down into the
+underworld, according to the New Zealand tradition, and remained a long
+time with his relatives. In some way he learned that there was an
+enchanted jawbone in the possession of some one of his ancestors, so he
+waited and waited, hoping that at last he might discover it.
+
+After a time he noticed that presents of food were being sent away to
+some person whom he had not met.
+
+One day he asked the messengers, "Who is it you are taking that present
+of food to?"
+
+The people answered, "It is for Muri, your ancestress."
+
+Then he asked for the food, saying, "I will carry it to her myself."
+
+But he took the food away and hid it. "And this he did for many days,"
+and the presents failed to reach the old woman.
+
+By and by she suspected mischief, for it did not seem as if her friends
+would neglect her so long a time, so she thought she would catch the
+tricky one and eat him. She depended upon her sense of smell to detect
+the one who had troubled her. As Sir George Grey tells the story: "When
+Maui came along the path carrying the present of food, the old chiefess
+sniffed and sniffed until she was sure that she smelt some one coming.
+She was very much exasperated, and her stomach began to distend itself
+that she might be ready to devour this one when he came near.
+
+Then she turned toward the south and sniffed and not a scent of anything
+reached her. Then she turned to the north, and to the east, but could
+not detect the odor of a human being. She made one more trial and turned
+toward the west. Ah! then came the scent of a man to her plainly and she
+called out, 'I know, from the smell wafted to me by the breeze, that
+somebody is close to me.'"
+
+Maui made known his presence and the old woman knew that he was a
+descendant of hers, and her stomach began immediately to shrink and
+contract itself again.
+
+Then she asked, "Art thou Maui?"
+
+He answered, "Even so," and told her that he wanted "the jaw-bone by
+which great enchantments could be wrought."
+
+Then Muri, the old chiefess, gave him the magic bone and he returned to
+his brothers, who were still living on the earth.
+
+Then Maui said: "Let us now catch the sun in a noose that we may compel
+him to move more slowly in order that mankind may have long days to
+labor in and procure subsistence for themselves."
+
+They replied, "No man can approach it on account of the fierceness of
+the heat."
+
+According to the Society Island legend, his mother advised him to have
+nothing to do with the sun, who was a divine living creature, "in form
+like a man, possessed of fearful energy," shaking his golden locks both
+morning and evening in the eyes of men. Many persons had tried to
+regulate the movements of the sun, but had failed completely.
+
+But Maui encouraged his mother and his brothers by asking them to
+remember his power to protect himself by the use of enchantments.
+
+The Hawaiian legend says that Maui himself gathered cocoanut fibre in
+great quantity and manufactured it into strong ropes. But the legends of
+other islands say that he had the aid of his brothers, and while working
+learned many useful lessons. While winding and twisting they discovered
+how to make square ropes and flat ropes as well as the ordinary round
+rope. In the Society Islands, it is said, Maui and his brothers made six
+strong ropes of great length. These he called aeiariki (royal nooses).
+
+The New Zealand legend says that when Maui and his brothers had finished
+making all the ropes required they took provisions and other things
+needed and journeyed toward the east to find the place where the sun
+should rise. Maui carried with him the magic jaw-bone which he had
+secured from Muri, his ancestress, in the under-world.
+
+They traveled all night and concealed themselves by day so that the sun
+should not see them and become too suspicious and watchful. In this way
+they journeyed, until "at length they had gone very far to the eastward
+and had come to the very edge of the place out of which the sun rises.
+There they set to work and built on each side a long, high wall of clay,
+with huts of boughs of trees at each end to hide themselves in."
+
+Here they laid a large noose made from their ropes and Maui concealed
+himself on one side of this place along which the sun must come, while
+his brothers hid on the other side.
+
+Maui seized his magic enchanted jaw-bone as the weapon with which to
+fight the sun, and ordered his brothers to pull hard on the noose and
+not to be frightened or moved to set the sun free.
+
+"At last the sun came rising up out of his place like a fire spreading
+far and wide over the mountains and forests.
+
+He rises up.
+
+His head passes through the noose.
+
+The ropes are pulled tight.
+
+Then the monster began to struggle and roll himself about, while the
+snare jerked backwards and forwards as he struggled. Ah! was not he held
+fast in the ropes of his enemies.
+
+Then forth rushed that bold hero Maui with his enchanted weapon. The sun
+screamed aloud and roared. Maui struck him fiercely with many blows.
+They held him for a long time. At last they let him go, and then weak
+from wounds the sun crept very slowly and feebly along his course."
+
+In this way the days were made longer so that men could perform their
+daily tasks and fruits and food plants could have time to grow.
+
+The legend of the Hervey group of islands says that Maui made six snares
+and placed them at intervals along the path over which the sun must
+pass. The sun in the form of a man climbed up from Avaiki (Hawaiki).
+Maui pulled the first noose, but it slipped down the rising sun until it
+caught and was pulled tight around his feet.
+
+[Illustration: Hale-a-ka-la Crater. Where the Sun Was Caught.]
+
+Maui ran quickly to pull the ropes of the second snare, but that also
+slipped down, down, until it was tightened around the knees. Then Maui
+hastened to the third snare, while the sun was trying to rush along
+on his journey. The third snare caught around the hips. The fourth snare
+fastened itself around the waist. The fifth slipped under the arms, and
+yet the sun sped along as if but little inconvenienced by Maui's
+efforts.
+
+Then Maui caught the last noose and threw it around the neck of the sun,
+and fastened the rope to a spur of rock. The sun struggled until nearly
+strangled to death and then gave up, promising Maui that he would go as
+slowly as was desired. Maui left the snares fastened to the sun to keep
+him in constant fear.
+
+"These ropes may still be seen hanging from the sun at dawn and
+stretching into the skies when he descends into the ocean at night. By
+the assistance of these ropes he is gently let down into Ava-iki in the
+evening, and also raised up out of shadow-land in the morning."
+
+Another legend from the Society Islands is related by Mr. Gill:
+
+Maui tried many snares before he could catch the sun. The sun was the
+Hercules, or the Samson, of the heavens. He broke the strong cords of
+cocoanut fibre which Maui made and placed around the opening by which
+the sun climbed out from the under-world. Maui made stronger ropes, but
+still the sun broke them every one.
+
+Then Maui thought of his sister's hair, the sister Inaika, whom he
+cruelly treated in later years. Her hair was long and beautiful. He cut
+off some of it and made a strong rope. With this he lassoed or rather
+snared the sun, and caught him around the throat. The sun quickly
+promised to be more thoughtful of the needs of men and go at a more
+reasonable pace across the sky.
+
+A story from the American Indians is told in Hawaii's Young People,
+which is very similar to the Polynesian legends.
+
+An Indian boy became very angry with the sun for getting so warm and
+making his clothes shrink with the heat. He told his sister to make a
+snare. The girl took sinews from a large deer, but they shriveled under
+the heat. She took her own long hair and made snares, but they were
+burned in a moment. Then she tried the fibres of various plants and was
+successful. Her brother took the fibre cord and drew it through his
+lips. It stretched and became a strong red cord. He pulled and it became
+very long. He went to the place of sunrise, fixed his snare, and caught
+the sun. When the sun had been sufficiently punished, the animals of the
+earth studied the problem of setting the sun free. At last a mouse as
+large as a mountain ran and gnawed the red cord. It broke and the sun
+moved on, but the poor mouse had been burned and shriveled into the
+small mouse of the present day.
+
+A Samoan legend says that a woman living for a time with the sun bore a
+child who had the name "Child of the Sun." She wanted gifts for the
+child's marriage, so she took a long vine, climbed a tree, made the vine
+into a noose, lassoed the sun, and made him give her a basket of
+blessings.
+
+In Fiji, the natives tie the grasses growing on a hilltop over which
+they are passing, when traveling from place to place. They do this to
+make a snare to catch the sun if he should try to go down before they
+reach the end of their day's journey.
+
+This legend is a misty memory of some time when the Polynesian people
+were in contact with the short days of the extreme north or south. It is
+a very remarkable exposition of a fact of nature perpetuated many
+centuries in lands absolutely free from such natural phenomena.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+MAUI FINDING FIRE.
+
+  "Grant, oh grant me thy hidden fire,
+    O Banyan Tree.
+  Perform an incantation,
+  Utter a prayer
+    To the Banyan Tree.
+  Kindle a fire in the dust
+    Of the Banyan Tree."
+
+  --Translation of ancient Polynesian chant.
+
+
+Among students of mythology certain characters in the legends of the
+various nations are known as "culture heroes." Mankind has from time to
+time learned exceedingly useful lessons and has also usually ascribed
+the new knowledge to some noted person in the national mythology. These
+mythical benefactors who have brought these practical benefits to men
+are placed among the "hero-gods." They have been teachers or "culture
+heroes" to mankind.
+
+Probably the fire finders of the different nations are among the best
+remembered of all these benefactors. This would naturally be the case,
+for no greater good has touched man's physical life than the discovery
+of methods of making fire.
+
+Prometheus, the classical fire finder, is most widely known in
+literature. But of all the helpful gods of mythology, Maui, the
+mischievous Polynesian, is beyond question the hero of the largest
+numbers of nations scattered over the widest extent of territory.
+Prometheus belonged to Rome, but Maui belonged to the length and breadth
+of the Pacific Ocean. Theft or trickery, the use of deceit of some kind,
+is almost inseparably connected with fire finding all over the world.
+Prometheus stole fire from Jupiter and gave it to men together with the
+genius to make use of it in the arts and sciences. He found the rolling
+chariot of the sun, secretly filled his hollow staff with fire, carried
+it to earth, put a part in the breast of man to create enthusiasm or
+animation, and saved the remainder for the comfort of mankind to be used
+with the artist skill of Minerva and Vulcan. In Brittany the golden or
+fire-crested wren steals fire and is red-marked while so doing. The
+animals of the North American Indians are represented as stealing fire
+sometimes from the cuttle fish and sometimes from one another. Some
+swiftly-flying bird or fleet-footed coyote would carry the stolen fire
+to the home of the tribe.
+
+The possession of fire meant to the ancients all that wealth means to
+the family of today. It meant the possession of comfort. The gods were
+naturally determined to keep this wealth in their own hands. For any one
+to make a sharp deal and cheat a god of fire out of a part of this
+valuable property or to make a courageous raid upon the fire guardian
+and steal the treasure, was easily sufficient to make that one a
+"culture hero." As a matter of fact a prehistoric family without fire
+would go to any length in order to get it. The fire finders would
+naturally be the hero-gods and stealing fire would be an exploit rather
+than a crime.
+
+It is worth noting that in many myths not only was fire stolen, but
+birds marked by red or black spots among their feathers were associated
+with the theft.
+
+It would naturally be supposed that the Hawaiians living in a volcanic
+country with ever-flowing fountains of lava, would connect their fire
+myths with some volcano when relating the story of the origin of fire.
+But like the rest of the Polynesians, they found fire in trees rather
+than in rivers of melted rock. They must have brought their fire legends
+and fire customs with them when they came to the islands of active
+volcanoes.
+
+Flint rocks as fire producers are not found in the Hawaiian myths, nor
+in the stories from the island groups related to the Hawaiians. Indians
+might see the fleeing buffalo strike fire from the stones under his hard
+hoofs. The Tartars might have a god to teach them "the secret of the
+stone's edge and the iron's hardness." The Peruvians could very easily
+form a legend of their mythical father Guamansuri finding a way to make
+fire after he had seen the sling stones, thrown at his enemies, bring
+forth sparks of fire from the rocks against which they struck. The
+thunder and the lightning of later years were the sparks and the crash
+of stones hurled among the cloud mountains by the mighty gods.
+
+In Australia the story is told of an old man and his daughter who lived
+in great darkness. After a time the father found the doorway of light
+through which the sun passed on his journey. He opened the door and a
+flood of sunshine covered the earth. His daughter looked around her home
+and saw numbers of serpents. She seized a staff and began to kill them.
+She wielded it so vigorously that it became hot in her hands. At last it
+broke, but the pieces rubbed against each other and flashed into sparks
+and flames. Thus it was learned that fire was buried in wood.
+
+Flints were known in Europe and Asia and America, but the Polynesian
+looked to the banyan and kindred trees for the hidden sparks of fire.
+The natives of De Peyster's Island say that their ancestors learned how
+to make fire by seeing smoke rise from crossed branches rubbing together
+while trees were shaken by fierce winds.
+
+In studying the Maui myths of the Pacific it is necessary to remember
+that Polynesians use "t" and "k" without distinguishing them apart, and
+also as in the Hawaiian Islands an apostrophe (') is often used in place
+of "t" or "k". Therefore the Maui Ki-i-k-i'i of Hawaii becomes the
+demi-god Tiki-tiki of the Gilbert Islands--or the Ti'i-ti'i of Samoa or
+the Tiki of New Zealand--or other islands of the great ocean. We must
+also remember that in the Hawaiian legends Kalana is Maui's father. This
+in other groups becomes Talanga or Kalanga or Karanga. Kanaloa, the
+great god of most of the different Polynesians, is also sometimes called
+the Father of Maui. It is not strange that some of the exploits usually
+ascribed to Maui should be in some places transferred to his father
+under one name or the other. On one or two groups Mafuia, an ancestress
+of Maui, is mentioned as finding the fire. The usual legend makes Maui
+the one who takes fire away from Mafuia. The story of fire finding in
+Polynesia sifts itself to Maui under one of his widely-accepted names,
+or to his father or to his ancestress--with but very few exceptions.
+This fact is important as showing in a very marked manner the race
+relationship of a vast number of the islanders of the Pacific world.
+From the Marshall Islands, in the west, to the Society Islands of the
+east; from the Hawaiian Islands in the north to the New Zealand group in
+the south, the footsteps of Maui the fire finder can be traced.
+
+The Hawaiian story of fire finding is one of the least marvelous of all
+the legends. Hina, Maui's mother, wanted fish. One morning early Maui
+saw that the great storm waves of the sea had died down and the fishing
+grounds could be easily reached. He awakened his brothers and with them
+hastened to the beach. This was at Kaupo on the island of Maui. Out into
+the gray shadows of the dawn they paddled. When they were far from shore
+they began to fish. But Maui, looking landward, saw a fire on the
+mountain side.
+
+"Behold," he cried. "There is a fire burning. Whose can this fire be?"
+
+"Whose, indeed?" his brothers replied.
+
+"Let us hasten to the shore and cook our food," said one.
+
+They decided that they had better catch some fish to cook before they
+returned. Thus, in the morning, before the hot sun drove the fish deep
+down to the dark recesses of the sea, they fished until a bountiful
+supply lay in the bottom of the canoe.
+
+When they came to land, Maui leaped out and ran up the mountain side to
+get the fire. For a long, long time they had been without fire. The
+great volcano Haleakala above them had become extinct--and they had
+lost the coals they had tried to keep alive. They had eaten fruits and
+uncooked roots and the shell fish broken from the reef--and sometimes
+the great raw fish from the far-out ocean. But now they hoped to gain
+living fire and cooked food.
+
+But when Maui rushed up toward the cloudy pillar of smoke he saw a
+family of birds scratching the fire out. Their work was finished and
+they flew away just as he reached the place.
+
+Maui and his brothers watched for fire day after day--but the birds, the
+curly-tailed Alae (or the mud-hens) made no fire. Finally the brothers
+went fishing once more--but when they looked toward the mountain, again
+they saw flames and smoke. Thus it happened to them again and again.
+
+Maui proposed to his brothers that they go fishing leaving him to watch
+the birds. But the Alae counted the fishermen and refused to build a
+fire for the hidden one who was watching them. They said among
+themselves, "Three are in the boat and we know not where the other one
+is, we will make no fire today."
+
+So the experiment failed again and again. If one or two remained or if
+all waited on the land there would be no fire--but the dawn which saw
+the four brothers in the boat, saw also the fire on the land.
+
+Finally Maui rolled some kapa cloth together and stuck it up in one end
+of the canoe so that it would look like a man. He then concealed
+himself near the haunt of the mud-hens, while his brothers went out
+fishing. The birds counted the figures in the boat and then started to
+build a heap of wood for the fire.
+
+Maui was impatient--and just as the old Alae began to select sticks with
+which to make the flames he leaped swiftly out and caught her and held
+her prisoner. He forgot for a moment that he wanted the secret of fire
+making. In his anger against the wise bird his first impulse was to
+taunt her and then kill her for hiding the secret of fire.
+
+But the Alae cried out: "If you are the death of me--my secret will
+perish also--and you cannot have fire."
+
+Maui then promised to spare her life if she would tell him what to do.
+
+Then came the contest of wits. The bird told the demi-god to rub the
+stalks of water plants together. He guarded the bird and tried the
+plants. Water instead of fire ran out of the twisted stems. Then she
+told him to rub reeds together--but they bent and broke and could make
+no fire. He twisted her neck until she was half dead--then she cried
+out: "I have hidden the fire in a green stick."
+
+Maui worked hard, but not a spark of fire appeared. Again he caught his
+prisoner by the head and wrung her neck, and she named a kind of dry
+wood. Maui rubbed the sticks together, but they only became warm. The
+neck twisting process was resumed--and repeated again and again, until
+the mud-hen was almost dead--and Maui had tried tree after tree. At last
+Maui found fire. Then as the flames rose he said: "There is one more
+thing to rub." He took a fire stick and rubbed the top of the head of
+his prisoner until the feathers fell off and the raw flesh appeared.
+Thus the Hawaiian mud-hen and her descendants have ever since had bald
+heads, and the Hawaiians have had the secret of fire making.
+
+Another Hawaiian legend places the scene of Maui's contest with the
+mud-hens a little inland of the town of Hilo on the Island of Hawaii.
+There are three small extinct craters very near each other known as The
+Halae Hills. One, the southern or Puna side of the hills, is a place
+called Pohaku-nui. Here dwelt two brother birds of the Alae family. They
+were gods. One had the power of fire making. Here at Pohaku-nui they
+were accustomed to kindle a fire and bake their dearly loved food--baked
+bananas. Here Maui planned to learn the secret of fire. The birds had
+kindled the fire and the bananas were almost done, when the elder Alae
+called to the younger: "Be quick, here comes the swift son of Hina."
+
+The birds scratched out the fire, caught the bananas and fled. Maui told
+his mother he would follow them until he learned the secret of fire. His
+mother encouraged him because he was very strong and very swift. So he
+followed the birds from place to place as they fled from him, finding
+new spots on which to make their fires. At last they came to Waianae on
+the island Oahu. There he saw a great fire and a multitude of birds
+gathered around it, chattering loudly and trying to hasten the baking of
+the bananas. Their incantation was this: "Let us cook quick." "Let us
+cook quick." "The swift child of Hina will come."
+
+Maui's mother Hina had taught him how to know the fire-maker. "If you go
+up to the fire, you will find many birds. Only one is the guardian. This
+is the small, young Alae. His name is Alae-iki: Only this one knows how
+to make fire." So whenever Maui came near to the fire-makers he always
+sought for the little Alae. Sometimes he made mistakes and sometimes
+almost captured the one he desired. At Waianae he leaped suddenly among
+the birds. They scattered the fire, and the younger bird tried to snatch
+his banana from the coals and flee, but Maui seized him and began to
+twist his neck. The bird cried out, warning Maui not to kill him or he
+would lose the secret of fire altogether. Maui was told that the fire
+was made from a banana stump. He saw the bananas roasting and thought
+this was reasonable. So, according to directions, he began to rub
+together pieces of the banana. The bird hoped for an unguarded moment
+when he might escape, but Maui was very watchful and was also very
+angry when he found that rubbing only resulted in squeezing out juice.
+Then he twisted the neck of the bird and was told to rub the stem of the
+taro plant. This also was so green that it only produced water. Then he
+was so angry that he nearly rubbed the head of the bird off--and the
+bird, fearing for its life, told the truth and taught Maui how to find
+the wood in which fire dwelt.
+
+They learned to draw out the sparks secreted in different kinds of
+trees. The sweet sandalwood was one of these fire trees. Its Hawaiian
+name is "Ili-ahi"--the "ili" (bark) and "ahi" (fire), the bark in which
+fire is concealed.
+
+A legend of the Society Islands is somewhat similar. Ina (Hina) promised
+to aid Maui in finding fire for the islanders. She sent him into the
+under-world to find Tangaroa (Kanaloa). This god Tangaroa held fire in
+his possession--Maui was to know him by his tattooed face. Down the dark
+path through the long caves Maui trod swiftly until he found the god.
+Maui asked him for fire to take up to men. The god gave him a lighted
+stick and sent him away. But Maui put the fire out and went back again
+after fire. This he did several times, until the wearied giver decided
+to teach the intruder the art of fire making. He called a white duck to
+aid him. Then, taking two sticks of dry wood, he gave the under one to
+the bird and rapidly moved the upper stick across the under until fire
+came. Maui seized the upper stick, after it had been charred in the
+flame, and burned the head of the bird back of each eye. Thus were made
+the black spots which mark the head of the white duck. Then arose a
+quarrel between Tangaroa and Maui--but Maui struck down the god, and,
+thinking he had killed him, carried away the art of making fire. His
+father and mother made inquiries about their relative--Maui hastened
+back to the fire fountain and made the spirit return to the body--then,
+coming back to Ina, he bade her good bye and carried the fire sticks to
+the upper-world. The Hawaiians, and probably others among the
+Polynesians, felt that any state of unconsciousness was a form of death
+in which the spirit left the body, but was called back by prayers and
+incantations. Therefore, when Maui restored the god to consciousness, he
+was supposed to have made the spirit released by death return into the
+body and bring it back to life.
+
+In the Samoan legends as related by G. Turner, the name Ti'iti'i is
+used. This is the same as the second name found in Maui Ki'i-ki'i. The
+Samoan legend of Ti'iti'i is almost identical with the New Zealand fire
+myth of Maui, and is very similar to the story coming from the Hervey
+Islands from Savage Island and also from the Tokelau and other island
+groups. The Samoan story says that the home of Mafuie the earthquake
+god was in the land of perpetual fire. Maui's or Ti'iti'i's father
+Talanga (Kalana) was also a resident of the under-world and a great
+friend of the earthquake god.
+
+Ti'iti'i watched his father as he left his home in the upper-world.
+Talanga approached a perpendicular wall of rock, said some prayer or
+incantation--and passed through a door which immediately closed after
+him. (This is a very near approach to the "open sesame" of the Arabian
+Nights stories.)
+
+Ti'iti'i went to the rock, but could not find the way through. He
+determined to conceal himself the next time so near that he could hear
+his father's words.
+
+After some days he was able to catch all the words uttered by his father
+as he knocked on the stone door--
+
+  "O rock! divide.
+  I am Talanga,
+  I come to work
+  On my land
+  Given by Mafuie."
+
+Ti'iti'i went to the perpendicular wall and imitating his father's voice
+called for a rock to open. Down through a cave he passed until he found
+his father working in the under-world.
+
+The astonished father, learning how his son came, bade him keep very
+quiet and work lest he arouse the anger of Mafuie. So for a time the
+boy labored obediently by his father's side.
+
+In a little while the boy saw smoke and asked what it was. The father
+told him that it was the smoke from the fire of Mafuie, and explained
+what fire would do.
+
+The boy determined to get some fire--he went to the place from which the
+smoke arose and there found the god, and asked him for fire. Mafuie gave
+him fire to carry to his father. The boy quickly had an oven prepared
+and the fire placed in it to cook some of the taro they had been
+cultivating. Just as everything was ready an earthquake god came up and
+blew the fire out and scattered the stones of the oven.
+
+Then Ti'iti'i was angry and began to talk to Mafuie. The god attacked
+the boy, intending to punish him severely for daring to rebel against
+the destruction of the fire.
+
+What a battle there was for a time in the under-world! At last Ti'iti'i
+seized one of the arms of Mafuie and broke it off. He caught the other
+arm and began to twist and bend it.
+
+Mafuie begged the boy to spare him. His right arm was gone. How could he
+govern the earthquakes if his left arm were torn off also? It was his
+duty to hold Samoa level and not permit too many earthquakes. It would
+be hard to do that even with one arm--but it would be impossible if
+both arms were gone.
+
+Ti'iti'i listened to the plea and demanded a reward if he should spare
+the left arm. Mafuie offered Ti'iti'i one hundred wives. The boy did not
+want them.
+
+Then the god offered to teach him the secret of fire finding to take to
+the upper-world.
+
+The boy agreed to accept the fire secret, and thus learned that the gods
+in making the earth had concealed fire in various trees for men to
+discover in their own good time, and that this fire could be brought out
+by rubbing pieces of wood together.
+
+The people of Samoa have not had much faith in Mafuie's plea that he
+needed his left arm in order to keep Samoa level. They say that Mafuie
+has a long stick or handle to the world under the islands--and when he
+is angry or wishes to frighten them he moves this handle and easily
+shakes the islands. When an earthquake comes, they give thanks to
+Ti'iti'i for breaking off one arm--because if the god had two arms they
+believe he would shake them unmercifully.
+
+One legend of the Hervey Islands says that Maui and his brothers had
+been living on uncooked food--but learned that their mother sometimes
+had delicious food which had been cooked. They learned also that fire
+was needed in order to cook their food. Then Maui wanted fire and
+watched his mother.
+
+Maui's mother was the guardian of the way to the invisible world. When
+she desired to pass from her home to the other world, she would open a
+black rock and pass inside. Thus she went to Hawaiki, the under-world.
+Maui planned to follow her, but first studied the forms of birds that he
+might assume the body of the strongest and most enduring. After a time
+he took the shape of a pigeon and, flying to the black rock, passed
+through the door and flew down the long dark passage-way.
+
+After a time he found the god of fire living in a bunch of banyan
+sticks. He changed himself into the form of a man and demanded the
+secret of fire.
+
+The fire god agreed to give Maui fire if he would permit himself to be
+tossed into the sky by the god's strong arms.
+
+Maui agreed on condition that he should have the right to toss the fire
+god afterwards.
+
+The fire-god felt certain that there would be only one exercise of
+strength--he felt that he had everything in his own hands--so readily
+agreed to the tossing contest. It was his intention to throw his
+opponent so high that when he fell, if he ever did fall, there would be
+no antagonist uncrushed.
+
+He seized Maui in his strong arms and, swinging him back and forth,
+flung him upward--but the moment Maui left his hands he changed himself
+into a feather and floated softly to the ground.
+
+Then the boy ran swiftly to the god and seized him by the legs and
+lifted him up. Then he began to increase in size and strength until he
+had lifted the fire god very high. Suddenly he tossed the god upward and
+caught him as he fell--again and again--until the bruised and dizzy god
+cried enough, and agreed to give the victor whatever he demanded.
+
+Maui asked for the secret of fire producing. The god taught him how to
+rub the dry sticks of certain kinds of trees together, and, by friction,
+produce fire, and especially how fire could be produced by rubbing fire
+sticks in the fine dust of the banyan tree.
+
+A Society Island legend says Maui borrowed a sacred red pigeon,
+belonging to one of the gods, and, changing himself into a dragon fly,
+rode this pigeon through a black rock into Avaiki (Hawaiki), the
+fire-land of the under-world. He found the god of fire, Mau-ika, living
+in a house built from a banyan tree. Mau-ika taught Maui the kinds of
+wood into which when fire went out on the earth a fire goddess had
+thrown sparks in order to preserve fire. Among these were the "au"
+(Hawaiian hau), or "the lemon hibiscus"--the "argenta," the "fig" and
+the "banyan." She taught him also how to make fire by swift motion when
+rubbing the sticks of these trees. She also gave him coals for his
+present need.
+
+But Maui was viciously mischievous and set the banyan house on fire,
+then mounted his pigeon and fled toward the upper-world. But the flames
+hastened after him and burst out through the rock doors into the sunlit
+land above--as if it were a volcanic eruption.
+
+The Tokelau Islanders say that Talanga (Kalana) known in other groups of
+islands as the father of Maui, desired fire in order to secure warmth
+and cooked food. He went down, down, very far down in the caves of the
+earth. In the lower world he found Mafuika--an old blind woman, who was
+the guardian of fire. He told her he wanted fire to take back to men.
+She refused either to give fire or to teach how to make it. Talanga
+threatened to kill her, and finally persuaded her to teach how to make
+fire in any place he might dwell--and the proper trees to use, the
+fire-yielding trees. She also taught him how to cook food--and also the
+kind of fish he should cook, and the kinds which should be eaten raw.
+Thus mankind learned about food as well as fire.
+
+The Savage Island legend adds the element of danger to Maui's
+mischievous theft of fire. The lad followed his father one day and saw
+him pull up a bunch of reeds and go down into the fire-land beneath.
+Maui hastened down to see what his father was doing. Soon he saw his
+opportunity to steal the secret of fire. Then he caught some fire and
+started for the upper-world.
+
+His father caught a glimpse of the young thief and tried to stop him.
+
+Maui ran up the passage through the black cave--bushes and trees
+bordered his road.
+
+The father hastened after his son and was almost ready to lay hands upon
+him, when Maui set fire to the bushes. The flames spread rapidly,
+catching the underbrush and the trees on all sides and burst out in the
+face of the pursuer. Destruction threatened the under-world, but Maui
+sped along his way. Then he saw that the fire was chasing him. Bush
+after bush leaped into flame and hurled sparks and smoke and burning air
+after him. Choked and smoke-surrounded, he broke through the door of the
+cavern and found the fresh air of the world. But the flames followed him
+and swept out in great power upon the upper-world a mighty volcanic
+eruption.
+
+The New Zealand legends picture Maui as putting out, in one night, all
+the fires of his people. This was serious mischief, and Maui's mother
+decided that he should go to the under-world and see his ancestress,
+Mahuika, the guardian of fire, and get new fire to repair the injury he
+had wrought. She warned him against attempting to play tricks upon the
+inhabitants of the lower regions.
+
+[Illustration: Hawaiian Vines and Bushes.]
+
+Maui gladly hastened down the cave-path to the house of Mahuika, and
+asked for fire for the upper-world. In some way he pleased her so that
+she pulled off a finger nail in which fire was burning and gave it to
+him. As soon as he had gone back to a place where there was water, he
+put the fire out and returned to Mahuika, asking another gift, which he
+destroyed. This he did for both hands and feet until only one nail
+remained. Maui wanted this. Then Mahuika became angry and threw the last
+finger nail on the ground. Fire poured out and laid hold of everything.
+Maui ran up the path to the upper-world, but the fire was
+swifter-footed. Then Maui changed himself into an eagle and flew high up
+into the air, but the fire and smoke still followed him. Then he saw
+water and dashed into it, but it was too hot. Around him the forests
+were blazing, the earth burning and the sea boiling. Maui, about to
+perish, called on the gods for rain. Then floods of water fell and the
+fire was checked. The great rain fell on Mahuika and she fled, almost
+drowned. Her stores of fire were destroyed, quenched by the storm. But
+in order to save fire for the use of men, as she fled she threw sparks
+into different kinds of trees where the rain could not reach them, so
+that when fire was needed it might be brought into the world again by
+rubbing together the fire sticks.
+
+The Chatham Islanders give the following incantation, which they said
+was used by Maui against the fierce flood of fire which was pursuing
+him:
+
+  "To the roaring thunder;
+  To the great rain--the long rain;
+  To the drizzling rain--the small rain;
+  To the rain pattering on the leaves.
+  These are the storms--the storms
+  Cause them to fall;
+  To pour in torrents."
+
+The legend of Savage Island places Maui in the role of fire-maker. He
+has stolen fire in the under-world. His father tries to catch him, but
+Maui sets fire to the bushes by the path until a great conflagration is
+raging which pursues him to the upper-world.
+
+Some legends make Maui the fire-teacher as well as the fire-finder. He
+teaches men how to use hardwood sticks in the fine dry dust on the bark
+of certain trees, or how to use the fine fibre of the palm tree to catch
+sparks.
+
+In Tahiti the fire god lived in the "Hale-a-o-a," or House of the
+Banyan. Sometimes human sacrifices were placed upon the sacred branches
+of this tree of the fire god.
+
+In the Bowditch or Fakaofa Islands the goddess of fire when conquered
+taught not only the method of making fire by friction but also what fish
+were to be cooked and what were to be eaten raw.
+
+Thus some of the myths of Maui, the mischievous, finding fire are told
+by the side of the inrolling surf, while natives of many islands,
+around their poi bowls, rest in the shade of the far-reaching boughs and
+thick foliage of the banyan and other fire-producing trees.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+MAUI THE SKILLFUL.
+
+
+According to the New Zealand legends there were six Mauis--the Hawaiians
+counted four. They were a band of brothers. The older five were known as
+"the forgetful Mauis." The tricky and quick-witted youngest member of
+the family was called Maui te atamai--"Maui the skillful."
+
+He was curiously accounted for in the New Zealand under-world. When he
+went down through the long cave to his ancestor's home to find fire, he
+was soon talked about. "Perhaps this is the man about whom so much is
+said in the upper-world." His ancestress from whom he obtained fire
+recognized him as the man called "the deceitful Maui." Even his parents
+told him once, "We know you are a tricky fellow--more so than any other
+man." One of the New Zealand fire legends while recording his flight to
+the under-world and his appearance as a bird, says: "The men tried to
+spear him, and to catch him in nets. At last they cried out, 'Maybe you
+are the man whose fame is great in the upper-world.' At once he leaped
+to the ground and appeared in the form of a man."
+
+He was not famous for inventions, but he was always ready to improve
+upon anything which was already in existence. He could take the sun in
+hand and make it do better work. He could tie the moon so that it had to
+swim back around the island to the place in the ocean from which it
+might rise again, and go slowly through the night.
+
+His brothers invented a slender, straight and smooth spear with which to
+kill birds. He saw the fluttering, struggling birds twist themselves off
+the smooth point and escape. He made a good light bird spear and put
+notches in it and kept most of the birds stuck. His brothers finally
+examined his spear and learned the reason for its superiority. In the
+same way they learned how to spear fish. They could strike and wound and
+sometimes kill--but they could not with their smooth spears draw the
+fish from the waters of the coral caves. But Maui the youngest made
+barbs, so that the fish could not easily shake themselves loose. The
+others soon made their spears like his.
+
+The brothers were said to have invented baskets in which to trap eels,
+but many eels escaped. Maui improved the basket by secretly making an
+inside partition as well as a cover, and the eels were securely trapped.
+It took the brothers a long time to learn the real difference between
+their baskets and his. One of the family made a basket like his and
+caught many eels. Then Maui became angry and chanted a curse over him
+and bewildered him, then changed him into a dog.
+
+The Manahiki Islanders have the legend that Maui made the moon, but
+could not get good light from it. He tried experiments and found that
+the sun was quite an improvement. The sun's example stimulated the moon
+to shine brighter.
+
+Once Maui became interested in tattooing and tried to make a dog look
+better by placing dark lines around the mouth. The legends say that one
+of the sacred birds saw the pattern and then marked the sky with the red
+lines sometimes seen at sunrise and sunset. An Hawaiian legend says that
+Maui tattooed his arm with a sacred name and thus that arm was strong
+enough to hold the sun when he lassoed it. There is a New Zealand legend
+in which Maui is made one of three gods who first created man and then
+woman from one of the man's ribs.
+
+The Hawaiians dwelling in Hilo have many stories of Maui. They say that
+his home was on the northern bank of the Wailuku River. He had a strong
+staff made from an ohia tree (the native apple tree). With this he
+punched holes through the lava, making natural bridges and boiling
+pools, and new channels for its sometimes obstructed waters, so that the
+people could go up or down the river more easily. Near one of the
+natural bridges is a figure of the moon carved in the rocks, referred by
+some of the natives to Maui.
+
+Maui is said to have taught his brothers the different kinds of fish
+nets and the use of the strong fibre of the olona, which was much better
+than cocoanut threads.
+
+The New Zealand stories relate the spear-throwing contests of Maui and
+his brothers. As children, however, they were not allowed the use of
+wooden spears. They took the stems of long, heavy reeds and threw them
+at each other, but Maui's reeds were charmed into stronger and harder
+fibre so that he broke his mother's house and made her recognize him as
+one of her children. He had been taken away as soon as he was born by
+the gods to whom he was related. When he found his way back home his
+mother paid no attention to him. Thus by a spear thrust he won a home.
+
+The brothers all made fish hooks, but Maui the youngest made two kinds
+of hooks--one like his brothers' and one with a sharp barb. His
+brothers' hooks were smooth so that it was difficult to keep the fish
+from floundering and shaking themselves off, but they noticed that the
+fish were held by Maui's hook better than by theirs. Maui was not
+inclined to devote himself to hard work, and lived on his brothers as
+much as possible--but when driven out by his wife or his mother he
+would catch more fish than the other fishermen. They tried to examine
+his hooks, but he always changed his hooks so that they could not see
+any difference between his and theirs. At such times they called him the
+mischievous one and tried to leave him behind while they went fishing.
+They were, however, always ready to give him credit for his
+improvements. They dealt generously with him when they learned what he
+had really accomplished. When they caught him with his barbed hook they
+forgot the past and called him "ke atamai"--the skillful.
+
+The idea that fish hooks made from the jawbones of human beings were
+better than others, seemed to have arisen at first from the angle formed
+in the lower jawbone. Later these human fish hooks were considered
+sacred and therefore possessed of magic powers. The greater sanctity and
+power belonged to the bones which bore more especial relation to the
+owner. Therefore Maui's "magic hook," with which he fished up islands,
+was made from the jawbone of his ancestress Mahuika. It is also said
+that in order to have powerful hooks for every-day fishing he killed two
+of his children. Their right eyes he threw up into the sky to become
+stars. One became the morning and the other the evening star.
+
+The idea that the death of any members of the family must not stand in
+the way of obtaining magical power, has prevailed throughout Polynesia.
+
+From this angle in the jawbone Maui must have conceived the idea of
+making a hook with a piece of bone or shell which should be fastened to
+the large bone at a very sharp angle, thus making a kind of barb. Hooks
+like this have been made for ages among the Polynesians.
+
+Maui and his brothers went fishing for eels with bait strung on the
+flexible rib of a cocoanut leaf. The stupid brothers did not fasten the
+ends of the string. Therefore the eels easily slipped the bait off and
+escaped. But Maui made the ends of his string fast, and captured many
+eels.
+
+The little things which others did not think about were the foundation
+of Maui's fame. Upon these little things he built his courage to snare
+the sun and seek fire for mankind.
+
+In a New Zealand legend, quoted by Edward Tregear, Maui is called
+Maui-maka-walu, or "Maui with eyes eight." This eight-eyed Maui would be
+allied to the Hindoo deities who with their eight eyes face the four
+quarters of the world--thus possessing both insight into the affairs of
+men and foresight into the future.
+
+Fornander, the Hawaiian ethnologist, says: "In Hawaiian mythology,
+Kamapuaa, the demigod opponent of the goddess Pele, is described as
+having eight eyes and eight feet; and in the legends Maka-walu,
+'eight-eyed,' is a frequent epithet of gods and chiefs." He notes this
+coincidence with the appearance of some of the principal Hindoo deities
+as having some bearing upon the origin of the Polynesians. It may be
+that a comparative study of the legends of other islands of the Pacific
+by some student will open up other new and important facts.
+
+In Tahiti, on the island Raiatea, a high priest or prophet lived in the
+long, long ago. He was known as Maui the prophet of Tahiti. He was
+probably not Maui the demigod. Nevertheless he was represented as
+possessing very strange prophetical powers.
+
+According to the historian Ellis, who previous to 1830 spent eight years
+in the Society and Hawaiian Islands, this prophet Maui clearly
+prophesied the coming of an outriggerless canoe from some foreign land.
+An outrigger is a log which so balances a canoe that it can ride safely
+through the treacherous surf.
+
+The chiefs and prophets charged him with stating the impossible.
+
+He took his wooden calabash and placed it in a pool of water as an
+illustration of the way such a boat should float.
+
+Then with the floating bowl before him he uttered the second prophecy,
+that boats without line to tie the sails to the masts, or the masts to
+the ships, should also come to Tahiti.
+
+[Illustration: Hawaiian Bathing Pool.]
+
+When English ships under Captain Wallis and Captain Cook, in the latter
+part of the eighteenth century, visited these islands, the natives cried
+out, "O the canoes of Maui--the outriggerless canoes."
+
+Passenger steamships, and the men-of-war from the great nations, have
+taught the Tahitians that boats without sails and masts can cross the
+great ocean, and again they have recurred to the words of the prophet
+Maui, and have exclaimed, "O the boats without sails and masts." This
+rather remarkable prophecy could easily have occurred to Maui as he saw
+a wooden calabash floating over rough waters.
+
+Maui's improvement upon nature's plan in regard to certain birds is also
+given in the legends as a proof of his supernatural powers.
+
+White relates the story as follows: "Maui requested some birds to go and
+fetch water for him. The first one would not obey, so he threw it into
+the water. He requested another bird to go--and it refused, so he threw
+it into the fire, and its feathers were burnt. But the next bird obeyed,
+but could not carry the water, and he rewarded it by making the feathers
+of the fore part of its head white. Then he asked another bird to go,
+and it filled its ears with water and brought it to Maui, who drank, and
+then pulled the bird's legs and made them long in payment for its act of
+kindness."
+
+Diffenbach says: "Maui, the Adam of New Zealand, left the cat's cradle
+to the New Zealanders as an inheritance." The name "Whai" was given to
+the game. It exhibited the various steps of creation according to Maori
+mythology. Every change in the cradle shows some act in creation. Its
+various stages were called "houses." Diffenbach says again: "In this
+game of Maui they are great proficients. It is a game like that called
+cat's cradle in Europe. It is intimately connected with their ancient
+traditions and in the different figures which the cord is made to assume
+whilst held on both hands, the outline of their different varieties of
+houses, canoes or figures of men and women are imagined to be
+represented." One writer connects this game with witchcraft, and says it
+was brought from the under-world. Some parts of the puzzle show the
+adventures of Maui, especially his attempt to win immortality for men.
+
+In New Zealand it was said Maui found a large, fine-grained stone block,
+broke it in pieces, and from the fragments learned how to fashion stone
+implements.
+
+White also tells the New Zealand legend of Maui and the winds.
+
+"Maui caught and held all the winds save the west wind. He put each wind
+into a cave, so that it might not blow. He sought in vain for the west
+wind, but could not find from whence it came. If he had found the cave
+in which it stayed he would have closed the entrance to that cave with
+rocks. When the west wind blows lightly it is because Maui has got near
+to it, and has nearly caught it, and it has gone into its home, the
+cave, to escape him. When the winds of the south, east, and north blow
+furiously it is because the rocks have been removed by the stupid people
+who could not learn the lessons taught by Maui. At other times Maui
+allows these winds to blow in hurricanes to punish that people, and also
+that he may ride on these furious winds in search of the west wind."
+
+In the Hawaiian legends Maui is represented as greatly interested in
+making and flying kites. His favorite place for the sport was by the
+boiling pools of the Wailuku river near Hilo. He had the winds under his
+control and would call for them to push his kites in the direction he
+wished. His incantation calling up the winds is given in this Maui
+proverb--
+
+  "Strong wind come,
+  Soft wind come."
+
+White in his "Ancient History of the Maoris," relates some of Maui's
+experiences with the people whom he found on the islands brought up from
+the under-world. On one island he found a sand house with eight hundred
+gods living in it. Apparently Maui discovered islands with inhabitants,
+and was reported to have fished them up out of the depths of the ocean.
+Fishing was sailing over the ocean until distant lands were drawn near
+or "fished up."
+
+Maui walked over the islands and found men living on them and fires
+burning near their homes. He evidently did not know much about fire, for
+he took it in his hands. He was badly burned and rushed into the sea.
+Down he dived under the cooling waters and came up with one of the New
+Zealand islands on his shoulders. But his hands were still burning, so
+wherever he held the island it was set on fire.
+
+These fires are still burning in the secret recesses of the volcanoes,
+and sometimes burst out in flowing lava. Then Maui paid attention to the
+people whom he had fished up. He tried to teach them, but they did not
+learn as he thought they should. He quickly became angry and said, "It
+is a waste of light for the sun to shine on such stupid people." So he
+tried to hold his hands between them and the sun, but the rays of the
+sun were too many and too strong; therefore, he could not shut them out.
+Then he tried the moon and managed to make it dark a part of the time
+each month. In this way he made a little trouble for the stupid people.
+
+There are other hints in the legends concerning Maui's desire to be
+revenged upon any one who incurred his displeasure. It was said that
+Maui for a time lived in the heavens above the earth. Here he had a
+foster brother Maru. The two were cultivating the fields. Maru sent a
+snowstorm over Maui's field. (It would seem as if this might be a
+Polynesian memory of a cold land where their ancestors knew the cold
+winter, or a lesson learned from the snow-caps of high mountains.) At
+any rate, the snow blighted Maui's crops. Maui retaliated by praying for
+rain to destroy Maru's fields. But Maru managed to save a part of his
+crops. Other legends make Maui the aggressor. At the last, however, Maui
+became very angry. The foster parents tried to soothe the two men by
+saying, "Live in peace with each other and do not destroy each other's
+food." But Maui was implacable and lay in wait for his foster brother,
+who was in the habit of carrying fruit and grass as an offering to the
+gods of a temple situated on the summit of a hill. Here Maui killed Maru
+and then went away to the earth.
+
+This legend is told by three or four different tribes of New Zealand and
+is very similar to the Hebrew story of Cain and Abel. At this late day
+it is difficult to say definitely whether or not it owes its origin to
+the early touch of Christianity upon New Zealand when white men first
+began to live with the natives. It is somewhat similar to stories found
+in the Tonga Islands and also in the Hawaiian group, where a son of the
+first gods, or rather of the first men, kills a brother. In each case
+there is the shadow of the Biblical idea. It seems safe to infer that
+such legends are not entirely drawn from contact with Christian
+civilization. The natives claim that these stories are very ancient, and
+that their fathers knew them before the white men sailed on the
+Pacific.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+MAUI AND TUNA.
+
+
+When Maui returned from the voyages in which he discovered or "fished
+up" from the ocean depths new islands, he gave deep thought to the
+things he had found. As the islands appeared to come out of the water he
+saw they were inhabited. There were houses and stages for drying and
+preserving food. He was greeted by barking dogs. Fires were burning,
+food cooking and people working. He evidently had gone so far away from
+home that a strange people was found. The legend which speaks of the
+death of his brothers, "eaten" by the great fish drawn up from the floor
+of the sea, may very easily mean that the new people killed and ate the
+brothers.
+
+Maui apparently learned some new lessons, for on his return he quickly
+established a home of his own, and determined to live after the fashion
+of the families in the new islands.
+
+Maui sought Hina-a-te-lepo, "daughter of the swamp," and secured her as
+his wife. The New Zealand tribes tell legends which vary in different
+localities about this woman Hina. She sometimes bore the name
+Rau-kura--"The red plume."
+
+She cared for his thatched house as any other Polynesian woman was in
+the habit of doing. She attempted the hurried task of cooking his food
+before he snared the sun and gave her sufficient daylight for her
+labors.
+
+They lived near the bank of a river from which Hina was in the habit of
+bringing water for the household needs.
+
+One day she went down to the stream with her calabash. She was entwined
+with wreaths of leaves and flowers, as was the custom among Polynesian
+women. While she was standing on the bank, Tuna-roa, "the long eel," saw
+her. He swam up to the bank and suddenly struck her and knocked her into
+the water and covered her with slime from the blow given by his tail.
+
+Hina escaped and returned to her home, saying nothing to Maui about the
+trouble. But the next day, while getting water, she was again overthrown
+and befouled by the slime of Tuna-roa.
+
+Then Hina became angry and reported the trouble to Maui.
+
+Maui decided to punish the long eel and started out to find his hiding
+place. Some of the New Zealand legends as collected by White, state
+that Tuna-roa was a very smooth skinned chief, who lived on the opposite
+bank of the stream, and, seeing Hina, had insulted her.
+
+When Maui saw this chief, he caught two pieces of wood over which he was
+accustomed to slide his canoe into the sea. These he carried to the
+stream and laid them from bank to bank as a bridge over which he might
+entice Tuna-roa to cross.
+
+Maui took his stone axe, Ma-Tori-Tori, "the severer," and concealed
+himself near the bank of the river.
+
+When "the long eel" had crossed the stream, Maui rushed out and killed
+him with a mighty blow of the stone axe, cutting the head from the body.
+
+Other legends say that Maui found Tuna-roa living as an eel in a deep
+water hole, in a swamp on the sea-coast of Tata-a, part of the island
+Ao-tea-roa. Other stories located Tuna-roa in the river near Maui's
+home.
+
+Maui saw that he could not get at his enemy without letting off the
+water which protected him.
+
+Therefore into the forest went Maui, and with sacred ceremonies,
+selected trees from the wood of which he prepared tools and weapons.
+
+Meanwhile, in addition to the insult given to Hina, Tuna-roa had caught
+and devoured two of Maui's children, which made Maui more determined to
+kill him.
+
+Maui made the narrow spade (named by the Maoris of New Zealand the "ko,"
+and by the Hawaiians "o-o") and the sharp spears, with which to pierce
+either the earth or his enemy. These spears and spades were consecrated
+to the work of preparing a ditch by which to draw off the water
+protecting "the long eel."
+
+The work of trench-making was accomplished with many incantations and
+prayers. The ditch was named "The sacred digging," and was tabooed to
+all other purposes except that of catching Tuna-roa.
+
+Across this ditch Maui stretched a strong net, and then began a new
+series of chants and ceremonies to bring down an abundance of rain. Soon
+the flood came and the overflowing waters rushed down the sacred ditch.
+The walls of the deep pool gave way and "the long eel" was carried down
+the trench into the waiting net. Then there was commotion. Tuna-roa was
+struggling for freedom.
+
+Maui saw him and hastened to grasp his stone axe, "the severer."
+Hurrying to the net, he struck Tuna-roa a terrible blow, and cut off the
+head. With a few more blows, he cut the body in pieces. The head and
+tail were carried out into the sea. The head became fish and the tail
+became the great conger-eel. Other parts of the body became sea
+monsters. But some parts which fell in fresh water became the common
+eels. From the hairs of the head came certain vines and creepers among
+the plants.
+
+After the death of Tuna-roa the offspring of Maui were in no danger of
+being killed and soon multiplied into a large family.
+
+Another New Zealand legend related by White says that Maui built a
+sliding place of logs, over which Tuna-roa must pass when coming from
+the river.
+
+Maui also made a screen behind which he could secrete himself while
+watching for Tuna-roa.
+
+He commanded Hina to come down to the river and wait on the bank to
+attract Tuna-roa. Soon the long eel was seen in the water swimming near
+to Hina. Hina went to a place back of the logs which Maui had laid down.
+
+Tuna-roa came towards her, and began to slide down the skids.
+
+Maui sprang out from his hiding place and killed Tuna-roa with his axe,
+and cut him in pieces.
+
+The tail became the conger-eel. Parts of his body became fresh-water
+eels. Some of the blood fell upon birds and always after marked them
+with red spots. Some of the blood was thrown into certain trees, making
+this wood always red. The muscles became vines and creepers.
+
+From this time the children of Maui caught and ate the eels of both salt
+and fresh water. Eel traps were made, and Maui taught the people the
+proper chants or incantations to use when catching eels.
+
+This legend of Maui and the long eel was found by White in a number of
+forms among the different tribes of New Zealand, but does not seem to
+have had currency in many other island groups.
+
+In Turner's "Samoa" a legend is related which was probably derived from
+the Maui stories and yet differs in its romantic results. The Samoans
+say that among their ancient ones dwelt a woman named Sina. Sina among
+the Polynesians is the same as Hina--the "h" is softened into "s". She
+captured a small eel and kept it as a pet. It grew large and strong and
+finally attacked and bit her. She fled, but the eel followed her
+everywhere. Her father came to her assistance and raised high mountains
+between the eel and herself. But the eel passed over the barrier and
+pursued her. Her mother raised a new series of mountains. But again the
+eel surmounted the difficulties and attempted to seize Sina. She broke
+away from him and ran on and on. Finally she wearily passed through a
+village. The people asked her to stay and eat with them, but she said
+they could only help her by delivering her from the pursuing eel. The
+inhabitants of that village were afraid of the eel and refused to fight
+for her. So she ran on to another place. Here the chief offered her a
+drink of water and promised to kill the eel for her. He prepared awa, a
+stupefying drink, and put poison in it. When the eel came along the
+chief asked him to drink. He took the awa and prepared to follow Sina.
+When he came to the place where she was the pains of death had already
+seized him. While dying he begged her to bury his head by her home. This
+she did, and in time a plant new to the islands sprang up. It became a
+tree, and finally produced a cocoanut, whose two eyes could continually
+look into the face of Sina.
+
+Tuna, in the legends of Fiji, was a demon of the sea. He lived in a deep
+sea cave, into which he sometimes shut himself behind closed doors of
+coral. When he was hungry, he swam through the ocean shadows, always
+watching the restless surface. When a canoe passed above him, he would
+throw himself swiftly through the waters, upset the canoe, and seize
+some of the boatmen and devour them. He was greatly feared by all the
+fishermen of the Fijian coasts.
+
+[Illustration: A Coconut Grove in Kona.]
+
+Roko--a mo-o or dragon god--in his journey among the islands, stopped at
+a village by the sea and asked for a canoe and boatmen. The people said:
+"We have nothing but a very old canoe out there by the water." He went
+to it and found it in a very bad condition. He put it in the water, and
+decided that he could use it. Then he asked two men to go with him and
+paddle, but they refused because of fear, and explained this fear by
+telling the story of the water demon, who continually sought the
+destruction of this canoe, and also their own death. Roko encouraged
+them to take him to wage battle with Tuna, telling them he would destroy
+the monster. They paddled until they were directly over Tuna's cave.
+Roko told them to go off to one side and wait and watch, saying: "I am
+going down to see this Tuna. If you see red blood boil up through the
+water, you may be sure that Tuna has been killed. If the blood is black,
+then you will know that he has the victory and I am dead."
+
+Roko leaped into the water and went down--down to the door of the cave.
+The coral doors were closed. He grasped them in his strong hands and
+tore them open, breaking them in pieces. Inside he found cave after cave
+of coral, and broke his way through until at last he awoke Tuna. The
+angry demon cried: "Who is that?" Roko answered: "It is I, Roko, alone.
+Who are you?"
+
+Tuna aroused himself and demanded Roko's business and who guided him to
+that place. Roko replied: "No one has guided me. I go from place to
+place, thinking that there is no one else in the world."
+
+Tuna shook himself angrily. "Do you think I am nothing? This day is your
+last."
+
+Roko replied: "Perhaps so. If the sky falls, I shall die."
+
+Tuna leaped upon Roko and bit him. Then came the mighty battle of the
+coral caves. Roko broke Tuna into several pieces--and the red blood
+poured in boiling bubbles upward through the clear ocean waters, and
+the boatmen cried: "The blood is red--the blood is red--Tuna is dead by
+the hand of Roko."
+
+Roko lived for a time in Fiji, where his descendants still find their
+home. The people use this chant to aid them in difficulties:
+
+  "My load is a red one.
+  It points in front to Kawa (Roko's home).
+  Behind, it points to Dolomo--(a village on another island)."
+
+In the Hawaiian legends, Hina was Maui's mother rather than his wife,
+and Kuna (Tuna) was a mo-o, a dragon or gigantic lizard possessing
+miraculous powers.
+
+Hina's home was in the large cave under the beautiful Rainbow Falls near
+the city of Hilo. Above the falls the bed of the river is along the
+channel of an ancient lava flow. Sometimes the water pours in a torrent
+over the rugged lava, sometimes it passes through underground passages
+as well as along the black river bed, and sometimes it thrusts itself
+into boiling pools.
+
+Maui lived on the northern side of the river, but a chief named
+Kuna-moo--a dragon--lived in the boiling pools. He attacked Hina and
+threw a dam across the river below Rainbow Falls, intending to drown
+Hina in her cave. The great ledge of rock filled the river bed high up
+the bank on the Hilo side of the river. Hina called on Maui for aid.
+Maui came quickly and with mighty blows cut out a new channel for the
+river--the path it follows to this day. The waters sank and Hina
+remained unharmed in her cave.
+
+The place where Kuna dwelt was called Wai-kuna--the Kuna water. The
+river in which Hina and Kuna dwelt bears the name Wailuku--"the
+destructive water." Maui went above Kuna's home and poured hot water
+into the river. This part of the myth could easily have arisen from a
+lava outburst on the side of the volcano above the river. The hot water
+swept in a flood over Kuna's home. Kuna jumped from the boiling pools
+over a series of small falls near his home into the river below. Here
+the hot water again scalded him and in pain he leaped from the river to
+the bank, where Maui killed him by beating him with a club. His body was
+washed down the river over the falls under which Hina dwelt, into the
+ocean.
+
+The story of Kuna or Tuna is a legend with a foundation in the enmity
+between two chiefs of the long ago, and also in a desire to explain the
+origin of the family of eels and the invention of nets and traps.
+
+[Illustration: Wailuku River--the Boiling Pots.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+MAUI AND HIS BROTHER-IN-LAW.
+
+
+The "Stories of Maui's Brother-in-Law," and of "Maui seeking
+Immortality," are not found in Hawaiian mythology. We depend upon Sir
+George Grey and John White for the New Zealand myths in which both of
+these legends occur.
+
+Maui's sister Hina-uri married Ira-waru, who was willing to work with
+his skillful brother-in-law. They hunted in the forests and speared
+birds. They fished and farmed together. They passed through many
+experiences similar to those Maui's own brothers had suffered before the
+brother-in-law took their place as Maui's companion. They made spears
+together--but Maui made notched barbs for his spear ends--and slipped
+them off when Ira-waru came near. So for a long time the proceeds of
+bird hunting fell to Maui. But after a time the brother-in-law learned
+the secret as the brothers had before, and Maui was looked up to by his
+fellow hunter as the skillful one. Sometimes Ira-waru was able to see
+at once Maui's plan and adopt it. He discovered Maui's method of making
+the punga or eel baskets for catching eels.
+
+The two hunters went to the forest to find a certain creeping vine with
+which to weave their eel snares. Ira-waru made a basket with a hole, by
+which the eels could enter, but they could turn around and go out the
+same way. So he very seldom caught an eel. But Maui made his basket with
+a long funnel-shaped door, by which the eels could easily slide into the
+snare but could scarcely escape. He made a door in the side which he
+fastened tight until he wished to pour the eels out.
+
+Ira-waru immediately made a basket like Maui. Then Maui became angry and
+uttered incantations over Ira-waru. The man dropped on the ground and
+became a dog. Maui returned home and met his sister, who charged him
+with sorcery concerning her husband.
+
+Maui did not deny the exercise of his power, but taught his sister a
+chant and sent her out to the level country. There she uttered her chant
+and a strange dog with long hair came to her, barking and leaping around
+her. Then she knew what Maui had done. "Thus Ira-waru became the first
+of the long-haired dogs whose flesh has been tabooed to women."
+
+The Tahu and Hau tribes of New Zealand tell a different story. They say
+that Maui went to visit Ira-waru. Together they set out on a journey.
+After a time they rested by the wayside and became sleepy. Maui asked
+Ira-waru to cleanse his head. This gave him the restful, soothing touch
+which aided sleep. Then Maui proposed that Ira-waru sleep. Taking the
+head in his hands, Maui put his brother-in-law to sleep. Then by
+incantations he made the sleep very deep and prolonged. Meanwhile he
+pulled the ears and arms and limbs until they were properly lengthened.
+He drew out the under jaw until it had the form of a dog's mouth. He
+stretched the end of the backbone into a tail, and then wakened Ira-waru
+and drove him back when he tried to follow the path to the settlement.
+
+Hina-uri went out and called her husband. He came to her, leaping and
+barking. She decided that this was her husband, and in her agony
+reproached Maui and wandered away.
+
+The Rua-nui story-tellers of New Zealand say that Maui's anger was
+aroused against Ira-waru because he ate all the bait when they went
+fishing, and they could catch no fish after paddling out to the fishing
+grounds. When they came to land, Maui told Ira-waru to lie down in the
+sand as a roller over which to drag the canoe up the beach. When he was
+lying helpless under the canoe, Maui changed him into a dog.
+
+The Arawa legends make the cause of Maui's anger the success of
+Ira-waru while fishing. Ira-waru had many fish while Maui had captured
+but few. The story is told thus: "Ira-waru hooked a fish and in pulling
+it in his line became entangled with that of Maui. Maui felt the jerking
+and began to pull in his line. Soon they pulled their lines close up to
+the canoe, one to the bow, the other to the stern, where each was
+sitting. Maui said: 'Let me pull the lines to me, as the fish is on my
+hook.' His brother-in-law said: 'Not so; the fish is on mine.' But Maui
+said: 'Let me pull my line in.' Ira-waru did so and saw that the fish
+was on his hook. Then he said: 'Untwist your lines and let mine go, that
+I may pull the fish in.' Maui said: 'I will do so, but let me have
+time.' He took the fish off Ira-waru's hook and saw that there was a
+barb on the hook. He said to Ira-waru: 'Perhaps we ought to return to
+land.' When they were dragging the canoe on shore, Maui said to
+Ira-waru: 'Get between the canoe and outrigger and drag.' Ira-waru did
+so and Maui leaped on the outrigger and weighed it heavily down and
+crushed Ira-waru prostrate on the beach. Maui trod on him and pulled his
+backbone long like a tail and changed him into a dog."
+
+Maui is said to have tattooed the muzzle of the dog with a beautiful
+pattern which the birds (kahui-zara, a flock of tern) used in marking
+the sky. From this also came the red glow which sometimes flushes the
+face of man.
+
+Another Arawa version of the legend was that Maui and Ira-waru were
+journeying together. Ira-waru was gluttonous and ate the best food. At
+last Maui determined to punish his companion. By incantation he
+lengthened the way until Ira-waru became faint and weary. Maui had
+provided himself with a little food and therefore was enabled to endure
+the long way. While Ira-waru slept Maui trod on his backbone and
+lengthened it and changed the arms and limbs into the legs of a dog.
+When Hina-uri saw the state of her husband she went into the thatched
+house by which Ira-waru had so often stood watching the hollow log in
+which she dried the fish and preserved the birds speared in the
+mountains. She bound her girdle and hala-leaf apron around her and went
+down to the sea to drown herself, that her body might be eaten by the
+monsters of the sea. When she came to the shell-covered beach, she sat
+down and sang her death song--
+
+  "I weep, I call to the steep billows of the sea
+  And to him, the great, the ocean god;
+  To monsters, all now hidden,
+  To come and bury me,
+  Who now am wrapped in mourning.
+  Let the waves wear their mourning, too,
+  And sleep as sleeps the dead."
+
+  --Ancient Maui Chant of New Zealand.
+
+Then Hina-uri threw herself into the sea and was borne on the waves many
+moons, at last drifting to shore, to be found by two fishermen. They
+carried the body off to the fire and warmed it back to life. They
+brushed off the sea moss and sea weeds and rubbed her until she awoke.
+
+Soon they told their chief, Tini-rau, what a beautiful woman they had
+found in the sea. He came and took her away to make her one of his
+wives. But the other wives were jealous and drove Hina-uri away from the
+chief's houses.
+
+Another New Zealand legend says that Hina came to the sea and called for
+a little fish to aid her in going away from the island. It tried to
+carry her, but was too weak. Hina struck it with her open hand. It had
+striped sides forever after. She tried a larger fish, but fell off
+before they had gone far from shore. Her blow gave this fish its
+beautiful blue spots. Another received black spots. Another she stamped
+her foot upon, making it flat. At last a shark carried her far away. She
+was very thirsty, and broke a cocoanut on the shark's head, making a
+bump, which has been handed down for generations. The shark carried her
+to the home of the two who rescued her and gave her new strength.
+
+Meanwhile Rupe or Maui-mua, a brother of Hina-uri and Maui, grieved for
+his sister. He sought for her throughout the land and then launched his
+canoe upon the blue waters surrounding Ao-tea-roa (The Great White Land;
+the ancient native New Zealand) and searched the coasts. He only
+learned that his sister had, as the natives said, "leaped into the
+waters and been carried away into the heavens."
+
+[Illustration: "Outside Were Other Worlds."]
+
+Rupe's heart filled with the desire to find and protect the frenzied
+sister who had probably taken a canoe and floated away, out of the
+horizon, seen from New Zealand coasts, into new horizons. During the
+Viking age of the Pacific, when many chiefs sailed long distances,
+visiting the most remote islands of Polynesia, they frequently spoke of
+breaking through from the home land into new heavens--or of climbing up
+the path of the sun on the waters into a new heaven. This was their
+poetical way of passing from horizon to horizon. The horizon around
+their particular island surrounded their complete world. Outside,
+somewhere, were other worlds and other heavens. Rupe's voyage was an
+idyll of the Pacific. It was one more story to be added to the prose
+poems of consecrated travel. It was a brother feeling through the
+mysteries of unknown lands for a sister, as dear to him as an Evangeline
+has been to other men.
+
+From the mist-land of the Polynesian race comes this story of the
+trickery of Maui the learned, and the faithfulness of his older brother
+Maui-mua or Rupe--one of the "five forgetful Mauis." Rupe hoisted
+mat-sails over his canoe and thus made the winds serve him. He paddled
+the canoe onward through the hours when calms rested on glassy waves.
+
+Thus he passed out of sight of Ao-tea-roa, away from his brothers, and
+out of the reach of all tricks and incantations of Maui, the
+mischievous. He sailed until a new island rose out of the sea to greet
+him. Here in a "new heaven" he found friends to care for him and prepare
+him for his longer journey. His restless anxiety for his sister urged
+him onward until days lengthened into months and months into years. He
+passed from the horizons of newly-discovered islands, into the horizons
+of circling skies around islands of which he had never heard before.
+Sometimes he found relatives, but more frequently his welcome came from
+those who could trace no historical touch in their genealogies.
+
+Here and there, apparently, he found traces of a woman whose description
+answered that of his sister Hina-uri. At last he looked through the
+heavens upon a new world, and saw his sister in great trouble.
+
+According to some legends the jealous wives of the great chief,
+Tini-rau, attack Hina, who was known among them as Hina-te-ngaru-moana,
+"Hina, the daughter of the ocean." Tini-rau and Hina lived away from the
+village of the chief until their little boy was born. When they needed
+food, the chief said, "Let us go to my settlement and we shall have food
+provided."
+
+But Hina chanted:
+
+  "Let it down, let it down,
+  Descend, oh! descend--"
+
+and sufficient food fell before them. After a time their frail clothing
+wore out, and the cold chilled them, then Hina again uttered the
+incantation and clothing was provided for their need.
+
+But the jealous wives, two in number, finally heard where Hina and the
+chief were living, and started to see them.
+
+Tini-rau said to Hina, "Here come my other wives--be careful how you act
+before them."
+
+She replied, "If they come in anger it will be evil."
+
+She armed herself with an obsidian or volcanic-glass knife, and waited
+their coming.
+
+They tried to throw enchantments around her to kill her. Then one of
+them made a blow at her with a weapon, but she turned it aside and
+killed her enemy with the obsidian knife.
+
+Then the other wife made an attack, and again the obsidian knife brought
+death. She ripped open the stomachs of the jealous ones and showed the
+chief fish lines and sinkers and other property which they had eaten in
+the past and which Tini-rau had never been able to trace.
+
+Another legend says that the two women came to kill Hina when they heard
+of the birth of her boy. For a time she was greatly terrified. Then she
+saw that they were coming from different directions. She attacked the
+nearest one with a stone and killed her. The body burst open, and was
+seen to be full of green stone. Then she killed the second wife in the
+same way, and found more green stones. "Thus, according to the legends,
+originated the greenstone" from which the choicest and most valuable
+stone tools have since been made. For a time the chief and Hina lived
+happily together. Then he began to neglect her and abuse her, until she
+cried aloud for her brother--
+
+  "O Rupe! come down.
+  Take me and my child."
+
+Rupe assumed the form of a bird and flew down to this world in which he
+had found his sister. He chanted as he came down--
+
+  "It is Rupe, yes Rupe,
+  The elder brother;
+  And I am here."
+
+He folded the mother and her boy under his wings and flew away with
+them. Sir George Gray relates a legend in which Maui-mua or Rupe is
+recorded as having carried his sister and her child to one of the new
+lands, found in his long voyage, where dwelt an aged relative, of chief
+rank, with his retainers.
+
+Some legends say that Tini-rau tried to catch Rupe, who was compelled
+to drop the child in order to escape with the mother. Tini-rau caught
+the child and carefully cared for him until he grew to be a strong young
+lad.
+
+Then he wanted to find his mother and bring her back to his father. How
+this was done, how Rupe took his sister back to the old chief, and how
+civil wars arose are not all these told in the legends of the Maoris.
+Thus the tricks of Maui the mischievous brought trouble for a time, but
+were finally overshadowed by happy homes in neighboring lands for his
+suffering sister and her descendants.
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+MAUI'S KITE FLYING.
+
+
+Maui the demi-god was sometimes the Hercules of Polynesia. His exploits
+were fully as marvelous as those of the hero of classic mythology. He
+snared the sun. He pulled up islands from the ocean depths. He lifted
+the sky into its present position and smoothed its arched surface with
+his stone adze. These stories belong to all Polynesia.
+
+There are numerous less important local myths, some of them peculiar to
+New Zealand, some to the Society Islands and some to the Hawaiian group.
+
+One of the old native Hawaiians says that in the long, long ago the
+birds were flying around the homes of the ancient people. The flutter of
+their wings could be heard and the leaves and branches moved when the
+motion of the wings ceased and the wanderers through the air found
+resting places. Then came sweet music from the trees and the people
+marvelled. Only one of all mankind could see the winged warblers. Maui,
+the demi-god, had clear vision. The swift-flying wings covered with red
+or gold he saw. The throats tinted many colors and reflecting the
+sunlight with diamond sparks of varied hues he watched while they
+trembled with the melody of sweet bird songs. All others heard but did
+not see. They were blind and yet had open vision.
+
+Sometimes the iiwi (a small red bird) fluttered in the air and uttered
+its shrill, happy song, and Maui saw and heard. But the bird at that
+time was without color in the eyes of the ancient people and only the
+clear voice was heard, while no speck of bird life flecked the clear sky
+overhead.
+
+At one time a god from one of the other islands came to visit Maui. Each
+boasted of and described the beauties and merits of his island. While
+they were conversing, Maui called for his friends the birds. They
+gathered around the house and fluttered among the leaves of the
+surrounding trees. Soon their sweet voices filled the air on all sides.
+All the people wondered and worshiped, thinking they heard the fairy or
+menehune people. It was said that Maui had painted the bodies of his
+invisible songsters and for a long time had kept the delight of their
+flashing colors to himself. But when the visitor had rejoiced in the
+mysterious harmonies, Maui decided to take away whatever veil shut out
+the sight of these things beautiful, that his bird friends might be
+known and honored ever after. So he made the birds reveal themselves
+perched in the trees or flying in the air. The clear eyes of the god
+first recognized the new revelation, then all the people became dumb
+before the sweet singers adorned in all their brilliant tropical
+plumage.
+
+The beautiful red birds, iiwi and akakani, and the birds of glorious
+yellow feathers, the oo and the mamo, were a joy to both eye and ear and
+found high places in Hawaiian legend and story, and all gave their most
+beautiful feathers for the cloaks and helmets of the chiefs.
+
+The Maoris of New Zealand say that Maui could at will change himself
+into a bird and with his feathered friends find a home in leafy
+shelters. In bird form he visited the gods of the under-world. His
+capricious soul was sensitive to the touch of all that mysterious life
+of nature.
+
+With the birds as companions and the winds as his servants Maui must
+soon have turned his inventive mind to kite making.
+
+The Hawaiian myths are perhaps the only ones of the Pacific Ocean which
+give to any of the gods the pleasure and excitement of kite flying.
+Maui, after repeated experiments, made a large kite for himself. It was
+much larger than any house of his time or generation. He twisted a long
+line from the strong fibers of the native plant known as the olona. He
+endowed both kite and string with marvelous powers and launched the
+kite up toward the clouds. It rose very slowly. The winds were not
+lifting it into the sky.
+
+[Illustration: The Home of the Winds, Hilo Coast.]
+
+Maui remembered that an old priest lived in Waipio valley, the largest
+and finest valley of the large island, Hawaii, on which he made his
+home.
+
+This priest had a covered calabash in which he compelled the winds to
+hide when he did not wish them to play on land and sea. The priest's
+name was Kaleiioku, and his calabash was known as ipu-makani-a ka
+maumau, "the calabash of the perpetual winds." Maui called for the
+priest who had charge of the winds to open his calabash and let them
+come up to Hilo and blow along the Wailuku river. The natives say that
+the place where Maui stood was marked by the pressure of his feet in the
+lava rocks of the river bank as he braced himself to hold the kite
+against the increasing force of the winds which pushed it towards the
+sky. Then the enthusiasm of kite flying filled his youthful soul and he
+cried aloud, screaming his challenge along the coast of the sea toward
+Waipio--
+
+  "O winds, winds of Waipio,
+  In the calabash of Kaleiioku.
+  Come from the ipu-makani,
+  O wind, the wind of Hilo,
+  Come quickly, come with power."
+
+Then the priest lifted the cover of the calabash of the winds and let
+the strong winds of Hilo escape. Along the sea coast they rushed until
+as they entered Hilo Bay they heard the voice of Maui calling--
+
+  "O winds, winds of Hilo,
+  Hasten and come to me."
+
+With a tumultuous rush the strong winds turned toward the mountains.
+They forced their way along the gorges and palisades of the Wailuku
+river. They leaped into the heavens, making a fierce attack upon the
+monster which Maui had sent into the sky. The kite struggled as it was
+pushed upward by the hands of the fierce winds, but Maui rejoiced. His
+heart was uplifted by the joy of the conflict in which his strength to
+hold was pitted against the power of the winds to tear away. And again
+he shouted toward the sea--
+
+  "O winds, the winds of Hilo,
+  Come to the mountains, come."
+
+The winds which had been stirring up storms on the face of the waters
+came inland. They dashed against Maui. They climbed the heights of the
+skies until they fell with full violence against their mighty foe
+hanging in the heavens.
+
+The kite had been made of the strongest kapa (paper cloth) which Maui's
+mother could prepare. It was not torn, although it was bent backward to
+its utmost limit. Then the strain came on the strong cord of olona
+fibre. The line was stretched and strained as the kite was pushed back.
+Then Maui called again and again for stronger winds to come. The cord
+was drawn out until the kite was far above the mountains. At last it
+broke and the kite was tossed over the craters of the volcanoes to the
+land of the district of Ka-u on the other side of the island.
+
+Then Maui was angry and hastily leaped over the mountains, which are
+nearly fourteen thousand feet in altitude. In a half dozen strides he
+had crossed the fifty or sixty miles from his home to the place where
+the kite lay. He could pass over many miles with a single step. His name
+was Maui-Mama, "Maui the Swift." When Maui returned with his kite he was
+more careful in calling the winds to aid him in his sport.
+
+The people watched their wise neighbor and soon learned that the kite
+could be a great blessing to them. When it was soaring in the sky there
+was always dry and pleasant weather. It was a day for great rejoicing.
+They could spread out their kapa cloth to dry as long as the kite was in
+the sky. They could carry out their necessary work without fear of the
+rain. Therefore when any one saw the kite beginning to float along the
+mountain side he would call out joyfully, "E! Maui's kite is in the
+heavens." Maui would send his kite into the blue sky and then tie the
+line to the great black stones in the bed of the Wailuku river.
+
+Maui soon learned the power of his kite when blown upon by a fierce
+wind. With his accustomed skill he planned to make use of his strong
+servant, and therefore took the kite with him on his journeys to the
+other islands, using it to aid in making swift voyages. With the wind in
+the right direction, the kite could pull his double canoe very easily
+and quickly to its destination.
+
+Time passed, and even the demi-god died. The fish hook with which he
+drew the Hawaiian Islands up from the depths of the sea was allowed to
+lie on the lava by the Wailuku river until it became a part of the
+stone. The double canoe was carried far inland and then permitted to
+petrify by the river side. The two stones which represent the double
+canoe now bear the name "Waa-Kauhi," and the kite has fallen from the
+sky far up on the mountain side, where it still rests, a flat plot of
+rich land between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+THE OAHU LEGENDS OF MAUI.
+
+
+Several Maui legends have been located on the island of Oahu. They were
+given by Mr. Kaaia to Mr. T. G. Thrum, the publisher of what is well
+known in the Hawaiian Islands as "Thrum's Annual." He has kindly
+furnished them for added interest to the present volume. The legends
+have a distinctly local flavor confined entirely to Oahu. It has seemed
+best to reserve them for a chapter by themselves although they are
+chiefly variations of stories already told.
+
+
+MAUI AND THE TWO GODS.
+
+This history of Maui and his grandmother Hina begins with their arrival
+from foreign lands. They dwelt in Kane-ana (Kane's cave), Waianae, Oahu.
+This is an "ana," or cave, at Puu-o-hulu. Hina had wonderful skill in
+making all kinds of tapa according to the custom of the women of ancient
+Hawaii.
+
+Maui went to the Koolau side and rested at Kaha-luu, a diving place in
+Koolaupoko. In that place there is a noted hill called Ma-eli-eli. This
+is the story of that hill. Maui threw up a pile of dirt and concealed
+rubbish under it. The two gods, Kane and Kanaloa, came along and asked
+Maui what he was doing. He said, "What you see. You two dig on that side
+to the foot of the pali, (precipice) and I will go down at Kaha-luu. If
+you two dig through first, you may kill me. If I get through first I
+will kill you." They agreed, and began to dig and throw up the dirt.
+Then Maui dug three times and tossed up some of the hills of that place.
+Kane and Kanaloa saw that Maui was digging very fast, so they put forth
+very great strength and threw the dirt into a hill. Meanwhile Maui ran
+away to the other side of the island. Thus by the aid of the gods the
+hill Ma-eli-eli was thrown up and received its name "eli," meaning
+"dig." "Ma-eli-eli" meant "the place of digging."
+
+
+HOW THEY FOUND FIRE.
+
+It was said that Maui and Hina had no fire. They were often cold and had
+no cooked food. Maui saw flames rising in a distant place and ran to see
+how they were made. When he came to that place the fire was out and some
+birds flew away. One of them was Ka-Alae-huapi, "the stingy Alae"--a
+small duck, the Hawaiian mud hen. Maui watched again and saw fire.
+When he went up the birds saw him coming and scattered the fire,
+carrying the ashes into the water; but he leaped and caught the little
+Alae. "Ah!" he said, "I will kill you, because you do not let me have
+fire." The bird replied, "If you kill me you cannot find fire." Maui
+said, "Where is fire?" The Alae said, "Go up on the high land where
+beautiful plants with large leaves are standing; rub their branches."
+Maui set the bird free and went inland from Halawa and found dry land
+taro. He began to rub the stalks, but only juice came out like water. He
+had no red fire. He was very angry and said, "If that lying Alae is
+caught again by me I will be its death."
+
+[Illustration: Bay of Waipio Valley.]
+
+After a while he saw the fire burning and ran swiftly. The birds saw him
+and cried, "The cooking is over. Here comes the swift grandchild of
+Hina." They scattered the fire, threw the ashes away and flew into the
+water. But again Maui caught the Alae and began to kill it, saying: "You
+gave me a plant full of water from which to get fire." The bird said,
+"If I die you can never find fire. I will give you the secret of fire.
+Take a branch of that dry tree and rub." Maui held the bird fast in one
+hand while he rubbed with the other until smoke and fire came out. Then
+he took the fire stick and rubbed the head of the bird, making a place
+where red and white feathers have grown ever since.
+
+He returned to Hina and taught her how to make fire, using the two fire
+sticks and how to twist coconut fibre to catch the fire when it had been
+kindled in wood. But the Alae was not forgotten. It was called huapi,
+"stingy," because it selfishly kept the knowledge of fire making to
+itself.
+
+
+MAUI CATCHING THE SUN.
+
+Maui watched Hina making tapa. The wet tapa was spread on a long tapa
+board, and Hina began at one end to pound it into shape; pounding from
+one end to another. He noticed that sunset came by the time she had
+pounded to the middle of the board. The sun hurried so fast that she
+could only begin her work before the day was past.
+
+He went to the hill Hele-a-ka-la, which means "journey of the sun." He
+thought he would catch the sun and make it move slowly. He went up the
+hill and waited. When the sun began to rise, Maui made himself long,
+stretching up toward the sky. Soon the shining legs of the sun came up
+the hillside. He saw Maui and began to run swiftly, but Maui reached out
+and caught one of the legs, saying: "O sun, I will kill you. You are a
+mischief maker. You make trouble for Hina by going so fast." Then he
+broke the shining leg of the sun. The sufferer said, "I will change my
+way and go slowly--six months slow and six months faster." Thus arose
+the saying, "Long shall be the daily journey of the sun and he shall
+give light for all the people's toil." Hina learned that she could pound
+until she was tired while the farmers could plant and take care of their
+fields. Thus also this hill received its name Hele-a-ka-la. This is one
+of the hills of Waianae near the precipice of the hill Puu-o-hulu.
+
+
+UNITING THE ISLANDS.
+
+Maui suggested to Hina that he had better try to draw the islands
+together, uniting them in one land. Hina told Maui to go and see
+Alae-nui-a-Hina, who would tell him what to do. The Alae told him they
+must go to Ponaha-ke-one (a fishing place outside of Pearl Harbor) and
+find Ka-uniho-kahi, "the one toothed," who held the land under the sea.
+
+Maui went back to Hina. She told him to ask his brothers to go fishing
+with him. They consented and pushed out into the sea. Soon Maui saw a
+bailing dish floating by the canoe and picked it up. It was named
+Hina-a-ke-ka, "Hina who fell off." They paddled to Ponaha-ke-one. When
+they stopped they saw a beautiful young woman in the boat. Then they
+anchored and again looked in the boat, but the young woman was gone.
+They saw the bailing dish and threw it into the sea.
+
+Maui-mua threw his hook and caught a large fish, which was seen to be a
+shark as they drew it to the surface. At once they cut the line. So also
+Maui-hope and Maui-waena. At last Maui threw his hook Manai-i-ka-lani
+into the sea. It went down, down into the depths. Maui cried,
+"Hina-a-ke-ka has my hook in her hand. By her it will be made fast."
+Hina went down with the hook until she met Ka-uniho-kahi. She asked him
+to open his mouth, then threw the hook far inside and made it fast. Then
+she pulled the line so that Maui should know that the fish was caught.
+Maui fastened the line to the outrigger of the canoe and asked his
+brothers to paddle with all diligence, and not look back. Long, long,
+they paddled and were very tired. Then Maui took a paddle and dipped
+deep in the sea. The boat moved more swiftly through the sea. The
+brothers looked back and cried, "There is plenty of land behind us." The
+charm was broken. The hook came out of "the one toothed," and the raised
+islands sank back into their place. The native say, "The islands are now
+united to America. Perhaps Maui has been at work."
+
+
+MAUI AND PEA-PEA THE EIGHT-EYED.
+
+Maui had been fishing and had caught a great fish upon which he was
+feasting. He looked inland and saw his wife, Kumu-lama, seized and
+carried away by Pea-pea-maka-walu, "Pea-pea the eight-eyed." This
+is a legend derived from the myths of many islands in which Lupe or Rupe
+(pigeon) changed himself into a bird and flew after his sister Hina who
+had been carried on the back of a shark to distant islands. Sometimes as
+a man and sometimes as a bird he prosecuted his search until Hina was
+found.
+
+[Illustration: The Ie-ie Vine.]
+
+Maui pursued Pea-pea, but could not catch him. He carried Maui's wife
+over the sea to a far away island. Maui was greatly troubled but his
+grandmother sent him inland to find an old man who would tell him what
+to do. Maui went inland and looking down toward Waipahu saw this man
+Ku-olo-kele. He was hump-backed. Maui threw a large stone and hit the
+"hill on the back" knocked it off and made the back straight. The old
+man lifted up the stone and threw it to Waipahu, where it lies to this
+day. Then he and Maui talked together. He told Maui to go and catch
+birds and gather ti leaves and fibers of the ie-ie vine, and fill his
+house. These things Maui secured and brought to him. He told Maui to go
+home and return after three days.
+
+Ku-olo-kele took the ti leaves and the ie-ie threads and made the body
+of a great bird which he covered with bird feathers. He fastened all
+together with the ie-ie. This was done in the first day. The second day
+he placed food inside and tried his bird and it flew all right.
+"Thus," as the Hawaiians say, "the first flying ship was made in the
+time of Maui." This is a modern version of Rupe changing himself into a
+bird.
+
+On the third day Maui came and saw the wonderful bird body thoroughly
+prepared for his journey. Maui went inside. Ku-olo-kele said, "When you
+reach that land, look for a village. If the people are not there look to
+the beach. If there are many people, your wife and Pea-pea the
+eight-eyed will be there. Do not go near, but fly out over the sea. The
+people will say, 'O, the strange bird;' but Pea-pea will say, 'This is
+my bird. It is tabu.' You can then come to the people."
+
+Maui pulled the ie-ie ropes fastened to the wings and made them move.
+Thus he flew away into the sky. Two days was his journey before he came
+to that strange island, Moana-liha-i-ka-wao-kele. It was a beautiful
+land. He flew inland to a village, but there were no people; according
+to the ancient chant:
+
+  "The houses of Lima-loa stand,
+  But there are no people;
+  They are at Mana."
+
+The people were by the sea. Maui flew over them. He saw his wife, but he
+passed on flying out over the sea, skimming like a sea bird down to the
+water and rising gracefully up to the sky. Pea-pea called out, "This
+is my bird. It is tabu." Maui heard and came to the beach. He was caught
+and placed in a tabu box. The servants carried him up to the village and
+put him in the chief's sleeping house, when Pea-pea and his people
+returned to their homes.
+
+In the night Pea-pea and Maui's wife lay down to sleep. Maui watched
+Pea-pea, hoping that he would soon sleep. Then he would kill him. Maui
+waited. One eye was closed, seven eyes were opened. Then four eyes
+closed, leaving three. The night was almost past and dawn was near. Then
+Maui called to Hina with his spirit voice, "O Hina, keep it dark." Hina
+made the gray dawn dark in the three eyes and two closed in sleep. The
+last eye was weary, and it also slept. Then Maui went out of the bird
+body and cut off the head of Pea-pea and put it inside the bird. He
+broke the roof of the house until a large opening was made. He took his
+wife, Kumu-lama, and flew away to the island of Oahu. The winds blew
+hard against the flying bird. Rain fell in torrents around it, but those
+inside had no trouble.
+
+"Thus Maui returned with his wife to his home in Oahu. The story is pau
+(finished)."
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+MAUI SEEKING IMMORTALITY.
+
+  Climb up, climb up,
+  To the highest surface of heaven,
+  To all the sides of heaven.
+
+  Climb then to thy ancestor,
+  The sacred bird in the sky,
+  To thy ancestor Rehua
+      In the heavens.
+
+  --New Zealand kite incantation.
+
+
+The story of Maui seeking immortality for the human race is one of the
+finest myths in the world. For pure imagination and pathos it is
+difficult to find any tale from Grecian or Latin literature to compare
+with it. In Greek and Roman fables gods suffered for other gods, and yet
+none were surrounded with such absolutely mythical experiences as those
+through which the demi-god Maui of the Pacific Ocean passed when he
+entered the gates of death with the hope of winning immortality for
+mankind. The really remarkable group of legends which cluster around
+Maui is well concluded by the story of his unselfish and heroic battle
+with death.
+
+The different islands of the Pacific have their Hades, or abode of dead.
+It is, with very few exceptions, down in the interior of the earth.
+Sometimes the tunnels left by currents of melted lava are the passages
+into the home of departed spirits. In Samoa there are two circular holes
+among the rocks at the west end of the island Savaii. These are the
+entrances to the under-world for chiefs and people. The spirits of those
+who die on the other islands leap into the sea and swim around the land
+from island to island until they reach Savaii. Then they plunge down
+into their heaven or their hades.
+
+The Tongans had a spirit island for the home of the dead. They said that
+some natives once sailed far away in a canoe and found this island. It
+was covered with all manner of beautiful fruits, among which rare birds
+sported. They landed, but the trees were shadows. They grasped but could
+not hold them. The fruits and the birds were shadows. The men ate, but
+swallowed nothing substantial. It was shadow-land. They walked through
+all the delights their eyes looked upon, but found no substance. They
+returned home, but ever seemed to listen to spirits calling them back to
+the island. In a short time all the voyagers were dead.
+
+There is no escape from death. The natives of New Zealand say: "Man
+may have descendants, but the daughters of the night strangle his
+offspring"; and again: "Men make heroes, but death carries them away."
+
+There are very few legends among the Polynesians concerning the death of
+Maui. And these are usually fragmentary, except among the Maoris of New
+Zealand.
+
+The Hawaiian legend of the death of Maui is to the effect that he
+offended some of the greater gods living in Waipio valley on the Island
+of Hawaii. Kanaloa, one of the four greatest gods of Hawaii, seized him
+and dashed him against the rocks. His blood burst from the body and
+colored the earth red in the upper part of the valley. The Hawaiians in
+another legend say that Maui was chasing a boy and girl in Honolii
+gulch, Hawaii. The girl climbed a breadfruit tree. Maui changed himself
+into an eel and stretched himself along the side of the trunk of the
+tree. The tree stretched itself upward and Maui failed to reach the
+girl. A priest came along and struck the eel and killed it, and so Maui
+died. This is evidently a changed form of the legend of Maui and the
+long eel. Another Hawaiian fragment approaches very near to the
+beautiful New Zealand myth. The Hawaiians said that Maui attempted to
+tear a mountain apart. He wrenched a great hole in the side. Then the
+elepaio bird sang and the charm was broken. The cleft in the mountain
+could not be enlarged. If the story could be completed it would not be
+strange if the death of Maui came with this failure to open the path
+through the mountain.
+
+The Hervey Islands say that after Maui fished up the islands his hook
+was thrown into the heavens and became the curved tail of the
+constellation of stars which we know as "The Scorpion." Then the people
+became angry with Maui and threw him up into the sky and his body is
+still thought to be hanging among the stars of the scorpion.
+
+The Samoans, according to Turner, say that Maui went fishing and tried
+to catch the land under the seas and pull it to the surface. Finally an
+island appeared, but the people living on it were angry with Maui and
+drove him away into the heavens.
+
+As he leaped from the island it separated into two parts. Thus the
+Samoans account for the origin of two of their islands and also for the
+passing away of Maui from the earth.
+
+The natives of New Zealand have many myths concerning the death of Maui.
+Each tribe tells the story with such variations as would be expected
+when the fact is noted that these tribes have preserved their
+individuality through many generations. The substance of the myth,
+however, is the same.
+
+In Maui's last days he longed for the victory over death. His innate
+love of life led him to face the possibility of escaping and
+overcoming the relentless enemy of mankind and thus bestow the boon of
+deathlessness upon his fellow-men. He had been successful over and over
+again in his contests with both gods and men. When man was created, he
+stood erect, but, according to an Hawaiian myth, had jointless arms and
+limbs. A web of skin connected and fastened tightly the arms to the body
+and the legs to each other. "Maui was angry at this motionless statue
+and took him and broke his legs at ankle, knee and hip and then, tearing
+them and the arms from the body, destroyed the web. Then he broke the
+arms at the elbow and shoulder. Then man could move from place to place,
+but he had neither fingers or toes." Here comes the most ancient
+Polynesian statement of the theory of evolution: "Hunger impelled man to
+seek his food in the mountains, where his toes were cut out by the
+brambles in climbing, and his fingers were also formed by the sharp
+splinters of the bamboo while searching with his arms for food in the
+ground."
+
+It was not strange that Maui should feel self-confident when considering
+the struggle for immortality as a gift to be bestowed upon mankind. And
+yet his father warned him that his time of failure would surely come.
+
+White, who has collected many of the myths and legends of New Zealand,
+states that after Maui had ill-treated Mahu-ika, his grandmother, the
+goddess and guardian of fire in the under-world, his father and mother
+tried to teach him to do differently. But he refused to listen. Then the
+father said:
+
+"You heard our instructions, but please yourself and persist for life or
+death."
+
+Maui replied: "What do I care? Do you think I shall cease? Rather I will
+persist forever and ever."
+
+Then his father said: "There is one so powerful that no tricks can be of
+any avail."
+
+Maui asked: "By what shall I be overcome?" The answer was that one of
+his ancestors, Hine-nui-te-po (Great Hine of the night), the guardian of
+life, would overcome him.
+
+When Maui fished islands out of the deep seas, it was said that Hine
+made her home on the outer edge of one of the outermost islands. There
+the glow of the setting sun lighted the thatch of her house and covered
+it with glorious colors. There Great Hine herself stood flashing and
+sparkling on the edge of the horizon.
+
+Maui, in these last days of his life, looked toward the west and said:
+"Let us investigate this matter and learn whether life or death shall
+follow."
+
+The father replied: "There is evil hanging over you. When I chanted the
+invocation of your childhood, when you were made sacred and guarded by
+charms, I forgot a part of the ceremony. And for this you are to die."
+
+Then Maui said, "Will this be by Hine-nui-te-po? What is she like?"
+
+The father said that the flashing eyes they could see in the distance
+were dark as greenstone, the teeth were as sharp as volcanic glass, her
+mouth was large like a fish, and her hair was floating in the air like
+sea-weed.
+
+One of the legends of New Zealand says that Maui and his brothers went
+toward the west, to the edge of the horizon, where they saw the goddess
+of the night. Light was flashing from her body. Here they found a great
+pit--the home of night. Maui entered the pit--telling his brothers not
+to laugh. He passed through and turning about started to return. The
+brothers laughed and the walls of night closed in around him and held
+him till he died.
+
+The longer legend tells how Maui after his conversation with his father,
+remembered his conflict with the moon. He had tied her so that she could
+not escape, but was compelled to bathe in the waters of life and return
+night after night lest men should be in darkness when evening came.
+
+Maui said to the goddess of the moon: "Let death be short. As the moon
+dies and returns with new strength, so let men die and revive again."
+
+But she replied: "Let death be very long, that man may sigh and sorrow.
+When man dies, let him go into darkness, become like earth, that those
+he leaves behind may weep and wail and mourn."
+
+Maui did not lay aside his purpose, but, according to the New Zealand
+story, "did not wish men to die, but to live forever. Death appeared
+degrading and an insult to the dignity of man. Man ought to die like the
+moon, which dips in the life-giving waters of Kane and is renewed again,
+or like the sun, which daily sinks into the pit of night and with
+renewed strength rises in the morning."
+
+Maui sought the home of Hine-nui-te-po--the guardian of life. He heard
+her order her attendants to watch for any one approaching and capture
+all who came walking upright as a man. He crept past the attendants on
+hands and feet, found the place of life, stole some of the food of the
+goddess and returned home. He showed the food to his brothers and
+persuaded them to go with him into the darkness of the night of death.
+On the way he changed them into the form of birds. In the evening they
+came to the house of the goddess on the island long before fished up
+from the seas.
+
+Maui warned the birds to refrain from making any noise while he made the
+supreme effort of his life. He was about to enter upon his struggle for
+immortality. He said to the birds: "If I go into the stomach of this
+woman, do not laugh until I have gone through her, and come out again
+at her mouth; then you can laugh at me."
+
+His friends said: "You will be killed." Maui replied: "If you laugh at
+me when I have only entered her stomach I shall be killed, but if I have
+passed through her and come out of her mouth I shall escape and
+Hine-nui-te-po will die."
+
+His friends called out to him: "Go then. The decision is with you."
+
+Hine was sleeping soundly. The flashes of lightning had all ceased. The
+sunlight had almost passed away and the house lay in quiet gloom. Maui
+came near to the sleeping goddess. Her large, fish-like mouth was open
+wide. He put off his clothing and prepared to pass through the ordeal of
+going to the hidden source of life, to tear it out of the body of its
+guardian and carry it back with him to mankind. He stood in all the
+glory of savage manhood. His body was splendidly marked by the
+tattoo-bones, and now well oiled shone and sparkled in the last rays of
+the setting sun.
+
+He leaped through the mouth of the enchanted one and entered her
+stomach, weapon in hand, to take out her heart, the vital principle
+which he knew had its home somewhere within her being. He found
+immortality on the other side of death. He turned to come back again
+into life when suddenly a little bird (the Pata-tai) laughed in a clear,
+shrill tone, and Great Hine, through whose mouth Maui was passing,
+awoke. Her sharp, obsidian teeth closed with a snap upon Maui, cutting
+his body in the center. Thus Maui entered the gates of death, but was
+unable to return, and death has ever since been victor over rebellious
+men. The natives have the saying:
+
+"If Maui had not died, he could have restored to life all who had gone
+before him, and thus succeeded in destroying death."
+
+Maui's brothers took the dismembered body and buried it in a cave called
+Te-ana-i-hana, "The cave dug out," possibly a prepared burial place.
+
+Maui's wife made war upon the spirits, the gods, and killed as many as
+she could to avenge her husband's death. One of the old native poets of
+New Zealand, in chanting the story to Mr. White, said: "But though Maui
+was killed, his offspring survived. Some of these are at Hawa-i-i-ki and
+some at Aotea-roa (New Zealand), but the greater part of them remained
+at Hawa-i-ki. This history was handed down by the generations of our
+ancestors of ancient times, and we continue to rehearse it to our
+children, with our incantations and genealogies, and all other matters
+relating to our race."
+
+  "But death is nothing new,
+  Death is, and has been ever since old Maui died.
+  Then Pata-tai laughed loud
+  And woke the goblin-god,
+  Who severed him in two, and shut him in,
+  So dusk of eve came on."
+
+  --Maori death chant, New Zealand.
+
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+HINA OF HILO.
+
+
+Hina is not an uncommon name in Hawaiian genealogies. It is usually
+accompanied by some adjective which explains or identifies the person to
+whom the name is given. In Hawaii the name Hina is feminine. This is
+also true throughout all Polynesia except in a few cases where Hina is
+reckoned as a man with supernatural attributes. Even in these cases it
+is apparent that the legend has been changed from its original form as
+it has been carried to small islands by comparatively ignorant people
+when moving away from their former homes.
+
+Hina is a Polynesian goddess whose story is very interesting--one worthy
+of study when comparing the legends of the island groups of the Pacific.
+The Hina of Hilo is the same as the goddess of that name most widely
+known throughout Polynesia--and yet her legends are located by the
+ancient Hawaiians in Hilo, as if that place were her only home. The
+legends are so old that the Hawaiians have forgotten their origin in
+other lands. The stories were brought with the immigrants who settled on
+the Hilo coast. Thus the stories found their final location with the
+families who brought them. There are three Hawaiian Hinas practically
+distinct from each other, although a supernatural element is connected
+with each one. Hina who was stolen from Hawaii by a chief of the Island
+of Molokai was an historical character, although surrounded by mythical
+stories. Another Hina, who was the wife of Kuula, the fish god, was
+pre-eminently a local deity, having no real connection with the legends
+of the other islands of the Pacific, although sometimes the stories told
+concerning her have not been kept entirely distinct from the legends of
+the Hina of Hilo.
+
+The Hilo Hina was the true legendary character closely connected with
+all Polynesia. The stories about her are of value not simply as legends,
+but as traditions closely uniting the Hawaiian Islands with the island
+groups thousands of miles distant. The Wailuku river, which flows
+through the town of Hilo, has its own peculiar and weird beauty. For
+miles it is a series of waterfalls and rapids. It follows the course of
+an ancient lava flow, sometimes forcing its way under bridges of lava,
+thus forming what are called boiling pots, and sometimes pouring in
+massive sheets over the edges of precipices which never disintegrate.
+By the side of this river Hina's son Maui had his lands. In the very bed
+of the river, in a cave under one of the largest falls, Hina made her
+own home, concealed from the world by the silver veil of falling water
+and lulled to sleep by the continual roar of the flood falling into the
+deep pool below. By the side of this river, the legends say, she pounded
+her tapa and prepared her food. Here were the small, graceful mamake and
+the coarser wauke trees, from which the bark was stripped with which she
+made tapa cloth. Branches were cut or broken from these and other trees
+whose bark was fit for the purpose. These branches were well soaked
+until the bark was removed easily. Then the outer bark was scraped off,
+leaving only the pliable inner bark. The days were very short and there
+was no time for rest while making tapa cloth. Therefore, as soon as the
+morning light reddened the clouds, Hina would take her calabash filled
+with water to pour upon the bark, and her little bundle of round clubs
+(the hohoa) and her four-sided mallets (the i-e-kuku) and hasten to the
+sacred spot where, with chants and incantations, the tapa was made.
+
+The bark was well soaked in the water all the days of the process of
+tapa making. Hina took small bundles of the wet inner bark and laid them
+on the kua or heavy tapa board, pounding them together into a pulpy mass
+with her round clubs. Then using the four-sided mallets, she beat this
+pulp into thin sheets. Beautiful tapa, soft as silk, was made by adding
+pulpy mass to pulpy mass and beating it day after day until the fibres
+were lost and a sheet of close-woven bark cloth was formed. Although
+Hina was a goddess and had a family possessing miraculous power, it
+never entered the mind of the Hawaiian legend tellers to endow her with
+ease in producing wonderful results. The legends of the Southern Pacific
+Islands show more imagination. They say that Ina (Hina) was such a
+wonderful artist in making beautiful tapas that she was placed in the
+skies, where she beat out glistening fine tapas, the white and glorious
+clouds. When she stretches these cloud sheets out to dry, she places
+stones along the edges, so that the fierce winds of the heavens shall
+not blow them away. When she throws these stones aside, the skies
+reverberate with thunder. When she rolls her cloud sheets of tapa
+together, the folds glisten with flashes of light and lightning leaps
+from sheet to sheet.
+
+The Hina of Hilo was grieved as she toiled because after she had pounded
+the sheets out so thin that they were ready to be dried, she found it
+almost impossible to secure the necessary aid of the sun in the drying
+process. She would rise as soon as she could see and hasten to spread
+out the tapa made the day before. But the sun always hurried so fast
+that the sheets could not dry. He leaped from the ocean waters in the
+earth, rushed across the heavens and plunged into the dark waters again
+on the other side of the island before she could even turn her tapas so
+that they might dry evenly. This legend of very short days is strange
+because of its place not only among the myths of Hawaii but also because
+it belongs to practically all the tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean.
+In Tahiti the legends said that the sun rushed across the sky very
+rapidly. The days were too short for fruits to ripen or for work to be
+finished. In Samoa the "mats" made by Sina had no time to dry. The
+ancestors of the Polynesians sometime somewhere must have been in the
+region of short days and long nights. Hina found that her incantations
+had no influence with the sun. She could not prevail upon him to go
+slower and give her more time for the completion of her task. Then she
+called on her powerful son, Maui-ki-i-ki-i, for aid.
+
+Some of the legends of the Island Maui say that Hina dwelt by the sea
+coast of that island near the high hill Kauwiki at the foot of the great
+mountain Haleakala, House of the Sun, and that there, facing the
+southern skies under the most favorable conditions for making tapa, she
+found the days too short for the tapa to dry. At the present time the
+Hawaiians point out a long, narrow stone not far from the surf and
+almost below the caves in which the great queen Kaahumanu spent the
+earliest days of her childhood. This stone is said to be the kua or
+tapa board on which Hina pounded the bark for her cloth. Other legends
+of that same island locate Hina's home on the northeast coast near
+Pohakuloa.
+
+The Hilo legends, however, do not deem it necessary that Hina and Maui
+should have their home across the wide channel which divides the Island
+Hawaii from the Island Maui in order to wage war successfully with the
+inconsiderate sun. Hina remained in her home by the Wailuku river,
+sometimes resting in her cave under Rainbow Falls, and sometimes working
+on the river bank, trusting her powerful son Maui to make the
+swiftly-passing lord of day go more slowly.
+
+Maui possessed many supernatural powers. He could assume the form of
+birds or insects. He could call on the winds to do his will, or he
+could, if he wished, traverse miles with a single stride. It is
+interesting to note that the Hilo legends differ as to the way in which
+Ma-ui the man passed over to Mau-i the island. One legend says that he
+crossed the channel, miles wide, with a single step. Another says that
+he launched his canoe and with a breath the god of the winds placed him
+on the opposite coast, while another story says that Maui assumed the
+form of a white chicken, which flew over the waters to Haleakala. Here
+he took ropes made from the fibre of trees and vines and lassoed the sun
+while it climbed the side of the mountain and entered the great crater
+which hollows out the summit. The sun came through a large gap in the
+eastern side of the crater, rushing along as rapidly as possible. Then
+Maui threw his lassoes one after the other over the sun's legs (the rays
+of light), holding him fast and breaking off some of them. With a magic
+club Maui struck the face of the sun again and again. At last, wounded
+and weary, and also limping on its broken legs, the sun promised Maui to
+go slowly forevermore.
+
+"La" among the Polynesians, like the word "Ra" among the Egyptians,
+means "sun" or "day" or "sun-god"--and the mountain where the son of
+Hina won his victory over the monster of the heavens has long borne the
+name Hale-a-ka-la, or House of the Sun.
+
+Hina of Hilo soon realized the wonderful deed which Maui had done. She
+spread out her fine tapas with songs of joy and cheerily performed the
+task which filled the hours of the day. The comfort of sunshine and
+cooling winds came with great power into Hina's life, bringing to her
+renewed joy and beauty.
+
+
+
+
+XIII.
+
+HINA AND THE WAILUKU RIVER.
+
+
+There are two rivers of rushing, tumbling rapids and waterfalls in the
+Hawaiian Islands, both bearing the name of Wailuku. One is on the Island
+of Maui, flowing out of a deep gorge in the side of the extinct volcano
+Iao. Yosemite-like precipices surround this majestically-walled crater.
+The name Iao means "asking for clouds." The head of the crater-valley is
+almost always covered with great masses of heavy rain clouds. Out of the
+crater the massed waters rush in a swift-flowing stream of only four or
+five miles, emptying into Kahului harbor. The other Wailuku river is on
+the Island of Hawaii. The snows melt on the summits of the two great
+mountains, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. The water seeps through the porous
+lava from the eastern slope of Mauna Loa and the southern slope of Mauna
+Kea, meeting where the lava flows of centuries from each mountain have
+piled up against each other. Through the fragments of these volcanic
+battles the waters creep down the mountain side toward the sea.
+
+[Illustration: Rainbow Falls, Hina's Home.]
+
+At one place, a number of miles above the city of Hilo, the waters were
+heard gurgling and splashing far below the surface. Water was needed for
+the sugar plantations, which modern energy has established all along the
+eastern coast of the large island. A tunnel was cut into the lava, the
+underground stream was tapped--and an abundant supply of water secured
+and sluiced down to the large plantations below. The head waters of the
+Wailuku river gathered from the melting snow of the mountains found
+these channels, which centered at last in the bed of a very ancient and
+very interesting lava flow. Sometimes breaking forth in a large,
+turbulent flood, the stream forces its way over and around the huge
+blocks of lava which mark the course of the eruption of long ago.
+Sometimes it courses in a tunnel left by the flowing lava and comes up
+from below in a series of boiling pools. Then again it falls in majestic
+sheets over high walls of worn precipices. Several large falls and some
+very picturesque smaller cascades interspersed with rapids and natural
+bridges give to this river a beauty peculiarly its own. The most weird
+of all the rough places through which the Wailuku river flows is that
+known as the basin of Rainbow Falls near Hilo. Here Hina, the moon
+goddess of the Polynesians, lived in a great open cave, over which the
+falls hung their misty, rainbow-tinted veil. Her son Maui, the mighty
+demi-god of Polynesia, supposed by some writers to be the sun-god of the
+Polynesians, had extensive lands along the northern bank of the river.
+Here among his cultivated fields he had his home, from which he went
+forth to accomplish the wonders attributed to him in the legends of the
+Hawaiians.
+
+Below the cave in which Hina dwelt the river fought its way through a
+narrow gorge and then, in a series of many small falls, descended to the
+little bay, where its waters mingled with the surf of the salt sea. Far
+above the cave, in the bed of the river, dwelt Kuna. The district
+through which that portion of the river runs bears to this day the name
+"Wai-kuna" or "Kuna's river." When the writer was talking with the
+natives concerning this part of the old legend, they said "Kuna is not a
+Hawaiian word. It means something like a snake or a dragon, something we
+do not have in these islands." This, they thought, made the connection
+with the Hina legend valueless until they were shown that Tuna (or kuna)
+was the New Zealand name of a reptile which attacked Hina and struck her
+with his tail like a crocodile, for which Maui killed him. When this was
+understood, the Hawaiians were greatly interested to give the remainder
+of this legend and compare it with the New Zealand story. In New Zealand
+there are several statements concerning Tuna's dwelling place. He is
+sometimes represented as coming from a pool to attack Hina and sometimes
+from a distant stream, and sometimes from the river by which Hina dwelt.
+The Hawaiians told of the annoyances which Hina endured from Kuna while
+he lived above her home in the Wailuku. He would stop up the river and
+fill it with dirt as when the freshets brought down the debris of the
+storms from the mountain sides. He would throw logs and rolling stones
+into the stream that they might be carried over the falls and drive Hina
+from her cave. He had sought Hina in many ways and had been repulsed
+again and again until at last hatred took the place of all more kindly
+feelings and he determined to destroy the divine chiefess.
+
+Hina was frequently left with but little protection, and yet from her
+home in the cave feared nothing that Kuna could do. Precipices guarded
+the cave on either side, and any approach of an enemy through the
+falling water could be easily thwarted. So her chants rang out through
+the river valley even while floods swirled around her, and Kuna's
+missiles were falling over the rocky bed of the stream toward her. Kuna
+became very angry and, uttering great curses and calling upon all his
+magic forces to aid him, caught a great stone and at night hurled it
+into the gorge of the river below Hina's home, filling the river bed
+from bank to bank. "Ah, Hina! Now is the danger, for the river rises.
+The water cannot flow away. Awake! Awake!"
+
+Hina is not aware of this evil which is so near. The water rises and
+rises, higher and higher. "Auwe! Auwe! Alas, alas, Hina must perish!"
+The water entered the opening of the cave and began to creep along the
+floor. Hina cannot fly, except into the very arms of her great enemy,
+who is waiting to destroy her. Then Hina called for Maui. Again and
+again her voice went out from the cave. It pierced through the storms
+and the clouds which attended Kuna's attack upon her. It swept along the
+side of the great mountain. It crossed the channel between the islands
+of Hawaii and Maui. Its anguish smote the side of the great mountain
+Haleakala, where Maui had been throwing his lassoes around the sun and
+compelling him to go more slowly. When Maui heard Hina's cry for help
+echoing from cliff to cliff and through the ravines, he leaped at once
+to rush to her assistance.
+
+Some say that Hina, the goddess, had a cloud servant, the "ao-opua," the
+"warning cloud," which rose swiftly above the falls when Hina cried for
+aid and then, assuming a peculiar shape, stood high above the hills that
+Maui might see it. Down the mountain he leaped to his magic canoe.
+Pushing it into the sea with two mighty strokes of his paddle he crossed
+the sea to the mouth of the Wailuku river. Here even to the present day
+lies a long double rock, surrounded by the waters of the bay, which
+the natives call Ka waa o Maui, "The canoe of Maui." It represents to
+Hawaiian thought the magic canoe with which Maui always sailed over the
+ocean more swiftly than any winds could carry him. Leaving his canoe,
+Maui seized the magic club with which he had conquered the sun after
+lassoing him, and rushed along the dry bed of the river to the place of
+danger. Swinging the club swiftly around his head, he struck the dam
+holding back the water of the rapidly-rising river.
+
+[Illustration: Wailuku River, the Home of Kuna.]
+
+"Ah! Nothing can withstand the magic club. The bank around one end of
+the dam gives way. The imprisoned waters leap into the new channel. Safe
+is Hina the goddess."
+
+Kuna heard the crash of the club against the stones of the river bank
+and fled up the river to his home in the hidden caves by the pools in
+the river bed. Maui rushed up the river to punish Kuna-mo-o for the
+trouble he had caused Hina. When he came to the place where the dragon
+was hidden under deep waters, he took his magic spear and thrust it
+through the dirt and lava rocks along one side of the river, making a
+long hole, through which the waters rushed, revealing Kuna-mo-o's hiding
+place. This place of the spear thrust is known among the Hawaiians as Ka
+puka a Maui, "the door made by Maui." It is also known as "The natural
+bridge of the Wailuku river."
+
+Kuna-mo-o fled to his different hiding places, but Maui broke up the
+river bed and drove the dragon out from every one, following him from
+place to place as he fled down the river. Apparently this is a legendary
+account of earthquakes. At last Kuna-mo-o found what seemed to be a safe
+hiding place in a series of deep pools, but Maui poured a lava flow into
+the river. He threw red-hot burning stones into the water until the
+pools were boiling and the steam was rising in clouds. Kuna uttered
+incantation after incantation, but the water scalded and burned him.
+Dragon as he was, his hard, tough skin was of no avail. The pain was
+becoming unbearable. With cries to his gods he leaped from the pools and
+fled down the river. The waters of the pools are no longer scalding, but
+they have never lost the tumbling, tossing, foaming, boiling swirl which
+Maui gave to them when he threw into them the red-hot stones with which
+he hoped to destroy Kuna, and they are known today as "The Boiling
+Pots."
+
+Some versions of the legend say that Maui poured boiling water in the
+river and sent it in swift pursuit of Kuna, driving him from point to
+point and scalding his life out of him. Others say that Maui chased the
+dragon, striking him again and again with his consecrated weapons,
+following Kuna down from falls to falls until he came to the place where
+Hina dwelt. Then, feeling that there was little use in flight, Kuna
+battled with Maui. His struggles were of no avail. He was forced over
+the falls into the stream below. Hina and her women encouraged Maui by
+their chants and strengthened him by the most powerful incantations with
+which they were acquainted. Great was their joy when they beheld Kuna's
+ponderous body hurled over the falls. Eagerly they watched the dragon as
+the swift waters swept him against the dam with which he had hoped to
+destroy Hina; and when the whirling waves caught him and dashed him
+through the new channel made by Maui's magic club, they rejoiced and
+sang the praise of the mighty warrior who had saved them. Maui had
+rushed along the bank of the river with tremendous strides overtaking
+the dragon as he was rolled over and over among the small waterfalls
+near the mouth of the river. Here Maui again attacked Kuna, at last
+beating the life out of his body. "Moo-Kuna" was the name given by the
+Hawaiians to the dragon. "Moo" means anything in lizard shape, but Kuna
+was unlike any lizard known in the Hawaiian Islands. Moo Kuna is the
+name sometimes given to a long black stone lying like an island in the
+waters between the small falls of the river. As one who calls attention
+to this legendary black stone says: "As if he were not dead enough
+already, every big freshet in the stream beats him and pounds him and
+drowns him over and over as he would have drowned Hina." A New Zealand
+legend relates a conflict of incantations, somewhat like the filling in
+of the Wailuku river by Kuna, and the cleaving of a new channel by Maui
+with the different use of means. In New Zealand the river is closed by
+the use of powerful incantations and charms and reopened by the use of
+those more powerful.
+
+In the Hervey Islands, Tuna, the god of eels, loved Ina (Hina) and
+finally died for her, giving his head to be buried. From this head
+sprang two cocoanut trees, bearing fruit marked with Tuna's eyes and
+mouth.
+
+In Samoa the battle was between an owl and a serpent. The owl conquered
+by calling in the aid of a friend.
+
+This story of Hina apparently goes far back in the traditions of
+Polynesians, even to their ancient home in Hawaiki, from which it was
+taken by one branch of the family to New Zealand and by another to the
+Hawaiian Islands and other groups in the Pacific Ocean. The dragon may
+even be a remembrance of the days when the Polynesians were supposed to
+dwell by the banks of the River Ganges in India, when crocodiles were
+dangerous enemies and heroes saved families from their destructive
+depredations.
+
+
+
+
+XIV.
+
+GHOSTS OF THE HILO HILLS.
+
+
+The legends about Hina and her famous son Maui and her less widely known
+daughters are common property among the natives of the beautiful little
+city of Hilo. One of these legends of more than ordinary interest finds
+its location in the three small hills back of Hilo toward the mountains.
+
+These hills are small craters connected with some ancient lava flow of
+unusual violence. The eruption must have started far up on the slopes of
+Mauna Loa. As it sped down toward the sea it met some obstruction which,
+although overwhelmed, checked the flow and caused a great mass of
+cinders and ashes to be thrown out until a large hill with a hollow
+crater was built up, covering many acres of ground.
+
+Soon the lava found another vent and then another obstruction and a
+second and then a third hill were formed nearer the sea. These hills or
+extinct craters bear the names Halai, Opeapea and Puu Honu. They are
+not far from the Wailuku river, famous for its picturesque waterfalls
+and also for the legends which are told along its banks. Here Maui had
+his lands overlooking the steep bluffs. Here in a cave under the Rainbow
+Falls was the home of Hina, the mother of Maui, according to the
+Hawaiian stories. Other parts of the Pacific sometimes make Hina Maui's
+wife, and sometimes a goddess from whom he descended. In the South Sea
+legends Hina was thought to have married the moon. Her home was in the
+skies, where she wove beautiful tapa cloths (the clouds), which were
+bright and glistening, so that when she rolled them up flashes of light
+(cloud lightning) could be seen on the earth. She laid heavy stones on
+the corners of these tapas, but sometimes the stones rolled off and made
+the thunder. Hina of the Rainbow Falls was a famous tapa maker whose
+tapa was the cause of Maui's conflict with the sun.
+
+Hina had several daughters, four of whose names are given: Hina Ke Ahi,
+Hina Ke Kai, Hina Mahuia, and Hina Kuluua. Each name marked the peculiar
+"mana" or divine gift which Hina, the mother, had bestowed upon her
+daughters.
+
+Hina Ke Ahi meant the Hina who had control of fire. This name is
+sometimes given to Hina the mother. Hina Ke Kai was the daughter who had
+power over the sea. She was said to have been in a canoe with her
+brother Maui when he fished up Cocoanut Island, his line breaking
+before he could pull it up to the mainland and make it fast. Hina Kuluua
+was the mistress over the forces of rain. The winds and the storms were
+supposed to obey her will. Hina Mahuia is peculiarly a name connected
+with the legends of the other island groups of the Pacific. Mahuia or
+Mafuie was a god or goddess of fire all through Polynesia.
+
+The legend of the Hilo hills pertains especially to Hina Ke Ahi and Hina
+Kuluua. Hina the mother gave the hill Halai to Hina Ke Ahi and the hill
+Puu Honu to Hina Kuluua for their families and dependents.
+
+The hills were of rich soil and there was much rain. Therefore, for a
+long time, the two daughters had plenty of food for themselves and their
+people, but at last the days were like fire and the sky had no rain in
+it. The taro planted on the hillsides died. The bananas and sugar cane
+and sweet potatoes withered and the fruit on the trees was blasted. The
+people were faint because of hunger, and the shadow of death was over
+the land. Hina Ke Ahi pitied her suffering friends and determined to
+provide food for them. Slowly her people labored at her command. Over
+they went to the banks of the river course, which was only the bed of an
+ancient lava stream, over which no water was flowing; the famished
+laborers toiled, gathering and carrying back whatever wood they could
+find, then up the mountain side to the great koa and ohia forests,
+gathering their burdens of fuel according to the wishes of their
+chiefess.
+
+Their sorcerers planted charms along the way and uttered incantations to
+ward off the danger of failure. The priests offered sacrifices and
+prayers for the safe and successful return of the burden-bearers. After
+many days the great quantity of wood desired by the goddess was piled up
+by the side of the Halai Hill.
+
+Then came the days of digging out the hill and making a great imu or
+cooking oven and preparing it with stones and wood. Large quantities of
+wood were thrown into the place. Stones best fitted for retaining heat
+were gathered and the fires kindled. When the stones were hot, Hina Ke
+Ahi directed the people to arrange the imu in its proper order for
+cooking the materials for a great feast. A place was made for sweet
+potatoes, another for taro, another for pigs and another for dogs. All
+the form of preparing the food for cooking was passed through, but no
+real food was laid on the stones. Then Hina told them to make a place in
+the imu for a human sacrifice. Probably out of every imu of the long ago
+a small part of the food was offered to the gods, and there may have
+been a special place in the imu for that part of the food to be cooked.
+At any rate Hina had this oven so built that the people understood that
+a remarkable sacrifice would be offered in it to the gods, who for some
+reason had sent the famine upon the people.
+
+Human sacrifices were frequently offered by the Hawaiians even after the
+days of the coming of Captain Cook. A dead body was supposed to be
+acceptable to the gods when a chief's house was built, when a chief's
+new canoe was to be made or when temple walls were to be erected or
+victories celebrated. The bodies of the people belonged to the will of
+the chief. Therefore it was in quiet despair that the workmen obeyed
+Hina Ke Ahi and prepared the place for sacrifice. It might mean their
+own holocaust as an offering to the gods. At last Hina Ke Ahi bade the
+laborers cease their work and stand by the side of the oven ready to
+cover it with the dirt which had been thrown out and piled up by the
+side. The people stood by, not knowing upon whom the blow might fall.
+
+But Hina Ke Ahi was "Hina the kind," and although she stood before them
+robed in royal majesty and power, still her face was full of pity and
+love. Her voice melted the hearts of her retainers as she bade them
+carefully follow her directions.
+
+"O my people. Where are you? Will you obey and do as I command? This imu
+is my imu. I shall lie down on its bed of burning stones. I shall sleep
+under its cover. But deeply cover me or I may perish. Quickly throw the
+dirt over my body. Fear not the fire. Watch for three days. A woman
+will stand by the imu. Obey her will."
+
+Hina Ke Ahi was very beautiful, and her eyes flashed light like fire as
+she stepped into the great pit and lay down on the burning stones. A
+great smoke arose and gathered over the imu. The men toiled rapidly,
+placing the imu mats over their chiefess and throwing the dirt back into
+the oven until it was all thoroughly covered and the smoke was quenched.
+
+Then they waited for the strange, mysterious thing which must follow the
+sacrifice of this divine chiefess.
+
+Halai hill trembled and earthquakes shook the land round about. The
+great heat of the fire in the imu withered the little life which was
+still left from the famine. Meanwhile Hina Ke Ahi was carrying out her
+plan for securing aid for her people. She could not be injured by the
+heat for she was a goddess of fire. The waves of heat raged around her
+as she sank down through the stones of the imu into the underground
+paths which belonged to the spirit world. The legend says that Hina made
+her appearance in the form of a gushing stream of water which would
+always supply the want of her adherents. The second day passed. Hina was
+still journeying underground, but this time she came to the surface as a
+pool named Moe Waa (canoe sleep) much nearer the sea. The third day came
+and Hina caused a great spring of sweet water to burst forth from the
+sea shore in the very path of the ocean surf. This received the name
+Auauwai. Here Hina washed away all traces of her journey through the
+depths. This was the last of the series of earthquakes and the
+appearance of new water springs. The people waited, feeling that some
+more wonderful event must follow the remarkable experiences of the three
+days. Soon a woman stood by the imu, who commanded the laborers to dig
+away the dirt and remove the mats. When this was done, the hungry people
+found a very great abundance of food, enough to supply their want until
+the food plants should have time to ripen and the days of the famine
+should be over.
+
+The joy of the people was great when they knew that their chiefess had
+escaped death and would still dwell among them in comfort. Many were the
+songs sung and stories told about the great famine and the success of
+the goddess of fire.
+
+The second sister, Hina Kuluua, the goddess of rain, was always very
+jealous of her beautiful sister Hina Ke Ahi, and many times sent rain to
+put out fires which her sister tried to kindle. Hina Ke Ahi could not
+stand the rain and so fled with her people to a home by the seaside.
+
+Hina Kuluua (or Hina Kuliua as she was sometimes known among the
+Hawaiians) could control rain and storms, but for some reason failed to
+provide a food supply for her people, and the famine wrought havoc
+among them. She thought of the stories told and songs sung about her
+sister and wished for the same honor for herself. She commanded her
+people to make a great imu for her in the hill Puu Honu. She knew that a
+strange power belonged to her and yet, blinded by jealousy, forgot that
+rain and fire could not work together. She planned to furnish a great
+supply of food for her people in the same way in which her sister had
+worked.
+
+The oven was dug. Stones and wood were collected and the same ghostly
+array of potatoes, taro, pig and dog prepared as had been done before by
+her sister.
+
+The kahunas or priests knew that Hina Kuluua was going out of her
+province in trying to do as her sister had done, but there was no use in
+attempting to change her plans. Jealousy is self-willed and obstinate
+and no amount of reasoning from her dependents could have any influence
+over her.
+
+The ordinary incantations were observed, and Hina Kuluua gave the same
+directions as those her sister had given. The imu was to be well heated.
+The make-believe food was to be put in and a place left for her body. It
+was the goddess of rain making ready to lie down on a bed prepared for
+the goddess of fire. When all was ready, she lay down on the heated
+stones and the oven mats were thrown over her and the ghostly
+provisions. Then the covering of dirt was thrown back upon the mats and
+heated stones, filling the pit which had been dug. The goddess of
+rain was left to prepare a feast for her people as the goddess of fire
+had done for her followers.
+
+[Illustration: On Lava Beds.]
+
+Some of the legends have introduced the demi-god Maui into this story.
+The natives say that Maui came to "burn" or "cook the rain" and that he
+made the oven very hot, but that the goddess of rain escaped and hung
+over the hill in the form of a cloud. At least this is what the people
+saw--not a cloud of smoke over the imu, but a rain cloud. They waited
+and watched for such evidences of underground labor as attended the
+passage of Hina Ke Ahi through the earth from the hill to the sea, but
+the only strange appearance was the dark rain cloud. They waited three
+days and looked for their chiefess to come in the form of a woman. They
+waited another day and still another and no signs or wonders were
+manifest. Meanwhile Maui, changing himself into a white bird, flew up
+into the sky to catch the ghost of the goddess of rain which had escaped
+from the burning oven. Having caught this spirit, he rolled it in some
+kapa cloth which he kept for food to be placed in an oven and carried it
+to a place in the forest on the mountain side where again the attempt
+was made to "burn the rain," but a great drop escaped and sped upward
+into the sky. Again Maui caught the ghost of the goddess and carried it
+to a pali or precipice below the great volcano Kilauea, where he again
+tried to destroy it in the heat of a great lava oven, but this time the
+spirit escaped and found a safe refuge among kukui trees on the mountain
+side, from which she sometimes rises in clouds which the natives say are
+the sure sign of rain.
+
+Whether this Maui legend has any real connection with the two Hinas and
+the famine we do not surely know. The legend ordinarily told among the
+Hawaiians says that after five days had passed the retainers decided on
+their own responsibility to open the imu. No woman had appeared to give
+them directions. Nothing but a mysterious rain cloud over the hill. In
+doubt and fear, the dirt was thrown off and the mats removed. Nothing
+was found but the ashes of Hina Kuluua. There was no food for her
+followers and the goddess had lost all power of appearing as a chiefess.
+Her bitter and thoughtless jealousy brought destruction upon herself and
+her people. The ghosts of Hina Ke Ahi and Hina Kuluua sometimes draw
+near to the old hills in the form of the fire of flowing lava or clouds
+of rain while the old men and women tell the story of the Hinas, the
+sisters of Maui, who were laid upon the burning stones of the imus of a
+famine.
+
+
+
+
+XV.
+
+HINA, THE WOMAN IN THE MOON.
+
+
+The Wailuku river has by its banks far up the mountain side some of the
+most ancient of the various interesting picture rocks of the Hawaiian
+Islands. The origin of the Hawaiian picture writing is a problem still
+unsolved, but the picture rocks of the Wailuku river are called "na kii
+o Maui," "the Maui pictures." Their antiquity is beyond question.
+
+The most prominent figure cut in these rocks is that of the crescent
+moon. The Hawaiian legends do not attempt any direct explanation of the
+meaning of this picture writing. The traditions of the Polynesians both
+concerning Hina and Maui look to Hina as the moon goddess of their
+ancestors, and in some measure the Hawaiian stories confirm the
+traditions of the other island groups of the Pacific.
+
+Fornander, in his history of the Polynesian race, gives the Hawaiian
+story of Hina's ascent to the moon, but applies it to a Hina the wife
+of a chief called Aikanaka rather than to the Hina of Hilo, the wife of
+Akalana, the father of Maui. However, Fornander evidently found some
+difficulty in determining the status of the one to whom he refers the
+legend, for he calls her "the mysterious wife of Aikanaka." In some of
+the Hawaiian legends Hina, the mother of Maui, lived on the southeast
+coast of the Island Maui at the foot of a hill famous in Hawaiian story
+as Kauiki. Fornander says that this "mysterious wife" of Aikanaka bore
+her children Puna and Huna, the latter a noted sea-rover among the
+Polynesians, at the foot of this hill Kauiki. It can very easily be
+supposed that a legend of the Hina connected with the demi-god Maui
+might be given during the course of centuries to the other Hina, the
+mother of Huna. The application of the legend would make no difference
+to anyone were it not for the fact that the story of Hina and her ascent
+to the moon has been handed down in different forms among the traditions
+of Samoa, New Zealand, Tonga, Hervey Islands, Fate Islands, Nauru and
+other Pacific island groups. The Polynesian name of the moon, Mahina or
+Masina, is derived from Hina, the goddess mother of Maui. It is even
+possible to trace the name back to "Sin," the moon god of the Assyrians.
+
+The moon goddess of Ponape was Ina-maram. (Hawaiian Hina-malamalama),
+"Hina giving light."
+
+In the Paumotan Islands an eclipse of the sun is called Higa-higa-hana
+(Hina-hiua-hana), "The act (hana) of Hina--the moon."
+
+In New Zealand moonless nights were called "Dark Hina."
+
+In Tahiti it is said there was war among the gods. They cursed the
+stars. Hina saved them, although they lost a little light. Then they
+cursed the sea, but Hina preserved the tides. They cursed the rivers,
+but Hina saved the springs--the moving waters inland, like the tides in
+the ocean.
+
+The Hawaiians say that Hina and her maidens pounded out the softest,
+finest kapa cloth on the long, thick kapa board at the foot of Kauiki.
+Incessantly the restless sea dashed its spray over the picturesque
+groups of splintered lava rocks which form the Kauiki headland. Here
+above the reach of the surf still lies the long, black stone into which
+the legends say Hina's kapa board was changed. Here Hina took the leaves
+of the hala tree and, after the manner of the Hawaiian women of the ages
+past, braided mats for the household to sleep upon, and from the nuts of
+the kukui trees fashioned the torches which were burned around the homes
+of those of high chief rank.
+
+At last she became weary of her work among mortals. Her family had
+become more and more troublesome. It was said that her sons were unruly
+and her husband lazy and shiftless. She looked into the heavens and
+determined to flee up the pathway of her rainbow through the clouds.
+
+The Sun was very bright and Hina said, "I will go to the Sun." So she
+left her home very early in the morning and climbed up, higher, higher,
+until the heat of the rays of the sun beat strongly upon her and
+weakened her so that she could scarcely crawl along her beautiful path.
+Up a little higher and the clouds no longer gave her even the least
+shadow. The heat from the sun was so great that she began to feel the
+fire shriveling and torturing her. Quickly she slipped down into the
+storms around her rainbow and then back to earth. As the day passed her
+strength came back, and when the full moon rose through the shadows of
+the night she said, "I will climb to the moon and there find rest."
+
+But when Hina began to go upward her husband saw her and called to her:
+"Do not go into the heavens." She answered him: "My mind is fixed; I
+will go to my new husband, the moon." And she climbed up higher and
+higher. Her husband ran toward her. She was almost out of reach, but he
+leaped and caught her foot. This did not deter Hina from her purpose.
+She shook off her husband, but as he fell he broke her leg so that the
+lower part came off in his hands. Hina went up through the stars, crying
+out the strongest incantations she could use. The powers of the night
+aided her. The mysterious hands of darkness lifted her, until she stood
+at the door of the moon. She had packed her calabash with her most
+priceless possessions and had carried it with her even when injured by
+her cruel husband. With her calabash she limped into the moon and found
+her abiding home. When the moon is full, the Hawaiians of the long ago,
+aye and even today, look into the quiet, silvery light and see the
+goddess in her celestial home, her calabash by her side.
+
+The natives call her now Lono-moku, "the crippled Lono." From this watch
+tower in the heavens she pointed out to Kahai, one of her descendents,
+the way to rise up into the skies. The ancient chant thus describes his
+ascent:
+
+  "The rainbow is the path of Kahai.
+  Kahai rose. Kahai bestirred himself.
+  Kahai passed on the floating cloud of Kane.
+  Perplexed were the eyes of Alihi.
+  Kahai passed on on the glancing light.
+  The glancing light on men and canoes.
+  Above was Hanaiakamalama." (Hina).
+
+Thus under the care of his ancestress Hina, Kahai, the great sea-rover,
+made his ascent in quest of adventures among the immortals.
+
+In the Tongan Islands the legends say that Hina remains in the moon
+watching over the "fire-walkers" as their great protecting goddess.
+
+The Hervey Island traditions say that the Moon (Marama) had often seen
+Hina and admired her, and at last had come down and caught her up to
+live with himself. The moonlight in its glory is called Ina-motea, "the
+brightness of Ina."
+
+The story as told on Atiu Island (one of the Society group) is that Hina
+took her human husband with her to the moon, where they dwelt happily
+for a time, but as he grew old she prepared a rainbow, down which he
+descended to the earth to die, leaving Hina forevermore as "the woman in
+the moon." The Savage Islanders worshiped the spirits of their
+ancestors, saying that many of them went up to the land of Sina, the
+always bright land in the skies. To the natives of Niue Island, Hina has
+been the goddess ruling over all tapa making. They say that her home is
+"Motu a Hina," "the island of Hina," the home of the dead in the skies.
+
+The Samoans said that the Moon received Hina and a child, and also her
+tapa board and mallet and material for the manufacture of tapa cloth.
+Therefore, when the moon is shining in full splendor, they shade their
+eyes and look for the goddess and the tools with which she fashions the
+tapa clouds in the heavens.
+
+The New Zealand legend says that the woman went after water in the
+night. As she passed down the path to the spring the bright light of the
+full moon made the way easy for her quick footsteps, but when she had
+filled her calabash and started homeward, suddenly the bright light was
+hidden by a passing cloud and she stumbled against a stone in the path
+and fell to the ground, spilling the water she was carrying. Then she
+became very angry and cursed the moon heartily. Then the moon became
+angry and swiftly swept down upon her from the skies, grasping her and
+lifting her up. In her terrible fight she caught a small tree with one
+hand and her calabash with the other. But oh! the strong moon pulled her
+up with the tree and the calabash and there in the full moon they can
+all be traced when the nights are clear.
+
+Pleasant or Nauru Island, in which a missionary from Central Union
+Church, Honolulu, is laboring, tells the story of Gigu, a beautiful
+young woman, who has many of the experiences of Hina. She opened the
+eyes of the Mother of the Moon as Hina, in some of the Polynesian
+legends, is represented to have opened the eyes of one of the great
+goddesses, and in reward is married to Maraman, the Moon, with whom she
+lives ever after, and in whose embrace she can always be seen when the
+moon is full. Gigu is Hina under another and more guttural form of
+speech. Maraman is the same as Malama, one of the Polynesian names for
+the moon.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+                          Page.
+
+  Akea or Atea, see Wakea, 41
+
+  Akalana, or Ataranga, 3, 4, 166
+
+  Alae birds, 12, 18, 27, 62, 65, 120, 123
+
+  Alae-Huapi, 120
+
+  Alae-nui-a-Hina, 123
+
+  Ao-tea-roa, 23, 93, 106, 108, 128, 137
+
+  Aumakuas, 26
+
+  Ava-iki, or Hawa-i-ki, 5, 37, 41, 52, 72, 137
+
+  Awa, 8
+
+  Axe, stone, 93, 94
+
+
+  Bailing dish, 123
+
+  Bananas, 45, 64
+
+  Banyan, 56, 71
+
+  Barbs, spears, 79, 101
+
+  Birds, 85, 110, 112, 135, 144
+
+  Bird-machine, 125
+
+  Birds, painted, 85, 112
+
+  Black rock, 32, 48
+
+  Boiling pots, 100, 152
+
+  Bones, fish hooks, 15, 83
+
+  Brittany, 57
+
+  Bua-Tarana-ga, 5
+
+
+  Cain and Abel, 89
+
+  Calabash, 19, 31, 84, 115
+
+  Cannibalism, 91, 93
+
+  Canoe, Maui's, 28, 118, 150
+
+  Cats-cradle, 86
+
+  Cloud, Maui's-ao-opua, 150
+
+  Coco-nut Island, 19, 26
+
+  Cook, Captain, 7
+
+  Cooking the rain, 163
+
+  Coral, 29
+
+  Creation, 4, 80, 86
+
+  Crocodile, 148
+
+
+  Death, 25, 38, 67, 82, 137, 170
+
+  Death chant, 138
+
+  Dog, 80, 102
+
+  Dragon, 97, 148, 153
+
+
+  Earth twisted, 12, 15
+
+  Eclipse, 42, 158
+
+  Eel, 7, 33, 83, 94, 130
+
+  Eel baskets, 79, 102
+
+  Eight-eyed, 83, 124
+
+  Ellis, William, 84
+
+  Egypt, 44
+
+  Evolution, 85, 103, 109, 132
+
+
+  Fairies, 113
+
+  Fire-finding--
+    Australia, 59
+    Bowditch Islands, 76
+    Chatham Islands, 75
+    De Peysters Islands, 59
+    Hawaii, 61, 120
+    Hervey Islands, 67, 70
+    Indians, 57
+    New Zealand, 67, 74, 88
+    Peruvians, 59
+    Samoa, 67, 70
+    Savage Islands, 67, 72
+    Society Islands, 66, 72
+    Tartary, 59
+    Tokelau Island, 67
+
+  First man, 89
+
+  Fishing up islands--
+    Hawaii, 14, 18, 26
+    Hervey Islands, 26
+    New Hebrides, 25
+    New Zealand, 19, 88
+    Samoa, 24
+    Tonga, 24, 28
+
+  Fish hooks, 12, 15, 20, 26, 81, 118
+
+  Fish nets, 81
+
+  Flood, 25
+
+  Flying machine, 125
+
+  Forbes, Rev. A. O., 42
+
+  Fornander, A., 83
+
+
+  Ganges, 154
+
+  Gilbert Islands, 34, 60
+
+  Gill, W. W., 36
+
+  Gray, Sir George, 7, 20, 23, 49, 101, 110
+
+  Green stone, 110, 134
+
+  Guardian of under-world, 4, 5, 17, 70
+
+
+  Hades, 129
+
+  Halai hills, 64, 155
+
+  Hale-a-ka-la, 7, 13, 32, 43, 62, 143
+
+  Hale-a-o-a, 76
+
+  Hau tree, 102
+
+  Hau spirit, Preface
+
+  Haumia-Tiki-Tiki, 34
+
+  Hawa-iki, 5, 35, 37, 137, 154
+
+  Hawaii-loa, 29
+
+  Hawke's bay, 28
+
+  Hele-a-ka-la, 122
+
+  Hercules, 53, 112
+
+  Hervey Islands, 4, 5, 10
+
+  Hide-and-seek, 10
+
+  Hilo, 7, 19, 26, 64, 129, 147, 155
+
+  Hina, 5, 7, 10, 12, 18, 45, 61, 64, 121, 139
+
+  Hina-a-ke-ahi, 3, 27, 157
+
+  Hina-a-ke-ka, 123
+
+  Hina-a-te-lepo, 91
+
+  Hina-Kulu-ua, 157, 161
+
+  Hina-uri, 101
+
+  Hine-nui-te-po, 23, 123, 133
+
+  Hina's daughters, 156
+
+  Horizon or heaven, 107
+
+  Human sacrifices, 159
+
+  Hump-back, 125
+
+  Huna, 166
+
+
+  Iao, 43
+
+  Ie-ie, fiber, 125
+
+  Iiwi, 113
+
+  Ika-o-Maui, 23
+
+  Ili-ahi, 66
+
+  Immortality, Maui, 128
+
+  Imu, oven, 159
+
+  Ina, see Hina, 5, 66, 142
+
+  India, 154
+
+  Indians, fire-finding, 57
+
+  Indians, snaring sun, 54
+
+  Ira Waru, 101
+
+
+  Kaahumanu, 143
+
+  Ka-alae-huapi, 120
+
+  Kahai chant, 169
+
+  Ka-iwi-o-Pele, 18
+
+  Kalakaua, 8
+
+  Kalana-Kalanga, see Akalana, 3, 4, 60
+
+  Kalau-hele-moa, 45
+
+  Kamapuaa, 83
+
+  Kanaloa, 5, 24, 29, 120
+
+  Kane, 35, 119, 135
+
+  Kane's cave, 119
+
+  Kauai, 26
+
+  Kauiki, or Kauwiki, 7, 12, 26, 143, 168
+
+  Kaula Island, 26
+
+  Kipahula, 18
+
+  Ki-i-ki-i, 6, 32, 143
+
+  Kite-flying, 87, 112, 128
+
+  Ko, spade, 94
+
+  Kohala, 28
+
+  Koolau, 44
+
+  Ku, 5
+
+  Kualii, 12
+
+  Kuna, see Tuna, 7, 99
+
+  Ku-olo--Kele, 125
+
+  Ku-ula, fish god, 140
+
+
+  La, or Ra, 5, 44
+
+  Langi, Lani, 34
+
+  Lahaina, 32
+
+  Lasso, 47, 51, 80, 144
+
+  Lifting the sky--
+    Ellice Islands, 33
+    Gilbert Islands, 34
+    Hawaii, 31
+    Hervey Islands, 36
+    Manahiki, 35
+    New Zealand, 34
+    Samoa, 32
+
+  Liliuokalani chants, 3, 8, 17, 27, 40
+
+  Long Eel, 92
+
+  Lono, 34
+
+
+  Ma-eli-eli hill, 120
+
+  Magic fish hook, 82
+
+  Mahui, Mahuika, Mafuia, 5, 60, 68, 73, 132
+
+  Mahina, or Masina, 166
+
+  Mamo bird, 114
+
+  Manahiki Islands, 24, 80
+
+  Maori, 28, 34
+
+  Marama, or Malama, 166, 171
+
+  Marshall Islands, 60
+
+  Maru, 89
+
+  Mauna Kea, 13
+
+  Maui Akalana--
+    Akamai, 78, 82
+    baptized, 10, 133
+    birth, 6
+    bird or insect, 9, 10, 20, 24, 71, 114, 144
+    brothers, 3, 6, 14, 22, 24, 78, 107
+    canoes, 28
+    children, 82, 93, 137
+    creation, 4, 80
+    death, 25, 26
+    Hawaii, 130
+    Hervey Islands, 131
+    New Zealand, 137
+    Samoa, 131
+    eight-eyed, 83
+    footprints, 25, 33
+    god or demi-god, 4, 148
+    home, 4, 7, 10, 31, 119
+    hook, 12, 15, 19, 26, 28
+    of the malo, Preface
+    prophet, 84
+    sister, 6
+    the swift, 64, 117, 121
+    uncles, 8
+
+  Maui-Mua, or Rupe, 106, 125
+
+  Maui Hope, 124
+
+  Maui Waena, 3, 124
+
+  Mercury, 11
+
+  Moemoe, 48
+
+  Mo-o, 41, 97, 99
+
+  Moon, 41, 89, 134
+
+  Moon, Hina the goddess, 147, 156, 165
+
+  Motu, or Mokua Hina, 170
+
+  Mudhen, 120
+
+  Muri, 48, 50
+
+
+  Nauru Islands, 171
+
+  New Heavens, 107
+
+  New Hebrides Islands, 25
+
+  New Zealand, 4, 5, 7, 9
+
+  Niu Islands, 33
+
+
+  Oahu legends--
+    Maui and the two gods, 119
+    How they found fire, 120
+    Maui catching the sun, 122
+    Uniting the islands, 123
+    Maui and Pea-pea, 124
+
+  Obsidian, 109, 134
+
+  Ohia trees, 80
+
+  Olona, 81, 114, 117
+
+  O-o, spade, 94
+
+  O-o, bird, 114
+
+
+  Paoa, 29
+
+  Papa, 34
+
+  Payton, 25
+
+  Pea-pea, the eight-eyed, 124
+
+  Pearl Harbor, 123
+
+  Peruvians, 59
+
+  Pictographs, 165
+
+  Pigeon, 9
+
+  Pimoe, 18
+
+  Pohakunui, 64
+
+  Prometheus, 57
+
+  Puka-a-Maui, 151
+
+  Pumice stone, 38
+
+  Puna, 166
+
+  Puu-o-hulu, 119, 123
+
+
+  Ra or La, sun-god, 5, 44
+
+  Rainbow Falls, 8, 26, 99, 147
+
+  Raro Tonga, 6, 24
+
+  Roko, 97
+
+  Rongo, 34
+
+  Ru, 5, 35
+
+  Rupe, Maui-mua, 106, 125
+
+
+  Samoa, 5, 24, 29
+
+  Sandalwood, 66
+
+  Savage Islands, 74
+
+  Savaii, 29, 129
+
+  Scorpion, 26
+
+  Serpent, 33
+
+  Sharks, 18, 123
+
+  Short days, 143
+
+  Sina, see Hina, 96, 143, 166, 171
+
+  Snaring the sun--
+    Fiji, 54
+    Hawaii, 42, 122, 144
+    Hervey Islands, 52
+    Indians, 54
+    New Zealand, 48
+    Samoa, 143
+    Society Islands, 41, 50, 53, 143
+    Tonga, 40
+
+  Snow, 89
+
+  Society Islands, 5
+
+  Spears, 81
+
+  Spirits, islands of, 129
+
+  Stone implements, 86, 93, 110
+
+  Sun, created, 41
+
+  Supporter of the Heavens, 37
+
+
+  Tabu, 102, 126
+
+  Tahiti, 76, 86
+
+  Talanga or Kalana, 5, 68
+
+  Tane, see Kane, 35
+
+  Tangaroa or Kanaloa, 6, 24, 25, 34, 66
+
+  Tapa, 11, 13, 42, 62, 116, 119, 122, 141
+
+  Taro, 121
+
+  Tattooing, 80, 104, 136
+
+  Tawhiri, 35
+
+  Te-ika-o-Maui, 23
+
+  Ti leaves, 125
+
+  Ti-i-Ti-i}
+           }      Kii-Kii, 6, 25, 32, 34, 60, 68
+  Tiki-Tiki}
+
+  Tini-rau, 106, 108
+
+  Tokelau Island, 67
+
+  Tonga, 28, 40, 89, 129
+
+  Tonga-iti, 41
+
+  Tracey Islands, 33
+
+  Tu or Ku, 35
+
+  Tuna or Kuna, 91
+    Fiji, 91
+    Hawaii, 99, 148
+    Hervey Islands, 154
+    New Zealand, 92
+    Samoa, 96
+
+  Turner, 24
+
+
+  Ulua, 12, 18
+
+  Under-world, 4, 9, 15, 51, 68, 129
+
+  Uniting the islands, 123
+
+  Upolu, 25
+
+
+  Vatea, or Wakea, 41
+
+  Vatupu Islands, 33
+
+
+  Waianae, 65, 119
+
+  Waikuna, 100, 148
+
+  Wailuku, 7, 26, 80, 140, 146
+
+  Waipahu, 125
+
+  Waipio, 115
+
+  Wakea, Vatea, Atea, 4, 41
+
+  Water of life, 134
+
+  White, John, 87, 96, 101, 132
+
+  Wife of Maui, 91, 124, 137, 156
+
+  Wiliwili tree, 44
+
+  Winds, 86, 115
+
+  Woman in the Moon, 165
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Legends of Ma-ui--a demi god of
+Polynesia, and of his mother Hina, by W. D. Westervelt
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Legends of Ma-ui--a demi god of Polynesia,
+and of his mother Hina, by W. D. Westervelt
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Legends of Ma-ui--a demi god of Polynesia, and of his mother Hina
+
+Author: W. D. Westervelt
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2010 [EBook #32601]
+
+Language: English
+
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEGENDS ***
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+
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+
+
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+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a>
+<img src="images/i002.jpg" width="600" height="433" alt="Hale-a-ka-la Crater, the House of the Sun." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Hale-a-ka-la Crater, the House of the Sun.</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+  <h1>LEGENDS<br />
+  OF<br />
+  MA-UI&mdash;A DEMI GOD<br />
+  OF<br />
+  POLYNESIA<br />
+  AND OF<br />
+  HIS MOTHER HINA.</h1>
+
+  <h4>BY</h4>
+  <h2>W. D. WESTERVELT.</h2>
+
+  <p class="center">HONOLULU:<br />
+  THE HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD.<br />
+  1910</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="55%" cellspacing="0" summary="CONTENTS">
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">CHAPTER</td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td align="left">Maui's Home</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_3'>3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td align="left">Maui the Fisherman</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">III.</td><td align="left">Maui Lifting the Sky</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">IV.</td><td align="left">Maui Snaring the Sun</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">V.</td><td align="left">Maui Finding Fire</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">VI.</td><td align="left">Maui the Skillful</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_78'>78</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">VII.</td><td align="left">Maui and Tuna</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_91'>91</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">VIII.</td><td align="left">Maui and His Brother-in-Law</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_101'>101</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">IX.</td><td align="left">Maui's Kite-Flying</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_112'>112</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">X.</td><td align="left">Oahu Legends of Maui</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_119'>119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XI.</td><td align="left">Maui Seeking Immortality</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_128'>128</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XII.</td><td align="left">Hina of Hilo</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_139'>139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XIII.</td><td align="left">Hina and the Wailuku River</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_146'>146</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XIV.</td><td align="left">The Ghosts of the Hilo Hills</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_155'>155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">XV.</td><td align="left">Hina, the Woman in the Moon</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_165'>165</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="55%" cellspacing="0" summary="ILLUSTRATIONS">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Haleakala Crater</td><td align="right"><a href='#frontis'>Frontispiece</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">"Rugged Lava of Wailuku River"</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Leaping to Swim to Coral Reefs</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sea of Sacred Caves</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Spearing Fish</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Here are the Canoes</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_29'>29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Iao Mountain from the Sea</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_43'>43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Haleakala</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_53'>53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hawaiian Vines and Bushes</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_74'>74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bathing Pool</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_84'>84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coconut Grove</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_96'>96</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Boiling Pots&mdash;Wailuku River</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_100'>100</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Outside were other Worlds</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_107'>107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hilo Coast&mdash;Home of the Winds</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_115'>115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bay of Waipio Valley</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_121'>121</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Ieie Vine</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_125'>125</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rainbow Falls</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_147'>147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wailuku River&mdash;The Home of Kuna</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_151'>151</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">On Lava Beds</td><td align="right"><a href='#Page_163'>163</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="HELPS_TO_PRONUNCIATION" id="HELPS_TO_PRONUNCIATION"></a>HELPS TO PRONUNCIATION</h2>
+
+<div class="centerbox">
+<p>There are three simple rules which practically control Hawaiian
+pronunciation: (1) Give each vowel the German sound. (2) Pronounce each
+vowel. (3) Never allow a consonant to close a syllable.</p>
+
+<p>Interchangeable consonants are many. The following are the most common:
+h=s; l=r; k=t; n=ng; v=w.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Maui is a demi god whose name should probably be pronounced Ma-u-i, <i>i.
+e.</i>, Ma-oo-e. The meaning of the word is by no means clear. It may mean
+"to live," "to subsist." It may refer to beauty and strength, or it may
+have the idea of "the left hand" or "turning aside." The word is
+recognized as belonging to remote Polynesian antiquity.</p>
+
+<p>MacDonald, a writer of the New Hebrides Islands, gives the derivation of
+the name Maui primarily from the Arabic word "Mohyi," which means
+"causing to live" or "life," applied sometimes to the gods and sometimes
+to chiefs as "preservers and sustainers" of their followers.</p>
+
+<p>The Maui story probably contains a larger number of unique and ancient
+myths than that of any other legendary character in the mythology of any
+nation.</p>
+
+<p>There are three centers for these legends, New Zealand in the south,
+Hawaii in the north, and the Tahitian group including the Hervey Islands
+in the east. In each of these groups of islands, separated by thousands
+of miles, there are the same legends, told in almost the same way, and
+with very little variation in names. The intermediate groups of islands
+of even as great importance as Tonga, Fiji or Samoa, possess the same
+legends in more or less of a fragmentary condition, as if the three
+centers had been settled first when the Polynesians were driven away
+from the Asiatic coasts by their enemies, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> Malays. From these
+centers voyagers sailing away in search of adventures would carry
+fragments rather than complete legends. This is exactly what has been
+done and there are as a result a large number of hints of wonderful
+deeds. The really long legends as told about the demi god Ma-u-i and his
+mother Hina number about twenty.</p>
+
+<p>It is remarkable that these legends have kept their individuality. The
+Polynesians are not a very clannish people. For some centuries they have
+not been in the habit of frequently visiting each other. They have had
+no written language, and picture writing of any kind is exceedingly rare
+throughout Polynesia and yet in physical traits, national customs,
+domestic habits, and language, as well as in traditions and myths, the
+different inhabitants of the islands of Polynesia are as near of kin as
+the cousins of the United States and Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>The Maui legends form one of the strongest links in the mythological
+chain of evidence which binds the scattered inhabitants of the Pacific
+into one nation. An incomplete list aids in making clear the fact that
+groups of islands hundreds and even thousands of miles apart have been
+peopled centuries past by the same organic race. Either complete or
+fragmentary Maui legends are found in the single islands and island
+groups of Aneityum, Bowditch or Fakaofa, Efate, Fiji, Fotuna, Gilbert,
+Hawaii, Hervey, Huahine, Mangaia, Manihiki, Marquesas, Marshall, Nauru,
+New Hebrides, New Zealand, Samoa, Savage, Tahiti or Society, Tauna,
+Tokelau and Tonga.</p>
+
+<p>S. Percy Smith of New Zealand in his book Hawaiki mentions a legend
+according to which Maui made a voyage after overcoming a sea monster,
+visiting the Ton<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>gas, the Tahitian group, Vai-i or Hawaii, and the
+Paumotu Islands. Then Maui went on to U-peru, which Mr. Smith says "may
+be Peru." It was said that Maui named some of the islands of the
+Hawaiian group, calling the island Maui "Maui-ui in remembrance of his
+efforts in lifting up the heavens." Hawaii was named Vai-i, and Lanai
+was called Ngangai&mdash;as if Maui had found the three most southerly
+islands of the group.</p>
+
+<p>The Maui legends possess remarkable antiquity. Of course, it is
+impossible to give any definite historical date, but there can scarcely
+be any question of their origin among the ancestors of the Polynesians
+before they scattered over the Pacific ocean. They belong to the
+prehistoric Polynesians. The New Zealanders claim Maui as an ancestor of
+their most ancient tribes and sometimes class him among the most ancient
+of their gods, calling him "creator of land" and "creator of man."
+Tregear, in a paper before the New Zealand Institute, said that Maui was
+sometimes thought to be "the sun himself," "the solar fire," "the sun
+god," while his mother Hina was called "the moon goddess." The noted
+greenstone god of the Maoris of New Zealand, Potiki, may well be
+considered a representation of Maui-Tiki-Tiki, who was sometimes called
+Maui-po-tiki.</p>
+
+<p>Whether these legends came to the people in their sojourn in India
+before they migrated to the Straits of Sunda is not certain; but it may
+well be assumed that these stories had taken firm root in the memories
+of the priests who transmitted the most important traditions from
+generation to generation, and that this must have been done before they
+were driven away from the Asiatic coasts by the Malays.</p>
+
+<p>Several hints of Hindoo connection is found in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> Maui legends. The
+Polynesians not only ascribed human attributes to all animal life with
+which they were acquainted, but also carried the idea of an alligator or
+dragon with them, wherever they went, as in the mo-o of the story
+Tuna-roa.</p>
+
+<p>The Polynesians also had the idea of a double soul inhabiting the body.
+This is carried out in the ghost legends more fully than in the Maui
+stories, and yet "the spirit separate from the spirit which never
+forsakes man" according to Polynesian ideas, was a part of the Maui
+birth legends. This spirit, which can be separated or charmed away from
+the body by incantations was called the "hau." When Maui's father
+performed the religious ceremonies over him which would protect him and
+cause him to be successful, he forgot a part of his incantation to the
+"hau," therefore Maui lost his protection from death when he sought
+immortality for himself and all mankind.</p>
+
+<p>How much these things aid in proving a Hindoo or rather Indian origin
+for the Polynesians is uncertain, but at least they are of interest
+along the lines of race origin.</p>
+
+<p>The Maui group of legends is preëminently peculiar. They are not only
+different from the myths of other nations, but they are unique in the
+character of the actions recorded. Maui's deeds rank in a higher class
+than most of the mighty efforts of the demi gods of other nations and
+races, and are usually of more utility. Hercules accomplished nothing to
+compare with "lifting the sky,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> "snaring the sun," "fishing for
+islands," "finding fire in his grandmother's finger nails," or "learning
+from birds how to make fire by rubbing dry sticks," or "getting a magic
+bone" from the jaw of an ancestor who was half dead, that is dead on one
+side and therefore could well afford to let the bone on that side go for
+the benefit of a descendant. The Maui legends are full of helpful
+imaginations, which are distinctly Polynesian.</p>
+
+<p>The phrase "Maui of the Malo" is used among the Hawaiians in connection
+with the name Maui a Kalana, "Maui the son of Akalana." It may be well
+to note the origin of the name. It was said that Hina usually sent her
+retainers to gather sea moss for her, but one morning she went down to
+the sea by herself. There she found a beautiful red malo, which she
+wrapped around her as a pa-u or skirt. When she showed it to Akalana,
+her husband, he spoke of it as a gift of the gods, thinking that it
+meant the gift of Mana or spiritual power to their child when he should
+be born. In this way the Hawaiians explain the superior talent and
+miraculous ability of Maui which placed him above his brothers.</p>
+
+<p>These stories were originally printed as magazine articles, chiefly in
+the Paradise of the Pacific, Honolulu; therefore there are sometimes
+repetitions which it seemed best to leave, even when reprinted in the
+present form.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I.</h2>
+
+<h3>MAUI'S HOME</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Akalana was the man;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hina-a-ke-ahi was the wife;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maui First was born;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then Maui-waena;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maui Kiikii was born;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then Maui of the malo."</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">&mdash;Queen Liliuokalani's Family Chant.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Four brothers, each bearing the name of Maui, belong to Hawaiian legend.
+They accomplished little as a family, except on special occasions when
+the youngest of the household awakened his brothers by some unexpected
+trick which drew them into unwonted action. The legends of Hawaii,
+Tonga, Tahiti, New Zealand and the Hervey group make this youngest Maui
+"the discoverer of fire" or "the ensnarer of the sun" or "the fisherman
+who pulls up islands" or "the man endowed with magic," or "Maui with
+spirit power." The legends<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> vary somewhat, of course, but not as much as
+might be expected when the thousands of miles between various groups of
+islands are taken into consideration.</p>
+
+<p>Maui was one of the Polynesian demi-gods. His parents belonged to the
+family of supernatural beings. He himself was possessed of supernatural
+powers and was supposed to make use of all manner of enchantments. In
+New Zealand antiquity a Maui was said to have assisted other gods in the
+creation of man. Nevertheless Maui was very human. He lived in thatched
+houses, had wives and children, and was scolded by the women for not
+properly supporting his household.</p>
+
+<p>The time of his sojourn among men is very indefinite. In Hawaiian
+genealogies Maui and his brothers were placed among the descendants of
+Ulu and "the sons of Kii," and Maui was one of the ancestors of
+Kamehameha, the first king of the united Hawaiian Islands. This would
+place him in the seventh or eighth century of the Christian Era. But it
+is more probable that Maui belongs to the mist-land of time. His
+mischievous pranks with the various gods would make him another Mercury
+living in any age from the creation to the beginning of the Christian
+era.</p>
+
+<p>The Hervey Island legends state that Maui's father was "the supporter of
+the heavens" and his mother "the guardian of the road to the invisible
+world."</p>
+
+<p>In the Hawaiian chant, Akalana was the name of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> his father. In other
+groups this was the name by which his mother was known. Kanaloa, the
+god, is sometimes known as the father of Maui. In Hawaii Hina was his
+mother. Elsewhere Ina, or Hina, was the grandmother, from whom he
+secured fire.</p>
+
+<p>The Hervey Island legends say that four mighty ones lived in the old
+world from which their ancestors came. This old world bore the name
+Ava-iki, which is the same as Hawa-ii, or Hawaii. The four gods were
+Mauike, Ra, Ru, and Bua-Taranga.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to trace the connection of these four names with
+Polynesian mythology. Mauike is the same as the demi-god of New Zealand,
+Mafuike. On other islands the name is spelled Mauika, Mafuika, Mafuia,
+Mafuie, and Mahuika. Ra, the sun god of Egypt, is the same as Ra in New
+Zealand and La (sun) in Hawaii. Ru, the supporter of the heavens, is
+probably the Ku of Hawaii, and the Tu of New Zealand and other islands,
+one of the greatest of the gods worshiped by the ancient Hawaiians. The
+fourth mighty one from Ava-ika was a woman, Bua-taranga, who guarded the
+path to the underworld. Talanga in Samoa, and Akalana in Hawaii were the
+same as Taranga. Pua-kalana (the Kalana flower) would probably be the
+same in Hawaiian as Bua-taranga in the language of the Society Islands.</p>
+
+<p>Ru, the supporter of the Heavens, married Bua-taranga, the guardian of
+the lower world. Their one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> child was Maui. The legends of Raro-Tonga
+state that Maui's father and mother were the children of Tangaroa
+(Kanaloa in Hawaiian), the great god worshiped throughout Polynesia.
+There were three Maui brothers and one sister, Ina-ika (Ina, the fish).</p>
+
+<p>The New Zealand legends relate the incidents of the babyhood of Maui.</p>
+
+<p>Maui was prematurely born, and his mother, not caring to be troubled
+with him, cut off a lock of her hair, tied it around him and cast him
+into the sea. In this way the name came to him, Maui-Tiki-Tiki, or "Maui
+formed in the topknot." The waters bore him safely. The jelly fish
+enwrapped and mothered him. The god of the seas cared for and protected
+him. He was carried to the god's house and hung up in the roof that he
+might feel the warm air of the fire, and be cherished into life. When he
+was old enough, he came to his relations while they were all gathered in
+the great House of Assembly, dancing and making merry. Little Maui crept
+in and sat down behind his brothers. Soon his mother called the children
+and found a strange child, who proved that he was her son, and was taken
+in as one of the family. Some of the brothers were jealous, but the
+eldest addressed the others as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Never mind; let him be our dear brother. In the days of peace remember
+the proverb, 'When you are on friendly terms, settle your disputes in a
+friendly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> way; when you are at war, you must redress your injuries by
+violence.' It is better for us, brothers, to be kind to other people.
+These are the ways by which men gain influence&mdash;by laboring for
+abundance of food to feed others, by collecting property to give to
+others, and by similar means by which you promote the good of others."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i018.jpg" width="600" height="599" alt="Rugged Lava of Wailuku River." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Rugged Lava of Wailuku River.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus, according to the New Zealand story related by Sir George Grey,
+Maui was received in his home.</p>
+
+<p>Maui's home was placed by some of the Hawaiian myths at Kauiki, a
+foothill of the great extinct crater Haleakala, on the Island of Maui.
+It was here he lived when the sky was raised to its present position.
+Here was located the famous fort around which many battles were fought
+during the years immediately preceding the coming of Captain Cook. This
+fort was held by warriors of the Island of Hawaii a number of years. It
+was from this home that Maui was supposed to have journeyed when he
+climbed Mt. Haleakala to ensnare the sun.</p>
+
+<p>And yet most of the Hawaiian legends place Maui's home by the rugged
+black lava beds of the Wailuku river near Hilo on the island Hawaii.
+Here he lived when he found the way to make fire by rubbing sticks
+together, and when he killed Kuna, the great eel, and performed other
+feats of valor. He was supposed to cultivate the land on the north side
+of the river. His mother, usually known as Hina, had her home in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> lava
+cave under the beautiful Rainbow Falls, one of the fine scenic
+attractions of Hilo. An ancient demigod, wishing to destroy this home,
+threw a great mass of lava across the stream below the falls. The rising
+water was fast filling the cave.</p>
+
+<p>Hina called loudly to her powerful son Maui. He came quickly and found
+that a large and strong ridge of lava lay across the stream. One end
+rested against a small hill. Maui struck the rock on the other side of
+the hill and thus broke a new pathway for the river. The water swiftly
+flowed away and the cave remained as the home of the Maui family.</p>
+
+<p>According to the King Kalakaua family legend, translated by Queen
+Liliuokalani, Maui and his brothers also made this place their home.
+Here he aroused the anger of two uncles, his mother's brothers, who were
+called "Tall Post" and "Short Post," because they guarded the entrance
+to a cave in which the Maui family probably had its home.</p>
+
+<p>"They fought hard with Maui, and were thrown, and red water flowed
+freely from Maui's forehead. This was the first shower by Maui." Perhaps
+some family discipline followed this knocking down of door posts, for it
+is said:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"They fetched the sacred Awa bush,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then came the second shower by Maui;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The third shower was when the elbow of Awa was broken;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The fourth shower came with the sacred bamboo."</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Maui's mother, so says a New Zealand legend, had her home in the
+under-world as well as with her children. Maui determined to find the
+hidden dwelling place. His mother would meet the children in the evening
+and lie down to sleep with them and then disappear with the first
+appearance of dawn. Maui remained awake one night, and when all were
+asleep, arose quietly and stopped up every crevice by which a ray of
+light could enter. The morning came and the sun mounted up&mdash;far up in
+the sky. At last his mother leaped up and tore away the things which
+shut out the light.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, dear; oh, dear! She saw the sun high in the heavens; so she hurried
+away, crying at the thought of having been so badly treated by her own
+children."</p>
+
+<p>Maui watched her as she pulled up a tuft of grass and disappeared in the
+earth, pulling the grass back to its place.</p>
+
+<p>Thus Maui found the path to the under-world. Soon he transformed himself
+into a pigeon and flew down, through the cave, until he saw a party of
+people under a sacred tree, like those growing in the ancient first
+Hawaii. He flew to the tree and threw down berries upon the people. They
+threw back stones. At last he permitted a stone from his father to
+strike him, and he fell to the ground. "They ran to catch him, but lo!
+the pigeon had turned into a man."</p>
+
+<p>Then his father "took him to the water to be bap<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>tized" (possibly a
+modern addition to the legend). Prayers were offered and ceremonies
+passed through. But the prayers were incomplete and Maui's father knew
+that the gods would be angry and cause Maui's death, and all because in
+the hurried baptism a part of the prayers had been left unsaid. Then
+Maui returned to the upper world and lived again with his brothers.</p>
+
+<p>Maui commenced his mischievous life early, for Hervey Islanders say that
+one day the children were playing a game dearly loved by
+Polynesians&mdash;hide-and-seek. Here a sister enters into the game and hides
+little Maui under a pile of dry sticks. His brothers could not find him,
+and the sister told them where to look. The sticks were carefully
+handled, but the child could not be found. He had shrunk himself so
+small that he was like an insect under some sticks and leaves. Thus
+early he began to use enchantments.</p>
+
+<p>Maui's home, at the best, was only a sorry affair. Gods and demigods
+lived in caves and small grass houses. The thatch rapidly rotted and
+required continual renewal. In a very short time the heavy rains beat
+through the decaying roof. The home was without windows or doors, save
+as low openings in the ends or sides allowed entrance to those willing
+to crawl through. Off on one side would be the rude shelter, in the
+shadow of which Hina pounded the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> bark of certain trees into wood pulp
+and then into strips of thin, soft wood-paper, which bore the name of
+"Tapa cloth." This cloth Hina prepared for the clothing of Maui and his
+brothers. Tapa cloth was often treated to a coat of cocoa-nut, or
+candle-nut oil, making it somewhat waterproof and also more durable.</p>
+
+<p>Here Maui lived on edible roots and fruits and raw fish, knowing little
+about cooked food, for the art of fire making was not yet known. In
+later years Maui was supposed to live on the eastern end of the island
+Maui, and also in another home on the large island Hawaii, on which he
+discovered how to make fire by rubbing dry sticks together. Maui was the
+Polynesian Mercury. As a little fellow he was endowed with peculiar
+powers, permitting him to become invisible or to change his human form
+into that of an animal. He was ready to take anything from any one by
+craft or force. Nevertheless, like the thefts of Mercury, his pranks
+usually benefited mankind.</p>
+
+<p>It is a little curious that around the different homes of Maui, there is
+so little record of temples and priests and altars. He lived too far
+back for priestly customs. His story is the rude, mythical survival of
+the days when of church and civil government there was none and worship
+of the gods was practically unknown, but every man was a law unto
+himself, and also to the other man, and quick retaliation followed any
+injury received.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i025.jpg" width="550" height="475" alt="Leaping to Swim to Coral Reefs." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Leaping to Swim to Coral Reefs.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II.</h2>
+
+<h3>MAUI THE FISHERMAN</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Oh the great fish hook of Maui!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manai-i-ka-lani 'Made fast to the heavens'&mdash;its name;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">An earth-twisted cord ties the hook.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Engulfed from the lofty Kauiki.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Its bait the red billed Alae,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The bird made sacred to Hina.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">It sinks far down to Hawaii,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Struggling and painfully dying.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caught is the land under the water,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Floated up, up to the surface,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But Hina hid a wing of the bird</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And broke the land under the water.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Below, was the bait snatched away</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And eaten at once by the fishes,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Ulua of the deep muddy places."</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">&mdash;Chant of Kualii, about A. D. 1700.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>One of Maui's homes was near Kauiki, a place well known throughout the
+Hawaiian Islands because of its strategic importance. For many years it
+was the site of a fort around which fierce bat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>tles were fought by the
+natives of the island Maui, repelling the invasions of their neighbors
+from Hawaii.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Haleakala (the House of the Sun), the mountain from which Maui the
+demi-god snared the sun, looks down ten thousand feet upon the Kauiki
+headland. Across the channel from Haleakala rises Mauna Kea, "The White
+Mountain"&mdash;the snow-capped&mdash;which almost all the year round rears its
+white head in majesty among the clouds.</p>
+
+<p>In the snowy breakers of the surf which washes the beach below these
+mountains, are broken coral reefs&mdash;the fishing grounds of the Hawaiians.
+Here near Kauiki, according to some Hawaiian legends, Maui's mother Hina
+had her grass house and made and dried her kapa cloth. Even to the
+present day it is one of the few places in the islands where the kapa is
+still pounded into sheets from the bark of the hibiscus and kindred
+trees.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a small bay partially reef-protected, over which year after year
+the moist clouds float and by day and by night crown the waters with
+rainbows&mdash;the legendary sign of the home of the deified ones. Here when
+the tide is out the natives wade and swim, as they have done for
+centuries, from coral block to coral block, shunning the deep resting
+places of their dread enemy, the shark, sometimes esteemed divine. Out
+on the edge of the outermost reef they seek the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> shellfish which cling
+to the coral, or spear the large fish which have been left in the
+beautiful little lakes of the reef. Coral land is a region of the sea
+coast abounding in miniature lakes and rugged valleys and steep
+mountains. Clear waters with every motion of the tide surge in and out
+through sheltered caves and submarine tunnels, according to an ancient
+Hawaiian song&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i029.jpg" width="550" height="500" alt="In the Sea of Sacred Caves." title="" />
+<span class="caption">In the Sea of Sacred Caves.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Never quiet, never failing, never sleeping,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Never very noisy is the sea of the sacred caves."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Sea mosses of many hues are the forests which drape the hillsides of
+coral land and reflect the colored rays of light which pierce the
+ceaselessly moving waves. Down in the beautiful little lakes, under
+overhanging coral cliffs, darting in and out through the fringes of
+seaweed, the purple mullet and royal red fish flash before the eyes of
+the fisherman. Sometimes the many-tinted glorious fish of paradise
+reveal their beauties, and then again a school of black and gold
+citizens of the reef follow the tidal waves around projecting crags and
+through the hidden tunnels from lake to lake, while above the fisherman
+follows spearing or snaring as best he can. Maui's brothers were better
+fishermen than he. They sought the deep sea beyond the reef and the
+larger fish. They made hooks of bone or of mother of pearl, with a
+straight, slender, sharp-pointed piece leaning backward at a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> sharp
+angle. This was usually a consecrated bit of bone or mother of pearl,
+and was supposed to have peculiar power to hold fast any fish which had
+taken the bait.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>These bones were usually taken from the body of some one who while
+living had been noted for great power or high rank. This sharp piece was
+tightly tied to the larger bone or shell, which formed the shank of the
+hook. The sacred barb of Maui's hook was a part of the magic bone he had
+secured from his ancestors in the under-world&mdash;the bone with which he
+struck the sun while lassooing him and compelling him to move more
+slowly through the heavens.</p>
+
+<p>"Earth-twisted"&mdash;fibres of vines&mdash;twisted while growing, was the cord
+used by Maui in tying the parts of his magic hook together.</p>
+
+<p>Long and strong were the fish lines made from the olona fibre, holding
+the great fish caught from the depths of the ocean. The fibres of the
+olona vine were among the longest and strongest threads found in the
+Hawaiian Islands.</p>
+
+<p>Such a hook could easily be cast loose by the struggling fish, if the
+least opportunity were given. Therefore it was absolutely necessary to
+keep the line taut, and pull strongly and steadily, to land the fish in
+the canoe.</p>
+
+<p>Maui did not use his magic hook for a long time. He seemed to understand
+that it would not answer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> ordinary needs. Possibly the idea of making
+the supernatural hook did not occur to him until he had exhausted his
+lower wit and magic upon his brothers.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that Maui was not a very good fisherman. Sometimes his end of
+the canoe contained fish which his brothers had thought were on their
+hooks until they were landed in the canoe.</p>
+
+<p>Many times they laughed at him for his poor success, and he retaliated
+with his mischievous tricks.</p>
+
+<p>"E!" he would cry, when one of his brothers began to pull in, while the
+other brothers swiftly paddled the canoe forward. "E!" See we both have
+caught great fish at the same moment. Be careful now. Your line is
+loose. "Look out! Look out!"</p>
+
+<p>All the time he would be pulling his own line in as rapidly as possible.
+Onward rushed the canoe. Each fisherman shouting to encourage the
+others. Soon the lines by the tricky manipulation of Maui would be
+crossed. Then as the great fish was brought near the side of the boat
+Maui the little, the mischievous one, would slip his hook toward the
+head of the fish and flip it over into the canoe&mdash;causing his brother's
+line to slacken for a moment. Then his mournful cry rang out: "Oh, my
+brother, your fish is gone. Why did you not pull more steadily? It was a
+fine fish, and now it is down deep in the waters." Then Maui held up his
+splendid catch (from his brother's hook) and received somewhat
+suspicious congratulations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> But what could they do, Maui was the smart
+one of the family.</p>
+
+<p>Their father and mother were both members of the household of the gods.
+The father was "the supporter of the heavens" and the mother was "the
+guardian of the way to the invisible world," but pitifully small and
+very few were the gifts bestowed upon their children. Maui's brothers
+knew nothing beyond the average home life of the ordinary Hawaiian, and
+Maui alone was endowed with the power to work miracles. Nevertheless the
+student of Polynesian legends learns that Maui is more widely known than
+almost all the demi-gods of all nations as a discoverer of benefits for
+his fellows, and these physical rather than spiritual. After many
+fishing excursions Maui's brothers seemed to have wit enough to
+understand his tricks, and thenceforth they refused to take him in their
+canoe when they paddled out to the deep-sea fishing grounds. Then those
+who depended upon Maui to supply their daily needs murmured against his
+poor success. His mother scolded him and his brothers ridiculed him.</p>
+
+<p>In some of the Polynesian legends it is said that his wives and children
+complained because of his laziness and at last goaded him into a new
+effort.</p>
+
+<p>The ex-Queen Liliuokalani, in a translation of what is called "the
+family chant," says that Maui's mother sent him to his father for a hook
+with which to supply her need.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Go hence to your father,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Tis there you find line and hook.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This is the hook&mdash;'Made fast to the heavens&mdash;'</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Manaia-ka-lani'&mdash;'tis called.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When the hook catches land</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">It brings the old seas together.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bring hither the large Alae,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The bird of Hina."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>When Maui had obtained his hook, he tried to go fishing with his
+brothers. He leaped on the end of their canoe as they pushed out into
+deep water. They were angry and cried out: "This boat is too small for
+another Maui." So they threw him off and made him swim back to the
+beach. When they returned from their day's work, they brought back only
+a shark. Maui told them if he had been with them better fish would have
+been upon their hooks&mdash;the Ulua, for instance, or, possibly, the
+Pimoe&mdash;the king of fish. At last they let him go far out outside the
+harbor of Kipahula to a place opposite Ka Iwi o Pele, "The bone of
+Pele," a peculiar piece of lava lying near the beach at Hana on the
+eastern side of the island Maui. There they fished, but only sharks were
+caught. The brothers ridiculed Maui, saying: "Where are the Ulua, and
+where is Pimoe?"</p>
+
+<p>Then Maui threw his magic hook into the sea, baited with one of the Alae
+birds, sacred to his mother Hina. He used the incantation, "When I let
+go my hook with divine power, then I get the great Ulua."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The bottom of the sea began to move. Great waves arose, trying to carry
+the canoe away. The fish pulled the canoe two days, drawing the line to
+its fullest extent. When the slack began to come in the line, because of
+the tired fish, Maui called for the brothers to pull hard against the
+coming fish. Soon land rose out of the water. Maui told them not to look
+back or the fish would be lost. One brother did look back&mdash;the line
+slacked, snapped, and broke, and the land lay behind them in islands.</p>
+
+<p>One of the Hawaiian legends also says that while the brothers were
+paddling in full strength, Maui saw a calabash floating in the water. He
+lifted it into the canoe, and behold! his beautiful sister Hina of the
+sea. The brothers looked, and the separated islands lay behind them,
+free from the hook, while Cocoanut Island&mdash;the dainty spot of beauty in
+Hilo harbor&mdash;was drawn up&mdash;a little ledge of lava&mdash;in later years the
+home of a cocoanut grove.</p>
+
+<p>The better, the more complete, legend comes from New Zealand, which
+makes Maui so mischievous that his brothers refuse his
+companionship&mdash;and therefore, thrown on his own resources, he studies
+how to make a hook which shall catch something worth while. In this
+legend Maui is represented as making his own hook and then pleading with
+his brothers to let him go with them once more. But they hardened their
+hearts against him, and refused again and again.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Maui possessed the power of changing himself into different forms. At
+one time while playing with his brothers he had concealed himself for
+them to find. They heard his voice in a corner of the house&mdash;but could
+not find him. Then under the mats on the floor, but again they could not
+find him. There was only an insect creeping on the floor. Suddenly they
+saw their little brother where the insect had been. Then they knew he
+had been tricky with them. So in these fishing days he resolved to go
+back to his old ways and cheat his brothers into carrying him with them
+to the great fishing grounds.</p>
+
+<p>Sir George Gray says that the New Zealand Maui went out to the canoe and
+concealed himself as an insect in the bottom of the boat so that when
+the early morning light crept over the waters and his brothers pushed
+the canoe into the surf they could not see him. They rejoiced that Maui
+did not appear, and paddled away over the waters.</p>
+
+<p>They fished all day and all night and on the morning of the next day,
+out from among the fish in the bottom of the boat came their troublesome
+brother.</p>
+
+<p>They had caught many fine fish and were satisfied, so thought to paddle
+homeward; but their younger brother plead with them to go out, far out,
+to the deeper seas and permit him to cast his hook. He said he wanted
+larger and better fish than any they had captured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i038.jpg" width="550" height="456" alt="Spearing Fish." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Spearing Fish.</span>
+</div>
+<p>So they paddled to their outermost fishing grounds&mdash;but this did not
+satisfy Maui&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Farther out on the waters,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O! my brothers,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I seek the great fish of the sea."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It was evidently easier to work for him than to argue with
+him&mdash;therefore far out in the sea they went. The home land disappeared
+from view; they could see only the outstretching waste of waters. Maui
+urged them out still farther. Then he drew his magic hook from under his
+malo or loin-cloth. The brothers wondered what he would do for bait. The
+New Zealand legend says that he struck his nose a mighty blow until the
+blood gushed forth. When this blood became clotted, he fastened it upon
+his hook and let it down into the deep sea.</p>
+
+<p>Down it went to the very bottom and caught the under world. It was a
+mighty fish&mdash;but the brothers paddled with all their might and main and
+Maui pulled in the line. It was hard rowing against the power which held
+the hook down in the sea depths&mdash;but the brothers became enthusiastic
+over Maui's large fish, and were generous in their strenuous endeavors.
+Every muscle was strained and every paddle held strongly against the sea
+that not an inch should be lost. There was no sudden leaping and darting
+to and fro, no "give" to the line; no "tremble"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> as when a great fish
+would shake itself in impotent wrath when held captive by a hook. It was
+simply a struggle of tense muscle against an immensely heavy dead
+weight. To the brothers there came slowly the feeling that Maui was in
+one of his strange moods and that something beyond their former
+experiences with their tricky brother was coming to pass.</p>
+
+<p>At last one of the brothers glanced backward. With a scream of intense
+terror he dropped his paddle. The others also looked. Then each caught
+his paddle and with frantic exertion tried to force their canoe onward.
+Deep down in the heavy waters they pushed their paddles. Out of the
+great seas the black, ragged head of a large island was rising like a
+fish&mdash;it seemed to be chasing them through the boiling surf. In a little
+while the water became shallow around them, and their canoe finally
+rested on a black beach.</p>
+
+<p>Maui for some reason left his brothers, charging them not to attempt to
+cut up this great fish. But the unwise brothers thought they would fill
+the canoe with part of this strange thing which they had caught. They
+began to cut up the back and put huge slices into their canoe. But the
+great fish&mdash;the island&mdash;shook under the blows and with mighty earthquake
+shocks tossed the boat of the brothers, and their canoe was destroyed.
+As they were struggling in the waters, the great fish devoured them. The
+island came up more and more from the waters&mdash;but the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> deep gashes made
+by Maui's brothers did not heal&mdash;they became the mountains and valleys
+stretching from sea to sea.</p>
+
+<p>White of New Zealand says that Maui went down into the underworld to
+meet his great ancestress, who was one side dead and one side alive.
+From the dead side he took the jaw bone, made a magic hook, and went
+fishing. When he let the hook down into the sea, he called:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Take my bait. O Depths!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confused you are. O Depths!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">And coming upward."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Thus he pulled up Ao-tea-roa&mdash;one of the large islands of New Zealand.
+On it were houses, with people around them. Fires were burning. Maui
+walked over the island, saw with wonder the strange men and the
+mysterious fire. He took fire in his hands and was burned. He leaped
+into the sea, dived deep, came up with the other large island on his
+shoulders. This island he set on fire and left it always burning. It is
+said that the name for New Zealand given to Captain Cook was Te ika o
+Maui, "The fish of Maui." Some New Zealand natives say that he fished up
+the island on which dwelt "Great Hina of the Night," who finally
+destroyed Maui while he was seeking immortality.</p>
+
+<p>One legend says that Maui fished up apparently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> from New Zealand the
+large island of the Tongas. He used this chant:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"O Tonga-nui!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Why art Thou</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sulkily biting, biting below?</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beneath the earth</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The power is felt,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The foam is seen,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Coming.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O thou loved grandchild</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of Tangaroa-meha."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>This is an excellent poetical description of the great fish delaying the
+quick hard bite. Then the island comes to the surface and Maui, the
+beloved grandchild of the Polynesian god Kanaloa, is praised.</p>
+
+<p>It was part of one of the legends that Maui changed himself into a bird
+and from the heavens let down a line with which he drew up land, but the
+line broke, leaving islands rather than a mainland. About two hundred
+lesser gods went to the new islands in a large canoe. The greater gods
+punished them by making them mortal.</p>
+
+<p>Turner, in his book on Samoa, says there were three Mauis, all brothers.
+They went out fishing from Rarotonga. One of the brothers begged the
+"goddess of the deep rocks" to let his hooks catch land. Then the island
+Manahiki was drawn up. A great wave washed two of the Mauis away. The
+other Maui<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> found a great house in which eight hundred gods lived. Here
+he made his home until a chief from Rarotonga drove him away. He fled
+into the sky, but as he leaped he separated the land into two islands.</p>
+
+<p>Other legends of Samoa say that Tangaroa, the great god, rolled stones
+from heaven. One became the island Savaii, the other became Upolu. A god
+is sometimes represented as passing over the ocean with a bag of sand.
+Wherever he dropped a little sand islands sprang up.</p>
+
+<p>Payton, the earnest and honored missionary of the New Hebrides Islands,
+evidently did not know the name Mauitikitiki, so he spells the name of
+the fisherman Ma-tshi-ktshi-ki, and gives the myth of the fishing up of
+the various islands. The natives said that Maui left footprints on the
+coral reefs of each island where he stood straining and lifting in his
+endeavors to pull up each other island. He threw his line around a large
+island intending to draw it up and unite it with the one on which he
+stood, but his line broke. Then he became angry and divided into two
+parts the island on which he stood. This same Maui is recorded by Mr.
+Payton as being in a flood which put out one volcano&mdash;Maui seized
+another, sailed across to a neighboring island and piled it upon the top
+of the volcano there, so the fire was placed out of reach of the flood.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the Hervey Group of the Tahitian or Society Islands the same story
+prevails and the natives point out the place where the hook caught and a
+print was made by the foot in the coral reef. But they add some very
+mythical details. Maui's magic fish hook is thrown into the skies, where
+it continuously hangs, the curved tail of the constellation which we
+call Scorpio. Then one of the gods becoming angry with Maui seized him
+and threw him also among the stars. There he stays looking down upon his
+people. He has become a fixed part of the scorpion itself.</p>
+
+<p>The Hawaiian myths sometimes represent Maui as trying to draw the
+islands together while fishing them out of the sea. When they had pulled
+up the island of Kauai they looked back and were frightened. They
+evidently tried to rush away from the new monster and thus broke the
+line. Maui tore a side out of the small crater Kaula when trying to draw
+it to one of the other islands. Three aumakuas, three fishes supposed to
+be spirit-gods, guarded Kaula and defeated his purpose. At Hawaii
+Cocoanut Island broke off because Maui pulled too hard. Another place
+near Hilo on the large island of Hawaii where the hook was said to have
+caught is in the Wailuku river below Rainbow Falls.</p>
+
+<p>Maui went out from his home at Kauiki, fishing with his brothers. After
+they had caught some fine fish the brothers desired to return, but Maui
+persuaded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> them to go out farther. Then when they became tired and
+determined to go back, he made the seas stretch out and the shores
+recede until they could see no land. Then drawing the magic hook, he
+baited it with the Alae or sacred mud hen belonging to his Mother Hina.
+Queen Liliuokalani's family chant has the following reference to this
+myth:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Maui longed for fish for Hina-akeahi (Hina of the fire, his mother),</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Go hence to your father,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">There you will find line and hook.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manaiakalani is the hook.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where the islands are caught,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The ancient seas are connected.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The great bird Alae is taken,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sister bird,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of that one of the hidden fire of Maui."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Maui evidently had no scruples against using anything which would help
+him carry out his schemes. He indiscriminately robbed his friends and
+the gods alike.</p>
+
+<p>Down in the deep sea sank the hook with its struggling bait, until it
+was seized by "the land under the water."</p>
+
+<p>But Hina the mother saw the struggle of her sacred bird and hastened to
+the rescue. She caught a wing of the bird, but could not pull the Alae
+from the sacred hook. The wing was torn off. Then the fish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> gathered
+around the bait and tore it in pieces. If the bait could have been kept
+entire, then the land would have come up in a continent rather than as
+an island. Then the Hawaiian group would have been unbroken. But the
+bait broke&mdash;and the islands came as fragments from the under world.</p>
+
+<p>Maui's hook and canoe are frequently mentioned in the legends. The
+Hawaiians have a long rock in the Wailuku river at Hilo which they call
+Maui's canoe. Different names were given to Maui's canoe by the Maoris
+of New Zealand. "Vine of Heaven," "Prepare for the North," "Land of the
+Receding Sea." His fish hook bore the name "Plume of Beauty."</p>
+
+<p>On the southern end of Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, there is a curved ledge
+of rocks extending out from the coast. This is still called by the
+Maoris "Maui's fish-hook," as if the magic hook had been so firmly
+caught in the jaws of the island that Maui could not disentangle it, but
+had been compelled to cut it off from his line.</p>
+
+<p>There is a large stone on the sea coast of North Kohala on the island of
+Hawaii which the Hawaiians point out as the place where Maui's magic
+hook caught the island and pulled it through the sea.</p>
+
+<p>In the Tonga Islands, a place known as Hounga is pointed out by the
+natives as the spot where the magic hook caught in the rocks. The hook
+itself was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> said to have been in the possession of a chief-family for
+many generations.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i048.jpg" width="550" height="543" alt="Here are the Canoes." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Here are the Canoes.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another group of Hawaiian legends, very incomplete, probably referring
+to Maui, but ascribed to other names, relates that a fisherman caught a
+large block of coral. He took it to his priest. After sacrificing, and
+consulting the gods, the priest advised the fisherman to throw the coral
+back into the sea with incantations. While so doing this block became
+Hawaii-loa. The fishing continued and blocks of coral were caught and
+thrown back into the sea until all the islands appeared. Hints of this
+legend cling to other island groups as well as to the Hawaiian Islands.
+Fornander credits a fisherman from foreign lands as thus bringing forth
+the Hawaiian Islands from the deep seas. The reference occurs in part of
+a chant known as that of a friend of Paao&mdash;the priest who is supposed to
+have come from Samoa to Hawaii in the eleventh century. This priest
+calls for his companions:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Here are the canoes. Get aboard.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come along, and dwell on Hawaii with the green back.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A land which was found in the ocean,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A land thrown up from the sea&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From the very depths of Kanaloa,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The white coral, in the watery caves,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That was caught on the hook of the fisherman."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The god Kanaloa is sometimes known as a ruler of the under-world, whose
+land was caught by Maui's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> hook and brought up in islands. Thus in the
+legends the thought has been perpetuated that some one of the ancestors
+of the Polynesians made voyages and discovered islands.</p>
+
+<p>In the time of Umi, King of Hawaii, there is the following record of an
+immense bone fish-hook, which was called the "fish-hook of Maui:"</p>
+
+<p>"In the night of Muku (the last night of the month), a priest and his
+servants took a man, killed him, and fastened his body to the hook,
+which bore the name Manai-a-ka-lani, and dragged it to the heiau
+(temple) as a 'fish,' and placed it on the altar."</p>
+
+<p>This hook was kept until the time of Kamehameha I. From time to time he
+tried to break it, and pulled until he perspired.</p>
+
+<p>Peapea, a brother of Kaahumanu, took the hook and broke it. He was
+afraid that Kamehameha would kill him. Kaahumanu, however, soothed the
+King, and he passed the matter over. The broken bone was probably thrown
+away.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III.</h2>
+
+<h3>MAUI LIFTING THE SKY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Maui's home was for a long time enveloped by darkness. The heavens had
+fallen down, or, rather, had not been separated from the earth.
+According to some legends, the skies pressed so closely and so heavily
+upon the earth that when the plants began to grow, all the leaves were
+necessarily flat. According to other legends, the plants had to push up
+the clouds a little, and thus caused the leaves to flatten out into
+larger surface, so that they could better drive the skies back and hold
+them in place. Thus the leaves became flat at first, and have so
+remained through all the days of mankind. The plants lifted the sky inch
+by inch until men were able to crawl about between the heavens and the
+earth, and thus pass from place to place and visit one another.</p>
+
+<p>After a long time, according to the Hawaiian legends, a man, supposed to
+be Maui, came to a woman and said: "Give me a drink from your gourd
+cala<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>bash, and I will push the heavens higher." The woman handed the
+gourd to him. When he had taken a deep draught, he braced himself
+against the clouds and lifted them to the height of the trees. Again he
+hoisted the sky and carried it to the tops of the mountains; then with
+great exertion he thrust it upwards once more, and pressed it to the
+place it now occupies. Nevertheless dark clouds many times hang low
+along the eastern slope of Maui's great mountain&mdash;Haleakala&mdash;and descend
+in heavy rains upon the hill Kauwiki; but they dare not stay, lest Maui
+the strong come and hurl them so far away that they cannot come back
+again.</p>
+
+<p>A man who had been watching the process of lifting the sky ridiculed
+Maui for attempting such a difficult task. When the clouds rested on the
+tops of the mountains, Maui turned to punish his critic. The man had
+fled to the other side of the island. Maui rapidly pursued and finally
+caught him on the sea coast, not many miles north of the town now known
+as Lahaina. After a brief struggle the man was changed, according to the
+story, into a great black rock, which can be seen by any traveler who
+desires to localize the legends of Hawaii.</p>
+
+<p>In Samoa Tiitii, the latter part of the full name of Mauikiikii, is used
+as the name of the one who braced his feet against the rocks and pushed
+the sky up. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> foot-prints, some six feet long, are said to be shown
+by the natives.</p>
+
+<p>Another Samoan story is almost like the Hawaiian legend. The heavens had
+fallen, people crawled, but the leaves pushed up a little; but the sky
+was uneven. Men tried to walk, but hit their heads, and in this confined
+space it was very hot. A woman rewarded a man who lifted the sky to its
+proper place by giving him a drink of water from her cocoanut shell.</p>
+
+<p>A number of small groups of islands in the Pacific have legends of their
+skies being lifted, but they attribute the labor to the great eels and
+serpents of the sea.</p>
+
+<p>One of the Ellice group, Niu Island, says that as the serpent began to
+lift the sky the people clapped their hands and shouted "Lift up!"
+"High!" "Higher!" But the body of the serpent finally broke into pieces
+which became islands, and the blood sprinkled its drops on the sky and
+became stars.</p>
+
+<p>One of the Samoan legends says that a plant called daiga, which had one
+large umbrella-like leaf, pushed up the sky and gave it its shape.</p>
+
+<p>The Vatupu, or Tracey Islanders, said at one time the sky and rocks were
+united. Then steam or clouds of smoke rose from the rocks, and, pouring
+out in volumes, forced the sky away from the earth. Man appeared in
+these clouds of steam or smoke. Perspiration burst forth as this man
+forced his way through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> the heated atmosphere. From this perspiration
+woman was formed. Then were born three sons, two of whom pushed up the
+sky. One, in the north, pushed as far as his arms would reach. The one
+in the south was short and climbed a hill, pushing as he went up, until
+the sky was in its proper place.</p>
+
+<p>The Gilbert Islanders say the sky was pushed up by men with long poles.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient New Zealanders understood incantations by which they could
+draw up or discover. They found a land where the sky and the earth were
+united. They prayed over their stone axe and cut the sky and land apart.
+"Hau-hau-tu" was the name of the great stone axe by which the sinews of
+the great heaven above were severed, and Langi (sky) was separated from
+Papa (earth).</p>
+
+<p>The New Zealand Maoris were accustomed to say that at first the sky
+rested close upon the earth and therefore there was utter darkness for
+ages. Then the six sons of heaven and earth, born during this period of
+darkness, felt the need of light and discussed the necessity of
+separating their parents&mdash;the sky from the earth&mdash;and decided to attempt
+the work.</p>
+
+<p>Rongo (Hawaiian god Lono) the "father of food plants," attempted to lift
+the sky, but could not tear it from the earth. Then Tangaroa (Kanaloa),
+the "father of fish and reptiles," failed. Haumia Tiki-tiki (Maui
+Kiikii), the "father of wild food plants," could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> not raise the clouds.
+Then Tu (Hawaiian Ku), the "father of fierce men," struggled in vain.
+But Tane (Hawaiian Kane), the "father of giant forests," pushed and
+lifted until he thrust the sky far up above him. Then they discovered
+their descendants&mdash;the multitude of human beings who had been living on
+the earth concealed and crushed by the clouds. Afterwards the last son,
+Tawhiri (father of storms), was angry and waged war against his
+brothers. He hid in the sheltered hollows of the great skies. There he
+begot his vast brood of winds and storms with which he finally drove all
+his brothers and their descendants into hiding places on land and sea.
+The New Zealanders mention the names of the canoes in which their
+ancestors fled from the old home Hawaiki.</p>
+
+<p>Tu (father of fierce men) and his descendants, however, conquered wind
+and storm and have ever since held supremacy.</p>
+
+<p>The New Zealand legends also say that heaven and earth have never lost
+their love for each other. "The warm sighs of earth ever ascend from the
+wooded mountains and valleys, and men call them mists. The sky also lets
+fall frequent tears which men term dew drops."</p>
+
+<p>The Manihiki islanders say that Maui desired to separate the sky from
+the earth. His father, Ru, was the supporter of the heavens. Maui
+persuaded him to assist in lifting the burden. Maui went to the north<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+and crept into a place, where, lying prostrate under the sky, he could
+brace himself against it and push with great power. In the same way Ru
+went to the south and braced himself against the southern skies. Then
+they made the signal, and both pressed "with their backs against the
+solid blue mass." It gave way before the great strength of the father
+and son. Then they lifted again, bracing themselves with hands and knees
+against the earth. They crowded it and bent it upward. They were able to
+stand with the sky resting on their shoulders. They heaved against the
+bending mass, and it receded rapidly. They quickly put the palms of
+their hands under it; then the tips of their fingers, and it retreated
+farther and farther. At last, "drawing themselves out to gigantic
+proportions, they pushed the entire heavens up to the very lofty
+position which they have ever since occupied."</p>
+
+<p>But Maui and Ru had not worked perfectly together; therefore the sky was
+twisted and its surface was very irregular. They determined to smooth
+the sky before they finished their task, so they took large stone adzes
+and chipped off the rough protuberances and ridges, until by and by the
+great arch was cut out and smoothed off. They then took finer tools and
+chipped and polished until the sky became the beautifully finished blue
+dome which now bends around the earth.</p>
+
+<p>The Hervey Island myth, as related by W. W. Gill,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> states that Ru, the
+father of Maui, came from Avaiki (Hawa-iki), the underworld or abode of
+the spirits of the dead. He found men crowded down by the sky, which was
+a mass of solid blue stone. He was very sorry when he saw the condition
+of the inhabitants of the earth, and planned to raise the sky a little.
+So he planted stakes of different kinds of trees. These were strong
+enough to hold the sky so far above the earth "that men could stand
+erect and walk about without inconvenience." This was celebrated in one
+of the Hervey Island songs:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Force up the heavens,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">O, Ru!</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And let the space be clear."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>For this helpful deed Ru received the name "The supporter of the
+heavens." He was rather proud of his achievement and was gratified
+because of the praise received. So he came sometimes and looked at the
+stakes and the beautiful blue sky resting on them. Maui, the son, came
+along and ridiculed his father for thinking so much of his work. Maui is
+not represented, in the legends, as possessing a great deal of love and
+reverence for his relatives provided his affection interfered with his
+mischief; so it was not at all strange that he laughed at his father. Ru
+became angry and said to Maui: "Who told youngsters to talk? Take care
+of yourself, or I will hurl you out of existence."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Maui dared him to try it. Ru quickly seized him and "threw him to a
+great height." But Maui changed himself to a bird and sank back to earth
+unharmed.</p>
+
+<p>Then he changed himself back into the form of a man, and, making himself
+very large, ran and thrust his head between the old man's legs. He pried
+and lifted until Ru and the sky around him began to give. Another lift
+and he hurled them both to such a height that the sky could not come
+back.</p>
+
+<p>Ru himself was entangled among the stars. His head and shoulders stuck
+fast, and he could not free himself. How he struggled, until the skies
+shook, while Maui went away. Maui was proud of his achievement in having
+moved the sky so far away. In this self-rejoicing he quickly forgot his
+father.</p>
+
+<p>Ru died after a time. "His body rotted away and his bones, of vast
+proportions, came tumbling down from time to time, and were shivered on
+the earth into countless fragments. These shattered bones of Ru are
+scattered over every hill and valley of one of the islands, to the very
+edge of the sea."</p>
+
+<p>Thus the natives of the Hervey Islands account for the many pieces of
+porous lava and the small pieces of pumice stone found occasionally in
+their islands. The "bones" were very light and greatly resembled
+fragments of real bone. If the fragments were large enough they were
+sometimes taken and worshiped as gods. One of these pieces, of
+extraordinary size, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> given to Mr. Gill when the natives were
+bringing in a large collection of idols. "This one was known as 'The
+Light Stone,' and was worshiped as the god of the wind and the waves.
+Upon occasions of a hurricane, incantations and offerings of food would
+be made to it."</p>
+
+<p>Thus, according to different Polynesian legends, Maui raised the sky and
+made the earth inhabitable for his fellow-men.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>MAUI SNARING THE SUN.</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Maui became restless and fought the sun</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With a noose that he laid.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And winter won the sun,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And summer was won by Maui."</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">&mdash;Queen Liliuokalani's family chant.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>A very unique legend is found among the widely-scattered Polynesians.
+The story of Maui's "Snaring the Sun" was told among the Maoris of New
+Zealand, the Kanakas of the Hervey and Society Islands, and the ancient
+natives of Hawaii. The Samoans tell the same story without mentioning
+the name of Maui. They say that the snare was cast by a child of the sun
+itself.</p>
+
+<p>The Polynesian stories of the origin of the sun are worthy of note
+before the legend of the change from short to long days is given.</p>
+
+<p>The Tongan Islanders, according to W. W. Gill, tell the story of the
+origin of the sun and moon. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> say that Vatea (Wakea) and their
+ancestor Tongaiti quarreled concerning a child&mdash;each claiming it as his
+own. In the struggle the child was cut in two. Vatea squeezed and rolled
+the part he secured into a ball and threw it away, far up into the
+heavens, where it became the sun. It shone brightly as it rolled along
+the heavens, and sank down to Avaiki (Hawaii), the nether world. But the
+ball came back again and once more rolled across the sky. Tongaiti had
+let his half of the child fall on the ground and lie there, until made
+envious by the beautiful ball Vatea made.</p>
+
+<p>At last he took the flesh which lay on the ground and made it into a
+ball. As the sun sank he threw his ball up into the darkness, and it
+rolled along the heavens, but the blood had drained out of the flesh
+while it lay upon the ground, therefore it could not become so red and
+burning as the sun, and had not life to move so swiftly. It was as white
+as a dead body, because its blood was all gone; and it could not make
+the darkness flee away as the sun had done. Thus day and night and the
+sun and moon always remain with the earth.</p>
+
+<p>The legends of the Society Islands say that a demon in the west became
+angry with the sun and in his rage ate it up, causing night. In the same
+way a demon from the east would devour the moon, but for some reason
+these angry ones could not destroy their captives and were compelled to
+open their mouths<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> and let the bright balls come forth once more. In
+some places a sacrifice of some one of distinction was needed to placate
+the wrath of the devourers and free the balls of light in times of
+eclipse.</p>
+
+<p>The moon, pale and dead in appearance, moved slowly; while the sun, full
+of life and strength, moved quickly. Thus days were very short and
+nights were very long. Mankind suffered from the fierceness of the heat
+of the sun and also from its prolonged absence. Day and night were alike
+a burden to men. The darkness was so great and lasted so long that
+fruits would not ripen.</p>
+
+<p>After Maui had succeeded in throwing the heavens into their place, and
+fastening them so that they could not fall, he learned that he had
+opened a way for the sun-god to come up from the lower world and rapidly
+run across the blue vault. This made two troubles for men&mdash;the heat of
+the sun was very great and the journey too quickly over. Maui planned to
+capture the sun and punish him for thinking so little about the welfare
+of mankind.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>As Rev. A. O. Forbes, a missionary among the Hawaiians, relates, Maui's
+mother was troubled very much by the heedless haste of the sun. She had
+many kapa-cloths to make, for this was the only kind of clothing known
+in Hawaii, except sometimes a woven mat or a long grass fringe worn as a
+skirt. This native cloth was made by pounding the fine bark of
+cer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>tain trees with wooden mallets until the fibres were beaten and
+ground into a wood pulp. Then she pounded the pulp into thin sheets from
+which the best sleeping mats and clothes could be fashioned. These kapa
+cloths had to be thoroughly dried, but the days were so short that by
+the time she had spread out the kapa the sun had heedlessly rushed
+across the sky and gone down into the under-world, and all the cloth had
+to be gathered up again and cared for until another day should come.
+There were other troubles. "The food could not be prepared and cooked in
+one day. Even an incantation to the gods could not be chanted through
+ere they were overtaken by darkness."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 543px;">
+<img src="images/i064.jpg" width="543" height="550" alt="Iao Mountain From the Sea." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Iao Mountain From the Sea.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This was very discouraging and caused great suffering, as well as much
+unnecessary trouble and labor. Many complaints were made against the
+thoughtless sun.</p>
+
+<p>Maui pitied his mother and determined to make the sun go slower that the
+days might be long enough to satisfy the needs of men. Therefore, he
+went over to the northwest of the island on which he lived. This was Mt.
+Iao, an extinct volcano, in which lies one of the most beautiful and
+picturesque valleys of the Hawaiian Islands. He climbed the ridges until
+he could see the course of the sun as it passed over the island. He saw
+that the sun came up the eastern side of Mt. Haleakala. He crossed over
+the plain be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>tween the two mountains and climbed to the top of Mt.
+Haleakala. There he watched the burning sun as it came up from Koolau
+and passed directly over the top of the mountain. The summit of
+Haleakala is a great extinct crater twenty miles in circumference, and
+nearly twenty-five hundred feet in depth. There are two tremendous gaps
+or chasms in the side of the crater wall, through which in days gone by
+the massive bowl poured forth its flowing lava. One of these was the
+Koolau, or eastern gap, in which Maui probably planned to catch the sun.</p>
+
+<p>Mt. Hale-a-ka-la of the Hawaiian Islands means House-of-the-sun. "La,"
+or "Ra," is the name of the sun throughout parts of Polynesia. Ra was
+the sun-god of ancient Egypt. Thus the antiquities of Polynesia and
+Egypt touch each other, and today no man knows the full reason thereof.</p>
+
+<p>The Hawaiian legend says Maui was taunted by a man who ridiculed the
+idea that he could snare the sun, saying, "You will never catch the sun.
+You are only an idle nobody."</p>
+
+<p>Maui replied, "When I conquer my enemy and my desire is attained, I will
+be your death."</p>
+
+<p>After studying the path of the sun, Maui returned to his mother and told
+her that he would go and cut off the legs of the sun so that he could
+not run so fast.</p>
+
+<p>His mother said: "Are you strong enough for this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> work?" He said, "Yes."
+Then she gave him fifteen strands of well-twisted fiber and told him to
+go to his grandmother, who lived in the great crater of Haleakala, for
+the rest of the things in his conflict with the sun. She said: "You must
+climb the mountain to the place where a large wiliwili tree is standing.
+There you will find the place where the sun stops to eat cooked bananas
+prepared by your grandmother. Stay there until a rooster crows three
+times; then watch your grandmother go out to make a fire and put on
+food. You had better take her bananas. She will look for them and find
+you and ask who you are. Tell her you belong to Hina."</p>
+
+<p>When she had taught him all these things, he went up the mountain to
+Kaupo to the place Hina had directed. There was a large wiliwili tree.
+Here he waited for the rooster to crow. The name of that rooster was
+Kalauhele-moa. When the rooster had crowed three times, the grandmother
+came out with a bunch of bananas to cook for the sun. She took off the
+upper part of the bunch and laid it down. Maui immediately snatched it
+away. In a moment she turned to pick it up, but could not find it. She
+was angry and cried out: "Where are the bananas of the sun?" Then she
+took off another part of the bunch, and Maui stole that. Thus he did
+until all the bunch had been taken away. She was almost blind and could
+not detect him by sight, so she sniffed all around<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> her until she
+detected the smell of a man. She asked: "Who are you? To whom do you
+belong?" Maui replied: "I belong to Hina." "Why have you come?" Maui
+told her, "I have come to kill the sun. He goes so fast that he never
+dries the tapa Hina has beaten out."</p>
+
+<p>The old woman gave a magic stone for a battle axe and one more rope. She
+taught him how to catch the sun, saying: "Make a place to hide here by
+this large wiliwili tree. When the first leg of the sun comes up, catch
+it with your first rope, and so on until you have used all your ropes.
+Fasten them to the tree, then take the stone axe to strike the body of
+the sun."</p>
+
+<p>Maui dug a hole among the roots of the tree and concealed himself. Soon
+the first ray of light&mdash;the first leg of the sun&mdash;came up along the
+mountain side. Maui threw his rope and caught it. One by one the legs of
+the sun came over the edge of the crater's rim and were caught. Only one
+long leg was still hanging down the side of the mountain. It was hard
+for the sun to move that leg. It shook and trembled and tried hard to
+come up. At last it crept over the edge and was caught by Maui with the
+rope given by his grandmother.</p>
+
+<p>When the sun saw that his sixteen long legs were held fast in the ropes,
+he began to go back down the mountain side into the sea. Then Maui tied
+the ropes fast to the tree and pulled until the body of the sun<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> came up
+again. Brave Maui caught his magic stone club or axe, and began to
+strike and wound the sun, until he cried: "Give me my life." Maui said:
+"If you live, you may be a traitor. Perhaps I had better kill you." But
+the sun begged for life. After they had conversed a while, they agreed
+that there should be a regular motion in the journey of the sun. There
+should be longer days, and yet half the time he might go quickly as in
+the winter time, but the other half he must move slowly as in summer.
+Thus men dwelling on the earth should be blessed.</p>
+
+<p>Another legend says that he made a lasso and climbed to the summit of
+Mt. Haleakala. He made ready his lasso, so that when the sun came up the
+mountain side and rose above him he could cast the noose and catch the
+sun, but he only snared one of the sun's larger rays and broke it off.
+Again and again he threw the lasso until he had broken off all the
+strong rays of the sun.</p>
+
+<p>Then he shouted exultantly, "Thou art my captive; I will kill thee for
+going so swiftly."</p>
+
+<p>Then the sun said, "Let me live and thou shalt see me go more slowly
+hereafter. Behold, hast thou not broken off all my strong legs and left
+me only the weak ones?"</p>
+
+<p>So the agreement was made, and Maui permitted the sun to pursue his
+course, and from that day he went more slowly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Maui returned from his conflict with the sun and sought for Moemoe, the
+man who had ridiculed him. Maui chased this man around the island from
+one side to the other until they had passed through Lahaina (one of the
+first mission stations in 1828). There on the seashore near the large
+black rock of the legend of Maui lifting the sky he found Moemoe. Then
+they left the seashore and the contest raged up hill and down until Maui
+slew the man and "changed the body into a long rock, which is there to
+this day, by the side of the road going past Black Rock."</p>
+
+<p>Before the battle with the sun occurred Maui went down into the
+underworld, according to the New Zealand tradition, and remained a long
+time with his relatives. In some way he learned that there was an
+enchanted jawbone in the possession of some one of his ancestors, so he
+waited and waited, hoping that at last he might discover it.</p>
+
+<p>After a time he noticed that presents of food were being sent away to
+some person whom he had not met.</p>
+
+<p>One day he asked the messengers, "Who is it you are taking that present
+of food to?"</p>
+
+<p>The people answered, "It is for Muri, your ancestress."</p>
+
+<p>Then he asked for the food, saying, "I will carry it to her myself."</p>
+
+<p>But he took the food away and hid it. "And this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> he did for many days,"
+and the presents failed to reach the old woman.</p>
+
+<p>By and by she suspected mischief, for it did not seem as if her friends
+would neglect her so long a time, so she thought she would catch the
+tricky one and eat him. She depended upon her sense of smell to detect
+the one who had troubled her. As Sir George Grey tells the story: "When
+Maui came along the path carrying the present of food, the old chiefess
+sniffed and sniffed until she was sure that she smelt some one coming.
+She was very much exasperated, and her stomach began to distend itself
+that she might be ready to devour this one when he came near.</p>
+
+<p>Then she turned toward the south and sniffed and not a scent of anything
+reached her. Then she turned to the north, and to the east, but could
+not detect the odor of a human being. She made one more trial and turned
+toward the west. Ah! then came the scent of a man to her plainly and she
+called out, 'I know, from the smell wafted to me by the breeze, that
+somebody is close to me.'"</p>
+
+<p>Maui made known his presence and the old woman knew that he was a
+descendant of hers, and her stomach began immediately to shrink and
+contract itself again.</p>
+
+<p>Then she asked, "Art thou Maui?"</p>
+
+<p>He answered, "Even so," and told her that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> wanted "the jaw-bone by
+which great enchantments could be wrought."</p>
+
+<p>Then Muri, the old chiefess, gave him the magic bone and he returned to
+his brothers, who were still living on the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Then Maui said: "Let us now catch the sun in a noose that we may compel
+him to move more slowly in order that mankind may have long days to
+labor in and procure subsistence for themselves."</p>
+
+<p>They replied, "No man can approach it on account of the fierceness of
+the heat."</p>
+
+<p>According to the Society Island legend, his mother advised him to have
+nothing to do with the sun, who was a divine living creature, "in form
+like a man, possessed of fearful energy," shaking his golden locks both
+morning and evening in the eyes of men. Many persons had tried to
+regulate the movements of the sun, but had failed completely.</p>
+
+<p>But Maui encouraged his mother and his brothers by asking them to
+remember his power to protect himself by the use of enchantments.</p>
+
+<p>The Hawaiian legend says that Maui himself gathered cocoanut fibre in
+great quantity and manufactured it into strong ropes. But the legends of
+other islands say that he had the aid of his brothers, and while working
+learned many useful lessons. While winding and twisting they discovered
+how to make square ropes and flat ropes as well as the ordinary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> round
+rope. In the Society Islands, it is said, Maui and his brothers made six
+strong ropes of great length. These he called aeiariki (royal nooses).</p>
+
+<p>The New Zealand legend says that when Maui and his brothers had finished
+making all the ropes required they took provisions and other things
+needed and journeyed toward the east to find the place where the sun
+should rise. Maui carried with him the magic jaw-bone which he had
+secured from Muri, his ancestress, in the under-world.</p>
+
+<p>They traveled all night and concealed themselves by day so that the sun
+should not see them and become too suspicious and watchful. In this way
+they journeyed, until "at length they had gone very far to the eastward
+and had come to the very edge of the place out of which the sun rises.
+There they set to work and built on each side a long, high wall of clay,
+with huts of boughs of trees at each end to hide themselves in."</p>
+
+<p>Here they laid a large noose made from their ropes and Maui concealed
+himself on one side of this place along which the sun must come, while
+his brothers hid on the other side.</p>
+
+<p>Maui seized his magic enchanted jaw-bone as the weapon with which to
+fight the sun, and ordered his brothers to pull hard on the noose and
+not to be frightened or moved to set the sun free.</p>
+
+<p>"At last the sun came rising up out of his place like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> a fire spreading
+far and wide over the mountains and forests.</p>
+
+<p>He rises up.</p>
+
+<p>His head passes through the noose.</p>
+
+<p>The ropes are pulled tight.</p>
+
+<p>Then the monster began to struggle and roll himself about, while the
+snare jerked backwards and forwards as he struggled. Ah! was not he held
+fast in the ropes of his enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Then forth rushed that bold hero Maui with his enchanted weapon. The sun
+screamed aloud and roared. Maui struck him fiercely with many blows.
+They held him for a long time. At last they let him go, and then weak
+from wounds the sun crept very slowly and feebly along his course."</p>
+
+<p>In this way the days were made longer so that men could perform their
+daily tasks and fruits and food plants could have time to grow.</p>
+
+<p>The legend of the Hervey group of islands says that Maui made six snares
+and placed them at intervals along the path over which the sun must
+pass. The sun in the form of a man climbed up from Avaiki (Hawaiki).
+Maui pulled the first noose, but it slipped down the rising sun until it
+caught and was pulled tight around his feet.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Maui ran quickly to pull the ropes of the second snare, but that also
+slipped down, down, until it was tightened around the knees. Then Maui
+hastened to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> the third snare, while the sun was trying to rush along
+on his journey. The third snare caught around the hips. The fourth snare
+fastened itself around the waist. The fifth slipped under the arms, and
+yet the sun sped along as if but little inconvenienced by Maui's
+efforts.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i076.jpg" width="550" height="536" alt="Hale-a-ka-la Crater. Where the Sun Was Caught." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Hale-a-ka-la Crater. Where the Sun Was Caught.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then Maui caught the last noose and threw it around the neck of the sun,
+and fastened the rope to a spur of rock. The sun struggled until nearly
+strangled to death and then gave up, promising Maui that he would go as
+slowly as was desired. Maui left the snares fastened to the sun to keep
+him in constant fear.</p>
+
+<p>"These ropes may still be seen hanging from the sun at dawn and
+stretching into the skies when he descends into the ocean at night. By
+the assistance of these ropes he is gently let down into Ava-iki in the
+evening, and also raised up out of shadow-land in the morning."</p>
+
+<p>Another legend from the Society Islands is related by Mr. Gill:</p>
+
+<p>Maui tried many snares before he could catch the sun. The sun was the
+Hercules, or the Samson, of the heavens. He broke the strong cords of
+cocoanut fibre which Maui made and placed around the opening by which
+the sun climbed out from the under-world. Maui made stronger ropes, but
+still the sun broke them every one.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then Maui thought of his sister's hair, the sister Inaika, whom he
+cruelly treated in later years. Her hair was long and beautiful. He cut
+off some of it and made a strong rope. With this he lassoed or rather
+snared the sun, and caught him around the throat. The sun quickly
+promised to be more thoughtful of the needs of men and go at a more
+reasonable pace across the sky.</p>
+
+<p>A story from the American Indians is told in Hawaii's Young People,
+which is very similar to the Polynesian legends.</p>
+
+<p>An Indian boy became very angry with the sun for getting so warm and
+making his clothes shrink with the heat. He told his sister to make a
+snare. The girl took sinews from a large deer, but they shriveled under
+the heat. She took her own long hair and made snares, but they were
+burned in a moment. Then she tried the fibres of various plants and was
+successful. Her brother took the fibre cord and drew it through his
+lips. It stretched and became a strong red cord. He pulled and it became
+very long. He went to the place of sunrise, fixed his snare, and caught
+the sun. When the sun had been sufficiently punished, the animals of the
+earth studied the problem of setting the sun free. At last a mouse as
+large as a mountain ran and gnawed the red cord. It broke and the sun
+moved on, but the poor mouse had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> burned and shriveled into the
+small mouse of the present day.</p>
+
+<p>A Samoan legend says that a woman living for a time with the sun bore a
+child who had the name "Child of the Sun." She wanted gifts for the
+child's marriage, so she took a long vine, climbed a tree, made the vine
+into a noose, lassoed the sun, and made him give her a basket of
+blessings.</p>
+
+<p>In Fiji, the natives tie the grasses growing on a hilltop over which
+they are passing, when traveling from place to place. They do this to
+make a snare to catch the sun if he should try to go down before they
+reach the end of their day's journey.</p>
+
+<p>This legend is a misty memory of some time when the Polynesian people
+were in contact with the short days of the extreme north or south. It is
+a very remarkable exposition of a fact of nature perpetuated many
+centuries in lands absolutely free from such natural phenomena.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V.</h2>
+
+<h3>MAUI FINDING FIRE.</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Grant, oh grant me thy hidden fire,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">O Banyan Tree.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perform an incantation,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Utter a prayer</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To the Banyan Tree.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kindle a fire in the dust</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of the Banyan Tree."</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 8em;">&mdash;Translation of ancient Polynesian chant.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Among students of mythology certain characters in the legends of the
+various nations are known as "culture heroes." Mankind has from time to
+time learned exceedingly useful lessons and has also usually ascribed
+the new knowledge to some noted person in the national mythology. These
+mythical benefactors who have brought these practical benefits to men
+are placed among the "hero-gods." They have been teachers or "culture
+heroes" to mankind.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Probably the fire finders of the different nations are among the best
+remembered of all these benefactors. This would naturally be the case,
+for no greater good has touched man's physical life than the discovery
+of methods of making fire.</p>
+
+<p>Prometheus, the classical fire finder, is most widely known in
+literature. But of all the helpful gods of mythology, Maui, the
+mischievous Polynesian, is beyond question the hero of the largest
+numbers of nations scattered over the widest extent of territory.
+Prometheus belonged to Rome, but Maui belonged to the length and breadth
+of the Pacific Ocean. Theft or trickery, the use of deceit of some kind,
+is almost inseparably connected with fire finding all over the world.
+Prometheus stole fire from Jupiter and gave it to men together with the
+genius to make use of it in the arts and sciences. He found the rolling
+chariot of the sun, secretly filled his hollow staff with fire, carried
+it to earth, put a part in the breast of man to create enthusiasm or
+animation, and saved the remainder for the comfort of mankind to be used
+with the artist skill of Minerva and Vulcan. In Brittany the golden or
+fire-crested wren steals fire and is red-marked while so doing. The
+animals of the North American Indians are represented as stealing fire
+sometimes from the cuttle fish and sometimes from one another. Some
+swiftly-flying bird or fleet-footed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> coyote would carry the stolen fire
+to the home of the tribe.</p>
+
+<p>The possession of fire meant to the ancients all that wealth means to
+the family of today. It meant the possession of comfort. The gods were
+naturally determined to keep this wealth in their own hands. For any one
+to make a sharp deal and cheat a god of fire out of a part of this
+valuable property or to make a courageous raid upon the fire guardian
+and steal the treasure, was easily sufficient to make that one a
+"culture hero." As a matter of fact a prehistoric family without fire
+would go to any length in order to get it. The fire finders would
+naturally be the hero-gods and stealing fire would be an exploit rather
+than a crime.</p>
+
+<p>It is worth noting that in many myths not only was fire stolen, but
+birds marked by red or black spots among their feathers were associated
+with the theft.</p>
+
+<p>It would naturally be supposed that the Hawaiians living in a volcanic
+country with ever-flowing fountains of lava, would connect their fire
+myths with some volcano when relating the story of the origin of fire.
+But like the rest of the Polynesians, they found fire in trees rather
+than in rivers of melted rock. They must have brought their fire legends
+and fire customs with them when they came to the islands of active
+volcanoes.</p>
+
+<p>Flint rocks as fire producers are not found in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> Hawaiian myths, nor
+in the stories from the island groups related to the Hawaiians. Indians
+might see the fleeing buffalo strike fire from the stones under his hard
+hoofs. The Tartars might have a god to teach them "the secret of the
+stone's edge and the iron's hardness." The Peruvians could very easily
+form a legend of their mythical father Guamansuri finding a way to make
+fire after he had seen the sling stones, thrown at his enemies, bring
+forth sparks of fire from the rocks against which they struck. The
+thunder and the lightning of later years were the sparks and the crash
+of stones hurled among the cloud mountains by the mighty gods.</p>
+
+<p>In Australia the story is told of an old man and his daughter who lived
+in great darkness. After a time the father found the doorway of light
+through which the sun passed on his journey. He opened the door and a
+flood of sunshine covered the earth. His daughter looked around her home
+and saw numbers of serpents. She seized a staff and began to kill them.
+She wielded it so vigorously that it became hot in her hands. At last it
+broke, but the pieces rubbed against each other and flashed into sparks
+and flames. Thus it was learned that fire was buried in wood.</p>
+
+<p>Flints were known in Europe and Asia and America, but the Polynesian
+looked to the banyan and kindred trees for the hidden sparks of fire.
+The natives of De Peyster's Island say that their ancestors learned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> how
+to make fire by seeing smoke rise from crossed branches rubbing together
+while trees were shaken by fierce winds.</p>
+
+<p>In studying the Maui myths of the Pacific it is necessary to remember
+that Polynesians use "t" and "k" without distinguishing them apart, and
+also as in the Hawaiian Islands an apostrophe (') is often used in place
+of "t" or "k". Therefore the Maui Ki-i-k-i'i of Hawaii becomes the
+demi-god Tiki-tiki of the Gilbert Islands&mdash;or the Ti'i-ti'i of Samoa or
+the Tiki of New Zealand&mdash;or other islands of the great ocean. We must
+also remember that in the Hawaiian legends Kalana is Maui's father. This
+in other groups becomes Talanga or Kalanga or Karanga. Kanaloa, the
+great god of most of the different Polynesians, is also sometimes called
+the Father of Maui. It is not strange that some of the exploits usually
+ascribed to Maui should be in some places transferred to his father
+under one name or the other. On one or two groups Mafuia, an ancestress
+of Maui, is mentioned as finding the fire. The usual legend makes Maui
+the one who takes fire away from Mafuia. The story of fire finding in
+Polynesia sifts itself to Maui under one of his widely-accepted names,
+or to his father or to his ancestress&mdash;with but very few exceptions.
+This fact is important as showing in a very marked manner the race
+relationship of a vast number of the islanders of the Pacific world.
+From the Marshall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> Islands, in the west, to the Society Islands of the
+east; from the Hawaiian Islands in the north to the New Zealand group in
+the south, the footsteps of Maui the fire finder can be traced.</p>
+
+<p>The Hawaiian story of fire finding is one of the least marvelous of all
+the legends. Hina, Maui's mother, wanted fish. One morning early Maui
+saw that the great storm waves of the sea had died down and the fishing
+grounds could be easily reached. He awakened his brothers and with them
+hastened to the beach. This was at Kaupo on the island of Maui. Out into
+the gray shadows of the dawn they paddled. When they were far from shore
+they began to fish. But Maui, looking landward, saw a fire on the
+mountain side.</p>
+
+<p>"Behold," he cried. "There is a fire burning. Whose can this fire be?"</p>
+
+<p>"Whose, indeed?" his brothers replied.</p>
+
+<p>"Let us hasten to the shore and cook our food," said one.</p>
+
+<p>They decided that they had better catch some fish to cook before they
+returned. Thus, in the morning, before the hot sun drove the fish deep
+down to the dark recesses of the sea, they fished until a bountiful
+supply lay in the bottom of the canoe.</p>
+
+<p>When they came to land, Maui leaped out and ran up the mountain side to
+get the fire. For a long, long time they had been without fire. The
+great volcano<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> Haleakala above them had become extinct&mdash;and they had
+lost the coals they had tried to keep alive. They had eaten fruits and
+uncooked roots and the shell fish broken from the reef&mdash;and sometimes
+the great raw fish from the far-out ocean. But now they hoped to gain
+living fire and cooked food.</p>
+
+<p>But when Maui rushed up toward the cloudy pillar of smoke he saw a
+family of birds scratching the fire out. Their work was finished and
+they flew away just as he reached the place.</p>
+
+<p>Maui and his brothers watched for fire day after day&mdash;but the birds, the
+curly-tailed Alae (or the mud-hens) made no fire. Finally the brothers
+went fishing once more&mdash;but when they looked toward the mountain, again
+they saw flames and smoke. Thus it happened to them again and again.</p>
+
+<p>Maui proposed to his brothers that they go fishing leaving him to watch
+the birds. But the Alae counted the fishermen and refused to build a
+fire for the hidden one who was watching them. They said among
+themselves, "Three are in the boat and we know not where the other one
+is, we will make no fire today."</p>
+
+<p>So the experiment failed again and again. If one or two remained or if
+all waited on the land there would be no fire&mdash;but the dawn which saw
+the four brothers in the boat, saw also the fire on the land.</p>
+
+<p>Finally Maui rolled some kapa cloth together and stuck it up in one end
+of the canoe so that it would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> look like a man. He then concealed
+himself near the haunt of the mud-hens, while his brothers went out
+fishing. The birds counted the figures in the boat and then started to
+build a heap of wood for the fire.</p>
+
+<p>Maui was impatient&mdash;and just as the old Alae began to select sticks with
+which to make the flames he leaped swiftly out and caught her and held
+her prisoner. He forgot for a moment that he wanted the secret of fire
+making. In his anger against the wise bird his first impulse was to
+taunt her and then kill her for hiding the secret of fire.</p>
+
+<p>But the Alae cried out: "If you are the death of me&mdash;my secret will
+perish also&mdash;and you cannot have fire."</p>
+
+<p>Maui then promised to spare her life if she would tell him what to do.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the contest of wits. The bird told the demi-god to rub the
+stalks of water plants together. He guarded the bird and tried the
+plants. Water instead of fire ran out of the twisted stems. Then she
+told him to rub reeds together&mdash;but they bent and broke and could make
+no fire. He twisted her neck until she was half dead&mdash;then she cried
+out: "I have hidden the fire in a green stick."</p>
+
+<p>Maui worked hard, but not a spark of fire appeared. Again he caught his
+prisoner by the head and wrung her neck, and she named a kind of dry
+wood. Maui rubbed the sticks together, but they only became<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> warm. The
+neck twisting process was resumed&mdash;and repeated again and again, until
+the mud-hen was almost dead&mdash;and Maui had tried tree after tree. At last
+Maui found fire. Then as the flames rose he said: "There is one more
+thing to rub." He took a fire stick and rubbed the top of the head of
+his prisoner until the feathers fell off and the raw flesh appeared.
+Thus the Hawaiian mud-hen and her descendants have ever since had bald
+heads, and the Hawaiians have had the secret of fire making.</p>
+
+<p>Another Hawaiian legend places the scene of Maui's contest with the
+mud-hens a little inland of the town of Hilo on the Island of Hawaii.
+There are three small extinct craters very near each other known as The
+Halae Hills. One, the southern or Puna side of the hills, is a place
+called Pohaku-nui. Here dwelt two brother birds of the Alae family. They
+were gods. One had the power of fire making. Here at Pohaku-nui they
+were accustomed to kindle a fire and bake their dearly loved food&mdash;baked
+bananas. Here Maui planned to learn the secret of fire. The birds had
+kindled the fire and the bananas were almost done, when the elder Alae
+called to the younger: "Be quick, here comes the swift son of Hina."</p>
+
+<p>The birds scratched out the fire, caught the bananas and fled. Maui told
+his mother he would follow them until he learned the secret of fire. His
+mother encouraged him because he was very strong and very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> swift. So he
+followed the birds from place to place as they fled from him, finding
+new spots on which to make their fires. At last they came to Waianae on
+the island Oahu. There he saw a great fire and a multitude of birds
+gathered around it, chattering loudly and trying to hasten the baking of
+the bananas. Their incantation was this: "Let us cook quick." "Let us
+cook quick." "The swift child of Hina will come."</p>
+
+<p>Maui's mother Hina had taught him how to know the fire-maker. "If you go
+up to the fire, you will find many birds. Only one is the guardian. This
+is the small, young Alae. His name is Alae-iki: Only this one knows how
+to make fire." So whenever Maui came near to the fire-makers he always
+sought for the little Alae. Sometimes he made mistakes and sometimes
+almost captured the one he desired. At Waianae he leaped suddenly among
+the birds. They scattered the fire, and the younger bird tried to snatch
+his banana from the coals and flee, but Maui seized him and began to
+twist his neck. The bird cried out, warning Maui not to kill him or he
+would lose the secret of fire altogether. Maui was told that the fire
+was made from a banana stump. He saw the bananas roasting and thought
+this was reasonable. So, according to directions, he began to rub
+together pieces of the banana. The bird hoped for an unguarded moment
+when he might es<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>cape, but Maui was very watchful and was also very
+angry when he found that rubbing only resulted in squeezing out juice.
+Then he twisted the neck of the bird and was told to rub the stem of the
+taro plant. This also was so green that it only produced water. Then he
+was so angry that he nearly rubbed the head of the bird off&mdash;and the
+bird, fearing for its life, told the truth and taught Maui how to find
+the wood in which fire dwelt.</p>
+
+<p>They learned to draw out the sparks secreted in different kinds of
+trees. The sweet sandalwood was one of these fire trees. Its Hawaiian
+name is "Ili-ahi"&mdash;the "ili" (bark) and "ahi" (fire), the bark in which
+fire is concealed.</p>
+
+<p>A legend of the Society Islands is somewhat similar. Ina (Hina) promised
+to aid Maui in finding fire for the islanders. She sent him into the
+under-world to find Tangaroa (Kanaloa). This god Tangaroa held fire in
+his possession&mdash;Maui was to know him by his tattooed face. Down the dark
+path through the long caves Maui trod swiftly until he found the god.
+Maui asked him for fire to take up to men. The god gave him a lighted
+stick and sent him away. But Maui put the fire out and went back again
+after fire. This he did several times, until the wearied giver decided
+to teach the intruder the art of fire making. He called a white duck to
+aid him. Then, taking two sticks of dry wood, he gave the under one to
+the bird and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> rapidly moved the upper stick across the under until fire
+came. Maui seized the upper stick, after it had been charred in the
+flame, and burned the head of the bird back of each eye. Thus were made
+the black spots which mark the head of the white duck. Then arose a
+quarrel between Tangaroa and Maui&mdash;but Maui struck down the god, and,
+thinking he had killed him, carried away the art of making fire. His
+father and mother made inquiries about their relative&mdash;Maui hastened
+back to the fire fountain and made the spirit return to the body&mdash;then,
+coming back to Ina, he bade her good bye and carried the fire sticks to
+the upper-world. The Hawaiians, and probably others among the
+Polynesians, felt that any state of unconsciousness was a form of death
+in which the spirit left the body, but was called back by prayers and
+incantations. Therefore, when Maui restored the god to consciousness, he
+was supposed to have made the spirit released by death return into the
+body and bring it back to life.</p>
+
+<p>In the Samoan legends as related by G. Turner, the name Ti'iti'i is
+used. This is the same as the second name found in Maui Ki'i-ki'i. The
+Samoan legend of Ti'iti'i is almost identical with the New Zealand fire
+myth of Maui, and is very similar to the story coming from the Hervey
+Islands from Savage Island and also from the Tokelau and other island
+groups. The Samoan story says that the home of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> Mafuie the earthquake
+god was in the land of perpetual fire. Maui's or Ti'iti'i's father
+Talanga (Kalana) was also a resident of the under-world and a great
+friend of the earthquake god.</p>
+
+<p>Ti'iti'i watched his father as he left his home in the upper-world.
+Talanga approached a perpendicular wall of rock, said some prayer or
+incantation&mdash;and passed through a door which immediately closed after
+him. (This is a very near approach to the "open sesame" of the Arabian
+Nights stories.)</p>
+
+<p>Ti'iti'i went to the rock, but could not find the way through. He
+determined to conceal himself the next time so near that he could hear
+his father's words.</p>
+
+<p>After some days he was able to catch all the words uttered by his father
+as he knocked on the stone door&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"O rock! divide.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I am Talanga,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I come to work</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On my land</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Given by Mafuie."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Ti'iti'i went to the perpendicular wall and imitating his father's voice
+called for a rock to open. Down through a cave he passed until he found
+his father working in the under-world.</p>
+
+<p>The astonished father, learning how his son came, bade him keep very
+quiet and work lest he arouse the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> anger of Mafuie. So for a time the
+boy labored obediently by his father's side.</p>
+
+<p>In a little while the boy saw smoke and asked what it was. The father
+told him that it was the smoke from the fire of Mafuie, and explained
+what fire would do.</p>
+
+<p>The boy determined to get some fire&mdash;he went to the place from which the
+smoke arose and there found the god, and asked him for fire. Mafuie gave
+him fire to carry to his father. The boy quickly had an oven prepared
+and the fire placed in it to cook some of the taro they had been
+cultivating. Just as everything was ready an earthquake god came up and
+blew the fire out and scattered the stones of the oven.</p>
+
+<p>Then Ti'iti'i was angry and began to talk to Mafuie. The god attacked
+the boy, intending to punish him severely for daring to rebel against
+the destruction of the fire.</p>
+
+<p>What a battle there was for a time in the under-world! At last Ti'iti'i
+seized one of the arms of Mafuie and broke it off. He caught the other
+arm and began to twist and bend it.</p>
+
+<p>Mafuie begged the boy to spare him. His right arm was gone. How could he
+govern the earthquakes if his left arm were torn off also? It was his
+duty to hold Samoa level and not permit too many earthquakes. It would
+be hard to do that even with one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> arm&mdash;but it would be impossible if
+both arms were gone.</p>
+
+<p>Ti'iti'i listened to the plea and demanded a reward if he should spare
+the left arm. Mafuie offered Ti'iti'i one hundred wives. The boy did not
+want them.</p>
+
+<p>Then the god offered to teach him the secret of fire finding to take to
+the upper-world.</p>
+
+<p>The boy agreed to accept the fire secret, and thus learned that the gods
+in making the earth had concealed fire in various trees for men to
+discover in their own good time, and that this fire could be brought out
+by rubbing pieces of wood together.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Samoa have not had much faith in Mafuie's plea that he
+needed his left arm in order to keep Samoa level. They say that Mafuie
+has a long stick or handle to the world under the islands&mdash;and when he
+is angry or wishes to frighten them he moves this handle and easily
+shakes the islands. When an earthquake comes, they give thanks to
+Ti'iti'i for breaking off one arm&mdash;because if the god had two arms they
+believe he would shake them unmercifully.</p>
+
+<p>One legend of the Hervey Islands says that Maui and his brothers had
+been living on uncooked food&mdash;but learned that their mother sometimes
+had delicious food which had been cooked. They learned also that fire
+was needed in order to cook their food. Then Maui wanted fire and
+watched his mother.</p>
+
+<p>Maui's mother was the guardian of the way to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> invisible world. When
+she desired to pass from her home to the other world, she would open a
+black rock and pass inside. Thus she went to Hawaiki, the under-world.
+Maui planned to follow her, but first studied the forms of birds that he
+might assume the body of the strongest and most enduring. After a time
+he took the shape of a pigeon and, flying to the black rock, passed
+through the door and flew down the long dark passage-way.</p>
+
+<p>After a time he found the god of fire living in a bunch of banyan
+sticks. He changed himself into the form of a man and demanded the
+secret of fire.</p>
+
+<p>The fire god agreed to give Maui fire if he would permit himself to be
+tossed into the sky by the god's strong arms.</p>
+
+<p>Maui agreed on condition that he should have the right to toss the fire
+god afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>The fire-god felt certain that there would be only one exercise of
+strength&mdash;he felt that he had everything in his own hands&mdash;so readily
+agreed to the tossing contest. It was his intention to throw his
+opponent so high that when he fell, if he ever did fall, there would be
+no antagonist uncrushed.</p>
+
+<p>He seized Maui in his strong arms and, swinging him back and forth,
+flung him upward&mdash;but the moment Maui left his hands he changed himself
+into a feather and floated softly to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Then the boy ran swiftly to the god and seized him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> by the legs and
+lifted him up. Then he began to increase in size and strength until he
+had lifted the fire god very high. Suddenly he tossed the god upward and
+caught him as he fell&mdash;again and again&mdash;until the bruised and dizzy god
+cried enough, and agreed to give the victor whatever he demanded.</p>
+
+<p>Maui asked for the secret of fire producing. The god taught him how to
+rub the dry sticks of certain kinds of trees together, and, by friction,
+produce fire, and especially how fire could be produced by rubbing fire
+sticks in the fine dust of the banyan tree.</p>
+
+<p>A Society Island legend says Maui borrowed a sacred red pigeon,
+belonging to one of the gods, and, changing himself into a dragon fly,
+rode this pigeon through a black rock into Avaiki (Hawaiki), the
+fire-land of the under-world. He found the god of fire, Mau-ika, living
+in a house built from a banyan tree. Mau-ika taught Maui the kinds of
+wood into which when fire went out on the earth a fire goddess had
+thrown sparks in order to preserve fire. Among these were the "au"
+(Hawaiian hau), or "the lemon hibiscus"&mdash;the "argenta," the "fig" and
+the "banyan." She taught him also how to make fire by swift motion when
+rubbing the sticks of these trees. She also gave him coals for his
+present need.</p>
+
+<p>But Maui was viciously mischievous and set the banyan house on fire,
+then mounted his pigeon and fled toward the upper-world. But the flames
+hastened<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> after him and burst out through the rock doors into the sunlit
+land above&mdash;as if it were a volcanic eruption.</p>
+
+<p>The Tokelau Islanders say that Talanga (Kalana) known in other groups of
+islands as the father of Maui, desired fire in order to secure warmth
+and cooked food. He went down, down, very far down in the caves of the
+earth. In the lower world he found Mafuika&mdash;an old blind woman, who was
+the guardian of fire. He told her he wanted fire to take back to men.
+She refused either to give fire or to teach how to make it. Talanga
+threatened to kill her, and finally persuaded her to teach how to make
+fire in any place he might dwell&mdash;and the proper trees to use, the
+fire-yielding trees. She also taught him how to cook food&mdash;and also the
+kind of fish he should cook, and the kinds which should be eaten raw.
+Thus mankind learned about food as well as fire.</p>
+
+<p>The Savage Island legend adds the element of danger to Maui's
+mischievous theft of fire. The lad followed his father one day and saw
+him pull up a bunch of reeds and go down into the fire-land beneath.
+Maui hastened down to see what his father was doing. Soon he saw his
+opportunity to steal the secret of fire. Then he caught some fire and
+started for the upper-world.</p>
+
+<p>His father caught a glimpse of the young thief and tried to stop him.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 546px;">
+<img src="images/i099.jpg" width="546" height="550" alt="Hawaiian Vines and Bushes." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Hawaiian Vines and Bushes.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Maui ran up the passage through the black cave&mdash;bushes and trees
+bordered his road.</p>
+
+<p>The father hastened after his son and was almost ready to lay hands upon
+him, when Maui set fire to the bushes. The flames spread rapidly,
+catching the underbrush and the trees on all sides and burst out in the
+face of the pursuer. Destruction threatened the under-world, but Maui
+sped along his way. Then he saw that the fire was chasing him. Bush
+after bush leaped into flame and hurled sparks and smoke and burning air
+after him. Choked and smoke-surrounded, he broke through the door of the
+cavern and found the fresh air of the world. But the flames followed him
+and swept out in great power upon the upper-world a mighty volcanic
+eruption.</p>
+
+<p>The New Zealand legends picture Maui as putting out, in one night, all
+the fires of his people. This was serious mischief, and Maui's mother
+decided that he should go to the under-world and see his ancestress,
+Mahuika, the guardian of fire, and get new fire to repair the injury he
+had wrought. She warned him against attempting to play tricks upon the
+inhabitants of the lower regions.</p>
+
+
+<p>Maui gladly hastened down the cave-path to the house of Mahuika, and
+asked for fire for the upper-world. In some way he pleased her so that
+she pulled off a finger nail in which fire was burning and gave it to
+him. As soon as he had gone back to a place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> where there was water, he
+put the fire out and returned to Mahuika, asking another gift, which he
+destroyed. This he did for both hands and feet until only one nail
+remained. Maui wanted this. Then Mahuika became angry and threw the last
+finger nail on the ground. Fire poured out and laid hold of everything.
+Maui ran up the path to the upper-world, but the fire was
+swifter-footed. Then Maui changed himself into an eagle and flew high up
+into the air, but the fire and smoke still followed him. Then he saw
+water and dashed into it, but it was too hot. Around him the forests
+were blazing, the earth burning and the sea boiling. Maui, about to
+perish, called on the gods for rain. Then floods of water fell and the
+fire was checked. The great rain fell on Mahuika and she fled, almost
+drowned. Her stores of fire were destroyed, quenched by the storm. But
+in order to save fire for the use of men, as she fled she threw sparks
+into different kinds of trees where the rain could not reach them, so
+that when fire was needed it might be brought into the world again by
+rubbing together the fire sticks.</p>
+
+<p>The Chatham Islanders give the following incantation, which they said
+was used by Maui against the fierce flood of fire which was pursuing
+him:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"To the roaring thunder;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To the great rain&mdash;the long rain;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To the drizzling rain&mdash;the small rain;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To the rain pattering on the leaves.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">These are the storms&mdash;the storms</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cause them to fall;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To pour in torrents."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The legend of Savage Island places Maui in the role of fire-maker. He
+has stolen fire in the under-world. His father tries to catch him, but
+Maui sets fire to the bushes by the path until a great conflagration is
+raging which pursues him to the upper-world.</p>
+
+<p>Some legends make Maui the fire-teacher as well as the fire-finder. He
+teaches men how to use hardwood sticks in the fine dry dust on the bark
+of certain trees, or how to use the fine fibre of the palm tree to catch
+sparks.</p>
+
+<p>In Tahiti the fire god lived in the "Hale-a-o-a," or House of the
+Banyan. Sometimes human sacrifices were placed upon the sacred branches
+of this tree of the fire god.</p>
+
+<p>In the Bowditch or Fakaofa Islands the goddess of fire when conquered
+taught not only the method of making fire by friction but also what fish
+were to be cooked and what were to be eaten raw.</p>
+
+<p>Thus some of the myths of Maui, the mischievous, finding fire are told
+by the side of the inrolling surf,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> while natives of many islands,
+around their poi bowls, rest in the shade of the far-reaching boughs and
+thick foliage of the banyan and other fire-producing trees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI.</h2>
+
+<h3>MAUI THE SKILLFUL.</h3>
+
+
+<p>According to the New Zealand legends there were six Mauis&mdash;the Hawaiians
+counted four. They were a band of brothers. The older five were known as
+"the forgetful Mauis." The tricky and quick-witted youngest member of
+the family was called Maui te atamai&mdash;"Maui the skillful."</p>
+
+<p>He was curiously accounted for in the New Zealand under-world. When he
+went down through the long cave to his ancestor's home to find fire, he
+was soon talked about. "Perhaps this is the man about whom so much is
+said in the upper-world." His ancestress from whom he obtained fire
+recognized him as the man called "the deceitful Maui." Even his parents
+told him once, "We know you are a tricky fellow&mdash;more so than any other
+man." One of the New Zealand fire legends while recording his flight to
+the under-world and his appearance as a bird, says: "The men tried to
+spear him, and to catch him in nets. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> last they cried out, 'Maybe you
+are the man whose fame is great in the upper-world.' At once he leaped
+to the ground and appeared in the form of a man."</p>
+
+<p>He was not famous for inventions, but he was always ready to improve
+upon anything which was already in existence. He could take the sun in
+hand and make it do better work. He could tie the moon so that it had to
+swim back around the island to the place in the ocean from which it
+might rise again, and go slowly through the night.</p>
+
+<p>His brothers invented a slender, straight and smooth spear with which to
+kill birds. He saw the fluttering, struggling birds twist themselves off
+the smooth point and escape. He made a good light bird spear and put
+notches in it and kept most of the birds stuck. His brothers finally
+examined his spear and learned the reason for its superiority. In the
+same way they learned how to spear fish. They could strike and wound and
+sometimes kill&mdash;but they could not with their smooth spears draw the
+fish from the waters of the coral caves. But Maui the youngest made
+barbs, so that the fish could not easily shake themselves loose. The
+others soon made their spears like his.</p>
+
+<p>The brothers were said to have invented baskets in which to trap eels,
+but many eels escaped. Maui improved the basket by secretly making an
+inside partition as well as a cover, and the eels were securely trapped.
+It took the brothers a long time to learn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> the real difference between
+their baskets and his. One of the family made a basket like his and
+caught many eels. Then Maui became angry and chanted a curse over him
+and bewildered him, then changed him into a dog.</p>
+
+<p>The Manahiki Islanders have the legend that Maui made the moon, but
+could not get good light from it. He tried experiments and found that
+the sun was quite an improvement. The sun's example stimulated the moon
+to shine brighter.</p>
+
+<p>Once Maui became interested in tattooing and tried to make a dog look
+better by placing dark lines around the mouth. The legends say that one
+of the sacred birds saw the pattern and then marked the sky with the red
+lines sometimes seen at sunrise and sunset. An Hawaiian legend says that
+Maui tattooed his arm with a sacred name and thus that arm was strong
+enough to hold the sun when he lassoed it. There is a New Zealand legend
+in which Maui is made one of three gods who first created man and then
+woman from one of the man's ribs.</p>
+
+<p>The Hawaiians dwelling in Hilo have many stories of Maui. They say that
+his home was on the northern bank of the Wailuku River. He had a strong
+staff made from an ohia tree (the native apple tree). With this he
+punched holes through the lava, making natural bridges and boiling
+pools, and new channels for its sometimes obstructed waters, so that the
+people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> could go up or down the river more easily. Near one of the
+natural bridges is a figure of the moon carved in the rocks, referred by
+some of the natives to Maui.</p>
+
+<p>Maui is said to have taught his brothers the different kinds of fish
+nets and the use of the strong fibre of the olona, which was much better
+than cocoanut threads.</p>
+
+<p>The New Zealand stories relate the spear-throwing contests of Maui and
+his brothers. As children, however, they were not allowed the use of
+wooden spears. They took the stems of long, heavy reeds and threw them
+at each other, but Maui's reeds were charmed into stronger and harder
+fibre so that he broke his mother's house and made her recognize him as
+one of her children. He had been taken away as soon as he was born by
+the gods to whom he was related. When he found his way back home his
+mother paid no attention to him. Thus by a spear thrust he won a home.</p>
+
+<p>The brothers all made fish hooks, but Maui the youngest made two kinds
+of hooks&mdash;one like his brothers' and one with a sharp barb. His
+brothers' hooks were smooth so that it was difficult to keep the fish
+from floundering and shaking themselves off, but they noticed that the
+fish were held by Maui's hook better than by theirs. Maui was not
+inclined to devote himself to hard work, and lived on his brothers as
+much as possible&mdash;but when driven out by his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> wife or his mother he
+would catch more fish than the other fishermen. They tried to examine
+his hooks, but he always changed his hooks so that they could not see
+any difference between his and theirs. At such times they called him the
+mischievous one and tried to leave him behind while they went fishing.
+They were, however, always ready to give him credit for his
+improvements. They dealt generously with him when they learned what he
+had really accomplished. When they caught him with his barbed hook they
+forgot the past and called him "ke atamai"&mdash;the skillful.</p>
+
+<p>The idea that fish hooks made from the jawbones of human beings were
+better than others, seemed to have arisen at first from the angle formed
+in the lower jawbone. Later these human fish hooks were considered
+sacred and therefore possessed of magic powers. The greater sanctity and
+power belonged to the bones which bore more especial relation to the
+owner. Therefore Maui's "magic hook," with which he fished up islands,
+was made from the jawbone of his ancestress Mahuika. It is also said
+that in order to have powerful hooks for every-day fishing he killed two
+of his children. Their right eyes he threw up into the sky to become
+stars. One became the morning and the other the evening star.</p>
+
+<p>The idea that the death of any members of the family must not stand in
+the way of obtaining<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> magical power, has prevailed throughout Polynesia.</p>
+
+<p>From this angle in the jawbone Maui must have conceived the idea of
+making a hook with a piece of bone or shell which should be fastened to
+the large bone at a very sharp angle, thus making a kind of barb. Hooks
+like this have been made for ages among the Polynesians.</p>
+
+<p>Maui and his brothers went fishing for eels with bait strung on the
+flexible rib of a cocoanut leaf. The stupid brothers did not fasten the
+ends of the string. Therefore the eels easily slipped the bait off and
+escaped. But Maui made the ends of his string fast, and captured many
+eels.</p>
+
+<p>The little things which others did not think about were the foundation
+of Maui's fame. Upon these little things he built his courage to snare
+the sun and seek fire for mankind.</p>
+
+<p>In a New Zealand legend, quoted by Edward Tregear, Maui is called
+Maui-maka-walu, or "Maui with eyes eight." This eight-eyed Maui would be
+allied to the Hindoo deities who with their eight eyes face the four
+quarters of the world&mdash;thus possessing both insight into the affairs of
+men and foresight into the future.</p>
+
+<p>Fornander, the Hawaiian ethnologist, says: "In Hawaiian mythology,
+Kamapuaa, the demigod opponent of the goddess Pele, is described as
+having eight eyes and eight feet; and in the legends Maka-walu,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+'eight-eyed,' is a frequent epithet of gods and chiefs." He notes this
+coincidence with the appearance of some of the principal Hindoo deities
+as having some bearing upon the origin of the Polynesians. It may be
+that a comparative study of the legends of other islands of the Pacific
+by some student will open up other new and important facts.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i111.jpg" width="550" height="547" alt="Hawaiian Bathing Pool." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Hawaiian Bathing Pool.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Tahiti, on the island Raiatea, a high priest or prophet lived in the
+long, long ago. He was known as Maui the prophet of Tahiti. He was
+probably not Maui the demigod. Nevertheless he was represented as
+possessing very strange prophetical powers.</p>
+
+<p>According to the historian Ellis, who previous to 1830 spent eight years
+in the Society and Hawaiian Islands, this prophet Maui clearly
+prophesied the coming of an outriggerless canoe from some foreign land.
+An outrigger is a log which so balances a canoe that it can ride safely
+through the treacherous surf.</p>
+
+<p>The chiefs and prophets charged him with stating the impossible.</p>
+
+<p>He took his wooden calabash and placed it in a pool of water as an
+illustration of the way such a boat should float.</p>
+
+<p>Then with the floating bowl before him he uttered the second prophecy,
+that boats without line to tie the sails to the masts, or the masts to
+the ships, should also come to Tahiti.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When English ships under Captain Wallis and Captain Cook, in the latter
+part of the eighteenth century, visited these islands, the natives cried
+out, "O the canoes of Maui&mdash;the outriggerless canoes."</p>
+
+<p>Passenger steamships, and the men-of-war from the great nations, have
+taught the Tahitians that boats without sails and masts can cross the
+great ocean, and again they have recurred to the words of the prophet
+Maui, and have exclaimed, "O the boats without sails and masts." This
+rather remarkable prophecy could easily have occurred to Maui as he saw
+a wooden calabash floating over rough waters.</p>
+
+<p>Maui's improvement upon nature's plan in regard to certain birds is also
+given in the legends as a proof of his supernatural powers.</p>
+
+<p>White relates the story as follows: "Maui requested some birds to go and
+fetch water for him. The first one would not obey, so he threw it into
+the water. He requested another bird to go&mdash;and it refused, so he threw
+it into the fire, and its feathers were burnt. But the next bird obeyed,
+but could not carry the water, and he rewarded it by making the feathers
+of the fore part of its head white. Then he asked another bird to go,
+and it filled its ears with water and brought it to Maui, who drank, and
+then pulled the bird's legs and made them long in payment for its act of
+kindness."</p>
+
+<p>Diffenbach says: "Maui, the Adam of New Zea<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>land, left the cat's cradle
+to the New Zealanders as an inheritance." The name "Whai" was given to
+the game. It exhibited the various steps of creation according to Maori
+mythology. Every change in the cradle shows some act in creation. Its
+various stages were called "houses." Diffenbach says again: "In this
+game of Maui they are great proficients. It is a game like that called
+cat's cradle in Europe. It is intimately connected with their ancient
+traditions and in the different figures which the cord is made to assume
+whilst held on both hands, the outline of their different varieties of
+houses, canoes or figures of men and women are imagined to be
+represented." One writer connects this game with witchcraft, and says it
+was brought from the under-world. Some parts of the puzzle show the
+adventures of Maui, especially his attempt to win immortality for men.</p>
+
+<p>In New Zealand it was said Maui found a large, fine-grained stone block,
+broke it in pieces, and from the fragments learned how to fashion stone
+implements.</p>
+
+<p>White also tells the New Zealand legend of Maui and the winds.</p>
+
+<p>"Maui caught and held all the winds save the west wind. He put each wind
+into a cave, so that it might not blow. He sought in vain for the west
+wind, but could not find from whence it came. If he had found the cave
+in which it stayed he would have closed the entrance to that cave with
+rocks. When the west<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> wind blows lightly it is because Maui has got near
+to it, and has nearly caught it, and it has gone into its home, the
+cave, to escape him. When the winds of the south, east, and north blow
+furiously it is because the rocks have been removed by the stupid people
+who could not learn the lessons taught by Maui. At other times Maui
+allows these winds to blow in hurricanes to punish that people, and also
+that he may ride on these furious winds in search of the west wind."</p>
+
+<p>In the Hawaiian legends Maui is represented as greatly interested in
+making and flying kites. His favorite place for the sport was by the
+boiling pools of the Wailuku river near Hilo. He had the winds under his
+control and would call for them to push his kites in the direction he
+wished. His incantation calling up the winds is given in this Maui
+proverb&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Strong wind come,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soft wind come."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>White in his "Ancient History of the Maoris," relates some of Maui's
+experiences with the people whom he found on the islands brought up from
+the under-world. On one island he found a sand house with eight hundred
+gods living in it. Apparently Maui discovered islands with inhabitants,
+and was reported to have fished them up out of the depths of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> the ocean.
+Fishing was sailing over the ocean until distant lands were drawn near
+or "fished up."</p>
+
+<p>Maui walked over the islands and found men living on them and fires
+burning near their homes. He evidently did not know much about fire, for
+he took it in his hands. He was badly burned and rushed into the sea.
+Down he dived under the cooling waters and came up with one of the New
+Zealand islands on his shoulders. But his hands were still burning, so
+wherever he held the island it was set on fire.</p>
+
+<p>These fires are still burning in the secret recesses of the volcanoes,
+and sometimes burst out in flowing lava. Then Maui paid attention to the
+people whom he had fished up. He tried to teach them, but they did not
+learn as he thought they should. He quickly became angry and said, "It
+is a waste of light for the sun to shine on such stupid people." So he
+tried to hold his hands between them and the sun, but the rays of the
+sun were too many and too strong; therefore, he could not shut them out.
+Then he tried the moon and managed to make it dark a part of the time
+each month. In this way he made a little trouble for the stupid people.</p>
+
+<p>There are other hints in the legends concerning Maui's desire to be
+revenged upon any one who incurred his displeasure. It was said that
+Maui for a time lived in the heavens above the earth. Here he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> had a
+foster brother Maru. The two were cultivating the fields. Maru sent a
+snowstorm over Maui's field. (It would seem as if this might be a
+Polynesian memory of a cold land where their ancestors knew the cold
+winter, or a lesson learned from the snow-caps of high mountains.) At
+any rate, the snow blighted Maui's crops. Maui retaliated by praying for
+rain to destroy Maru's fields. But Maru managed to save a part of his
+crops. Other legends make Maui the aggressor. At the last, however, Maui
+became very angry. The foster parents tried to soothe the two men by
+saying, "Live in peace with each other and do not destroy each other's
+food." But Maui was implacable and lay in wait for his foster brother,
+who was in the habit of carrying fruit and grass as an offering to the
+gods of a temple situated on the summit of a hill. Here Maui killed Maru
+and then went away to the earth.</p>
+
+<p>This legend is told by three or four different tribes of New Zealand and
+is very similar to the Hebrew story of Cain and Abel. At this late day
+it is difficult to say definitely whether or not it owes its origin to
+the early touch of Christianity upon New Zealand when white men first
+began to live with the natives. It is somewhat similar to stories found
+in the Tonga Islands and also in the Hawaiian group, where a son of the
+first gods, or rather of the first men, kills a brother. In each case
+there is the shadow of the Bib<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>lical idea. It seems safe to infer that
+such legends are not entirely drawn from contact with Christian
+civilization. The natives claim that these stories are very ancient, and
+that their fathers knew them before the white men sailed on the
+Pacific.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII.</h2>
+
+<h3>MAUI AND TUNA.</h3>
+
+
+<p>When Maui returned from the voyages in which he discovered or "fished
+up" from the ocean depths new islands, he gave deep thought to the
+things he had found. As the islands appeared to come out of the water he
+saw they were inhabited. There were houses and stages for drying and
+preserving food. He was greeted by barking dogs. Fires were burning,
+food cooking and people working. He evidently had gone so far away from
+home that a strange people was found. The legend which speaks of the
+death of his brothers, "eaten" by the great fish drawn up from the floor
+of the sea, may very easily mean that the new people killed and ate the
+brothers.</p>
+
+<p>Maui apparently learned some new lessons, for on his return he quickly
+established a home of his own, and determined to live after the fashion
+of the families in the new islands.</p>
+
+<p>Maui sought Hina-a-te-lepo, "daughter of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> swamp," and secured her as
+his wife. The New Zealand tribes tell legends which vary in different
+localities about this woman Hina. She sometimes bore the name
+Rau-kura&mdash;"The red plume."</p>
+
+<p>She cared for his thatched house as any other Polynesian woman was in
+the habit of doing. She attempted the hurried task of cooking his food
+before he snared the sun and gave her sufficient daylight for her
+labors.</p>
+
+<p>They lived near the bank of a river from which Hina was in the habit of
+bringing water for the household needs.</p>
+
+<p>One day she went down to the stream with her calabash. She was entwined
+with wreaths of leaves and flowers, as was the custom among Polynesian
+women. While she was standing on the bank, Tuna-roa, "the long eel," saw
+her. He swam up to the bank and suddenly struck her and knocked her into
+the water and covered her with slime from the blow given by his tail.</p>
+
+<p>Hina escaped and returned to her home, saying nothing to Maui about the
+trouble. But the next day, while getting water, she was again overthrown
+and befouled by the slime of Tuna-roa.</p>
+
+<p>Then Hina became angry and reported the trouble to Maui.</p>
+
+<p>Maui decided to punish the long eel and started out to find his hiding
+place. Some of the New Zealand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> legends as collected by White, state
+that Tuna-roa was a very smooth skinned chief, who lived on the opposite
+bank of the stream, and, seeing Hina, had insulted her.</p>
+
+<p>When Maui saw this chief, he caught two pieces of wood over which he was
+accustomed to slide his canoe into the sea. These he carried to the
+stream and laid them from bank to bank as a bridge over which he might
+entice Tuna-roa to cross.</p>
+
+<p>Maui took his stone axe, Ma-Tori-Tori, "the severer," and concealed
+himself near the bank of the river.</p>
+
+<p>When "the long eel" had crossed the stream, Maui rushed out and killed
+him with a mighty blow of the stone axe, cutting the head from the body.</p>
+
+<p>Other legends say that Maui found Tuna-roa living as an eel in a deep
+water hole, in a swamp on the sea-coast of Tata-a, part of the island
+Ao-tea-roa. Other stories located Tuna-roa in the river near Maui's
+home.</p>
+
+<p>Maui saw that he could not get at his enemy without letting off the
+water which protected him.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore into the forest went Maui, and with sacred ceremonies,
+selected trees from the wood of which he prepared tools and weapons.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, in addition to the insult given to Hina, Tuna-roa had caught
+and devoured two of Maui's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> children, which made Maui more determined to
+kill him.</p>
+
+<p>Maui made the narrow spade (named by the Maoris of New Zealand the "ko,"
+and by the Hawaiians "o-o") and the sharp spears, with which to pierce
+either the earth or his enemy. These spears and spades were consecrated
+to the work of preparing a ditch by which to draw off the water
+protecting "the long eel."</p>
+
+<p>The work of trench-making was accomplished with many incantations and
+prayers. The ditch was named "The sacred digging," and was tabooed to
+all other purposes except that of catching Tuna-roa.</p>
+
+<p>Across this ditch Maui stretched a strong net, and then began a new
+series of chants and ceremonies to bring down an abundance of rain. Soon
+the flood came and the overflowing waters rushed down the sacred ditch.
+The walls of the deep pool gave way and "the long eel" was carried down
+the trench into the waiting net. Then there was commotion. Tuna-roa was
+struggling for freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Maui saw him and hastened to grasp his stone axe, "the severer."
+Hurrying to the net, he struck Tuna-roa a terrible blow, and cut off the
+head. With a few more blows, he cut the body in pieces. The head and
+tail were carried out into the sea. The head became fish and the tail
+became the great conger-eel. Other parts of the body became sea
+monsters. But some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> parts which fell in fresh water became the common
+eels. From the hairs of the head came certain vines and creepers among
+the plants.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Tuna-roa the offspring of Maui were in no danger of
+being killed and soon multiplied into a large family.</p>
+
+<p>Another New Zealand legend related by White says that Maui built a
+sliding place of logs, over which Tuna-roa must pass when coming from
+the river.</p>
+
+<p>Maui also made a screen behind which he could secrete himself while
+watching for Tuna-roa.</p>
+
+<p>He commanded Hina to come down to the river and wait on the bank to
+attract Tuna-roa. Soon the long eel was seen in the water swimming near
+to Hina. Hina went to a place back of the logs which Maui had laid down.</p>
+
+<p>Tuna-roa came towards her, and began to slide down the skids.</p>
+
+<p>Maui sprang out from his hiding place and killed Tuna-roa with his axe,
+and cut him in pieces.</p>
+
+<p>The tail became the conger-eel. Parts of his body became fresh-water
+eels. Some of the blood fell upon birds and always after marked them
+with red spots. Some of the blood was thrown into certain trees, making
+this wood always red. The muscles became vines and creepers.</p>
+
+<p>From this time the children of Maui caught and ate the eels of both salt
+and fresh water. Eel traps were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> made, and Maui taught the people the
+proper chants or incantations to use when catching eels.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i125.jpg" width="550" height="549" alt="A Coconut Grove in Kona." title="" />
+<span class="caption">A Coconut Grove in Kona.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This legend of Maui and the long eel was found by White in a number of
+forms among the different tribes of New Zealand, but does not seem to
+have had currency in many other island groups.</p>
+
+<p>In Turner's "Samoa" a legend is related which was probably derived from
+the Maui stories and yet differs in its romantic results. The Samoans
+say that among their ancient ones dwelt a woman named Sina. Sina among
+the Polynesians is the same as Hina&mdash;the "h" is softened into "s". She
+captured a small eel and kept it as a pet. It grew large and strong and
+finally attacked and bit her. She fled, but the eel followed her
+everywhere. Her father came to her assistance and raised high mountains
+between the eel and herself. But the eel passed over the barrier and
+pursued her. Her mother raised a new series of mountains. But again the
+eel surmounted the difficulties and attempted to seize Sina. She broke
+away from him and ran on and on. Finally she wearily passed through a
+village. The people asked her to stay and eat with them, but she said
+they could only help her by delivering her from the pursuing eel. The
+inhabitants of that village were afraid of the eel and refused to fight
+for her. So she ran on to another place. Here the chief offered her a
+drink of water and promised to kill the eel for her. He prepared awa, a
+stupefying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> drink, and put poison in it. When the eel came along the
+chief asked him to drink. He took the awa and prepared to follow Sina.
+When he came to the place where she was the pains of death had already
+seized him. While dying he begged her to bury his head by her home. This
+she did, and in time a plant new to the islands sprang up. It became a
+tree, and finally produced a cocoanut, whose two eyes could continually
+look into the face of Sina.</p>
+
+<p>Tuna, in the legends of Fiji, was a demon of the sea. He lived in a deep
+sea cave, into which he sometimes shut himself behind closed doors of
+coral. When he was hungry, he swam through the ocean shadows, always
+watching the restless surface. When a canoe passed above him, he would
+throw himself swiftly through the waters, upset the canoe, and seize
+some of the boatmen and devour them. He was greatly feared by all the
+fishermen of the Fijian coasts.</p>
+
+
+<p>Roko&mdash;a mo-o or dragon god&mdash;in his journey among the islands, stopped at
+a village by the sea and asked for a canoe and boatmen. The people said:
+"We have nothing but a very old canoe out there by the water." He went
+to it and found it in a very bad condition. He put it in the water, and
+decided that he could use it. Then he asked two men to go with him and
+paddle, but they refused because of fear, and explained this fear by
+telling the story of the water demon, who continually sought the
+destruction of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> canoe, and also their own death. Roko encouraged
+them to take him to wage battle with Tuna, telling them he would destroy
+the monster. They paddled until they were directly over Tuna's cave.
+Roko told them to go off to one side and wait and watch, saying: "I am
+going down to see this Tuna. If you see red blood boil up through the
+water, you may be sure that Tuna has been killed. If the blood is black,
+then you will know that he has the victory and I am dead."</p>
+
+<p>Roko leaped into the water and went down&mdash;down to the door of the cave.
+The coral doors were closed. He grasped them in his strong hands and
+tore them open, breaking them in pieces. Inside he found cave after cave
+of coral, and broke his way through until at last he awoke Tuna. The
+angry demon cried: "Who is that?" Roko answered: "It is I, Roko, alone.
+Who are you?"</p>
+
+<p>Tuna aroused himself and demanded Roko's business and who guided him to
+that place. Roko replied: "No one has guided me. I go from place to
+place, thinking that there is no one else in the world."</p>
+
+<p>Tuna shook himself angrily. "Do you think I am nothing? This day is your
+last."</p>
+
+<p>Roko replied: "Perhaps so. If the sky falls, I shall die."</p>
+
+<p>Tuna leaped upon Roko and bit him. Then came the mighty battle of the
+coral caves. Roko broke Tuna into several pieces&mdash;and the red blood
+poured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> in boiling bubbles upward through the clear ocean waters, and
+the boatmen cried: "The blood is red&mdash;the blood is red&mdash;Tuna is dead by
+the hand of Roko."</p>
+
+<p>Roko lived for a time in Fiji, where his descendants still find their
+home. The people use this chant to aid them in difficulties:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"My load is a red one.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">It points in front to Kawa (Roko's home).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Behind, it points to Dolomo&mdash;(a village on another island)."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In the Hawaiian legends, Hina was Maui's mother rather than his wife,
+and Kuna (Tuna) was a mo-o, a dragon or gigantic lizard possessing
+miraculous powers.</p>
+
+<p>Hina's home was in the large cave under the beautiful Rainbow Falls near
+the city of Hilo. Above the falls the bed of the river is along the
+channel of an ancient lava flow. Sometimes the water pours in a torrent
+over the rugged lava, sometimes it passes through underground passages
+as well as along the black river bed, and sometimes it thrusts itself
+into boiling pools.</p>
+
+<p>Maui lived on the northern side of the river, but a chief named
+Kuna-moo&mdash;a dragon&mdash;lived in the boiling pools. He attacked Hina and
+threw a dam across the river below Rainbow Falls, intending to drown
+Hina in her cave. The great ledge of rock filled the river bed high up
+the bank on the Hilo side of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> river. Hina called on Maui for aid.
+Maui came quickly and with mighty blows cut out a new channel for the
+river&mdash;the path it follows to this day. The waters sank and Hina
+remained unharmed in her cave.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i131.jpg" width="550" height="549" alt="Wailuku River&mdash;the Boiling Pots." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Wailuku River&mdash;the Boiling Pots.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The place where Kuna dwelt was called Wai-kuna&mdash;the Kuna water. The
+river in which Hina and Kuna dwelt bears the name Wailuku&mdash;"the
+destructive water." Maui went above Kuna's home and poured hot water
+into the river. This part of the myth could easily have arisen from a
+lava outburst on the side of the volcano above the river. The hot water
+swept in a flood over Kuna's home. Kuna jumped from the boiling pools
+over a series of small falls near his home into the river below. Here
+the hot water again scalded him and in pain he leaped from the river to
+the bank, where Maui killed him by beating him with a club. His body was
+washed down the river over the falls under which Hina dwelt, into the
+ocean.</p>
+
+<p>The story of Kuna or Tuna is a legend with a foundation in the enmity
+between two chiefs of the long ago, and also in a desire to explain the
+origin of the family of eels and the invention of nets and traps.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>MAUI AND HIS BROTHER-IN-LAW.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The "Stories of Maui's Brother-in-Law," and of "Maui seeking
+Immortality," are not found in Hawaiian mythology. We depend upon Sir
+George Grey and John White for the New Zealand myths in which both of
+these legends occur.</p>
+
+<p>Maui's sister Hina-uri married Ira-waru, who was willing to work with
+his skillful brother-in-law. They hunted in the forests and speared
+birds. They fished and farmed together. They passed through many
+experiences similar to those Maui's own brothers had suffered before the
+brother-in-law took their place as Maui's companion. They made spears
+together&mdash;but Maui made notched barbs for his spear ends&mdash;and slipped
+them off when Ira-waru came near. So for a long time the proceeds of
+bird hunting fell to Maui. But after a time the brother-in-law learned
+the secret as the brothers had before, and Maui was looked up to by his
+fellow hunter as the skillful one. Sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> Ira-waru was able to see
+at once Maui's plan and adopt it. He discovered Maui's method of making
+the punga or eel baskets for catching eels.</p>
+
+<p>The two hunters went to the forest to find a certain creeping vine with
+which to weave their eel snares. Ira-waru made a basket with a hole, by
+which the eels could enter, but they could turn around and go out the
+same way. So he very seldom caught an eel. But Maui made his basket with
+a long funnel-shaped door, by which the eels could easily slide into the
+snare but could scarcely escape. He made a door in the side which he
+fastened tight until he wished to pour the eels out.</p>
+
+<p>Ira-waru immediately made a basket like Maui. Then Maui became angry and
+uttered incantations over Ira-waru. The man dropped on the ground and
+became a dog. Maui returned home and met his sister, who charged him
+with sorcery concerning her husband.</p>
+
+<p>Maui did not deny the exercise of his power, but taught his sister a
+chant and sent her out to the level country. There she uttered her chant
+and a strange dog with long hair came to her, barking and leaping around
+her. Then she knew what Maui had done. "Thus Ira-waru became the first
+of the long-haired dogs whose flesh has been tabooed to women."</p>
+
+<p>The Tahu and Hau tribes of New Zealand tell a different story. They say
+that Maui went to visit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> Ira-waru. Together they set out on a journey.
+After a time they rested by the wayside and became sleepy. Maui asked
+Ira-waru to cleanse his head. This gave him the restful, soothing touch
+which aided sleep. Then Maui proposed that Ira-waru sleep. Taking the
+head in his hands, Maui put his brother-in-law to sleep. Then by
+incantations he made the sleep very deep and prolonged. Meanwhile he
+pulled the ears and arms and limbs until they were properly lengthened.
+He drew out the under jaw until it had the form of a dog's mouth. He
+stretched the end of the backbone into a tail, and then wakened Ira-waru
+and drove him back when he tried to follow the path to the settlement.</p>
+
+<p>Hina-uri went out and called her husband. He came to her, leaping and
+barking. She decided that this was her husband, and in her agony
+reproached Maui and wandered away.</p>
+
+<p>The Rua-nui story-tellers of New Zealand say that Maui's anger was
+aroused against Ira-waru because he ate all the bait when they went
+fishing, and they could catch no fish after paddling out to the fishing
+grounds. When they came to land, Maui told Ira-waru to lie down in the
+sand as a roller over which to drag the canoe up the beach. When he was
+lying helpless under the canoe, Maui changed him into a dog.</p>
+
+<p>The Arawa legends make the cause of Maui's anger<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> the success of
+Ira-waru while fishing. Ira-waru had many fish while Maui had captured
+but few. The story is told thus: "Ira-waru hooked a fish and in pulling
+it in his line became entangled with that of Maui. Maui felt the jerking
+and began to pull in his line. Soon they pulled their lines close up to
+the canoe, one to the bow, the other to the stern, where each was
+sitting. Maui said: 'Let me pull the lines to me, as the fish is on my
+hook.' His brother-in-law said: 'Not so; the fish is on mine.' But Maui
+said: 'Let me pull my line in.' Ira-waru did so and saw that the fish
+was on his hook. Then he said: 'Untwist your lines and let mine go, that
+I may pull the fish in.' Maui said: 'I will do so, but let me have
+time.' He took the fish off Ira-waru's hook and saw that there was a
+barb on the hook. He said to Ira-waru: 'Perhaps we ought to return to
+land.' When they were dragging the canoe on shore, Maui said to
+Ira-waru: 'Get between the canoe and outrigger and drag.' Ira-waru did
+so and Maui leaped on the outrigger and weighed it heavily down and
+crushed Ira-waru prostrate on the beach. Maui trod on him and pulled his
+backbone long like a tail and changed him into a dog."</p>
+
+<p>Maui is said to have tattooed the muzzle of the dog with a beautiful
+pattern which the birds (kahui-zara, a flock of tern) used in marking
+the sky. From this also came the red glow which sometimes flushes the
+face of man.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Another Arawa version of the legend was that Maui and Ira-waru were
+journeying together. Ira-waru was gluttonous and ate the best food. At
+last Maui determined to punish his companion. By incantation he
+lengthened the way until Ira-waru became faint and weary. Maui had
+provided himself with a little food and therefore was enabled to endure
+the long way. While Ira-waru slept Maui trod on his backbone and
+lengthened it and changed the arms and limbs into the legs of a dog.
+When Hina-uri saw the state of her husband she went into the thatched
+house by which Ira-waru had so often stood watching the hollow log in
+which she dried the fish and preserved the birds speared in the
+mountains. She bound her girdle and hala-leaf apron around her and went
+down to the sea to drown herself, that her body might be eaten by the
+monsters of the sea. When she came to the shell-covered beach, she sat
+down and sang her death song&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"I weep, I call to the steep billows of the sea</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And to him, the great, the ocean god;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To monsters, all now hidden,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To come and bury me,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who now am wrapped in mourning.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let the waves wear their mourning, too,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And sleep as sleeps the dead."</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">&mdash;Ancient Maui Chant of New Zealand.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Then Hina-uri threw herself into the sea and was borne on the waves many
+moons, at last drifting to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> shore, to be found by two fishermen. They
+carried the body off to the fire and warmed it back to life. They
+brushed off the sea moss and sea weeds and rubbed her until she awoke.</p>
+
+<p>Soon they told their chief, Tini-rau, what a beautiful woman they had
+found in the sea. He came and took her away to make her one of his
+wives. But the other wives were jealous and drove Hina-uri away from the
+chief's houses.</p>
+
+<p>Another New Zealand legend says that Hina came to the sea and called for
+a little fish to aid her in going away from the island. It tried to
+carry her, but was too weak. Hina struck it with her open hand. It had
+striped sides forever after. She tried a larger fish, but fell off
+before they had gone far from shore. Her blow gave this fish its
+beautiful blue spots. Another received black spots. Another she stamped
+her foot upon, making it flat. At last a shark carried her far away. She
+was very thirsty, and broke a cocoanut on the shark's head, making a
+bump, which has been handed down for generations. The shark carried her
+to the home of the two who rescued her and gave her new strength.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Rupe or Maui-mua, a brother of Hina-uri and Maui, grieved for
+his sister. He sought for her throughout the land and then launched his
+canoe upon the blue waters surrounding Ao-tea-roa (The Great White Land;
+the ancient native New Zealand)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> and searched the coasts. He only
+learned that his sister had, as the natives said, "leaped into the
+waters and been carried away into the heavens."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i140.jpg" width="550" height="550" alt="&quot;Outside Were Other Worlds.&quot;" title="" />
+<span class="caption">&quot;Outside Were Other Worlds.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Rupe's heart filled with the desire to find and protect the frenzied
+sister who had probably taken a canoe and floated away, out of the
+horizon, seen from New Zealand coasts, into new horizons. During the
+Viking age of the Pacific, when many chiefs sailed long distances,
+visiting the most remote islands of Polynesia, they frequently spoke of
+breaking through from the home land into new heavens&mdash;or of climbing up
+the path of the sun on the waters into a new heaven. This was their
+poetical way of passing from horizon to horizon. The horizon around
+their particular island surrounded their complete world. Outside,
+somewhere, were other worlds and other heavens. Rupe's voyage was an
+idyll of the Pacific. It was one more story to be added to the prose
+poems of consecrated travel. It was a brother feeling through the
+mysteries of unknown lands for a sister, as dear to him as an Evangeline
+has been to other men.</p>
+
+<p>From the mist-land of the Polynesian race comes this story of the
+trickery of Maui the learned, and the faithfulness of his older brother
+Maui-mua or Rupe&mdash;one of the "five forgetful Mauis." Rupe hoisted
+mat-sails over his canoe and thus made the winds serve him. He paddled
+the canoe onward through the hours when calms rested on glassy waves.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Thus he passed out of sight of Ao-tea-roa, away from his brothers, and
+out of the reach of all tricks and incantations of Maui, the
+mischievous. He sailed until a new island rose out of the sea to greet
+him. Here in a "new heaven" he found friends to care for him and prepare
+him for his longer journey. His restless anxiety for his sister urged
+him onward until days lengthened into months and months into years. He
+passed from the horizons of newly-discovered islands, into the horizons
+of circling skies around islands of which he had never heard before.
+Sometimes he found relatives, but more frequently his welcome came from
+those who could trace no historical touch in their genealogies.</p>
+
+<p>Here and there, apparently, he found traces of a woman whose description
+answered that of his sister Hina-uri. At last he looked through the
+heavens upon a new world, and saw his sister in great trouble.</p>
+
+<p>According to some legends the jealous wives of the great chief,
+Tini-rau, attack Hina, who was known among them as Hina-te-ngaru-moana,
+"Hina, the daughter of the ocean." Tini-rau and Hina lived away from the
+village of the chief until their little boy was born. When they needed
+food, the chief said, "Let us go to my settlement and we shall have food
+provided."</p>
+
+<p>But Hina chanted:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Let it down, let it down,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Descend, oh! descend&mdash;"</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>and sufficient food fell before them. After a time their frail clothing
+wore out, and the cold chilled them, then Hina again uttered the
+incantation and clothing was provided for their need.</p>
+
+<p>But the jealous wives, two in number, finally heard where Hina and the
+chief were living, and started to see them.</p>
+
+<p>Tini-rau said to Hina, "Here come my other wives&mdash;be careful how you act
+before them."</p>
+
+<p>She replied, "If they come in anger it will be evil."</p>
+
+<p>She armed herself with an obsidian or volcanic-glass knife, and waited
+their coming.</p>
+
+<p>They tried to throw enchantments around her to kill her. Then one of
+them made a blow at her with a weapon, but she turned it aside and
+killed her enemy with the obsidian knife.</p>
+
+<p>Then the other wife made an attack, and again the obsidian knife brought
+death. She ripped open the stomachs of the jealous ones and showed the
+chief fish lines and sinkers and other property which they had eaten in
+the past and which Tini-rau had never been able to trace.</p>
+
+<p>Another legend says that the two women came to kill Hina when they heard
+of the birth of her boy. For a time she was greatly terrified. Then she
+saw<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> that they were coming from different directions. She attacked the
+nearest one with a stone and killed her. The body burst open, and was
+seen to be full of green stone. Then she killed the second wife in the
+same way, and found more green stones. "Thus, according to the legends,
+originated the greenstone" from which the choicest and most valuable
+stone tools have since been made. For a time the chief and Hina lived
+happily together. Then he began to neglect her and abuse her, until she
+cried aloud for her brother&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"O Rupe! come down.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Take me and my child."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Rupe assumed the form of a bird and flew down to this world in which he
+had found his sister. He chanted as he came down&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"It is Rupe, yes Rupe,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The elder brother;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And I am here."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>He folded the mother and her boy under his wings and flew away with
+them. Sir George Gray relates a legend in which Maui-mua or Rupe is
+recorded as having carried his sister and her child to one of the new
+lands, found in his long voyage, where dwelt an aged relative, of chief
+rank, with his retainers.</p>
+
+<p>Some legends say that Tini-rau tried to catch Rupe,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> who was compelled
+to drop the child in order to escape with the mother. Tini-rau caught
+the child and carefully cared for him until he grew to be a strong young
+lad.</p>
+
+<p>Then he wanted to find his mother and bring her back to his father. How
+this was done, how Rupe took his sister back to the old chief, and how
+civil wars arose are not all these told in the legends of the Maoris.
+Thus the tricks of Maui the mischievous brought trouble for a time, but
+were finally overshadowed by happy homes in neighboring lands for his
+suffering sister and her descendants.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX.</h2>
+
+<h3>MAUI'S KITE FLYING.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Maui the demi-god was sometimes the Hercules of Polynesia. His exploits
+were fully as marvelous as those of the hero of classic mythology. He
+snared the sun. He pulled up islands from the ocean depths. He lifted
+the sky into its present position and smoothed its arched surface with
+his stone adze. These stories belong to all Polynesia.</p>
+
+<p>There are numerous less important local myths, some of them peculiar to
+New Zealand, some to the Society Islands and some to the Hawaiian group.</p>
+
+<p>One of the old native Hawaiians says that in the long, long ago the
+birds were flying around the homes of the ancient people. The flutter of
+their wings could be heard and the leaves and branches moved when the
+motion of the wings ceased and the wanderers through the air found
+resting places. Then came sweet music from the trees and the people
+marvelled. Only one of all mankind could see the winged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> warblers. Maui,
+the demi-god, had clear vision. The swift-flying wings covered with red
+or gold he saw. The throats tinted many colors and reflecting the
+sunlight with diamond sparks of varied hues he watched while they
+trembled with the melody of sweet bird songs. All others heard but did
+not see. They were blind and yet had open vision.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the iiwi (a small red bird) fluttered in the air and uttered
+its shrill, happy song, and Maui saw and heard. But the bird at that
+time was without color in the eyes of the ancient people and only the
+clear voice was heard, while no speck of bird life flecked the clear sky
+overhead.</p>
+
+<p>At one time a god from one of the other islands came to visit Maui. Each
+boasted of and described the beauties and merits of his island. While
+they were conversing, Maui called for his friends the birds. They
+gathered around the house and fluttered among the leaves of the
+surrounding trees. Soon their sweet voices filled the air on all sides.
+All the people wondered and worshiped, thinking they heard the fairy or
+menehune people. It was said that Maui had painted the bodies of his
+invisible songsters and for a long time had kept the delight of their
+flashing colors to himself. But when the visitor had rejoiced in the
+mysterious harmonies, Maui decided to take away whatever veil shut out
+the sight of these things beautiful, that his bird friends might be
+known and honored<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> ever after. So he made the birds reveal themselves
+perched in the trees or flying in the air. The clear eyes of the god
+first recognized the new revelation, then all the people became dumb
+before the sweet singers adorned in all their brilliant tropical
+plumage.</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful red birds, iiwi and akakani, and the birds of glorious
+yellow feathers, the oo and the mamo, were a joy to both eye and ear and
+found high places in Hawaiian legend and story, and all gave their most
+beautiful feathers for the cloaks and helmets of the chiefs.</p>
+
+<p>The Maoris of New Zealand say that Maui could at will change himself
+into a bird and with his feathered friends find a home in leafy
+shelters. In bird form he visited the gods of the under-world. His
+capricious soul was sensitive to the touch of all that mysterious life
+of nature.</p>
+
+<p>With the birds as companions and the winds as his servants Maui must
+soon have turned his inventive mind to kite making.</p>
+
+<p>The Hawaiian myths are perhaps the only ones of the Pacific Ocean which
+give to any of the gods the pleasure and excitement of kite flying.
+Maui, after repeated experiments, made a large kite for himself. It was
+much larger than any house of his time or generation. He twisted a long
+line from the strong fibers of the native plant known as the olona. He
+endowed both kite and string with marvelous powers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> and launched the
+kite up toward the clouds. It rose very slowly. The winds were not
+lifting it into the sky.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i150.jpg" width="550" height="528" alt="The Home of the Winds, Hilo Coast." title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Home of the Winds, Hilo Coast.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Maui remembered that an old priest lived in Waipio valley, the largest
+and finest valley of the large island, Hawaii, on which he made his
+home.</p>
+
+<p>This priest had a covered calabash in which he compelled the winds to
+hide when he did not wish them to play on land and sea. The priest's
+name was Kaleiioku, and his calabash was known as ipu-makani-a ka
+maumau, "the calabash of the perpetual winds." Maui called for the
+priest who had charge of the winds to open his calabash and let them
+come up to Hilo and blow along the Wailuku river. The natives say that
+the place where Maui stood was marked by the pressure of his feet in the
+lava rocks of the river bank as he braced himself to hold the kite
+against the increasing force of the winds which pushed it towards the
+sky. Then the enthusiasm of kite flying filled his youthful soul and he
+cried aloud, screaming his challenge along the coast of the sea toward
+Waipio&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"O winds, winds of Waipio,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In the calabash of Kaleiioku.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come from the ipu-makani,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O wind, the wind of Hilo,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come quickly, come with power."</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then the priest lifted the cover of the calabash of the winds and let
+the strong winds of Hilo escape. Along the sea coast they rushed until
+as they entered Hilo Bay they heard the voice of Maui calling&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"O winds, winds of Hilo,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hasten and come to me."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>With a tumultuous rush the strong winds turned toward the mountains.
+They forced their way along the gorges and palisades of the Wailuku
+river. They leaped into the heavens, making a fierce attack upon the
+monster which Maui had sent into the sky. The kite struggled as it was
+pushed upward by the hands of the fierce winds, but Maui rejoiced. His
+heart was uplifted by the joy of the conflict in which his strength to
+hold was pitted against the power of the winds to tear away. And again
+he shouted toward the sea&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"O winds, the winds of Hilo,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Come to the mountains, come."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The winds which had been stirring up storms on the face of the waters
+came inland. They dashed against Maui. They climbed the heights of the
+skies until they fell with full violence against their mighty foe
+hanging in the heavens.</p>
+
+<p>The kite had been made of the strongest kapa (paper cloth) which Maui's
+mother could prepare.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> It was not torn, although it was bent backward to
+its utmost limit. Then the strain came on the strong cord of olona
+fibre. The line was stretched and strained as the kite was pushed back.
+Then Maui called again and again for stronger winds to come. The cord
+was drawn out until the kite was far above the mountains. At last it
+broke and the kite was tossed over the craters of the volcanoes to the
+land of the district of Ka-u on the other side of the island.</p>
+
+<p>Then Maui was angry and hastily leaped over the mountains, which are
+nearly fourteen thousand feet in altitude. In a half dozen strides he
+had crossed the fifty or sixty miles from his home to the place where
+the kite lay. He could pass over many miles with a single step. His name
+was Maui-Mama, "Maui the Swift." When Maui returned with his kite he was
+more careful in calling the winds to aid him in his sport.</p>
+
+<p>The people watched their wise neighbor and soon learned that the kite
+could be a great blessing to them. When it was soaring in the sky there
+was always dry and pleasant weather. It was a day for great rejoicing.
+They could spread out their kapa cloth to dry as long as the kite was in
+the sky. They could carry out their necessary work without fear of the
+rain. Therefore when any one saw the kite beginning to float along the
+mountain side he would call out joyfully, "E! Maui's kite is in the
+heavens." Maui would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> send his kite into the blue sky and then tie the
+line to the great black stones in the bed of the Wailuku river.</p>
+
+<p>Maui soon learned the power of his kite when blown upon by a fierce
+wind. With his accustomed skill he planned to make use of his strong
+servant, and therefore took the kite with him on his journeys to the
+other islands, using it to aid in making swift voyages. With the wind in
+the right direction, the kite could pull his double canoe very easily
+and quickly to its destination.</p>
+
+<p>Time passed, and even the demi-god died. The fish hook with which he
+drew the Hawaiian Islands up from the depths of the sea was allowed to
+lie on the lava by the Wailuku river until it became a part of the
+stone. The double canoe was carried far inland and then permitted to
+petrify by the river side. The two stones which represent the double
+canoe now bear the name "Waa-Kauhi," and the kite has fallen from the
+sky far up on the mountain side, where it still rests, a flat plot of
+rich land between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE OAHU LEGENDS OF MAUI.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Several Maui legends have been located on the island of Oahu. They were
+given by Mr. Kaaia to Mr. T. G. Thrum, the publisher of what is well
+known in the Hawaiian Islands as "Thrum's Annual." He has kindly
+furnished them for added interest to the present volume. The legends
+have a distinctly local flavor confined entirely to Oahu. It has seemed
+best to reserve them for a chapter by themselves although they are
+chiefly variations of stories already told.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MAUI AND THE TWO GODS.</h3>
+
+<p>This history of Maui and his grandmother Hina begins with their arrival
+from foreign lands. They dwelt in Kane-ana (Kane's cave), Waianae, Oahu.
+This is an "ana," or cave, at Puu-o-hulu. Hina had wonderful skill in
+making all kinds of tapa according to the custom of the women of ancient
+Hawaii.</p>
+
+<p>Maui went to the Koolau side and rested at Kaha-luu, a diving place in
+Koolaupoko. In that place there is a noted hill called Ma-eli-eli. This
+is the story of that hill. Maui threw up a pile of dirt and concealed
+rubbish under it. The two gods, Kane and Kanaloa, came along and asked
+Maui what he was doing. He said, "What you see. You two dig on that side
+to the foot of the pali, (precipice) and I will go down at Kaha-luu. If
+you two dig through first, you may kill me. If I get through first I
+will kill you." They agreed, and began to dig and throw up the dirt.
+Then Maui dug three times and tossed up some of the hills of that place.
+Kane and Kanaloa saw that Maui was digging very fast, so they put forth
+very great strength and threw the dirt into a hill. Meanwhile Maui ran
+away to the other side of the island. Thus by the aid of the gods the
+hill Ma-eli-eli was thrown up and received its name "eli," meaning
+"dig." "Ma-eli-eli" meant "the place of digging."</p>
+
+
+<h3>HOW THEY FOUND FIRE.</h3>
+
+<p>It was said that Maui and Hina had no fire. They were often cold and had
+no cooked food. Maui saw flames rising in a distant place and ran to see
+how they were made. When he came to that place the fire was out and some
+birds flew away. One of them was Ka-Alae-huapi, "the stingy Alae"&mdash;a
+small duck, the Hawaiian mud hen. Maui watched again and saw<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> fire.
+When he went up the birds saw him coming and scattered the fire,
+carrying the ashes into the water; but he leaped and caught the little
+Alae. "Ah!" he said, "I will kill you, because you do not let me have
+fire." The bird replied, "If you kill me you cannot find fire." Maui
+said, "Where is fire?" The Alae said, "Go up on the high land where
+beautiful plants with large leaves are standing; rub their branches."
+Maui set the bird free and went inland from Halawa and found dry land
+taro. He began to rub the stalks, but only juice came out like water. He
+had no red fire. He was very angry and said, "If that lying Alae is
+caught again by me I will be its death."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i158.jpg" width="550" height="549" alt="Bay of Waipio Valley." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Bay of Waipio Valley.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>After a while he saw the fire burning and ran swiftly. The birds saw him
+and cried, "The cooking is over. Here comes the swift grandchild of
+Hina." They scattered the fire, threw the ashes away and flew into the
+water. But again Maui caught the Alae and began to kill it, saying: "You
+gave me a plant full of water from which to get fire." The bird said,
+"If I die you can never find fire. I will give you the secret of fire.
+Take a branch of that dry tree and rub." Maui held the bird fast in one
+hand while he rubbed with the other until smoke and fire came out. Then
+he took the fire stick and rubbed the head of the bird, making a place
+where red and white feathers have grown ever since.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He returned to Hina and taught her how to make fire, using the two fire
+sticks and how to twist coconut fibre to catch the fire when it had been
+kindled in wood. But the Alae was not forgotten. It was called huapi,
+"stingy," because it selfishly kept the knowledge of fire making to
+itself.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MAUI CATCHING THE SUN.</h3>
+
+<p>Maui watched Hina making tapa. The wet tapa was spread on a long tapa
+board, and Hina began at one end to pound it into shape; pounding from
+one end to another. He noticed that sunset came by the time she had
+pounded to the middle of the board. The sun hurried so fast that she
+could only begin her work before the day was past.</p>
+
+<p>He went to the hill Hele-a-ka-la, which means "journey of the sun." He
+thought he would catch the sun and make it move slowly. He went up the
+hill and waited. When the sun began to rise, Maui made himself long,
+stretching up toward the sky. Soon the shining legs of the sun came up
+the hillside. He saw Maui and began to run swiftly, but Maui reached out
+and caught one of the legs, saying: "O sun, I will kill you. You are a
+mischief maker. You make trouble for Hina by going so fast." Then he
+broke the shining leg of the sun. The sufferer said, "I will change my
+way and go slowly&mdash;six months slow and six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> months faster." Thus arose
+the saying, "Long shall be the daily journey of the sun and he shall
+give light for all the people's toil." Hina learned that she could pound
+until she was tired while the farmers could plant and take care of their
+fields. Thus also this hill received its name Hele-a-ka-la. This is one
+of the hills of Waianae near the precipice of the hill Puu-o-hulu.</p>
+
+
+<h3>UNITING THE ISLANDS.</h3>
+
+<p>Maui suggested to Hina that he had better try to draw the islands
+together, uniting them in one land. Hina told Maui to go and see
+Alae-nui-a-Hina, who would tell him what to do. The Alae told him they
+must go to Ponaha-ke-one (a fishing place outside of Pearl Harbor) and
+find Ka-uniho-kahi, "the one toothed," who held the land under the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Maui went back to Hina. She told him to ask his brothers to go fishing
+with him. They consented and pushed out into the sea. Soon Maui saw a
+bailing dish floating by the canoe and picked it up. It was named
+Hina-a-ke-ka, "Hina who fell off." They paddled to Ponaha-ke-one. When
+they stopped they saw a beautiful young woman in the boat. Then they
+anchored and again looked in the boat, but the young woman was gone.
+They saw the bailing dish and threw it into the sea.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Maui-mua threw his hook and caught a large fish, which was seen to be a
+shark as they drew it to the surface. At once they cut the line. So also
+Maui-hope and Maui-waena. At last Maui threw his hook Manai-i-ka-lani
+into the sea. It went down, down into the depths. Maui cried,
+"Hina-a-ke-ka has my hook in her hand. By her it will be made fast."
+Hina went down with the hook until she met Ka-uniho-kahi. She asked him
+to open his mouth, then threw the hook far inside and made it fast. Then
+she pulled the line so that Maui should know that the fish was caught.
+Maui fastened the line to the outrigger of the canoe and asked his
+brothers to paddle with all diligence, and not look back. Long, long,
+they paddled and were very tired. Then Maui took a paddle and dipped
+deep in the sea. The boat moved more swiftly through the sea. The
+brothers looked back and cried, "There is plenty of land behind us." The
+charm was broken. The hook came out of "the one toothed," and the raised
+islands sank back into their place. The native say, "The islands are now
+united to America. Perhaps Maui has been at work."</p>
+
+
+<h3>MAUI AND PEA-PEA THE EIGHT-EYED.</h3>
+
+<p>Maui had been fishing and had caught a great fish upon which he was
+feasting. He looked inland and saw his wife, Kumu-lama, seized and
+carried away<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> by Pea-pea-maka-walu, "Pea-pea the eight-eyed." This
+is a legend derived from the myths of many islands in which Lupe or Rupe
+(pigeon) changed himself into a bird and flew after his sister Hina who
+had been carried on the back of a shark to distant islands. Sometimes as
+a man and sometimes as a bird he prosecuted his search until Hina was
+found.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 547px;">
+<img src="images/i164.jpg" width="547" height="550" alt="The Ie-ie Vine." title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Ie-ie Vine.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Maui pursued Pea-pea, but could not catch him. He carried Maui's wife
+over the sea to a far away island. Maui was greatly troubled but his
+grandmother sent him inland to find an old man who would tell him what
+to do. Maui went inland and looking down toward Waipahu saw this man
+Ku-olo-kele. He was hump-backed. Maui threw a large stone and hit the
+"hill on the back" knocked it off and made the back straight. The old
+man lifted up the stone and threw it to Waipahu, where it lies to this
+day. Then he and Maui talked together. He told Maui to go and catch
+birds and gather ti leaves and fibers of the ie-ie vine, and fill his
+house. These things Maui secured and brought to him. He told Maui to go
+home and return after three days.</p>
+
+<p>Ku-olo-kele took the ti leaves and the ie-ie threads and made the body
+of a great bird which he covered with bird feathers. He fastened all
+together with the ie-ie. This was done in the first day. The second day
+he placed food inside and tried his bird and it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> flew all right.
+"Thus," as the Hawaiians say, "the first flying ship was made in the
+time of Maui." This is a modern version of Rupe changing himself into a
+bird.</p>
+
+<p>On the third day Maui came and saw the wonderful bird body thoroughly
+prepared for his journey. Maui went inside. Ku-olo-kele said, "When you
+reach that land, look for a village. If the people are not there look to
+the beach. If there are many people, your wife and Pea-pea the
+eight-eyed will be there. Do not go near, but fly out over the sea. The
+people will say, 'O, the strange bird;' but Pea-pea will say, 'This is
+my bird. It is tabu.' You can then come to the people."</p>
+
+<p>Maui pulled the ie-ie ropes fastened to the wings and made them move.
+Thus he flew away into the sky. Two days was his journey before he came
+to that strange island, Moana-liha-i-ka-wao-kele. It was a beautiful
+land. He flew inland to a village, but there were no people; according
+to the ancient chant:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The houses of Lima-loa stand,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But there are no people;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They are at Mana."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The people were by the sea. Maui flew over them. He saw his wife, but he
+passed on flying out over the sea, skimming like a sea bird down to the
+water and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> rising gracefully up to the sky. Pea-pea called out, "This
+is my bird. It is tabu." Maui heard and came to the beach. He was caught
+and placed in a tabu box. The servants carried him up to the village and
+put him in the chief's sleeping house, when Pea-pea and his people
+returned to their homes.</p>
+
+<p>In the night Pea-pea and Maui's wife lay down to sleep. Maui watched
+Pea-pea, hoping that he would soon sleep. Then he would kill him. Maui
+waited. One eye was closed, seven eyes were opened. Then four eyes
+closed, leaving three. The night was almost past and dawn was near. Then
+Maui called to Hina with his spirit voice, "O Hina, keep it dark." Hina
+made the gray dawn dark in the three eyes and two closed in sleep. The
+last eye was weary, and it also slept. Then Maui went out of the bird
+body and cut off the head of Pea-pea and put it inside the bird. He
+broke the roof of the house until a large opening was made. He took his
+wife, Kumu-lama, and flew away to the island of Oahu. The winds blew
+hard against the flying bird. Rain fell in torrents around it, but those
+inside had no trouble.</p>
+
+<p>"Thus Maui returned with his wife to his home in Oahu. The story is pau
+(finished)."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI.</h2>
+
+<h3>MAUI SEEKING IMMORTALITY.</h3>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Climb up, climb up,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To the highest surface of heaven,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To all the sides of heaven.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Climb then to thy ancestor,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sacred bird in the sky,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To thy ancestor Rehua</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">In the heavens.</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 6em;">&mdash;New Zealand kite incantation.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>The story of Maui seeking immortality for the human race is one of the
+finest myths in the world. For pure imagination and pathos it is
+difficult to find any tale from Grecian or Latin literature to compare
+with it. In Greek and Roman fables gods suffered for other gods, and yet
+none were surrounded with such absolutely mythical experiences as those
+through which the demi-god Maui of the Pacific Ocean passed when he
+entered the gates of death with the hope of winning immortality for
+mankind. The really remarkable group of legends which cluster<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> around
+Maui is well concluded by the story of his unselfish and heroic battle
+with death.</p>
+
+<p>The different islands of the Pacific have their Hades, or abode of dead.
+It is, with very few exceptions, down in the interior of the earth.
+Sometimes the tunnels left by currents of melted lava are the passages
+into the home of departed spirits. In Samoa there are two circular holes
+among the rocks at the west end of the island Savaii. These are the
+entrances to the under-world for chiefs and people. The spirits of those
+who die on the other islands leap into the sea and swim around the land
+from island to island until they reach Savaii. Then they plunge down
+into their heaven or their hades.</p>
+
+<p>The Tongans had a spirit island for the home of the dead. They said that
+some natives once sailed far away in a canoe and found this island. It
+was covered with all manner of beautiful fruits, among which rare birds
+sported. They landed, but the trees were shadows. They grasped but could
+not hold them. The fruits and the birds were shadows. The men ate, but
+swallowed nothing substantial. It was shadow-land. They walked through
+all the delights their eyes looked upon, but found no substance. They
+returned home, but ever seemed to listen to spirits calling them back to
+the island. In a short time all the voyagers were dead.</p>
+
+<p>There is no escape from death. The natives of New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> Zealand say: "Man
+may have descendants, but the daughters of the night strangle his
+offspring"; and again: "Men make heroes, but death carries them away."</p>
+
+<p>There are very few legends among the Polynesians concerning the death of
+Maui. And these are usually fragmentary, except among the Maoris of New
+Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>The Hawaiian legend of the death of Maui is to the effect that he
+offended some of the greater gods living in Waipio valley on the Island
+of Hawaii. Kanaloa, one of the four greatest gods of Hawaii, seized him
+and dashed him against the rocks. His blood burst from the body and
+colored the earth red in the upper part of the valley. The Hawaiians in
+another legend say that Maui was chasing a boy and girl in Honolii
+gulch, Hawaii. The girl climbed a breadfruit tree. Maui changed himself
+into an eel and stretched himself along the side of the trunk of the
+tree. The tree stretched itself upward and Maui failed to reach the
+girl. A priest came along and struck the eel and killed it, and so Maui
+died. This is evidently a changed form of the legend of Maui and the
+long eel. Another Hawaiian fragment approaches very near to the
+beautiful New Zealand myth. The Hawaiians said that Maui attempted to
+tear a mountain apart. He wrenched a great hole in the side. Then the
+elepaio bird sang and the charm was broken. The cleft<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> in the mountain
+could not be enlarged. If the story could be completed it would not be
+strange if the death of Maui came with this failure to open the path
+through the mountain.</p>
+
+<p>The Hervey Islands say that after Maui fished up the islands his hook
+was thrown into the heavens and became the curved tail of the
+constellation of stars which we know as "The Scorpion." Then the people
+became angry with Maui and threw him up into the sky and his body is
+still thought to be hanging among the stars of the scorpion.</p>
+
+<p>The Samoans, according to Turner, say that Maui went fishing and tried
+to catch the land under the seas and pull it to the surface. Finally an
+island appeared, but the people living on it were angry with Maui and
+drove him away into the heavens.</p>
+
+<p>As he leaped from the island it separated into two parts. Thus the
+Samoans account for the origin of two of their islands and also for the
+passing away of Maui from the earth.</p>
+
+<p>The natives of New Zealand have many myths concerning the death of Maui.
+Each tribe tells the story with such variations as would be expected
+when the fact is noted that these tribes have preserved their
+individuality through many generations. The substance of the myth,
+however, is the same.</p>
+
+<p>In Maui's last days he longed for the victory over death. His innate
+love of life led him to face the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> possibility of escaping and
+overcoming the relentless enemy of mankind and thus bestow the boon of
+deathlessness upon his fellow-men. He had been successful over and over
+again in his contests with both gods and men. When man was created, he
+stood erect, but, according to an Hawaiian myth, had jointless arms and
+limbs. A web of skin connected and fastened tightly the arms to the body
+and the legs to each other. "Maui was angry at this motionless statue
+and took him and broke his legs at ankle, knee and hip and then, tearing
+them and the arms from the body, destroyed the web. Then he broke the
+arms at the elbow and shoulder. Then man could move from place to place,
+but he had neither fingers or toes." Here comes the most ancient
+Polynesian statement of the theory of evolution: "Hunger impelled man to
+seek his food in the mountains, where his toes were cut out by the
+brambles in climbing, and his fingers were also formed by the sharp
+splinters of the bamboo while searching with his arms for food in the
+ground."</p>
+
+<p>It was not strange that Maui should feel self-confident when considering
+the struggle for immortality as a gift to be bestowed upon mankind. And
+yet his father warned him that his time of failure would surely come.</p>
+
+<p>White, who has collected many of the myths and legends of New Zealand,
+states that after Maui had ill-treated Mahu-ika, his grandmother, the
+goddess<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> and guardian of fire in the under-world, his father and mother
+tried to teach him to do differently. But he refused to listen. Then the
+father said:</p>
+
+<p>"You heard our instructions, but please yourself and persist for life or
+death."</p>
+
+<p>Maui replied: "What do I care? Do you think I shall cease? Rather I will
+persist forever and ever."</p>
+
+<p>Then his father said: "There is one so powerful that no tricks can be of
+any avail."</p>
+
+<p>Maui asked: "By what shall I be overcome?" The answer was that one of
+his ancestors, Hine-nui-te-po (Great Hine of the night), the guardian of
+life, would overcome him.</p>
+
+<p>When Maui fished islands out of the deep seas, it was said that Hine
+made her home on the outer edge of one of the outermost islands. There
+the glow of the setting sun lighted the thatch of her house and covered
+it with glorious colors. There Great Hine herself stood flashing and
+sparkling on the edge of the horizon.</p>
+
+<p>Maui, in these last days of his life, looked toward the west and said:
+"Let us investigate this matter and learn whether life or death shall
+follow."</p>
+
+<p>The father replied: "There is evil hanging over you. When I chanted the
+invocation of your childhood, when you were made sacred and guarded by
+charms, I forgot a part of the ceremony. And for this you are to die."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then Maui said, "Will this be by Hine-nui-te-po? What is she like?"</p>
+
+<p>The father said that the flashing eyes they could see in the distance
+were dark as greenstone, the teeth were as sharp as volcanic glass, her
+mouth was large like a fish, and her hair was floating in the air like
+sea-weed.</p>
+
+<p>One of the legends of New Zealand says that Maui and his brothers went
+toward the west, to the edge of the horizon, where they saw the goddess
+of the night. Light was flashing from her body. Here they found a great
+pit&mdash;the home of night. Maui entered the pit&mdash;telling his brothers not
+to laugh. He passed through and turning about started to return. The
+brothers laughed and the walls of night closed in around him and held
+him till he died.</p>
+
+<p>The longer legend tells how Maui after his conversation with his father,
+remembered his conflict with the moon. He had tied her so that she could
+not escape, but was compelled to bathe in the waters of life and return
+night after night lest men should be in darkness when evening came.</p>
+
+<p>Maui said to the goddess of the moon: "Let death be short. As the moon
+dies and returns with new strength, so let men die and revive again."</p>
+
+<p>But she replied: "Let death be very long, that man may sigh and sorrow.
+When man dies, let him go<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> into darkness, become like earth, that those
+he leaves behind may weep and wail and mourn."</p>
+
+<p>Maui did not lay aside his purpose, but, according to the New Zealand
+story, "did not wish men to die, but to live forever. Death appeared
+degrading and an insult to the dignity of man. Man ought to die like the
+moon, which dips in the life-giving waters of Kane and is renewed again,
+or like the sun, which daily sinks into the pit of night and with
+renewed strength rises in the morning."</p>
+
+<p>Maui sought the home of Hine-nui-te-po&mdash;the guardian of life. He heard
+her order her attendants to watch for any one approaching and capture
+all who came walking upright as a man. He crept past the attendants on
+hands and feet, found the place of life, stole some of the food of the
+goddess and returned home. He showed the food to his brothers and
+persuaded them to go with him into the darkness of the night of death.
+On the way he changed them into the form of birds. In the evening they
+came to the house of the goddess on the island long before fished up
+from the seas.</p>
+
+<p>Maui warned the birds to refrain from making any noise while he made the
+supreme effort of his life. He was about to enter upon his struggle for
+immortality. He said to the birds: "If I go into the stomach of this
+woman, do not laugh until I have gone<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> through her, and come out again
+at her mouth; then you can laugh at me."</p>
+
+<p>His friends said: "You will be killed." Maui replied: "If you laugh at
+me when I have only entered her stomach I shall be killed, but if I have
+passed through her and come out of her mouth I shall escape and
+Hine-nui-te-po will die."</p>
+
+<p>His friends called out to him: "Go then. The decision is with you."</p>
+
+<p>Hine was sleeping soundly. The flashes of lightning had all ceased. The
+sunlight had almost passed away and the house lay in quiet gloom. Maui
+came near to the sleeping goddess. Her large, fish-like mouth was open
+wide. He put off his clothing and prepared to pass through the ordeal of
+going to the hidden source of life, to tear it out of the body of its
+guardian and carry it back with him to mankind. He stood in all the
+glory of savage manhood. His body was splendidly marked by the
+tattoo-bones, and now well oiled shone and sparkled in the last rays of
+the setting sun.</p>
+
+<p>He leaped through the mouth of the enchanted one and entered her
+stomach, weapon in hand, to take out her heart, the vital principle
+which he knew had its home somewhere within her being. He found
+immortality on the other side of death. He turned to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> come back again
+into life when suddenly a little bird (the Pata-tai) laughed in a clear,
+shrill tone, and Great Hine, through whose mouth Maui was passing,
+awoke. Her sharp, obsidian teeth closed with a snap upon Maui, cutting
+his body in the center. Thus Maui entered the gates of death, but was
+unable to return, and death has ever since been victor over rebellious
+men. The natives have the saying:</p>
+
+<p>"If Maui had not died, he could have restored to life all who had gone
+before him, and thus succeeded in destroying death."</p>
+
+<p>Maui's brothers took the dismembered body and buried it in a cave called
+Te-ana-i-hana, "The cave dug out," possibly a prepared burial place.</p>
+
+<p>Maui's wife made war upon the spirits, the gods, and killed as many as
+she could to avenge her husband's death. One of the old native poets of
+New Zealand, in chanting the story to Mr. White, said: "But though Maui
+was killed, his offspring survived. Some of these are at Hawa-i-i-ki and
+some at Aotea-roa (New Zealand), but the greater part of them remained
+at Hawa-i-ki. This history was handed down by the generations of our
+ancestors of ancient times, and we continue to rehearse it to our
+children, with our incantations and genealogies, and all other matters
+relating to our race."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"But death is nothing new,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death is, and has been ever since old Maui died.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then Pata-tai laughed loud</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And woke the goblin-god,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Who severed him in two, and shut him in,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So dusk of eve came on."</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">&mdash;Maori death chant, New Zealand.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII.</h2>
+
+<h3>HINA OF HILO.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Hina is not an uncommon name in Hawaiian genealogies. It is usually
+accompanied by some adjective which explains or identifies the person to
+whom the name is given. In Hawaii the name Hina is feminine. This is
+also true throughout all Polynesia except in a few cases where Hina is
+reckoned as a man with supernatural attributes. Even in these cases it
+is apparent that the legend has been changed from its original form as
+it has been carried to small islands by comparatively ignorant people
+when moving away from their former homes.</p>
+
+<p>Hina is a Polynesian goddess whose story is very interesting&mdash;one worthy
+of study when comparing the legends of the island groups of the Pacific.
+The Hina of Hilo is the same as the goddess of that name most widely
+known throughout Polynesia&mdash;and yet her legends are located by the
+ancient Hawaiians in Hilo, as if that place were her only home. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+legends are so old that the Hawaiians have forgotten their origin in
+other lands. The stories were brought with the immigrants who settled on
+the Hilo coast. Thus the stories found their final location with the
+families who brought them. There are three Hawaiian Hinas practically
+distinct from each other, although a supernatural element is connected
+with each one. Hina who was stolen from Hawaii by a chief of the Island
+of Molokai was an historical character, although surrounded by mythical
+stories. Another Hina, who was the wife of Kuula, the fish god, was
+pre-eminently a local deity, having no real connection with the legends
+of the other islands of the Pacific, although sometimes the stories told
+concerning her have not been kept entirely distinct from the legends of
+the Hina of Hilo.</p>
+
+<p>The Hilo Hina was the true legendary character closely connected with
+all Polynesia. The stories about her are of value not simply as legends,
+but as traditions closely uniting the Hawaiian Islands with the island
+groups thousands of miles distant. The Wailuku river, which flows
+through the town of Hilo, has its own peculiar and weird beauty. For
+miles it is a series of waterfalls and rapids. It follows the course of
+an ancient lava flow, sometimes forcing its way under bridges of lava,
+thus forming what are called boiling pots, and sometimes pouring in
+massive sheets over the edges of precipices which never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> disintegrate.
+By the side of this river Hina's son Maui had his lands. In the very bed
+of the river, in a cave under one of the largest falls, Hina made her
+own home, concealed from the world by the silver veil of falling water
+and lulled to sleep by the continual roar of the flood falling into the
+deep pool below. By the side of this river, the legends say, she pounded
+her tapa and prepared her food. Here were the small, graceful mamake and
+the coarser wauke trees, from which the bark was stripped with which she
+made tapa cloth. Branches were cut or broken from these and other trees
+whose bark was fit for the purpose. These branches were well soaked
+until the bark was removed easily. Then the outer bark was scraped off,
+leaving only the pliable inner bark. The days were very short and there
+was no time for rest while making tapa cloth. Therefore, as soon as the
+morning light reddened the clouds, Hina would take her calabash filled
+with water to pour upon the bark, and her little bundle of round clubs
+(the hohoa) and her four-sided mallets (the i-e-kuku) and hasten to the
+sacred spot where, with chants and incantations, the tapa was made.</p>
+
+<p>The bark was well soaked in the water all the days of the process of
+tapa making. Hina took small bundles of the wet inner bark and laid them
+on the kua or heavy tapa board, pounding them together into a pulpy mass
+with her round clubs. Then using the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> four-sided mallets, she beat this
+pulp into thin sheets. Beautiful tapa, soft as silk, was made by adding
+pulpy mass to pulpy mass and beating it day after day until the fibres
+were lost and a sheet of close-woven bark cloth was formed. Although
+Hina was a goddess and had a family possessing miraculous power, it
+never entered the mind of the Hawaiian legend tellers to endow her with
+ease in producing wonderful results. The legends of the Southern Pacific
+Islands show more imagination. They say that Ina (Hina) was such a
+wonderful artist in making beautiful tapas that she was placed in the
+skies, where she beat out glistening fine tapas, the white and glorious
+clouds. When she stretches these cloud sheets out to dry, she places
+stones along the edges, so that the fierce winds of the heavens shall
+not blow them away. When she throws these stones aside, the skies
+reverberate with thunder. When she rolls her cloud sheets of tapa
+together, the folds glisten with flashes of light and lightning leaps
+from sheet to sheet.</p>
+
+<p>The Hina of Hilo was grieved as she toiled because after she had pounded
+the sheets out so thin that they were ready to be dried, she found it
+almost impossible to secure the necessary aid of the sun in the drying
+process. She would rise as soon as she could see and hasten to spread
+out the tapa made the day before. But the sun always hurried so fast
+that the sheets could not dry. He leaped from the ocean<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> waters in the
+earth, rushed across the heavens and plunged into the dark waters again
+on the other side of the island before she could even turn her tapas so
+that they might dry evenly. This legend of very short days is strange
+because of its place not only among the myths of Hawaii but also because
+it belongs to practically all the tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean.
+In Tahiti the legends said that the sun rushed across the sky very
+rapidly. The days were too short for fruits to ripen or for work to be
+finished. In Samoa the "mats" made by Sina had no time to dry. The
+ancestors of the Polynesians sometime somewhere must have been in the
+region of short days and long nights. Hina found that her incantations
+had no influence with the sun. She could not prevail upon him to go
+slower and give her more time for the completion of her task. Then she
+called on her powerful son, Maui-ki-i-ki-i, for aid.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the legends of the Island Maui say that Hina dwelt by the sea
+coast of that island near the high hill Kauwiki at the foot of the great
+mountain Haleakala, House of the Sun, and that there, facing the
+southern skies under the most favorable conditions for making tapa, she
+found the days too short for the tapa to dry. At the present time the
+Hawaiians point out a long, narrow stone not far from the surf and
+almost below the caves in which the great queen Kaahumanu spent the
+earliest days of her childhood.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> This stone is said to be the kua or
+tapa board on which Hina pounded the bark for her cloth. Other legends
+of that same island locate Hina's home on the northeast coast near
+Pohakuloa.</p>
+
+<p>The Hilo legends, however, do not deem it necessary that Hina and Maui
+should have their home across the wide channel which divides the Island
+Hawaii from the Island Maui in order to wage war successfully with the
+inconsiderate sun. Hina remained in her home by the Wailuku river,
+sometimes resting in her cave under Rainbow Falls, and sometimes working
+on the river bank, trusting her powerful son Maui to make the
+swiftly-passing lord of day go more slowly.</p>
+
+<p>Maui possessed many supernatural powers. He could assume the form of
+birds or insects. He could call on the winds to do his will, or he
+could, if he wished, traverse miles with a single stride. It is
+interesting to note that the Hilo legends differ as to the way in which
+Ma-ui the man passed over to Mau-i the island. One legend says that he
+crossed the channel, miles wide, with a single step. Another says that
+he launched his canoe and with a breath the god of the winds placed him
+on the opposite coast, while another story says that Maui assumed the
+form of a white chicken, which flew over the waters to Haleakala. Here
+he took ropes made from the fibre of trees and vines and lassoed the sun
+while it climbed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> the side of the mountain and entered the great crater
+which hollows out the summit. The sun came through a large gap in the
+eastern side of the crater, rushing along as rapidly as possible. Then
+Maui threw his lassoes one after the other over the sun's legs (the rays
+of light), holding him fast and breaking off some of them. With a magic
+club Maui struck the face of the sun again and again. At last, wounded
+and weary, and also limping on its broken legs, the sun promised Maui to
+go slowly forevermore.</p>
+
+<p>"La" among the Polynesians, like the word "Ra" among the Egyptians,
+means "sun" or "day" or "sun-god"&mdash;and the mountain where the son of
+Hina won his victory over the monster of the heavens has long borne the
+name Hale-a-ka-la, or House of the Sun.</p>
+
+<p>Hina of Hilo soon realized the wonderful deed which Maui had done. She
+spread out her fine tapas with songs of joy and cheerily performed the
+task which filled the hours of the day. The comfort of sunshine and
+cooling winds came with great power into Hina's life, bringing to her
+renewed joy and beauty.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>HINA AND THE WAILUKU RIVER.</h3>
+
+
+<p>There are two rivers of rushing, tumbling rapids and waterfalls in the
+Hawaiian Islands, both bearing the name of Wailuku. One is on the Island
+of Maui, flowing out of a deep gorge in the side of the extinct volcano
+Iao. Yosemite-like precipices surround this majestically-walled crater.
+The name Iao means "asking for clouds." The head of the crater-valley is
+almost always covered with great masses of heavy rain clouds. Out of the
+crater the massed waters rush in a swift-flowing stream of only four or
+five miles, emptying into Kahului harbor. The other Wailuku river is on
+the Island of Hawaii. The snows melt on the summits of the two great
+mountains, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. The water seeps through the porous
+lava from the eastern slope of Mauna Loa and the southern slope of Mauna
+Kea, meeting where the lava flows of centuries from each mountain have
+piled up against each other. Through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> the fragments of these volcanic
+battles the waters creep down the mountain side toward the sea.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 548px;">
+<img src="images/i188.jpg" width="548" height="550" alt="Rainbow Falls, Hina&#39;s Home." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Rainbow Falls, Hina&#39;s Home.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At one place, a number of miles above the city of Hilo, the waters were
+heard gurgling and splashing far below the surface. Water was needed for
+the sugar plantations, which modern energy has established all along the
+eastern coast of the large island. A tunnel was cut into the lava, the
+underground stream was tapped&mdash;and an abundant supply of water secured
+and sluiced down to the large plantations below. The head waters of the
+Wailuku river gathered from the melting snow of the mountains found
+these channels, which centered at last in the bed of a very ancient and
+very interesting lava flow. Sometimes breaking forth in a large,
+turbulent flood, the stream forces its way over and around the huge
+blocks of lava which mark the course of the eruption of long ago.
+Sometimes it courses in a tunnel left by the flowing lava and comes up
+from below in a series of boiling pools. Then again it falls in majestic
+sheets over high walls of worn precipices. Several large falls and some
+very picturesque smaller cascades interspersed with rapids and natural
+bridges give to this river a beauty peculiarly its own. The most weird
+of all the rough places through which the Wailuku river flows is that
+known as the basin of Rainbow Falls near Hilo. Here Hina, the moon
+goddess of the Polynesians, lived in a great open cave, over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> which the
+falls hung their misty, rainbow-tinted veil. Her son Maui, the mighty
+demi-god of Polynesia, supposed by some writers to be the sun-god of the
+Polynesians, had extensive lands along the northern bank of the river.
+Here among his cultivated fields he had his home, from which he went
+forth to accomplish the wonders attributed to him in the legends of the
+Hawaiians.</p>
+
+<p>Below the cave in which Hina dwelt the river fought its way through a
+narrow gorge and then, in a series of many small falls, descended to the
+little bay, where its waters mingled with the surf of the salt sea. Far
+above the cave, in the bed of the river, dwelt Kuna. The district
+through which that portion of the river runs bears to this day the name
+"Wai-kuna" or "Kuna's river." When the writer was talking with the
+natives concerning this part of the old legend, they said "Kuna is not a
+Hawaiian word. It means something like a snake or a dragon, something we
+do not have in these islands." This, they thought, made the connection
+with the Hina legend valueless until they were shown that Tuna (or kuna)
+was the New Zealand name of a reptile which attacked Hina and struck her
+with his tail like a crocodile, for which Maui killed him. When this was
+understood, the Hawaiians were greatly interested to give the remainder
+of this legend and compare it with the New Zealand story. In New Zealand
+there are sev<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>eral statements concerning Tuna's dwelling place. He is
+sometimes represented as coming from a pool to attack Hina and sometimes
+from a distant stream, and sometimes from the river by which Hina dwelt.
+The Hawaiians told of the annoyances which Hina endured from Kuna while
+he lived above her home in the Wailuku. He would stop up the river and
+fill it with dirt as when the freshets brought down the debris of the
+storms from the mountain sides. He would throw logs and rolling stones
+into the stream that they might be carried over the falls and drive Hina
+from her cave. He had sought Hina in many ways and had been repulsed
+again and again until at last hatred took the place of all more kindly
+feelings and he determined to destroy the divine chiefess.</p>
+
+<p>Hina was frequently left with but little protection, and yet from her
+home in the cave feared nothing that Kuna could do. Precipices guarded
+the cave on either side, and any approach of an enemy through the
+falling water could be easily thwarted. So her chants rang out through
+the river valley even while floods swirled around her, and Kuna's
+missiles were falling over the rocky bed of the stream toward her. Kuna
+became very angry and, uttering great curses and calling upon all his
+magic forces to aid him, caught a great stone and at night hurled it
+into the gorge of the river below Hina's home, filling the river bed
+from bank to bank. "Ah, Hina! Now is the danger, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> the river rises.
+The water cannot flow away. Awake! Awake!"</p>
+
+<p>Hina is not aware of this evil which is so near. The water rises and
+rises, higher and higher. "Auwe! Auwe! Alas, alas, Hina must perish!"
+The water entered the opening of the cave and began to creep along the
+floor. Hina cannot fly, except into the very arms of her great enemy,
+who is waiting to destroy her. Then Hina called for Maui. Again and
+again her voice went out from the cave. It pierced through the storms
+and the clouds which attended Kuna's attack upon her. It swept along the
+side of the great mountain. It crossed the channel between the islands
+of Hawaii and Maui. Its anguish smote the side of the great mountain
+Haleakala, where Maui had been throwing his lassoes around the sun and
+compelling him to go more slowly. When Maui heard Hina's cry for help
+echoing from cliff to cliff and through the ravines, he leaped at once
+to rush to her assistance.</p>
+
+<p>Some say that Hina, the goddess, had a cloud servant, the "ao-opua," the
+"warning cloud," which rose swiftly above the falls when Hina cried for
+aid and then, assuming a peculiar shape, stood high above the hills that
+Maui might see it. Down the mountain he leaped to his magic canoe.
+Pushing it into the sea with two mighty strokes of his paddle he crossed
+the sea to the mouth of the Wailuku river. Here even to the present day
+lies a long double rock, surrounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> by the waters of the bay, which
+the natives call Ka waa o Maui, "The canoe of Maui." It represents to
+Hawaiian thought the magic canoe with which Maui always sailed over the
+ocean more swiftly than any winds could carry him. Leaving his canoe,
+Maui seized the magic club with which he had conquered the sun after
+lassoing him, and rushed along the dry bed of the river to the place of
+danger. Swinging the club swiftly around his head, he struck the dam
+holding back the water of the rapidly-rising river.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;">
+<img src="images/i194.jpg" width="550" height="550" alt="Wailuku River, the Home of Kuna." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Wailuku River, the Home of Kuna.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Ah! Nothing can withstand the magic club. The bank around one end of
+the dam gives way. The imprisoned waters leap into the new channel. Safe
+is Hina the goddess."</p>
+
+<p>Kuna heard the crash of the club against the stones of the river bank
+and fled up the river to his home in the hidden caves by the pools in
+the river bed. Maui rushed up the river to punish Kuna-mo-o for the
+trouble he had caused Hina. When he came to the place where the dragon
+was hidden under deep waters, he took his magic spear and thrust it
+through the dirt and lava rocks along one side of the river, making a
+long hole, through which the waters rushed, revealing Kuna-mo-o's hiding
+place. This place of the spear thrust is known among the Hawaiians as Ka
+puka a Maui, "the door made by Maui." It is also known as "The natural
+bridge of the Wailuku river."</p>
+
+<p>Kuna-mo-o fled to his different hiding places, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> Maui broke up the
+river bed and drove the dragon out from every one, following him from
+place to place as he fled down the river. Apparently this is a legendary
+account of earthquakes. At last Kuna-mo-o found what seemed to be a safe
+hiding place in a series of deep pools, but Maui poured a lava flow into
+the river. He threw red-hot burning stones into the water until the
+pools were boiling and the steam was rising in clouds. Kuna uttered
+incantation after incantation, but the water scalded and burned him.
+Dragon as he was, his hard, tough skin was of no avail. The pain was
+becoming unbearable. With cries to his gods he leaped from the pools and
+fled down the river. The waters of the pools are no longer scalding, but
+they have never lost the tumbling, tossing, foaming, boiling swirl which
+Maui gave to them when he threw into them the red-hot stones with which
+he hoped to destroy Kuna, and they are known today as "The Boiling
+Pots."</p>
+
+<p>Some versions of the legend say that Maui poured boiling water in the
+river and sent it in swift pursuit of Kuna, driving him from point to
+point and scalding his life out of him. Others say that Maui chased the
+dragon, striking him again and again with his consecrated weapons,
+following Kuna down from falls to falls until he came to the place where
+Hina dwelt. Then, feeling that there was little use in flight, Kuna
+battled with Maui. His struggles were of no avail.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> He was forced over
+the falls into the stream below. Hina and her women encouraged Maui by
+their chants and strengthened him by the most powerful incantations with
+which they were acquainted. Great was their joy when they beheld Kuna's
+ponderous body hurled over the falls. Eagerly they watched the dragon as
+the swift waters swept him against the dam with which he had hoped to
+destroy Hina; and when the whirling waves caught him and dashed him
+through the new channel made by Maui's magic club, they rejoiced and
+sang the praise of the mighty warrior who had saved them. Maui had
+rushed along the bank of the river with tremendous strides overtaking
+the dragon as he was rolled over and over among the small waterfalls
+near the mouth of the river. Here Maui again attacked Kuna, at last
+beating the life out of his body. "Moo-Kuna" was the name given by the
+Hawaiians to the dragon. "Moo" means anything in lizard shape, but Kuna
+was unlike any lizard known in the Hawaiian Islands. Moo Kuna is the
+name sometimes given to a long black stone lying like an island in the
+waters between the small falls of the river. As one who calls attention
+to this legendary black stone says: "As if he were not dead enough
+already, every big freshet in the stream beats him and pounds him and
+drowns him over and over as he would have drowned Hina." A New Zealand
+legend relates a conflict of incantations, somewhat like the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> filling in
+of the Wailuku river by Kuna, and the cleaving of a new channel by Maui
+with the different use of means. In New Zealand the river is closed by
+the use of powerful incantations and charms and reopened by the use of
+those more powerful.</p>
+
+<p>In the Hervey Islands, Tuna, the god of eels, loved Ina (Hina) and
+finally died for her, giving his head to be buried. From this head
+sprang two cocoanut trees, bearing fruit marked with Tuna's eyes and
+mouth.</p>
+
+<p>In Samoa the battle was between an owl and a serpent. The owl conquered
+by calling in the aid of a friend.</p>
+
+<p>This story of Hina apparently goes far back in the traditions of
+Polynesians, even to their ancient home in Hawaiki, from which it was
+taken by one branch of the family to New Zealand and by another to the
+Hawaiian Islands and other groups in the Pacific Ocean. The dragon may
+even be a remembrance of the days when the Polynesians were supposed to
+dwell by the banks of the River Ganges in India, when crocodiles were
+dangerous enemies and heroes saved families from their destructive
+depredations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a>XIV.</h2>
+
+<h3>GHOSTS OF THE HILO HILLS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The legends about Hina and her famous son Maui and her less widely known
+daughters are common property among the natives of the beautiful little
+city of Hilo. One of these legends of more than ordinary interest finds
+its location in the three small hills back of Hilo toward the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>These hills are small craters connected with some ancient lava flow of
+unusual violence. The eruption must have started far up on the slopes of
+Mauna Loa. As it sped down toward the sea it met some obstruction which,
+although overwhelmed, checked the flow and caused a great mass of
+cinders and ashes to be thrown out until a large hill with a hollow
+crater was built up, covering many acres of ground.</p>
+
+<p>Soon the lava found another vent and then another obstruction and a
+second and then a third hill were formed nearer the sea. These hills or
+extinct craters bear the names Halai, Opeapea and Puu Honu. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> are
+not far from the Wailuku river, famous for its picturesque waterfalls
+and also for the legends which are told along its banks. Here Maui had
+his lands overlooking the steep bluffs. Here in a cave under the Rainbow
+Falls was the home of Hina, the mother of Maui, according to the
+Hawaiian stories. Other parts of the Pacific sometimes make Hina Maui's
+wife, and sometimes a goddess from whom he descended. In the South Sea
+legends Hina was thought to have married the moon. Her home was in the
+skies, where she wove beautiful tapa cloths (the clouds), which were
+bright and glistening, so that when she rolled them up flashes of light
+(cloud lightning) could be seen on the earth. She laid heavy stones on
+the corners of these tapas, but sometimes the stones rolled off and made
+the thunder. Hina of the Rainbow Falls was a famous tapa maker whose
+tapa was the cause of Maui's conflict with the sun.</p>
+
+<p>Hina had several daughters, four of whose names are given: Hina Ke Ahi,
+Hina Ke Kai, Hina Mahuia, and Hina Kuluua. Each name marked the peculiar
+"mana" or divine gift which Hina, the mother, had bestowed upon her
+daughters.</p>
+
+<p>Hina Ke Ahi meant the Hina who had control of fire. This name is
+sometimes given to Hina the mother. Hina Ke Kai was the daughter who had
+power over the sea. She was said to have been in a canoe with her
+brother Maui when he fished up Co<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>coanut Island, his line breaking
+before he could pull it up to the mainland and make it fast. Hina Kuluua
+was the mistress over the forces of rain. The winds and the storms were
+supposed to obey her will. Hina Mahuia is peculiarly a name connected
+with the legends of the other island groups of the Pacific. Mahuia or
+Mafuie was a god or goddess of fire all through Polynesia.</p>
+
+<p>The legend of the Hilo hills pertains especially to Hina Ke Ahi and Hina
+Kuluua. Hina the mother gave the hill Halai to Hina Ke Ahi and the hill
+Puu Honu to Hina Kuluua for their families and dependents.</p>
+
+<p>The hills were of rich soil and there was much rain. Therefore, for a
+long time, the two daughters had plenty of food for themselves and their
+people, but at last the days were like fire and the sky had no rain in
+it. The taro planted on the hillsides died. The bananas and sugar cane
+and sweet potatoes withered and the fruit on the trees was blasted. The
+people were faint because of hunger, and the shadow of death was over
+the land. Hina Ke Ahi pitied her suffering friends and determined to
+provide food for them. Slowly her people labored at her command. Over
+they went to the banks of the river course, which was only the bed of an
+ancient lava stream, over which no water was flowing; the famished
+laborers toiled, gathering and carrying back whatever wood they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> could
+find, then up the mountain side to the great koa and ohia forests,
+gathering their burdens of fuel according to the wishes of their
+chiefess.</p>
+
+<p>Their sorcerers planted charms along the way and uttered incantations to
+ward off the danger of failure. The priests offered sacrifices and
+prayers for the safe and successful return of the burden-bearers. After
+many days the great quantity of wood desired by the goddess was piled up
+by the side of the Halai Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the days of digging out the hill and making a great imu or
+cooking oven and preparing it with stones and wood. Large quantities of
+wood were thrown into the place. Stones best fitted for retaining heat
+were gathered and the fires kindled. When the stones were hot, Hina Ke
+Ahi directed the people to arrange the imu in its proper order for
+cooking the materials for a great feast. A place was made for sweet
+potatoes, another for taro, another for pigs and another for dogs. All
+the form of preparing the food for cooking was passed through, but no
+real food was laid on the stones. Then Hina told them to make a place in
+the imu for a human sacrifice. Probably out of every imu of the long ago
+a small part of the food was offered to the gods, and there may have
+been a special place in the imu for that part of the food to be cooked.
+At any rate Hina had this oven so built that the people understood that
+a remarkable sacrifice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> would be offered in it to the gods, who for some
+reason had sent the famine upon the people.</p>
+
+<p>Human sacrifices were frequently offered by the Hawaiians even after the
+days of the coming of Captain Cook. A dead body was supposed to be
+acceptable to the gods when a chief's house was built, when a chief's
+new canoe was to be made or when temple walls were to be erected or
+victories celebrated. The bodies of the people belonged to the will of
+the chief. Therefore it was in quiet despair that the workmen obeyed
+Hina Ke Ahi and prepared the place for sacrifice. It might mean their
+own holocaust as an offering to the gods. At last Hina Ke Ahi bade the
+laborers cease their work and stand by the side of the oven ready to
+cover it with the dirt which had been thrown out and piled up by the
+side. The people stood by, not knowing upon whom the blow might fall.</p>
+
+<p>But Hina Ke Ahi was "Hina the kind," and although she stood before them
+robed in royal majesty and power, still her face was full of pity and
+love. Her voice melted the hearts of her retainers as she bade them
+carefully follow her directions.</p>
+
+<p>"O my people. Where are you? Will you obey and do as I command? This imu
+is my imu. I shall lie down on its bed of burning stones. I shall sleep
+under its cover. But deeply cover me or I may perish. Quickly throw the
+dirt over my body. Fear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> not the fire. Watch for three days. A woman
+will stand by the imu. Obey her will."</p>
+
+<p>Hina Ke Ahi was very beautiful, and her eyes flashed light like fire as
+she stepped into the great pit and lay down on the burning stones. A
+great smoke arose and gathered over the imu. The men toiled rapidly,
+placing the imu mats over their chiefess and throwing the dirt back into
+the oven until it was all thoroughly covered and the smoke was quenched.</p>
+
+<p>Then they waited for the strange, mysterious thing which must follow the
+sacrifice of this divine chiefess.</p>
+
+<p>Halai hill trembled and earthquakes shook the land round about. The
+great heat of the fire in the imu withered the little life which was
+still left from the famine. Meanwhile Hina Ke Ahi was carrying out her
+plan for securing aid for her people. She could not be injured by the
+heat for she was a goddess of fire. The waves of heat raged around her
+as she sank down through the stones of the imu into the underground
+paths which belonged to the spirit world. The legend says that Hina made
+her appearance in the form of a gushing stream of water which would
+always supply the want of her adherents. The second day passed. Hina was
+still journeying underground, but this time she came to the surface as a
+pool named Moe Waa (canoe sleep) much nearer the sea. The third day came
+and Hina caused a great spring of sweet water to burst forth from the
+sea shore in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> very path of the ocean surf. This received the name
+Auauwai. Here Hina washed away all traces of her journey through the
+depths. This was the last of the series of earthquakes and the
+appearance of new water springs. The people waited, feeling that some
+more wonderful event must follow the remarkable experiences of the three
+days. Soon a woman stood by the imu, who commanded the laborers to dig
+away the dirt and remove the mats. When this was done, the hungry people
+found a very great abundance of food, enough to supply their want until
+the food plants should have time to ripen and the days of the famine
+should be over.</p>
+
+<p>The joy of the people was great when they knew that their chiefess had
+escaped death and would still dwell among them in comfort. Many were the
+songs sung and stories told about the great famine and the success of
+the goddess of fire.</p>
+
+<p>The second sister, Hina Kuluua, the goddess of rain, was always very
+jealous of her beautiful sister Hina Ke Ahi, and many times sent rain to
+put out fires which her sister tried to kindle. Hina Ke Ahi could not
+stand the rain and so fled with her people to a home by the seaside.</p>
+
+<p>Hina Kuluua (or Hina Kuliua as she was sometimes known among the
+Hawaiians) could control rain and storms, but for some reason failed to
+provide a food supply for her people, and the famine wrought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> havoc
+among them. She thought of the stories told and songs sung about her
+sister and wished for the same honor for herself. She commanded her
+people to make a great imu for her in the hill Puu Honu. She knew that a
+strange power belonged to her and yet, blinded by jealousy, forgot that
+rain and fire could not work together. She planned to furnish a great
+supply of food for her people in the same way in which her sister had
+worked.</p>
+
+<p>The oven was dug. Stones and wood were collected and the same ghostly
+array of potatoes, taro, pig and dog prepared as had been done before by
+her sister.</p>
+
+<p>The kahunas or priests knew that Hina Kuluua was going out of her
+province in trying to do as her sister had done, but there was no use in
+attempting to change her plans. Jealousy is self-willed and obstinate
+and no amount of reasoning from her dependents could have any influence
+over her.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinary incantations were observed, and Hina Kuluua gave the same
+directions as those her sister had given. The imu was to be well heated.
+The make-believe food was to be put in and a place left for her body. It
+was the goddess of rain making ready to lie down on a bed prepared for
+the goddess of fire. When all was ready, she lay down on the heated
+stones and the oven mats were thrown over her and the ghostly
+provisions. Then the covering of dirt was thrown back upon the mats and
+heated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> stones, filling the pit which had been dug. The goddess of
+rain was left to prepare a feast for her people as the goddess of fire
+had done for her followers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 548px;">
+<img src="images/i208.jpg" width="548" height="550" alt="On Lava Beds." title="" />
+<span class="caption">On Lava Beds.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some of the legends have introduced the demi-god Maui into this story.
+The natives say that Maui came to "burn" or "cook the rain" and that he
+made the oven very hot, but that the goddess of rain escaped and hung
+over the hill in the form of a cloud. At least this is what the people
+saw&mdash;not a cloud of smoke over the imu, but a rain cloud. They waited
+and watched for such evidences of underground labor as attended the
+passage of Hina Ke Ahi through the earth from the hill to the sea, but
+the only strange appearance was the dark rain cloud. They waited three
+days and looked for their chiefess to come in the form of a woman. They
+waited another day and still another and no signs or wonders were
+manifest. Meanwhile Maui, changing himself into a white bird, flew up
+into the sky to catch the ghost of the goddess of rain which had escaped
+from the burning oven. Having caught this spirit, he rolled it in some
+kapa cloth which he kept for food to be placed in an oven and carried it
+to a place in the forest on the mountain side where again the attempt
+was made to "burn the rain," but a great drop escaped and sped upward
+into the sky. Again Maui caught the ghost of the goddess and carried it
+to a pali or precipice below the great volcano Kilauea, where he again
+tried to destroy it in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> the heat of a great lava oven, but this time the
+spirit escaped and found a safe refuge among kukui trees on the mountain
+side, from which she sometimes rises in clouds which the natives say are
+the sure sign of rain.</p>
+
+<p>Whether this Maui legend has any real connection with the two Hinas and
+the famine we do not surely know. The legend ordinarily told among the
+Hawaiians says that after five days had passed the retainers decided on
+their own responsibility to open the imu. No woman had appeared to give
+them directions. Nothing but a mysterious rain cloud over the hill. In
+doubt and fear, the dirt was thrown off and the mats removed. Nothing
+was found but the ashes of Hina Kuluua. There was no food for her
+followers and the goddess had lost all power of appearing as a chiefess.
+Her bitter and thoughtless jealousy brought destruction upon herself and
+her people. The ghosts of Hina Ke Ahi and Hina Kuluua sometimes draw
+near to the old hills in the form of the fire of flowing lava or clouds
+of rain while the old men and women tell the story of the Hinas, the
+sisters of Maui, who were laid upon the burning stones of the imus of a
+famine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XV" id="XV"></a>XV.</h2>
+
+<h3>HINA, THE WOMAN IN THE MOON.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The Wailuku river has by its banks far up the mountain side some of the
+most ancient of the various interesting picture rocks of the Hawaiian
+Islands. The origin of the Hawaiian picture writing is a problem still
+unsolved, but the picture rocks of the Wailuku river are called "na kii
+o Maui," "the Maui pictures." Their antiquity is beyond question.</p>
+
+<p>The most prominent figure cut in these rocks is that of the crescent
+moon. The Hawaiian legends do not attempt any direct explanation of the
+meaning of this picture writing. The traditions of the Polynesians both
+concerning Hina and Maui look to Hina as the moon goddess of their
+ancestors, and in some measure the Hawaiian stories confirm the
+traditions of the other island groups of the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>Fornander, in his history of the Polynesian race, gives the Hawaiian
+story of Hina's ascent to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> moon, but applies it to a Hina the wife
+of a chief called Aikanaka rather than to the Hina of Hilo, the wife of
+Akalana, the father of Maui. However, Fornander evidently found some
+difficulty in determining the status of the one to whom he refers the
+legend, for he calls her "the mysterious wife of Aikanaka." In some of
+the Hawaiian legends Hina, the mother of Maui, lived on the southeast
+coast of the Island Maui at the foot of a hill famous in Hawaiian story
+as Kauiki. Fornander says that this "mysterious wife" of Aikanaka bore
+her children Puna and Huna, the latter a noted sea-rover among the
+Polynesians, at the foot of this hill Kauiki. It can very easily be
+supposed that a legend of the Hina connected with the demi-god Maui
+might be given during the course of centuries to the other Hina, the
+mother of Huna. The application of the legend would make no difference
+to anyone were it not for the fact that the story of Hina and her ascent
+to the moon has been handed down in different forms among the traditions
+of Samoa, New Zealand, Tonga, Hervey Islands, Fate Islands, Nauru and
+other Pacific island groups. The Polynesian name of the moon, Mahina or
+Masina, is derived from Hina, the goddess mother of Maui. It is even
+possible to trace the name back to "Sin," the moon god of the Assyrians.</p>
+
+<p>The moon goddess of Ponape was Ina-maram. (Hawaiian Hina-malamalama),
+"Hina giving light."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the Paumotan Islands an eclipse of the sun is called Higa-higa-hana
+(Hina-hiua-hana), "The act (hana) of Hina&mdash;the moon."</p>
+
+<p>In New Zealand moonless nights were called "Dark Hina."</p>
+
+<p>In Tahiti it is said there was war among the gods. They cursed the
+stars. Hina saved them, although they lost a little light. Then they
+cursed the sea, but Hina preserved the tides. They cursed the rivers,
+but Hina saved the springs&mdash;the moving waters inland, like the tides in
+the ocean.</p>
+
+<p>The Hawaiians say that Hina and her maidens pounded out the softest,
+finest kapa cloth on the long, thick kapa board at the foot of Kauiki.
+Incessantly the restless sea dashed its spray over the picturesque
+groups of splintered lava rocks which form the Kauiki headland. Here
+above the reach of the surf still lies the long, black stone into which
+the legends say Hina's kapa board was changed. Here Hina took the leaves
+of the hala tree and, after the manner of the Hawaiian women of the ages
+past, braided mats for the household to sleep upon, and from the nuts of
+the kukui trees fashioned the torches which were burned around the homes
+of those of high chief rank.</p>
+
+<p>At last she became weary of her work among mortals. Her family had
+become more and more troublesome. It was said that her sons were unruly
+and her husband lazy and shiftless. She looked into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> heavens and
+determined to flee up the pathway of her rainbow through the clouds.</p>
+
+<p>The Sun was very bright and Hina said, "I will go to the Sun." So she
+left her home very early in the morning and climbed up, higher, higher,
+until the heat of the rays of the sun beat strongly upon her and
+weakened her so that she could scarcely crawl along her beautiful path.
+Up a little higher and the clouds no longer gave her even the least
+shadow. The heat from the sun was so great that she began to feel the
+fire shriveling and torturing her. Quickly she slipped down into the
+storms around her rainbow and then back to earth. As the day passed her
+strength came back, and when the full moon rose through the shadows of
+the night she said, "I will climb to the moon and there find rest."</p>
+
+<p>But when Hina began to go upward her husband saw her and called to her:
+"Do not go into the heavens." She answered him: "My mind is fixed; I
+will go to my new husband, the moon." And she climbed up higher and
+higher. Her husband ran toward her. She was almost out of reach, but he
+leaped and caught her foot. This did not deter Hina from her purpose.
+She shook off her husband, but as he fell he broke her leg so that the
+lower part came off in his hands. Hina went up through the stars, crying
+out the strongest incantations she could use. The powers of the night
+aided her. The mysterious hands of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> darkness lifted her, until she stood
+at the door of the moon. She had packed her calabash with her most
+priceless possessions and had carried it with her even when injured by
+her cruel husband. With her calabash she limped into the moon and found
+her abiding home. When the moon is full, the Hawaiians of the long ago,
+aye and even today, look into the quiet, silvery light and see the
+goddess in her celestial home, her calabash by her side.</p>
+
+<p>The natives call her now Lono-moku, "the crippled Lono." From this watch
+tower in the heavens she pointed out to Kahai, one of her descendents,
+the way to rise up into the skies. The ancient chant thus describes his
+ascent:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The rainbow is the path of Kahai.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kahai rose. Kahai bestirred himself.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kahai passed on the floating cloud of Kane.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perplexed were the eyes of Alihi.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kahai passed on on the glancing light.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The glancing light on men and canoes.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Above was Hanaiakamalama." (Hina).</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Thus under the care of his ancestress Hina, Kahai, the great sea-rover,
+made his ascent in quest of adventures among the immortals.</p>
+
+<p>In the Tongan Islands the legends say that Hina remains in the moon
+watching over the "fire-walkers" as their great protecting goddess.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Hervey Island traditions say that the Moon (Marama) had often seen
+Hina and admired her, and at last had come down and caught her up to
+live with himself. The moonlight in its glory is called Ina-motea, "the
+brightness of Ina."</p>
+
+<p>The story as told on Atiu Island (one of the Society group) is that Hina
+took her human husband with her to the moon, where they dwelt happily
+for a time, but as he grew old she prepared a rainbow, down which he
+descended to the earth to die, leaving Hina forevermore as "the woman in
+the moon." The Savage Islanders worshiped the spirits of their
+ancestors, saying that many of them went up to the land of Sina, the
+always bright land in the skies. To the natives of Niue Island, Hina has
+been the goddess ruling over all tapa making. They say that her home is
+"Motu a Hina," "the island of Hina," the home of the dead in the skies.</p>
+
+<p>The Samoans said that the Moon received Hina and a child, and also her
+tapa board and mallet and material for the manufacture of tapa cloth.
+Therefore, when the moon is shining in full splendor, they shade their
+eyes and look for the goddess and the tools with which she fashions the
+tapa clouds in the heavens.</p>
+
+<p>The New Zealand legend says that the woman went after water in the
+night. As she passed down the path to the spring the bright light of the
+full moon made the way easy for her quick footsteps, but when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> she had
+filled her calabash and started homeward, suddenly the bright light was
+hidden by a passing cloud and she stumbled against a stone in the path
+and fell to the ground, spilling the water she was carrying. Then she
+became very angry and cursed the moon heartily. Then the moon became
+angry and swiftly swept down upon her from the skies, grasping her and
+lifting her up. In her terrible fight she caught a small tree with one
+hand and her calabash with the other. But oh! the strong moon pulled her
+up with the tree and the calabash and there in the full moon they can
+all be traced when the nights are clear.</p>
+
+<p>Pleasant or Nauru Island, in which a missionary from Central Union
+Church, Honolulu, is laboring, tells the story of Gigu, a beautiful
+young woman, who has many of the experiences of Hina. She opened the
+eyes of the Mother of the Moon as Hina, in some of the Polynesian
+legends, is represented to have opened the eyes of one of the great
+goddesses, and in reward is married to Maraman, the Moon, with whom she
+lives ever after, and in whose embrace she can always be seen when the
+moon is full. Gigu is Hina under another and more guttural form of
+speech. Maraman is the same as Malama, one of the Polynesian names for
+the moon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+<ul class="none"><li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Akea or Atea, see Wakea, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Akalana, or Ataranga, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alae birds, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alae-Huapi, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alae-nui-a-Hina, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ao-tea-roa, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aumakuas, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ava-iki, or Hawa-i-ki, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Awa, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Axe, stone, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailing dish, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bananas, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Banyan, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barbs, spears, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birds, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bird-machine, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birds, painted, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Black rock, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boiling pots, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bones, fish hooks, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brittany, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bua-Tarana-ga, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cain and Abel, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calabash, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cannibalism, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canoe, Maui's, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cats-cradle, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cloud, Maui's-ao-opua, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coco-nut Island, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cook, Captain, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooking the rain, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coral, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creation, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crocodile, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death chant, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dog, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dragon, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earth twisted, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eclipse, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eel, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eel baskets, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eight-eyed, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellis, William, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Egypt, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Evolution, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairies, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fire-finding&mdash;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Australia, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bowditch Islands, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Chatham Islands, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">De Peysters Islands, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hawaii, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hervey Islands, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Indians, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">New Zealand, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peruvians, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samoa, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Savage Islands, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Society Islands, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tartary, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tokelau Island, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">First man, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fishing up islands&mdash;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hawaii, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hervey Islands, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">New Hebrides, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">New Zealand, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samoa, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tonga, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fish hooks, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fish nets, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flood, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flying machine, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forbes, Rev. A. O., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fornander, A., <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ganges, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilbert Islands, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gill, W. W., <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gray, Sir George, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Green stone, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guardian of under-world, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hades, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Halai hills, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale-a-ka-la, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale-a-o-a, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hau tree, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hau spirit, Preface</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haumia-Tiki-Tiki, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawa-iki, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawaii-loa, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawke's bay, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hele-a-ka-la, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hercules, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hervey Islands, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hide-and-seek, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hilo, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hina, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hina-a-ke-ahi, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hina-a-ke-ka, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hina-a-te-lepo, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hina-Kulu-ua, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hina-uri, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hine-nui-te-po, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hina's daughters, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horizon or heaven, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Human sacrifices, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hump-back, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huna, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Iao, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ie-ie, fiber, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Iiwi, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ika-o-Maui, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ili-ahi, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Immortality, Maui, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Imu, oven, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ina, see Hina, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">India, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians, fire-finding, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians, snaring sun, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ira Waru, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kaahumanu, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ka-alae-huapi, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kahai chant, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ka-iwi-o-Pele, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kalakaua, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kalana-Kalanga, see Akalana, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kalau-hele-moa, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kamapuaa, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kanaloa, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kane, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kane's cave, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kauai, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kauiki, or Kauwiki, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kaula Island, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kipahula, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ki-i-ki-i, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kite-flying, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ko, spade, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kohala, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Koolau, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ku, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kualii, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kuna, see Tuna, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ku-olo&mdash;Kele, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ku-ula, fish god, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">La, or Ra, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Langi, Lani, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lahaina, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lasso, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lifting the sky&mdash;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ellice Islands, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gilbert Islands, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hawaii, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hervey Islands, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manahiki, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">New Zealand, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samoa, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liliuokalani chants, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Long Eel, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lono, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ma-eli-eli hill, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Magic fish hook, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mahui, Mahuika, Mafuia, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mahina, or Masina, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mamo bird, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manahiki Islands, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maori, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marama, or Malama, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marshall Islands, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maru, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mauna Kea, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maui Akalana&mdash;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Akamai, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">baptized, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">birth, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">bird or insect, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">brothers, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">canoes, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">children, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">creation, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">death, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hawaii, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hervey Islands, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">New Zealand, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samoa, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">eight-eyed, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">footprints, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">god or demi-god, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">home, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">hook, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">of the malo, Preface</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">prophet, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">sister, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">the swift, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">uncles, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></span></li>
+
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maui-Mua, or Rupe, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maui Hope, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maui Waena, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mercury, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moemoe, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mo-o, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moon, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moon, Hina the goddess, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Motu, or Mokua Hina, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mudhen, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Muri, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nauru Islands, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Heavens, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Hebrides Islands, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Zealand, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Niu Islands, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oahu legends&mdash;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Maui and the two gods, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">How they found fire, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Maui catching the sun, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Uniting the islands, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Maui and Pea-pea, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Obsidian, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ohia trees, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Olona, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">O-o, spade, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">O-o, bird, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paoa, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Papa, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Payton, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pea-pea, the eight-eyed, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pearl Harbor, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peruvians, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pictographs, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pigeon, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pimoe, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pohakunui, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prometheus, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Puka-a-Maui, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pumice stone, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Puna, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Puu-o-hulu, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ra or La, sun-god, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rainbow Falls, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raro Tonga, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roko, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rongo, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ru, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rupe, Maui-mua, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samoa, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sandalwood, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savage Islands, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savaii, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scorpion, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Serpent, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sharks, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Short days, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sina, see Hina, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snaring the sun&mdash;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fiji, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hawaii, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hervey Islands, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Indians, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">New Zealand, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samoa, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Society Islands, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tonga, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snow, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Society Islands, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spears, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spirits, islands of, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stone implements, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sun, created, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Supporter of the Heavens, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tabu, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tahiti, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Talanga or Kalana, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tane, see Kane, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tangaroa or Kanaloa, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tapa, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taro, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tattooing, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tawhiri, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Te-ika-o-Maui, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ti leaves, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ti-i-Ti-i}<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;} Kii-Kii, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tiki-Tiki}</span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tini-rau, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tokelau Island, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tonga, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tonga-iti, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tracey Islands, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tu or Ku, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuna or Kuna, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fiji, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hawaii, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hervey Islands, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">New Zealand, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a></span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samoa, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turner, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ulua, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Under-world, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Uniting the islands, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Upolu, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vatea, or Wakea, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vatupu Islands, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></span></li>
+
+<li>&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waianae, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waikuna, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wailuku, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waipahu, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Waipio, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wakea, Vatea, Atea, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water of life, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">White, John, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wife of Maui, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wiliwili tree, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winds, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></span></li>
+
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woman in the Moon, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Legends of Ma-ui--a demi god of
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Legends of Ma-ui--a demi god of Polynesia,
+and of his mother Hina, by W. D. Westervelt
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Legends of Ma-ui--a demi god of Polynesia, and of his mother Hina
+
+Author: W. D. Westervelt
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2010 [EBook #32601]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEGENDS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Hale-a-ka-la Crater, the House of the Sun.]
+
+
+
+
+  LEGENDS
+  OF
+  MA-UI--A DEMI GOD
+  OF
+  POLYNESIA
+  AND OF
+  HIS MOTHER HINA.
+
+  BY
+  W. D. WESTERVELT.
+
+  HONOLULU:
+  THE HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD.
+  1910
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                                           PAGE
+
+  I. Maui's Home                                                       3
+
+  II. Maui the Fisherman                                              12
+
+  III. Maui Lifting the Sky                                           31
+
+  IV. Maui Snaring the Sun                                            40
+
+  V. Maui Finding Fire                                                56
+
+  VI. Maui the Skillful                                               78
+
+  VII. Maui and Tuna                                                  91
+
+  VIII. Maui and His Brother-in-Law                                  101
+
+  IX. Maui's Kite-Flying                                             112
+
+  X. Oahu Legends of Maui                                            119
+
+  XI. Maui Seeking Immortality                                       128
+
+  XII. Hina of Hilo                                                  139
+
+  XIII. Hina and the Wailuku River                                   146
+
+  XIV. The Ghosts of the Hilo Hills                                  155
+
+  XV. Hina, the Woman in the Moon                                    165
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                                OPPOSITE
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  Frontispiece--Haleakala Crater
+
+  "Rugged Lava of Wailuku River"                                       7
+
+  Leaping to Swim to Coral Reefs                                      12
+
+  Sea of Sacred Caves                                                 14
+
+  Spearing Fish                                                       21
+
+  Here are the Canoes                                                 29
+
+  Iao Mountain from the Sea                                           43
+
+  Haleakala                                                           53
+
+  Hawaiian Vines and Bushes                                           74
+
+  Bathing Pool                                                        84
+
+  Coconut Grove                                                       96
+
+  Boiling Pots--Wailuku River                                        100
+
+  Outside were other Worlds                                          107
+
+  Hilo Coast--Home of the Winds                                      115
+
+  Bay of Waipio Valley                                               121
+
+  The Ieie Vine                                                      125
+
+  Rainbow Falls                                                      147
+
+  Wailuku River--The Home of Kuna                                    151
+
+  On Lava Beds                                                       163
+
+
+
+
+HELPS TO PRONUNCIATION
+
+
+There are three simple rules which practically control Hawaiian
+pronunciation: (1) Give each vowel the German sound. (2) Pronounce each
+vowel. (3) Never allow a consonant to close a syllable.
+
+Interchangeable consonants are many. The following are the most common:
+h=s; l=r; k=t; n=ng; v=w.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+Maui is a demi god whose name should probably be pronounced Ma-u-i, _i.
+e._, Ma-oo-e. The meaning of the word is by no means clear. It may mean
+"to live," "to subsist." It may refer to beauty and strength, or it may
+have the idea of "the left hand" or "turning aside." The word is
+recognized as belonging to remote Polynesian antiquity.
+
+MacDonald, a writer of the New Hebrides Islands, gives the derivation of
+the name Maui primarily from the Arabic word "Mohyi," which means
+"causing to live" or "life," applied sometimes to the gods and sometimes
+to chiefs as "preservers and sustainers" of their followers.
+
+The Maui story probably contains a larger number of unique and ancient
+myths than that of any other legendary character in the mythology of any
+nation.
+
+There are three centers for these legends, New Zealand in the south,
+Hawaii in the north, and the Tahitian group including the Hervey Islands
+in the east. In each of these groups of islands, separated by thousands
+of miles, there are the same legends, told in almost the same way, and
+with very little variation in names. The intermediate groups of islands
+of even as great importance as Tonga, Fiji or Samoa, possess the same
+legends in more or less of a fragmentary condition, as if the three
+centers had been settled first when the Polynesians were driven away
+from the Asiatic coasts by their enemies, the Malays. From these
+centers voyagers sailing away in search of adventures would carry
+fragments rather than complete legends. This is exactly what has been
+done and there are as a result a large number of hints of wonderful
+deeds. The really long legends as told about the demi god Ma-u-i and his
+mother Hina number about twenty.
+
+It is remarkable that these legends have kept their individuality. The
+Polynesians are not a very clannish people. For some centuries they have
+not been in the habit of frequently visiting each other. They have had
+no written language, and picture writing of any kind is exceedingly rare
+throughout Polynesia and yet in physical traits, national customs,
+domestic habits, and language, as well as in traditions and myths, the
+different inhabitants of the islands of Polynesia are as near of kin as
+the cousins of the United States and Great Britain.
+
+The Maui legends form one of the strongest links in the mythological
+chain of evidence which binds the scattered inhabitants of the Pacific
+into one nation. An incomplete list aids in making clear the fact that
+groups of islands hundreds and even thousands of miles apart have been
+peopled centuries past by the same organic race. Either complete or
+fragmentary Maui legends are found in the single islands and island
+groups of Aneityum, Bowditch or Fakaofa, Efate, Fiji, Fotuna, Gilbert,
+Hawaii, Hervey, Huahine, Mangaia, Manihiki, Marquesas, Marshall, Nauru,
+New Hebrides, New Zealand, Samoa, Savage, Tahiti or Society, Tauna,
+Tokelau and Tonga.
+
+S. Percy Smith of New Zealand in his book Hawaiki mentions a legend
+according to which Maui made a voyage after overcoming a sea monster,
+visiting the Tongas, the Tahitian group, Vai-i or Hawaii, and the
+Paumotu Islands. Then Maui went on to U-peru, which Mr. Smith says "may
+be Peru." It was said that Maui named some of the islands of the
+Hawaiian group, calling the island Maui "Maui-ui in remembrance of his
+efforts in lifting up the heavens." Hawaii was named Vai-i, and Lanai
+was called Ngangai--as if Maui had found the three most southerly
+islands of the group.
+
+The Maui legends possess remarkable antiquity. Of course, it is
+impossible to give any definite historical date, but there can scarcely
+be any question of their origin among the ancestors of the Polynesians
+before they scattered over the Pacific ocean. They belong to the
+prehistoric Polynesians. The New Zealanders claim Maui as an ancestor of
+their most ancient tribes and sometimes class him among the most ancient
+of their gods, calling him "creator of land" and "creator of man."
+Tregear, in a paper before the New Zealand Institute, said that Maui was
+sometimes thought to be "the sun himself," "the solar fire," "the sun
+god," while his mother Hina was called "the moon goddess." The noted
+greenstone god of the Maoris of New Zealand, Potiki, may well be
+considered a representation of Maui-Tiki-Tiki, who was sometimes called
+Maui-po-tiki.
+
+Whether these legends came to the people in their sojourn in India
+before they migrated to the Straits of Sunda is not certain; but it may
+well be assumed that these stories had taken firm root in the memories
+of the priests who transmitted the most important traditions from
+generation to generation, and that this must have been done before they
+were driven away from the Asiatic coasts by the Malays.
+
+Several hints of Hindoo connection is found in the Maui legends. The
+Polynesians not only ascribed human attributes to all animal life with
+which they were acquainted, but also carried the idea of an alligator or
+dragon with them, wherever they went, as in the mo-o of the story
+Tuna-roa.
+
+The Polynesians also had the idea of a double soul inhabiting the body.
+This is carried out in the ghost legends more fully than in the Maui
+stories, and yet "the spirit separate from the spirit which never
+forsakes man" according to Polynesian ideas, was a part of the Maui
+birth legends. This spirit, which can be separated or charmed away from
+the body by incantations was called the "hau." When Maui's father
+performed the religious ceremonies over him which would protect him and
+cause him to be successful, he forgot a part of his incantation to the
+"hau," therefore Maui lost his protection from death when he sought
+immortality for himself and all mankind.
+
+How much these things aid in proving a Hindoo or rather Indian origin
+for the Polynesians is uncertain, but at least they are of interest
+along the lines of race origin.
+
+The Maui group of legends is preeminently peculiar. They are not only
+different from the myths of other nations, but they are unique in the
+character of the actions recorded. Maui's deeds rank in a higher class
+than most of the mighty efforts of the demi gods of other nations and
+races, and are usually of more utility. Hercules accomplished nothing to
+compare with "lifting the sky," "snaring the sun," "fishing for
+islands," "finding fire in his grandmother's finger nails," or "learning
+from birds how to make fire by rubbing dry sticks," or "getting a magic
+bone" from the jaw of an ancestor who was half dead, that is dead on one
+side and therefore could well afford to let the bone on that side go for
+the benefit of a descendant. The Maui legends are full of helpful
+imaginations, which are distinctly Polynesian.
+
+The phrase "Maui of the Malo" is used among the Hawaiians in connection
+with the name Maui a Kalana, "Maui the son of Akalana." It may be well
+to note the origin of the name. It was said that Hina usually sent her
+retainers to gather sea moss for her, but one morning she went down to
+the sea by herself. There she found a beautiful red malo, which she
+wrapped around her as a pa-u or skirt. When she showed it to Akalana,
+her husband, he spoke of it as a gift of the gods, thinking that it
+meant the gift of Mana or spiritual power to their child when he should
+be born. In this way the Hawaiians explain the superior talent and
+miraculous ability of Maui which placed him above his brothers.
+
+These stories were originally printed as magazine articles, chiefly in
+the Paradise of the Pacific, Honolulu; therefore there are sometimes
+repetitions which it seemed best to leave, even when reprinted in the
+present form.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+MAUI'S HOME
+
+  "Akalana was the man;
+  Hina-a-ke-ahi was the wife;
+  Maui First was born;
+  Then Maui-waena;
+  Maui Kiikii was born;
+  Then Maui of the malo."
+
+  --Queen Liliuokalani's Family Chant.
+
+
+Four brothers, each bearing the name of Maui, belong to Hawaiian legend.
+They accomplished little as a family, except on special occasions when
+the youngest of the household awakened his brothers by some unexpected
+trick which drew them into unwonted action. The legends of Hawaii,
+Tonga, Tahiti, New Zealand and the Hervey group make this youngest Maui
+"the discoverer of fire" or "the ensnarer of the sun" or "the fisherman
+who pulls up islands" or "the man endowed with magic," or "Maui with
+spirit power." The legends vary somewhat, of course, but not as much as
+might be expected when the thousands of miles between various groups of
+islands are taken into consideration.
+
+Maui was one of the Polynesian demi-gods. His parents belonged to the
+family of supernatural beings. He himself was possessed of supernatural
+powers and was supposed to make use of all manner of enchantments. In
+New Zealand antiquity a Maui was said to have assisted other gods in the
+creation of man. Nevertheless Maui was very human. He lived in thatched
+houses, had wives and children, and was scolded by the women for not
+properly supporting his household.
+
+The time of his sojourn among men is very indefinite. In Hawaiian
+genealogies Maui and his brothers were placed among the descendants of
+Ulu and "the sons of Kii," and Maui was one of the ancestors of
+Kamehameha, the first king of the united Hawaiian Islands. This would
+place him in the seventh or eighth century of the Christian Era. But it
+is more probable that Maui belongs to the mist-land of time. His
+mischievous pranks with the various gods would make him another Mercury
+living in any age from the creation to the beginning of the Christian
+era.
+
+The Hervey Island legends state that Maui's father was "the supporter of
+the heavens" and his mother "the guardian of the road to the invisible
+world."
+
+In the Hawaiian chant, Akalana was the name of his father. In other
+groups this was the name by which his mother was known. Kanaloa, the
+god, is sometimes known as the father of Maui. In Hawaii Hina was his
+mother. Elsewhere Ina, or Hina, was the grandmother, from whom he
+secured fire.
+
+The Hervey Island legends say that four mighty ones lived in the old
+world from which their ancestors came. This old world bore the name
+Ava-iki, which is the same as Hawa-ii, or Hawaii. The four gods were
+Mauike, Ra, Ru, and Bua-Taranga.
+
+It is interesting to trace the connection of these four names with
+Polynesian mythology. Mauike is the same as the demi-god of New Zealand,
+Mafuike. On other islands the name is spelled Mauika, Mafuika, Mafuia,
+Mafuie, and Mahuika. Ra, the sun god of Egypt, is the same as Ra in New
+Zealand and La (sun) in Hawaii. Ru, the supporter of the heavens, is
+probably the Ku of Hawaii, and the Tu of New Zealand and other islands,
+one of the greatest of the gods worshiped by the ancient Hawaiians. The
+fourth mighty one from Ava-ika was a woman, Bua-taranga, who guarded the
+path to the underworld. Talanga in Samoa, and Akalana in Hawaii were the
+same as Taranga. Pua-kalana (the Kalana flower) would probably be the
+same in Hawaiian as Bua-taranga in the language of the Society Islands.
+
+Ru, the supporter of the Heavens, married Bua-taranga, the guardian of
+the lower world. Their one child was Maui. The legends of Raro-Tonga
+state that Maui's father and mother were the children of Tangaroa
+(Kanaloa in Hawaiian), the great god worshiped throughout Polynesia.
+There were three Maui brothers and one sister, Ina-ika (Ina, the fish).
+
+The New Zealand legends relate the incidents of the babyhood of Maui.
+
+Maui was prematurely born, and his mother, not caring to be troubled
+with him, cut off a lock of her hair, tied it around him and cast him
+into the sea. In this way the name came to him, Maui-Tiki-Tiki, or "Maui
+formed in the topknot." The waters bore him safely. The jelly fish
+enwrapped and mothered him. The god of the seas cared for and protected
+him. He was carried to the god's house and hung up in the roof that he
+might feel the warm air of the fire, and be cherished into life. When he
+was old enough, he came to his relations while they were all gathered in
+the great House of Assembly, dancing and making merry. Little Maui crept
+in and sat down behind his brothers. Soon his mother called the children
+and found a strange child, who proved that he was her son, and was taken
+in as one of the family. Some of the brothers were jealous, but the
+eldest addressed the others as follows:
+
+"Never mind; let him be our dear brother. In the days of peace remember
+the proverb, 'When you are on friendly terms, settle your disputes in a
+friendly way; when you are at war, you must redress your injuries by
+violence.' It is better for us, brothers, to be kind to other people.
+These are the ways by which men gain influence--by laboring for
+abundance of food to feed others, by collecting property to give to
+others, and by similar means by which you promote the good of others."
+
+[Illustration: Rugged Lava of Wailuku River.]
+
+Thus, according to the New Zealand story related by Sir George Grey,
+Maui was received in his home.
+
+Maui's home was placed by some of the Hawaiian myths at Kauiki, a
+foothill of the great extinct crater Haleakala, on the Island of Maui.
+It was here he lived when the sky was raised to its present position.
+Here was located the famous fort around which many battles were fought
+during the years immediately preceding the coming of Captain Cook. This
+fort was held by warriors of the Island of Hawaii a number of years. It
+was from this home that Maui was supposed to have journeyed when he
+climbed Mt. Haleakala to ensnare the sun.
+
+And yet most of the Hawaiian legends place Maui's home by the rugged
+black lava beds of the Wailuku river near Hilo on the island Hawaii.
+Here he lived when he found the way to make fire by rubbing sticks
+together, and when he killed Kuna, the great eel, and performed other
+feats of valor. He was supposed to cultivate the land on the north side
+of the river. His mother, usually known as Hina, had her home in a lava
+cave under the beautiful Rainbow Falls, one of the fine scenic
+attractions of Hilo. An ancient demigod, wishing to destroy this home,
+threw a great mass of lava across the stream below the falls. The rising
+water was fast filling the cave.
+
+Hina called loudly to her powerful son Maui. He came quickly and found
+that a large and strong ridge of lava lay across the stream. One end
+rested against a small hill. Maui struck the rock on the other side of
+the hill and thus broke a new pathway for the river. The water swiftly
+flowed away and the cave remained as the home of the Maui family.
+
+According to the King Kalakaua family legend, translated by Queen
+Liliuokalani, Maui and his brothers also made this place their home.
+Here he aroused the anger of two uncles, his mother's brothers, who were
+called "Tall Post" and "Short Post," because they guarded the entrance
+to a cave in which the Maui family probably had its home.
+
+"They fought hard with Maui, and were thrown, and red water flowed
+freely from Maui's forehead. This was the first shower by Maui." Perhaps
+some family discipline followed this knocking down of door posts, for it
+is said:
+
+  "They fetched the sacred Awa bush,
+  Then came the second shower by Maui;
+  The third shower was when the elbow of Awa was broken;
+  The fourth shower came with the sacred bamboo."
+
+Maui's mother, so says a New Zealand legend, had her home in the
+under-world as well as with her children. Maui determined to find the
+hidden dwelling place. His mother would meet the children in the evening
+and lie down to sleep with them and then disappear with the first
+appearance of dawn. Maui remained awake one night, and when all were
+asleep, arose quietly and stopped up every crevice by which a ray of
+light could enter. The morning came and the sun mounted up--far up in
+the sky. At last his mother leaped up and tore away the things which
+shut out the light.
+
+"Oh, dear; oh, dear! She saw the sun high in the heavens; so she hurried
+away, crying at the thought of having been so badly treated by her own
+children."
+
+Maui watched her as she pulled up a tuft of grass and disappeared in the
+earth, pulling the grass back to its place.
+
+Thus Maui found the path to the under-world. Soon he transformed himself
+into a pigeon and flew down, through the cave, until he saw a party of
+people under a sacred tree, like those growing in the ancient first
+Hawaii. He flew to the tree and threw down berries upon the people. They
+threw back stones. At last he permitted a stone from his father to
+strike him, and he fell to the ground. "They ran to catch him, but lo!
+the pigeon had turned into a man."
+
+Then his father "took him to the water to be baptized" (possibly a
+modern addition to the legend). Prayers were offered and ceremonies
+passed through. But the prayers were incomplete and Maui's father knew
+that the gods would be angry and cause Maui's death, and all because in
+the hurried baptism a part of the prayers had been left unsaid. Then
+Maui returned to the upper world and lived again with his brothers.
+
+Maui commenced his mischievous life early, for Hervey Islanders say that
+one day the children were playing a game dearly loved by
+Polynesians--hide-and-seek. Here a sister enters into the game and hides
+little Maui under a pile of dry sticks. His brothers could not find him,
+and the sister told them where to look. The sticks were carefully
+handled, but the child could not be found. He had shrunk himself so
+small that he was like an insect under some sticks and leaves. Thus
+early he began to use enchantments.
+
+Maui's home, at the best, was only a sorry affair. Gods and demigods
+lived in caves and small grass houses. The thatch rapidly rotted and
+required continual renewal. In a very short time the heavy rains beat
+through the decaying roof. The home was without windows or doors, save
+as low openings in the ends or sides allowed entrance to those willing
+to crawl through. Off on one side would be the rude shelter, in the
+shadow of which Hina pounded the bark of certain trees into wood pulp
+and then into strips of thin, soft wood-paper, which bore the name of
+"Tapa cloth." This cloth Hina prepared for the clothing of Maui and his
+brothers. Tapa cloth was often treated to a coat of cocoa-nut, or
+candle-nut oil, making it somewhat waterproof and also more durable.
+
+Here Maui lived on edible roots and fruits and raw fish, knowing little
+about cooked food, for the art of fire making was not yet known. In
+later years Maui was supposed to live on the eastern end of the island
+Maui, and also in another home on the large island Hawaii, on which he
+discovered how to make fire by rubbing dry sticks together. Maui was the
+Polynesian Mercury. As a little fellow he was endowed with peculiar
+powers, permitting him to become invisible or to change his human form
+into that of an animal. He was ready to take anything from any one by
+craft or force. Nevertheless, like the thefts of Mercury, his pranks
+usually benefited mankind.
+
+It is a little curious that around the different homes of Maui, there is
+so little record of temples and priests and altars. He lived too far
+back for priestly customs. His story is the rude, mythical survival of
+the days when of church and civil government there was none and worship
+of the gods was practically unknown, but every man was a law unto
+himself, and also to the other man, and quick retaliation followed any
+injury received.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+MAUI THE FISHERMAN
+
+  "Oh the great fish hook of Maui!
+  Manai-i-ka-lani 'Made fast to the heavens'--its name;
+  An earth-twisted cord ties the hook.
+  Engulfed from the lofty Kauiki.
+  Its bait the red billed Alae,
+  The bird made sacred to Hina.
+  It sinks far down to Hawaii,
+  Struggling and painfully dying.
+  Caught is the land under the water,
+  Floated up, up to the surface,
+  But Hina hid a wing of the bird
+  And broke the land under the water.
+  Below, was the bait snatched away
+  And eaten at once by the fishes,
+  The Ulua of the deep muddy places."
+
+  --Chant of Kualii, about A. D. 1700.
+
+
+One of Maui's homes was near Kauiki, a place well known throughout the
+Hawaiian Islands because of its strategic importance. For many years it
+was the site of a fort around which fierce battles were fought by the
+natives of the island Maui, repelling the invasions of their neighbors
+from Hawaii.
+
+[Illustration: Leaping to Swim to Coral Reefs.]
+
+Haleakala (the House of the Sun), the mountain from which Maui the
+demi-god snared the sun, looks down ten thousand feet upon the Kauiki
+headland. Across the channel from Haleakala rises Mauna Kea, "The White
+Mountain"--the snow-capped--which almost all the year round rears its
+white head in majesty among the clouds.
+
+In the snowy breakers of the surf which washes the beach below these
+mountains, are broken coral reefs--the fishing grounds of the Hawaiians.
+Here near Kauiki, according to some Hawaiian legends, Maui's mother Hina
+had her grass house and made and dried her kapa cloth. Even to the
+present day it is one of the few places in the islands where the kapa is
+still pounded into sheets from the bark of the hibiscus and kindred
+trees.
+
+Here is a small bay partially reef-protected, over which year after year
+the moist clouds float and by day and by night crown the waters with
+rainbows--the legendary sign of the home of the deified ones. Here when
+the tide is out the natives wade and swim, as they have done for
+centuries, from coral block to coral block, shunning the deep resting
+places of their dread enemy, the shark, sometimes esteemed divine. Out
+on the edge of the outermost reef they seek the shellfish which cling
+to the coral, or spear the large fish which have been left in the
+beautiful little lakes of the reef. Coral land is a region of the sea
+coast abounding in miniature lakes and rugged valleys and steep
+mountains. Clear waters with every motion of the tide surge in and out
+through sheltered caves and submarine tunnels, according to an ancient
+Hawaiian song--
+
+  "Never quiet, never failing, never sleeping,
+  Never very noisy is the sea of the sacred caves."
+
+Sea mosses of many hues are the forests which drape the hillsides of
+coral land and reflect the colored rays of light which pierce the
+ceaselessly moving waves. Down in the beautiful little lakes, under
+overhanging coral cliffs, darting in and out through the fringes of
+seaweed, the purple mullet and royal red fish flash before the eyes of
+the fisherman. Sometimes the many-tinted glorious fish of paradise
+reveal their beauties, and then again a school of black and gold
+citizens of the reef follow the tidal waves around projecting crags and
+through the hidden tunnels from lake to lake, while above the fisherman
+follows spearing or snaring as best he can. Maui's brothers were better
+fishermen than he. They sought the deep sea beyond the reef and the
+larger fish. They made hooks of bone or of mother of pearl, with a
+straight, slender, sharp-pointed piece leaning backward at a sharp
+angle. This was usually a consecrated bit of bone or mother of pearl,
+and was supposed to have peculiar power to hold fast any fish which had
+taken the bait.
+
+[Illustration: In the Sea of Sacred Caves.]
+
+These bones were usually taken from the body of some one who while
+living had been noted for great power or high rank. This sharp piece was
+tightly tied to the larger bone or shell, which formed the shank of the
+hook. The sacred barb of Maui's hook was a part of the magic bone he had
+secured from his ancestors in the under-world--the bone with which he
+struck the sun while lassooing him and compelling him to move more
+slowly through the heavens.
+
+"Earth-twisted"--fibres of vines--twisted while growing, was the cord
+used by Maui in tying the parts of his magic hook together.
+
+Long and strong were the fish lines made from the olona fibre, holding
+the great fish caught from the depths of the ocean. The fibres of the
+olona vine were among the longest and strongest threads found in the
+Hawaiian Islands.
+
+Such a hook could easily be cast loose by the struggling fish, if the
+least opportunity were given. Therefore it was absolutely necessary to
+keep the line taut, and pull strongly and steadily, to land the fish in
+the canoe.
+
+Maui did not use his magic hook for a long time. He seemed to understand
+that it would not answer ordinary needs. Possibly the idea of making
+the supernatural hook did not occur to him until he had exhausted his
+lower wit and magic upon his brothers.
+
+It is said that Maui was not a very good fisherman. Sometimes his end of
+the canoe contained fish which his brothers had thought were on their
+hooks until they were landed in the canoe.
+
+Many times they laughed at him for his poor success, and he retaliated
+with his mischievous tricks.
+
+"E!" he would cry, when one of his brothers began to pull in, while the
+other brothers swiftly paddled the canoe forward. "E!" See we both have
+caught great fish at the same moment. Be careful now. Your line is
+loose. "Look out! Look out!"
+
+All the time he would be pulling his own line in as rapidly as possible.
+Onward rushed the canoe. Each fisherman shouting to encourage the
+others. Soon the lines by the tricky manipulation of Maui would be
+crossed. Then as the great fish was brought near the side of the boat
+Maui the little, the mischievous one, would slip his hook toward the
+head of the fish and flip it over into the canoe--causing his brother's
+line to slacken for a moment. Then his mournful cry rang out: "Oh, my
+brother, your fish is gone. Why did you not pull more steadily? It was a
+fine fish, and now it is down deep in the waters." Then Maui held up his
+splendid catch (from his brother's hook) and received somewhat
+suspicious congratulations. But what could they do, Maui was the smart
+one of the family.
+
+Their father and mother were both members of the household of the gods.
+The father was "the supporter of the heavens" and the mother was "the
+guardian of the way to the invisible world," but pitifully small and
+very few were the gifts bestowed upon their children. Maui's brothers
+knew nothing beyond the average home life of the ordinary Hawaiian, and
+Maui alone was endowed with the power to work miracles. Nevertheless the
+student of Polynesian legends learns that Maui is more widely known than
+almost all the demi-gods of all nations as a discoverer of benefits for
+his fellows, and these physical rather than spiritual. After many
+fishing excursions Maui's brothers seemed to have wit enough to
+understand his tricks, and thenceforth they refused to take him in their
+canoe when they paddled out to the deep-sea fishing grounds. Then those
+who depended upon Maui to supply their daily needs murmured against his
+poor success. His mother scolded him and his brothers ridiculed him.
+
+In some of the Polynesian legends it is said that his wives and children
+complained because of his laziness and at last goaded him into a new
+effort.
+
+The ex-Queen Liliuokalani, in a translation of what is called "the
+family chant," says that Maui's mother sent him to his father for a hook
+with which to supply her need.
+
+  "Go hence to your father,
+  'Tis there you find line and hook.
+  This is the hook--'Made fast to the heavens--'
+  'Manaia-ka-lani'--'tis called.
+  When the hook catches land
+  It brings the old seas together.
+  Bring hither the large Alae,
+  The bird of Hina."
+
+When Maui had obtained his hook, he tried to go fishing with his
+brothers. He leaped on the end of their canoe as they pushed out into
+deep water. They were angry and cried out: "This boat is too small for
+another Maui." So they threw him off and made him swim back to the
+beach. When they returned from their day's work, they brought back only
+a shark. Maui told them if he had been with them better fish would have
+been upon their hooks--the Ulua, for instance, or, possibly, the
+Pimoe--the king of fish. At last they let him go far out outside the
+harbor of Kipahula to a place opposite Ka Iwi o Pele, "The bone of
+Pele," a peculiar piece of lava lying near the beach at Hana on the
+eastern side of the island Maui. There they fished, but only sharks were
+caught. The brothers ridiculed Maui, saying: "Where are the Ulua, and
+where is Pimoe?"
+
+Then Maui threw his magic hook into the sea, baited with one of the Alae
+birds, sacred to his mother Hina. He used the incantation, "When I let
+go my hook with divine power, then I get the great Ulua."
+
+The bottom of the sea began to move. Great waves arose, trying to carry
+the canoe away. The fish pulled the canoe two days, drawing the line to
+its fullest extent. When the slack began to come in the line, because of
+the tired fish, Maui called for the brothers to pull hard against the
+coming fish. Soon land rose out of the water. Maui told them not to look
+back or the fish would be lost. One brother did look back--the line
+slacked, snapped, and broke, and the land lay behind them in islands.
+
+One of the Hawaiian legends also says that while the brothers were
+paddling in full strength, Maui saw a calabash floating in the water. He
+lifted it into the canoe, and behold! his beautiful sister Hina of the
+sea. The brothers looked, and the separated islands lay behind them,
+free from the hook, while Cocoanut Island--the dainty spot of beauty in
+Hilo harbor--was drawn up--a little ledge of lava--in later years the
+home of a cocoanut grove.
+
+The better, the more complete, legend comes from New Zealand, which
+makes Maui so mischievous that his brothers refuse his
+companionship--and therefore, thrown on his own resources, he studies
+how to make a hook which shall catch something worth while. In this
+legend Maui is represented as making his own hook and then pleading with
+his brothers to let him go with them once more. But they hardened their
+hearts against him, and refused again and again.
+
+Maui possessed the power of changing himself into different forms. At
+one time while playing with his brothers he had concealed himself for
+them to find. They heard his voice in a corner of the house--but could
+not find him. Then under the mats on the floor, but again they could not
+find him. There was only an insect creeping on the floor. Suddenly they
+saw their little brother where the insect had been. Then they knew he
+had been tricky with them. So in these fishing days he resolved to go
+back to his old ways and cheat his brothers into carrying him with them
+to the great fishing grounds.
+
+Sir George Gray says that the New Zealand Maui went out to the canoe and
+concealed himself as an insect in the bottom of the boat so that when
+the early morning light crept over the waters and his brothers pushed
+the canoe into the surf they could not see him. They rejoiced that Maui
+did not appear, and paddled away over the waters.
+
+They fished all day and all night and on the morning of the next day,
+out from among the fish in the bottom of the boat came their troublesome
+brother.
+
+They had caught many fine fish and were satisfied, so thought to paddle
+homeward; but their younger brother plead with them to go out, far out,
+to the deeper seas and permit him to cast his hook. He said he wanted
+larger and better fish than any they had captured.
+
+[Illustration: Spearing Fish.]
+
+So they paddled to their outermost fishing grounds--but this did not
+satisfy Maui--
+
+  "Farther out on the waters,
+  O! my brothers,
+  I seek the great fish of the sea."
+
+It was evidently easier to work for him than to argue with
+him--therefore far out in the sea they went. The home land disappeared
+from view; they could see only the outstretching waste of waters. Maui
+urged them out still farther. Then he drew his magic hook from under his
+malo or loin-cloth. The brothers wondered what he would do for bait. The
+New Zealand legend says that he struck his nose a mighty blow until the
+blood gushed forth. When this blood became clotted, he fastened it upon
+his hook and let it down into the deep sea.
+
+Down it went to the very bottom and caught the under world. It was a
+mighty fish--but the brothers paddled with all their might and main and
+Maui pulled in the line. It was hard rowing against the power which held
+the hook down in the sea depths--but the brothers became enthusiastic
+over Maui's large fish, and were generous in their strenuous endeavors.
+Every muscle was strained and every paddle held strongly against the sea
+that not an inch should be lost. There was no sudden leaping and darting
+to and fro, no "give" to the line; no "tremble" as when a great fish
+would shake itself in impotent wrath when held captive by a hook. It was
+simply a struggle of tense muscle against an immensely heavy dead
+weight. To the brothers there came slowly the feeling that Maui was in
+one of his strange moods and that something beyond their former
+experiences with their tricky brother was coming to pass.
+
+At last one of the brothers glanced backward. With a scream of intense
+terror he dropped his paddle. The others also looked. Then each caught
+his paddle and with frantic exertion tried to force their canoe onward.
+Deep down in the heavy waters they pushed their paddles. Out of the
+great seas the black, ragged head of a large island was rising like a
+fish--it seemed to be chasing them through the boiling surf. In a little
+while the water became shallow around them, and their canoe finally
+rested on a black beach.
+
+Maui for some reason left his brothers, charging them not to attempt to
+cut up this great fish. But the unwise brothers thought they would fill
+the canoe with part of this strange thing which they had caught. They
+began to cut up the back and put huge slices into their canoe. But the
+great fish--the island--shook under the blows and with mighty earthquake
+shocks tossed the boat of the brothers, and their canoe was destroyed.
+As they were struggling in the waters, the great fish devoured them. The
+island came up more and more from the waters--but the deep gashes made
+by Maui's brothers did not heal--they became the mountains and valleys
+stretching from sea to sea.
+
+White of New Zealand says that Maui went down into the underworld to
+meet his great ancestress, who was one side dead and one side alive.
+From the dead side he took the jaw bone, made a magic hook, and went
+fishing. When he let the hook down into the sea, he called:
+
+  "Take my bait. O Depths!
+  Confused you are. O Depths!
+      And coming upward."
+
+Thus he pulled up Ao-tea-roa--one of the large islands of New Zealand.
+On it were houses, with people around them. Fires were burning. Maui
+walked over the island, saw with wonder the strange men and the
+mysterious fire. He took fire in his hands and was burned. He leaped
+into the sea, dived deep, came up with the other large island on his
+shoulders. This island he set on fire and left it always burning. It is
+said that the name for New Zealand given to Captain Cook was Te ika o
+Maui, "The fish of Maui." Some New Zealand natives say that he fished up
+the island on which dwelt "Great Hina of the Night," who finally
+destroyed Maui while he was seeking immortality.
+
+One legend says that Maui fished up apparently from New Zealand the
+large island of the Tongas. He used this chant:
+
+  "O Tonga-nui!
+  Why art Thou
+  Sulkily biting, biting below?
+  Beneath the earth
+  The power is felt,
+  The foam is seen,
+      Coming.
+  O thou loved grandchild
+  Of Tangaroa-meha."
+
+This is an excellent poetical description of the great fish delaying the
+quick hard bite. Then the island comes to the surface and Maui, the
+beloved grandchild of the Polynesian god Kanaloa, is praised.
+
+It was part of one of the legends that Maui changed himself into a bird
+and from the heavens let down a line with which he drew up land, but the
+line broke, leaving islands rather than a mainland. About two hundred
+lesser gods went to the new islands in a large canoe. The greater gods
+punished them by making them mortal.
+
+Turner, in his book on Samoa, says there were three Mauis, all brothers.
+They went out fishing from Rarotonga. One of the brothers begged the
+"goddess of the deep rocks" to let his hooks catch land. Then the island
+Manahiki was drawn up. A great wave washed two of the Mauis away. The
+other Maui found a great house in which eight hundred gods lived. Here
+he made his home until a chief from Rarotonga drove him away. He fled
+into the sky, but as he leaped he separated the land into two islands.
+
+Other legends of Samoa say that Tangaroa, the great god, rolled stones
+from heaven. One became the island Savaii, the other became Upolu. A god
+is sometimes represented as passing over the ocean with a bag of sand.
+Wherever he dropped a little sand islands sprang up.
+
+Payton, the earnest and honored missionary of the New Hebrides Islands,
+evidently did not know the name Mauitikitiki, so he spells the name of
+the fisherman Ma-tshi-ktshi-ki, and gives the myth of the fishing up of
+the various islands. The natives said that Maui left footprints on the
+coral reefs of each island where he stood straining and lifting in his
+endeavors to pull up each other island. He threw his line around a large
+island intending to draw it up and unite it with the one on which he
+stood, but his line broke. Then he became angry and divided into two
+parts the island on which he stood. This same Maui is recorded by Mr.
+Payton as being in a flood which put out one volcano--Maui seized
+another, sailed across to a neighboring island and piled it upon the top
+of the volcano there, so the fire was placed out of reach of the flood.
+
+In the Hervey Group of the Tahitian or Society Islands the same story
+prevails and the natives point out the place where the hook caught and a
+print was made by the foot in the coral reef. But they add some very
+mythical details. Maui's magic fish hook is thrown into the skies, where
+it continuously hangs, the curved tail of the constellation which we
+call Scorpio. Then one of the gods becoming angry with Maui seized him
+and threw him also among the stars. There he stays looking down upon his
+people. He has become a fixed part of the scorpion itself.
+
+The Hawaiian myths sometimes represent Maui as trying to draw the
+islands together while fishing them out of the sea. When they had pulled
+up the island of Kauai they looked back and were frightened. They
+evidently tried to rush away from the new monster and thus broke the
+line. Maui tore a side out of the small crater Kaula when trying to draw
+it to one of the other islands. Three aumakuas, three fishes supposed to
+be spirit-gods, guarded Kaula and defeated his purpose. At Hawaii
+Cocoanut Island broke off because Maui pulled too hard. Another place
+near Hilo on the large island of Hawaii where the hook was said to have
+caught is in the Wailuku river below Rainbow Falls.
+
+Maui went out from his home at Kauiki, fishing with his brothers. After
+they had caught some fine fish the brothers desired to return, but Maui
+persuaded them to go out farther. Then when they became tired and
+determined to go back, he made the seas stretch out and the shores
+recede until they could see no land. Then drawing the magic hook, he
+baited it with the Alae or sacred mud hen belonging to his Mother Hina.
+Queen Liliuokalani's family chant has the following reference to this
+myth:
+
+  "Maui longed for fish for Hina-akeahi (Hina of the fire, his mother),
+  Go hence to your father,
+  There you will find line and hook.
+  Manaiakalani is the hook.
+  Where the islands are caught,
+  The ancient seas are connected.
+  The great bird Alae is taken,
+  The sister bird,
+  Of that one of the hidden fire of Maui."
+
+Maui evidently had no scruples against using anything which would help
+him carry out his schemes. He indiscriminately robbed his friends and
+the gods alike.
+
+Down in the deep sea sank the hook with its struggling bait, until it
+was seized by "the land under the water."
+
+But Hina the mother saw the struggle of her sacred bird and hastened to
+the rescue. She caught a wing of the bird, but could not pull the Alae
+from the sacred hook. The wing was torn off. Then the fish gathered
+around the bait and tore it in pieces. If the bait could have been kept
+entire, then the land would have come up in a continent rather than as
+an island. Then the Hawaiian group would have been unbroken. But the
+bait broke--and the islands came as fragments from the under world.
+
+Maui's hook and canoe are frequently mentioned in the legends. The
+Hawaiians have a long rock in the Wailuku river at Hilo which they call
+Maui's canoe. Different names were given to Maui's canoe by the Maoris
+of New Zealand. "Vine of Heaven," "Prepare for the North," "Land of the
+Receding Sea." His fish hook bore the name "Plume of Beauty."
+
+On the southern end of Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, there is a curved ledge
+of rocks extending out from the coast. This is still called by the
+Maoris "Maui's fish-hook," as if the magic hook had been so firmly
+caught in the jaws of the island that Maui could not disentangle it, but
+had been compelled to cut it off from his line.
+
+There is a large stone on the sea coast of North Kohala on the island of
+Hawaii which the Hawaiians point out as the place where Maui's magic
+hook caught the island and pulled it through the sea.
+
+In the Tonga Islands, a place known as Hounga is pointed out by the
+natives as the spot where the magic hook caught in the rocks. The hook
+itself was said to have been in the possession of a chief-family for
+many generations.
+
+[Illustration: Here are the Canoes.]
+
+Another group of Hawaiian legends, very incomplete, probably referring
+to Maui, but ascribed to other names, relates that a fisherman caught a
+large block of coral. He took it to his priest. After sacrificing, and
+consulting the gods, the priest advised the fisherman to throw the coral
+back into the sea with incantations. While so doing this block became
+Hawaii-loa. The fishing continued and blocks of coral were caught and
+thrown back into the sea until all the islands appeared. Hints of this
+legend cling to other island groups as well as to the Hawaiian Islands.
+Fornander credits a fisherman from foreign lands as thus bringing forth
+the Hawaiian Islands from the deep seas. The reference occurs in part of
+a chant known as that of a friend of Paao--the priest who is supposed to
+have come from Samoa to Hawaii in the eleventh century. This priest
+calls for his companions:
+
+  "Here are the canoes. Get aboard.
+  Come along, and dwell on Hawaii with the green back.
+  A land which was found in the ocean,
+  A land thrown up from the sea--
+  From the very depths of Kanaloa,
+  The white coral, in the watery caves,
+  That was caught on the hook of the fisherman."
+
+The god Kanaloa is sometimes known as a ruler of the under-world, whose
+land was caught by Maui's hook and brought up in islands. Thus in the
+legends the thought has been perpetuated that some one of the ancestors
+of the Polynesians made voyages and discovered islands.
+
+In the time of Umi, King of Hawaii, there is the following record of an
+immense bone fish-hook, which was called the "fish-hook of Maui:"
+
+"In the night of Muku (the last night of the month), a priest and his
+servants took a man, killed him, and fastened his body to the hook,
+which bore the name Manai-a-ka-lani, and dragged it to the heiau
+(temple) as a 'fish,' and placed it on the altar."
+
+This hook was kept until the time of Kamehameha I. From time to time he
+tried to break it, and pulled until he perspired.
+
+Peapea, a brother of Kaahumanu, took the hook and broke it. He was
+afraid that Kamehameha would kill him. Kaahumanu, however, soothed the
+King, and he passed the matter over. The broken bone was probably thrown
+away.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+MAUI LIFTING THE SKY.
+
+
+Maui's home was for a long time enveloped by darkness. The heavens had
+fallen down, or, rather, had not been separated from the earth.
+According to some legends, the skies pressed so closely and so heavily
+upon the earth that when the plants began to grow, all the leaves were
+necessarily flat. According to other legends, the plants had to push up
+the clouds a little, and thus caused the leaves to flatten out into
+larger surface, so that they could better drive the skies back and hold
+them in place. Thus the leaves became flat at first, and have so
+remained through all the days of mankind. The plants lifted the sky inch
+by inch until men were able to crawl about between the heavens and the
+earth, and thus pass from place to place and visit one another.
+
+After a long time, according to the Hawaiian legends, a man, supposed to
+be Maui, came to a woman and said: "Give me a drink from your gourd
+calabash, and I will push the heavens higher." The woman handed the
+gourd to him. When he had taken a deep draught, he braced himself
+against the clouds and lifted them to the height of the trees. Again he
+hoisted the sky and carried it to the tops of the mountains; then with
+great exertion he thrust it upwards once more, and pressed it to the
+place it now occupies. Nevertheless dark clouds many times hang low
+along the eastern slope of Maui's great mountain--Haleakala--and descend
+in heavy rains upon the hill Kauwiki; but they dare not stay, lest Maui
+the strong come and hurl them so far away that they cannot come back
+again.
+
+A man who had been watching the process of lifting the sky ridiculed
+Maui for attempting such a difficult task. When the clouds rested on the
+tops of the mountains, Maui turned to punish his critic. The man had
+fled to the other side of the island. Maui rapidly pursued and finally
+caught him on the sea coast, not many miles north of the town now known
+as Lahaina. After a brief struggle the man was changed, according to the
+story, into a great black rock, which can be seen by any traveler who
+desires to localize the legends of Hawaii.
+
+In Samoa Tiitii, the latter part of the full name of Mauikiikii, is used
+as the name of the one who braced his feet against the rocks and pushed
+the sky up. The foot-prints, some six feet long, are said to be shown
+by the natives.
+
+Another Samoan story is almost like the Hawaiian legend. The heavens had
+fallen, people crawled, but the leaves pushed up a little; but the sky
+was uneven. Men tried to walk, but hit their heads, and in this confined
+space it was very hot. A woman rewarded a man who lifted the sky to its
+proper place by giving him a drink of water from her cocoanut shell.
+
+A number of small groups of islands in the Pacific have legends of their
+skies being lifted, but they attribute the labor to the great eels and
+serpents of the sea.
+
+One of the Ellice group, Niu Island, says that as the serpent began to
+lift the sky the people clapped their hands and shouted "Lift up!"
+"High!" "Higher!" But the body of the serpent finally broke into pieces
+which became islands, and the blood sprinkled its drops on the sky and
+became stars.
+
+One of the Samoan legends says that a plant called daiga, which had one
+large umbrella-like leaf, pushed up the sky and gave it its shape.
+
+The Vatupu, or Tracey Islanders, said at one time the sky and rocks were
+united. Then steam or clouds of smoke rose from the rocks, and, pouring
+out in volumes, forced the sky away from the earth. Man appeared in
+these clouds of steam or smoke. Perspiration burst forth as this man
+forced his way through the heated atmosphere. From this perspiration
+woman was formed. Then were born three sons, two of whom pushed up the
+sky. One, in the north, pushed as far as his arms would reach. The one
+in the south was short and climbed a hill, pushing as he went up, until
+the sky was in its proper place.
+
+The Gilbert Islanders say the sky was pushed up by men with long poles.
+
+The ancient New Zealanders understood incantations by which they could
+draw up or discover. They found a land where the sky and the earth were
+united. They prayed over their stone axe and cut the sky and land apart.
+"Hau-hau-tu" was the name of the great stone axe by which the sinews of
+the great heaven above were severed, and Langi (sky) was separated from
+Papa (earth).
+
+The New Zealand Maoris were accustomed to say that at first the sky
+rested close upon the earth and therefore there was utter darkness for
+ages. Then the six sons of heaven and earth, born during this period of
+darkness, felt the need of light and discussed the necessity of
+separating their parents--the sky from the earth--and decided to attempt
+the work.
+
+Rongo (Hawaiian god Lono) the "father of food plants," attempted to lift
+the sky, but could not tear it from the earth. Then Tangaroa (Kanaloa),
+the "father of fish and reptiles," failed. Haumia Tiki-tiki (Maui
+Kiikii), the "father of wild food plants," could not raise the clouds.
+Then Tu (Hawaiian Ku), the "father of fierce men," struggled in vain.
+But Tane (Hawaiian Kane), the "father of giant forests," pushed and
+lifted until he thrust the sky far up above him. Then they discovered
+their descendants--the multitude of human beings who had been living on
+the earth concealed and crushed by the clouds. Afterwards the last son,
+Tawhiri (father of storms), was angry and waged war against his
+brothers. He hid in the sheltered hollows of the great skies. There he
+begot his vast brood of winds and storms with which he finally drove all
+his brothers and their descendants into hiding places on land and sea.
+The New Zealanders mention the names of the canoes in which their
+ancestors fled from the old home Hawaiki.
+
+Tu (father of fierce men) and his descendants, however, conquered wind
+and storm and have ever since held supremacy.
+
+The New Zealand legends also say that heaven and earth have never lost
+their love for each other. "The warm sighs of earth ever ascend from the
+wooded mountains and valleys, and men call them mists. The sky also lets
+fall frequent tears which men term dew drops."
+
+The Manihiki islanders say that Maui desired to separate the sky from
+the earth. His father, Ru, was the supporter of the heavens. Maui
+persuaded him to assist in lifting the burden. Maui went to the north
+and crept into a place, where, lying prostrate under the sky, he could
+brace himself against it and push with great power. In the same way Ru
+went to the south and braced himself against the southern skies. Then
+they made the signal, and both pressed "with their backs against the
+solid blue mass." It gave way before the great strength of the father
+and son. Then they lifted again, bracing themselves with hands and knees
+against the earth. They crowded it and bent it upward. They were able to
+stand with the sky resting on their shoulders. They heaved against the
+bending mass, and it receded rapidly. They quickly put the palms of
+their hands under it; then the tips of their fingers, and it retreated
+farther and farther. At last, "drawing themselves out to gigantic
+proportions, they pushed the entire heavens up to the very lofty
+position which they have ever since occupied."
+
+But Maui and Ru had not worked perfectly together; therefore the sky was
+twisted and its surface was very irregular. They determined to smooth
+the sky before they finished their task, so they took large stone adzes
+and chipped off the rough protuberances and ridges, until by and by the
+great arch was cut out and smoothed off. They then took finer tools and
+chipped and polished until the sky became the beautifully finished blue
+dome which now bends around the earth.
+
+The Hervey Island myth, as related by W. W. Gill, states that Ru, the
+father of Maui, came from Avaiki (Hawa-iki), the underworld or abode of
+the spirits of the dead. He found men crowded down by the sky, which was
+a mass of solid blue stone. He was very sorry when he saw the condition
+of the inhabitants of the earth, and planned to raise the sky a little.
+So he planted stakes of different kinds of trees. These were strong
+enough to hold the sky so far above the earth "that men could stand
+erect and walk about without inconvenience." This was celebrated in one
+of the Hervey Island songs:
+
+  "Force up the heavens,
+        O, Ru!
+  And let the space be clear."
+
+For this helpful deed Ru received the name "The supporter of the
+heavens." He was rather proud of his achievement and was gratified
+because of the praise received. So he came sometimes and looked at the
+stakes and the beautiful blue sky resting on them. Maui, the son, came
+along and ridiculed his father for thinking so much of his work. Maui is
+not represented, in the legends, as possessing a great deal of love and
+reverence for his relatives provided his affection interfered with his
+mischief; so it was not at all strange that he laughed at his father. Ru
+became angry and said to Maui: "Who told youngsters to talk? Take care
+of yourself, or I will hurl you out of existence."
+
+Maui dared him to try it. Ru quickly seized him and "threw him to a
+great height." But Maui changed himself to a bird and sank back to earth
+unharmed.
+
+Then he changed himself back into the form of a man, and, making himself
+very large, ran and thrust his head between the old man's legs. He pried
+and lifted until Ru and the sky around him began to give. Another lift
+and he hurled them both to such a height that the sky could not come
+back.
+
+Ru himself was entangled among the stars. His head and shoulders stuck
+fast, and he could not free himself. How he struggled, until the skies
+shook, while Maui went away. Maui was proud of his achievement in having
+moved the sky so far away. In this self-rejoicing he quickly forgot his
+father.
+
+Ru died after a time. "His body rotted away and his bones, of vast
+proportions, came tumbling down from time to time, and were shivered on
+the earth into countless fragments. These shattered bones of Ru are
+scattered over every hill and valley of one of the islands, to the very
+edge of the sea."
+
+Thus the natives of the Hervey Islands account for the many pieces of
+porous lava and the small pieces of pumice stone found occasionally in
+their islands. The "bones" were very light and greatly resembled
+fragments of real bone. If the fragments were large enough they were
+sometimes taken and worshiped as gods. One of these pieces, of
+extraordinary size, was given to Mr. Gill when the natives were
+bringing in a large collection of idols. "This one was known as 'The
+Light Stone,' and was worshiped as the god of the wind and the waves.
+Upon occasions of a hurricane, incantations and offerings of food would
+be made to it."
+
+Thus, according to different Polynesian legends, Maui raised the sky and
+made the earth inhabitable for his fellow-men.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+MAUI SNARING THE SUN.
+
+  "Maui became restless and fought the sun
+  With a noose that he laid.
+  And winter won the sun,
+  And summer was won by Maui."
+
+  --Queen Liliuokalani's family chant.
+
+
+A very unique legend is found among the widely-scattered Polynesians.
+The story of Maui's "Snaring the Sun" was told among the Maoris of New
+Zealand, the Kanakas of the Hervey and Society Islands, and the ancient
+natives of Hawaii. The Samoans tell the same story without mentioning
+the name of Maui. They say that the snare was cast by a child of the sun
+itself.
+
+The Polynesian stories of the origin of the sun are worthy of note
+before the legend of the change from short to long days is given.
+
+The Tongan Islanders, according to W. W. Gill, tell the story of the
+origin of the sun and moon. They say that Vatea (Wakea) and their
+ancestor Tongaiti quarreled concerning a child--each claiming it as his
+own. In the struggle the child was cut in two. Vatea squeezed and rolled
+the part he secured into a ball and threw it away, far up into the
+heavens, where it became the sun. It shone brightly as it rolled along
+the heavens, and sank down to Avaiki (Hawaii), the nether world. But the
+ball came back again and once more rolled across the sky. Tongaiti had
+let his half of the child fall on the ground and lie there, until made
+envious by the beautiful ball Vatea made.
+
+At last he took the flesh which lay on the ground and made it into a
+ball. As the sun sank he threw his ball up into the darkness, and it
+rolled along the heavens, but the blood had drained out of the flesh
+while it lay upon the ground, therefore it could not become so red and
+burning as the sun, and had not life to move so swiftly. It was as white
+as a dead body, because its blood was all gone; and it could not make
+the darkness flee away as the sun had done. Thus day and night and the
+sun and moon always remain with the earth.
+
+The legends of the Society Islands say that a demon in the west became
+angry with the sun and in his rage ate it up, causing night. In the same
+way a demon from the east would devour the moon, but for some reason
+these angry ones could not destroy their captives and were compelled to
+open their mouths and let the bright balls come forth once more. In
+some places a sacrifice of some one of distinction was needed to placate
+the wrath of the devourers and free the balls of light in times of
+eclipse.
+
+The moon, pale and dead in appearance, moved slowly; while the sun, full
+of life and strength, moved quickly. Thus days were very short and
+nights were very long. Mankind suffered from the fierceness of the heat
+of the sun and also from its prolonged absence. Day and night were alike
+a burden to men. The darkness was so great and lasted so long that
+fruits would not ripen.
+
+After Maui had succeeded in throwing the heavens into their place, and
+fastening them so that they could not fall, he learned that he had
+opened a way for the sun-god to come up from the lower world and rapidly
+run across the blue vault. This made two troubles for men--the heat of
+the sun was very great and the journey too quickly over. Maui planned to
+capture the sun and punish him for thinking so little about the welfare
+of mankind.
+
+[Illustration: Iao Mountain From the Sea.]
+
+As Rev. A. O. Forbes, a missionary among the Hawaiians, relates, Maui's
+mother was troubled very much by the heedless haste of the sun. She had
+many kapa-cloths to make, for this was the only kind of clothing known
+in Hawaii, except sometimes a woven mat or a long grass fringe worn as a
+skirt. This native cloth was made by pounding the fine bark of
+certain trees with wooden mallets until the fibres were beaten and
+ground into a wood pulp. Then she pounded the pulp into thin sheets from
+which the best sleeping mats and clothes could be fashioned. These kapa
+cloths had to be thoroughly dried, but the days were so short that by
+the time she had spread out the kapa the sun had heedlessly rushed
+across the sky and gone down into the under-world, and all the cloth had
+to be gathered up again and cared for until another day should come.
+There were other troubles. "The food could not be prepared and cooked in
+one day. Even an incantation to the gods could not be chanted through
+ere they were overtaken by darkness."
+
+This was very discouraging and caused great suffering, as well as much
+unnecessary trouble and labor. Many complaints were made against the
+thoughtless sun.
+
+Maui pitied his mother and determined to make the sun go slower that the
+days might be long enough to satisfy the needs of men. Therefore, he
+went over to the northwest of the island on which he lived. This was Mt.
+Iao, an extinct volcano, in which lies one of the most beautiful and
+picturesque valleys of the Hawaiian Islands. He climbed the ridges until
+he could see the course of the sun as it passed over the island. He saw
+that the sun came up the eastern side of Mt. Haleakala. He crossed over
+the plain between the two mountains and climbed to the top of Mt.
+Haleakala. There he watched the burning sun as it came up from Koolau
+and passed directly over the top of the mountain. The summit of
+Haleakala is a great extinct crater twenty miles in circumference, and
+nearly twenty-five hundred feet in depth. There are two tremendous gaps
+or chasms in the side of the crater wall, through which in days gone by
+the massive bowl poured forth its flowing lava. One of these was the
+Koolau, or eastern gap, in which Maui probably planned to catch the sun.
+
+Mt. Hale-a-ka-la of the Hawaiian Islands means House-of-the-sun. "La,"
+or "Ra," is the name of the sun throughout parts of Polynesia. Ra was
+the sun-god of ancient Egypt. Thus the antiquities of Polynesia and
+Egypt touch each other, and today no man knows the full reason thereof.
+
+The Hawaiian legend says Maui was taunted by a man who ridiculed the
+idea that he could snare the sun, saying, "You will never catch the sun.
+You are only an idle nobody."
+
+Maui replied, "When I conquer my enemy and my desire is attained, I will
+be your death."
+
+After studying the path of the sun, Maui returned to his mother and told
+her that he would go and cut off the legs of the sun so that he could
+not run so fast.
+
+His mother said: "Are you strong enough for this work?" He said, "Yes."
+Then she gave him fifteen strands of well-twisted fiber and told him to
+go to his grandmother, who lived in the great crater of Haleakala, for
+the rest of the things in his conflict with the sun. She said: "You must
+climb the mountain to the place where a large wiliwili tree is standing.
+There you will find the place where the sun stops to eat cooked bananas
+prepared by your grandmother. Stay there until a rooster crows three
+times; then watch your grandmother go out to make a fire and put on
+food. You had better take her bananas. She will look for them and find
+you and ask who you are. Tell her you belong to Hina."
+
+When she had taught him all these things, he went up the mountain to
+Kaupo to the place Hina had directed. There was a large wiliwili tree.
+Here he waited for the rooster to crow. The name of that rooster was
+Kalauhele-moa. When the rooster had crowed three times, the grandmother
+came out with a bunch of bananas to cook for the sun. She took off the
+upper part of the bunch and laid it down. Maui immediately snatched it
+away. In a moment she turned to pick it up, but could not find it. She
+was angry and cried out: "Where are the bananas of the sun?" Then she
+took off another part of the bunch, and Maui stole that. Thus he did
+until all the bunch had been taken away. She was almost blind and could
+not detect him by sight, so she sniffed all around her until she
+detected the smell of a man. She asked: "Who are you? To whom do you
+belong?" Maui replied: "I belong to Hina." "Why have you come?" Maui
+told her, "I have come to kill the sun. He goes so fast that he never
+dries the tapa Hina has beaten out."
+
+The old woman gave a magic stone for a battle axe and one more rope. She
+taught him how to catch the sun, saying: "Make a place to hide here by
+this large wiliwili tree. When the first leg of the sun comes up, catch
+it with your first rope, and so on until you have used all your ropes.
+Fasten them to the tree, then take the stone axe to strike the body of
+the sun."
+
+Maui dug a hole among the roots of the tree and concealed himself. Soon
+the first ray of light--the first leg of the sun--came up along the
+mountain side. Maui threw his rope and caught it. One by one the legs of
+the sun came over the edge of the crater's rim and were caught. Only one
+long leg was still hanging down the side of the mountain. It was hard
+for the sun to move that leg. It shook and trembled and tried hard to
+come up. At last it crept over the edge and was caught by Maui with the
+rope given by his grandmother.
+
+When the sun saw that his sixteen long legs were held fast in the ropes,
+he began to go back down the mountain side into the sea. Then Maui tied
+the ropes fast to the tree and pulled until the body of the sun came up
+again. Brave Maui caught his magic stone club or axe, and began to
+strike and wound the sun, until he cried: "Give me my life." Maui said:
+"If you live, you may be a traitor. Perhaps I had better kill you." But
+the sun begged for life. After they had conversed a while, they agreed
+that there should be a regular motion in the journey of the sun. There
+should be longer days, and yet half the time he might go quickly as in
+the winter time, but the other half he must move slowly as in summer.
+Thus men dwelling on the earth should be blessed.
+
+Another legend says that he made a lasso and climbed to the summit of
+Mt. Haleakala. He made ready his lasso, so that when the sun came up the
+mountain side and rose above him he could cast the noose and catch the
+sun, but he only snared one of the sun's larger rays and broke it off.
+Again and again he threw the lasso until he had broken off all the
+strong rays of the sun.
+
+Then he shouted exultantly, "Thou art my captive; I will kill thee for
+going so swiftly."
+
+Then the sun said, "Let me live and thou shalt see me go more slowly
+hereafter. Behold, hast thou not broken off all my strong legs and left
+me only the weak ones?"
+
+So the agreement was made, and Maui permitted the sun to pursue his
+course, and from that day he went more slowly.
+
+Maui returned from his conflict with the sun and sought for Moemoe, the
+man who had ridiculed him. Maui chased this man around the island from
+one side to the other until they had passed through Lahaina (one of the
+first mission stations in 1828). There on the seashore near the large
+black rock of the legend of Maui lifting the sky he found Moemoe. Then
+they left the seashore and the contest raged up hill and down until Maui
+slew the man and "changed the body into a long rock, which is there to
+this day, by the side of the road going past Black Rock."
+
+Before the battle with the sun occurred Maui went down into the
+underworld, according to the New Zealand tradition, and remained a long
+time with his relatives. In some way he learned that there was an
+enchanted jawbone in the possession of some one of his ancestors, so he
+waited and waited, hoping that at last he might discover it.
+
+After a time he noticed that presents of food were being sent away to
+some person whom he had not met.
+
+One day he asked the messengers, "Who is it you are taking that present
+of food to?"
+
+The people answered, "It is for Muri, your ancestress."
+
+Then he asked for the food, saying, "I will carry it to her myself."
+
+But he took the food away and hid it. "And this he did for many days,"
+and the presents failed to reach the old woman.
+
+By and by she suspected mischief, for it did not seem as if her friends
+would neglect her so long a time, so she thought she would catch the
+tricky one and eat him. She depended upon her sense of smell to detect
+the one who had troubled her. As Sir George Grey tells the story: "When
+Maui came along the path carrying the present of food, the old chiefess
+sniffed and sniffed until she was sure that she smelt some one coming.
+She was very much exasperated, and her stomach began to distend itself
+that she might be ready to devour this one when he came near.
+
+Then she turned toward the south and sniffed and not a scent of anything
+reached her. Then she turned to the north, and to the east, but could
+not detect the odor of a human being. She made one more trial and turned
+toward the west. Ah! then came the scent of a man to her plainly and she
+called out, 'I know, from the smell wafted to me by the breeze, that
+somebody is close to me.'"
+
+Maui made known his presence and the old woman knew that he was a
+descendant of hers, and her stomach began immediately to shrink and
+contract itself again.
+
+Then she asked, "Art thou Maui?"
+
+He answered, "Even so," and told her that he wanted "the jaw-bone by
+which great enchantments could be wrought."
+
+Then Muri, the old chiefess, gave him the magic bone and he returned to
+his brothers, who were still living on the earth.
+
+Then Maui said: "Let us now catch the sun in a noose that we may compel
+him to move more slowly in order that mankind may have long days to
+labor in and procure subsistence for themselves."
+
+They replied, "No man can approach it on account of the fierceness of
+the heat."
+
+According to the Society Island legend, his mother advised him to have
+nothing to do with the sun, who was a divine living creature, "in form
+like a man, possessed of fearful energy," shaking his golden locks both
+morning and evening in the eyes of men. Many persons had tried to
+regulate the movements of the sun, but had failed completely.
+
+But Maui encouraged his mother and his brothers by asking them to
+remember his power to protect himself by the use of enchantments.
+
+The Hawaiian legend says that Maui himself gathered cocoanut fibre in
+great quantity and manufactured it into strong ropes. But the legends of
+other islands say that he had the aid of his brothers, and while working
+learned many useful lessons. While winding and twisting they discovered
+how to make square ropes and flat ropes as well as the ordinary round
+rope. In the Society Islands, it is said, Maui and his brothers made six
+strong ropes of great length. These he called aeiariki (royal nooses).
+
+The New Zealand legend says that when Maui and his brothers had finished
+making all the ropes required they took provisions and other things
+needed and journeyed toward the east to find the place where the sun
+should rise. Maui carried with him the magic jaw-bone which he had
+secured from Muri, his ancestress, in the under-world.
+
+They traveled all night and concealed themselves by day so that the sun
+should not see them and become too suspicious and watchful. In this way
+they journeyed, until "at length they had gone very far to the eastward
+and had come to the very edge of the place out of which the sun rises.
+There they set to work and built on each side a long, high wall of clay,
+with huts of boughs of trees at each end to hide themselves in."
+
+Here they laid a large noose made from their ropes and Maui concealed
+himself on one side of this place along which the sun must come, while
+his brothers hid on the other side.
+
+Maui seized his magic enchanted jaw-bone as the weapon with which to
+fight the sun, and ordered his brothers to pull hard on the noose and
+not to be frightened or moved to set the sun free.
+
+"At last the sun came rising up out of his place like a fire spreading
+far and wide over the mountains and forests.
+
+He rises up.
+
+His head passes through the noose.
+
+The ropes are pulled tight.
+
+Then the monster began to struggle and roll himself about, while the
+snare jerked backwards and forwards as he struggled. Ah! was not he held
+fast in the ropes of his enemies.
+
+Then forth rushed that bold hero Maui with his enchanted weapon. The sun
+screamed aloud and roared. Maui struck him fiercely with many blows.
+They held him for a long time. At last they let him go, and then weak
+from wounds the sun crept very slowly and feebly along his course."
+
+In this way the days were made longer so that men could perform their
+daily tasks and fruits and food plants could have time to grow.
+
+The legend of the Hervey group of islands says that Maui made six snares
+and placed them at intervals along the path over which the sun must
+pass. The sun in the form of a man climbed up from Avaiki (Hawaiki).
+Maui pulled the first noose, but it slipped down the rising sun until it
+caught and was pulled tight around his feet.
+
+[Illustration: Hale-a-ka-la Crater. Where the Sun Was Caught.]
+
+Maui ran quickly to pull the ropes of the second snare, but that also
+slipped down, down, until it was tightened around the knees. Then Maui
+hastened to the third snare, while the sun was trying to rush along
+on his journey. The third snare caught around the hips. The fourth snare
+fastened itself around the waist. The fifth slipped under the arms, and
+yet the sun sped along as if but little inconvenienced by Maui's
+efforts.
+
+Then Maui caught the last noose and threw it around the neck of the sun,
+and fastened the rope to a spur of rock. The sun struggled until nearly
+strangled to death and then gave up, promising Maui that he would go as
+slowly as was desired. Maui left the snares fastened to the sun to keep
+him in constant fear.
+
+"These ropes may still be seen hanging from the sun at dawn and
+stretching into the skies when he descends into the ocean at night. By
+the assistance of these ropes he is gently let down into Ava-iki in the
+evening, and also raised up out of shadow-land in the morning."
+
+Another legend from the Society Islands is related by Mr. Gill:
+
+Maui tried many snares before he could catch the sun. The sun was the
+Hercules, or the Samson, of the heavens. He broke the strong cords of
+cocoanut fibre which Maui made and placed around the opening by which
+the sun climbed out from the under-world. Maui made stronger ropes, but
+still the sun broke them every one.
+
+Then Maui thought of his sister's hair, the sister Inaika, whom he
+cruelly treated in later years. Her hair was long and beautiful. He cut
+off some of it and made a strong rope. With this he lassoed or rather
+snared the sun, and caught him around the throat. The sun quickly
+promised to be more thoughtful of the needs of men and go at a more
+reasonable pace across the sky.
+
+A story from the American Indians is told in Hawaii's Young People,
+which is very similar to the Polynesian legends.
+
+An Indian boy became very angry with the sun for getting so warm and
+making his clothes shrink with the heat. He told his sister to make a
+snare. The girl took sinews from a large deer, but they shriveled under
+the heat. She took her own long hair and made snares, but they were
+burned in a moment. Then she tried the fibres of various plants and was
+successful. Her brother took the fibre cord and drew it through his
+lips. It stretched and became a strong red cord. He pulled and it became
+very long. He went to the place of sunrise, fixed his snare, and caught
+the sun. When the sun had been sufficiently punished, the animals of the
+earth studied the problem of setting the sun free. At last a mouse as
+large as a mountain ran and gnawed the red cord. It broke and the sun
+moved on, but the poor mouse had been burned and shriveled into the
+small mouse of the present day.
+
+A Samoan legend says that a woman living for a time with the sun bore a
+child who had the name "Child of the Sun." She wanted gifts for the
+child's marriage, so she took a long vine, climbed a tree, made the vine
+into a noose, lassoed the sun, and made him give her a basket of
+blessings.
+
+In Fiji, the natives tie the grasses growing on a hilltop over which
+they are passing, when traveling from place to place. They do this to
+make a snare to catch the sun if he should try to go down before they
+reach the end of their day's journey.
+
+This legend is a misty memory of some time when the Polynesian people
+were in contact with the short days of the extreme north or south. It is
+a very remarkable exposition of a fact of nature perpetuated many
+centuries in lands absolutely free from such natural phenomena.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+MAUI FINDING FIRE.
+
+  "Grant, oh grant me thy hidden fire,
+    O Banyan Tree.
+  Perform an incantation,
+  Utter a prayer
+    To the Banyan Tree.
+  Kindle a fire in the dust
+    Of the Banyan Tree."
+
+  --Translation of ancient Polynesian chant.
+
+
+Among students of mythology certain characters in the legends of the
+various nations are known as "culture heroes." Mankind has from time to
+time learned exceedingly useful lessons and has also usually ascribed
+the new knowledge to some noted person in the national mythology. These
+mythical benefactors who have brought these practical benefits to men
+are placed among the "hero-gods." They have been teachers or "culture
+heroes" to mankind.
+
+Probably the fire finders of the different nations are among the best
+remembered of all these benefactors. This would naturally be the case,
+for no greater good has touched man's physical life than the discovery
+of methods of making fire.
+
+Prometheus, the classical fire finder, is most widely known in
+literature. But of all the helpful gods of mythology, Maui, the
+mischievous Polynesian, is beyond question the hero of the largest
+numbers of nations scattered over the widest extent of territory.
+Prometheus belonged to Rome, but Maui belonged to the length and breadth
+of the Pacific Ocean. Theft or trickery, the use of deceit of some kind,
+is almost inseparably connected with fire finding all over the world.
+Prometheus stole fire from Jupiter and gave it to men together with the
+genius to make use of it in the arts and sciences. He found the rolling
+chariot of the sun, secretly filled his hollow staff with fire, carried
+it to earth, put a part in the breast of man to create enthusiasm or
+animation, and saved the remainder for the comfort of mankind to be used
+with the artist skill of Minerva and Vulcan. In Brittany the golden or
+fire-crested wren steals fire and is red-marked while so doing. The
+animals of the North American Indians are represented as stealing fire
+sometimes from the cuttle fish and sometimes from one another. Some
+swiftly-flying bird or fleet-footed coyote would carry the stolen fire
+to the home of the tribe.
+
+The possession of fire meant to the ancients all that wealth means to
+the family of today. It meant the possession of comfort. The gods were
+naturally determined to keep this wealth in their own hands. For any one
+to make a sharp deal and cheat a god of fire out of a part of this
+valuable property or to make a courageous raid upon the fire guardian
+and steal the treasure, was easily sufficient to make that one a
+"culture hero." As a matter of fact a prehistoric family without fire
+would go to any length in order to get it. The fire finders would
+naturally be the hero-gods and stealing fire would be an exploit rather
+than a crime.
+
+It is worth noting that in many myths not only was fire stolen, but
+birds marked by red or black spots among their feathers were associated
+with the theft.
+
+It would naturally be supposed that the Hawaiians living in a volcanic
+country with ever-flowing fountains of lava, would connect their fire
+myths with some volcano when relating the story of the origin of fire.
+But like the rest of the Polynesians, they found fire in trees rather
+than in rivers of melted rock. They must have brought their fire legends
+and fire customs with them when they came to the islands of active
+volcanoes.
+
+Flint rocks as fire producers are not found in the Hawaiian myths, nor
+in the stories from the island groups related to the Hawaiians. Indians
+might see the fleeing buffalo strike fire from the stones under his hard
+hoofs. The Tartars might have a god to teach them "the secret of the
+stone's edge and the iron's hardness." The Peruvians could very easily
+form a legend of their mythical father Guamansuri finding a way to make
+fire after he had seen the sling stones, thrown at his enemies, bring
+forth sparks of fire from the rocks against which they struck. The
+thunder and the lightning of later years were the sparks and the crash
+of stones hurled among the cloud mountains by the mighty gods.
+
+In Australia the story is told of an old man and his daughter who lived
+in great darkness. After a time the father found the doorway of light
+through which the sun passed on his journey. He opened the door and a
+flood of sunshine covered the earth. His daughter looked around her home
+and saw numbers of serpents. She seized a staff and began to kill them.
+She wielded it so vigorously that it became hot in her hands. At last it
+broke, but the pieces rubbed against each other and flashed into sparks
+and flames. Thus it was learned that fire was buried in wood.
+
+Flints were known in Europe and Asia and America, but the Polynesian
+looked to the banyan and kindred trees for the hidden sparks of fire.
+The natives of De Peyster's Island say that their ancestors learned how
+to make fire by seeing smoke rise from crossed branches rubbing together
+while trees were shaken by fierce winds.
+
+In studying the Maui myths of the Pacific it is necessary to remember
+that Polynesians use "t" and "k" without distinguishing them apart, and
+also as in the Hawaiian Islands an apostrophe (') is often used in place
+of "t" or "k". Therefore the Maui Ki-i-k-i'i of Hawaii becomes the
+demi-god Tiki-tiki of the Gilbert Islands--or the Ti'i-ti'i of Samoa or
+the Tiki of New Zealand--or other islands of the great ocean. We must
+also remember that in the Hawaiian legends Kalana is Maui's father. This
+in other groups becomes Talanga or Kalanga or Karanga. Kanaloa, the
+great god of most of the different Polynesians, is also sometimes called
+the Father of Maui. It is not strange that some of the exploits usually
+ascribed to Maui should be in some places transferred to his father
+under one name or the other. On one or two groups Mafuia, an ancestress
+of Maui, is mentioned as finding the fire. The usual legend makes Maui
+the one who takes fire away from Mafuia. The story of fire finding in
+Polynesia sifts itself to Maui under one of his widely-accepted names,
+or to his father or to his ancestress--with but very few exceptions.
+This fact is important as showing in a very marked manner the race
+relationship of a vast number of the islanders of the Pacific world.
+From the Marshall Islands, in the west, to the Society Islands of the
+east; from the Hawaiian Islands in the north to the New Zealand group in
+the south, the footsteps of Maui the fire finder can be traced.
+
+The Hawaiian story of fire finding is one of the least marvelous of all
+the legends. Hina, Maui's mother, wanted fish. One morning early Maui
+saw that the great storm waves of the sea had died down and the fishing
+grounds could be easily reached. He awakened his brothers and with them
+hastened to the beach. This was at Kaupo on the island of Maui. Out into
+the gray shadows of the dawn they paddled. When they were far from shore
+they began to fish. But Maui, looking landward, saw a fire on the
+mountain side.
+
+"Behold," he cried. "There is a fire burning. Whose can this fire be?"
+
+"Whose, indeed?" his brothers replied.
+
+"Let us hasten to the shore and cook our food," said one.
+
+They decided that they had better catch some fish to cook before they
+returned. Thus, in the morning, before the hot sun drove the fish deep
+down to the dark recesses of the sea, they fished until a bountiful
+supply lay in the bottom of the canoe.
+
+When they came to land, Maui leaped out and ran up the mountain side to
+get the fire. For a long, long time they had been without fire. The
+great volcano Haleakala above them had become extinct--and they had
+lost the coals they had tried to keep alive. They had eaten fruits and
+uncooked roots and the shell fish broken from the reef--and sometimes
+the great raw fish from the far-out ocean. But now they hoped to gain
+living fire and cooked food.
+
+But when Maui rushed up toward the cloudy pillar of smoke he saw a
+family of birds scratching the fire out. Their work was finished and
+they flew away just as he reached the place.
+
+Maui and his brothers watched for fire day after day--but the birds, the
+curly-tailed Alae (or the mud-hens) made no fire. Finally the brothers
+went fishing once more--but when they looked toward the mountain, again
+they saw flames and smoke. Thus it happened to them again and again.
+
+Maui proposed to his brothers that they go fishing leaving him to watch
+the birds. But the Alae counted the fishermen and refused to build a
+fire for the hidden one who was watching them. They said among
+themselves, "Three are in the boat and we know not where the other one
+is, we will make no fire today."
+
+So the experiment failed again and again. If one or two remained or if
+all waited on the land there would be no fire--but the dawn which saw
+the four brothers in the boat, saw also the fire on the land.
+
+Finally Maui rolled some kapa cloth together and stuck it up in one end
+of the canoe so that it would look like a man. He then concealed
+himself near the haunt of the mud-hens, while his brothers went out
+fishing. The birds counted the figures in the boat and then started to
+build a heap of wood for the fire.
+
+Maui was impatient--and just as the old Alae began to select sticks with
+which to make the flames he leaped swiftly out and caught her and held
+her prisoner. He forgot for a moment that he wanted the secret of fire
+making. In his anger against the wise bird his first impulse was to
+taunt her and then kill her for hiding the secret of fire.
+
+But the Alae cried out: "If you are the death of me--my secret will
+perish also--and you cannot have fire."
+
+Maui then promised to spare her life if she would tell him what to do.
+
+Then came the contest of wits. The bird told the demi-god to rub the
+stalks of water plants together. He guarded the bird and tried the
+plants. Water instead of fire ran out of the twisted stems. Then she
+told him to rub reeds together--but they bent and broke and could make
+no fire. He twisted her neck until she was half dead--then she cried
+out: "I have hidden the fire in a green stick."
+
+Maui worked hard, but not a spark of fire appeared. Again he caught his
+prisoner by the head and wrung her neck, and she named a kind of dry
+wood. Maui rubbed the sticks together, but they only became warm. The
+neck twisting process was resumed--and repeated again and again, until
+the mud-hen was almost dead--and Maui had tried tree after tree. At last
+Maui found fire. Then as the flames rose he said: "There is one more
+thing to rub." He took a fire stick and rubbed the top of the head of
+his prisoner until the feathers fell off and the raw flesh appeared.
+Thus the Hawaiian mud-hen and her descendants have ever since had bald
+heads, and the Hawaiians have had the secret of fire making.
+
+Another Hawaiian legend places the scene of Maui's contest with the
+mud-hens a little inland of the town of Hilo on the Island of Hawaii.
+There are three small extinct craters very near each other known as The
+Halae Hills. One, the southern or Puna side of the hills, is a place
+called Pohaku-nui. Here dwelt two brother birds of the Alae family. They
+were gods. One had the power of fire making. Here at Pohaku-nui they
+were accustomed to kindle a fire and bake their dearly loved food--baked
+bananas. Here Maui planned to learn the secret of fire. The birds had
+kindled the fire and the bananas were almost done, when the elder Alae
+called to the younger: "Be quick, here comes the swift son of Hina."
+
+The birds scratched out the fire, caught the bananas and fled. Maui told
+his mother he would follow them until he learned the secret of fire. His
+mother encouraged him because he was very strong and very swift. So he
+followed the birds from place to place as they fled from him, finding
+new spots on which to make their fires. At last they came to Waianae on
+the island Oahu. There he saw a great fire and a multitude of birds
+gathered around it, chattering loudly and trying to hasten the baking of
+the bananas. Their incantation was this: "Let us cook quick." "Let us
+cook quick." "The swift child of Hina will come."
+
+Maui's mother Hina had taught him how to know the fire-maker. "If you go
+up to the fire, you will find many birds. Only one is the guardian. This
+is the small, young Alae. His name is Alae-iki: Only this one knows how
+to make fire." So whenever Maui came near to the fire-makers he always
+sought for the little Alae. Sometimes he made mistakes and sometimes
+almost captured the one he desired. At Waianae he leaped suddenly among
+the birds. They scattered the fire, and the younger bird tried to snatch
+his banana from the coals and flee, but Maui seized him and began to
+twist his neck. The bird cried out, warning Maui not to kill him or he
+would lose the secret of fire altogether. Maui was told that the fire
+was made from a banana stump. He saw the bananas roasting and thought
+this was reasonable. So, according to directions, he began to rub
+together pieces of the banana. The bird hoped for an unguarded moment
+when he might escape, but Maui was very watchful and was also very
+angry when he found that rubbing only resulted in squeezing out juice.
+Then he twisted the neck of the bird and was told to rub the stem of the
+taro plant. This also was so green that it only produced water. Then he
+was so angry that he nearly rubbed the head of the bird off--and the
+bird, fearing for its life, told the truth and taught Maui how to find
+the wood in which fire dwelt.
+
+They learned to draw out the sparks secreted in different kinds of
+trees. The sweet sandalwood was one of these fire trees. Its Hawaiian
+name is "Ili-ahi"--the "ili" (bark) and "ahi" (fire), the bark in which
+fire is concealed.
+
+A legend of the Society Islands is somewhat similar. Ina (Hina) promised
+to aid Maui in finding fire for the islanders. She sent him into the
+under-world to find Tangaroa (Kanaloa). This god Tangaroa held fire in
+his possession--Maui was to know him by his tattooed face. Down the dark
+path through the long caves Maui trod swiftly until he found the god.
+Maui asked him for fire to take up to men. The god gave him a lighted
+stick and sent him away. But Maui put the fire out and went back again
+after fire. This he did several times, until the wearied giver decided
+to teach the intruder the art of fire making. He called a white duck to
+aid him. Then, taking two sticks of dry wood, he gave the under one to
+the bird and rapidly moved the upper stick across the under until fire
+came. Maui seized the upper stick, after it had been charred in the
+flame, and burned the head of the bird back of each eye. Thus were made
+the black spots which mark the head of the white duck. Then arose a
+quarrel between Tangaroa and Maui--but Maui struck down the god, and,
+thinking he had killed him, carried away the art of making fire. His
+father and mother made inquiries about their relative--Maui hastened
+back to the fire fountain and made the spirit return to the body--then,
+coming back to Ina, he bade her good bye and carried the fire sticks to
+the upper-world. The Hawaiians, and probably others among the
+Polynesians, felt that any state of unconsciousness was a form of death
+in which the spirit left the body, but was called back by prayers and
+incantations. Therefore, when Maui restored the god to consciousness, he
+was supposed to have made the spirit released by death return into the
+body and bring it back to life.
+
+In the Samoan legends as related by G. Turner, the name Ti'iti'i is
+used. This is the same as the second name found in Maui Ki'i-ki'i. The
+Samoan legend of Ti'iti'i is almost identical with the New Zealand fire
+myth of Maui, and is very similar to the story coming from the Hervey
+Islands from Savage Island and also from the Tokelau and other island
+groups. The Samoan story says that the home of Mafuie the earthquake
+god was in the land of perpetual fire. Maui's or Ti'iti'i's father
+Talanga (Kalana) was also a resident of the under-world and a great
+friend of the earthquake god.
+
+Ti'iti'i watched his father as he left his home in the upper-world.
+Talanga approached a perpendicular wall of rock, said some prayer or
+incantation--and passed through a door which immediately closed after
+him. (This is a very near approach to the "open sesame" of the Arabian
+Nights stories.)
+
+Ti'iti'i went to the rock, but could not find the way through. He
+determined to conceal himself the next time so near that he could hear
+his father's words.
+
+After some days he was able to catch all the words uttered by his father
+as he knocked on the stone door--
+
+  "O rock! divide.
+  I am Talanga,
+  I come to work
+  On my land
+  Given by Mafuie."
+
+Ti'iti'i went to the perpendicular wall and imitating his father's voice
+called for a rock to open. Down through a cave he passed until he found
+his father working in the under-world.
+
+The astonished father, learning how his son came, bade him keep very
+quiet and work lest he arouse the anger of Mafuie. So for a time the
+boy labored obediently by his father's side.
+
+In a little while the boy saw smoke and asked what it was. The father
+told him that it was the smoke from the fire of Mafuie, and explained
+what fire would do.
+
+The boy determined to get some fire--he went to the place from which the
+smoke arose and there found the god, and asked him for fire. Mafuie gave
+him fire to carry to his father. The boy quickly had an oven prepared
+and the fire placed in it to cook some of the taro they had been
+cultivating. Just as everything was ready an earthquake god came up and
+blew the fire out and scattered the stones of the oven.
+
+Then Ti'iti'i was angry and began to talk to Mafuie. The god attacked
+the boy, intending to punish him severely for daring to rebel against
+the destruction of the fire.
+
+What a battle there was for a time in the under-world! At last Ti'iti'i
+seized one of the arms of Mafuie and broke it off. He caught the other
+arm and began to twist and bend it.
+
+Mafuie begged the boy to spare him. His right arm was gone. How could he
+govern the earthquakes if his left arm were torn off also? It was his
+duty to hold Samoa level and not permit too many earthquakes. It would
+be hard to do that even with one arm--but it would be impossible if
+both arms were gone.
+
+Ti'iti'i listened to the plea and demanded a reward if he should spare
+the left arm. Mafuie offered Ti'iti'i one hundred wives. The boy did not
+want them.
+
+Then the god offered to teach him the secret of fire finding to take to
+the upper-world.
+
+The boy agreed to accept the fire secret, and thus learned that the gods
+in making the earth had concealed fire in various trees for men to
+discover in their own good time, and that this fire could be brought out
+by rubbing pieces of wood together.
+
+The people of Samoa have not had much faith in Mafuie's plea that he
+needed his left arm in order to keep Samoa level. They say that Mafuie
+has a long stick or handle to the world under the islands--and when he
+is angry or wishes to frighten them he moves this handle and easily
+shakes the islands. When an earthquake comes, they give thanks to
+Ti'iti'i for breaking off one arm--because if the god had two arms they
+believe he would shake them unmercifully.
+
+One legend of the Hervey Islands says that Maui and his brothers had
+been living on uncooked food--but learned that their mother sometimes
+had delicious food which had been cooked. They learned also that fire
+was needed in order to cook their food. Then Maui wanted fire and
+watched his mother.
+
+Maui's mother was the guardian of the way to the invisible world. When
+she desired to pass from her home to the other world, she would open a
+black rock and pass inside. Thus she went to Hawaiki, the under-world.
+Maui planned to follow her, but first studied the forms of birds that he
+might assume the body of the strongest and most enduring. After a time
+he took the shape of a pigeon and, flying to the black rock, passed
+through the door and flew down the long dark passage-way.
+
+After a time he found the god of fire living in a bunch of banyan
+sticks. He changed himself into the form of a man and demanded the
+secret of fire.
+
+The fire god agreed to give Maui fire if he would permit himself to be
+tossed into the sky by the god's strong arms.
+
+Maui agreed on condition that he should have the right to toss the fire
+god afterwards.
+
+The fire-god felt certain that there would be only one exercise of
+strength--he felt that he had everything in his own hands--so readily
+agreed to the tossing contest. It was his intention to throw his
+opponent so high that when he fell, if he ever did fall, there would be
+no antagonist uncrushed.
+
+He seized Maui in his strong arms and, swinging him back and forth,
+flung him upward--but the moment Maui left his hands he changed himself
+into a feather and floated softly to the ground.
+
+Then the boy ran swiftly to the god and seized him by the legs and
+lifted him up. Then he began to increase in size and strength until he
+had lifted the fire god very high. Suddenly he tossed the god upward and
+caught him as he fell--again and again--until the bruised and dizzy god
+cried enough, and agreed to give the victor whatever he demanded.
+
+Maui asked for the secret of fire producing. The god taught him how to
+rub the dry sticks of certain kinds of trees together, and, by friction,
+produce fire, and especially how fire could be produced by rubbing fire
+sticks in the fine dust of the banyan tree.
+
+A Society Island legend says Maui borrowed a sacred red pigeon,
+belonging to one of the gods, and, changing himself into a dragon fly,
+rode this pigeon through a black rock into Avaiki (Hawaiki), the
+fire-land of the under-world. He found the god of fire, Mau-ika, living
+in a house built from a banyan tree. Mau-ika taught Maui the kinds of
+wood into which when fire went out on the earth a fire goddess had
+thrown sparks in order to preserve fire. Among these were the "au"
+(Hawaiian hau), or "the lemon hibiscus"--the "argenta," the "fig" and
+the "banyan." She taught him also how to make fire by swift motion when
+rubbing the sticks of these trees. She also gave him coals for his
+present need.
+
+But Maui was viciously mischievous and set the banyan house on fire,
+then mounted his pigeon and fled toward the upper-world. But the flames
+hastened after him and burst out through the rock doors into the sunlit
+land above--as if it were a volcanic eruption.
+
+The Tokelau Islanders say that Talanga (Kalana) known in other groups of
+islands as the father of Maui, desired fire in order to secure warmth
+and cooked food. He went down, down, very far down in the caves of the
+earth. In the lower world he found Mafuika--an old blind woman, who was
+the guardian of fire. He told her he wanted fire to take back to men.
+She refused either to give fire or to teach how to make it. Talanga
+threatened to kill her, and finally persuaded her to teach how to make
+fire in any place he might dwell--and the proper trees to use, the
+fire-yielding trees. She also taught him how to cook food--and also the
+kind of fish he should cook, and the kinds which should be eaten raw.
+Thus mankind learned about food as well as fire.
+
+The Savage Island legend adds the element of danger to Maui's
+mischievous theft of fire. The lad followed his father one day and saw
+him pull up a bunch of reeds and go down into the fire-land beneath.
+Maui hastened down to see what his father was doing. Soon he saw his
+opportunity to steal the secret of fire. Then he caught some fire and
+started for the upper-world.
+
+His father caught a glimpse of the young thief and tried to stop him.
+
+Maui ran up the passage through the black cave--bushes and trees
+bordered his road.
+
+The father hastened after his son and was almost ready to lay hands upon
+him, when Maui set fire to the bushes. The flames spread rapidly,
+catching the underbrush and the trees on all sides and burst out in the
+face of the pursuer. Destruction threatened the under-world, but Maui
+sped along his way. Then he saw that the fire was chasing him. Bush
+after bush leaped into flame and hurled sparks and smoke and burning air
+after him. Choked and smoke-surrounded, he broke through the door of the
+cavern and found the fresh air of the world. But the flames followed him
+and swept out in great power upon the upper-world a mighty volcanic
+eruption.
+
+The New Zealand legends picture Maui as putting out, in one night, all
+the fires of his people. This was serious mischief, and Maui's mother
+decided that he should go to the under-world and see his ancestress,
+Mahuika, the guardian of fire, and get new fire to repair the injury he
+had wrought. She warned him against attempting to play tricks upon the
+inhabitants of the lower regions.
+
+[Illustration: Hawaiian Vines and Bushes.]
+
+Maui gladly hastened down the cave-path to the house of Mahuika, and
+asked for fire for the upper-world. In some way he pleased her so that
+she pulled off a finger nail in which fire was burning and gave it to
+him. As soon as he had gone back to a place where there was water, he
+put the fire out and returned to Mahuika, asking another gift, which he
+destroyed. This he did for both hands and feet until only one nail
+remained. Maui wanted this. Then Mahuika became angry and threw the last
+finger nail on the ground. Fire poured out and laid hold of everything.
+Maui ran up the path to the upper-world, but the fire was
+swifter-footed. Then Maui changed himself into an eagle and flew high up
+into the air, but the fire and smoke still followed him. Then he saw
+water and dashed into it, but it was too hot. Around him the forests
+were blazing, the earth burning and the sea boiling. Maui, about to
+perish, called on the gods for rain. Then floods of water fell and the
+fire was checked. The great rain fell on Mahuika and she fled, almost
+drowned. Her stores of fire were destroyed, quenched by the storm. But
+in order to save fire for the use of men, as she fled she threw sparks
+into different kinds of trees where the rain could not reach them, so
+that when fire was needed it might be brought into the world again by
+rubbing together the fire sticks.
+
+The Chatham Islanders give the following incantation, which they said
+was used by Maui against the fierce flood of fire which was pursuing
+him:
+
+  "To the roaring thunder;
+  To the great rain--the long rain;
+  To the drizzling rain--the small rain;
+  To the rain pattering on the leaves.
+  These are the storms--the storms
+  Cause them to fall;
+  To pour in torrents."
+
+The legend of Savage Island places Maui in the role of fire-maker. He
+has stolen fire in the under-world. His father tries to catch him, but
+Maui sets fire to the bushes by the path until a great conflagration is
+raging which pursues him to the upper-world.
+
+Some legends make Maui the fire-teacher as well as the fire-finder. He
+teaches men how to use hardwood sticks in the fine dry dust on the bark
+of certain trees, or how to use the fine fibre of the palm tree to catch
+sparks.
+
+In Tahiti the fire god lived in the "Hale-a-o-a," or House of the
+Banyan. Sometimes human sacrifices were placed upon the sacred branches
+of this tree of the fire god.
+
+In the Bowditch or Fakaofa Islands the goddess of fire when conquered
+taught not only the method of making fire by friction but also what fish
+were to be cooked and what were to be eaten raw.
+
+Thus some of the myths of Maui, the mischievous, finding fire are told
+by the side of the inrolling surf, while natives of many islands,
+around their poi bowls, rest in the shade of the far-reaching boughs and
+thick foliage of the banyan and other fire-producing trees.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+MAUI THE SKILLFUL.
+
+
+According to the New Zealand legends there were six Mauis--the Hawaiians
+counted four. They were a band of brothers. The older five were known as
+"the forgetful Mauis." The tricky and quick-witted youngest member of
+the family was called Maui te atamai--"Maui the skillful."
+
+He was curiously accounted for in the New Zealand under-world. When he
+went down through the long cave to his ancestor's home to find fire, he
+was soon talked about. "Perhaps this is the man about whom so much is
+said in the upper-world." His ancestress from whom he obtained fire
+recognized him as the man called "the deceitful Maui." Even his parents
+told him once, "We know you are a tricky fellow--more so than any other
+man." One of the New Zealand fire legends while recording his flight to
+the under-world and his appearance as a bird, says: "The men tried to
+spear him, and to catch him in nets. At last they cried out, 'Maybe you
+are the man whose fame is great in the upper-world.' At once he leaped
+to the ground and appeared in the form of a man."
+
+He was not famous for inventions, but he was always ready to improve
+upon anything which was already in existence. He could take the sun in
+hand and make it do better work. He could tie the moon so that it had to
+swim back around the island to the place in the ocean from which it
+might rise again, and go slowly through the night.
+
+His brothers invented a slender, straight and smooth spear with which to
+kill birds. He saw the fluttering, struggling birds twist themselves off
+the smooth point and escape. He made a good light bird spear and put
+notches in it and kept most of the birds stuck. His brothers finally
+examined his spear and learned the reason for its superiority. In the
+same way they learned how to spear fish. They could strike and wound and
+sometimes kill--but they could not with their smooth spears draw the
+fish from the waters of the coral caves. But Maui the youngest made
+barbs, so that the fish could not easily shake themselves loose. The
+others soon made their spears like his.
+
+The brothers were said to have invented baskets in which to trap eels,
+but many eels escaped. Maui improved the basket by secretly making an
+inside partition as well as a cover, and the eels were securely trapped.
+It took the brothers a long time to learn the real difference between
+their baskets and his. One of the family made a basket like his and
+caught many eels. Then Maui became angry and chanted a curse over him
+and bewildered him, then changed him into a dog.
+
+The Manahiki Islanders have the legend that Maui made the moon, but
+could not get good light from it. He tried experiments and found that
+the sun was quite an improvement. The sun's example stimulated the moon
+to shine brighter.
+
+Once Maui became interested in tattooing and tried to make a dog look
+better by placing dark lines around the mouth. The legends say that one
+of the sacred birds saw the pattern and then marked the sky with the red
+lines sometimes seen at sunrise and sunset. An Hawaiian legend says that
+Maui tattooed his arm with a sacred name and thus that arm was strong
+enough to hold the sun when he lassoed it. There is a New Zealand legend
+in which Maui is made one of three gods who first created man and then
+woman from one of the man's ribs.
+
+The Hawaiians dwelling in Hilo have many stories of Maui. They say that
+his home was on the northern bank of the Wailuku River. He had a strong
+staff made from an ohia tree (the native apple tree). With this he
+punched holes through the lava, making natural bridges and boiling
+pools, and new channels for its sometimes obstructed waters, so that the
+people could go up or down the river more easily. Near one of the
+natural bridges is a figure of the moon carved in the rocks, referred by
+some of the natives to Maui.
+
+Maui is said to have taught his brothers the different kinds of fish
+nets and the use of the strong fibre of the olona, which was much better
+than cocoanut threads.
+
+The New Zealand stories relate the spear-throwing contests of Maui and
+his brothers. As children, however, they were not allowed the use of
+wooden spears. They took the stems of long, heavy reeds and threw them
+at each other, but Maui's reeds were charmed into stronger and harder
+fibre so that he broke his mother's house and made her recognize him as
+one of her children. He had been taken away as soon as he was born by
+the gods to whom he was related. When he found his way back home his
+mother paid no attention to him. Thus by a spear thrust he won a home.
+
+The brothers all made fish hooks, but Maui the youngest made two kinds
+of hooks--one like his brothers' and one with a sharp barb. His
+brothers' hooks were smooth so that it was difficult to keep the fish
+from floundering and shaking themselves off, but they noticed that the
+fish were held by Maui's hook better than by theirs. Maui was not
+inclined to devote himself to hard work, and lived on his brothers as
+much as possible--but when driven out by his wife or his mother he
+would catch more fish than the other fishermen. They tried to examine
+his hooks, but he always changed his hooks so that they could not see
+any difference between his and theirs. At such times they called him the
+mischievous one and tried to leave him behind while they went fishing.
+They were, however, always ready to give him credit for his
+improvements. They dealt generously with him when they learned what he
+had really accomplished. When they caught him with his barbed hook they
+forgot the past and called him "ke atamai"--the skillful.
+
+The idea that fish hooks made from the jawbones of human beings were
+better than others, seemed to have arisen at first from the angle formed
+in the lower jawbone. Later these human fish hooks were considered
+sacred and therefore possessed of magic powers. The greater sanctity and
+power belonged to the bones which bore more especial relation to the
+owner. Therefore Maui's "magic hook," with which he fished up islands,
+was made from the jawbone of his ancestress Mahuika. It is also said
+that in order to have powerful hooks for every-day fishing he killed two
+of his children. Their right eyes he threw up into the sky to become
+stars. One became the morning and the other the evening star.
+
+The idea that the death of any members of the family must not stand in
+the way of obtaining magical power, has prevailed throughout Polynesia.
+
+From this angle in the jawbone Maui must have conceived the idea of
+making a hook with a piece of bone or shell which should be fastened to
+the large bone at a very sharp angle, thus making a kind of barb. Hooks
+like this have been made for ages among the Polynesians.
+
+Maui and his brothers went fishing for eels with bait strung on the
+flexible rib of a cocoanut leaf. The stupid brothers did not fasten the
+ends of the string. Therefore the eels easily slipped the bait off and
+escaped. But Maui made the ends of his string fast, and captured many
+eels.
+
+The little things which others did not think about were the foundation
+of Maui's fame. Upon these little things he built his courage to snare
+the sun and seek fire for mankind.
+
+In a New Zealand legend, quoted by Edward Tregear, Maui is called
+Maui-maka-walu, or "Maui with eyes eight." This eight-eyed Maui would be
+allied to the Hindoo deities who with their eight eyes face the four
+quarters of the world--thus possessing both insight into the affairs of
+men and foresight into the future.
+
+Fornander, the Hawaiian ethnologist, says: "In Hawaiian mythology,
+Kamapuaa, the demigod opponent of the goddess Pele, is described as
+having eight eyes and eight feet; and in the legends Maka-walu,
+'eight-eyed,' is a frequent epithet of gods and chiefs." He notes this
+coincidence with the appearance of some of the principal Hindoo deities
+as having some bearing upon the origin of the Polynesians. It may be
+that a comparative study of the legends of other islands of the Pacific
+by some student will open up other new and important facts.
+
+In Tahiti, on the island Raiatea, a high priest or prophet lived in the
+long, long ago. He was known as Maui the prophet of Tahiti. He was
+probably not Maui the demigod. Nevertheless he was represented as
+possessing very strange prophetical powers.
+
+According to the historian Ellis, who previous to 1830 spent eight years
+in the Society and Hawaiian Islands, this prophet Maui clearly
+prophesied the coming of an outriggerless canoe from some foreign land.
+An outrigger is a log which so balances a canoe that it can ride safely
+through the treacherous surf.
+
+The chiefs and prophets charged him with stating the impossible.
+
+He took his wooden calabash and placed it in a pool of water as an
+illustration of the way such a boat should float.
+
+Then with the floating bowl before him he uttered the second prophecy,
+that boats without line to tie the sails to the masts, or the masts to
+the ships, should also come to Tahiti.
+
+[Illustration: Hawaiian Bathing Pool.]
+
+When English ships under Captain Wallis and Captain Cook, in the latter
+part of the eighteenth century, visited these islands, the natives cried
+out, "O the canoes of Maui--the outriggerless canoes."
+
+Passenger steamships, and the men-of-war from the great nations, have
+taught the Tahitians that boats without sails and masts can cross the
+great ocean, and again they have recurred to the words of the prophet
+Maui, and have exclaimed, "O the boats without sails and masts." This
+rather remarkable prophecy could easily have occurred to Maui as he saw
+a wooden calabash floating over rough waters.
+
+Maui's improvement upon nature's plan in regard to certain birds is also
+given in the legends as a proof of his supernatural powers.
+
+White relates the story as follows: "Maui requested some birds to go and
+fetch water for him. The first one would not obey, so he threw it into
+the water. He requested another bird to go--and it refused, so he threw
+it into the fire, and its feathers were burnt. But the next bird obeyed,
+but could not carry the water, and he rewarded it by making the feathers
+of the fore part of its head white. Then he asked another bird to go,
+and it filled its ears with water and brought it to Maui, who drank, and
+then pulled the bird's legs and made them long in payment for its act of
+kindness."
+
+Diffenbach says: "Maui, the Adam of New Zealand, left the cat's cradle
+to the New Zealanders as an inheritance." The name "Whai" was given to
+the game. It exhibited the various steps of creation according to Maori
+mythology. Every change in the cradle shows some act in creation. Its
+various stages were called "houses." Diffenbach says again: "In this
+game of Maui they are great proficients. It is a game like that called
+cat's cradle in Europe. It is intimately connected with their ancient
+traditions and in the different figures which the cord is made to assume
+whilst held on both hands, the outline of their different varieties of
+houses, canoes or figures of men and women are imagined to be
+represented." One writer connects this game with witchcraft, and says it
+was brought from the under-world. Some parts of the puzzle show the
+adventures of Maui, especially his attempt to win immortality for men.
+
+In New Zealand it was said Maui found a large, fine-grained stone block,
+broke it in pieces, and from the fragments learned how to fashion stone
+implements.
+
+White also tells the New Zealand legend of Maui and the winds.
+
+"Maui caught and held all the winds save the west wind. He put each wind
+into a cave, so that it might not blow. He sought in vain for the west
+wind, but could not find from whence it came. If he had found the cave
+in which it stayed he would have closed the entrance to that cave with
+rocks. When the west wind blows lightly it is because Maui has got near
+to it, and has nearly caught it, and it has gone into its home, the
+cave, to escape him. When the winds of the south, east, and north blow
+furiously it is because the rocks have been removed by the stupid people
+who could not learn the lessons taught by Maui. At other times Maui
+allows these winds to blow in hurricanes to punish that people, and also
+that he may ride on these furious winds in search of the west wind."
+
+In the Hawaiian legends Maui is represented as greatly interested in
+making and flying kites. His favorite place for the sport was by the
+boiling pools of the Wailuku river near Hilo. He had the winds under his
+control and would call for them to push his kites in the direction he
+wished. His incantation calling up the winds is given in this Maui
+proverb--
+
+  "Strong wind come,
+  Soft wind come."
+
+White in his "Ancient History of the Maoris," relates some of Maui's
+experiences with the people whom he found on the islands brought up from
+the under-world. On one island he found a sand house with eight hundred
+gods living in it. Apparently Maui discovered islands with inhabitants,
+and was reported to have fished them up out of the depths of the ocean.
+Fishing was sailing over the ocean until distant lands were drawn near
+or "fished up."
+
+Maui walked over the islands and found men living on them and fires
+burning near their homes. He evidently did not know much about fire, for
+he took it in his hands. He was badly burned and rushed into the sea.
+Down he dived under the cooling waters and came up with one of the New
+Zealand islands on his shoulders. But his hands were still burning, so
+wherever he held the island it was set on fire.
+
+These fires are still burning in the secret recesses of the volcanoes,
+and sometimes burst out in flowing lava. Then Maui paid attention to the
+people whom he had fished up. He tried to teach them, but they did not
+learn as he thought they should. He quickly became angry and said, "It
+is a waste of light for the sun to shine on such stupid people." So he
+tried to hold his hands between them and the sun, but the rays of the
+sun were too many and too strong; therefore, he could not shut them out.
+Then he tried the moon and managed to make it dark a part of the time
+each month. In this way he made a little trouble for the stupid people.
+
+There are other hints in the legends concerning Maui's desire to be
+revenged upon any one who incurred his displeasure. It was said that
+Maui for a time lived in the heavens above the earth. Here he had a
+foster brother Maru. The two were cultivating the fields. Maru sent a
+snowstorm over Maui's field. (It would seem as if this might be a
+Polynesian memory of a cold land where their ancestors knew the cold
+winter, or a lesson learned from the snow-caps of high mountains.) At
+any rate, the snow blighted Maui's crops. Maui retaliated by praying for
+rain to destroy Maru's fields. But Maru managed to save a part of his
+crops. Other legends make Maui the aggressor. At the last, however, Maui
+became very angry. The foster parents tried to soothe the two men by
+saying, "Live in peace with each other and do not destroy each other's
+food." But Maui was implacable and lay in wait for his foster brother,
+who was in the habit of carrying fruit and grass as an offering to the
+gods of a temple situated on the summit of a hill. Here Maui killed Maru
+and then went away to the earth.
+
+This legend is told by three or four different tribes of New Zealand and
+is very similar to the Hebrew story of Cain and Abel. At this late day
+it is difficult to say definitely whether or not it owes its origin to
+the early touch of Christianity upon New Zealand when white men first
+began to live with the natives. It is somewhat similar to stories found
+in the Tonga Islands and also in the Hawaiian group, where a son of the
+first gods, or rather of the first men, kills a brother. In each case
+there is the shadow of the Biblical idea. It seems safe to infer that
+such legends are not entirely drawn from contact with Christian
+civilization. The natives claim that these stories are very ancient, and
+that their fathers knew them before the white men sailed on the
+Pacific.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+MAUI AND TUNA.
+
+
+When Maui returned from the voyages in which he discovered or "fished
+up" from the ocean depths new islands, he gave deep thought to the
+things he had found. As the islands appeared to come out of the water he
+saw they were inhabited. There were houses and stages for drying and
+preserving food. He was greeted by barking dogs. Fires were burning,
+food cooking and people working. He evidently had gone so far away from
+home that a strange people was found. The legend which speaks of the
+death of his brothers, "eaten" by the great fish drawn up from the floor
+of the sea, may very easily mean that the new people killed and ate the
+brothers.
+
+Maui apparently learned some new lessons, for on his return he quickly
+established a home of his own, and determined to live after the fashion
+of the families in the new islands.
+
+Maui sought Hina-a-te-lepo, "daughter of the swamp," and secured her as
+his wife. The New Zealand tribes tell legends which vary in different
+localities about this woman Hina. She sometimes bore the name
+Rau-kura--"The red plume."
+
+She cared for his thatched house as any other Polynesian woman was in
+the habit of doing. She attempted the hurried task of cooking his food
+before he snared the sun and gave her sufficient daylight for her
+labors.
+
+They lived near the bank of a river from which Hina was in the habit of
+bringing water for the household needs.
+
+One day she went down to the stream with her calabash. She was entwined
+with wreaths of leaves and flowers, as was the custom among Polynesian
+women. While she was standing on the bank, Tuna-roa, "the long eel," saw
+her. He swam up to the bank and suddenly struck her and knocked her into
+the water and covered her with slime from the blow given by his tail.
+
+Hina escaped and returned to her home, saying nothing to Maui about the
+trouble. But the next day, while getting water, she was again overthrown
+and befouled by the slime of Tuna-roa.
+
+Then Hina became angry and reported the trouble to Maui.
+
+Maui decided to punish the long eel and started out to find his hiding
+place. Some of the New Zealand legends as collected by White, state
+that Tuna-roa was a very smooth skinned chief, who lived on the opposite
+bank of the stream, and, seeing Hina, had insulted her.
+
+When Maui saw this chief, he caught two pieces of wood over which he was
+accustomed to slide his canoe into the sea. These he carried to the
+stream and laid them from bank to bank as a bridge over which he might
+entice Tuna-roa to cross.
+
+Maui took his stone axe, Ma-Tori-Tori, "the severer," and concealed
+himself near the bank of the river.
+
+When "the long eel" had crossed the stream, Maui rushed out and killed
+him with a mighty blow of the stone axe, cutting the head from the body.
+
+Other legends say that Maui found Tuna-roa living as an eel in a deep
+water hole, in a swamp on the sea-coast of Tata-a, part of the island
+Ao-tea-roa. Other stories located Tuna-roa in the river near Maui's
+home.
+
+Maui saw that he could not get at his enemy without letting off the
+water which protected him.
+
+Therefore into the forest went Maui, and with sacred ceremonies,
+selected trees from the wood of which he prepared tools and weapons.
+
+Meanwhile, in addition to the insult given to Hina, Tuna-roa had caught
+and devoured two of Maui's children, which made Maui more determined to
+kill him.
+
+Maui made the narrow spade (named by the Maoris of New Zealand the "ko,"
+and by the Hawaiians "o-o") and the sharp spears, with which to pierce
+either the earth or his enemy. These spears and spades were consecrated
+to the work of preparing a ditch by which to draw off the water
+protecting "the long eel."
+
+The work of trench-making was accomplished with many incantations and
+prayers. The ditch was named "The sacred digging," and was tabooed to
+all other purposes except that of catching Tuna-roa.
+
+Across this ditch Maui stretched a strong net, and then began a new
+series of chants and ceremonies to bring down an abundance of rain. Soon
+the flood came and the overflowing waters rushed down the sacred ditch.
+The walls of the deep pool gave way and "the long eel" was carried down
+the trench into the waiting net. Then there was commotion. Tuna-roa was
+struggling for freedom.
+
+Maui saw him and hastened to grasp his stone axe, "the severer."
+Hurrying to the net, he struck Tuna-roa a terrible blow, and cut off the
+head. With a few more blows, he cut the body in pieces. The head and
+tail were carried out into the sea. The head became fish and the tail
+became the great conger-eel. Other parts of the body became sea
+monsters. But some parts which fell in fresh water became the common
+eels. From the hairs of the head came certain vines and creepers among
+the plants.
+
+After the death of Tuna-roa the offspring of Maui were in no danger of
+being killed and soon multiplied into a large family.
+
+Another New Zealand legend related by White says that Maui built a
+sliding place of logs, over which Tuna-roa must pass when coming from
+the river.
+
+Maui also made a screen behind which he could secrete himself while
+watching for Tuna-roa.
+
+He commanded Hina to come down to the river and wait on the bank to
+attract Tuna-roa. Soon the long eel was seen in the water swimming near
+to Hina. Hina went to a place back of the logs which Maui had laid down.
+
+Tuna-roa came towards her, and began to slide down the skids.
+
+Maui sprang out from his hiding place and killed Tuna-roa with his axe,
+and cut him in pieces.
+
+The tail became the conger-eel. Parts of his body became fresh-water
+eels. Some of the blood fell upon birds and always after marked them
+with red spots. Some of the blood was thrown into certain trees, making
+this wood always red. The muscles became vines and creepers.
+
+From this time the children of Maui caught and ate the eels of both salt
+and fresh water. Eel traps were made, and Maui taught the people the
+proper chants or incantations to use when catching eels.
+
+This legend of Maui and the long eel was found by White in a number of
+forms among the different tribes of New Zealand, but does not seem to
+have had currency in many other island groups.
+
+In Turner's "Samoa" a legend is related which was probably derived from
+the Maui stories and yet differs in its romantic results. The Samoans
+say that among their ancient ones dwelt a woman named Sina. Sina among
+the Polynesians is the same as Hina--the "h" is softened into "s". She
+captured a small eel and kept it as a pet. It grew large and strong and
+finally attacked and bit her. She fled, but the eel followed her
+everywhere. Her father came to her assistance and raised high mountains
+between the eel and herself. But the eel passed over the barrier and
+pursued her. Her mother raised a new series of mountains. But again the
+eel surmounted the difficulties and attempted to seize Sina. She broke
+away from him and ran on and on. Finally she wearily passed through a
+village. The people asked her to stay and eat with them, but she said
+they could only help her by delivering her from the pursuing eel. The
+inhabitants of that village were afraid of the eel and refused to fight
+for her. So she ran on to another place. Here the chief offered her a
+drink of water and promised to kill the eel for her. He prepared awa, a
+stupefying drink, and put poison in it. When the eel came along the
+chief asked him to drink. He took the awa and prepared to follow Sina.
+When he came to the place where she was the pains of death had already
+seized him. While dying he begged her to bury his head by her home. This
+she did, and in time a plant new to the islands sprang up. It became a
+tree, and finally produced a cocoanut, whose two eyes could continually
+look into the face of Sina.
+
+Tuna, in the legends of Fiji, was a demon of the sea. He lived in a deep
+sea cave, into which he sometimes shut himself behind closed doors of
+coral. When he was hungry, he swam through the ocean shadows, always
+watching the restless surface. When a canoe passed above him, he would
+throw himself swiftly through the waters, upset the canoe, and seize
+some of the boatmen and devour them. He was greatly feared by all the
+fishermen of the Fijian coasts.
+
+[Illustration: A Coconut Grove in Kona.]
+
+Roko--a mo-o or dragon god--in his journey among the islands, stopped at
+a village by the sea and asked for a canoe and boatmen. The people said:
+"We have nothing but a very old canoe out there by the water." He went
+to it and found it in a very bad condition. He put it in the water, and
+decided that he could use it. Then he asked two men to go with him and
+paddle, but they refused because of fear, and explained this fear by
+telling the story of the water demon, who continually sought the
+destruction of this canoe, and also their own death. Roko encouraged
+them to take him to wage battle with Tuna, telling them he would destroy
+the monster. They paddled until they were directly over Tuna's cave.
+Roko told them to go off to one side and wait and watch, saying: "I am
+going down to see this Tuna. If you see red blood boil up through the
+water, you may be sure that Tuna has been killed. If the blood is black,
+then you will know that he has the victory and I am dead."
+
+Roko leaped into the water and went down--down to the door of the cave.
+The coral doors were closed. He grasped them in his strong hands and
+tore them open, breaking them in pieces. Inside he found cave after cave
+of coral, and broke his way through until at last he awoke Tuna. The
+angry demon cried: "Who is that?" Roko answered: "It is I, Roko, alone.
+Who are you?"
+
+Tuna aroused himself and demanded Roko's business and who guided him to
+that place. Roko replied: "No one has guided me. I go from place to
+place, thinking that there is no one else in the world."
+
+Tuna shook himself angrily. "Do you think I am nothing? This day is your
+last."
+
+Roko replied: "Perhaps so. If the sky falls, I shall die."
+
+Tuna leaped upon Roko and bit him. Then came the mighty battle of the
+coral caves. Roko broke Tuna into several pieces--and the red blood
+poured in boiling bubbles upward through the clear ocean waters, and
+the boatmen cried: "The blood is red--the blood is red--Tuna is dead by
+the hand of Roko."
+
+Roko lived for a time in Fiji, where his descendants still find their
+home. The people use this chant to aid them in difficulties:
+
+  "My load is a red one.
+  It points in front to Kawa (Roko's home).
+  Behind, it points to Dolomo--(a village on another island)."
+
+In the Hawaiian legends, Hina was Maui's mother rather than his wife,
+and Kuna (Tuna) was a mo-o, a dragon or gigantic lizard possessing
+miraculous powers.
+
+Hina's home was in the large cave under the beautiful Rainbow Falls near
+the city of Hilo. Above the falls the bed of the river is along the
+channel of an ancient lava flow. Sometimes the water pours in a torrent
+over the rugged lava, sometimes it passes through underground passages
+as well as along the black river bed, and sometimes it thrusts itself
+into boiling pools.
+
+Maui lived on the northern side of the river, but a chief named
+Kuna-moo--a dragon--lived in the boiling pools. He attacked Hina and
+threw a dam across the river below Rainbow Falls, intending to drown
+Hina in her cave. The great ledge of rock filled the river bed high up
+the bank on the Hilo side of the river. Hina called on Maui for aid.
+Maui came quickly and with mighty blows cut out a new channel for the
+river--the path it follows to this day. The waters sank and Hina
+remained unharmed in her cave.
+
+The place where Kuna dwelt was called Wai-kuna--the Kuna water. The
+river in which Hina and Kuna dwelt bears the name Wailuku--"the
+destructive water." Maui went above Kuna's home and poured hot water
+into the river. This part of the myth could easily have arisen from a
+lava outburst on the side of the volcano above the river. The hot water
+swept in a flood over Kuna's home. Kuna jumped from the boiling pools
+over a series of small falls near his home into the river below. Here
+the hot water again scalded him and in pain he leaped from the river to
+the bank, where Maui killed him by beating him with a club. His body was
+washed down the river over the falls under which Hina dwelt, into the
+ocean.
+
+The story of Kuna or Tuna is a legend with a foundation in the enmity
+between two chiefs of the long ago, and also in a desire to explain the
+origin of the family of eels and the invention of nets and traps.
+
+[Illustration: Wailuku River--the Boiling Pots.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+MAUI AND HIS BROTHER-IN-LAW.
+
+
+The "Stories of Maui's Brother-in-Law," and of "Maui seeking
+Immortality," are not found in Hawaiian mythology. We depend upon Sir
+George Grey and John White for the New Zealand myths in which both of
+these legends occur.
+
+Maui's sister Hina-uri married Ira-waru, who was willing to work with
+his skillful brother-in-law. They hunted in the forests and speared
+birds. They fished and farmed together. They passed through many
+experiences similar to those Maui's own brothers had suffered before the
+brother-in-law took their place as Maui's companion. They made spears
+together--but Maui made notched barbs for his spear ends--and slipped
+them off when Ira-waru came near. So for a long time the proceeds of
+bird hunting fell to Maui. But after a time the brother-in-law learned
+the secret as the brothers had before, and Maui was looked up to by his
+fellow hunter as the skillful one. Sometimes Ira-waru was able to see
+at once Maui's plan and adopt it. He discovered Maui's method of making
+the punga or eel baskets for catching eels.
+
+The two hunters went to the forest to find a certain creeping vine with
+which to weave their eel snares. Ira-waru made a basket with a hole, by
+which the eels could enter, but they could turn around and go out the
+same way. So he very seldom caught an eel. But Maui made his basket with
+a long funnel-shaped door, by which the eels could easily slide into the
+snare but could scarcely escape. He made a door in the side which he
+fastened tight until he wished to pour the eels out.
+
+Ira-waru immediately made a basket like Maui. Then Maui became angry and
+uttered incantations over Ira-waru. The man dropped on the ground and
+became a dog. Maui returned home and met his sister, who charged him
+with sorcery concerning her husband.
+
+Maui did not deny the exercise of his power, but taught his sister a
+chant and sent her out to the level country. There she uttered her chant
+and a strange dog with long hair came to her, barking and leaping around
+her. Then she knew what Maui had done. "Thus Ira-waru became the first
+of the long-haired dogs whose flesh has been tabooed to women."
+
+The Tahu and Hau tribes of New Zealand tell a different story. They say
+that Maui went to visit Ira-waru. Together they set out on a journey.
+After a time they rested by the wayside and became sleepy. Maui asked
+Ira-waru to cleanse his head. This gave him the restful, soothing touch
+which aided sleep. Then Maui proposed that Ira-waru sleep. Taking the
+head in his hands, Maui put his brother-in-law to sleep. Then by
+incantations he made the sleep very deep and prolonged. Meanwhile he
+pulled the ears and arms and limbs until they were properly lengthened.
+He drew out the under jaw until it had the form of a dog's mouth. He
+stretched the end of the backbone into a tail, and then wakened Ira-waru
+and drove him back when he tried to follow the path to the settlement.
+
+Hina-uri went out and called her husband. He came to her, leaping and
+barking. She decided that this was her husband, and in her agony
+reproached Maui and wandered away.
+
+The Rua-nui story-tellers of New Zealand say that Maui's anger was
+aroused against Ira-waru because he ate all the bait when they went
+fishing, and they could catch no fish after paddling out to the fishing
+grounds. When they came to land, Maui told Ira-waru to lie down in the
+sand as a roller over which to drag the canoe up the beach. When he was
+lying helpless under the canoe, Maui changed him into a dog.
+
+The Arawa legends make the cause of Maui's anger the success of
+Ira-waru while fishing. Ira-waru had many fish while Maui had captured
+but few. The story is told thus: "Ira-waru hooked a fish and in pulling
+it in his line became entangled with that of Maui. Maui felt the jerking
+and began to pull in his line. Soon they pulled their lines close up to
+the canoe, one to the bow, the other to the stern, where each was
+sitting. Maui said: 'Let me pull the lines to me, as the fish is on my
+hook.' His brother-in-law said: 'Not so; the fish is on mine.' But Maui
+said: 'Let me pull my line in.' Ira-waru did so and saw that the fish
+was on his hook. Then he said: 'Untwist your lines and let mine go, that
+I may pull the fish in.' Maui said: 'I will do so, but let me have
+time.' He took the fish off Ira-waru's hook and saw that there was a
+barb on the hook. He said to Ira-waru: 'Perhaps we ought to return to
+land.' When they were dragging the canoe on shore, Maui said to
+Ira-waru: 'Get between the canoe and outrigger and drag.' Ira-waru did
+so and Maui leaped on the outrigger and weighed it heavily down and
+crushed Ira-waru prostrate on the beach. Maui trod on him and pulled his
+backbone long like a tail and changed him into a dog."
+
+Maui is said to have tattooed the muzzle of the dog with a beautiful
+pattern which the birds (kahui-zara, a flock of tern) used in marking
+the sky. From this also came the red glow which sometimes flushes the
+face of man.
+
+Another Arawa version of the legend was that Maui and Ira-waru were
+journeying together. Ira-waru was gluttonous and ate the best food. At
+last Maui determined to punish his companion. By incantation he
+lengthened the way until Ira-waru became faint and weary. Maui had
+provided himself with a little food and therefore was enabled to endure
+the long way. While Ira-waru slept Maui trod on his backbone and
+lengthened it and changed the arms and limbs into the legs of a dog.
+When Hina-uri saw the state of her husband she went into the thatched
+house by which Ira-waru had so often stood watching the hollow log in
+which she dried the fish and preserved the birds speared in the
+mountains. She bound her girdle and hala-leaf apron around her and went
+down to the sea to drown herself, that her body might be eaten by the
+monsters of the sea. When she came to the shell-covered beach, she sat
+down and sang her death song--
+
+  "I weep, I call to the steep billows of the sea
+  And to him, the great, the ocean god;
+  To monsters, all now hidden,
+  To come and bury me,
+  Who now am wrapped in mourning.
+  Let the waves wear their mourning, too,
+  And sleep as sleeps the dead."
+
+  --Ancient Maui Chant of New Zealand.
+
+Then Hina-uri threw herself into the sea and was borne on the waves many
+moons, at last drifting to shore, to be found by two fishermen. They
+carried the body off to the fire and warmed it back to life. They
+brushed off the sea moss and sea weeds and rubbed her until she awoke.
+
+Soon they told their chief, Tini-rau, what a beautiful woman they had
+found in the sea. He came and took her away to make her one of his
+wives. But the other wives were jealous and drove Hina-uri away from the
+chief's houses.
+
+Another New Zealand legend says that Hina came to the sea and called for
+a little fish to aid her in going away from the island. It tried to
+carry her, but was too weak. Hina struck it with her open hand. It had
+striped sides forever after. She tried a larger fish, but fell off
+before they had gone far from shore. Her blow gave this fish its
+beautiful blue spots. Another received black spots. Another she stamped
+her foot upon, making it flat. At last a shark carried her far away. She
+was very thirsty, and broke a cocoanut on the shark's head, making a
+bump, which has been handed down for generations. The shark carried her
+to the home of the two who rescued her and gave her new strength.
+
+Meanwhile Rupe or Maui-mua, a brother of Hina-uri and Maui, grieved for
+his sister. He sought for her throughout the land and then launched his
+canoe upon the blue waters surrounding Ao-tea-roa (The Great White Land;
+the ancient native New Zealand) and searched the coasts. He only
+learned that his sister had, as the natives said, "leaped into the
+waters and been carried away into the heavens."
+
+[Illustration: "Outside Were Other Worlds."]
+
+Rupe's heart filled with the desire to find and protect the frenzied
+sister who had probably taken a canoe and floated away, out of the
+horizon, seen from New Zealand coasts, into new horizons. During the
+Viking age of the Pacific, when many chiefs sailed long distances,
+visiting the most remote islands of Polynesia, they frequently spoke of
+breaking through from the home land into new heavens--or of climbing up
+the path of the sun on the waters into a new heaven. This was their
+poetical way of passing from horizon to horizon. The horizon around
+their particular island surrounded their complete world. Outside,
+somewhere, were other worlds and other heavens. Rupe's voyage was an
+idyll of the Pacific. It was one more story to be added to the prose
+poems of consecrated travel. It was a brother feeling through the
+mysteries of unknown lands for a sister, as dear to him as an Evangeline
+has been to other men.
+
+From the mist-land of the Polynesian race comes this story of the
+trickery of Maui the learned, and the faithfulness of his older brother
+Maui-mua or Rupe--one of the "five forgetful Mauis." Rupe hoisted
+mat-sails over his canoe and thus made the winds serve him. He paddled
+the canoe onward through the hours when calms rested on glassy waves.
+
+Thus he passed out of sight of Ao-tea-roa, away from his brothers, and
+out of the reach of all tricks and incantations of Maui, the
+mischievous. He sailed until a new island rose out of the sea to greet
+him. Here in a "new heaven" he found friends to care for him and prepare
+him for his longer journey. His restless anxiety for his sister urged
+him onward until days lengthened into months and months into years. He
+passed from the horizons of newly-discovered islands, into the horizons
+of circling skies around islands of which he had never heard before.
+Sometimes he found relatives, but more frequently his welcome came from
+those who could trace no historical touch in their genealogies.
+
+Here and there, apparently, he found traces of a woman whose description
+answered that of his sister Hina-uri. At last he looked through the
+heavens upon a new world, and saw his sister in great trouble.
+
+According to some legends the jealous wives of the great chief,
+Tini-rau, attack Hina, who was known among them as Hina-te-ngaru-moana,
+"Hina, the daughter of the ocean." Tini-rau and Hina lived away from the
+village of the chief until their little boy was born. When they needed
+food, the chief said, "Let us go to my settlement and we shall have food
+provided."
+
+But Hina chanted:
+
+  "Let it down, let it down,
+  Descend, oh! descend--"
+
+and sufficient food fell before them. After a time their frail clothing
+wore out, and the cold chilled them, then Hina again uttered the
+incantation and clothing was provided for their need.
+
+But the jealous wives, two in number, finally heard where Hina and the
+chief were living, and started to see them.
+
+Tini-rau said to Hina, "Here come my other wives--be careful how you act
+before them."
+
+She replied, "If they come in anger it will be evil."
+
+She armed herself with an obsidian or volcanic-glass knife, and waited
+their coming.
+
+They tried to throw enchantments around her to kill her. Then one of
+them made a blow at her with a weapon, but she turned it aside and
+killed her enemy with the obsidian knife.
+
+Then the other wife made an attack, and again the obsidian knife brought
+death. She ripped open the stomachs of the jealous ones and showed the
+chief fish lines and sinkers and other property which they had eaten in
+the past and which Tini-rau had never been able to trace.
+
+Another legend says that the two women came to kill Hina when they heard
+of the birth of her boy. For a time she was greatly terrified. Then she
+saw that they were coming from different directions. She attacked the
+nearest one with a stone and killed her. The body burst open, and was
+seen to be full of green stone. Then she killed the second wife in the
+same way, and found more green stones. "Thus, according to the legends,
+originated the greenstone" from which the choicest and most valuable
+stone tools have since been made. For a time the chief and Hina lived
+happily together. Then he began to neglect her and abuse her, until she
+cried aloud for her brother--
+
+  "O Rupe! come down.
+  Take me and my child."
+
+Rupe assumed the form of a bird and flew down to this world in which he
+had found his sister. He chanted as he came down--
+
+  "It is Rupe, yes Rupe,
+  The elder brother;
+  And I am here."
+
+He folded the mother and her boy under his wings and flew away with
+them. Sir George Gray relates a legend in which Maui-mua or Rupe is
+recorded as having carried his sister and her child to one of the new
+lands, found in his long voyage, where dwelt an aged relative, of chief
+rank, with his retainers.
+
+Some legends say that Tini-rau tried to catch Rupe, who was compelled
+to drop the child in order to escape with the mother. Tini-rau caught
+the child and carefully cared for him until he grew to be a strong young
+lad.
+
+Then he wanted to find his mother and bring her back to his father. How
+this was done, how Rupe took his sister back to the old chief, and how
+civil wars arose are not all these told in the legends of the Maoris.
+Thus the tricks of Maui the mischievous brought trouble for a time, but
+were finally overshadowed by happy homes in neighboring lands for his
+suffering sister and her descendants.
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+MAUI'S KITE FLYING.
+
+
+Maui the demi-god was sometimes the Hercules of Polynesia. His exploits
+were fully as marvelous as those of the hero of classic mythology. He
+snared the sun. He pulled up islands from the ocean depths. He lifted
+the sky into its present position and smoothed its arched surface with
+his stone adze. These stories belong to all Polynesia.
+
+There are numerous less important local myths, some of them peculiar to
+New Zealand, some to the Society Islands and some to the Hawaiian group.
+
+One of the old native Hawaiians says that in the long, long ago the
+birds were flying around the homes of the ancient people. The flutter of
+their wings could be heard and the leaves and branches moved when the
+motion of the wings ceased and the wanderers through the air found
+resting places. Then came sweet music from the trees and the people
+marvelled. Only one of all mankind could see the winged warblers. Maui,
+the demi-god, had clear vision. The swift-flying wings covered with red
+or gold he saw. The throats tinted many colors and reflecting the
+sunlight with diamond sparks of varied hues he watched while they
+trembled with the melody of sweet bird songs. All others heard but did
+not see. They were blind and yet had open vision.
+
+Sometimes the iiwi (a small red bird) fluttered in the air and uttered
+its shrill, happy song, and Maui saw and heard. But the bird at that
+time was without color in the eyes of the ancient people and only the
+clear voice was heard, while no speck of bird life flecked the clear sky
+overhead.
+
+At one time a god from one of the other islands came to visit Maui. Each
+boasted of and described the beauties and merits of his island. While
+they were conversing, Maui called for his friends the birds. They
+gathered around the house and fluttered among the leaves of the
+surrounding trees. Soon their sweet voices filled the air on all sides.
+All the people wondered and worshiped, thinking they heard the fairy or
+menehune people. It was said that Maui had painted the bodies of his
+invisible songsters and for a long time had kept the delight of their
+flashing colors to himself. But when the visitor had rejoiced in the
+mysterious harmonies, Maui decided to take away whatever veil shut out
+the sight of these things beautiful, that his bird friends might be
+known and honored ever after. So he made the birds reveal themselves
+perched in the trees or flying in the air. The clear eyes of the god
+first recognized the new revelation, then all the people became dumb
+before the sweet singers adorned in all their brilliant tropical
+plumage.
+
+The beautiful red birds, iiwi and akakani, and the birds of glorious
+yellow feathers, the oo and the mamo, were a joy to both eye and ear and
+found high places in Hawaiian legend and story, and all gave their most
+beautiful feathers for the cloaks and helmets of the chiefs.
+
+The Maoris of New Zealand say that Maui could at will change himself
+into a bird and with his feathered friends find a home in leafy
+shelters. In bird form he visited the gods of the under-world. His
+capricious soul was sensitive to the touch of all that mysterious life
+of nature.
+
+With the birds as companions and the winds as his servants Maui must
+soon have turned his inventive mind to kite making.
+
+The Hawaiian myths are perhaps the only ones of the Pacific Ocean which
+give to any of the gods the pleasure and excitement of kite flying.
+Maui, after repeated experiments, made a large kite for himself. It was
+much larger than any house of his time or generation. He twisted a long
+line from the strong fibers of the native plant known as the olona. He
+endowed both kite and string with marvelous powers and launched the
+kite up toward the clouds. It rose very slowly. The winds were not
+lifting it into the sky.
+
+[Illustration: The Home of the Winds, Hilo Coast.]
+
+Maui remembered that an old priest lived in Waipio valley, the largest
+and finest valley of the large island, Hawaii, on which he made his
+home.
+
+This priest had a covered calabash in which he compelled the winds to
+hide when he did not wish them to play on land and sea. The priest's
+name was Kaleiioku, and his calabash was known as ipu-makani-a ka
+maumau, "the calabash of the perpetual winds." Maui called for the
+priest who had charge of the winds to open his calabash and let them
+come up to Hilo and blow along the Wailuku river. The natives say that
+the place where Maui stood was marked by the pressure of his feet in the
+lava rocks of the river bank as he braced himself to hold the kite
+against the increasing force of the winds which pushed it towards the
+sky. Then the enthusiasm of kite flying filled his youthful soul and he
+cried aloud, screaming his challenge along the coast of the sea toward
+Waipio--
+
+  "O winds, winds of Waipio,
+  In the calabash of Kaleiioku.
+  Come from the ipu-makani,
+  O wind, the wind of Hilo,
+  Come quickly, come with power."
+
+Then the priest lifted the cover of the calabash of the winds and let
+the strong winds of Hilo escape. Along the sea coast they rushed until
+as they entered Hilo Bay they heard the voice of Maui calling--
+
+  "O winds, winds of Hilo,
+  Hasten and come to me."
+
+With a tumultuous rush the strong winds turned toward the mountains.
+They forced their way along the gorges and palisades of the Wailuku
+river. They leaped into the heavens, making a fierce attack upon the
+monster which Maui had sent into the sky. The kite struggled as it was
+pushed upward by the hands of the fierce winds, but Maui rejoiced. His
+heart was uplifted by the joy of the conflict in which his strength to
+hold was pitted against the power of the winds to tear away. And again
+he shouted toward the sea--
+
+  "O winds, the winds of Hilo,
+  Come to the mountains, come."
+
+The winds which had been stirring up storms on the face of the waters
+came inland. They dashed against Maui. They climbed the heights of the
+skies until they fell with full violence against their mighty foe
+hanging in the heavens.
+
+The kite had been made of the strongest kapa (paper cloth) which Maui's
+mother could prepare. It was not torn, although it was bent backward to
+its utmost limit. Then the strain came on the strong cord of olona
+fibre. The line was stretched and strained as the kite was pushed back.
+Then Maui called again and again for stronger winds to come. The cord
+was drawn out until the kite was far above the mountains. At last it
+broke and the kite was tossed over the craters of the volcanoes to the
+land of the district of Ka-u on the other side of the island.
+
+Then Maui was angry and hastily leaped over the mountains, which are
+nearly fourteen thousand feet in altitude. In a half dozen strides he
+had crossed the fifty or sixty miles from his home to the place where
+the kite lay. He could pass over many miles with a single step. His name
+was Maui-Mama, "Maui the Swift." When Maui returned with his kite he was
+more careful in calling the winds to aid him in his sport.
+
+The people watched their wise neighbor and soon learned that the kite
+could be a great blessing to them. When it was soaring in the sky there
+was always dry and pleasant weather. It was a day for great rejoicing.
+They could spread out their kapa cloth to dry as long as the kite was in
+the sky. They could carry out their necessary work without fear of the
+rain. Therefore when any one saw the kite beginning to float along the
+mountain side he would call out joyfully, "E! Maui's kite is in the
+heavens." Maui would send his kite into the blue sky and then tie the
+line to the great black stones in the bed of the Wailuku river.
+
+Maui soon learned the power of his kite when blown upon by a fierce
+wind. With his accustomed skill he planned to make use of his strong
+servant, and therefore took the kite with him on his journeys to the
+other islands, using it to aid in making swift voyages. With the wind in
+the right direction, the kite could pull his double canoe very easily
+and quickly to its destination.
+
+Time passed, and even the demi-god died. The fish hook with which he
+drew the Hawaiian Islands up from the depths of the sea was allowed to
+lie on the lava by the Wailuku river until it became a part of the
+stone. The double canoe was carried far inland and then permitted to
+petrify by the river side. The two stones which represent the double
+canoe now bear the name "Waa-Kauhi," and the kite has fallen from the
+sky far up on the mountain side, where it still rests, a flat plot of
+rich land between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+THE OAHU LEGENDS OF MAUI.
+
+
+Several Maui legends have been located on the island of Oahu. They were
+given by Mr. Kaaia to Mr. T. G. Thrum, the publisher of what is well
+known in the Hawaiian Islands as "Thrum's Annual." He has kindly
+furnished them for added interest to the present volume. The legends
+have a distinctly local flavor confined entirely to Oahu. It has seemed
+best to reserve them for a chapter by themselves although they are
+chiefly variations of stories already told.
+
+
+MAUI AND THE TWO GODS.
+
+This history of Maui and his grandmother Hina begins with their arrival
+from foreign lands. They dwelt in Kane-ana (Kane's cave), Waianae, Oahu.
+This is an "ana," or cave, at Puu-o-hulu. Hina had wonderful skill in
+making all kinds of tapa according to the custom of the women of ancient
+Hawaii.
+
+Maui went to the Koolau side and rested at Kaha-luu, a diving place in
+Koolaupoko. In that place there is a noted hill called Ma-eli-eli. This
+is the story of that hill. Maui threw up a pile of dirt and concealed
+rubbish under it. The two gods, Kane and Kanaloa, came along and asked
+Maui what he was doing. He said, "What you see. You two dig on that side
+to the foot of the pali, (precipice) and I will go down at Kaha-luu. If
+you two dig through first, you may kill me. If I get through first I
+will kill you." They agreed, and began to dig and throw up the dirt.
+Then Maui dug three times and tossed up some of the hills of that place.
+Kane and Kanaloa saw that Maui was digging very fast, so they put forth
+very great strength and threw the dirt into a hill. Meanwhile Maui ran
+away to the other side of the island. Thus by the aid of the gods the
+hill Ma-eli-eli was thrown up and received its name "eli," meaning
+"dig." "Ma-eli-eli" meant "the place of digging."
+
+
+HOW THEY FOUND FIRE.
+
+It was said that Maui and Hina had no fire. They were often cold and had
+no cooked food. Maui saw flames rising in a distant place and ran to see
+how they were made. When he came to that place the fire was out and some
+birds flew away. One of them was Ka-Alae-huapi, "the stingy Alae"--a
+small duck, the Hawaiian mud hen. Maui watched again and saw fire.
+When he went up the birds saw him coming and scattered the fire,
+carrying the ashes into the water; but he leaped and caught the little
+Alae. "Ah!" he said, "I will kill you, because you do not let me have
+fire." The bird replied, "If you kill me you cannot find fire." Maui
+said, "Where is fire?" The Alae said, "Go up on the high land where
+beautiful plants with large leaves are standing; rub their branches."
+Maui set the bird free and went inland from Halawa and found dry land
+taro. He began to rub the stalks, but only juice came out like water. He
+had no red fire. He was very angry and said, "If that lying Alae is
+caught again by me I will be its death."
+
+[Illustration: Bay of Waipio Valley.]
+
+After a while he saw the fire burning and ran swiftly. The birds saw him
+and cried, "The cooking is over. Here comes the swift grandchild of
+Hina." They scattered the fire, threw the ashes away and flew into the
+water. But again Maui caught the Alae and began to kill it, saying: "You
+gave me a plant full of water from which to get fire." The bird said,
+"If I die you can never find fire. I will give you the secret of fire.
+Take a branch of that dry tree and rub." Maui held the bird fast in one
+hand while he rubbed with the other until smoke and fire came out. Then
+he took the fire stick and rubbed the head of the bird, making a place
+where red and white feathers have grown ever since.
+
+He returned to Hina and taught her how to make fire, using the two fire
+sticks and how to twist coconut fibre to catch the fire when it had been
+kindled in wood. But the Alae was not forgotten. It was called huapi,
+"stingy," because it selfishly kept the knowledge of fire making to
+itself.
+
+
+MAUI CATCHING THE SUN.
+
+Maui watched Hina making tapa. The wet tapa was spread on a long tapa
+board, and Hina began at one end to pound it into shape; pounding from
+one end to another. He noticed that sunset came by the time she had
+pounded to the middle of the board. The sun hurried so fast that she
+could only begin her work before the day was past.
+
+He went to the hill Hele-a-ka-la, which means "journey of the sun." He
+thought he would catch the sun and make it move slowly. He went up the
+hill and waited. When the sun began to rise, Maui made himself long,
+stretching up toward the sky. Soon the shining legs of the sun came up
+the hillside. He saw Maui and began to run swiftly, but Maui reached out
+and caught one of the legs, saying: "O sun, I will kill you. You are a
+mischief maker. You make trouble for Hina by going so fast." Then he
+broke the shining leg of the sun. The sufferer said, "I will change my
+way and go slowly--six months slow and six months faster." Thus arose
+the saying, "Long shall be the daily journey of the sun and he shall
+give light for all the people's toil." Hina learned that she could pound
+until she was tired while the farmers could plant and take care of their
+fields. Thus also this hill received its name Hele-a-ka-la. This is one
+of the hills of Waianae near the precipice of the hill Puu-o-hulu.
+
+
+UNITING THE ISLANDS.
+
+Maui suggested to Hina that he had better try to draw the islands
+together, uniting them in one land. Hina told Maui to go and see
+Alae-nui-a-Hina, who would tell him what to do. The Alae told him they
+must go to Ponaha-ke-one (a fishing place outside of Pearl Harbor) and
+find Ka-uniho-kahi, "the one toothed," who held the land under the sea.
+
+Maui went back to Hina. She told him to ask his brothers to go fishing
+with him. They consented and pushed out into the sea. Soon Maui saw a
+bailing dish floating by the canoe and picked it up. It was named
+Hina-a-ke-ka, "Hina who fell off." They paddled to Ponaha-ke-one. When
+they stopped they saw a beautiful young woman in the boat. Then they
+anchored and again looked in the boat, but the young woman was gone.
+They saw the bailing dish and threw it into the sea.
+
+Maui-mua threw his hook and caught a large fish, which was seen to be a
+shark as they drew it to the surface. At once they cut the line. So also
+Maui-hope and Maui-waena. At last Maui threw his hook Manai-i-ka-lani
+into the sea. It went down, down into the depths. Maui cried,
+"Hina-a-ke-ka has my hook in her hand. By her it will be made fast."
+Hina went down with the hook until she met Ka-uniho-kahi. She asked him
+to open his mouth, then threw the hook far inside and made it fast. Then
+she pulled the line so that Maui should know that the fish was caught.
+Maui fastened the line to the outrigger of the canoe and asked his
+brothers to paddle with all diligence, and not look back. Long, long,
+they paddled and were very tired. Then Maui took a paddle and dipped
+deep in the sea. The boat moved more swiftly through the sea. The
+brothers looked back and cried, "There is plenty of land behind us." The
+charm was broken. The hook came out of "the one toothed," and the raised
+islands sank back into their place. The native say, "The islands are now
+united to America. Perhaps Maui has been at work."
+
+
+MAUI AND PEA-PEA THE EIGHT-EYED.
+
+Maui had been fishing and had caught a great fish upon which he was
+feasting. He looked inland and saw his wife, Kumu-lama, seized and
+carried away by Pea-pea-maka-walu, "Pea-pea the eight-eyed." This
+is a legend derived from the myths of many islands in which Lupe or Rupe
+(pigeon) changed himself into a bird and flew after his sister Hina who
+had been carried on the back of a shark to distant islands. Sometimes as
+a man and sometimes as a bird he prosecuted his search until Hina was
+found.
+
+[Illustration: The Ie-ie Vine.]
+
+Maui pursued Pea-pea, but could not catch him. He carried Maui's wife
+over the sea to a far away island. Maui was greatly troubled but his
+grandmother sent him inland to find an old man who would tell him what
+to do. Maui went inland and looking down toward Waipahu saw this man
+Ku-olo-kele. He was hump-backed. Maui threw a large stone and hit the
+"hill on the back" knocked it off and made the back straight. The old
+man lifted up the stone and threw it to Waipahu, where it lies to this
+day. Then he and Maui talked together. He told Maui to go and catch
+birds and gather ti leaves and fibers of the ie-ie vine, and fill his
+house. These things Maui secured and brought to him. He told Maui to go
+home and return after three days.
+
+Ku-olo-kele took the ti leaves and the ie-ie threads and made the body
+of a great bird which he covered with bird feathers. He fastened all
+together with the ie-ie. This was done in the first day. The second day
+he placed food inside and tried his bird and it flew all right.
+"Thus," as the Hawaiians say, "the first flying ship was made in the
+time of Maui." This is a modern version of Rupe changing himself into a
+bird.
+
+On the third day Maui came and saw the wonderful bird body thoroughly
+prepared for his journey. Maui went inside. Ku-olo-kele said, "When you
+reach that land, look for a village. If the people are not there look to
+the beach. If there are many people, your wife and Pea-pea the
+eight-eyed will be there. Do not go near, but fly out over the sea. The
+people will say, 'O, the strange bird;' but Pea-pea will say, 'This is
+my bird. It is tabu.' You can then come to the people."
+
+Maui pulled the ie-ie ropes fastened to the wings and made them move.
+Thus he flew away into the sky. Two days was his journey before he came
+to that strange island, Moana-liha-i-ka-wao-kele. It was a beautiful
+land. He flew inland to a village, but there were no people; according
+to the ancient chant:
+
+  "The houses of Lima-loa stand,
+  But there are no people;
+  They are at Mana."
+
+The people were by the sea. Maui flew over them. He saw his wife, but he
+passed on flying out over the sea, skimming like a sea bird down to the
+water and rising gracefully up to the sky. Pea-pea called out, "This
+is my bird. It is tabu." Maui heard and came to the beach. He was caught
+and placed in a tabu box. The servants carried him up to the village and
+put him in the chief's sleeping house, when Pea-pea and his people
+returned to their homes.
+
+In the night Pea-pea and Maui's wife lay down to sleep. Maui watched
+Pea-pea, hoping that he would soon sleep. Then he would kill him. Maui
+waited. One eye was closed, seven eyes were opened. Then four eyes
+closed, leaving three. The night was almost past and dawn was near. Then
+Maui called to Hina with his spirit voice, "O Hina, keep it dark." Hina
+made the gray dawn dark in the three eyes and two closed in sleep. The
+last eye was weary, and it also slept. Then Maui went out of the bird
+body and cut off the head of Pea-pea and put it inside the bird. He
+broke the roof of the house until a large opening was made. He took his
+wife, Kumu-lama, and flew away to the island of Oahu. The winds blew
+hard against the flying bird. Rain fell in torrents around it, but those
+inside had no trouble.
+
+"Thus Maui returned with his wife to his home in Oahu. The story is pau
+(finished)."
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+MAUI SEEKING IMMORTALITY.
+
+  Climb up, climb up,
+  To the highest surface of heaven,
+  To all the sides of heaven.
+
+  Climb then to thy ancestor,
+  The sacred bird in the sky,
+  To thy ancestor Rehua
+      In the heavens.
+
+  --New Zealand kite incantation.
+
+
+The story of Maui seeking immortality for the human race is one of the
+finest myths in the world. For pure imagination and pathos it is
+difficult to find any tale from Grecian or Latin literature to compare
+with it. In Greek and Roman fables gods suffered for other gods, and yet
+none were surrounded with such absolutely mythical experiences as those
+through which the demi-god Maui of the Pacific Ocean passed when he
+entered the gates of death with the hope of winning immortality for
+mankind. The really remarkable group of legends which cluster around
+Maui is well concluded by the story of his unselfish and heroic battle
+with death.
+
+The different islands of the Pacific have their Hades, or abode of dead.
+It is, with very few exceptions, down in the interior of the earth.
+Sometimes the tunnels left by currents of melted lava are the passages
+into the home of departed spirits. In Samoa there are two circular holes
+among the rocks at the west end of the island Savaii. These are the
+entrances to the under-world for chiefs and people. The spirits of those
+who die on the other islands leap into the sea and swim around the land
+from island to island until they reach Savaii. Then they plunge down
+into their heaven or their hades.
+
+The Tongans had a spirit island for the home of the dead. They said that
+some natives once sailed far away in a canoe and found this island. It
+was covered with all manner of beautiful fruits, among which rare birds
+sported. They landed, but the trees were shadows. They grasped but could
+not hold them. The fruits and the birds were shadows. The men ate, but
+swallowed nothing substantial. It was shadow-land. They walked through
+all the delights their eyes looked upon, but found no substance. They
+returned home, but ever seemed to listen to spirits calling them back to
+the island. In a short time all the voyagers were dead.
+
+There is no escape from death. The natives of New Zealand say: "Man
+may have descendants, but the daughters of the night strangle his
+offspring"; and again: "Men make heroes, but death carries them away."
+
+There are very few legends among the Polynesians concerning the death of
+Maui. And these are usually fragmentary, except among the Maoris of New
+Zealand.
+
+The Hawaiian legend of the death of Maui is to the effect that he
+offended some of the greater gods living in Waipio valley on the Island
+of Hawaii. Kanaloa, one of the four greatest gods of Hawaii, seized him
+and dashed him against the rocks. His blood burst from the body and
+colored the earth red in the upper part of the valley. The Hawaiians in
+another legend say that Maui was chasing a boy and girl in Honolii
+gulch, Hawaii. The girl climbed a breadfruit tree. Maui changed himself
+into an eel and stretched himself along the side of the trunk of the
+tree. The tree stretched itself upward and Maui failed to reach the
+girl. A priest came along and struck the eel and killed it, and so Maui
+died. This is evidently a changed form of the legend of Maui and the
+long eel. Another Hawaiian fragment approaches very near to the
+beautiful New Zealand myth. The Hawaiians said that Maui attempted to
+tear a mountain apart. He wrenched a great hole in the side. Then the
+elepaio bird sang and the charm was broken. The cleft in the mountain
+could not be enlarged. If the story could be completed it would not be
+strange if the death of Maui came with this failure to open the path
+through the mountain.
+
+The Hervey Islands say that after Maui fished up the islands his hook
+was thrown into the heavens and became the curved tail of the
+constellation of stars which we know as "The Scorpion." Then the people
+became angry with Maui and threw him up into the sky and his body is
+still thought to be hanging among the stars of the scorpion.
+
+The Samoans, according to Turner, say that Maui went fishing and tried
+to catch the land under the seas and pull it to the surface. Finally an
+island appeared, but the people living on it were angry with Maui and
+drove him away into the heavens.
+
+As he leaped from the island it separated into two parts. Thus the
+Samoans account for the origin of two of their islands and also for the
+passing away of Maui from the earth.
+
+The natives of New Zealand have many myths concerning the death of Maui.
+Each tribe tells the story with such variations as would be expected
+when the fact is noted that these tribes have preserved their
+individuality through many generations. The substance of the myth,
+however, is the same.
+
+In Maui's last days he longed for the victory over death. His innate
+love of life led him to face the possibility of escaping and
+overcoming the relentless enemy of mankind and thus bestow the boon of
+deathlessness upon his fellow-men. He had been successful over and over
+again in his contests with both gods and men. When man was created, he
+stood erect, but, according to an Hawaiian myth, had jointless arms and
+limbs. A web of skin connected and fastened tightly the arms to the body
+and the legs to each other. "Maui was angry at this motionless statue
+and took him and broke his legs at ankle, knee and hip and then, tearing
+them and the arms from the body, destroyed the web. Then he broke the
+arms at the elbow and shoulder. Then man could move from place to place,
+but he had neither fingers or toes." Here comes the most ancient
+Polynesian statement of the theory of evolution: "Hunger impelled man to
+seek his food in the mountains, where his toes were cut out by the
+brambles in climbing, and his fingers were also formed by the sharp
+splinters of the bamboo while searching with his arms for food in the
+ground."
+
+It was not strange that Maui should feel self-confident when considering
+the struggle for immortality as a gift to be bestowed upon mankind. And
+yet his father warned him that his time of failure would surely come.
+
+White, who has collected many of the myths and legends of New Zealand,
+states that after Maui had ill-treated Mahu-ika, his grandmother, the
+goddess and guardian of fire in the under-world, his father and mother
+tried to teach him to do differently. But he refused to listen. Then the
+father said:
+
+"You heard our instructions, but please yourself and persist for life or
+death."
+
+Maui replied: "What do I care? Do you think I shall cease? Rather I will
+persist forever and ever."
+
+Then his father said: "There is one so powerful that no tricks can be of
+any avail."
+
+Maui asked: "By what shall I be overcome?" The answer was that one of
+his ancestors, Hine-nui-te-po (Great Hine of the night), the guardian of
+life, would overcome him.
+
+When Maui fished islands out of the deep seas, it was said that Hine
+made her home on the outer edge of one of the outermost islands. There
+the glow of the setting sun lighted the thatch of her house and covered
+it with glorious colors. There Great Hine herself stood flashing and
+sparkling on the edge of the horizon.
+
+Maui, in these last days of his life, looked toward the west and said:
+"Let us investigate this matter and learn whether life or death shall
+follow."
+
+The father replied: "There is evil hanging over you. When I chanted the
+invocation of your childhood, when you were made sacred and guarded by
+charms, I forgot a part of the ceremony. And for this you are to die."
+
+Then Maui said, "Will this be by Hine-nui-te-po? What is she like?"
+
+The father said that the flashing eyes they could see in the distance
+were dark as greenstone, the teeth were as sharp as volcanic glass, her
+mouth was large like a fish, and her hair was floating in the air like
+sea-weed.
+
+One of the legends of New Zealand says that Maui and his brothers went
+toward the west, to the edge of the horizon, where they saw the goddess
+of the night. Light was flashing from her body. Here they found a great
+pit--the home of night. Maui entered the pit--telling his brothers not
+to laugh. He passed through and turning about started to return. The
+brothers laughed and the walls of night closed in around him and held
+him till he died.
+
+The longer legend tells how Maui after his conversation with his father,
+remembered his conflict with the moon. He had tied her so that she could
+not escape, but was compelled to bathe in the waters of life and return
+night after night lest men should be in darkness when evening came.
+
+Maui said to the goddess of the moon: "Let death be short. As the moon
+dies and returns with new strength, so let men die and revive again."
+
+But she replied: "Let death be very long, that man may sigh and sorrow.
+When man dies, let him go into darkness, become like earth, that those
+he leaves behind may weep and wail and mourn."
+
+Maui did not lay aside his purpose, but, according to the New Zealand
+story, "did not wish men to die, but to live forever. Death appeared
+degrading and an insult to the dignity of man. Man ought to die like the
+moon, which dips in the life-giving waters of Kane and is renewed again,
+or like the sun, which daily sinks into the pit of night and with
+renewed strength rises in the morning."
+
+Maui sought the home of Hine-nui-te-po--the guardian of life. He heard
+her order her attendants to watch for any one approaching and capture
+all who came walking upright as a man. He crept past the attendants on
+hands and feet, found the place of life, stole some of the food of the
+goddess and returned home. He showed the food to his brothers and
+persuaded them to go with him into the darkness of the night of death.
+On the way he changed them into the form of birds. In the evening they
+came to the house of the goddess on the island long before fished up
+from the seas.
+
+Maui warned the birds to refrain from making any noise while he made the
+supreme effort of his life. He was about to enter upon his struggle for
+immortality. He said to the birds: "If I go into the stomach of this
+woman, do not laugh until I have gone through her, and come out again
+at her mouth; then you can laugh at me."
+
+His friends said: "You will be killed." Maui replied: "If you laugh at
+me when I have only entered her stomach I shall be killed, but if I have
+passed through her and come out of her mouth I shall escape and
+Hine-nui-te-po will die."
+
+His friends called out to him: "Go then. The decision is with you."
+
+Hine was sleeping soundly. The flashes of lightning had all ceased. The
+sunlight had almost passed away and the house lay in quiet gloom. Maui
+came near to the sleeping goddess. Her large, fish-like mouth was open
+wide. He put off his clothing and prepared to pass through the ordeal of
+going to the hidden source of life, to tear it out of the body of its
+guardian and carry it back with him to mankind. He stood in all the
+glory of savage manhood. His body was splendidly marked by the
+tattoo-bones, and now well oiled shone and sparkled in the last rays of
+the setting sun.
+
+He leaped through the mouth of the enchanted one and entered her
+stomach, weapon in hand, to take out her heart, the vital principle
+which he knew had its home somewhere within her being. He found
+immortality on the other side of death. He turned to come back again
+into life when suddenly a little bird (the Pata-tai) laughed in a clear,
+shrill tone, and Great Hine, through whose mouth Maui was passing,
+awoke. Her sharp, obsidian teeth closed with a snap upon Maui, cutting
+his body in the center. Thus Maui entered the gates of death, but was
+unable to return, and death has ever since been victor over rebellious
+men. The natives have the saying:
+
+"If Maui had not died, he could have restored to life all who had gone
+before him, and thus succeeded in destroying death."
+
+Maui's brothers took the dismembered body and buried it in a cave called
+Te-ana-i-hana, "The cave dug out," possibly a prepared burial place.
+
+Maui's wife made war upon the spirits, the gods, and killed as many as
+she could to avenge her husband's death. One of the old native poets of
+New Zealand, in chanting the story to Mr. White, said: "But though Maui
+was killed, his offspring survived. Some of these are at Hawa-i-i-ki and
+some at Aotea-roa (New Zealand), but the greater part of them remained
+at Hawa-i-ki. This history was handed down by the generations of our
+ancestors of ancient times, and we continue to rehearse it to our
+children, with our incantations and genealogies, and all other matters
+relating to our race."
+
+  "But death is nothing new,
+  Death is, and has been ever since old Maui died.
+  Then Pata-tai laughed loud
+  And woke the goblin-god,
+  Who severed him in two, and shut him in,
+  So dusk of eve came on."
+
+  --Maori death chant, New Zealand.
+
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+HINA OF HILO.
+
+
+Hina is not an uncommon name in Hawaiian genealogies. It is usually
+accompanied by some adjective which explains or identifies the person to
+whom the name is given. In Hawaii the name Hina is feminine. This is
+also true throughout all Polynesia except in a few cases where Hina is
+reckoned as a man with supernatural attributes. Even in these cases it
+is apparent that the legend has been changed from its original form as
+it has been carried to small islands by comparatively ignorant people
+when moving away from their former homes.
+
+Hina is a Polynesian goddess whose story is very interesting--one worthy
+of study when comparing the legends of the island groups of the Pacific.
+The Hina of Hilo is the same as the goddess of that name most widely
+known throughout Polynesia--and yet her legends are located by the
+ancient Hawaiians in Hilo, as if that place were her only home. The
+legends are so old that the Hawaiians have forgotten their origin in
+other lands. The stories were brought with the immigrants who settled on
+the Hilo coast. Thus the stories found their final location with the
+families who brought them. There are three Hawaiian Hinas practically
+distinct from each other, although a supernatural element is connected
+with each one. Hina who was stolen from Hawaii by a chief of the Island
+of Molokai was an historical character, although surrounded by mythical
+stories. Another Hina, who was the wife of Kuula, the fish god, was
+pre-eminently a local deity, having no real connection with the legends
+of the other islands of the Pacific, although sometimes the stories told
+concerning her have not been kept entirely distinct from the legends of
+the Hina of Hilo.
+
+The Hilo Hina was the true legendary character closely connected with
+all Polynesia. The stories about her are of value not simply as legends,
+but as traditions closely uniting the Hawaiian Islands with the island
+groups thousands of miles distant. The Wailuku river, which flows
+through the town of Hilo, has its own peculiar and weird beauty. For
+miles it is a series of waterfalls and rapids. It follows the course of
+an ancient lava flow, sometimes forcing its way under bridges of lava,
+thus forming what are called boiling pots, and sometimes pouring in
+massive sheets over the edges of precipices which never disintegrate.
+By the side of this river Hina's son Maui had his lands. In the very bed
+of the river, in a cave under one of the largest falls, Hina made her
+own home, concealed from the world by the silver veil of falling water
+and lulled to sleep by the continual roar of the flood falling into the
+deep pool below. By the side of this river, the legends say, she pounded
+her tapa and prepared her food. Here were the small, graceful mamake and
+the coarser wauke trees, from which the bark was stripped with which she
+made tapa cloth. Branches were cut or broken from these and other trees
+whose bark was fit for the purpose. These branches were well soaked
+until the bark was removed easily. Then the outer bark was scraped off,
+leaving only the pliable inner bark. The days were very short and there
+was no time for rest while making tapa cloth. Therefore, as soon as the
+morning light reddened the clouds, Hina would take her calabash filled
+with water to pour upon the bark, and her little bundle of round clubs
+(the hohoa) and her four-sided mallets (the i-e-kuku) and hasten to the
+sacred spot where, with chants and incantations, the tapa was made.
+
+The bark was well soaked in the water all the days of the process of
+tapa making. Hina took small bundles of the wet inner bark and laid them
+on the kua or heavy tapa board, pounding them together into a pulpy mass
+with her round clubs. Then using the four-sided mallets, she beat this
+pulp into thin sheets. Beautiful tapa, soft as silk, was made by adding
+pulpy mass to pulpy mass and beating it day after day until the fibres
+were lost and a sheet of close-woven bark cloth was formed. Although
+Hina was a goddess and had a family possessing miraculous power, it
+never entered the mind of the Hawaiian legend tellers to endow her with
+ease in producing wonderful results. The legends of the Southern Pacific
+Islands show more imagination. They say that Ina (Hina) was such a
+wonderful artist in making beautiful tapas that she was placed in the
+skies, where she beat out glistening fine tapas, the white and glorious
+clouds. When she stretches these cloud sheets out to dry, she places
+stones along the edges, so that the fierce winds of the heavens shall
+not blow them away. When she throws these stones aside, the skies
+reverberate with thunder. When she rolls her cloud sheets of tapa
+together, the folds glisten with flashes of light and lightning leaps
+from sheet to sheet.
+
+The Hina of Hilo was grieved as she toiled because after she had pounded
+the sheets out so thin that they were ready to be dried, she found it
+almost impossible to secure the necessary aid of the sun in the drying
+process. She would rise as soon as she could see and hasten to spread
+out the tapa made the day before. But the sun always hurried so fast
+that the sheets could not dry. He leaped from the ocean waters in the
+earth, rushed across the heavens and plunged into the dark waters again
+on the other side of the island before she could even turn her tapas so
+that they might dry evenly. This legend of very short days is strange
+because of its place not only among the myths of Hawaii but also because
+it belongs to practically all the tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean.
+In Tahiti the legends said that the sun rushed across the sky very
+rapidly. The days were too short for fruits to ripen or for work to be
+finished. In Samoa the "mats" made by Sina had no time to dry. The
+ancestors of the Polynesians sometime somewhere must have been in the
+region of short days and long nights. Hina found that her incantations
+had no influence with the sun. She could not prevail upon him to go
+slower and give her more time for the completion of her task. Then she
+called on her powerful son, Maui-ki-i-ki-i, for aid.
+
+Some of the legends of the Island Maui say that Hina dwelt by the sea
+coast of that island near the high hill Kauwiki at the foot of the great
+mountain Haleakala, House of the Sun, and that there, facing the
+southern skies under the most favorable conditions for making tapa, she
+found the days too short for the tapa to dry. At the present time the
+Hawaiians point out a long, narrow stone not far from the surf and
+almost below the caves in which the great queen Kaahumanu spent the
+earliest days of her childhood. This stone is said to be the kua or
+tapa board on which Hina pounded the bark for her cloth. Other legends
+of that same island locate Hina's home on the northeast coast near
+Pohakuloa.
+
+The Hilo legends, however, do not deem it necessary that Hina and Maui
+should have their home across the wide channel which divides the Island
+Hawaii from the Island Maui in order to wage war successfully with the
+inconsiderate sun. Hina remained in her home by the Wailuku river,
+sometimes resting in her cave under Rainbow Falls, and sometimes working
+on the river bank, trusting her powerful son Maui to make the
+swiftly-passing lord of day go more slowly.
+
+Maui possessed many supernatural powers. He could assume the form of
+birds or insects. He could call on the winds to do his will, or he
+could, if he wished, traverse miles with a single stride. It is
+interesting to note that the Hilo legends differ as to the way in which
+Ma-ui the man passed over to Mau-i the island. One legend says that he
+crossed the channel, miles wide, with a single step. Another says that
+he launched his canoe and with a breath the god of the winds placed him
+on the opposite coast, while another story says that Maui assumed the
+form of a white chicken, which flew over the waters to Haleakala. Here
+he took ropes made from the fibre of trees and vines and lassoed the sun
+while it climbed the side of the mountain and entered the great crater
+which hollows out the summit. The sun came through a large gap in the
+eastern side of the crater, rushing along as rapidly as possible. Then
+Maui threw his lassoes one after the other over the sun's legs (the rays
+of light), holding him fast and breaking off some of them. With a magic
+club Maui struck the face of the sun again and again. At last, wounded
+and weary, and also limping on its broken legs, the sun promised Maui to
+go slowly forevermore.
+
+"La" among the Polynesians, like the word "Ra" among the Egyptians,
+means "sun" or "day" or "sun-god"--and the mountain where the son of
+Hina won his victory over the monster of the heavens has long borne the
+name Hale-a-ka-la, or House of the Sun.
+
+Hina of Hilo soon realized the wonderful deed which Maui had done. She
+spread out her fine tapas with songs of joy and cheerily performed the
+task which filled the hours of the day. The comfort of sunshine and
+cooling winds came with great power into Hina's life, bringing to her
+renewed joy and beauty.
+
+
+
+
+XIII.
+
+HINA AND THE WAILUKU RIVER.
+
+
+There are two rivers of rushing, tumbling rapids and waterfalls in the
+Hawaiian Islands, both bearing the name of Wailuku. One is on the Island
+of Maui, flowing out of a deep gorge in the side of the extinct volcano
+Iao. Yosemite-like precipices surround this majestically-walled crater.
+The name Iao means "asking for clouds." The head of the crater-valley is
+almost always covered with great masses of heavy rain clouds. Out of the
+crater the massed waters rush in a swift-flowing stream of only four or
+five miles, emptying into Kahului harbor. The other Wailuku river is on
+the Island of Hawaii. The snows melt on the summits of the two great
+mountains, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. The water seeps through the porous
+lava from the eastern slope of Mauna Loa and the southern slope of Mauna
+Kea, meeting where the lava flows of centuries from each mountain have
+piled up against each other. Through the fragments of these volcanic
+battles the waters creep down the mountain side toward the sea.
+
+[Illustration: Rainbow Falls, Hina's Home.]
+
+At one place, a number of miles above the city of Hilo, the waters were
+heard gurgling and splashing far below the surface. Water was needed for
+the sugar plantations, which modern energy has established all along the
+eastern coast of the large island. A tunnel was cut into the lava, the
+underground stream was tapped--and an abundant supply of water secured
+and sluiced down to the large plantations below. The head waters of the
+Wailuku river gathered from the melting snow of the mountains found
+these channels, which centered at last in the bed of a very ancient and
+very interesting lava flow. Sometimes breaking forth in a large,
+turbulent flood, the stream forces its way over and around the huge
+blocks of lava which mark the course of the eruption of long ago.
+Sometimes it courses in a tunnel left by the flowing lava and comes up
+from below in a series of boiling pools. Then again it falls in majestic
+sheets over high walls of worn precipices. Several large falls and some
+very picturesque smaller cascades interspersed with rapids and natural
+bridges give to this river a beauty peculiarly its own. The most weird
+of all the rough places through which the Wailuku river flows is that
+known as the basin of Rainbow Falls near Hilo. Here Hina, the moon
+goddess of the Polynesians, lived in a great open cave, over which the
+falls hung their misty, rainbow-tinted veil. Her son Maui, the mighty
+demi-god of Polynesia, supposed by some writers to be the sun-god of the
+Polynesians, had extensive lands along the northern bank of the river.
+Here among his cultivated fields he had his home, from which he went
+forth to accomplish the wonders attributed to him in the legends of the
+Hawaiians.
+
+Below the cave in which Hina dwelt the river fought its way through a
+narrow gorge and then, in a series of many small falls, descended to the
+little bay, where its waters mingled with the surf of the salt sea. Far
+above the cave, in the bed of the river, dwelt Kuna. The district
+through which that portion of the river runs bears to this day the name
+"Wai-kuna" or "Kuna's river." When the writer was talking with the
+natives concerning this part of the old legend, they said "Kuna is not a
+Hawaiian word. It means something like a snake or a dragon, something we
+do not have in these islands." This, they thought, made the connection
+with the Hina legend valueless until they were shown that Tuna (or kuna)
+was the New Zealand name of a reptile which attacked Hina and struck her
+with his tail like a crocodile, for which Maui killed him. When this was
+understood, the Hawaiians were greatly interested to give the remainder
+of this legend and compare it with the New Zealand story. In New Zealand
+there are several statements concerning Tuna's dwelling place. He is
+sometimes represented as coming from a pool to attack Hina and sometimes
+from a distant stream, and sometimes from the river by which Hina dwelt.
+The Hawaiians told of the annoyances which Hina endured from Kuna while
+he lived above her home in the Wailuku. He would stop up the river and
+fill it with dirt as when the freshets brought down the debris of the
+storms from the mountain sides. He would throw logs and rolling stones
+into the stream that they might be carried over the falls and drive Hina
+from her cave. He had sought Hina in many ways and had been repulsed
+again and again until at last hatred took the place of all more kindly
+feelings and he determined to destroy the divine chiefess.
+
+Hina was frequently left with but little protection, and yet from her
+home in the cave feared nothing that Kuna could do. Precipices guarded
+the cave on either side, and any approach of an enemy through the
+falling water could be easily thwarted. So her chants rang out through
+the river valley even while floods swirled around her, and Kuna's
+missiles were falling over the rocky bed of the stream toward her. Kuna
+became very angry and, uttering great curses and calling upon all his
+magic forces to aid him, caught a great stone and at night hurled it
+into the gorge of the river below Hina's home, filling the river bed
+from bank to bank. "Ah, Hina! Now is the danger, for the river rises.
+The water cannot flow away. Awake! Awake!"
+
+Hina is not aware of this evil which is so near. The water rises and
+rises, higher and higher. "Auwe! Auwe! Alas, alas, Hina must perish!"
+The water entered the opening of the cave and began to creep along the
+floor. Hina cannot fly, except into the very arms of her great enemy,
+who is waiting to destroy her. Then Hina called for Maui. Again and
+again her voice went out from the cave. It pierced through the storms
+and the clouds which attended Kuna's attack upon her. It swept along the
+side of the great mountain. It crossed the channel between the islands
+of Hawaii and Maui. Its anguish smote the side of the great mountain
+Haleakala, where Maui had been throwing his lassoes around the sun and
+compelling him to go more slowly. When Maui heard Hina's cry for help
+echoing from cliff to cliff and through the ravines, he leaped at once
+to rush to her assistance.
+
+Some say that Hina, the goddess, had a cloud servant, the "ao-opua," the
+"warning cloud," which rose swiftly above the falls when Hina cried for
+aid and then, assuming a peculiar shape, stood high above the hills that
+Maui might see it. Down the mountain he leaped to his magic canoe.
+Pushing it into the sea with two mighty strokes of his paddle he crossed
+the sea to the mouth of the Wailuku river. Here even to the present day
+lies a long double rock, surrounded by the waters of the bay, which
+the natives call Ka waa o Maui, "The canoe of Maui." It represents to
+Hawaiian thought the magic canoe with which Maui always sailed over the
+ocean more swiftly than any winds could carry him. Leaving his canoe,
+Maui seized the magic club with which he had conquered the sun after
+lassoing him, and rushed along the dry bed of the river to the place of
+danger. Swinging the club swiftly around his head, he struck the dam
+holding back the water of the rapidly-rising river.
+
+[Illustration: Wailuku River, the Home of Kuna.]
+
+"Ah! Nothing can withstand the magic club. The bank around one end of
+the dam gives way. The imprisoned waters leap into the new channel. Safe
+is Hina the goddess."
+
+Kuna heard the crash of the club against the stones of the river bank
+and fled up the river to his home in the hidden caves by the pools in
+the river bed. Maui rushed up the river to punish Kuna-mo-o for the
+trouble he had caused Hina. When he came to the place where the dragon
+was hidden under deep waters, he took his magic spear and thrust it
+through the dirt and lava rocks along one side of the river, making a
+long hole, through which the waters rushed, revealing Kuna-mo-o's hiding
+place. This place of the spear thrust is known among the Hawaiians as Ka
+puka a Maui, "the door made by Maui." It is also known as "The natural
+bridge of the Wailuku river."
+
+Kuna-mo-o fled to his different hiding places, but Maui broke up the
+river bed and drove the dragon out from every one, following him from
+place to place as he fled down the river. Apparently this is a legendary
+account of earthquakes. At last Kuna-mo-o found what seemed to be a safe
+hiding place in a series of deep pools, but Maui poured a lava flow into
+the river. He threw red-hot burning stones into the water until the
+pools were boiling and the steam was rising in clouds. Kuna uttered
+incantation after incantation, but the water scalded and burned him.
+Dragon as he was, his hard, tough skin was of no avail. The pain was
+becoming unbearable. With cries to his gods he leaped from the pools and
+fled down the river. The waters of the pools are no longer scalding, but
+they have never lost the tumbling, tossing, foaming, boiling swirl which
+Maui gave to them when he threw into them the red-hot stones with which
+he hoped to destroy Kuna, and they are known today as "The Boiling
+Pots."
+
+Some versions of the legend say that Maui poured boiling water in the
+river and sent it in swift pursuit of Kuna, driving him from point to
+point and scalding his life out of him. Others say that Maui chased the
+dragon, striking him again and again with his consecrated weapons,
+following Kuna down from falls to falls until he came to the place where
+Hina dwelt. Then, feeling that there was little use in flight, Kuna
+battled with Maui. His struggles were of no avail. He was forced over
+the falls into the stream below. Hina and her women encouraged Maui by
+their chants and strengthened him by the most powerful incantations with
+which they were acquainted. Great was their joy when they beheld Kuna's
+ponderous body hurled over the falls. Eagerly they watched the dragon as
+the swift waters swept him against the dam with which he had hoped to
+destroy Hina; and when the whirling waves caught him and dashed him
+through the new channel made by Maui's magic club, they rejoiced and
+sang the praise of the mighty warrior who had saved them. Maui had
+rushed along the bank of the river with tremendous strides overtaking
+the dragon as he was rolled over and over among the small waterfalls
+near the mouth of the river. Here Maui again attacked Kuna, at last
+beating the life out of his body. "Moo-Kuna" was the name given by the
+Hawaiians to the dragon. "Moo" means anything in lizard shape, but Kuna
+was unlike any lizard known in the Hawaiian Islands. Moo Kuna is the
+name sometimes given to a long black stone lying like an island in the
+waters between the small falls of the river. As one who calls attention
+to this legendary black stone says: "As if he were not dead enough
+already, every big freshet in the stream beats him and pounds him and
+drowns him over and over as he would have drowned Hina." A New Zealand
+legend relates a conflict of incantations, somewhat like the filling in
+of the Wailuku river by Kuna, and the cleaving of a new channel by Maui
+with the different use of means. In New Zealand the river is closed by
+the use of powerful incantations and charms and reopened by the use of
+those more powerful.
+
+In the Hervey Islands, Tuna, the god of eels, loved Ina (Hina) and
+finally died for her, giving his head to be buried. From this head
+sprang two cocoanut trees, bearing fruit marked with Tuna's eyes and
+mouth.
+
+In Samoa the battle was between an owl and a serpent. The owl conquered
+by calling in the aid of a friend.
+
+This story of Hina apparently goes far back in the traditions of
+Polynesians, even to their ancient home in Hawaiki, from which it was
+taken by one branch of the family to New Zealand and by another to the
+Hawaiian Islands and other groups in the Pacific Ocean. The dragon may
+even be a remembrance of the days when the Polynesians were supposed to
+dwell by the banks of the River Ganges in India, when crocodiles were
+dangerous enemies and heroes saved families from their destructive
+depredations.
+
+
+
+
+XIV.
+
+GHOSTS OF THE HILO HILLS.
+
+
+The legends about Hina and her famous son Maui and her less widely known
+daughters are common property among the natives of the beautiful little
+city of Hilo. One of these legends of more than ordinary interest finds
+its location in the three small hills back of Hilo toward the mountains.
+
+These hills are small craters connected with some ancient lava flow of
+unusual violence. The eruption must have started far up on the slopes of
+Mauna Loa. As it sped down toward the sea it met some obstruction which,
+although overwhelmed, checked the flow and caused a great mass of
+cinders and ashes to be thrown out until a large hill with a hollow
+crater was built up, covering many acres of ground.
+
+Soon the lava found another vent and then another obstruction and a
+second and then a third hill were formed nearer the sea. These hills or
+extinct craters bear the names Halai, Opeapea and Puu Honu. They are
+not far from the Wailuku river, famous for its picturesque waterfalls
+and also for the legends which are told along its banks. Here Maui had
+his lands overlooking the steep bluffs. Here in a cave under the Rainbow
+Falls was the home of Hina, the mother of Maui, according to the
+Hawaiian stories. Other parts of the Pacific sometimes make Hina Maui's
+wife, and sometimes a goddess from whom he descended. In the South Sea
+legends Hina was thought to have married the moon. Her home was in the
+skies, where she wove beautiful tapa cloths (the clouds), which were
+bright and glistening, so that when she rolled them up flashes of light
+(cloud lightning) could be seen on the earth. She laid heavy stones on
+the corners of these tapas, but sometimes the stones rolled off and made
+the thunder. Hina of the Rainbow Falls was a famous tapa maker whose
+tapa was the cause of Maui's conflict with the sun.
+
+Hina had several daughters, four of whose names are given: Hina Ke Ahi,
+Hina Ke Kai, Hina Mahuia, and Hina Kuluua. Each name marked the peculiar
+"mana" or divine gift which Hina, the mother, had bestowed upon her
+daughters.
+
+Hina Ke Ahi meant the Hina who had control of fire. This name is
+sometimes given to Hina the mother. Hina Ke Kai was the daughter who had
+power over the sea. She was said to have been in a canoe with her
+brother Maui when he fished up Cocoanut Island, his line breaking
+before he could pull it up to the mainland and make it fast. Hina Kuluua
+was the mistress over the forces of rain. The winds and the storms were
+supposed to obey her will. Hina Mahuia is peculiarly a name connected
+with the legends of the other island groups of the Pacific. Mahuia or
+Mafuie was a god or goddess of fire all through Polynesia.
+
+The legend of the Hilo hills pertains especially to Hina Ke Ahi and Hina
+Kuluua. Hina the mother gave the hill Halai to Hina Ke Ahi and the hill
+Puu Honu to Hina Kuluua for their families and dependents.
+
+The hills were of rich soil and there was much rain. Therefore, for a
+long time, the two daughters had plenty of food for themselves and their
+people, but at last the days were like fire and the sky had no rain in
+it. The taro planted on the hillsides died. The bananas and sugar cane
+and sweet potatoes withered and the fruit on the trees was blasted. The
+people were faint because of hunger, and the shadow of death was over
+the land. Hina Ke Ahi pitied her suffering friends and determined to
+provide food for them. Slowly her people labored at her command. Over
+they went to the banks of the river course, which was only the bed of an
+ancient lava stream, over which no water was flowing; the famished
+laborers toiled, gathering and carrying back whatever wood they could
+find, then up the mountain side to the great koa and ohia forests,
+gathering their burdens of fuel according to the wishes of their
+chiefess.
+
+Their sorcerers planted charms along the way and uttered incantations to
+ward off the danger of failure. The priests offered sacrifices and
+prayers for the safe and successful return of the burden-bearers. After
+many days the great quantity of wood desired by the goddess was piled up
+by the side of the Halai Hill.
+
+Then came the days of digging out the hill and making a great imu or
+cooking oven and preparing it with stones and wood. Large quantities of
+wood were thrown into the place. Stones best fitted for retaining heat
+were gathered and the fires kindled. When the stones were hot, Hina Ke
+Ahi directed the people to arrange the imu in its proper order for
+cooking the materials for a great feast. A place was made for sweet
+potatoes, another for taro, another for pigs and another for dogs. All
+the form of preparing the food for cooking was passed through, but no
+real food was laid on the stones. Then Hina told them to make a place in
+the imu for a human sacrifice. Probably out of every imu of the long ago
+a small part of the food was offered to the gods, and there may have
+been a special place in the imu for that part of the food to be cooked.
+At any rate Hina had this oven so built that the people understood that
+a remarkable sacrifice would be offered in it to the gods, who for some
+reason had sent the famine upon the people.
+
+Human sacrifices were frequently offered by the Hawaiians even after the
+days of the coming of Captain Cook. A dead body was supposed to be
+acceptable to the gods when a chief's house was built, when a chief's
+new canoe was to be made or when temple walls were to be erected or
+victories celebrated. The bodies of the people belonged to the will of
+the chief. Therefore it was in quiet despair that the workmen obeyed
+Hina Ke Ahi and prepared the place for sacrifice. It might mean their
+own holocaust as an offering to the gods. At last Hina Ke Ahi bade the
+laborers cease their work and stand by the side of the oven ready to
+cover it with the dirt which had been thrown out and piled up by the
+side. The people stood by, not knowing upon whom the blow might fall.
+
+But Hina Ke Ahi was "Hina the kind," and although she stood before them
+robed in royal majesty and power, still her face was full of pity and
+love. Her voice melted the hearts of her retainers as she bade them
+carefully follow her directions.
+
+"O my people. Where are you? Will you obey and do as I command? This imu
+is my imu. I shall lie down on its bed of burning stones. I shall sleep
+under its cover. But deeply cover me or I may perish. Quickly throw the
+dirt over my body. Fear not the fire. Watch for three days. A woman
+will stand by the imu. Obey her will."
+
+Hina Ke Ahi was very beautiful, and her eyes flashed light like fire as
+she stepped into the great pit and lay down on the burning stones. A
+great smoke arose and gathered over the imu. The men toiled rapidly,
+placing the imu mats over their chiefess and throwing the dirt back into
+the oven until it was all thoroughly covered and the smoke was quenched.
+
+Then they waited for the strange, mysterious thing which must follow the
+sacrifice of this divine chiefess.
+
+Halai hill trembled and earthquakes shook the land round about. The
+great heat of the fire in the imu withered the little life which was
+still left from the famine. Meanwhile Hina Ke Ahi was carrying out her
+plan for securing aid for her people. She could not be injured by the
+heat for she was a goddess of fire. The waves of heat raged around her
+as she sank down through the stones of the imu into the underground
+paths which belonged to the spirit world. The legend says that Hina made
+her appearance in the form of a gushing stream of water which would
+always supply the want of her adherents. The second day passed. Hina was
+still journeying underground, but this time she came to the surface as a
+pool named Moe Waa (canoe sleep) much nearer the sea. The third day came
+and Hina caused a great spring of sweet water to burst forth from the
+sea shore in the very path of the ocean surf. This received the name
+Auauwai. Here Hina washed away all traces of her journey through the
+depths. This was the last of the series of earthquakes and the
+appearance of new water springs. The people waited, feeling that some
+more wonderful event must follow the remarkable experiences of the three
+days. Soon a woman stood by the imu, who commanded the laborers to dig
+away the dirt and remove the mats. When this was done, the hungry people
+found a very great abundance of food, enough to supply their want until
+the food plants should have time to ripen and the days of the famine
+should be over.
+
+The joy of the people was great when they knew that their chiefess had
+escaped death and would still dwell among them in comfort. Many were the
+songs sung and stories told about the great famine and the success of
+the goddess of fire.
+
+The second sister, Hina Kuluua, the goddess of rain, was always very
+jealous of her beautiful sister Hina Ke Ahi, and many times sent rain to
+put out fires which her sister tried to kindle. Hina Ke Ahi could not
+stand the rain and so fled with her people to a home by the seaside.
+
+Hina Kuluua (or Hina Kuliua as she was sometimes known among the
+Hawaiians) could control rain and storms, but for some reason failed to
+provide a food supply for her people, and the famine wrought havoc
+among them. She thought of the stories told and songs sung about her
+sister and wished for the same honor for herself. She commanded her
+people to make a great imu for her in the hill Puu Honu. She knew that a
+strange power belonged to her and yet, blinded by jealousy, forgot that
+rain and fire could not work together. She planned to furnish a great
+supply of food for her people in the same way in which her sister had
+worked.
+
+The oven was dug. Stones and wood were collected and the same ghostly
+array of potatoes, taro, pig and dog prepared as had been done before by
+her sister.
+
+The kahunas or priests knew that Hina Kuluua was going out of her
+province in trying to do as her sister had done, but there was no use in
+attempting to change her plans. Jealousy is self-willed and obstinate
+and no amount of reasoning from her dependents could have any influence
+over her.
+
+The ordinary incantations were observed, and Hina Kuluua gave the same
+directions as those her sister had given. The imu was to be well heated.
+The make-believe food was to be put in and a place left for her body. It
+was the goddess of rain making ready to lie down on a bed prepared for
+the goddess of fire. When all was ready, she lay down on the heated
+stones and the oven mats were thrown over her and the ghostly
+provisions. Then the covering of dirt was thrown back upon the mats and
+heated stones, filling the pit which had been dug. The goddess of
+rain was left to prepare a feast for her people as the goddess of fire
+had done for her followers.
+
+[Illustration: On Lava Beds.]
+
+Some of the legends have introduced the demi-god Maui into this story.
+The natives say that Maui came to "burn" or "cook the rain" and that he
+made the oven very hot, but that the goddess of rain escaped and hung
+over the hill in the form of a cloud. At least this is what the people
+saw--not a cloud of smoke over the imu, but a rain cloud. They waited
+and watched for such evidences of underground labor as attended the
+passage of Hina Ke Ahi through the earth from the hill to the sea, but
+the only strange appearance was the dark rain cloud. They waited three
+days and looked for their chiefess to come in the form of a woman. They
+waited another day and still another and no signs or wonders were
+manifest. Meanwhile Maui, changing himself into a white bird, flew up
+into the sky to catch the ghost of the goddess of rain which had escaped
+from the burning oven. Having caught this spirit, he rolled it in some
+kapa cloth which he kept for food to be placed in an oven and carried it
+to a place in the forest on the mountain side where again the attempt
+was made to "burn the rain," but a great drop escaped and sped upward
+into the sky. Again Maui caught the ghost of the goddess and carried it
+to a pali or precipice below the great volcano Kilauea, where he again
+tried to destroy it in the heat of a great lava oven, but this time the
+spirit escaped and found a safe refuge among kukui trees on the mountain
+side, from which she sometimes rises in clouds which the natives say are
+the sure sign of rain.
+
+Whether this Maui legend has any real connection with the two Hinas and
+the famine we do not surely know. The legend ordinarily told among the
+Hawaiians says that after five days had passed the retainers decided on
+their own responsibility to open the imu. No woman had appeared to give
+them directions. Nothing but a mysterious rain cloud over the hill. In
+doubt and fear, the dirt was thrown off and the mats removed. Nothing
+was found but the ashes of Hina Kuluua. There was no food for her
+followers and the goddess had lost all power of appearing as a chiefess.
+Her bitter and thoughtless jealousy brought destruction upon herself and
+her people. The ghosts of Hina Ke Ahi and Hina Kuluua sometimes draw
+near to the old hills in the form of the fire of flowing lava or clouds
+of rain while the old men and women tell the story of the Hinas, the
+sisters of Maui, who were laid upon the burning stones of the imus of a
+famine.
+
+
+
+
+XV.
+
+HINA, THE WOMAN IN THE MOON.
+
+
+The Wailuku river has by its banks far up the mountain side some of the
+most ancient of the various interesting picture rocks of the Hawaiian
+Islands. The origin of the Hawaiian picture writing is a problem still
+unsolved, but the picture rocks of the Wailuku river are called "na kii
+o Maui," "the Maui pictures." Their antiquity is beyond question.
+
+The most prominent figure cut in these rocks is that of the crescent
+moon. The Hawaiian legends do not attempt any direct explanation of the
+meaning of this picture writing. The traditions of the Polynesians both
+concerning Hina and Maui look to Hina as the moon goddess of their
+ancestors, and in some measure the Hawaiian stories confirm the
+traditions of the other island groups of the Pacific.
+
+Fornander, in his history of the Polynesian race, gives the Hawaiian
+story of Hina's ascent to the moon, but applies it to a Hina the wife
+of a chief called Aikanaka rather than to the Hina of Hilo, the wife of
+Akalana, the father of Maui. However, Fornander evidently found some
+difficulty in determining the status of the one to whom he refers the
+legend, for he calls her "the mysterious wife of Aikanaka." In some of
+the Hawaiian legends Hina, the mother of Maui, lived on the southeast
+coast of the Island Maui at the foot of a hill famous in Hawaiian story
+as Kauiki. Fornander says that this "mysterious wife" of Aikanaka bore
+her children Puna and Huna, the latter a noted sea-rover among the
+Polynesians, at the foot of this hill Kauiki. It can very easily be
+supposed that a legend of the Hina connected with the demi-god Maui
+might be given during the course of centuries to the other Hina, the
+mother of Huna. The application of the legend would make no difference
+to anyone were it not for the fact that the story of Hina and her ascent
+to the moon has been handed down in different forms among the traditions
+of Samoa, New Zealand, Tonga, Hervey Islands, Fate Islands, Nauru and
+other Pacific island groups. The Polynesian name of the moon, Mahina or
+Masina, is derived from Hina, the goddess mother of Maui. It is even
+possible to trace the name back to "Sin," the moon god of the Assyrians.
+
+The moon goddess of Ponape was Ina-maram. (Hawaiian Hina-malamalama),
+"Hina giving light."
+
+In the Paumotan Islands an eclipse of the sun is called Higa-higa-hana
+(Hina-hiua-hana), "The act (hana) of Hina--the moon."
+
+In New Zealand moonless nights were called "Dark Hina."
+
+In Tahiti it is said there was war among the gods. They cursed the
+stars. Hina saved them, although they lost a little light. Then they
+cursed the sea, but Hina preserved the tides. They cursed the rivers,
+but Hina saved the springs--the moving waters inland, like the tides in
+the ocean.
+
+The Hawaiians say that Hina and her maidens pounded out the softest,
+finest kapa cloth on the long, thick kapa board at the foot of Kauiki.
+Incessantly the restless sea dashed its spray over the picturesque
+groups of splintered lava rocks which form the Kauiki headland. Here
+above the reach of the surf still lies the long, black stone into which
+the legends say Hina's kapa board was changed. Here Hina took the leaves
+of the hala tree and, after the manner of the Hawaiian women of the ages
+past, braided mats for the household to sleep upon, and from the nuts of
+the kukui trees fashioned the torches which were burned around the homes
+of those of high chief rank.
+
+At last she became weary of her work among mortals. Her family had
+become more and more troublesome. It was said that her sons were unruly
+and her husband lazy and shiftless. She looked into the heavens and
+determined to flee up the pathway of her rainbow through the clouds.
+
+The Sun was very bright and Hina said, "I will go to the Sun." So she
+left her home very early in the morning and climbed up, higher, higher,
+until the heat of the rays of the sun beat strongly upon her and
+weakened her so that she could scarcely crawl along her beautiful path.
+Up a little higher and the clouds no longer gave her even the least
+shadow. The heat from the sun was so great that she began to feel the
+fire shriveling and torturing her. Quickly she slipped down into the
+storms around her rainbow and then back to earth. As the day passed her
+strength came back, and when the full moon rose through the shadows of
+the night she said, "I will climb to the moon and there find rest."
+
+But when Hina began to go upward her husband saw her and called to her:
+"Do not go into the heavens." She answered him: "My mind is fixed; I
+will go to my new husband, the moon." And she climbed up higher and
+higher. Her husband ran toward her. She was almost out of reach, but he
+leaped and caught her foot. This did not deter Hina from her purpose.
+She shook off her husband, but as he fell he broke her leg so that the
+lower part came off in his hands. Hina went up through the stars, crying
+out the strongest incantations she could use. The powers of the night
+aided her. The mysterious hands of darkness lifted her, until she stood
+at the door of the moon. She had packed her calabash with her most
+priceless possessions and had carried it with her even when injured by
+her cruel husband. With her calabash she limped into the moon and found
+her abiding home. When the moon is full, the Hawaiians of the long ago,
+aye and even today, look into the quiet, silvery light and see the
+goddess in her celestial home, her calabash by her side.
+
+The natives call her now Lono-moku, "the crippled Lono." From this watch
+tower in the heavens she pointed out to Kahai, one of her descendents,
+the way to rise up into the skies. The ancient chant thus describes his
+ascent:
+
+  "The rainbow is the path of Kahai.
+  Kahai rose. Kahai bestirred himself.
+  Kahai passed on the floating cloud of Kane.
+  Perplexed were the eyes of Alihi.
+  Kahai passed on on the glancing light.
+  The glancing light on men and canoes.
+  Above was Hanaiakamalama." (Hina).
+
+Thus under the care of his ancestress Hina, Kahai, the great sea-rover,
+made his ascent in quest of adventures among the immortals.
+
+In the Tongan Islands the legends say that Hina remains in the moon
+watching over the "fire-walkers" as their great protecting goddess.
+
+The Hervey Island traditions say that the Moon (Marama) had often seen
+Hina and admired her, and at last had come down and caught her up to
+live with himself. The moonlight in its glory is called Ina-motea, "the
+brightness of Ina."
+
+The story as told on Atiu Island (one of the Society group) is that Hina
+took her human husband with her to the moon, where they dwelt happily
+for a time, but as he grew old she prepared a rainbow, down which he
+descended to the earth to die, leaving Hina forevermore as "the woman in
+the moon." The Savage Islanders worshiped the spirits of their
+ancestors, saying that many of them went up to the land of Sina, the
+always bright land in the skies. To the natives of Niue Island, Hina has
+been the goddess ruling over all tapa making. They say that her home is
+"Motu a Hina," "the island of Hina," the home of the dead in the skies.
+
+The Samoans said that the Moon received Hina and a child, and also her
+tapa board and mallet and material for the manufacture of tapa cloth.
+Therefore, when the moon is shining in full splendor, they shade their
+eyes and look for the goddess and the tools with which she fashions the
+tapa clouds in the heavens.
+
+The New Zealand legend says that the woman went after water in the
+night. As she passed down the path to the spring the bright light of the
+full moon made the way easy for her quick footsteps, but when she had
+filled her calabash and started homeward, suddenly the bright light was
+hidden by a passing cloud and she stumbled against a stone in the path
+and fell to the ground, spilling the water she was carrying. Then she
+became very angry and cursed the moon heartily. Then the moon became
+angry and swiftly swept down upon her from the skies, grasping her and
+lifting her up. In her terrible fight she caught a small tree with one
+hand and her calabash with the other. But oh! the strong moon pulled her
+up with the tree and the calabash and there in the full moon they can
+all be traced when the nights are clear.
+
+Pleasant or Nauru Island, in which a missionary from Central Union
+Church, Honolulu, is laboring, tells the story of Gigu, a beautiful
+young woman, who has many of the experiences of Hina. She opened the
+eyes of the Mother of the Moon as Hina, in some of the Polynesian
+legends, is represented to have opened the eyes of one of the great
+goddesses, and in reward is married to Maraman, the Moon, with whom she
+lives ever after, and in whose embrace she can always be seen when the
+moon is full. Gigu is Hina under another and more guttural form of
+speech. Maraman is the same as Malama, one of the Polynesian names for
+the moon.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+                          Page.
+
+  Akea or Atea, see Wakea, 41
+
+  Akalana, or Ataranga, 3, 4, 166
+
+  Alae birds, 12, 18, 27, 62, 65, 120, 123
+
+  Alae-Huapi, 120
+
+  Alae-nui-a-Hina, 123
+
+  Ao-tea-roa, 23, 93, 106, 108, 128, 137
+
+  Aumakuas, 26
+
+  Ava-iki, or Hawa-i-ki, 5, 37, 41, 52, 72, 137
+
+  Awa, 8
+
+  Axe, stone, 93, 94
+
+
+  Bailing dish, 123
+
+  Bananas, 45, 64
+
+  Banyan, 56, 71
+
+  Barbs, spears, 79, 101
+
+  Birds, 85, 110, 112, 135, 144
+
+  Bird-machine, 125
+
+  Birds, painted, 85, 112
+
+  Black rock, 32, 48
+
+  Boiling pots, 100, 152
+
+  Bones, fish hooks, 15, 83
+
+  Brittany, 57
+
+  Bua-Tarana-ga, 5
+
+
+  Cain and Abel, 89
+
+  Calabash, 19, 31, 84, 115
+
+  Cannibalism, 91, 93
+
+  Canoe, Maui's, 28, 118, 150
+
+  Cats-cradle, 86
+
+  Cloud, Maui's-ao-opua, 150
+
+  Coco-nut Island, 19, 26
+
+  Cook, Captain, 7
+
+  Cooking the rain, 163
+
+  Coral, 29
+
+  Creation, 4, 80, 86
+
+  Crocodile, 148
+
+
+  Death, 25, 38, 67, 82, 137, 170
+
+  Death chant, 138
+
+  Dog, 80, 102
+
+  Dragon, 97, 148, 153
+
+
+  Earth twisted, 12, 15
+
+  Eclipse, 42, 158
+
+  Eel, 7, 33, 83, 94, 130
+
+  Eel baskets, 79, 102
+
+  Eight-eyed, 83, 124
+
+  Ellis, William, 84
+
+  Egypt, 44
+
+  Evolution, 85, 103, 109, 132
+
+
+  Fairies, 113
+
+  Fire-finding--
+    Australia, 59
+    Bowditch Islands, 76
+    Chatham Islands, 75
+    De Peysters Islands, 59
+    Hawaii, 61, 120
+    Hervey Islands, 67, 70
+    Indians, 57
+    New Zealand, 67, 74, 88
+    Peruvians, 59
+    Samoa, 67, 70
+    Savage Islands, 67, 72
+    Society Islands, 66, 72
+    Tartary, 59
+    Tokelau Island, 67
+
+  First man, 89
+
+  Fishing up islands--
+    Hawaii, 14, 18, 26
+    Hervey Islands, 26
+    New Hebrides, 25
+    New Zealand, 19, 88
+    Samoa, 24
+    Tonga, 24, 28
+
+  Fish hooks, 12, 15, 20, 26, 81, 118
+
+  Fish nets, 81
+
+  Flood, 25
+
+  Flying machine, 125
+
+  Forbes, Rev. A. O., 42
+
+  Fornander, A., 83
+
+
+  Ganges, 154
+
+  Gilbert Islands, 34, 60
+
+  Gill, W. W., 36
+
+  Gray, Sir George, 7, 20, 23, 49, 101, 110
+
+  Green stone, 110, 134
+
+  Guardian of under-world, 4, 5, 17, 70
+
+
+  Hades, 129
+
+  Halai hills, 64, 155
+
+  Hale-a-ka-la, 7, 13, 32, 43, 62, 143
+
+  Hale-a-o-a, 76
+
+  Hau tree, 102
+
+  Hau spirit, Preface
+
+  Haumia-Tiki-Tiki, 34
+
+  Hawa-iki, 5, 35, 37, 137, 154
+
+  Hawaii-loa, 29
+
+  Hawke's bay, 28
+
+  Hele-a-ka-la, 122
+
+  Hercules, 53, 112
+
+  Hervey Islands, 4, 5, 10
+
+  Hide-and-seek, 10
+
+  Hilo, 7, 19, 26, 64, 129, 147, 155
+
+  Hina, 5, 7, 10, 12, 18, 45, 61, 64, 121, 139
+
+  Hina-a-ke-ahi, 3, 27, 157
+
+  Hina-a-ke-ka, 123
+
+  Hina-a-te-lepo, 91
+
+  Hina-Kulu-ua, 157, 161
+
+  Hina-uri, 101
+
+  Hine-nui-te-po, 23, 123, 133
+
+  Hina's daughters, 156
+
+  Horizon or heaven, 107
+
+  Human sacrifices, 159
+
+  Hump-back, 125
+
+  Huna, 166
+
+
+  Iao, 43
+
+  Ie-ie, fiber, 125
+
+  Iiwi, 113
+
+  Ika-o-Maui, 23
+
+  Ili-ahi, 66
+
+  Immortality, Maui, 128
+
+  Imu, oven, 159
+
+  Ina, see Hina, 5, 66, 142
+
+  India, 154
+
+  Indians, fire-finding, 57
+
+  Indians, snaring sun, 54
+
+  Ira Waru, 101
+
+
+  Kaahumanu, 143
+
+  Ka-alae-huapi, 120
+
+  Kahai chant, 169
+
+  Ka-iwi-o-Pele, 18
+
+  Kalakaua, 8
+
+  Kalana-Kalanga, see Akalana, 3, 4, 60
+
+  Kalau-hele-moa, 45
+
+  Kamapuaa, 83
+
+  Kanaloa, 5, 24, 29, 120
+
+  Kane, 35, 119, 135
+
+  Kane's cave, 119
+
+  Kauai, 26
+
+  Kauiki, or Kauwiki, 7, 12, 26, 143, 168
+
+  Kaula Island, 26
+
+  Kipahula, 18
+
+  Ki-i-ki-i, 6, 32, 143
+
+  Kite-flying, 87, 112, 128
+
+  Ko, spade, 94
+
+  Kohala, 28
+
+  Koolau, 44
+
+  Ku, 5
+
+  Kualii, 12
+
+  Kuna, see Tuna, 7, 99
+
+  Ku-olo--Kele, 125
+
+  Ku-ula, fish god, 140
+
+
+  La, or Ra, 5, 44
+
+  Langi, Lani, 34
+
+  Lahaina, 32
+
+  Lasso, 47, 51, 80, 144
+
+  Lifting the sky--
+    Ellice Islands, 33
+    Gilbert Islands, 34
+    Hawaii, 31
+    Hervey Islands, 36
+    Manahiki, 35
+    New Zealand, 34
+    Samoa, 32
+
+  Liliuokalani chants, 3, 8, 17, 27, 40
+
+  Long Eel, 92
+
+  Lono, 34
+
+
+  Ma-eli-eli hill, 120
+
+  Magic fish hook, 82
+
+  Mahui, Mahuika, Mafuia, 5, 60, 68, 73, 132
+
+  Mahina, or Masina, 166
+
+  Mamo bird, 114
+
+  Manahiki Islands, 24, 80
+
+  Maori, 28, 34
+
+  Marama, or Malama, 166, 171
+
+  Marshall Islands, 60
+
+  Maru, 89
+
+  Mauna Kea, 13
+
+  Maui Akalana--
+    Akamai, 78, 82
+    baptized, 10, 133
+    birth, 6
+    bird or insect, 9, 10, 20, 24, 71, 114, 144
+    brothers, 3, 6, 14, 22, 24, 78, 107
+    canoes, 28
+    children, 82, 93, 137
+    creation, 4, 80
+    death, 25, 26
+    Hawaii, 130
+    Hervey Islands, 131
+    New Zealand, 137
+    Samoa, 131
+    eight-eyed, 83
+    footprints, 25, 33
+    god or demi-god, 4, 148
+    home, 4, 7, 10, 31, 119
+    hook, 12, 15, 19, 26, 28
+    of the malo, Preface
+    prophet, 84
+    sister, 6
+    the swift, 64, 117, 121
+    uncles, 8
+
+  Maui-Mua, or Rupe, 106, 125
+
+  Maui Hope, 124
+
+  Maui Waena, 3, 124
+
+  Mercury, 11
+
+  Moemoe, 48
+
+  Mo-o, 41, 97, 99
+
+  Moon, 41, 89, 134
+
+  Moon, Hina the goddess, 147, 156, 165
+
+  Motu, or Mokua Hina, 170
+
+  Mudhen, 120
+
+  Muri, 48, 50
+
+
+  Nauru Islands, 171
+
+  New Heavens, 107
+
+  New Hebrides Islands, 25
+
+  New Zealand, 4, 5, 7, 9
+
+  Niu Islands, 33
+
+
+  Oahu legends--
+    Maui and the two gods, 119
+    How they found fire, 120
+    Maui catching the sun, 122
+    Uniting the islands, 123
+    Maui and Pea-pea, 124
+
+  Obsidian, 109, 134
+
+  Ohia trees, 80
+
+  Olona, 81, 114, 117
+
+  O-o, spade, 94
+
+  O-o, bird, 114
+
+
+  Paoa, 29
+
+  Papa, 34
+
+  Payton, 25
+
+  Pea-pea, the eight-eyed, 124
+
+  Pearl Harbor, 123
+
+  Peruvians, 59
+
+  Pictographs, 165
+
+  Pigeon, 9
+
+  Pimoe, 18
+
+  Pohakunui, 64
+
+  Prometheus, 57
+
+  Puka-a-Maui, 151
+
+  Pumice stone, 38
+
+  Puna, 166
+
+  Puu-o-hulu, 119, 123
+
+
+  Ra or La, sun-god, 5, 44
+
+  Rainbow Falls, 8, 26, 99, 147
+
+  Raro Tonga, 6, 24
+
+  Roko, 97
+
+  Rongo, 34
+
+  Ru, 5, 35
+
+  Rupe, Maui-mua, 106, 125
+
+
+  Samoa, 5, 24, 29
+
+  Sandalwood, 66
+
+  Savage Islands, 74
+
+  Savaii, 29, 129
+
+  Scorpion, 26
+
+  Serpent, 33
+
+  Sharks, 18, 123
+
+  Short days, 143
+
+  Sina, see Hina, 96, 143, 166, 171
+
+  Snaring the sun--
+    Fiji, 54
+    Hawaii, 42, 122, 144
+    Hervey Islands, 52
+    Indians, 54
+    New Zealand, 48
+    Samoa, 143
+    Society Islands, 41, 50, 53, 143
+    Tonga, 40
+
+  Snow, 89
+
+  Society Islands, 5
+
+  Spears, 81
+
+  Spirits, islands of, 129
+
+  Stone implements, 86, 93, 110
+
+  Sun, created, 41
+
+  Supporter of the Heavens, 37
+
+
+  Tabu, 102, 126
+
+  Tahiti, 76, 86
+
+  Talanga or Kalana, 5, 68
+
+  Tane, see Kane, 35
+
+  Tangaroa or Kanaloa, 6, 24, 25, 34, 66
+
+  Tapa, 11, 13, 42, 62, 116, 119, 122, 141
+
+  Taro, 121
+
+  Tattooing, 80, 104, 136
+
+  Tawhiri, 35
+
+  Te-ika-o-Maui, 23
+
+  Ti leaves, 125
+
+  Ti-i-Ti-i}
+           }      Kii-Kii, 6, 25, 32, 34, 60, 68
+  Tiki-Tiki}
+
+  Tini-rau, 106, 108
+
+  Tokelau Island, 67
+
+  Tonga, 28, 40, 89, 129
+
+  Tonga-iti, 41
+
+  Tracey Islands, 33
+
+  Tu or Ku, 35
+
+  Tuna or Kuna, 91
+    Fiji, 91
+    Hawaii, 99, 148
+    Hervey Islands, 154
+    New Zealand, 92
+    Samoa, 96
+
+  Turner, 24
+
+
+  Ulua, 12, 18
+
+  Under-world, 4, 9, 15, 51, 68, 129
+
+  Uniting the islands, 123
+
+  Upolu, 25
+
+
+  Vatea, or Wakea, 41
+
+  Vatupu Islands, 33
+
+
+  Waianae, 65, 119
+
+  Waikuna, 100, 148
+
+  Wailuku, 7, 26, 80, 140, 146
+
+  Waipahu, 125
+
+  Waipio, 115
+
+  Wakea, Vatea, Atea, 4, 41
+
+  Water of life, 134
+
+  White, John, 87, 96, 101, 132
+
+  Wife of Maui, 91, 124, 137, 156
+
+  Wiliwili tree, 44
+
+  Winds, 86, 115
+
+  Woman in the Moon, 165
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Legends of Ma-ui--a demi god of
+Polynesia, and of his mother Hina, by W. D. Westervelt
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