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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Reminiscences, 1819-1899, by Julia Ward Howe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Reminiscences, 1819-1899
+
+Author: Julia Ward Howe
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2010 [EBook #32603]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMINISCENCES, 1819-1899 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Julia Ward Howe.
+
+FROM SUNSET RIDGE: POEMS OLD AND NEW. 12mo, $1.50.
+
+REMINISCENCES. With many Portraits and other Illustrations. Crown 8vo,
+$2.50.
+
+IS POLITE SOCIETY POLITE? AND OTHER ESSAYS. With a Portrait of Mrs.
+Howe. Square 8vo, $1.50.
+
+HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. BOSTON AND NEW YORK.
+
+[Illustration: Photograph of Julia Ward Howe; signature]
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES
+
+1819-1899
+
+
+
+
+BY JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+WITH PORTRAITS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+[Decorative Illustration]
+
+BOSTON AND NEW YORK
+
+HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
+
+The Riverside Press, Cambridge
+
+1899
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                                  PAGE
+
+  I. BIRTH, PARENTAGE, CHILDHOOD                             1
+
+  II. LITERARY NEW YORK                                     21
+
+  III. NEW YORK SOCIETY                                     29
+
+  IV. HOME LIFE: MY FATHER                                  43
+
+  V. MY STUDIES                                             56
+
+  VI. SAMUEL WARD AND THE ASTORS                            64
+
+  VII. MARRIAGE: TOUR IN EUROPE                             81
+
+  VIII. FIRST YEARS IN BOSTON                              144
+
+  IX. SECOND VISIT TO EUROPE                               188
+
+  X. A CHAPTER ABOUT MYSELF                                205
+
+  XI. ANTI-SLAVERY ATTITUDE: LITERARY
+    WORK: TRIP TO CUBA                                     218
+
+  XII. THE CHURCH OF THE DISCIPLES: IN WAR TIME            244
+
+  XIII. THE BOSTON RADICAL CLUB: DR. F. H. HEDGE           281
+
+  XIV. MEN AND MOVEMENTS IN THE SIXTIES                    304
+
+  XV. A WOMAN'S PEACE CRUSADE                              327
+
+  XVI. VISITS TO SANTO DOMINGO                             345
+
+  XVII. THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT                        372
+
+  XVIII. CERTAIN CLUBS                                     400
+
+  XIX. ANOTHER EUROPEAN TRIP                               410
+
+  XX. FRIENDS AND WORTHIES: SOCIAL SUCCESSES               428
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                           PAGE
+
+  JULIA WARD HOWE                               _Frontispiece_
+  _From a photograph by Hardy, 1897._
+
+  SARAH MITCHELL, NIECE OF GENERAL FRANCIS MARION
+  AND GRANDMOTHER OF MRS. HOWE                               4
+  _From a painting by Waldo and Jewett._
+
+  JULIA WARD AND HER BROTHERS, SAMUEL AND HENRY              8
+  _From a miniature by Anne Hall._
+
+  JULIA CUTLER WARD, MOTHER OF MRS. HOWE                    12
+  _From a miniature by Anne Hall._
+
+  SAMUEL WARD, FATHER OF MRS. HOWE                          46
+  _From a miniature by Anne Hall._
+
+  SAMUEL WARD, JR                                           68
+  _From a painting by Baron Vogel._
+
+  FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE                                     138
+  _From a photograph._
+
+  THE SOUTH BOSTON HOME OF MR. AND MRS. HOWE               152
+  _From a painting in the possession of M. Anagnos._
+
+  WENDELL PHILLIPS, AT THE AGE OF 48                       158
+  _From a photograph lent by Francis J. Garrison, Boston._
+
+  THEODORE PARKER                                          166
+  _From a photograph by J. J. Hawes._
+
+  JULIA WARD HOWE                                          176
+  _From a painting (1847) by Joseph Ames._
+
+  SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE, M. D.                               230
+  _From a photograph by Black, about 1859._
+
+  JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE                                     246
+  _From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company._
+
+  JOHN BROWN                                               254
+  _From a photograph (about 1857) lent by Francis J.
+  Garrison, Boston._
+
+  JOHN A. ANDREW                                           262
+  _From a photograph by Black._
+
+  JULIA WARD HOWE                                          270
+  _From a photograph by J. J. Hawes, about 1861._
+
+  FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST DRAFT OF THE BATTLE HYMN
+  OF THE REPUBLIC                                          276
+  _From the original MS. in the possession of Mrs. E. P.
+  Whipple, Boston._
+
+  RALPH WALDO EMERSON                                      292
+  _From a photograph by Black._
+
+  FREDERIC HENRY HEDGE, D. D.                              302
+  _From a photograph lent by his daughter, Charlotte A.
+  Hedge._
+
+  SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE, M. D.                               328
+  _From a photograph by A. Marshall (1870), in the possession
+  of the Massachusetts Club._
+
+  LUCY STONE                                               376
+  _From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company._
+
+  MARIA MITCHELL                                           386
+  _From a photograph._
+
+  THE NEWPORT HOME OF MR. AND MRS. HOWE                    406
+  _From a photograph by Briskham and Davidson._
+
+  THOMAS GOLD APPLETON                                     432
+  _From a photograph lent by Mrs. John Murray Forbes._
+
+  JULIA ROMANA ANAGNOS                                     440
+  _From a photograph._
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+BIRTH, PARENTAGE, CHILDHOOD
+
+
+I have been urgently asked to put together my reminiscences. I could
+wish that I had begun to do so at an earlier period of my life, because
+at this time of writing the lines of the past are somewhat confused in
+my memory. Yet, with God's help, I shall endeavor to do justice to the
+individuals whom I have known, and to the events of which I have had
+some personal knowledge.
+
+Let me say at the very beginning that I esteem this century, now near
+its close, to have eminently deserved a record among those which have
+been great landmarks in human history. It has seen the culmination of
+prophecies, the birth of new hopes, and a marvelous multiplication both
+of the ideas which promote human happiness and of the resources which
+enable man to make himself master of the world. Napoleon is said to have
+forbidden his subordinates to tell him that any order of his was
+impossible of fulfillment. One might think that the genius of this age
+must have uttered a like injunction. To attain instantaneous
+communication with our friends across oceans and through every
+continent; to command locomotion whose swiftness changes the relations
+of space and time; to steal from Nature her deepest secrets, and to make
+disease itself the minister of cure; to compel the sun to keep for us
+the record of scenes and faces, of the great shows and pageants of time,
+of the perishable forms whose charm and beauty deserve to remain in the
+world's possession,--these are some of the achievements of our
+nineteenth century. Even more wonderful than these may we esteem the
+moral progress of the race; the decline of political and religious
+enmities, the growth of good-will and mutual understanding between
+nations, the waning of popular superstition, the spread of civic ideas,
+the recognition of the mutual obligations of classes, the advancement of
+woman to dignity in the household and efficiency in the state. All this
+our century has seen and approved. To the ages following it will hand on
+an inestimable legacy, an imperishable record.
+
+While my heart exults at these grandeurs of which I have seen and known
+something, my contribution to their history can be but of fragmentary
+and fitful interest. On the world's great scene, each of us can only
+play his little part, often with poor comprehension of the mighty drama
+which is going on around him. If any one of us undertakes to set this
+down, he should do it with the utmost truth and simplicity; not as if
+Seneca or Tacitus or St. Paul were speaking, but as he himself, plain
+Hodge or Dominie or Mrs. Grundy, is moved to speak. He should not borrow
+from others the sentiments which he ought to have entertained, but
+relate truthfully how matters appeared to him, as they and he went on.
+Thus much I can promise to do in these pages, and no more.
+
+I was born on May 27, 1819, in the city of New York, in Marketfield
+Street, near the Battery. My father was of Rhode Island birth and
+descent. One of his grandmothers was the beautiful Catharine Ray to whom
+are addressed some of Benjamin Franklin's published letters. His father
+attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the war of the Revolution,
+being himself the son of Governor Samuel Ward, of Rhode Island,[1]
+married to a daughter of Governor Greene, of the same state. My mother
+was grandniece to General Francis Marion, of Huguenot descent, known in
+the Revolution as the Swamp-fox of southern campaigns. Her father was
+Benjamin Clarke Cutler, whose first ancestor in this country was John De
+Mesmekir, of Holland.
+
+[Footnote 1: Governor Samuel Ward refused to enforce the Stamp Act, and
+also did valuable service as a member of the First and Second
+Continental Congresses. He frequently served as chairman of the
+Committee of the Whole, during the secret sessions of Congress. His
+death, in the spring of 1776, is said to have been due in large measure
+to the fatigue caused by his incessant labors in behalf of his country.
+Although he did not live to sign the Declaration of Independence, he was
+one of the first men to prophesy the separation of the colonies from the
+mother country.]
+
+[Illustration: SARAH MITCHELL (MRS. HOWE'S grandmother)
+
+_From a painting by Waldo and Jewett._]
+
+Let me here remark that an expert in chiromancy, after making a recent
+examination of my hand, exclaimed, "You inherit military blood; your
+hand shows it."
+
+My own earliest recollections are of a fine house on the Bowling Green,
+a region of high fashion in those days. In the summer mornings my nurse
+sometimes walked abroad with me, and showed me the young girls of our
+neighborhood, engaged with their skipping ropes. Our favorite resort was
+the Battery, where the flagstaff used in the Revolution was still to be
+seen. The fort at Castle Garden had already been converted into a
+pleasure resort, where fireworks and ices might be enjoyed.
+
+We were six children in all, yet Wordsworth's little maid would have
+reckoned us as seven, as a sister of four years had died shortly before
+my birth, leaving me her name and the dignity of eldest daughter. She
+was always mentioned in the family as the _first little Julia_.
+
+My two eldest brothers, Samuel and Henry Ward, were pupils at Round Hill
+School. The third, Francis Marion, named for the General, was my junior
+by fifteen months, and continued to be my constant playmate until, at
+the proper age, he joined the others at Round Hill School.
+
+A few words regarding my mother may not here be out of place. Married at
+sixteen, she died at the age of twenty-seven, so beloved and mourned by
+all who knew her that my early years were full of the testimony borne by
+surviving friends to the beauty and charm of her character. She had been
+a pupil at the school of Mrs. Elizabeth Graham, of saintly memory, and
+had inherited from her own mother a taste for intellectual pursuits. She
+was especially fond of poetry and a few lovely poems of hers remain to
+show that she was no stranger to its sacred domain. One of these was
+printed in a periodical of her own time, and is preserved in Griswold's
+"Female Poets of America." Another set of verses is addressed to me in
+the days of my babyhood. All of these bear the imprint of her deeply
+religious character.
+
+Mrs. Margaret Armstrong Astor, of whom more will be said in these
+annals, remembered my mother as prominent in the society of her youth,
+and spoke of her as beautiful in countenance. An old lady, resident in
+Bordentown, N. J., where Joseph, ex-king of Spain, made his home for
+many years, had seen my mother arrayed for a dinner at this royal
+residence, in a white dress, probably of embroidered cambric, and a
+lilac turban. Her early death was a lifelong misfortune to her children,
+who, although tenderly bred and carefully watched, have been forced to
+pass their days without the dear refuge of a mother's heart, the wise
+guidance of a mother's inspiration.
+
+A dear old cousin of my father's, who lived to the age of one hundred
+and two years, loved to talk of a visit which she had made in her youth
+to my grandfather Ward, then resident in New York. She had not quite
+forgiven him for not allowing her to attend an assembly on which, being
+only sixteen years of age, she had set her heart. Years after this time,
+when such vanities had quite gone out of her mind, she again visited
+relatives in the city, and came to spend the day with my mother. Of this
+occasion she said to me: "Julia, your mother's tact was remarkable, and
+she showed it on that day, for, knowing me to be a young woman of
+serious character, she presented me on my arrival with a plain linen
+collar which she had made for me. On a table beside her lay Law's
+'Serious Call to the Unconverted.' Don't you see how well she had suited
+matters to my taste?"
+
+This aged relative used to boast that she had never read a novel. She
+desired to make one exception in favor of the story of the
+Sch�nberg-Cotta family, but, hearing that it was a work of fiction,
+esteemed it safest to adhere to the rule which she had observed for so
+many years.
+
+Her son, lately deceased, once told me that when she felt called upon to
+chastise him for some childish offense, she would pray over him so long
+that he would cry out: "Mother, it's time to begin whipping."
+
+Her husband was a son of General Nathanael Greene, of Revolutionary
+fame.
+
+The attention bestowed upon impressions of childhood to-day will, I
+hope, justify me in recording some of the earliest points in
+consciousness which I still recall. I remember when a thimble was first
+given to me, some simple bit of work being at the same time placed in my
+hand. Some one said, "Take the needle in this hand." I did so, and,
+placing the thimble on a finger of the other hand, I began to sew
+without its aid, to the amusement of my teacher. This trifle appears to
+me an early indication of a want of perception as to the use of tools
+which has accompanied me through life. I remember also that, being told
+that I must ask pardon for some childish fault, I said to my mother,
+with perfect contentment, "Oh yes, I pardon you," and was surprised to
+hear that in this way I had not made the _amende honorable_.
+
+I encountered great difficulty in acquiring the _th_ sound, when my
+mother tried to teach me to call her by that name. "Muzzer, muzzer," was
+all that I could manage to say. But the dear parent presently said, "If
+you cannot do better than that, you will have to go back and call me
+mamma." The shame of going back moved me to one last effort, and,
+summoning my utmost strength of tongue, I succeeded in saying "mother,"
+an achievement from which I was never obliged to recede.
+
+A journey up the Hudson River was undertaken, when I was very young, for
+the bettering of my mother's health. An older sister of hers went with
+us, as well as a favorite waiting-woman, and a young physician whose
+care had saved my father's life a year or more before my own birth.
+After reaching Albany, we traveled in my father's carriage; the grown
+persons occupying the seats, and I sitting in my little chair at their
+feet. A book of short tales and poems was often resorted to for my
+amusement, and I still remember how the young doctor read to me, "Pity
+the sorrows of a poor old man," and how my tears came, and could not be
+hidden.
+
+[Illustration: JULIA WARD AND HER BROTHERS, SAMUEL AND HENRY
+
+_From a miniature by Anne Hall._]
+
+The sight of Niagara caused me much surprise. Playing on the piazza of
+the hotel, one day, with only the doctor for my companion, I ventured to
+ask him, "Who made that great hole where the water comes down?" He
+replied, "The great Maker of all." "Who is that?" I innocently inquired;
+and he said, "Do you not know? Our Father who art in heaven." I felt
+that I ought to have known, and went away somewhat abashed.
+
+Another day my mother told me that we were going to visit Red Jacket, a
+great Indian chief, and that I must be very polite to him. She gave me a
+twist of tobacco tied with a blue ribbon, which I was to present to him,
+and bade me observe the silver medal which I should see hung on his
+neck, and which, she said, had been given to him by General Washington.
+We drove to the Indian encampment, of which I dimly remember the extent
+and the wigwams. A tall figure advanced to the carriage. As its door was
+opened, I sprang forward, clasped my arms around the neck of the noble
+savage, and was astonished at his cool reception of such a greeting. I
+was surprised and grieved afterwards to learn that I had not done
+exactly the right thing. The Indians, in those days and long after,
+occupied numerous settlements in the western part of the State of New
+York, where one often saw the boys with their bows and arrows, and the
+squaws carrying their papooses on their backs.
+
+The journey here mentioned must have taken place when I was little more
+than four years old. Another year and a half brought me the burden of a
+great sorrow. I recall months of sweet companionship with the first and
+dearest of friends, my mother. The last summer of her life was passed at
+a fine country-seat in Bloomingdale, which was then a picturesque
+country place, about six miles from New York, but is now incorporated in
+the city.
+
+My father was fond of fine horses, and the pets of the stable played no
+unimportant part in our childish affection. The family coach was an
+early institution with us, and in the days of which I now speak, its
+exterior was of a delicate yellow, known as straw-color, while the
+lining and cushions were of bright blue cloth. This combination of color
+was effected to please my dear mother, who was accounted in her time a
+woman of excellent taste.
+
+I remember this summer as a particularly happy period. My younger
+brother and I had our lessons in a lovely green bower. Our French
+teacher came out at intervals in the Bloomingdale stage. My mother often
+took me with her for a walk in the beautiful garden, from which she
+plucked flowers that she arranged with great taste. There was much
+mysterious embroidering of small caps and gowns, the purpose of which I
+little guessed. The autumn came, and with it our return to town. And
+then, one bitter morning, I awoke to hear the words, "Julia, your mother
+is dead." Before this my father had announced to us that a little sister
+had arrived. "And she can open and shut her eyes," he said, smiling.
+
+His grief at the loss of my mother was so intense as to lay him
+prostrate with illness. He told me, years after this time, that he had
+welcomed the physical agony which perforce diverted his thoughts from
+the cause of his mental suffering. The little sister of whose coming he
+had told us so joyfully was for a long time kept from his sight. The
+rest of us were gathered around him, but this feeble little creature was
+not asked for. At last my dear old grandfather came to visit us, and
+learned the state of my father's feelings. The old gentleman went into
+the nursery, took the tiny infant from its nurse, and laid it in my
+father's arms. The little one thenceforth became the object of his most
+tender affection.
+
+He regarded all his children with great solicitude, feeling, as he
+afterward said to one of us, that he must now be mother as well as
+father. My mother's last request had been that her unmarried sister, the
+same one who had accompanied us on the journey to Niagara, should be
+sent for to have charge of us, and this arrangement was speedily
+effected.
+
+This aunt of ours had long been a care-taker in her mother's household,
+where she had had much to do with bringing up her younger sisters and
+brothers. My mother had been accustomed to borrow her from time to time,
+and my aunt had threatened to hang out a sign over the door with the
+inscription, "Cheering done here by the job, by E. Cutler." She was a
+person of rare honesty, entirely conscientious in character, possessed
+of few accomplishments, but endowed with the keenest sense of humor. She
+watched over our early years with incessant care. We little ones were
+kept much in our warm nursery. We were taken out for a drive in fine
+weather, but rarely went out on foot. As a consequence of this
+overcherishing, we were constantly liable to suffer from colds and sore
+throats. The young physician of whom I have already spoken became an
+inmate of our house soon after my mother's death. He was afterward well
+known in New York society as an excellent practitioner, and as a man of
+a certain genius. Those were the days of mighty doses, and the slightest
+indisposition was sure to call down upon us the administration of the
+drugs then in favor with the faculty, but now rarely used.
+
+[Illustration: JULIA CUTLER WARD (MRS. HOWE'S mother)
+
+_From a miniature by Anne Hall._]
+
+My father's affliction was such that a change of scene became necessary
+for him. The beautiful house at the Bowling Green was sold, with the new
+furniture which had been ordered expressly for my mother's pleasure, and
+which we never saw uncovered. We removed to Bond Street, which was then
+at the upper extremity of New York city. My father's friends said to
+him, "Mr. Ward, you are going out of town." And so indeed it seemed at
+that time. We occupied one of three white freestone houses, and saw from
+our windows the gradual building up of the street, which is now in the
+central part of New York. My father had purchased a large lot of land at
+the corner of our street and Broadway. On a part of this he subsequently
+erected a house which was considered one of the finest in the city.
+
+My father was disposed to be extremely careful in the choice of our
+associates, and intended, no doubt, that we should receive our education
+at home. At a later day his plans were changed somewhat, and after some
+experience of governesses and masters I was at last sent to a school in
+the near neighborhood of our house. I was nine years old at this time,
+somewhat precocious for my age, and endowed with a good memory. This
+fact may have led to my being at once placed in a class of girls much
+older than myself, especially occupied with the study of Paley's "Moral
+Philosophy." I managed to commit many pages of this book to memory, in a
+rather listless and perfunctory manner. I was much more interested in
+the study of chemistry, although it was not illustrated by any
+experiments. The system of education followed at that time consisted
+largely in memorizing from the text-books then in use. Removing to
+another school, I had excellent instruction in penmanship, and enjoyed a
+course of lectures on history, aided by the best set of charts that I
+have ever seen, the work of Professor Bostwick. In geometry I made quite
+a brilliant beginning, but soon fell off from my first efforts. The
+study of languages was very congenial to me; I had been accustomed to
+speak French from my earliest years. To this I was enabled to add some
+knowledge of Latin, and afterward of Italian and German.
+
+The routine of my school life was varied now and then by a concert and
+by Handel's oratorios, which were given at long intervals by an
+association whose title I cannot now recall. I eagerly anticipated, and
+yet dreaded, these occasions, for my enjoyment of them was succeeded by
+a reaction of intense melancholy.
+
+The musical "stars" of those days are probably quite out of memory in
+these later times, but I remember some of them with pleasure. It is
+worth noticing that, while the earliest efforts in music in Boston
+produced the Handel and Haydn Society, and led to the occasional
+performance of a symphony of Beethoven or of Mozart, the taste of New
+York inclined more to operatic music. The brief visit of Garcia and his
+troupe had brought the best works of Rossini before the public. These
+performances were followed, at long intervals, by seasons of English
+opera, in which Mrs. Austin was the favorite prima donna. This lady sang
+also in oratorio, and I recall her rendering of the soprano solos in
+Handel's "Messiah" as somewhat mannered, but on the whole quite
+impressive.
+
+A higher grade of talent came to us in the person of Mrs. Wood, famous
+before her marriage as Miss Paton. I heard great things of her
+performance in "La Sonnambula," which I was not allowed to see. I did
+hear her, however, at concerts and in oratorios, and I particularly
+remember her rendering of the famous soprano song, "To mighty kings he
+gave his acts." Her voice was beautiful in quality and of considerable
+extent. It possessed a liquid and fluent flexibility, quite unlike the
+curious staccato and tremolo effects so much in favor to-day.
+
+My father's views of religious duty became much more stringent after my
+mother's death. I had been twice taken to the opera during the Garcia
+performances, when I was scarcely more than seven years of age, and had
+seen and heard the Diva Malibran, then known as Signorina Garcia, in the
+r�les of Cenerentola (Cinderella) and Rosina in the "Barbiere di
+Seviglia." Soon after this time the doors were shut, and I knew of
+theatrical matters only by hearsay. The religious people of that period
+had set their faces against the drama in every form. I remember the
+destruction by fire of the first Bowery Theatre, and how this was spoken
+of as a "judgment" upon the wickedness of the stage and of its patrons.
+A well-known theatre in Richmond, Va., took fire while a performance was
+going on, and the result was a deplorable loss of life. The pulpits of
+the time "improved" this event by sermons which reflected severely upon
+the frequenters of such places of amusement, and the "judgment" was long
+spoken of with holy horror.
+
+My musical education, in spite of the limitations of opportunity just
+mentioned, was the best that the time could afford. I had my first
+lessons from a very irritable French artist, of whom I stood in such
+fear that I could remember nothing that he taught me. A second teacher,
+Mr. Boocock, had more patience, and soon brought me forward in my
+studies. He had been a pupil of Cramer, and his taste had been formed by
+hearing the best music in London, which then, as now, commanded all the
+great musical talent of Europe. He gave me lessons for many years, and I
+learned from him to appreciate the works of the great composers,
+Beethoven, Handel, and Mozart. When I grew old enough for the training
+of my voice, Mr. Boocock recommended to my father Signor Cardini, an
+aged Italian, who had been an intimate of the Garcia family, and was
+well acquainted with Garcia's admirable method. Under his care my voice
+improved in character and in compass, and the daily exercises in holding
+long notes gave strength to my lungs. I think that I have felt all my
+life through the benefit of those early lessons. Signor Cardini
+remembered Italy before the invasion of Napoleon I., and sometimes
+entertained me with stories of the escapades of his student life. He had
+resided long in London, and had known the Duke of Wellington. He related
+to me that once, when he was visiting the great soldier at his
+country-seat near the sea, the duke invited him to look through his
+telescope, saying, "Signor Cardini, venez voir comme on travaille les
+Fran�ais." This must have had reference to some manoeuvre of the English
+fleet, I suppose. Mr. Boocock thought that it would be desirable for me
+to take part in concerted pieces, with other instruments. This exercise
+brought me great delight in the performance of certain trios and
+quartettes. The reaction from this pleasure, however, was very painful,
+and induced at times a visitation of morbid melancholy which threatened
+to affect my health.
+
+While I greatly disapprove of the scope and suggestions presented by
+Count Tolsto� in his "Kreutzer Sonata," I yet think that, in the
+training of young persons, some regard should be had to the
+sensitiveness of youthful nerves, and to the overpowering response which
+they often make to the appeals of music. The dry practice of a single
+instrument and the simple drill of choral exercises will not be apt to
+overstimulate the currents of nerve force. On the other hand, the power
+and sweep of great orchestral performances, or even the suggestive charm
+of some beautiful voice, will sometimes so disturb the mental
+equilibrium of the hearer as to induce in him a listless melancholy, or,
+worse still, an unreasoning and unreasonable discontent.
+
+The early years of my youth were passed in the seclusion not only of
+home life, but of a home most carefully and jealously guarded from all
+that might be represented in the orthodox trinity of evil, the world,
+the flesh, and the devil. My father had become deeply imbued with the
+religious ideas of the time. He dreaded for his children the
+dissipations of fashionable society, and even the risks of general
+intercourse with the unsanctified many. He early embraced the cause of
+temperance, and became president of the first temperance society formed
+in this country. As a result, wine was excluded from his table. This
+privation gave me no trouble, but my brothers felt it, especially the
+eldest, who had passed some years in Europe, where the use of wine was,
+as it still is, universal. I was walking with my father one evening when
+we met my two younger brothers, each with a cigar in his mouth. My
+father was much troubled, and said, "Boys, you must give this up, and I
+will give it up, too. From this time I forbid you to smoke, and I will
+join you in relinquishing the habit." I am afraid that this sacrifice on
+my father's part did not have the desired effect, but am quite certain
+that he never witnessed the infringement of his command.
+
+At the time of which I speak, my father's family all lived in our
+immediate neighborhood. He had considerably distanced his brothers in
+fortune, and had built for himself the beautiful house of which I have
+already spoken. In the same street with us lived my music-loving uncle,
+Henry, somewhat given to good cheer, and of a genial disposition. In a
+house nearer to us resided my grandfather, Samuel Ward, with an
+unmarried daughter and three bachelor sons, John, Richard, and William.
+The outings of my young girlhood were confined to this family circle. I
+went to school, indeed, but never to dancing-school, a sober little
+dancing-master giving us lessons at home. I used to hear, with some
+envy, of Monsieur Charnaud's classes and of his "publics," where my
+schoolfellows disported themselves in their best clothes. My grandfather
+was a stately old gentleman, a good deal more than six feet in height,
+very mild in manner, and fond of a game of whist. With us children he
+used to play a very simple game called "Tom, come tickle me." Cards were
+not allowed in my father's house, and my brothers used to resort to the
+grand-paternal mansion when they desired this diversion.
+
+The eldest of my father's unmarried brothers was my uncle John, a man
+more tolerant than my father, and full of kindly forethought for his
+nieces and nephews. In his youth he had sustained an injury which
+deprived him of speech for more than a year. His friends feared that he
+would never speak again, but his mother, trying one day to render him
+some small assistance, did not succeed to her mind, and said, "I am a
+poor, awkward old woman." "No, you are not!" he exclaimed, and at once
+recovered his power of speech. He was anxious that his nieces should be
+well instructed in practical matters, and perhaps he grudged a little
+the extra time which we were accustomed to devote to books and music. He
+was fond of sending materials for dresses to me and my sisters, but
+insisted that we should make them up for ourselves. This we managed to
+do, with a good deal of help from the family seamstress. When I had
+published my first literary venture, uncle John showed me in a newspaper
+a favorable notice of my work, saying, "This is my little girl who knows
+about books, and writes an article and has it printed, but I wish that
+she knew more about housekeeping,"--a sentiment which in after years I
+had occasion to echo with fervor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+LITERARY NEW YORK
+
+
+Although the New York of my youth had little claim to be recognized as a
+literary centre, it yet was a city whose tastes and manners were much
+influenced by people of culture. One of these, Robert Sands, was the
+author of a poem entitled "Yamoyden," its theme being an Indian story or
+legend. His family dated back to the Sands who once owned a considerable
+part of Block Island, and from whom Sands Point takes its name. If I do
+not mistake, these Sands were connected by marriage with one of my
+ancestors, who were also settlers in Block Island. I remember having
+seen the poet Sands in my childhood, a rather awkward, near-sighted man.
+His life was not a long one. A sister of his, Julia Sands, wrote a
+biographical sketch of her brother, and was spoken of as a literary
+woman.
+
+William Cullen Bryant resided in New York many years. He took a
+prominent part in politics, but mingled little in general society, being
+much absorbed in his duties as editor of the "Evening Post," of which he
+was also the founder.
+
+I first heard of Fitz-Greene Halleck as the author of various satirical
+pieces of verse relating to personages and events of nearly eighty years
+ago. He is now best remembered by his "Marco Bozzaris," a noble lyric
+which we have heard quoted in view of recent lamentable encounters
+between Greek and Barbarian.
+
+Among the lecturers who visited New York, I remember Professor Silliman
+of Yale College, Dr. Follen, who spoke of German literature, George
+Combe, and Mr. Charles Lyell.
+
+Charles King, for many years editor of a daily paper entitled "The New
+York American," was a man of much literary taste. He had been a pupil at
+Harrow when Byron was there. He was an appreciative friend of my father,
+although as convivial in his tastes as my father was the reverse. I
+remember that once, when a temperance meeting was going on in one of our
+large parlors, Mr. King called and, finding my father thus engaged,
+began to frolic with us young people. He even dared to say: "How I
+should like to open those folding doors just wide enough to fire off a
+bottle of champagne at those temperance folks!"
+
+He was the patron of my early literary ventures, and kindly allowed my
+fugitive pieces to appear in his paper. He always advocated the
+abolition of slavery, and could never forgive Henry Clay his part in
+effecting the Missouri Compromise. He and his brother James, my father's
+junior partner, were sons of Rufus King, a man eminent in public life. I
+was a child of perhaps eight years when I heard my elders say with
+regret that "old Mr. King was dying."
+
+Quite late in his life, Mr. Charles King became President of Columbia
+College. This institution, with the houses of its officers, occupied the
+greater part of Park Place. Its professors were well known in society.
+The college was very conservative in its management. The professor of
+mathematics was asked one day by one of his class whether the sun did
+not really stand still in answer to the prayer of Joshua. He laughed at
+the question, and was in consequence reprimanded by the faculty.
+
+Professor Anthon, of the college, became known through his school and
+college editions of many Latin classics. Professor Moore, in the
+department of Hellenics, was popular among the undergraduates, partly,
+it was said, on account of his very indulgent method of conducting
+examinations. Professor McVickar, in the chair of Philosophy, was one of
+the early admirers of Ruskin. The families of these gentlemen mingled a
+good deal in the society of the time, and contributed no doubt to impart
+to it a tone of polite culture. I should say that before the forties the
+sons of the best families of New York city were usually sent to Columbia
+College. My own brothers, three in number, were among its graduates. New
+York parents in those days looked upon Harvard as a Unitarian
+institution, and shunned its influence for their sons.
+
+The venerable Lorenzo Da Ponte was for many years a resident of New
+York, and a teacher of the Italian language and literature. When
+Dominick Lynch introduced the first opera troupe to the New York public,
+sometime in the twenties, the audience must surely have comprised some
+of the old man's pupils, well versed in the language of the librettos.
+In earlier life, he had furnished the text of several of Mozart's
+operas, among them "Don Giovanni" and "Le Nozze di Figaro."
+
+Dominick Lynch, whom I have just mentioned, was an enthusiastic lover of
+music. His visits to my father's house were occasions of delight to me.
+He was without a rival as an interpreter of ballads, and especially of
+the songs of Thomas Moore. His voice, though not powerful, was clear and
+musical, and his touch on the pianoforte was perfect. I remember
+creeping under the instrument to hide my tears when I heard him sing the
+ballad of "Lord Ullin's Daughter."
+
+Charles Augustus Davis, the author of the "Letters of J. Downing, Major,
+Downingville Militia, Second Brigade, to his old Friend Mr. Dwight, of
+the New York Daily Advertiser," was a gentleman well known in the New
+York society of my youth. The letters in question contained imaginary
+reports of a tour which the writer professed to have made with General
+Jackson, when the latter was a candidate for re�lection to the
+Presidency. They were very popular at the time, but have long passed
+into oblivion. I remember that in one of them, Major Downing describes
+an occasion on which it was important that the general should interlard
+his address with a few Latin quotations. Not possessing any learning of
+that kind, he concluded his speech with: "E pluribus unum, gentlemen,
+sine qua non."
+
+The great literary boast of the city at the time of which I speak was
+undoubtedly Washington Irving. I was still a child in the nursery when I
+heard of his return to America, after a residence of some years in
+Spain. A public dinner was given in honor of this event. One who had
+been present at it told of Mr. Irving's embarrassment when he was called
+upon for a speech. He rose, waved his hand in the air, and could only
+utter a few sentences, which were heard with difficulty.
+
+Many years after this time I was present, with other ladies, at a public
+dinner given in honor of Charles Dickens by prominent citizens of New
+York. We ladies were not bidden to the feast, but were allowed to occupy
+a small anteroom whose open door commanded a view of the tables. When
+the speaking was about to begin, a message came, suggesting that we
+should take possession of some vacant seats at the great table. This we
+were glad to do. Washington Irving was president of the evening, and
+upon him devolved the duty of inaugurating proceedings by an address of
+welcome to the distinguished guest. People who sat near me whispered,
+"He'll break down--he always does." Mr. Irving rose, and uttered a
+sentence or two. His friends interrupted him by applause which was
+intended to encourage him, but which entirely overthrew his
+self-possession. He hesitated, stammered, and sat down, saying, "I
+cannot go on." It was an embarrassing and painful moment, but Mr. John
+Duer, an eminent lawyer, came to his friend's assistance, and with
+suitable remarks proposed the health of Charles Dickens, to which Mr.
+Dickens promptly responded. This he did in his happiest manner, covering
+Mr. Irving's defeat by a glowing eulogy of his literary merits.
+
+"Whose books do I take to bed with me, night after night? Washington
+Irving's! as one who is present can testify." This one was evidently
+Mrs. Dickens, who was seated beside me. Mr. Dickens proceeded to speak
+of international copyright, saying that the prime object of his visit to
+America was the promotion of this important measure. I met Washington
+Irving several times at the house of John Jacob Astor. He was silent in
+general company, and usually fell asleep at the dinner-table. This
+occurrence was indeed so common with him that the guests present only
+noticed it with a smile. After a nap of some ten minutes he would open
+his eyes and take part in the conversation, apparently unconscious of
+having been asleep.
+
+In his youth, Mr. Irving had traveled quite extensively in Europe. While
+in Rome, he had received marked attention from the banker Torlonia, who
+repeatedly invited him to dinner parties, the opera, and so on. He was
+at a loss to account for this until his last visit to the banker, when
+Torlonia, taking him aside, said, "Pray tell me, is it not true that you
+are a grandson of the great Washington?"
+
+Mr. Irving had in early life given offense to the descendants of old
+Dutch families in New York by the publication of "Knickerbocker's
+History of New York," in which he had presented some of their forbears
+in a humorous light. The solid fame which he acquired in later days
+effaced the remembrance of this old-time grievance, and in the days in
+which I had the pleasure of his acquaintance, he held an enviable
+position in the esteem and affection of the community.
+
+He always remained a bachelor, owing, it was said, to an attachment, the
+object of which had been removed by death. I have even heard that the
+lady in question was a beautiful Jewess, the same one whom Walter Scott
+has depicted in his well-known Rebecca. This legend of the beautiful
+Jewess was current in my youth. A later authority informs us that Mr.
+Irving was really engaged to Matilda, daughter of Josiah Ogden Hoffman,
+a noted lawyer of New York, and that the death of the lady prevented the
+intended marriage from taking place. "He could never, to his dying day,
+endure to hear her name mentioned," it is said, "and, nearly thirty
+years after her death, the accidental discovery of a piece of her
+embroidery saddened him so that he could not speak."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+NEW YORK SOCIETY
+
+
+It has been explained that the continued prosperity of France under very
+varying forms of government is due to the fact that the municipal
+administration of the country is not affected by these changes, but
+continues much the same under king, emperor, and republican president.
+
+I find something analogous to this in the perseverance of certain
+underlying tendencies in society despite the continual variations which
+diversify the surface of the domain of Fashion.
+
+The earliest social function which I remember is a ball given by my
+father and mother when I must have been about four years of age. Quite
+late in the evening, I was taken out of bed and arrayed in an
+embroidered cambric slip. Some one tried to fasten a pink rosebud on the
+waist of my dress, but did not succeed to her mind. I was brought into
+our drawing-rooms, which had undergone a surprising transformation. The
+floors were bare, and from the ceiling of either room was suspended a
+circle of wax lights and artificial flowers. The orchestra included a
+double bass. I surveyed the company of the dancers, but soon curled
+myself up on a sofa, where one of the dowagers fed me with ice-cream.
+This entertainment took place at our house on Bowling Green, a
+neighborhood which has long been given up to business.
+
+As a child, I remember silver forks as in use at my father's dinner
+parties. On ordinary occasions, we used the three-pronged steel fork
+which is now rarely seen. My father sometimes admonished my maternal
+grandmother not to put her knife into her mouth. In her youth every one
+used the knife in this way.
+
+Meats were carefully roasted in what was called a tin kitchen, before an
+open fire. Desserts on state occasions consisted of pastry, wine jelly,
+blanc-mange, with pyramids of ice-cream. This last was always supplied
+by a French resident, Jean Contoit by name, whose very modest garden
+long continued to be the principal place from which such a dainty could
+be obtained. It may have been M. Contoit who, speaking to a compatriot
+of his first days in America, said, "Imagine! when I first came to this
+country, people cooked vegetables with water only, _and the calf's head
+was thrown away_!"
+
+Of the dress of that period I remember that ladies wore white cambric
+gowns, finely embroidered, in winter as well as in summer, and walked
+abroad in thin morocco slippers. Pelisses were worn in cold weather,
+often of some bright color, rose pink or blue. I have found in a family
+letter of that time the following description of a bride's toilet: "Miss
+E. was married in a frock of white merino, with a full suit of steel:
+comb, earrings, and so on." I once heard Mrs. William Astor, _n�e_
+Armstrong, tell of a pair of brides, twin sisters, who appeared at
+church dressed in pelisses of white merino, trimmed with chinchilla,
+with caps of the same fur. They were much admired at the time.
+
+Among the festivities of old New York, the observance of New Year's Day
+held an important place. In every house of any pretension, the ladies of
+the family sat in their drawing-rooms, arrayed in their best dresses,
+and the gentlemen of their acquaintance made short visits, during which
+wine and rich cakes were offered them. It was allowable to call as early
+as ten o'clock in the morning. The visitor sometimes did little more
+than appear and disappear, hastily muttering something about "the
+compliments of the season." The gentlemen prided themselves upon the
+number of visits paid, the ladies upon the number received. Girls at
+school vexed each other with emulative boasting: "We had fifty calls on
+New Year's Day." "Oh! but _we_ had sixty-five." This perfunctory
+performance grew very tedious by the time the calling hours were ended,
+but apart from this, the day was one on which families were greeted by
+distant relatives rarely seen, while old friends met and revived their
+pleasant memories.
+
+In our house, the rooms were all thrown open. Bright fires burned in the
+grates. My father, after his adoption of temperance principles, forbade
+the offering of wine to visitors, and ordered it to be replaced by hot
+coffee. We were rather chagrined at this prohibition, but his will was
+law.
+
+I recall a New Year's Day early in the thirties, on which a yellow
+chariot stopped before our door. A stout, elderly gentleman descended
+from it, and came in to pay his compliments to my father. This gentleman
+was John Jacob Astor, who was already known to be possessed of great
+wealth.
+
+The pleasant custom just described was said to have originated with the
+Dutch settlers of the olden time. As the city grew in size, it became
+difficult and well-nigh impossible for gentlemen to make the necessary
+number of visits. Finally, a number of young men of the city took it
+upon themselves to call in squads at houses which they had no right to
+molest, consuming the refreshments provided for other guests, and making
+themselves disagreeable in various ways. This offense against good
+manners led to the discontinuance, by common consent, of the New Year's
+receptions.
+
+A younger sister of my mother, named Louisa Cord� Cutler, was one of the
+historic beauties of her time. She was a frequent and beloved guest at
+my father's house, but her marriage took place at my grandmother's
+residence in Jamaica Plain. The bridegroom was the only son of Judge
+McAllister, of Savannah, Georgia. One of my aunt's bridesmaids, Miss
+Elizabeth Danforth, a lady much esteemed in the older Boston, once gave
+me the following account of the marriage:--
+
+"Yes, this is my beautiful bride. [My aunt was now about sixty years
+old.] Well do I recall the evening of her marriage. I was to be her
+bridesmaid, you know, and when the time came, I was all dressed and
+ready. But the Dorchester coach was wanted for old Madam Blake's
+funeral, and as there was no other conveyance to be had, I was obliged
+to wait for it. The time seemed endless while I was walking up and down
+the hall in my bridesmaid's dress, my mother from time to time exhorting
+me to have patience, without much effect.
+
+"At last the coach came, and in it I was driven to your grandmother's
+house in Jamaica Plain. As I entered the door I met the bridal party
+coming downstairs. Your mother said to me, 'Oh! Elizabeth, we thought
+you were not coming.' After this all passed off pleasantly. Your
+grandmother was dressed in a lilac silk gown of rather antiquated
+fashion, adorned with frills and furbelows which had passed out of date.
+Your mother, who had come on from New York for the ceremony, said to her
+later in the evening, 'Dear mamma, you must make a present of that gown
+to some theatrical friend. It is only fit for the boards.'"
+
+The officiating clergyman of the occasion was the Reverend Benjamin
+Clarke Cutler, brother of the bride. It was his first service of the
+kind, and the company were somewhat amused when, in absence or confusion
+of mind, he pronounced the nuptial blessing upon _M_ and _N_, the
+letters which stand in the church ritual for the names of the parties
+contracting. Accordingly, at the wedding supper, the first toast was
+drunk "to the health and happiness of M and N," and responded to with
+much merriment.
+
+I have further been told that the bride's elder sister, afterwards known
+as Mrs. Francis, danced "in stocking-feet" with my father's elder
+brother, this having been the ancient rule when the younger children
+were married before the older ones.
+
+In spite of the costume which met with her daughter's disapproval, my
+maternal grandmother was not indifferent to dress. She used to lament
+the ugliness of modern fashions, and to extol those of her youth, in
+which she was one of the _�l�gantes_ of Southern society. She remembered
+with pleasure that General Washington once crossed a ball-room to speak
+with her. This was probably when she was the wife or widow of Colonel
+Herne, to whom she was married at the age of fourteen (when her dolls,
+she told me, were taken away from her), and whose death occurred before
+she had attained legal majority. She had received a good musical
+education for those times, and Colonel Perkins of Boston once told me
+that he remembered her as a fascinating young widow with a lovely voice.
+It must have been during her visit to Boston that she met my grandfather
+Cutler, who straightway fell in love with and married her. When past her
+sixtieth year she would sometimes sing an old-time duet with my father.
+She had a great love of good literature. Here is what she told me about
+the fashions of her youth:
+
+"We wore our hair short, and _cr�ped_ all over in short curls, which
+were kept in place by a spangled ribbon, bound around the head. Powder
+was universally worn. The _Mar�chale_ powder was most becoming to the
+complexion, having a slight yellowish tinge. We wore trains, but had a
+set of cords by which we pulled them up in festoons, when we went to
+dance. Brocades were much worn. I wanted one, but could not find one at
+the time, so I embroidered a pretty yellow silk dress of mine, and made
+a brocade of it."
+
+She once mentioned having known, in days long distant, of a company of
+ladies who had banded themselves together for some new departure of a
+patriotic intent, and who had waited upon General Washington in a body.
+I have since ascertained that they called themselves "Daughters of
+Liberty." A kindred association had been formed of "Sons of Liberty."
+Perhaps these ladies were of the mind of Mrs. John Adams, who, when
+congratulating her husband upon the liberties assured to American men by
+the then new Constitution of the United States, thought it "a pity that
+the legislators had not also done something for the ladies."
+
+Among the familiar figures of my early life is that of Dr. John
+Wakefield Francis. I wish it were in my power to give any adequate
+description of this remarkable man, who was certainly one of the
+worthies of his time. As already said, he was my uncle by marriage, and
+for many years a resident in my father's house. He was of German origin,
+florid in complexion and mercurial in temperament. His fine head was
+crowned with an abundance of silken curly hair. He always wore
+gold-bowed glasses, being very near-sighted, was a born humorist, and
+delighted in jest and hyperbole. He was an omnivorous reader, and was so
+constituted that four hours of sleep nightly sufficed to keep him in
+health. This was fortunate for him, as he had an extensive practice, and
+was liable to be called out at all hours of the night. A candle always
+stood on a table beside his pillow, and with it a pile of books and
+papers, which he habitually perused long before the coming of daylight.
+It so happened, however, that he waked one morning at about four of the
+clock, and saw his wife, wrapped in shawls, sitting near the fire,
+reading something by candlelight. The following conversation ensued:--
+
+"Eliza, what book is that you are reading?"
+
+"'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' dear."
+
+"Is it? I don't need to know anything more about it--it must be the
+greatest book of the age."
+
+His humor was extravagant. I once heard him exclaim, "How brilliant is
+the light which streams through the fissure of a cracked brain!" Again
+he spoke of "a fellow who couldn't go straight in a ropewalk." His
+anecdotes of things encountered in the exercise of his profession were
+most amusing.
+
+He found us seated in the drawing-room, one evening, to receive a visit
+from a very shy professor of Brown University. The doctor, surveying the
+group, seized this poor man, lifted him from the floor, and carried him
+round the circle, to express his pleasure at seeing an old friend. The
+countenance of the guest meanwhile showed an agony of embarrassment and
+terror.
+
+The doctor was very temperate in everything except tea, which he drank
+in the green variety, in strong and copious libations. Indeed, he had no
+need of wine or other alcoholic stimulants, his temperament being almost
+incandescent. Overflowing as he was with geniality, he yet accommodated
+himself easily to the requirements of a sick room, and showed himself
+tender, vigilant, and most sympathetic. He attended many people who
+could not, and some who would not, pay for his visits. One of these
+last, having been brought by him through an attack of cholera, was so
+much impressed with the kindness and skill of the doctor that he at once
+and for the first time sent him a check in recognition of services that
+money could not repay.
+
+After many years of residence with us, my uncle and aunt Francis
+removed, first to lodgings, and later to a house of their own. Here my
+aunt busied herself much with the needs of rich and poor. Ladies often
+came to her seeking good servants, her recommendation being considered
+an all-sufficient security. Women out of place came to her seeking
+employment, which she often found for them. These acts of kindness,
+often involving a considerable expenditure of time and trouble, the dear
+lady performed with no thought of recompense other than the assurance
+that she had been helpful to those who needed her assistance in manifold
+ways. In her new abode Auntie lived with careful economy, dispensing her
+simple hospitality with a generous hand. She was famous among her
+friends for delicious coffee and for excellent tea, which she always
+made herself, on the table.
+
+She sometimes invited friends for an evening party, but made it a point
+to invite those who were not her favorites for a separate occasion, not
+wishing to dilute her enjoyment of the chosen few, and, on the other
+hand, desiring not to hurt the feelings of any of her acquaintance by
+wholly leaving them out. When Edgar Allan Poe first became known in New
+York, Dr. Francis invited him to the house. It was on one of Auntie's
+good evenings, and her room was filled with company. The poet arrived
+just at a moment when the doctor was obliged to answer the call of a
+patient. He accordingly opened the parlor door, and pushed Mr. Poe into
+the room, saying, "Eliza, my dear, the Raven!" after which he
+immediately withdrew. Auntie had not heard of the poem, and was entirely
+at a loss to understand this introduction of the new-comer.
+
+It was always a pleasure to welcome distinguished strangers to New York.
+Mrs. Jameson's visit to the United States, in the year 1835, gave me the
+opportunity of making acquaintance with that very accomplished lady and
+author. I was then a girl of sixteen summers, but I had read the "Diary
+of an Ennuy�e," which first brought Mrs. Jameson into literary
+prominence. I read afterwards with avidity the two later volumes in
+which she gives so good an account of modern art work in Europe. In
+these she speaks with enthusiasm of certain frescoes in Munich which I
+was sorry, many years later, to be obliged to consider less beautiful
+than her description of them would have warranted one in believing. When
+I perused these works, having myself no practical knowledge of art,
+their graphic style seemed to give me clear vision of the things
+described. The beautiful Pinakothek and Glyptothek of Munich became to
+me as if I actually saw them, and when it was my good fortune to visit
+them I seemed, especially in the case of the marbles, to meet with old
+friends. Mrs. Jameson's connoisseurship was not limited to pictorial and
+sculptural art. Of music also she was passionately fond. In the book
+just spoken of she describes an evening passed with the composer Wieck
+in his German home. In this she speaks of his daughter Clara, and of her
+lover, young Schumann. Clara Wieck, afterwards Madame Schumann, became
+well known in Europe as a pianist of eminence, and of Schumann as a
+composer it needs not now to speak. There were various legends regarding
+Mrs. Jameson's private history. It was said that her husband, marrying
+her against his will, parted from her at the church door, and thereafter
+left England for Canada, where he was residing at the time of her visit.
+I first met her at an evening party at the house of a friend. I was
+invited to make some music, and sang, among other things, a brilliant
+bravura air from "Semiramide." When I would have left the piano, Mrs.
+Jameson came to me and said, "_Altra cosa_, my dear." My voice had been
+cultivated with care, and though not of great power was considered
+pleasing in quality, and was certainly very flexible. I met Mrs. Jameson
+at several other entertainments devised in her honor. She was of middle
+height, her hair red blond in color. Her face was not handsome, but
+sensitive and sympathetic in expression. The elegant dames of New York
+were somewhat scandalized at her want of taste in dress. I actually
+heard one of them say, "How like the devil she does look!"
+
+After a winter passed in Canada, Mrs. Jameson again visited New York, on
+her way to England. She called upon me one day with a friend, and asked
+to see my father's pictures. Two of these, portraits of Charles First
+and his queen, were supposed to be by Vandyke. Mrs. Jameson doubted
+this. She spoke of her intimacy with the celebrated Mrs. Somerville, and
+said, "I think of her as a dear little woman who is very fond of
+drawing." When I went to return her visit, I found her engaged in
+earnest conversation with a son of Sir James Mackintosh. When he had
+taken leave, she said to me, "Mr. Mackintosh and I were almost at
+daggers drawing." So far as I could learn, their dispute related to
+democratic forms of government, and the society therefrom resulting,
+which he viewed with favor and she with bitter dislike. I inquired about
+her winter in Canada. She replied, "As the Irishman said, I had
+everything that a pig could want." A volume from her hand appeared soon
+after this time, entitled "Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada."
+Her work on "Sacred and Legendary Art" and her "Legends of the Madonna"
+were published some years later.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+HOME LIFE: MY FATHER
+
+
+I left school at the age of sixteen, and began thereafter to study in
+good earnest. Until that time a certain over-romantic and imaginative
+turn of mind had interfered much with the progress of my studies. I
+indulged in day-dreams which appeared to me far higher in tone than the
+humdrum of my school recitations. When these were at an end, I began to
+feel the necessity of more strenuous application, and at once arranged
+for myself hours of study, relieved by the practice of vocal and
+instrumental music.
+
+At this juncture, a much esteemed friend of my father came to pass some
+months with us. This was Joseph Green Cogswell, founder and principal of
+Round Hill School, at which my three brothers had been among his pupils.
+The school, a famous one in its day, was now finally closed. Our new
+guest was an accomplished linguist, and possessed an admirable power of
+imparting knowledge. With his aid, I resumed the German studies which I
+had already begun, but in which I had made but little progress. Under
+his tuition, I soon found myself able to read with ease the masterpieces
+of Goethe and Schiller.
+
+Rev. Leonard Woods, son of a well-known pastor of that name, was a
+familiar guest at my father's house. He took some interest in my
+studies, and at length proposed that I should become a contributor to
+the "Theological Review," of which he was editor at that time. I
+undertook to furnish a review of Lamartine's "Jocelyn," which had
+recently appeared. When I had done my best with this, Dr. Cogswell went
+over the pages with me very carefully, pointing out defects of style and
+arrangement. The paper attracted a good deal of attention, and some
+comments on it gave occasion to the admonition which my dear uncle
+thought fit to administer to me, as already mentioned.
+
+The house of my young ladyhood (I use this term, as it was the one in
+use at the time of which I write) was situated at the corner of Bond
+Street and Broadway. When my father built it, the fashion of the city
+had not proceeded so far up town. The model of the house was a noble
+one. Three spacious rooms and a small study occupied the first floor.
+These were furnished with curtains of blue, yellow, and red silk. The
+red room was that in which we took our meals. The blue room was the one
+in which we received visits, and passed the evenings. The yellow room
+was thrown open only on high occasions, but my desk and grand piano were
+placed in it, and I was allowed to occupy it at will. This and the blue
+room were adorned by beautiful sculptured mantelpieces, the work of
+Thomas Crawford, afterwards known as a sculptor of great merit. Many
+years after this time he became the husband of the sister next me in
+age, and the father of F. Marion Crawford, the now celebrated novelist.
+
+Our family was patriarchal in its dimensions, including my aunt and
+uncle Francis, whose children were all born in my father's house, and
+were very dear to him. My maternal grandmother also passed much time
+with us. My two younger brothers, Henry and Marion, were at home with us
+after a term of years at Round Hill School. My eldest brother, Samuel
+(afterwards the Sam. Ward of the Lobby), a most accomplished and
+agreeable young man, had recently returned from Europe, bringing with
+him a fine library. My father, having already added to his large house a
+spacious art gallery, now built a study, whose walls were entirely
+occupied by my brother's books. I had free access to these, and did not
+neglect to profit by it.
+
+From what I have just said, it may rightly be inferred that my father
+was a man of fine tastes, inclined to generous and even lavish
+expenditure. He desired to give us the best educational opportunities,
+the best and most expensive masters. He filled his art gallery with the
+finest pictures that money could command in the New York of that day. He
+gave largely to public undertakings, was one of the founders of the New
+York University, and was one of the foremost promoters of church
+building in the then distant West. He demurred only at expenses
+connected with dress and fashionable entertainment, for he always
+disliked and distrusted the great world. My dear eldest brother held
+many arguments with him on this theme. He saw, as we did, that our
+father was disposed to ignore the value of ordinary social intercourse.
+On one occasion the dispute between them became quite animated.
+
+"Sir," said my brother, "you do not keep in view the importance of the
+social tie."
+
+"The social what?" asked my father.
+
+"The social tie, sir."
+
+"I make small account of that," said the elder gentleman.
+
+"I will die in defense of it!" impetuously rejoined the younger. My
+father was so much amused at this sally that he spoke of it to an
+intimate friend: "He will die in defense of the social tie, indeed!"
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL WARD (MRS. HOWE'S father)
+
+_From a miniature by Anne Hall._]
+
+Our way of living was simple. The table was abundant, but not with the
+richest food. For many years, as I have said, no alcoholic stimulant
+appeared on it. My father gave away by dozens the bottles of costly wine
+stored in his cellar, but neither tasted their contents nor allowed us
+to do so. He was for a great part of his life a martyr to rheumatic
+gout, and a witty friend of his once said: "Ward, it must be the poor
+man's gout that you have, as you drink only water."
+
+We breakfasted at eight in winter, at half past seven in summer. My
+father read prayers before breakfast and before bedtime. If my brothers
+lingered over the morning meal, he would come in, hatted and booted for
+the day, and would say: "Young gentlemen, I am glad that you can afford
+to take life so easily. I am old and must work for my living," a speech
+which usually broke up our morning coterie. Dinner was served at four
+o'clock, a light lunch abbreviating the fast for those at home. At half
+past seven we sat down to tea, a meal of which toast, preserves, and
+cake formed the staple. In the evening we usually sat together with
+books and needlework, often with an interlude of music. An occasional
+lecture, concert, or evening party varied this routine. My brothers went
+much into fashionable society, but my own participation in its doings
+came only after my father's death, and after the two years' mourning
+which, according to the usage of those days, followed it.
+
+My father retained the Puritan feeling with regard to Saturday evening.
+He would remark that it was not a proper evening for company, regarding
+it as a time of preparation for the exercises of the day following, the
+order of which was very strict. We were indeed indulged on Sunday
+morning with coffee and muffins at breakfast, but, besides the morning
+and afternoon services at church, we young folks were expected to attend
+the two meetings of the Sunday-school. We were supposed to read only
+Sunday books, and I must here acknowledge my indebtedness to Mrs.
+Sherwood, an English writer now almost forgotten, whose religious
+stories and romances were supposed to come under this head. In the
+evening, we sang hymns, and sometimes received a quiet visitor.
+
+My readers, if I have any, may ask whether this restricted routine
+satisfied my mind, and whether I was at all sensible of the privileges
+which I really enjoyed, or ought to have enjoyed. I must answer that,
+after my school-days, I greatly coveted an enlargement of intercourse
+with the world. I did not desire to be counted among "fashionables," but
+I did aspire to much greater freedom of association than was allowed me.
+I lived, indeed, much in my books, and my sphere of thought was a good
+deal enlarged by the foreign literatures, German, French, and Italian,
+with which I became familiar. Yet I seemed to myself like a young damsel
+of olden time, shut up within an enchanted castle. And I must say that
+my dear father, with all his noble generosity and overweening affection,
+sometimes appeared to me as my jailer.
+
+My brother's return from Europe and subsequent marriage opened the door
+a little for me. It was through his intervention that Mr. Longfellow
+first visited us, to become a valued and lasting friend. Through him in
+turn we became acquainted with Professor Felton, Charles Sumner, and Dr.
+Howe. My brother was very fond of music, of which he had heard the best
+in Paris and in Germany. He often arranged musical parties at our house,
+at which trios of Beethoven, Mozart, and Schubert were given. His wit,
+social talent, and literary taste opened a new world to me, and enabled
+me to share some of the best results of his long residence in Europe.
+
+My father's jealous care of us was by no means the result of a
+disposition tending to social exclusiveness. It proceeded, on the
+contrary, from an over-anxiety as to the moral and religious influences
+to which his children might become subjected. His ideas of propriety
+were very strict. He was, moreover, not only a strenuous Protestant, but
+also an ardent "Evangelical," or Low Churchman, holding the Calvinistic
+views which then characterized that portion of the American Episcopal
+church. I remember that he once spoke to me of the anguish he had felt
+at the death of his own father, of the orthodoxy of whose religious
+opinions he had had no sufficient assurance. My grandfather, indeed, was
+supposed, in the family, to be of a rather skeptical and philosophizing
+turn of mind. He fell a victim to the first visitation of the cholera in
+1832.
+
+Despite a certain austerity of character, my father was much beloved and
+honored in the business world. He did much to give to the firm of Prime,
+Ward and King the high position which it attained and retained during
+his lifetime. He told me once that when he first entered the office, he
+found it, like many others, a place where gossip circulated freely. He
+determined to put an end to this, and did so. Among the foreign
+correspondents of his firm were the Barings of London, and Hottinguer et
+Cie. of Paris.
+
+In the great financial troubles which followed Andrew Jackson's refusal
+to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States, several States
+became bankrupt, and repudiated the obligations incurred by their bonds,
+to the great indignation of business people in both hemispheres. The
+State of New York was at one time on the verge of pursuing this course,
+which my father strenuously opposed. He called meeting after meeting,
+and was unwearied in his efforts to induce the financiers of the State
+to hold out. When this appeared well-nigh impossible, he undertook that
+his firm should negotiate with English correspondents a loan to carry
+the State over the period of doubt and difficulty. This he was able to
+effect. My eldest brother came home one day and said to me:--
+
+"As I walked up from Wall Street to-day, I saw a dray loaded with kegs
+on which were inscribed the letters, 'P. W. & K.' Those kegs contained
+the gold just sent to the firm from England to help our State through
+this crisis."
+
+My father once gave me some account of his early experiences in Wall
+Street. He had been sent, almost a boy, to New York, to try his fortune.
+His connection with Block Island families through his grandmother,
+Catharine Ray Greene, had probably aided in securing for him a clerk's
+place in the banking house of Prime and Sands, afterwards Prime, Ward
+and King. He soon ascertained that the Spanish dollars brought to the
+port by foreign trading vessels could be sold in Wall Street at a
+profit. He accordingly employed his leisure hours in the purchase of
+these coins, which he carried to Wall Street and there sold. This was
+the beginning of his fortune.
+
+A work published a score or more of years since, entitled "The Merchant
+Princes of Wall Street," concluded some account of my father by the
+statement that he died without fortune. This was far from true. His
+death came indeed at a very critical moment, when, having made extensive
+investments in real estate, his skill was requisite to carry this
+extremely valuable property over a time of great financial disturbance.
+His brother, our uncle, who became the guardian of our interests, was
+familiar with the stock market, but little versed in real estate
+transactions. By untimely sales, much of my father's valuable estate was
+scattered; yet it gave to each of his six children a fair inheritance
+for that time; for the millionaire fever did not break out until long
+afterwards.
+
+The death of this dear and noble parent took place when I was a little
+more than twenty years of age. Six months later I attained the period of
+legal responsibility, but before this a new sense of the import of life
+had begun to alter the current of my thoughts. With my father's death
+came to me a sense of my want of appreciation of his great kindness, and
+of my ingratitude for the many comforts and advantages which his
+affection had secured to me. He had given me the most delightful home,
+the most careful training, the best masters and books. He had even, as I
+have said, built a picture gallery for my especial instruction and
+enjoyment. All this I had taken, as a matter of course, and as my
+natural right. He had done his best to keep me out of frivolous society,
+and had been extremely strict about the visits of young men to the
+house. Once, when I expostulated with him upon these points, he told me
+that he had early recognized in me a temperament and imagination
+over-sensitive to impressions from without, and that his wish had been
+to guard me from exciting influences until I should appear to him fully
+able to guard and guide myself. It was hardly to be expected that a girl
+in her teens, or just out of them, should acquiesce in this restrictive
+guardianship, tender and benevolent as was its intention. My little acts
+of rebellion were met with some severity, but I now recall my father's
+admonitions as
+
+  "Soft rebukes with blessings ended."
+
+I cannot, even now, bear to dwell upon the desolate hush which fell upon
+our house when its stately head lay, silent and cold, in the midst of
+weeping friends and children. Six of us were made orphans, three sons
+and three daughters. We had had our little disagreements and
+dissensions, but the blow which now fell upon us drew us together with
+the bond of a common sorrow. My eldest brother had recently gone to
+reside in a house of his own. The second one, Henry by name, became at
+this time my great intimate. He was a high-strung youth, very chivalrous
+in disposition, full of fun and humor, but with a deep vein of thought.
+He was already betrothed to one whom I held dear, and I looked forward
+to many years brightened by his happiness, but alas! an attack of
+typhoid fever took him from us in the bloom of his youth. I was with him
+day and night during his illness, and when he closed his eyes, I would
+gladly, oh, so gladly, have died with him! The great anguish of this
+loss told heavily upon me, and I remember the time as one without light
+or comfort. I sought these indeed. A great religious revival was going
+on in New York, and a zealous young friend persuaded me to attend some
+of the meetings held in a neighboring church. I had never taken very
+seriously the doctrines of the religious body in which I had been
+reared. They now came home to me with terrible force, and a season of
+depression and melancholy followed, during which I remained in a measure
+cut off from the wholesome influences which reconcile us to life, even
+when it must be embittered by a sense of irreparable loss.
+
+At the time of my father's death, my dear bachelor uncle John, already
+mentioned, left his own house and came to live with us. When our
+paternal mansion was sold, some years later, he removed with us to the
+house of my eldest brother, who was already a widower. After my marriage
+my uncle again occupied a house of his own, in which for many years he
+made us all at home, even with our later incumbrances of children and
+nurses. He was, in short, the best and kindest of uncles. In business he
+was more adventurous than his rather deliberate manner would have led
+one to suppose. It was said that, in the course of his life, he had made
+and lost several fortunes. In the end he left a very fair estate, which
+was divided among the several sets of his nieces and nephews.
+
+Long before this he had become one of the worthies of Wall Street, and
+was universally spoken of as "Uncle John." Shortly after his retirement
+from active business, the Board of Brokers of New York requested him to
+sit to A. H. Wenzler for a portrait, to be hung in their place of
+meeting. The portrait was executed with entire success. I ought to
+mention in this connection that the directors of the New York Bank of
+Commerce, of which my father was the founder and first president,
+ordered a portrait of him from the well-known artist, Huntington.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+MY STUDIES
+
+
+As a love of study has been a leading influence in my life, I will here
+employ a little time, at the risk of some repetition, in tracing the way
+in which my thoughts had mostly tended up to the period when, after two
+years of deep depression, I suddenly turned to practical life with an
+eager desire to profit by its opportunities.
+
+From early days my dear mother noticed in me an introspective tendency,
+which led her to complain that when I went with her to friends' houses I
+appeared dreamy and little concerned with what was going on around me.
+My early education, received at home, interested me more than most of my
+school work. While one person devoted time and attention to me, I repaid
+the effort to my best ability. In the classes of my school-days, the
+contact between teacher and pupil was less immediate. I shall always
+remember with pleasure Mrs. B.'s "Conversations" on Chemistry, which I
+studied with great pleasure, albeit that I never saw one of the
+experiments therein described. I remember that Paley's "Evidences of
+Christianity" interested me more than his "Philosophy," and that Blair's
+"Rhetoric," with its many quotations from the poets, was a delight to
+me. As I have before said, I was not inapt at algebra and geometry, but
+was too indolent to acquire any mastery in mathematics. The French
+language was somehow _burnt_ into my mind by a cruel French teacher, who
+made my lessons as unpleasant as possible. My fear of him was so great
+that I really exerted myself seriously to meet his requirements. I have
+profited in later life by his severity, having been able not only to
+speak French fluently but also to write it with ease.
+
+I was fourteen years of age when I besought my father to allow me to
+have some lessons in Italian. These were given me by Professor Lorenzo
+Da Ponte, son of the veteran of whom I have already spoken. With him I
+read the dramas of Metastasio and of Alfieri.
+
+Through all these years there went with me the vision of some great work
+or works which I myself should give to the world. I should write the
+novel or play of the age. This, I need not say, I never did. I made
+indeed some progress in a drama founded upon Scott's novel of
+"Kenilworth," but presently relinquished this to begin a play suggested
+by Gibbon's account of the fall of Constantinople. Such successes as I
+did manage to achieve were in quite a different line, that of lyric
+poetry. A beloved music-master, Daniel Schlesinger, falling ill and
+dying, I attended his funeral and wrote some stanzas descriptive of the
+scene, which were printed in various papers, attracting some notice. I
+set them to music of my own, and sang them often, to the accompaniment
+of a guitar.
+
+Although the reading of Byron was sparingly conceded to us, and that of
+Shelley forbidden, the morbid discontent which characterized these poets
+made itself felt in our community as well as in England. Here, as
+elsewhere, it brought into fashion a certain romantic melancholy. It is
+true that at school we read Cowper's "Task," and did our parsing on
+Milton's "Paradise Lost," but what were these in comparison with:--
+
+  "The cold in clime are cold in blood,"
+
+or:--
+
+  "I loved her, Father, nay, adored."
+
+After my brother's return from Europe, I read such works of George Sand
+and Balzac as he would allow me to choose from his library. Of the two
+writers, George Sand appeared to me by far the superior, though I then
+knew of her works only "Les Sept Cordes de la Lyre," "Spiridion,"
+"Jacques," and "Andr�." It was at least ten years after this time that
+"Consuelo" revealed to the world the real George Sand, and thereby made
+her peace with the society which she had defied and scandalized. Of my
+German studies I have already made mention. I began them with a class of
+ladies under the tuition of Dr. Nordheimer. But it was with the later
+aid of Dr. Cogswell that I really mastered the difficulties of the
+language. It was while I was thus engaged that my eldest brother
+returned from Germany. In conversing with him, I acquired the use of
+colloquial German. Having, as I have said, the command of his fine
+library, I was soon deep in Goethe's "Faust" and "Wilhelm Meister,"
+reading also the works of Jean Paul, Matthias Claudius, and Herder.
+
+Thus was a new influence introduced into the life of one who had been
+brought up after the strictest rule of New England Puritanism. I derived
+from these studies a sense of intellectual freedom so new to me that it
+was half delightful, half alarming. My father undertook one day to read
+an English translation of "Faust." He presently came to me and said,--
+
+"My daughter, I hope that you have not read this wicked book!"
+
+I must say, even after an interval of sixty years, that I do not
+consider "Wilhelm Meister" altogether good reading for the youth of our
+country. Its great author introduces into his recital scenes and
+personages calculated to awaken strange discords in a mind ignorant of
+any greater wrong than the small sins of a well-ordered household.
+Although disapproving greatly of Goethe, my father took a certain pride
+in my literary accomplishments, and was much pleased, I think, at the
+commendation which followed some of my early efforts. One of these, a
+brief essay on the minor poems of Goethe and Schiller, was published in
+the "New York Review," perhaps in 1848, and was spoken of in the "North
+American" of that time as "a charming paper, said to have been written
+by a lady."
+
+I have already said that a vision of some important literary work which
+I should accomplish was present with me in my early life, and had much
+to do with habits of study acquired by me in youth, and never wholly
+relinquished. At this late day, I find it difficult to account for a
+sense of literary responsibility which never left me, and which I must
+consider to have formed a part of my spiritual make-up. My earliest
+efforts in prose, two review articles, were probably more remarked at
+the time of their publication than their merit would have warranted. But
+women writers were by no means as numerous sixty years ago as they are
+to-day. Neither was it possible for a girl student in those days to find
+that help and guidance toward a literary career which may easily be
+commanded to-day.
+
+The death, within one year, of my father and most dearly loved brother
+touched within me a deeper train of thought than I had yet known. The
+anguish which I then experienced sought relief in expression, and took
+form in a small collection of poems, which Margaret Fuller urged me to
+publish, but which have never seen the light, and never will.
+
+Among the friends who frequented my father's house was the Rev. Francis
+L. Hawkes, long the pastor of a very prominent and fashionable Episcopal
+church in New York. I remember that on one occasion he began to abuse my
+Germans in good earnest for their irreligion and infidelity, of which I,
+indeed, knew nothing. I inquired whether he had read any of the authors
+whom he so unsparingly condemned. He was forced to confess that he had
+not, but presently turned upon me, quite indignant that I should have
+asked such a question. I recall another occasion on which the
+anti-slavery agitation was spoken of. Dr. Hawkes condemned it very
+severely, and said: "If I could get hold of one of those men who are
+trying to stir up the slaves of the South to cut their masters' throats,
+I would hang him to that lamp-post." An uncle of mine who was present
+said: "Doctor, I honor you!" but I felt much offended at the doctor's
+violence. With these exceptions his society was a welcome addition to
+our family circle. He was a man of genial temperament and commanding
+character, widely read in English literature, and esteemed very eloquent
+as a preacher.
+
+I remember moments in which the enlargement of my horizon of thought and
+of faith became strongly sensible to me, in the quiet of my reading, in
+my own room. A certain essay in the "Wandsbecker Bote" of Matthias
+Claudius ends thus: "And is he not also the God of the Japanese?"
+Foolish as it may appear, it had never struck me before that the God
+whom I had been taught to worship was the God of any peoples outside the
+limits of Judaism and Christendom. The suggestion shocked me at first,
+but, later on, gave me much satisfaction. Another such moment I recall
+when, having carefully read "Paradise Lost" to the very end, I saw
+presented before me the picture of an eternal evil, of Satan and his
+ministers subjugated indeed by God, but not conquered, and able to
+maintain against Him an opposition as eternal as his goodness. This
+appeared to me impossible, and I threw away, once and forever, the
+thought of the terrible hell which till then had always formed part of
+my belief. In its place, I cherished the persuasion that the victory of
+goodness must consist in making everything good, and that Satan himself
+could have no shield strong enough to resist permanently the divine
+power of the divine spirit.
+
+This was a great emancipation for me, and I soon welcomed with joy every
+evidence in literature which tended to show that religion has never been
+confined to the experience of a particular race or nation, but has shown
+itself at all times, and under every variety of form, as a seeking for
+the divine and a reverence for the things unseen.
+
+So much for study!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+SAMUEL WARD AND THE ASTORS
+
+
+My first peep at the great world in grown-up days was at a dinner party
+given by a daughter of General Armstrong, married to the eldest son of
+the first John Jacob Astor. Mrs. Astor was a person of very elegant
+taste. She had received a part of her education in Paris, at the time
+when her father represented our government at the Court of France. Her
+notions of propriety in dress were very strict. According to these,
+jewels were not to be worn in the daytime. Glaring colors and striking
+contrasts were to be avoided. Much that is in favor to-day would have
+been ruled out by her as inadmissible. At the dinner of which I speak
+the ladies were in evening dress, which in those days did not transcend
+modest limits. One very pretty married lady wore a white turban, which
+was much admired. Another lady was adorned with a coronet of fine stone
+cameos,--which has recently been presented to the Boston Art Museum by a
+surviving member of her family.
+
+My head was dressed for this occasion by Martel, a dainty half Spanish
+or French octoroon, endowed with exquisite taste, a ready wit, and a
+saucy tongue. He was the Figaro of the time, and his droll sayings were
+often quoted among his lady customers. The hair was then worn low at the
+back of the head, woven into elaborate braids and darkened with French
+_pomade_, while an ornament called a _f�roni�re_ was usually worn upon
+the forehead or just above it. This was sometimes a string of pearls
+with a diamond star in the middle, oftener a gold chain or band
+ornamented with a jewel. The fashion, while it prevailed, was so general
+that evening dress was scarcely considered complete without it.
+
+Not long after the dinner party just mentioned, my eldest brother
+married the eldest daughter of the Astor family. I officiated at the
+wedding as first bridesmaid, a sister of the bride and one of my own
+completing the number. The bride wore a dress of rich white silk, and
+was coiffed with a scarf of some precious lace, in lieu of a veil. On
+her forehead shone a diamond star, the gift of her grandfather, Mr. John
+Jacob Astor. The bridesmaids' dresses were of white _moire_, then a
+material of the newest fashion. I had begged my father to give me a
+_f�roni�re_ for this occasion, and he had presented me with a very
+pretty string of pearls, having a pearl pansy and drop in the centre.
+This fashion, I afterwards learned, was very ill suited to the contour
+of my face. At the time, however, I had the comfort of supposing that I
+looked uncommonly well. The ceremony took place in the evening at the
+house of the bride's parents. A very elaborate supper was afterwards
+served, at which the first groomsman proposed the health of the bride
+and groom, which was drunk without response. A wedding journey was not a
+_sine qua non_ in those days, but a wedding reception was usual. In this
+instance it took the form of a brilliant ball, every guest being in turn
+presented to the bride. On the floor of the ball-room a floral design
+had been traced in colored chalks. The evening was at its height when my
+father gravely admonished me that it was time to go home. Paternal
+authority was without appeal in those days.
+
+In my character of bridesmaid, I was allowed to attend one or two of the
+entertainments given in honor of this marriage. The gayeties of New York
+were then limited to balls, dinners, and evening parties. The afternoon
+tea was not invented until a much later period. One or two extra
+_�l�gantes_ received on stated afternoons. My dear uncle John, taking up
+a card left for me, with the inscription, "Mrs. S. at home on Thursday
+afternoon," remarked, "At home on Thursday afternoon? I am glad to learn
+that she is so domestic." This lady, who was a leading personage in the
+social world, used also to receive privileged friends on one evening in
+the week, giving only a cup of chocolate and some cakes or biscuits.
+
+My eldest brother, Samuel Ward, the fourth of the same name, has been so
+well known, both in public and in private life, that my reminiscences
+would not be complete without some special characterization of him. In
+my childhood he was my ideal and my idol. A handsome youth, quick of wit
+and tender of heart, brilliant in promise, and with a great and
+versatile power of work in him, I doubt whether Round Hill School ever
+turned out a more remarkable pupil.
+
+From Round Hill my brother passed to Columbia College, graduating
+therefrom after a four years' course. His mathematical attainments were
+considered remarkable, and my father, desiring to give him the best
+opportunity of extending his studies, sent him to Europe before he had
+attained his majority, with a letter of credit whose amount the banker,
+Hottinguer, thought it best not to impart to the young student, so much
+did he consider it beyond his needs.
+
+My brother's career in Europe, where he spent some years at this time,
+was not altogether in accordance with the promise of his early devotion
+to mathematical science. He saw much of German student life, and studied
+enough to obtain a degree from the University of T�bingen. Before his
+departure from America he had written two articles for the "North
+American Review." One of these was on Locke's "Essay on the Human
+Understanding," the other on Euler's works. In Paris, he became the
+intimate friend of the famous critic, Jules Janin, and made acquaintance
+with other literary men of the time. He returned to America in 1835,
+speaking French like a Parisian and German as fluently as if that had
+been his native language. He had purchased a great part of the
+scientific library of La Grange, and an admirable collection of French
+and German works. At this period, he desired to make literature, rather
+than science, the leading pursuit of his life. He devoted much time to
+the composition of a work descriptive of Paris. He wrote many chapters
+of this in French, and I was proud to be allowed to render them into
+English. He brought into the Puritanic limits of our family circle a
+flavor of European life and culture which greatly delighted me.
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL WARD JR. _From a painting by Baron Vogel._]
+
+My brother had spent a great deal of money while in Europe, and my
+father, who had done so much for him, began to think it time that this
+darling of fortune should take steps to earn his own support. The
+easiest way for him to accomplish this was to accept a post in the
+banking house of Prime, Ward and King, with the prospect of partnership
+later. He decided, with some reluctance, to pursue this course. His
+first day's performance at the office was so faulty that my father, on
+reviewing it, exclaimed, "You will play the very devil with the
+check-book, sir, if you use it in this way." He, however, applied
+himself diligently to his office work, and soon mastered its
+difficulties, but without developing a taste for business pursuits.
+Literature was still his ruling passion, and he devoted such leisure as
+he could command to study and to the composition of several lectures,
+which he delivered with some success.
+
+I have already spoken of his marriage with a daughter of Mr. William B.
+Astor. This union, a very happy one, was not of long duration. After a
+few years of married life, he was left a widower, with a daughter still
+in infancy, who became the especial charge and darling of my sister
+Louisa.
+
+After an interval of some years, my brother married Miss Grimes of New
+Orleans, a lady of uncommon beauty and talent. In the mean time we had
+to mourn the death of our beloved father, whose sober judgment and
+strong will had exercised a most salutary influence upon my brother's
+sanguine temperament. He now became anxious to increase his income; and
+this anxiety led him to embark in various speculations, which were not
+always fortunate. He left the firm of Prime, Ward and King, and was one
+of the first who went to California after its cession to the United
+States.
+
+The Indians were then in near proximity to San Francisco, and Uncle Sam,
+as he came to be called, went much among them, and became so well versed
+in their diverse dialects as to be able to act as interpreter between
+tribes unacquainted with each other's forms of speech. He once wrote out
+and sent me some tenses of an Indian verb which had impressed him with
+its resemblance to corresponding parts of the Greek language. I showed
+this to Theodore Parker, who considered it remarkable, and at once
+caused my brother to be elected as a member of some learned association
+devoted to philological research.
+
+An anecdote of his experience with the Indians may be briefly narrated
+here. He had been passing some time at a mining camp in the neighborhood
+of an Indian settlement, and had entered into friendly relations with
+the principal chief of the tribe. Thinking that a trip to San Francisco
+would greatly amuse this noble savage, he with some difficulty persuaded
+the elders of the tribe to allow their leader to accompany him to the
+city, where they had no sooner landed than the chief slipped out of
+sight and could not be found. Several days passed without any news of
+him, although advertisements were soon posted and a liberal reward
+offered to any one who should discover his whereabouts. My brother and
+his party were finally obliged to return to camp without him. This they
+did very unwillingly, knowing that the chief's prolonged absence would
+arouse the suspicions of his followers that he had met with
+ill-treatment.
+
+And so indeed it proved. Soon after their arrival at the settlement they
+were told that the Indians were becoming much excited, and that a
+council and war-dance were in preparation. The whites, a handful of men,
+armed themselves, and were preparing to sell their lives dearly, when
+suddenly the chief himself appeared among them. The Indians were
+pacified and the whites were overjoyed. The fugitive gave the following
+explanation of his strange conduct. He had been much alarmed by the
+noises heard on board the steamer, which he seemed to have mistaken for
+a living creature. "He must be sick, he groans so!" was his expression.
+Resolving that he would not return by that means of conveyance, he had
+found for himself a hiding-place on a hill commanding a view of the
+harbor. From this height of vantage he was able to observe the movements
+of the party which had brought him to the city. When he saw the men
+re�mbark on the steamer, he felt himself secure from recapture, and
+managed to steal a horse and to find his way back to his own people. If
+his misunderstanding of the nature of the boat should seem improbable,
+we must remember the Highlander who picked up a watch on some
+battlefield, and the next day sold it for a trifle, averring that "the
+creature had died in the night."
+
+During the period of the civil war, my brother resided in Washington,
+where his social gifts were highly valued. His sympathies were with the
+Democratic party, but his friendships went far beyond the limits of
+partisanship. He had an unusual power of reconciling people who were at
+variance with each other, and the dinners at which he presided furnished
+occasions to bring face to face political opponents accustomed to avoid
+each other, but unable to resist the _bonhomie_ which sought to make
+them better friends. He became known as King of the Lobby, but much more
+as the prince of entertainers. Although careful in his diet, he was well
+versed in gastronomics, and his menus were wholly original and
+excellent. He had friendly relations with the diplomats who were
+prominent in the society of the capital. Lord Rosebery and the Duke of
+Devonshire were among his friends, as were also the late Senator Bayard
+and President Garfield.
+
+Quite late in life, he enjoyed a turn of good fortune, and was most
+generous in his use of the wealth suddenly acquired, and alas! as
+suddenly lost. His last visit to Europe was in 1882-83, when, after
+passing some months with Lord and Lady Rosebery, he proceeded to Rome to
+finish the winter with our sister, Mrs. Terry. In his travels he had
+contracted a fatal disease, and his checkered and brilliant career came
+to an end at Pegli, near Genoa, in the spring of 1884. Of his oft
+contemplated literary work there remains a volume of poems entitled
+"Literary Recreations." The poet Longfellow, my brother's lifelong
+friend and intimate, esteemed these productions of his as true poetry,
+and more than once said to me of their author, "He is the most lovable
+man that I have ever known." I certainly never knew one who took so much
+delight in giving pleasure to others, or whose life was so full of
+natural, overflowing geniality and beneficence.
+
+Shortly after his first marriage my brother and his bride came to reside
+with us. In their company I often visited the Astor mansion, which was
+made delightful by good taste, good manners, and hospitable
+entertainment.
+
+Mr. William B. Astor, the head of the family, was a rather shy and
+silent man. He had received the best education that a German university
+could offer. The Chevalier Bunsen had been his tutor, and Schopenhauer,
+then a student at the same university, had been his friend. He had a
+love for letters, and might perhaps have followed this natural leading
+to advantage, had he not become his father's man of business, and thus
+been forced to devote much of his life to the management of the great
+Astor estate. At the time of which I speak, he resided on the
+unfashionable side of Broadway, not far below Canal Street.
+
+At this time I was often invited to the house of his father, Mr. John
+Jacob Astor. This house, which the old gentleman had built for himself,
+was situated on Broadway, between Prince and Spring streets. Adjoining
+it was one which he had built for a favorite granddaughter, Mrs. Boreel.
+He was very fond of music, and sometimes engaged the services of a
+professional pianist. I remember that he was much pleased at
+recognizing, one evening, the strains of a brilliant waltz, of which he
+said: "I heard it at a fair in Switzerland years ago. The Swiss women
+were whirling round in their red petticoats." On another occasion, we
+sang the well-known song, "Am Rhein;" and Mr. Astor, who was very stout
+and infirm of person, rose and stood beside the piano, joining with the
+singers. "Am Rhein, am Rhein, da wachset s�sses Leben," he sang, instead
+of "Da wachsen unsere Reben."
+
+My sister-in-law, Emily Astor Ward, was endowed with a voice whose
+unusual power and beauty had been enhanced by careful training. We
+sometimes sang together or separately at old Mr. Astor's musical
+parties, and at one of these he said to us, as we stood together: "You
+are my singing birds." Of our two _r�pertoires_, mine was the most
+varied, as it included French and German songs, while she sang mostly
+operatic music. The rich volume of her voice, however, carried her
+hearers quite away. Her figure and carriage were fine, and in her
+countenance beauty of expression lent a great charm to features which in
+themselves were not handsome.
+
+Although the elder Astor had led a life mainly devoted to business
+interests, he had great pleasure in the society of literary men.
+Fitz-Greene Halleck and Washington Irving were familiar visitors at his
+house, and he conceived so great a regard for Dr. Joseph Green Cogswell
+as to insist upon his becoming an inmate of his family. He finally went
+to reside with Mr. Astor, attracted partly by the latter's promise to
+endow a public library in the city of New York. This was accomplished
+after some delay, and the doctor was for many years director of the
+Astor Library.
+
+He used to relate some humorous anecdotes of excursions which he made
+with Mr. Astor. In the course of one of these, the two gentlemen took
+supper together at a hotel recently opened. Mr. Astor remarked: "This
+man will never succeed."
+
+"Why not?" inquired the other.
+
+"Don't you see what large lumps of sugar he puts in the sugar bowl?"
+
+Once, as they were walking slowly to a pilot-boat which the old
+gentleman had chartered for a trip down the harbor, Dr. Cogswell said:
+"Mr. Astor, I have just been calculating that this boat costs you
+twenty-five cents a minute." Mr. Astor at once hastened his pace,
+reluctant to waste so much money.
+
+In his own country Mr. Astor had been a member of the German Lutheran
+Church. He once mentioned this fact to a clergyman who called upon him
+in the interest of some charity. The visitor congratulated Mr. Astor
+upon the increased ability to do good, which his great fortune gave him.
+"Ah!" said Mr. Astor, "the disposition to do good does not always
+increase with the means." In the last years of his life he was afflicted
+with insomnia. Dr. Cogswell often sat with him through a great part of
+the night, the coachman, William, being also in attendance. In these
+sleepless nights, his mind appeared to be much exercised with regard to
+a future state. On one of these occasions, when Dr. Cogswell had done
+his best to expound the theme of immortality, Mr. Astor suddenly said to
+his servant: "William, where do you expect to go when you die?" The man
+replied: "Why, sir, I always expected to go where the other people
+went."
+
+Young as my native city was in my youth, it still retained some fossils
+of an earlier period. Conspicuous among these were two sisters, of whom
+the elder had been a recognized beauty and belle at the time of the War
+of Independence.
+
+Miss Charlotte White was what was called "a character" in those days.
+She was tall and of commanding figure, attired after an ancient fashion,
+but with great care. I remember her calling upon my aunt one morning, in
+company with a lady friend much inclined to _embonpoint_. The lady's
+name was Euphemia, and Miss White addressed her thus: "Feme, thou female
+Falstaff." She took some notice of me, and began to talk of the gayeties
+of her youth, and especially of a ball given at Newport during the war,
+at which she had received especial attention.
+
+On returning the visit we found the sisters in the quaintest little
+sitting-room imaginable, the floor covered with a green Brussels carpet,
+woven in one piece, with a medallion of flowers in the centre, evidently
+manufactured to order. The furniture was of enameled white wood. We were
+entertained with cake and wine.
+
+The younger of the sisters was much afraid of lightning, and had devised
+a curious little refuge to which she always betook herself when a
+thunderstorm appeared imminent. This was a wooden platform standing on
+glass feet, with a seat and a silken canopy, which the good lady drew
+closely around her, remaining thus enveloped until the dreaded danger
+was past.
+
+My father sometimes endeavored to overcome my fear of lightning by
+taking me up to the cupola of our house, and bidding me admire the
+beauty of the storm. Wishing to impress upon me the absurdity of giving
+way to fear, he told me of a lady whom he had known in his youth who,
+being overtaken by a thunderstorm at a place of public resort, so lost
+her head that she seized the wig of a gentleman standing near her, and
+waved it wildly in the air, to his great wrath and discomfiture. I am
+sorry to say that this dreadful warning provoked my laughter, but did
+not increase my courage.
+
+The years of mourning for my father and beloved brother being at an end,
+and the sister next to me being now of an age to make her d�but in
+society, I began with her a season of visiting, dancing, and so on. My
+sister was very handsome, and we were both welcome guests at fashionable
+entertainments.
+
+I was passionately fond of music, and scarcely less so of dancing, and
+the history of the next two winters would, if written, chronicle a
+series of balls, concerts, and dinners.
+
+I did not, even in these years of social routine, abandon either my
+studies or my hope of contributing to the literature of my generation.
+Hours were not then unreasonably late. Dancing parties usually broke up
+soon after one o'clock, and left me fresh enough to enjoy the next day's
+study.
+
+We saw many literary people and some of the scientists with whom my
+brother had become acquainted while in Europe. Among the first was John
+L. O'Sullivan, the accomplished editor of the "Democratic Review." When
+the poet Dana visited our city, he always called upon us, and we
+sometimes had the pleasure of seeing with him his intimate friend,
+William Cullen Bryant, who very rarely appeared in general society.
+
+Among our scientific guests I especially remember an English gentleman
+who was in those days a distinguished mathematician, and who has since
+become very eminent. He was of the Hebrew race, and had fallen violently
+in love with a beautiful Jewish heiress, well known in New York. His
+wooing was not fortunate, and the extravagance of his indignation at its
+result was both pathetic and laughable. He once confided to me his
+intention of paying his addresses to the lady's young niece. "And Miss
+---- shall become our Aunt Hannah!" he said, with extreme bitterness.
+
+I exhorted him to calm himself by devotion to his scientific pursuits,
+but he replied: "Something better than mathematics has waked up here!"
+pointing to his heart. He wrote many verses, which he read aloud to our
+sympathizing circle. I recall from one of these a distich of some merit.
+Speaking of his fancied wrongs, and warning his fair antagonist to
+beware of the revenge which he might take, he wrote:--
+
+  "Wine gushes from the trampled grape,
+  Iron's branded into steel."
+
+In the end he returned to the science which had been his first love, and
+which rewarded his devotion with a wide reputation.
+
+These years glided by with fairy-like swiftness. They were passed by my
+sisters and myself under my brother's roof, where the beloved uncle also
+made his home with us so long as we remained together.
+
+I have dwelt a good deal on the circumstances and surroundings of my
+early life in my native city. If this state of things here described had
+continued, I should probably have remained a frequenter of fashionable
+society, a musical amateur, and a _dilettante_ in literature.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+MARRIAGE: TOUR IN EUROPE
+
+
+Quite other experiences were in store for me. I chanced to pass the
+summer of 1841 at a cottage in the neighborhood of Boston, with my
+sisters and a young friend much endeared to us as the betrothed of the
+dearly loved brother Henry, whose recent death had greatly grieved us.
+
+Longfellow and Sumner often visited us in our retirement. The latter
+once made mention of Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe's wonderful achievement in
+the case of Laura Bridgman, the first blind deaf mute who had ever been
+taught the use of language. He also brought us some of the reports which
+gave an account of the progress of her education. It was proposed that
+we should drive over to the Perkins Institution on a given day. Mr.
+Longfellow came for me in a buggy, while Mr. Sumner conducted my two
+sisters and our friend.
+
+We found Laura, then a child of ten years, seated at her little desk,
+and beside her another girl of the same age, also a blind deaf mute. The
+name of this last was Lucy Reed, and we learned that, until brought to
+the Institution, she had been accustomed to cover her head and face with
+a cotton bag of her own manufacture. Her complexion was very delicate
+and her countenance altogether pleasing. While the two children were
+holding converse through the medium of the finger alphabet, Lucy's face
+was suddenly lit up by a smile so beautiful as to call forth from us an
+involuntary exclamation. Unfortunately, this young girl was soon taken
+away by her parents, and I have never had any further knowledge
+concerning her.
+
+Dr. Howe was absent when we arrived at the Institution, but before we
+took leave of it, Mr. Sumner, looking out of a window, said, "Oh! here
+comes Howe on his black horse." I looked out also, and beheld a noble
+rider on a noble steed. The doctor dismounted, and presently came to
+make our acquaintance. One of our party proposed to give Laura some
+trinket which she wore, but Dr. Howe forbade this rather sternly. He
+made upon us an impression of unusual force and reserve. Only when I was
+seated beside Longfellow for the homeward drive, he mischievously
+remarked, "Longfellow, I see that your horse has been down," at which
+the poet seemed a little discomfited.
+
+Mr. Sanborn, in the preface to his biography of Dr. Howe, says:--
+
+"It has fallen to my lot to know, both in youth and in age, several of
+the most romantic characters of our century; and among them one of the
+most romantic was certainly the hero of these pages. That he was indeed
+a hero, the events of his life sufficiently declare."
+
+This writer, in his interesting memoir, often quotes passages from one
+prepared by myself shortly after my husband's death. In executing this
+work, I was forced to keep within certain limits, as my volume was
+primarily intended for the use of the blind, a circumstance which
+necessitated the printing of it in raised letters. As this process is
+expensive, and its results very cumbersome, economy of space becomes an
+important condition in its execution.
+
+Mr. Sanborn, not having suffered this limitation, and having had many
+documents at his disposal, has been able to add much interesting matter
+to what I was only able to give in outline. An even fuller biography
+than his will be published ere many years, by our children, but the best
+record of the great philanthropist's life remains in the new influences
+which he brought to bear on the community. Traces of these may be found
+in the improved condition of the several classes of unfortunates whose
+interests he espoused and vindicated, often to the great indignation of
+parties less enlightened. He himself had, what he was glad to recognize
+in Wendell Phillips, a prophetic quality of mind. His sanguine
+temperament, his knowledge of principles and reliance upon them,
+combined to lead him in advance of his own time. Experts in reforms and
+in charities acknowledge the indebtedness of both to his unremitting
+labors. What the general public should most prize and hold fast is the
+conviction, so clearly expressed by him, that humanity has a claim to be
+honored and aided, even where its traits appear most abnormal and
+degraded. He demanded for the blind an education which would render them
+self-supporting; for the idiot, the training of his poor and maimed
+capabilities; for the insane and the criminal, the watchful and
+redemptive tutelage of society. In the world as he would have had it,
+there should have been neither paupers nor outcasts. He did all that one
+man could do to advance the coming of this millennial consummation.
+
+My husband, Dr. Howe, was my senior by nearly a score of years. If I
+mention this discrepancy in our ages, it is that I may acknowledge in
+him the superiority of experience which so many years of the most noble
+activity had naturally given him. My own true life had been that of a
+student and of a dreamer. Dr. Howe had read and thought much, but he had
+also acquired the practical knowledge which is rarely attained in the
+closet or at the desk. His career from the outset had been characterized
+by energy and perseverance. In his college days, this energy had found
+much of its vent in undertakings of boyish mischief. When he came to
+man's estate, a new inspiration took possession of him. The devotion to
+ideas and principles, the zeal for the rights of others which go to make
+up the men of public spirit--those leading traits now appeared in him,
+and at once gave him a place among the champions of human freedom.
+
+The love of adventure and the example of Lord Byron had, no doubt, some
+part in his determination to cast in his lot with the Greeks in the
+memorable struggle which restored to them their national life. But the
+solidity and value of the services which he rendered to that oppressed
+people showed in time that he was endowed, not only with the generous
+impulses of youth, but with the forethought of mature manhood.
+
+After some years of gallant service, in which he shared all the
+privations of the little army, accustoming himself to the bivouac by
+night, to hunger, hard fare, and constant fighting by day, he became
+convinced that the Greeks were in danger of being reduced to submission
+by absolute starvation. All the able-bodied men of the nation were in
+the field. The Turks had devastated the land, and there were no hands to
+till it. He therefore returned to America, and there preached so
+effectual a crusade in behalf of the Greeks that a considerable sum of
+money was contributed for their relief. These funds were expended by Dr.
+Howe in shiploads of clothing and provisions, of which he himself
+superintended the distribution, thus enabling the Greeks to hold out
+until a sudden turn in political affairs induced the diplomacy of
+western Europe to espouse their cause.
+
+When the liberation of Greece had become an assured fact, Dr. Howe
+returned to America to find and take up his life-work. The education of
+the blind presented a worthy field for his tireless activity. He
+founded, built up, and directed the first institution for their benefit
+known in this country. This was a work of great difficulty, and one for
+which the means at hand appeared utterly inadequate. Beginning with the
+training of three little blind children in his father's house, he
+succeeded so well in enlisting the sympathies of the public in behalf of
+the class which they represented that funds soon flowed in from various
+sources. The present well-known institution, with its flourishing
+workshop, printing establishment, and other dependencies, stands to
+attest his work, and the support given to it by the community.
+
+A new lustre was added to his name by the wonderful series of
+experiments which brought the gifts of human speech and knowledge to a
+blind deaf mute. The story of Laura Bridgman is too well known to need
+repetition in these pages. As related by Charles Dickens in his
+"American Notes," it carried Dr. Howe's fame to the civilized world.
+When he visited Europe with this deed of merit put upon his record, it
+was as one whom high and low should delight to honor.
+
+Mr. Emerson somewhere speaks of the romance of some special
+philanthropy. Dr. Howe's life became an embodiment of this romance. Like
+all inspired men, he brought into the enterprises of his day new ideas
+and a new spirit. Deep in his heart lay a sense of the dignity and
+ability of human nature, which forced him to reject the pauperizing
+methods then employed in regard to various classes of unfortunates. The
+blind must not only be fed and housed and cared for; they must learn to
+make their lives useful to the community; they must be taught and
+trained to earn their own support. Years of patient effort enabled him
+to accomplish this; and the present condition of the blind in American
+communities attests the general acceptance of their claim to the
+benefits of education and the dignity of useful labor.
+
+Dr. Howe's public services, however, were by no means limited to the
+duties of his especial charge. With keen power of analysis, he explored
+the most crying evils of society, seeking to discover, even in their
+sources, the secret of their prevention and cure. His masterly report on
+idiocy led to the establishment of a school for feeble-minded children,
+in which numbers of these were trained to useful industries, and
+redeemed from brutal ignorance and inertia. He aided Dorothea Dix in her
+heroic efforts to improve the condition of the insane. He worked with
+Horace Mann for the uplifting of the public schools. He stood with the
+heroic few who dared to advocate the abolition of slavery. In these and
+many other departments of work his influence was felt, and it is worthy
+of remark that, although employing his power in so many directions, his
+use of it was wonderfully free from waste. He indulged in no vaporous
+visions, in no redundancy of phrases. The documents in which he gave to
+the public the results of his experience are models of statement, terse,
+simple, and direct.
+
+I became engaged to Dr. Howe during a visit to Boston in the winter of
+1842-43, and was married to him on the 23d of April of the latter year.
+A week later we sailed for Europe in one of the small Cunard steamers of
+that time, taking with us my youngest sister, Annie Ward, whose state of
+health gave us some uneasiness. My husband's great friend, Horace Mann,
+and his bride, Mary Peabody, sailed with us. During the first two days
+of the voyage I was stupefied by sea-sickness, and even forgot that my
+sister was on board the steamer. On the evening of the second day I
+remembered her, and managed with the help of a very stout stewardess to
+visit her in her stateroom, where she had for her roommate a cousin of
+the poet Longfellow. We bewailed our common miseries a little, but the
+next morning brought a different state of things. As soon as I was
+awake, my husband came to me bringing a small dose of brandy with
+cracked ice. "Drink this," he said, "and ask Mrs. Bean [the stewardess]
+to help you get on your clothes, for you must go up on deck; we shall be
+at Halifax in a few hours." Magnetized by the stronger will, I struggled
+with my weakness, and was presently clothed and carried up on deck.
+"Now, I am going for Annie," said Dr. Howe, leaving me comfortably
+propped up in a safe seat. He soon returned with my dear sister, as
+helpless as myself. The fresh air revived us so much that we were able
+to take our breakfast, the first meal we ate on board, in the saloon
+with the other passengers. We went on shore, however, for a walk at
+Halifax, and from that time forth were quite able-bodied sea-goers.
+
+On the last day before that of our landing, an unusually good dinner was
+served, and, according to the custom of the time, champagne was
+furnished gratis, in order that all who dined together might drink the
+Queen's health. This favorite toast was accordingly proposed and
+responded to by a number of rather flat speeches. The health of the
+captain of our steamer was also proposed, and some others which I cannot
+now recall. This proceeding amused me so much that I busied myself the
+next day with preparing for a mock celebration in the ladies' cabin. The
+meeting was well attended. I opened with a song in honor of Mrs. Bean,
+our kind and efficient stewardess.
+
+  "God save our Mrs. Bean,
+  Best woman ever seen,
+  God save Mrs. Bean.
+  God bless her gown and cap,
+  Pour guineas in her lap,
+  Keep her from all mishap,
+  God save Mrs. Bean."
+
+The company were invited to join in singing these lines, which were, of
+course, a take-off on "God save our gracious Queen." I can still see in
+my mind's eye dear old Madam Sedgwick, mother of the well-known jurist,
+Theodore of that name, lifting her quavering, high voice to aid in the
+singing.
+
+Mrs. Bean was rather taken aback by the unexpected homage rendered her.
+We all called out: "Speech! speech!" whereupon she curtsied and said:
+"Good ladies makes good stewardesses; that's all I can say," which was
+very well in its way.
+
+Rev. Jacob Abbott was one of our fellow passengers, and had been much in
+our cabin, where he busied himself in compounding various "soft drinks"
+for convalescent lady friends. His health was accordingly proposed with
+the following stanza:--
+
+  "Dr. Abbott in our cabin,
+  Mixing of a soda-powder,
+  How he ground it,
+  How did pound it,
+  While the tempest threatened louder."
+
+I next gave the cow's health, whereupon a lady passenger, with a Scotch
+accent, demurred: "I don't want to drink her health at a'. I think she
+is the poorest _coo_ I ever heard of."
+
+Arriving in London, we found comfortable lodgings in Upper Baker Street,
+and busied ourselves with the delivery of our many letters of
+introduction.
+
+The Rev. Sydney Smith was one of the first to honor our introduction
+with a call. His reputation as a wit was already world-wide, and he was
+certainly one of the idols of London society. In appearance he was
+hardly prepossessing. He was short and squat of figure, with a rubicund
+countenance, redeemed by a pair of twinkling eyes. When we first saw
+him, my husband was suffering from the result of a trifling accident.
+Mr. Smith said, "Dr. Howe, I must send you my gouty crutches."
+
+My husband demurred at this, and begged Mr. Smith not to give himself
+that trouble. He insisted, however, and the crutches were sent. Dr. Howe
+had really no need of them, and I laughed with him at their
+disproportion to his height, which would in any case have made it
+impossible for him to use them. The loan was presently returned with
+thanks, but scarcely soon enough; for Sydney Smith, who had lost heavily
+by American investments, published in one of the London papers a letter
+reflecting severely upon the failure of some of our Western States to
+pay their debts. The letter concluded with these words: "And now an
+American, present at this time in London, has deprived me of my last
+means of support." One questioned a little whether the loan had not been
+made for the sake of the pleasantry.
+
+In the course of the visit already referred to, Mr. Smith promised that
+we should receive cards for an entertainment which his daughter, Mrs.
+Holland, was about to give. The cards were received, and we presented
+ourselves at the party. Among the persons there introduced to us was
+Mme. Van de Weyer, wife of the Belgian minister, and daughter of Joshua
+Bates, formerly of Massachusetts, and in after years the founder of the
+Public Library of Boston, in which one hall bears his name. Mr. Van de
+Weyer, we were told, was on very friendly terms with the Prince Consort,
+and his wife was often invited by the Queen.
+
+The historian Grote and his wife also made our acquaintance. I
+especially remember her appearance because it was, and was allowed to
+be, somewhat _grote_sque. She was very tall and stout in proportion, and
+was dressed on this occasion in a dark green or blue silk, with a
+necklace of pearls about her throat. I gathered from what I heard that
+hers was one of the marked personalities of that time in London society.
+
+At this party Sydney Smith was constantly the centre of a group of
+admiring friends. When we first entered the rooms, he said to us, "I am
+so busy to-night that I can do nothing for you."
+
+Later in the evening he found time to seek me out. "Mrs. Howe," said he,
+"this is a rout. I like routs. Do you have routs in America?"
+
+"We have parties like this in America," I replied, "but we do not call
+them routs."
+
+"What do you call them there?"
+
+"We call them receptions."
+
+This seemed to amuse him, and he said to some one who stood near us:--
+
+"Mrs. Howe says that in America they call routs re-cep-tions."
+
+He asked what I had seen in London so far. I replied that I had recently
+visited the House of Lords, whereupon he remarked:--
+
+"Mrs. Howe, your English is excellent. I have only heard you make one
+mispronunciation. You have just said 'House of Lords.' We say 'House of
+Lards.'" Some one near by said, "Oh, yes! the house is always addressed
+as 'my luds and gentlemen.'"
+
+When I repeated this to Horace Mann, it so vexed his gentle spirit as to
+cause him to exclaim, "House of Lords? You ought to have said 'House of
+Devils.'"
+
+I have made several visits in London since that time, one quite
+recently, and I have observed that people now speak of receptions, and
+not of routs. I think, also, that the pronunciation insisted upon by
+Sydney Smith has become a thing of the past.
+
+I think that Mrs. Sydney Smith must have called or have left a card at
+our lodgings, for I distinctly remember a morning call which I made at
+her house. The great wit was at home on this occasion, as was also his
+only surviving son. An elder son had been born to him, who probably
+inherited something of his character and ability, and whose death he
+laments in one or more of his published letters. The young man whom I
+saw at this time was spoken of as much devoted to the turf, and the only
+saying of his that I have ever heard quoted was his question as to how
+long it took Nebuchadnezzar to get into condition after he had been out
+to grass.
+
+Mrs. Smith received me very pleasantly. She seemed a grave and silent
+woman, presenting in this respect a striking contrast to her husband. I
+knew very little of the political opinions of the latter, and innocently
+inquired whether he and Mrs. Smith went sometimes to court. The question
+amused him. He said to his wife, "My dear, Mrs. Howe wishes to know
+whether you and I go to court." To me he said, "No, madam. That is a
+luxury which I deny myself."
+
+I last saw Sydney Smith at an evening party at which, as usual, he was
+surrounded by friends. A very amiable young American was present,
+apropos of whom I heard Mr. Smith say:--
+
+"I think I shall go over to America and settle in Boston. Perkins here
+says that he'll patronize me."
+
+Thomas Carlyle was also one of our earliest visitors. Some time before
+leaving home, Dr. Howe had received from him a letter expressing his
+great interest in the story of Laura Bridgman as narrated by Charles
+Dickens. In this letter he mentioned Laura's childish question, "Do
+horses sit up late?" In the course of his conversation he said, laughing
+heartily: "Laura Bridgman, dear child! Her question, Do horses sit up
+late?"
+
+Before taking leave of us he invited us to take tea with him on the
+following Sunday. When the day arrived, my husband was kept at home by a
+severe headache, but Mr. and Mrs. Mann, my sister, and myself drove out
+to Chelsea, where Mr. Carlyle resided at that time. In receiving us he
+apologized for his wife, who was also suffering from headache and could
+not appear.
+
+In her absence I was requested to pour tea. Our host partook of it
+copiously, in all the strength of the teapot. As I filled and refilled
+his cup, I thought that his chronic dyspepsia was not to be wondered at.
+The repast was a simple one. It consisted of a plate of toast and two
+small dishes of stewed fruit, which he offered us with the words,
+"Perhaps ye can eat some of this. I never eat these things myself."
+
+The conversation was mostly a monologue. Mr. Carlyle spoke with a strong
+Scotch accent, and his talk sounded to me like pages of his writings. He
+had recently been annoyed by some movement tending to the
+disestablishment of the Scottish Church. Apropos of this he said, "That
+auld Kirk of Scotland! To think that a man like Johnny Graham should be
+able to wipe it out with a flirt of his pen!" Charles Sumner was spoken
+of, and Mr. Carlyle said, "Oh yes; Mr. Sumner was a vera dull man, but
+he did not offend people, and he got on in society here."
+
+Carlyle's hair was dark, shaggy, and rather unkempt; his complexion was
+sallow, with a slight glow of red on the cheek; his eye was full of
+fire. As we drove back to town, Mr. Mann expressed great disappointment
+with our visit. He did not feel, he said, that we had seen the real
+Carlyle at all. I insisted that we had.
+
+Soon after our arrival in London a gentleman called upon us whom the
+servant announced as Mr. Mills. It happened that I did not examine the
+card which was brought in at the same time. Dr. Howe was not within, and
+in his absence I entertained the unknown guest to the best of my
+ability. He spoke of Longfellow's volume of poems on slavery, then a
+recent publication, saying that he admired them.
+
+Our talk turning upon poetry in general, I remarked that Wordsworth
+appeared to be the only poet of eminence left in England. Before taking
+leave of me the visitor named a certain day on which he requested that
+we would come to breakfast at his house. Forgetful of the card, I asked
+"Where?" He said, "You will find my address on my card. I am Mr.
+Milnes." On looking at the card I found that this was Richard Monckton
+Milnes, afterward known as Lord Houghton. I was somewhat chagrined at
+remembering the remark I had made in connection with Wordsworth. He
+probably supposed that I was ignorant of his literary rank, which I was
+not, as his poems, though never very popular, were already well known in
+America.
+
+The breakfast to which Mr. Milnes had invited us proved most pleasant.
+Our host had recently traveled in the East, and had brought home a
+prayer carpet, which we admired. His sister, Lady Galway, presided at
+table with much grace.
+
+The breakfast was at this time a favorite mode of entertainment, and we
+enjoyed many of these occasions. I remember one at the house of Sir
+Robert Harry Inglis, long a leading Conservative member of the House of
+Commons. Punch once said of him:--
+
+  "The Inglis thinks the world grows worse,
+  And always wears a rose."
+
+And this flower, which always adorned his buttonhole, seemed to match
+well with his benevolent and somewhat rubicund countenance. At the
+breakfast of which I speak, he cut the loaf with his own hands, saying
+to each guest, "Will you have a slice or a hunch?" and cutting a slice
+from one end or a hunch from the other, according to the preference
+expressed.
+
+These breakfasts were not luncheons in disguise. They were given at ten,
+or even at half past nine o'clock. The meal usually consisted of fish,
+cutlets, eggs, cold bread and toast, with tea and coffee. At Samuel
+Rogers's I remember that plover's eggs were served.
+
+We also dined one evening with Mr. Rogers, and met among the guests Mr.
+Dickens and Lady B., one of the beautiful Sheridan sisters. A gentleman
+sat next me at table, whose name I did not catch. I had heard much of
+the works of art to be seen in Mr. Rogers's house, and so took occasion
+to ask him whether he knew anything about pictures. He smiled, and
+answered, "Well, yes." I then begged him to explain to me some of those
+which hung upon the walls, which he did with much good-nature. Presently
+some one at the table addressed him as "Mr. Landseer," and I became
+aware that I was sitting next to the celebrated painter of animals. His
+fine face had already attracted me. I apologized for the question which
+I had asked, and which had somewhat amused him.
+
+I had recently seen at Stafford House a picture of his, representing two
+daughters of the Duke of Sutherland playing with a dog. He said that he
+did not care much for that picture, that the Duchess had herself chosen
+the subject, etc. Mr. Rogers, indeed, possessed some paintings of great
+value, one a genuine Raphael, if I mistake not. He had also many objects
+of _virtu_. I think it was after a breakfast at his house that he showed
+us some Etruscan potteries. Dr. Howe took up one of these rather
+carelessly. It was a cup, and the handle became separated from it. My
+husband appeared so much disconcerted at this that I could not help
+laughing a little at the expression of his countenance. Mr. Rogers
+afterwards said to an American friend, "Mrs. Howe was quite cruel to
+laugh at the doctor's embarrassment." On one occasion he showed us some
+autograph letters of Lord Byron, with whom he had been well acquainted.
+He read a passage from one of these, in which Lord Byron, after speaking
+of the ancient custom of the Doge wedding the Adriatic, wrote: "I wish
+the Adriatic would take my wife."
+
+In after years I was sometimes questioned as to what had most impressed
+me during my first visit in London. I replied unhesitatingly, "The
+clever people collected there." The moment, indeed, was fortunate. We
+had come well provided with letters of introduction. Besides this, my
+husband was at the time a first-class lion, and this merit avails more
+in England than any other, and more there than elsewhere.
+
+Mr. Sumner had given us a letter to the Marquis of Lansdowne, which the
+latter honored by a call, and further by sending us cards for a musical
+evening at Lansdowne House. Lord Lansdowne was a gracious host. His lady
+was more formal in manner. Their music-room was oblong in shape, and the
+guests were seated along the wall on either side. Before the performance
+began I noticed a movement among those present, the cause of which
+became evident when the Duchess of Gloucester appeared, leaning on the
+arm of the master of the house. She was attired, or, as newspapers put
+it, "gowned," in black, wearing white plumes in her headdress, and with
+bare neck and arms, according to the imperative fashion of the time. She
+was well advanced in years, and had probably never been remarked for
+good looks, but was said to be beloved by the Queen and by many friends.
+
+The programme of the entertainment was one which to-day would seem
+rather commonplace, though the performers were not so. A handsome young
+man, of slender figure, opened the concert by singing the serenade from
+the opera of "Don Pasquale." I felt at once that this must be Mario, but
+that name cannot suggest to one who never heard him either the beauty of
+his voice or the refinement of his intonation. I still feel a sort of
+intoxication when I recall his rendering of "Com' � gentil." Grisi sang
+several times. She was then in what some one has termed, "the insolence
+of her youth and beauty." Mlle. Persiani, also of the grand opera, gave
+an air by Gluck, which I myself had studied, "Pago f�i, f�i lieto un
+di." Lord Lansdowne told me that this lady was the most obliging of
+artists. I afterwards heard her in "Linda di Chamounix," which was then
+in its first favor. The concert ended with the prayer from Rossini's
+"Mos� in Egitto," sung by the artists already named with the addition of
+the great Lablache.
+
+At the conclusion of it we adjourned to the supper-room, which afforded
+us a better opportunity of observing the distinguished company. My
+husband was presently engaged in conversation with the Hon. Mrs. Norton,
+who was then very handsome. Her hair, which was decidedly black, was
+arranged in flat bandeaux, according to the fashion of the time. A
+diamond chain, formed of large links, encircled her fine head. Her eyes
+were dark and full of expression. Her dress was unusually _d�collet�e_,
+but most of the ladies present would in America have been considered
+extreme in this respect. Court mourning had recently been ordered for
+the Duke of Sussex, uncle to the Queen, and many black dresses were
+worn. My memory, nevertheless, tells me that the great Duchess of
+Sutherland wore a dress of pink _moire_, and that her head was adorned
+with a wreath of velvet leaves interspersed with diamonds. Her brother,
+Lord Morpeth, was also present. I heard a lady say to him, "Are you
+worthy of music?" He replied, "Oh, yes; very worthy." I heard the same
+phrase repeated by others, and, on inquiring as to its meaning, was told
+that it was a way of asking whether one was fond of music. The formula
+has long since gone out of fashion.
+
+Somewhat later in the season we were invited to dine at Lansdowne House.
+Among the guests present I remember Lord Morpeth. I had some
+conversation with the daughter of the house, Lady Louisa Fitzmaurice,
+who was pleasing, but not pretty, and wore a dress of light blue silk,
+with a necklace around her throat formed of many strands of fine gold
+chain. I was asked at this dinner whether I should object to sitting
+next to a colored person in, for example, a box at the opera. Were I
+asked this question to-day, I should reply that this would depend upon
+the character and cleanliness of the colored person, much as one would
+say in the case of a white man or woman. I remember that Lord Lansdowne
+wore a blue ribbon across his breast, and on it a flat star of silver.
+
+Among the well-remembered glories of that summer, the new delight of the
+drama holds an important place. I had been denied this pleasure in my
+girlhood, and my enjoyment of it at this time was fresh and intense.
+Among the attentions lavished upon us during that London season were
+frequent offers of a box at Covent Garden or "Her Majesty's." These were
+never declined. Of especial interest to me was a performance of Macready
+as Claude Melnotte in Bulwer's "Lady of Lyons." The part of Pauline was
+played by Helen Faucit. Both of these artists were then at their best.
+Thomas Appleton, of Boston, and William Wadsworth, of Geneseo, were with
+us in our box. The pathetic moments of the play moved me to tears, which
+I tried to hide. I soon saw that all my companions were affected in the
+same way, and were making the same effort. I saw Miss Faucit again at an
+entertainment given in aid of the fund for a monument to Mrs. Siddons.
+She recited an ode written for the occasion, of which I still recall the
+closing line:--
+
+  "And measure what we owe by what she gave."
+
+I saw Grisi in the great r�le of Semiramide, and with her Brambilla, a
+famous contralto, and Fornasari, a basso whom I had longed to hear in
+the operas given in New York. I also saw Mlle. Persiani in "Linda di
+Chamounix" and "Lucia di Lammermoor." All of these occasions gave me
+unmitigated delight, but the crowning ecstasy of all I found in the
+ballet. Fanny Elssler and Cerito were both upon the stage. The former
+had lost a little of her prestige, but Cerito, an Italian, was then in
+her first bloom and wonderfully graceful. Of her performance my sister
+said to me, "It seems to make us better to see anything so beautiful."
+This remark recalls the oft-quoted dialogue between Margaret Fuller and
+Emerson apropos of Fanny Elssler's dancing:--
+
+"Margaret, this is poetry."
+
+"Waldo, this is religion."
+
+I remember, years after this time, a talk with Theodore Parker, in which
+I suggested that the best stage dancing gives us the classic in a fluent
+form, with the illumination of life and personality. I cannot recall, in
+the dances which I saw during that season, anything which appeared to me
+sensual or even sensuous. It was rather the very ecstasy and embodiment
+of grace.
+
+A ball at Almack's certainly deserves mention in these pages, the place
+itself belonging to the history of the London world of fashion. The one
+of which I now speak was given in aid of the Polish refugees who were
+then in London. The price of admission to this sacred precinct would
+have been extravagant for us, but cards for it were sent us by some
+hospitable friend. The same attention was shown to Mr. and Mrs. Mann,
+who with us presented themselves at the rooms on the appointed evening.
+
+We found them spacious enough, but with no splendor or beauty of
+decoration. A space at the upper end of the ball-room was marked off by
+rail or ribbon--I cannot remember which. While we were wondering what
+this should mean, a brilliant procession made its appearance, led by the
+Duchess of Sutherland in some historic costume. She was followed by a
+number of persons of high rank, among whom I recognized her lovely
+daughters, Lady Elizabeth Leveson-Gower and Lady Evelyn. These young
+ladies and several others were attired in Polish costume, to wit,
+polonaises of light blue silk, and short white skirts which showed the
+prettiest little red boots imaginable. This high and mighty company took
+possession of the space mentioned above, where they proceeded to dance a
+quadrille in rather solemn state.
+
+The company outside this limit stood and looked on. Among the groups
+taking part in this state quadrille was one characterized by the dress
+worn at court presentations: the ladies in pink and blue brocades, with
+plumes and lappets; the gentlemen in small-clothes, with swords,--and
+all with powdered hair.
+
+I first met the Duchess of Sutherland at a dinner given in our honor by
+Lord Morpeth's parents, the Earl and Countess of Carlisle. The Great
+Duchess, as the Duchess of Sutherland was often called, was still very
+handsome, though already the mother of grown-up children. She wore a
+dress of brown gauze or bar�ge over light blue satin, with a wreath of
+brown velvet leaves and blue forget-me-nots in her hair, and on her arm,
+among other jewels, a miniature of the Queen set in diamonds. At one
+time she was Mistress of the Robes, but I am not sure whether she held
+this office at the time of which I speak. Her relations with the palace
+were said to be very intimate and friendly. In the picture of the
+Queen's Coronation, so well known to us by engravings, hers is one of
+the most striking figures.
+
+We did, indeed, hear that on one occasion the Duchess had kept the Queen
+waiting, and that the sovereign said to her on her arrival, "Duchess,
+you must allow me to present you with my watch, yours evidently does not
+keep good time." The eyes of the proud Duchess filled with tears, and,
+on returning home, she sent to the palace a letter resigning her post in
+the royal service. The Queen was, however, very fond of her, and the
+little difficulty was soon amicably settled.
+
+I recall a pleasantry about Lady Carlisle that was current in London
+society in the season of which I write. Sydney Smith pretended to have
+dreamed that Lord Morpeth had brought back a black wife from America,
+and that his mother, on seeing her, had said, "She is not so very
+black." Lady Carlisle was proverbial for her kindliness and good temper,
+and it was upon this point that the humor of the story turned.
+
+I will also mention a dinner given in our honor by John Kenyon, well
+known as a M�cenas of that period. Miss Sedgwick, in her book of
+travels, speaks of him as a distinguished conversationalist, much given
+to hospitality. He is also remembered as a cousin of Elizabeth Barrett
+Browning.
+
+The scenes just described still remain quite vivid in my memory, but it
+would be difficult for me to recount the visits made in those days by my
+husband and Horace Mann to public institutions of all kinds. I did
+indeed accompany the two philanthropists in some of their excursions,
+which included schools, workhouses, prisons, and asylums for the insane.
+
+We went one day, in company with Charles Dickens and his wife, to visit
+the old prison of Bridewell. We found the treadmill in operation. Every
+now and then a man would give out, and would be allowed to leave the
+ungrateful work. The midday meal, bread and soup, was served to the
+prisoners while we were still in attendance. To one or two, as a
+punishment for some misdemeanor, bread alone was given. Charles Dickens
+looked on, and presently said to Doctor Howe, "My God! if a woman thinks
+her son may come to this, I don't blame her if she strangles him in
+infancy."
+
+At Newgate prison we were shown the fetters of Jack Sheppard and those
+of Dick Turpin. While we were on the premises the van arrived with fresh
+prisoners, and one of the officials appeared to jest with a young woman
+who had just been brought in, and who, it seemed, was already well known
+to the officers of justice. Dr. Howe did not fail to notice this with
+disapprobation.
+
+At one of the charity schools which we visited, Mr. Mann asked whether
+corporal punishment was used. "Commonly, only this," said the master,
+calling up a little girl, and snapping a bit of india rubber upon her
+neck in a manner which caused her to cry out. I need not say that the
+two gentlemen were indignant at this unprovoked infliction.
+
+In strong contrast to old-time Bridewell appeared the model prison of
+Pentonville, which we visited one day in company with Lord Morpeth and
+the Duke of Richmond. The system there was one of solitary confinement,
+much approved, if I remember rightly, by "my lord duke," who interested
+himself in showing us how perfectly it was carried out. Neither at meals
+nor at prayers could any prisoner see or be seen by a fellow prisoner.
+The open yard was divided by brick walls into compartments, in each of
+which a single felon, hooded, took his melancholy exercise. The prison
+was extremely neat. Dr. Howe at the time approved of the solitary
+discipline. I am not sure whether he ever came to think differently
+about it.
+
+At a dinner at Charles Dickens's we met his intimate friend, John
+Forster, a lawyer of some note, later known as the author of a biography
+of Dickens. When we arrived, Mr. Forster was amusing himself with a
+small spaniel which had been sent to Mr. Dickens by an admiring friend,
+who desired that the dog might bear the name of Boz. Somewhat impatient
+of such tributes, Mr. Dickens had named it Snittel Timbury. Of the
+dinner, I only remember that it was of the best so far as concerns food,
+and that later in the evening we listened to some comic songs, of one of
+which I recall the refrain; it ran thus:--
+
+  "Tiddy hi, tiddy ho, tiddy hi hum,
+  Thus was it when Barbara Popkins was young."
+
+Mr. Forster invited us to dine at his chambers in the Inns of Court. Mr.
+and Mrs. Dickens were of the party, and also the painter Maclise, whose
+work was then highly spoken of. After dinner, while we were taking
+coffee in the sitting-room, I had occasion to speak to my husband, and
+addressed him as "darling." Thereupon Dickens slid down to the floor,
+and, lying on his back, held up one of his small feet, quivering with
+pretended emotion. "Did she call him 'darling'?" he cried.
+
+I was sorry indeed when the time came for us to leave London, and the
+more as one of the pleasures there promised us had been that of a
+breakfast with Charles Buller. Mr. Buller was the only person who at
+that time spoke to me of Thomas Carlyle, already so great a celebrity in
+America. He expressed great regard for Carlyle, who, he said, had
+formerly been his tutor. I was sorry to find in papers of Carlyle's,
+recently published, a rather ungracious mention of this brilliant young
+man, whose early death was much regretted in English society.
+
+From England we passed on to Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In the inn at
+Llangollen we saw an engraving representing two aged ladies sitting
+opposite to each other, engaged in some friendly game. These were the
+once famous maids whose romantic elopement and companionship of many
+years gave the place some celebrity. In the burying-ground of the parish
+church we were shown their tomb, bearing an inscription not only
+commemorating the ladies themselves, but making mention also of the
+lifelong service of a faithful female attendant.
+
+Of my visit to Scotland, never repeated, I recall with interest Holyrood
+Palace, where the blood stain of Rizzio's murder was still shown on the
+wooden floor, the grave of Sir Walter Scott at Abbotsford, and Stirling
+Castle, where, if I mistake not, the regalia of Robert Bruce was shown
+us. Among the articles composing it was a cameo of great beauty,
+surrounded by diamonds, and a crown set with large turquoises and
+sapphires.
+
+We passed a Sunday at Melrose, and attended an open-air service in the
+ruins of the ancient abbey. We saw little of Edinburgh besides its
+buildings, the society people of the place being mostly in
+_villeggiatura_. Mr. Sumner had given us letters to two of the law
+lords. One of these invited us to a seaside dinner at some little
+distance from town. The other entertained us at his city residence.
+
+Of greater interest was our tour in Ireland. Lord Morpeth had given us
+some introductions to friends in Dublin. At the same time he had written
+Mr. Sumner that he hoped Dr. Howe would not in any way become
+conspicuous as a friend to the Repeal measures which were then much in
+the public mind. This Repeal portended nothing less than the disruption
+of the existing political union between Ireland and England. The Dublin
+Corn Exchange was the place in which Repeal meetings were usually held.
+We attended one of these. My sister and I had seats in the gallery,
+which was reserved for ladies. Dr. Howe remained on the floor. This
+meeting had for one of its objects the acknowledgment of funds recently
+sent from America. The women who sat near us in the gallery found out,
+somehow, that we were Americans, and that an American gentleman had
+accompanied us to the meeting. They insisted upon making this known, and
+only forbore to do so at our earnest request.
+
+These friends were vehement in their praise of O'Connell, who was the
+principal speaker of the occasion. "He's the best man, the most
+religious!" they said; "he communes so often." I remember his appearance
+well, but can recall nothing of his address. He was tall, blond, and
+florid, with remarkable vivacity of speech and of expression. His
+popularity was certainly very great. While he was speaking, a gentleman
+entered and approached him. "How d'ye do, Tom Steele?" said O'Connell,
+shaking hands with the new-comer. The audience applauded loudly, Steele
+being an intimate friend and ally of O'Connell, and, like him, an
+earnest partisan of Repeal.
+
+Mr. George Ticknor, of Boston, had given us a letter to Miss Edgeworth,
+who resided at some distance from the city of Dublin. From her we soon
+received an invitation to luncheon, of which we gladly availed
+ourselves. Our hostess met us with a warm welcome. She had had some
+correspondence with Dr. Howe, and seemed much pleased to make his
+acquaintance. I remember her as a little old lady, with an old-fashioned
+cap and curls. She was very vivacious, and had much to say to Dr. Howe
+about Laura Bridgman. He in turn asked what she thought of the Repeal
+movement. She said in reply, "I don't understand what O'Connell really
+means."
+
+Some one present casually mentioned the new substitution of lard oil for
+whale oil for use in lamps. Miss Edgeworth said, "I hear that, in
+consequence of this new fashion, the whale cannot bear the sight of a
+pig." We met on this occasion a half-brother and a half-sister of Miss
+Edgeworth, much younger than herself. I think that they must have been
+twins, so closely did they resemble each other in appearance. At parting
+Miss Edgeworth gave each of us an etching of Irish peasants, the work of
+a friend of hers. On the one which she gave to my husband she wrote,
+"From a lover of truth to a lover of truth."
+
+After leaving Dublin we traveled north as far as the Giant's Causeway.
+The state of the country was very forlorn. The peasantry lived in
+wretched hovels of one or two rooms, the floor of mud, the pig taking
+his ease within doors, and the chickens roosting above the fireplace.
+Beggars were seen everywhere, and of the most persistent sort. In most
+places where we stopped for the night, accommodations were far from
+satisfactory. The safest dishes to order were stirabout and potatoes.
+
+My husband had received an urgent invitation from an Irish nobleman,
+Lord Walcourt, to visit him at his estate, which was in the south of
+Ireland. We found Lord Walcourt living very simply, with two young
+daughters and a baby son. He told my husband that when he first read a
+book of Fourier, he instantly went over to France to make the
+acquaintance of the author, whom he greatly admired. "If I had only read
+on to the end of the book," he said, "I should have seen that Fourier
+was already dead."
+
+He told us that Lady Walcourt spent much time in London or on the
+Continent, from which we gathered that country life in Ireland was not
+much to her taste. Dr. Howe and our host had a good deal of talk
+together concerning socialistic and other reforms. My sister and I found
+his housekeeping rather meagre. He was evidently a whole-souled man, but
+we learned later on that he was considered very eccentric.
+
+A visit to the poet Wordsworth was one of the brilliant visions that
+floated before my eyes at this time. Mr. Ticknor had kindly furnished us
+with an introduction to the great man, who was then at the height of his
+popularity. To criticise Wordsworth and to praise Byron were matters
+equally unpardonable in the London of that time, when London was, what
+it has ceased to be, the very heart and centre of the literary world. Of
+our journey to the lake country I can now recall little, save that its
+last stage, a drive of ten or more miles from the railway station to the
+poet's village, was rendered very comfortless by constant showers, and
+by an ill-broken horse which more than once threatened mischief. Arrived
+at the inn, my husband called at the Wordsworth residence, and left
+there his card and the letter of introduction. In return a note was soon
+sent, inviting us to take tea that evening with Mr. and Mrs. Wordsworth.
+
+Our visit was a very disappointing one. The widowed daughter of our host
+had lost heavily by the failure of certain American securities. These
+losses formed the sole topic of conversation not only between Wordsworth
+and Dr. Howe, but also between the ladies of the family, my sister, and
+myself. The tea to which we had been bidden was simply a cup of tea,
+served without a table. We bore the harassing conversation as long as we
+could. The only remark of Wordsworth's which I brought away was this:
+"The misfortune of Ireland is that it was only a partially conquered
+country." When we took leave, the poet expressed his willingness to
+serve us during our stay in his neighborhood. We left it, however, on
+the following morning, without seeing him or his again.
+
+A little akin to this experience was that of a visit to the Bank of
+England, made at the invitation of one of its officers whom I had known
+and entertained in America. Another of the functionaries of the bank
+volunteered his services as a cicerone. He showed us among other things
+the treasure recently received from the Chinese government, in payment
+of a war indemnity. It was all in little blocks, parallelograms and
+horseshoes of gold and silver. An ingenious little machine was also
+shown us for the detection of light weight sovereigns. We paid for his
+attention by listening to many uncivil pleasantries regarding the
+financial condition of our own country. I still remember the insolent
+sneer with which this gentleman said, "By the bye, have you sold the
+Bank of the United States yet?" He was presumably ignorant of the real
+history of the bank, which had long ceased to be a government
+institution, President Jackson having annulled its charter and removed
+the government deposits.
+
+I mention these incidents because they were the only exceptions to the
+uniform kindness with which we were generally received, and to the
+homage paid to my husband as one of the most illustrious of modern
+philanthropists.
+
+Berlin would have been the next important stop in our journey but for an
+impediment which we had hardly anticipated. In the days of the French
+revolution of 1830, the Poles had made one of their oft-repeated
+struggles to regain national independence. General Lafayette was much
+interested in this movement, and at his request Dr. Howe undertook to
+convey to some of the Polish chiefs funds sent for their aid by parties
+in the United States. He succeeded in accomplishing this errand, but was
+arrested on the very night of his arrival in Berlin, and was only
+released by the intervention of our government, after a tedious
+imprisonment _au secret_. He was then sent with a military escort to the
+confines of Prussia with the warning to return no more.
+
+Thirteen years had elapsed since these events took place. Dr. Howe had
+meantime acquired a world-wide reputation as a philanthropist. The Poles
+had long been subdued, and Europe seemed to be free from all
+revolutionary threatenings. Through the intervention of Chevalier
+Bunsen, who was then Prussian ambassador at the Court of St. James, Dr.
+Howe applied for permission to revisit the kingdom of Prussia, but this
+was refused him. Some years after this time, Dr. Howe received from the
+Prussian government a gold medal in acknowledgment of his services to
+the blind. On weighing it, he found that the value of the gold was equal
+to the amount of money which he had been required to pay for his board
+in the prison at Berlin. In spite of the prohibition, we managed to see
+something of the Rhine, and journeyed through Switzerland and the
+Austrian Tyrol to Vienna, where we remained for some weeks. We here made
+the acquaintance of Madame von Walther and her daughter Theresa,
+afterward known as Madame Pulszky, the wife of one of Louis Kossuth's
+most valued friends.
+
+Arriving in Milan, we presented a letter of introduction from Miss
+Catharine Sedgwick to Count Confalonieri, after Silvio Pellico the most
+distinguished of the Italian patriots who underwent imprisonment in the
+Austrian fortress of Spielberg. His life had been spared only through
+the passionate pleading of his wife, who traveled day and night to throw
+herself at the feet of the Empress, imploring the commutation of the
+death sentence passed upon her husband. This heroic woman did not long
+survive the granting of her prayer. She died while her husband was still
+in prison; but the men who had been his companions in misfortune so
+revered her memory as always to lift their hats when they passed near
+her grave. Years had elapsed since the events of which I speak, and the
+count had married a second wife, a lively and attractive person, from
+whom, as from the count, we received many kind attentions.
+
+Dr. Howe was at this time called to Paris by some special business, and
+I remained a month in Milan with my sister. We greatly enjoyed the
+beauty of the cathedral and the hospitality of our new friends. Among
+these were the Marchese Arconati and his wife, a lady of much
+distinction, and in after years a friend of Margaret Fuller.
+
+Some delightful entertainments were given us by these and other friends,
+and I remember with pleasure an expedition to Monza, where the iron
+crown of the Lombard kingdom is still shown. Napoleon is said to have
+placed it on his head while he was still First Consul. Apropos of this,
+we saw in one of the Milanese mansions a seat on which Napoleon had once
+sat, and which, in commemoration of this, bore the inscription, "Egli ci
+ha dato l'unione" (He gave us unity). Alas! this precious boon was only
+secured to Italy many years later, and after much shedding of blood.
+
+Several of the former captives of Spielberg were living in Milan at this
+time. Of these I may mention Castiglia and the advocate Borsieri. Two
+others, Foresti and Albinola, I had often seen in New York, where they
+lived for many years, beloved and respected. In all of them, a perfectly
+childish delight in living seemed to make amends for the long and dreary
+years passed in prison. Every pulse-beat of freedom was a joy to them.
+Yet the iron had entered deeply into their souls. Natural leaders and
+men of promise, they had been taken out of the world of active life in
+the very flower of their youth and strength. The fortress in which they
+were confined was gloomy and desolate. For many months no books were
+allowed them, and in the end only books of religion, so called. They had
+begged for employment, and were given wool to knit stockings, and dirty
+linen rags to scrape for lint, with the sarcastic remark that to people
+of their benevolent disposition such work as this last should be most
+congenial. The time, they said, seemed endless in passing, but little
+when past, no events having diversified its dull blankness.
+
+When I listened to the conversation of these men, and saw Italy so bound
+hand and foot by Austrian and other tyrants, I felt only the hopeless
+chaos of the political outlook. Where should freedom come from? The
+logical bond of imprisonment seemed complete. It was sealed with four
+impregnable fortresses, and the great spiritual tyranny sat enthroned in
+the centre, and had its response in every other despotic centre of the
+globe. I almost ask to-day, "By what miracle was the great structure
+overthrown?" But the remembrance of this miracle forbids me to despair
+of any great deliverance, however desired and delayed. He who maketh the
+wrath of man to serve Him can make liberty blossom out of the very rod
+that the tyrant wields.
+
+The emotions with which people in general approach the historic sites of
+the world have been so often described as to make it needless for me to
+dwell upon my own. But I will mention the thrill of wonder which
+overcame me as we drove over the Campagna and caught the first glimpse
+of St. Peter's dome. Was it possible? Had I lived to come within sight
+of the great city, Mistress of the World? Like much else in my
+journeying, this appeared to me like something seen in a dream, scarcely
+to be apprehended by the bodily senses.
+
+The Rome that I then saw was medi�val in its aspect. A great gloom and
+silence hung over it. Coming to establish ourselves for the winter, we
+felt the pressure of many discomforts, especially that of the imperfect
+heating of houses. Our first quarters were in Torlonia's palace on the
+Piazza di Spagna. My husband found these gloomy and sunless, and was
+soon attracted by a small but comfortable apartment in Via San Nicol� da
+Tolentino, where we passed a part of the winter. There my husband
+undertook one day to make a real Christmas fire. In doing so he dragged
+the logs too far forward on the unsubstantial hearth, setting fire to
+the crossbeams which supported the floor. This was fortunately
+discovered before the danger became imminent, and the mischief was soon
+remedied. I was not allowed to hear about it until long afterwards.
+
+Dr. Howe went out early one morning, and did not return until late in
+the evening. Had I known at the time the reason of his absence, I should
+have felt great anxiety. He had gone to the post-office, but in doing so
+had passed some spot at which a sentry was stationed. He happened to be
+absorbed in his own thoughts, and did not notice the warning given. The
+sentry seized him, and Dr. Howe began to beat him over the head. A crowd
+soon gathered, and my husband was arrested and taken to the guard-house.
+The situation was a grave one, but the doctor immediately sent for the
+American consul, George Washington Greene. With the aid of this friendly
+official the necessary explanations were made and accepted, and the
+prisoner was liberated.
+
+The consul just mentioned was a cousin of my father and a grandson of
+the famous General Nathanael Greene of the Revolution. He was much at
+home in Roman society, and through him we had access to the principal
+houses in which were given the great entertainments of the season. The
+first of these that I attended appeared to me a melancholy failure,
+judging by our American ideas of a pleasant evening party. The great
+ladies sat very quietly in the salon of reception, and the gentlemen
+spoke to them in an undertone. There was none of the joyous effusion
+with which even a "few friends" meet on similar occasions in Boston or
+New York. Exceeding stiffness was obviously the "good form" of the
+occasion.
+
+A ball given by the banker prince, Torlonia, presented a more animated
+scene. The beautiful princess of the house, then in the bloom of her
+youth, was conspicuous among the dancers. Her fair head was encircled by
+a fine tiara of diamonds. She was by birth a Colonna. The attraction of
+the great fortune was said to have led to her alliance with the prince,
+who was equally her superior in age and her inferior in rank. I was told
+that he had presented his bride with the pearls formerly belonging to
+the shrine of the Madonna of Loretto, and I remember to have seen her
+once in evening dress, adorned with pearls of enormous size, which were
+probably those in question. I thought her quite as beautiful on another
+occasion, when she wore a simple gown of _�cru_ silk, with a necklace of
+carved coral beads. This was at a reception given at the charity school
+of San Michele, where a play was performed by the pupils of the
+institution. The theme of the drama was the worship of the golden calf
+by the Israelites and the overthrow of the idol by Moses.
+
+The industrial school of San Michele, like every other institution in
+the Rome of that time, was entirely under ecclesiastical control. If I
+remember rightly, Monsignore Morecchini had to do with its management.
+This interesting man stood at the time at the head of the administration
+of public charities. He called one day at our lodgings, and I had the
+pleasure of listening to a long conversation between him and my husband,
+regarding chiefly the theme in which both gentlemen were most deeply
+interested, the education of the working classes. I was present, some
+time later, at a meeting of the Academy of St. Luke, at which the same
+monsignore made an address of some length, and with his own hands
+presented the medals awarded to successful artists. One of these was
+given to an Italian lady, who appeared in the black costume and lace
+veil which are still _de rigueur_ at all functions of the papal court. I
+remember that the monsignore delivered his address with a sort of
+rhythmic intoning, not unlike the singsong of the Quaker preaching of
+fifty years ago.
+
+Of the matter of his discourse I can recall only one sentence, in which
+he mentioned as one of the boasts of Rome the fact that she possessed
+_la maggiore basilica del mondo_, "the largest basilica in the world."
+The Church of St. Peter, like that of Santa Maria Maggiore, is indeed
+modeled after the design of the basilicas or courts of justice of
+ancient Rome, and Italians are apt to speak of it as "la basilica di san
+Pietro." To another monsignore, Baggs by name, and Bishop of Pella, we
+owed our presentation to Pope Gregory Sixteenth, the immediate
+predecessor of Pope Pius Ninth. Our cousin the consul, George W. Greene,
+went with us to the reception accorded us. Papal etiquette was not
+rigorous in those days. It only required that we should make three
+genuflections, simply bows, as we approached the spot where the Pope
+stood, and three more in retiring, as from a royal presence, without
+turning our backs. Monsignore Baggs, after presenting my husband, said
+to him, "Dr. Howe, you should tell his Holiness about the little blind
+girl [Laura Bridgman] whom you educated." The Pope remarked that he had
+been assured that the blind were able to distinguish colors by the
+touch. Dr. Howe said that he did not believe this. His opinion was that
+if a blind person could distinguish a stuff of any particular color, it
+must be through some effect of the dye upon the texture of the cloth.
+
+The Pope said that he had heard there had been few Americans in Europe
+during the past season, and had been told that they had been kept at
+home by the want of money, for which he made the familiar sign with his
+thumb and forefinger. Apropos of I forget what, he remarked, "Chi mi
+sente dare la benedizione del balcone di san Pietro intende ch'io non
+sono un giovinotto," "Whoever hears me give the benediction from the
+balcony of St. Peter's will understand that I am not a youth." The
+audience concluded, the Pope obligingly turned his back upon us, as if
+to examine something lying on the table which stood behind him, and thus
+spared us the inconvenience of bowing, curtsying, and retiring backward.
+
+I remember to have heard of a great floral festival held not long after
+this time at some village near Rome. Among other exhibits appeared a
+medallion of his Holiness all done in flowers, the nose being made
+rather bright with carnations. The Pope visited the show, and on seeing
+the medallion exclaimed, laughing, "Son brutto da vero, manon cosi", "I
+am ugly indeed, but not like this."
+
+The experience of our winter in Rome could not be repeated at this day
+of the world. The Rome of fifty-five years ago was altogether medi�val
+in its aspect. The great inclosure within its walls was but sparsely
+inhabited. Convent gardens and villas of the nobility occupied much
+space. The city attracted mostly students and lovers of art. The studios
+of painters and sculptors were much visited, and wealthy patrons of the
+arts gave orders for many costly works. Such glimpses as were afforded
+of Roman society had no great attraction other than that of novelty for
+persons accustomed to reasonable society elsewhere. The strangeness of
+titles, the glitter of jewels, amused for a time the traveler, who was
+nevertheless glad to return to a world in which ceremony was less
+dominant and absolute.
+
+Among the frequent visitors at our rooms were the sculptor Crawford,
+Luther Terry, and Freeman, well known then and since as painters of
+merit. Between the first named of these and the elder of my two sisters
+an attachment sprang up, which culminated in marriage. Another artist of
+repute, T�rmer by name, often passed the evening with us. He was
+somewhat deformed, and our man-servant always announced him as "Quel
+gobbetto, signor," "That hunchback, sir."
+
+The months slipped away very rapidly, and the early spring brought the
+dear gift of another life to gladden and enlarge our own. My dearest,
+eldest child was born at Palazzetto Torlonia, on the 12th of March,
+1844. At my request, the name of Julia Romana was given to her. As an
+infant she possessed remarkable beauty, and her radiant little face
+appeared to me to reflect the lovely forms and faces which I had so
+earnestly contemplated before her birth.
+
+Of the months preceding this event I cannot at this date give any very
+connected account. The experience was at once a dream and a revelation.
+My mind had been able to anticipate something of the achievements of
+human thought, but of the patient work of the artist I had not had the
+smallest conception.
+
+We visited, one day, the catacombs of St. Calixtus with a party of
+friends, among whom was the then celebrated Padre Machi, an ecclesiastic
+who was considered a supreme authority in this department of historic
+research. Acting as our guide, he pointed out to us the burial-places of
+martyrs, distinguished by the outline of a palm rudely impressed on the
+tufa out of which the various graves have been hollowed. We explored
+with him the little chapels which bear witness to the ancient holding of
+religious services in this dark underground city of the dead. In these
+chapels the pictured emblem of the fish is often met with. Scholars do
+not need to be reminded that the Greek word [Greek: ichthus] was adopted
+by the early Christians as an anagram of the name and title of their
+leader. Each of us carried a lighted taper, and we were careful to keep
+well together, mindful of the danger of losing ourselves in the depths
+of these vast caverns. A story was told us of a party which was thus
+lost, and could never be found again, although a band of music was sent
+after them in the hope of bringing them into safety. While we were
+giving heed to the instructive discourse of Padre Machi, a mischievous
+youth of the company came near to me and said in a low voice, "Has it
+occurred to you that if our guide should suddenly die here of apoplexy,
+we should never be able to find our way out?" This thought was dreadful
+indeed, and I confess that I was very thankful when at last we emerged
+from the depths into the blessed daylight.
+
+Among the wonderful sights of that winter, I recall an evening visit to
+the sculpture gallery of the Vatican, where the statues were shown us by
+torchlight. I had not as yet made acquaintance with those marble shapes,
+which were rendered so lifelike by the artful illumination that when I
+saw them afterward in the daylight, it seemed to me that they had died.
+
+My husband visited one day the Castle of St. Angelo, which was then not
+only a fortress but also a prison for political offenders. As he passed
+through one of the corridors, a young man from an inner room or cell
+rushed out and addressed him, apparently in great distress of mind. He
+cried, "For the love of God, sir, try to help me! I was taken from my
+home a fortnight since, I know not why, and was brought here, where I am
+detained, utterly ignorant of the grounds of my arrest and
+imprisonment." This incident disturbed my husband very much. Of course,
+he could do nothing to aid the unfortunate man.
+
+We were invited, one evening, to attend what the Romans still call an
+"accademia," _i. e._ a sort of literary club or association. It was held
+in what appeared to be a public hall, with a platform on which were
+seated those about to take part in the exercises of the evening. Among
+these were two cardinals, one of whom read aloud some Greek verses, the
+other a Latin discourse, both of which were applauded. After or before
+these, I cannot remember which, came a recitation from a once famous
+improvisatrice, Rosa Taddei. She is mentioned by Sismondi in one of his
+works as a young person, most wonderful in her performance. She was now
+a woman of middle age, wearing a sober gown and cap. The poem which she
+read was on the happiness to be derived from a family of adopted
+children. I remember its conclusion. He who should give himself to the
+care of other people's children would be entitled to say:--
+
+  "Formai questa famiglia
+  Sol colla mia virtu."
+
+  "I built myself this family
+  solely by my own merit."
+
+The performances concluded with a satirical poem given by a layman, and
+describing the indignation of an elegant ecclesiastic at the visit of a
+man in poor and shabby clothes. His complaint is answered by a friend,
+who remarks:--
+
+          "La vostra eccellenza
+  Vorrebbe tutti i poverelli ricchi."
+
+          "Your Excellency
+  would have every poor fellow rich."
+
+The presence of the celebrated phrenologist, George Combe, in Rome at
+this time added much to Dr. Howe's enjoyment of the winter, and to mine.
+His wife was a daughter of the great actress, Mrs. Siddons, and was a
+person of excellent mind and manners. Observing that she always appeared
+in black, I asked one day whether she was in mourning for a near
+relative. She replied, rather apologetically, that she adopted this
+dress on account of its convenience, and that English ladies, in
+traveling, often did so.
+
+I remember that Fanny Kemble, who was a cousin of Mrs. Combe, once
+related the following anecdote to Dr. Howe and myself: "Cecilia [Mrs.
+Combe] had grown up in her mother's shadow, for Mrs. Siddons was to the
+last such a social idol as to absorb the notice of people wherever she
+went, leaving little attention to be bestowed upon her daughter. This
+was rather calculated to sour the daughter's disposition, and naturally
+had that effect." Mrs. Kemble then spoke of a visit which she had made
+at her cousin's house after her marriage to Mr. Combe. In taking leave,
+she could not refrain from exclaiming, "Oh, Cecilia, how you have
+improved!" to which Mrs. Combe replied, "Who could help improving when
+living with perfection?"
+
+Dr. Howe and Mr. Combe sometimes visited the galleries in company,
+viewing the works therein contained in the light of their favorite
+theory. I remember having gone with them through the great sculpture
+hall of the Vatican, listening with edification to their instructive
+conversation. They stood for some time before the well-known head of
+Zeus, the contour and features of which appeared to them quite orthodox,
+according to the standard of phrenology.
+
+In this last my husband was rather an enthusiastic believer. He was apt,
+in judging new acquaintances, to note closely the shape of the head, and
+at one time was unwilling even to allow a woman servant to be engaged
+until, at his request, she had removed her bonnet, giving him an
+opportunity to form his estimate of her character or, at least, of her
+natural proclivities. In common with Horace Mann, he held Mr. Combe to
+be one of the first intelligences of the age, and esteemed his work on
+"The Constitution of Man" as one of the greatest of human productions.
+
+When, in the spring of 1844, I left Rome, in company with my husband, my
+sisters, and my baby, it seemed like returning to the living world after
+a long separation from it. In spite of all its attractions, I was glad
+to stand once more face to face with the belongings of my own time.
+
+We journeyed first to Naples, which I saw with delight, thence by
+steamer to Marseilles, and by river boat and diligence to Paris.
+
+My husband's love of the unusual must, I think, have prompted him to
+secure passage for our party on board the little steamer which carried
+us well on our way to Paris. Its small cabin was without sleeping
+accommodations of any kind. As the boat always remained in some port
+overnight, Dr. Howe found it possible to hire mattresses for us, which,
+alas, were taken away at daybreak, when our journey was resumed.
+
+Of the places visited on our way I will mention only Avignon, a city of
+great historic interest, retaining little in the present day to remind
+the traveler of its former importance. My husband here found a bricabrac
+shop, containing much curious furniture of ancient date. Among its
+contents were two cabinets of carved wood, which so fascinated him that,
+finding himself unable to decide in favor of either, he concluded to
+purchase both of them. The dealer of whom he bought them promised to
+have them packed so solidly that they might be thrown out of an upper
+window without sustaining any injury, adding, "Et de plus, j'�crirai l�
+dessus 'tr�s fragile'" (And in addition, I will mark it "very fragile"),
+which amused my husband. He had justified this purchase to me by
+reminding me that we should presently have our house to furnish. Indeed,
+the two cabinets proved an excellent investment, and are as handsome as
+ever, after much wear and tear of other household goods.
+
+We made some stay in Paris, of which city I have chronicled elsewhere my
+first impressions. Among these was the pain of hearing a lecture from
+Philar�te Chasles, in which he spoke most disparagingly of American
+literature, and of our country in general. He said that we had
+contributed nothing of value to the world of letters. Yet we had already
+given it the writings of Irving, Hawthorne, Emerson, Longfellow, Bryant,
+and Poe. It is true that these authors were little, if at all, known in
+France at that time; but the speaker, proposing to instruct the public,
+ought to have informed himself concerning that whereof he assumed to
+speak with knowledge.
+
+Dr. Howe attended one of the official receptions of M. Guizot, who was
+prime minister at this time. I tried to persuade him to wear the
+decorations given him by the Greek government in recognition of his
+services in the Greek revolution, but he refused to do so, thinking such
+ornaments unfitting a republican. I had the pleasure of witnessing one
+of the last performances of the celebrated _danseuse_, Madame Taglioni.
+She it was of whom one of the same profession said, "Nous autres, nous
+sautons et nous tombons, mais elle monte et elle descend." The ballet
+was "La Sylphide," in which she had achieved one of her earliest
+triumphs. Remembering this, Dr. Howe found her somewhat changed for the
+worse. I admired her very much, and her dancing appeared to me
+characterized by a perfection and finish which placed her beyond
+competition with more recent favorites.
+
+I was fortunate also in seeing Mademoiselle Rachel in "La Czarina," a
+part which did not give full scope for her great talent. The demerits of
+the play, however, could not wholly overcloud the splendor of her unique
+personality, which at moments electrified the audience.
+
+Our second visit to England, in the autumn of the year 1844, on the way
+back to our own country, was less brilliant and novel than our first,
+but scarcely less in interest. We had received several invitations to
+visit friends at their country residences, and these opened to us the
+most delightful aspect of English hospitality. The English are nowhere
+so much at home as in the country, and they willingly make their
+visitors at home also.
+
+Our first visit was at Atherstone, then the residence of Charles Nolte
+Bracebridge, one of the best specimens of an English country gentleman
+of the old school. His wife was a very accomplished gentlewoman,
+skillful alike with pencil and with needle, and possessed of much
+literary culture. We met here, among other guests, Mr. Henry Reeve, well
+known in the literary society of that time. Mrs. Bracebridge told us
+much of Florence Nightingale, then about twenty-four years old, already
+considered a person of remarkable character. Our hosts had visited
+Athens, and sympathized with my husband in his views regarding the
+Greeks. They were also familiar with the farther East, and had brought
+cedars from Mount Lebanon and Arab horses from I know not where.
+
+Atherstone was not far from Coventry. Mr. Bracebridge claimed descent
+from Lady Godiva, and informed me that a descendant of Peeping Tom of
+Coventry was still to be found in that place. He himself was lord of the
+manor, but had neither son nor daughter to succeed him. He told me some
+rather weird stories, one of which was that he had once waked in the
+night to see a female figure seated by his fireside. I think that the
+ghost was that of an old retainer of the family, or possibly an
+ancestress. An old prophecy also had been fulfilled with regard to his
+property. This was that when a certain piece of land should pass from
+the possession of the family, a small island on the estate would cease
+to exist. The property was sold, and the island somehow became attached
+to the mainland, and as an island ceased to exist.
+
+My two sisters accompanied Dr. Howe and myself in the round of visits
+which I am now recording. They were young women of great personal
+attraction, the elder of the two an unquestioned beauty, the younger
+gifted with an individual charm of loveliness. They were much admired
+among our new friends. Thomas Appleton followed us at one of the houses
+in which we stayed. He told me, long afterwards, that he was asked at
+this time whether there were many young ladies in America as charming as
+the Misses Ward.
+
+Mrs. Bracebridge in speaking to me of Florence Nightingale as a young
+person likely to make an exceptional record, told me that her mother
+rather feared this, and would have preferred the usual conventional life
+for her daughter. The father was a pronounced Liberal, and a Unitarian.
+While we were still at Atherstone, we received an invitation to pass a
+few days with the Nightingale family at Emblee, and betook ourselves
+thither. We found a fine mansion of Elizabethan architecture, and a
+cordial reception. The family consisted of father and mother and two
+daughters, both born during their parents' residence in Italy, and
+respectively christened Parthenope and Florence, one having first seen
+the light in the city whose name she bore, the other in Naples.
+
+[Illustration: FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
+
+_From a photograph._]
+
+Of the two, Parthenope was the elder; she was not handsome, but was
+_piquante_ and entertaining. Florence, the younger sister, was rather
+elegant than beautiful; she was tall and graceful of figure, her
+countenance mobile and expressive, her conversation most interesting.
+Having heard much of Dr. Howe as a philanthropist, she resolved to
+consult him upon a matter which she already had at heart. She
+accordingly requested him one day to meet her on the following morning,
+before the hour for the family breakfast. He did so, and she opened the
+way to the desired conference by saying, "Dr. Howe, if I should
+determine to study nursing, and to devote my life to that profession, do
+you think it would be a dreadful thing?"
+
+"By no means," replied my husband. "I think that it would be a very good
+thing."
+
+So much and no more of the conversation Dr. Howe repeated to me. We soon
+heard that Miss Florence was devoting herself to the study of her
+predilection; and when, years after this time, the Crimean war broke
+out, we were among the few who were not astonished at the undertaking
+which made her name world famous.
+
+Just before our final embarkation for America, we passed a few days with
+the same friends at Lea Hurst, a pretty country seat near Malvern. There
+we met the well-known historian, Henry Hallam, celebrated also as the
+father of Tennyson's lamented Arthur. "Martin Chuzzlewit" had recently
+appeared, and I remember that Mr. Hallam read aloud with much amusement
+the famous transcendental episode beginning, "To be introduced to a
+Pogram by a Hominy." Mr. Hallam asked me whether talk of this sort was
+ever heard in transcendental circles in America. I was obliged to
+confess that the caricature was not altogether without foundation.
+
+Soon after reaching London for the second time, we were invited to visit
+Dr. and Mrs. Fowler at Salisbury. The doctor was much interested in
+anthropology and kindred topics, and my husband found in him a congenial
+friend. The house was a modest one, but the housekeeping was generous
+and tasteful. As Salisbury was a cathedral town, the prominent people of
+the place naturally belonged to the Anglican Church. At the Fowlers'
+hospitable board we met the bishop, the dean, the rector, and the
+curate.
+
+I attended several services in the beautiful cathedral, and enjoyed very
+much a visit to Stonehenge, which we made in company with our hosts, in
+a carriage drawn by two small mules. I inquired why they used mules in
+preference to horses, and was told that it was to avoid the tax imposed
+upon the latter. Stonehenge was in the district of Old Sarum, once a
+rotten borough, as certain places in England were termed which, with
+little or no population, had yet the right to be represented in
+Parliament. Dr. Fowler was familiar with the ancient history of the
+place, which, as we saw it, contained nothing but an area of desolate
+sand. The wonderful Druidical stones of Stonehenge commanded our
+attention. They are too well known to need description. Our host could
+throw no light upon their history, which belongs, one must suppose, with
+that of kindred constructions in Brittany.
+
+Bishop Denison, at the time of our visit, was still saddened by the loss
+of a beloved wife. He invited us to a dinner at which his sister, Miss
+Denison, presided. The dean and his wife were present, the Fowlers, and
+one or two other guests. To my surprise, the bishop gave me his arm and
+conducted me to the table, where he seated me on his right. Mrs. Fowler
+afterwards remarked to me, "How charming it was of the bishop to take
+you in to dinner. As an American you have no rank, and are therefore
+exempt from all questions of precedence."
+
+Mrs. Fowler once described to me an intimate little dinner with the poet
+Rogers, for which he had promised to provide just enough, and no more.
+Each dish exactly matched the three convives. Half of a chicken sufficed
+for the roast. As his usual style of entertainment was very elegant, he
+probably derived some amusement from this unnecessary economy.
+
+We left Salisbury with regret, Dr. Fowler giving Dr. Howe a parting
+injunction to visit Rotherhithe workhouse, where he himself had seen an
+old woman who was blind, deaf, and crippled. My husband made this visit,
+and wrote an account of it to Dr. Fowler.[2] He read this to me before
+sending it. In the mischief of which I was then full to overflowing, I
+wrote a humorous travesty of Dr. Howe's letter in rhyme, but when I
+showed it to him, I was grieved to see how much he seemed pained at my
+frivolity.
+
+[Footnote 2: This old woman was one of a number of trebly-afflicted
+persons--deaf, dumb, and blind--whom Dr. Howe found time to visit on
+this wedding trip, beginning their instruction himself in some cases,
+and interesting persons in the neighborhood in carrying it on. In his
+report of the Institution for the Blind, written after his return from
+Europe in 1844, he gives an account of these cases, closing with an
+eloquent appeal in behalf of these neglected and suffering members of
+the human family.
+
+"And here the question will recur to you (for I doubt not it has
+occurred a dozen times already), Can nothing be done to disinter this
+human soul? It is late, but perhaps not too late. The whole neighborhood
+would rush to save this woman if she were buried alive by the caving in
+of a pit, and labor with zeal until she were dug out. Now if there were
+one who had as much patience as zeal, and who, having carefully observed
+how a little child learns language, would attempt to lead her gently
+through the same course, he might possibly awaken her to a consciousness
+of her immortal nature. The chance is small indeed; but with a smaller
+chance they would have dug desperately for her in the pit; and is the
+life of the soul of less import than that of the body?
+
+"It is to be feared that there are many others whose cases are not known
+out of their own families, who are regarded as beyond the reach of help,
+and who are therefore left in their awful desolation.
+
+"This ought not to be, either for the good of the sufferers, or of those
+about them. It is hardly possible to conceive a case in which some
+improvement could not be effected by patient perseverance; and the
+effort ought to be made in every one of them.
+
+"The sight of any being, in human shape, left to brutish ignorance, is
+always demoralizing to the beholders. There floats not upon the stream
+of life any wreck of humanity so utterly shattered and crippled that its
+signals of distress should not challenge attention and command
+assistance."]
+
+      Dear Sir, I went south
+      As far as Portsmouth,
+  And found a most charming old woman,
+      Delightfully void
+      Of all that's enjoyed
+  By the animal vaguely called human.
+
+      She has but one jaw,
+      Has teeth like a saw,
+  Her ears and her eyes I delight in:
+      The one could not hear
+      Tho' a cannon were near,
+  The others are holes with no sight in.
+
+      Her cinciput lies
+      Just over her eyes,
+  Not far from the bone parietal;
+      The crown of her head,
+      Be it vulgarly said,
+  Is shaped like the back of a beetle.
+
+      Destructiveness great
+      Combines with conceit
+  In the form of this wonderful noddle,
+      But benev'lence, you know,
+      And a large _philopro_
+  Give a great inclination to coddle.
+
+And so on.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+FIRST YEARS IN BOSTON
+
+
+In the autumn of 1844 we returned from our wedding journey, and took up
+our abode in the near neighborhood of the city of Boston, of which at
+intervals I had already enjoyed some glimpses. These had shown me
+Margaret Fuller, holding high communion with her friends in her
+well-remembered conversations; Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was then
+breaking ground in the field of his subsequent great reputation; and
+many another who has since been widely heard of. I count it as one of my
+privileges to have listened to a single sermon from Dr. Channing, with
+whom I had some personal acquaintance. I can remember only a few
+passages. Its theme must have been the divine love; for Dr. Channing
+said that God loved black men as well as white men, poor men as well as
+rich men, and bad men as well as good men. This doctrine was quite new
+to me, but I received it gladly.
+
+The time was one in which the Boston community, small as it then was,
+exhibited great differences of opinion, especially regarding the new
+transcendentalism and the anti-slavery agitation, which were both held
+much in question by the public at large. While George Ripley, moved by a
+fresh interpretation of religious duty, was endeavoring to institute a
+phalanstery at Brook Farm, the caricatures of Christopher Cranch gave
+great amusement to those who were privileged to see them. One of these
+represented Margaret Fuller driving a winged team attached to a chariot
+on which was inscribed the name of her new periodical, "The Dial," while
+the Rev. Andrews Norton regarded her with holy horror. Another
+illustrated a passage from Mr. Emerson's essay on Nature--"I play upon
+myself. I am my own music"--by depicting an individual with a nose of
+preternatural length, pierced with holes like a flageolet, upon which
+his fingers sought the intervals. Yet Mr. Cranch belonged by taste and
+persuasion among the transcendentalists.
+
+As my earliest relations in Boston were with its recognized society, I
+naturally gave some heed to the views therein held regarding the
+transcendental people. What I liked least in these last, when I met
+them, was a sort of jargon which characterized their speech. I had been
+taught to speak plain and careful English, and though always a student
+of foreign languages, I had never thought fit to mix their idioms with
+those of my native tongue. Apropos of this, I remember that the poet
+Fitz-Greene Halleck once said to me of Margaret Fuller, "That young lady
+does not speak the same language that I do,--I cannot understand her."
+Mr. Emerson's English was as new to me as that of any of his
+contemporaries; but in his case I soon felt that the thought was as
+novel as the language, and that both marked an epoch in literary
+history. The grandiloquence which was common at that time now appears to
+me to have been the natural expression of an exhilaration of mind which
+carried the speaker or writer beyond the bounds of commonplace speech.
+The intellect of the time had outgrown the limits of Puritan belief. The
+narrow literalism, the material and positive view of matters highly
+spiritual, abstract, and indeterminate, which had been handed down from
+previous generations, had become irreligious to the foremost minds of
+that day. They had no choice but to enter the arena as champions of the
+new interpretation of life which the cause of truth imperatively
+demanded.
+
+I speak now of the transcendental movement as I had opportunity to
+observe it in Boston. Let us not ignore the fact that it was a world
+movement. The name seems to have been borrowed from the German
+phraseology, in which the philosophy of Kant was termed "the
+transcendental philosophy." More than this, the breath which kindled
+among us this new flame of hope and aspiration came from the same
+source. For this was the period of Germany's true glory. Her
+intellectual radiance outshone and outlived the military meteor which
+for a brief moment obscured all else to human vision. The great vitality
+of the German nation, the indefatigable research of its learned men, its
+wholesome balance of sense and spirit, all made themselves widely felt,
+and infused fresh blood into veins impoverished by ascetic views of
+life. Its philosophers were apostles of freedom, its poets sang the joy
+of living, not the bitterness of sin and death.
+
+These good things were brought to us piecemeal, by translations, by
+disciples. Dr. Hedge published an English rendering of some of the
+masterpieces of German prose. Longfellow gave us lovely versions of many
+poets. John S. Dwight produced his ever precious volume of translations
+of the minor poems of Goethe and Schiller. Margaret Fuller translated
+Eckermann's "Conversations with Goethe." Carlyle wrote his wonderful
+essays, inspired by the new thought, and adding to it daring novelty of
+his own. The whole is matter of history now, quite beyond the domain of
+personal reminiscence.
+
+I have spoken of the transcendentalists and the abolitionists as if they
+had been quite distinct bodies of believers. Reflecting more deeply, I
+feel that both were features of the new movement. In the
+transcendentalists the enthusiasm of emancipated thought was paramount,
+while the abolitionists followed the vision of emancipated humanity. The
+lightning flash which illuminated the heaven of the poets and
+philosophers fell also on the fetters of the slave, and showed them to
+the thinking world as a disgrace no longer to be tolerated by civilized
+peoples.
+
+I recall my first years of life in Boston as nearly touched by the sense
+of the unresolved discords which existed in its society. My husband was
+much concerned in some of the changes of front which took place at this
+time. An ardent friend both of Horace Mann and of Charles Sumner, he
+shared the educational views of the first and the political convictions
+of the second. In the year 1845, having been elected to serve on the
+Boston School Board, Dr. Howe instituted so drastic a research into the
+condition of the public schools as to draw upon himself much
+animadversion and some ill-will. Horace Mann, on the other hand,
+characterized this work as "one which only Sam Howe or an angel could
+have done."
+
+Dr. Howe and Mr. Mann, during their travels in Europe, had become much
+interested in the system of training, new at that time, by which
+deaf-mutes were enabled to use vocal speech, and to read on the lips the
+words of those who addressed them. Soon after his return from Europe,
+Mr. Mann published a report in which he dwelt much on the great benefit
+of this new departure in the education of deaf-mutes, and advocated the
+introduction of the system into our own schools. Dr. Howe expressed the
+same views, and the two gentlemen were held up to the public as
+disturbers of its peace. My husband disapproved of the use of signs,
+which, up to that time, had figured largely in the instruction of
+American deaf-mutes, and in their intercourse with each other. He felt
+that the use of language was an important condition of definite thought,
+and hailed the new powers conferred by the European system as a
+liberation of its pupils from the greatest of their disabilities, the
+privation of direct intercourse with their fellow creatures. His advice,
+privately sought and given, induced a number of parents to undertake
+themselves the education of their deaf children, or, at least, to have
+that education conducted at home, and under their own supervision. In
+after years such parents and children were forward in expressing their
+gratitude for the advice given and followed. The Horace Mann school in
+Boston, and the Clarke school in Northampton, attest the perseverance of
+the advocates of the new method of instruction, and their ultimate
+success.
+
+I had formerly seen Boston as a petted visitor from another city would
+be apt to see it. I had found it altogether hospitable, and rather eager
+to entertain a novelty. It was another matter to see it with its
+consideration cap on, pondering whether to like or mislike a new
+claimant to its citizenship. I had known what we may term the Boston of
+the Forty, if New York may be called the city of the Four Hundred. I was
+now to make acquaintance with quite another city,--with the Boston of
+the teachers, of the reformers, of the cranks, and also--of the
+apostles. Wondering and floundering among these new surroundings, I was
+often at a loss to determine what I should follow, what relinquish. I
+endeavored to enter reasonably into the functions and amusements of
+general society, and at the same time to profit by the new resources of
+intellectual life which opened out before me. One offense against
+fashion I would commit: I would go to hear Theodore Parker preach. My
+society friends shook their heads.
+
+"What is Julia Howe trying to find at Parker's meeting?" asked one of
+these one day in my presence.
+
+"Atheism," replied the lady thus addressed.
+
+I said, "Not atheism, but a theism."
+
+The change had already been great, from my position as a family idol and
+"the superior young lady" of an admiring circle to that of a wife
+overshadowed for the time by the splendor of her husband's reputation.
+This I had accepted willingly. But the change from my life of easy
+circumstances and brilliant surroundings to that of the mistress of a
+suite of rooms in the Institution for the Blind at South Boston was much
+greater. The building was two miles distant from the city proper, the
+only public conveyance being an omnibus which ran but once in two hours.
+My friends were residents of Boston, or of places still more remote from
+my dwelling-place, and South Boston was then, as it has continued to be,
+a distinctly unfashionable suburb. My husband did not desire that I
+should undertake any work in connection with the Institution under his
+charge. I found its teachers pleasant neighbors, and was glad to have
+Laura Bridgman continue to be a member of the household.
+
+Dr. Howe had a great fancy for a piece of property which lay very near
+the Institution. In due time he purchased it. We found an ancient
+cottage on the place, and made it habitable by the addition of one or
+two rooms. Our new domain comprised several acres of land, and my
+husband took great pleasure in laying out an extensive fruit and flower
+garden, and in building a fine hothouse. We removed to this abode on a
+lovely summer day; and as I entered the grounds I involuntarily
+exclaimed, "This is green peace!" Somehow, the nickname, jocosely given,
+remained in use. The estate still stands on legal records as "The Green
+Peace Estate." Friends would sometimes ask us, "How are you getting on
+at Green Beans--is that the name?" My husband was so much attached to
+this place that when, after a residence of many years in the city, he
+returned thither to spend the last years of his life, he spoke of it as
+"Paradise Regained."
+
+It partly amuses, and partly saddens me to recall, at this advanced
+period of my life, the altogether mistaken views which I once held
+regarding certain sets of people in Boston, of whom I really knew little
+or nothing. The veil of prejudgment through which I saw them was not,
+indeed, of my own weaving, but I was content to dislike them at a
+distance, until circumstances compelled a nearer and a truer view.
+
+I had supposed the abolitionists to be men and women of rather coarse
+fibre, abounding in cheap and easy denunciation, and seeking to lay rash
+hands on the complex machinery of government and of society. My husband,
+who largely shared their opinions, had no great sympathy with some of
+their methods. Theodore Parker held them in great esteem, and it was
+through him that one of my strongest imaginary dislikes vanished as
+though it had never been. The object of this dislike was William Lloyd
+Garrison, whom I had never seen, but of whose malignity of disposition I
+entertained not the smallest doubt.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOME AT SOUTH BOSTON
+
+_From a painting in the possession of M. Anagnos._]
+
+It happened that I met him at one of Parker's Sunday evenings at home. I
+soon felt that this was not the man for whom I had cherished so great a
+distaste. Gentle and unassuming in manner, with a pleasant voice, a
+benevolent countenance, and a sort of glory of sincerity in his ways and
+words, I could only wonder at the falsehoods that I had heard and
+believed concerning him.
+
+The Parkers had then recently received the gift of a piano from members
+of their congregation. A friend began to play hymn tunes upon it, and
+those of us who could sing gathered in little groups to read from the
+few hymn-books which were within reach. Dr. Howe presently looked up and
+saw me singing from the same book with Mr. Garrison. He told me
+afterward that few things in the course of his life had surprised him
+more. From this time forth the imaginary Garrison ceased to exist for
+me. I learned to respect and honor the real one more and more, though as
+yet little foreseeing how glad I should be one day to work with and
+under him. The persons most frequently named as prominent abolitionists,
+in connection with Mr. Garrison, were Maria Weston Chapman and Wendell
+Phillips.
+
+Mrs. Chapman presided with much energy and grace over the anti-slavery
+bazaars which were held annually in Boston through a long space of
+years. For this labor of love she was somewhat decried, and the
+_sobriquet_ of "Captain Chapman" was given her in derision. She was
+handsome and rather commanding in person, endowed also with an excellent
+taste in dress. I cannot remember that she ever spoke in public, but her
+presence often adorned the platform at anti-slavery meetings. She was
+the editor of the "Liberty Bell," and was a valued friend and ally of
+Wendell Phillips.
+
+Of Mr. Phillips I must say that I at first regarded him through the same
+veil of prejudice which had caused me so greatly to misconceive the
+character of Mr. Garrison. I was a little softened by hearing that at
+one of the bazaars he had purchased a copy of my first volume of poems,
+with the remark, "She doesn't like me, but I like her poetry." This
+naturally led me to suppose that he must have some redeeming traits of
+character. I had not then heard him speak, and I did not wish to hear
+him; but I met him, also, at one of the Parker Sunday evenings, and,
+after a pleasant episode of conversation, I found myself constrained to
+take him out of my chamber of dislikes.
+
+Mr. Phillips was entitled, by birth and education, to an unquestioned
+position in Boston society. His family name was of the best. He was a
+graduate both of Harvard College and of its Law School. No ungentlemanly
+act had ever tarnished his fame. His offense was that, at a critical
+moment, he had espoused an unpopular cause,--one which was destined, in
+less than a score of years, so to divide the feeling of our community as
+to threaten the very continuance of our national life. Oh, to have been
+in Faneuil Hall on that memorable day when the pentecostal flame first
+visited him; when he leaped to the platform, all untrained for such an
+encounter, and his eloquent soul uttered itself in protest against a low
+and sordid acquiescence in the claims of oppression and tyranny! In that
+hour he was sealed as an apostle of the higher law, to whose advocacy he
+sacrificed his professional and social interests. The low-browed,
+chain-bound slave had now the best orator in America to plead his cause.
+It was the beginning of the end. Mr. Phillips, without doubt, sometimes
+used intemperate language. I myself have at times dissented quite
+sharply from some of his statements. Nevertheless, a man who rendered
+such great service to the community as he did has a right to be judged
+by his best, not by his least meritorious performance. He was for years
+an unwelcome prophet of evil to come. Society at large took little heed
+of his warning; but when the evil days did come, he became a counselor
+"good at need."
+
+I recall now a scene in Tremont Temple just before the breaking out of
+our civil war. An anti-slavery meeting had been announced, and a scheme
+had been devised to break it up. As I entered I met Mrs. Chapman, who
+said, "These are times in which anti-slavery people must stand by each
+other." On the platform were seated a number of the prominent
+abolitionists. Mr. Phillips was to be the second speaker, but when he
+stepped forward to address the meeting a perfect hubbub arose in the
+gallery. Shrieks, howls, and catcalls resounded. Again and again the
+great orator essayed to speak. Again and again his voice was drowned by
+the general uproar. I sat near enough to hear him say, with a smile,
+"Those boys in the gallery will soon tire themselves out." And so,
+indeed, it befell. After a delay which appeared to some of us endless,
+the noise subsided, and Wendell Phillips, still in the glory of his
+strength and manly beauty, stood up before the house, and soon held all
+present spellbound by the magic of his speech. The clear silver ring of
+his voice carried conviction with it. From head to foot, he seemed
+aflame with the passion of his convictions. He used the simplest
+English, and spoke with such distinctness that his lowest tones, almost
+a whisper, could be heard throughout the large hall. Yerrinton, the only
+man who could report Wendell Phillips's speeches, once told my husband
+that it was like reporting chain lightning.
+
+On the occasion of which I speak, the unruly element was quieted once
+for all, and the further proceedings of the meeting suffered no
+interruption. The mob, however, did not at once abandon its intention of
+doing violence to the great advocate. Soon after the time just mentioned
+Dr. Howe attended an evening meeting, at the close of which a crowd of
+rough men gathered outside the public entrance, waiting for Phillips to
+appear, with ugly threats of the treatment which he should receive at
+their hands. The doors presently opened, and Phillips came forth,
+walking calmly between Mrs. Chapman and Lydia Maria Child. Not a hand
+was raised, not a threat was uttered. The crowd gave way in silence, and
+the two brave women parted from Phillips at the door of his own house.
+My husband spoke of this as one of the most impressive sights that he
+had ever witnessed. His report of it moved me to send word to Mr.
+Phillips that, in case of any recurrence of such a disturbance, I should
+be proud to join his body-guard.
+
+Mr. Phillips was one of the early advocates of woman suffrage. I
+remember that I was sitting in Theodore Parker's reception room
+conversing with him when Wendell Phillips, quite glowing with
+enthusiasm, came in to report regarding the then recent woman's rights
+convention at Worcester. Of the doings there he spoke in warm eulogy. He
+complained that Horace Mann had written a non-committal letter, in reply
+to the invitation sent him to take part in the convention. Ralph Waldo
+Emerson, he said, had excused himself from attendance on the ground that
+he was occupied in writing a life of Margaret Fuller, which, he hoped,
+would be considered as a service in the line of the objects of the
+meeting.
+
+This convention was held in October of the year 1850, before the claims
+of women to political efficiency had begun to occupy the attention and
+divide the feeling of the American public. When, after the close of the
+civil war, the question was again brought forward, with a new zeal and
+determination, Mr. Phillips gave it the great support of his eloquence,
+and continued through a long course of years to be one of its most
+earnest advocates.
+
+[Illustration: WENDELL PHILLIPS
+
+At the age of 48
+
+_From a photograph lent by Francis J. Garrison, Boston._]
+
+The last time that I heard Wendell Phillips speak in public was in
+December, 1883, at the unveiling of Miss Whitney's statue of Harriet
+Martineau, in the Old South Meeting-House. Mrs. Livermore was one of the
+speakers of the occasion. When the stated exercises were at an end, she
+said to me, "Let us thank Mr. Phillips for what he has just said. We
+shall not have him with us long." I expressed surprise at this, and she
+said further, "He has heart disease, and is far from well." Soon after
+this followed his death, and the splendid public testimonial given in
+his honor. I was one of those admitted to the funeral exercises, in
+which friends spoke of him most lovingly. I also saw his remains lying
+in state in Faneuil Hall, on the very platform where, in his ardent
+youth, he had uttered his first scathing denunciation of the slave power
+and its defenders. The mournful and reverent crowd which gathered for
+one last look at his beloved countenance told, better than words could
+tell, of the tireless services which, in the interval, had won for him
+the heart of the community. It was a sight never to be forgotten.
+
+I first heard of Theodore Parker as the author of the sermon on "The
+Transient and the Permanent in Christianity." At the time of its
+publication I was still within the fold of the Episcopal Church, and,
+judging by hearsay, was prepared to find the discourse a tissue of
+impious and sacrilegious statements. Yet I ventured to peruse a copy of
+it which fell into my hands. I was surprised to find it reverent and
+appreciative in spirit, although somewhat startling in its conclusions.
+At that time the remembrance of Mr. Emerson's Phi Beta address was fresh
+in my mind. This discourse of Parker's was a second glimpse of a system
+of thought very different from that in which I had been reared.
+
+Not long after my marriage, being in Rome with my husband, I was
+interested to hear of Parker's arrival there. As Dr. Howe had some
+slight acquaintance with him, we soon invited him to dine with us. He
+was already quite bald, and this untimely blemish appeared in strange
+contrast with the youthful energy of his facial expression. He was
+accompanied by his wife, whose mild countenance, compared with his,
+suggested even more than the usual contrast between husband and wife.
+One might have said of her that she came near being very handsome. Her
+complexion was fair, her features were regular, and the expression of
+her face was very na�f and gentle. A certain want of physical maturity
+seemed to have prevented her from blossoming into full beauty. It was a
+great grief both to her and to her husband that their union was
+childless.
+
+Theodore Parker's reputation had already reached Rome, and there as
+elsewhere brought him many attentions from scholars, and even from
+dignitaries of the Catholic Church. He remained in the Eternal City, as
+we did, through the winter, and we saw him frequently.
+
+When, in the spring, my eldest child was born, I desired that she should
+be christened by Parker. This caused some uneasiness to my sisters, who
+were with me at the time. One of them took occasion to call upon Parker
+at his lodgings, and to inquire how the infant was to be christened, in
+what name. Our friend replied that he had never heard of any baptismal
+formula other than the usual one, "in the name of the Father, Son, and
+Holy Ghost." My sister was much relieved, and the baptism was altogether
+satisfactory.
+
+This was the beginning of a family intimacy which lasted many years,
+ending only with Parker's life. After our return to America my husband
+went often to the Melodeon, where Parker preached until he took
+possession of the Music Hall. The interest which my husband showed in
+these services led me in time to attend them, and I remember as among
+the great opportunities of my life the years in which I listened to
+Theodore Parker.
+
+Those who knew Parker only in the pulpit did not half know him. Apart
+from the field of theological controversy, he was one of the most
+sympathetic and delightful of men. I have rarely met any one whose
+conversation had such a ready and varied charm. His idea of culture was
+encyclop�dic, and his reading, as might have been inferred from the size
+of his library, was enormous. The purchase of books was his single
+extravagance. One whole floor was given up to them, and in spite of this
+they overflowed into hall and drawing-room. He was very generous in
+lending them, and I often profited by his kindness in this respect.
+
+His affection for his wife was very great. From a natural love of
+paradox, he was accustomed to style this mild creature "Bear," and he
+delighted to carry out this pleasantry by adorning his _�tag�re_ with
+miniature bears, in wood-carving, porcelain, and so on. His gold shirt
+stud bore the impress of a bear. At one Christmas time he showed me a
+breakfast cup upon which a bear had been painted, by his express order,
+as a gift for his wife. At another he granted me a view of a fine silver
+candlestick in the shape of a bear and staff, which was also intended
+for her.
+
+To my husband Parker often spoke of the excellence of his wife's
+discernment of character. He would say, "My quiet little wife, with her
+simple intuition, understands people more readily than I do. I sometimes
+invite a stranger to my house, and tell her that she will find him as
+pleasant as I have found him. It may turn out so; but if my wife says,
+'Theodore, I don't like that man; there's something wrong about him,' I
+always find in the end that I have been mistaken,--that her judgment was
+correct."
+
+Parker's ideal of culture included a knowledge of music. His endeavors
+to attain this were praiseworthy, but unsuccessful. I have heard the
+late John S. Dwight relate that when he was a student in Harvard
+Divinity School, Parker, who was then his fellow student, desired to be
+taught to sing the notes of the musical scale. Dwight volunteered to
+give him lessons, and began, as is usual, by striking the dominant _do_
+and directing Parker to imitate the sound. Parker responded, and found
+himself able to sing this one note; but when Dwight passed on to the
+second and the third, Parker could only repeat the note already sung. He
+had no ear for music, and his friend advised him to give up the hopeless
+attempt to cultivate his voice. In like manner, at an earlier date, Dr.
+Howe and Charles Sumner joined a singing class, but both evincing the
+same defect were dismissed as hopeless cases. Parker attended sedulously
+the concerts of classical music given in Boston, and no doubt enjoyed
+them, after a fashion. I remember that I once tried to explain to him
+the difference between having an ear for music and not having one. I
+failed, however, to convince him of any such distinction.
+
+The years during which I heard him most frequently were momentous in the
+history of our country and of our race. They presaged and preceded grave
+crises on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe was going on the ferment
+of ideas and theories which led to the revolutions of 1848 and the
+temporary upturning of states and of governments. In the United States,
+the seed of thought sown by prophetic minds was ripening in the great
+field of public opinion. Slavery and all that it involved became not
+only hateful but intolerable to men of right mind, and the policy which
+aimed at its indefinite extension was judged and condemned.
+
+Parker at this time had need in truth of the two-edged sword of the
+Spirit. On the one hand he encountered the foes of religious freedom, on
+the other the advocates and instruments of political oppression. His
+sermons on theism belonged to one of these domains, those which treated
+of public men and measures to the other. Among these last, I remember
+best that on Daniel Webster, and the terrible "Lesson for the Day" which
+denounced Judge Loring for the part he had taken in the rendition of
+Anthony Burns.
+
+The discourse which treated of Webster was indeed memorable. I remember
+well the solemnity of its opening sentences, and the earnest desire
+shown throughout to do justice to the great gifts of the great man,
+while no one of his public misdeeds was allowed to escape notice. The
+whole performance, painful as it was in parts, was very uplifting, as
+the exhibition of true mastery must always be. Its unusual length caused
+me to miss the omnibus which should have brought me to South Boston in
+good time for our Sunday dinner. As I entered the house and found the
+family somewhat impatient of the unwonted delay, I cried, "Let no one
+find fault! I have heard the greatest thing that I shall ever hear!"
+
+At the time of the attempted rendition of the fugitive slave Shadrach a
+meeting was held in the Melodeon, at which various speakers gave
+utterance to the indignation which aroused the whole community. Parker
+had been the prime mover in calling this meeting. He had written for it
+some verses to be sung to the tune of "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled,"
+and he made the closing and most important address. It was on this
+occasion that I first saw Colonel Higginson, who was then known as the
+Rev. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, pastor of a religious society in
+Worcester, Mass. The part assigned to him in the exercises was to read
+portions of Scripture appropriate to the day. This he did with excellent
+effect. Parker, in the course of his address, held up a torn coat, and
+said, "This is the coat of our brother Shadrach," reverting in his mind
+to the Bible story of the torn coat of Joseph over which his father
+grieved so sorely. As I left the hall I heard some mischievous urchins
+commenting upon this. "Nonsense!" cried one of them, "that wasn't
+Shadrach's coat at all. That was Theodore's coat." Parker was amused
+when I told him of this.
+
+From time to time Parker would speak in his sermons of the position
+which woman should hold in a civilized community. The question of
+suffrage had not then been brought into prominence, and, as I remember,
+he insisted most upon the claim of the sex to equality of education and
+of opportunity. On one occasion he invited Lucretia Mott to his pulpit.
+On another its privileges were accorded to Mrs. Seba Smith. I was
+present one Sunday when he announced to his congregation that the Rev.
+Antoinette L. Brown would address them on the Sunday following. As he
+pronounced the word "Reverend," I detected an unmistakable and probably
+unconscious curl of his lip. The lady was, I believe, the first woman
+minister regularly ordained in the United States. She was a graduate of
+Oberlin, in that day the only college in our country which received
+among its pupils women and negroes. She was ordained as pastor by an
+Orthodox Congregational society, and has since become better known as
+Antoinette Brown Blackwell, a strenuous advocate of the rights of her
+sex, an earnest student of religious philosophy, and the author of some
+valuable works on this and kindred topics.
+
+[Illustration: THEODORE PARKER
+
+_From a photograph by J. J. Hawes._]
+
+I am almost certain that Parker was the first minister who in public
+prayer to God addressed him as "Father and Mother of us all." I can
+truly say that no rite of public worship, not even the splendid Easter
+service in St. Peter's at Rome, ever impressed me as deeply as did
+Theodore Parker's prayers. The volume of them which has been published
+preserves many of his sentences, but cannot convey any sense of the
+sublime attitude of humility with which he rose and stood, his arms
+extended, his features lit up with the glory of his high office. Truly,
+he talked with God, and took us with him into the divine presence.
+
+I cannot remember that the interest of his sermons ever varied for me.
+It was all one intense delight. The luminous clearness of his mind, his
+admirable talent for popularizing the procedures and conclusions of
+philosophy, his keen wit and poetic sense of beauty,--all these combined
+to make him appear to me one of the oracles of God. Add to these his
+fearlessness and his power of denunciation, exercised in a community a
+great part of which seemed bound in a moral sleep. His voice was like
+the archangel's trump, summoning the wicked to repentance and bidding
+the just take heart. It was hard to go out from his presence, all aglow
+with the enthusiasm which he felt and inspired, and to hear him spoken
+of as a teacher of irreligion, a pest to the community.
+
+As all know, this glorious career came too soon to an end. While still
+in the fullness of his powers, and at the moment when he was most
+needed, the taint of hereditary disease penetrated his pure and
+blameless life. He came to my husband's office one day, and said, "Howe,
+that venomous cat which has destroyed so many of my people has fixed her
+claws here," pointing to his chest. The progress of the fatal disease
+was slow but sure. He had agreed with Dr. Howe that they should visit
+South America together in 1860, when he should have attained his
+fiftieth year. Alas! in place of that adventurous voyage and journey, a
+sad exodus to the West Indies and thence to Europe was appointed, an
+exile from which he never returned.
+
+Many years after this time I visited the public cemetery in Florence,
+and stood before the simple granite cross which marks the resting-place
+of this great apostle of freedom. I found it adorned with plants and
+vines which had evidently been brought from his native land. A dear
+friend of his, Mrs. Sarah Shaw Russell, had said to me of this spot, "It
+looks like a piece of New England." And I thought how this piece of New
+England belonged to the world.
+
+One of the most imposing figures in my gallery of remembrance is that of
+Charles Sumner, senator and martyr. When I first saw him I was still a
+girl in my father's house, from which the father had then but recently
+passed. My eldest brother, Samuel Ward, had made Mr. Sumner's
+acquaintance through a letter of introduction given to the latter by Mr.
+Longfellow. At his suggestion we invited Mr. Sumner to pass a quiet
+evening at our house, promising him a little music. Our guest had but
+recently returned from England, where letters from Chief Justice Story
+had given him access both to literary and to aristocratic circles. His
+appearance was at that time rather singular. He was very tall and erect,
+and the full suit of black which he wore added to the effect of his
+height and slenderness of figure. Of his conversation, I remember
+chiefly that he held the novels of Walter Scott in very light esteem,
+and that he quoted with approbation Sir Adam Ferguson as having said
+that Manzoni's "Promessi Sposi" was worth more than all of Sir Walter's
+romances put together.
+
+Mr. Sumner was at this time one of a little group of friends which an
+ironical lady had christened "the Mutual Admiration Society." The other
+members were the poet Longfellow, George S. Hillard, Cornelius Felton,
+professor of Greek at Harvard College, of which at a later day he became
+president, and Dr. Howe. These gentlemen were indeed bound together by
+ties of intimate friendship, but the humorous designation just quoted
+was not fairly applicable to them. They rejoiced in one another's
+successes, and Sumner on one occasion wrote to Dr. Howe, apropos of some
+new poem of Mr. Longfellow's, "What a club we are! I like to indulge in
+a little _mutual_." The developments of later years made some changes in
+these relations. When the Boston public became strongly divided on the
+slavery question, Hillard and Felton were less pronounced in their views
+than the others, while Longfellow, Sumner, and Dr. Howe remained united
+in opinion and in feeling. Hillard, who possessed more scholarship and
+literary taste than Sumner, could never understand the reason of the
+high position which the latter in time attained. He remained a Webster
+Whig, to use the language of those days, while Sumner was elected to
+Webster's seat in the Senate. Felton was a man of very genial
+temperament, devoted to the duties of his Greek professorship and to
+kindred studies. He was by nature averse to strife, and the encounters
+of the political arena had little attraction for him. The five always
+remained friends and well-wishers. They became much absorbed in the
+cares and business of public and private life, and the club as such
+ceased to be spoken of.
+
+In the days of their great intimacy, a certain grotesqueness of taste in
+Sumner made him the object of some good-natured banter on the part of
+the other "Mutuals." It was related that on a certain Fourth of July he
+had given his office boy, Ben, a small gratuity, and had advised him to
+pass the day at Mount Auburn, where he would be able to enjoy quiet and
+profitable meditation. Felton was especially merry over this incident;
+but he, in turn, furnished occasion for laughter when on a visit to New
+York, in company with the same friends. A man-servant whom they had
+brought with them was ordered to carry Felton's valise to the Astor
+House. This was before the days of the baggage express. The man arrived
+late in the day, breathless with fatigue, and when questioned replied,
+"Faith! I went to all the _oyster_ houses in Broadway before I could
+find yees."
+
+I little thought when I first knew Mr. Sumner that his most intimate
+friend was destined to become my own companion for life. Charles Sumner
+was a man of great qualities and of small defects. His blemishes, which
+were easily discerned, were temperamental rather than moral. He had not
+the sort of imagination which enables a man to enter easily into the
+feelings of others, and this deficiency on his part sometimes resulted
+in unnecessary rudeness.
+
+His father, Sheriff Sumner, had been accounted the most polite Bostonian
+of his day. It was related of him that once, being present at the
+execution of a criminal, and having trodden upon the foot of the
+condemned man, the sheriff took off his hat and apologized for the
+accident. Whereupon the criminal exclaimed, "Sheriff Sumner, you are the
+politest man I ever knew, and if I am to be hanged, I had rather be
+hanged by you than by any one else." It was sometimes remarked that the
+sheriff's mantle did not seem to have fallen upon his son.
+
+Charles Sumner's appearance was curiously metamorphosed by a severe
+attack of typhoid fever, which he suffered, I think, in 1843 or 1844.
+After his recovery he gained much in flesh, and entirely lost that
+ungainliness of aspect which once led a friend to compare him to a
+geometrical line, "length without breadth or thickness." He now became a
+man of strikingly fine presence, his great height being offset by a
+corresponding fullness of figure. His countenance was strongly marked
+and very individual,--the features not handsome in themselves, but the
+whole effect very pleasingly impressive.
+
+He had but little sense of humor, and was not at home in the small
+cut-and-thrust skirmishes of general society. He was made for serious
+issues and for great contests, which then lay unguessed before him. Of
+his literalness some amusing anecdotes have been told. At an official
+ball in Washington, he remarked to a young lady who stood beside him,
+"We are fortunate in having these places; for, standing here, we shall
+see the first entrance of the new English and French ministers into
+Washington society."
+
+The young girl replied, "I am glad to hear it. I like to see lions break
+the ice."
+
+Sumner was silent for a few minutes, but presently said, "Miss ----, in
+the country where lions live there is no ice."
+
+During the illness of which I have spoken, he was at times delirious,
+and his mother one day, going into his room, found that he was
+endeavoring to put on a change of linen. She begged him to desist,
+knowing him to be very weak. He said in reply, "Mother, I am not doing
+it for myself, but for some one else."
+
+Some debates on prison discipline, held in Boston in the year 1845,
+attracted a good deal of attention. Dr. Howe had become much
+dissatisfied with the management of prisons in Massachusetts, and
+desired to see the adoption of the Pennsylvania system of solitary
+confinement. Mr. Sumner entered warmly into his views. The matter was
+brought before the Boston public, and the arguments for and against the
+proposed change were very fully stated and discussed. Mr. Sumner spoke
+several times in favor of the solitary system, and on each occasion
+carried off the honors of the meeting. The secretary of the prison
+discipline association at that time, a noted conservative, opposed very
+strenuously the introduction of the Pennsylvania system. In the course
+of the debates, Mr. Sumner turned upon him in a sudden and unexpected
+manner, with these words: "In what I am about to say, I shall endeavor
+to imitate the secretary's candor, but not his temper." Now the
+secretary was one of the magnates of Boston, accustomed to be treated
+with great consideration. The start that he gave on being thus
+interpellated was so comic that it has impressed itself upon my memory.
+The speaker proceeded to apply to this gentleman a well-known line of
+Horace, descriptive of the character of Achilles:--
+
+  "Impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer."
+
+I confess that to me this direct attack appeared uncalled for, and I
+thought that the cause could have been as well advocated without
+recourse to personalities.
+
+I once invited Mr. Sumner to meet a distinguished guest at my house. He
+replied, "I do not know that I wish to meet your friend. I have outlived
+the interest in individuals." In my diary of the day I recorded the
+somewhat ungracious utterance, with this comment: "God Almighty, by the
+latest accounts, has not got so far as this." Mr. Sumner was told of
+this, in my presence, though not by me. He said at once, "What a strange
+sort of book your diary must be! You ought to strike that out
+immediately."
+
+Sumner was often robbed in the street or at a railroad station; his tall
+figure attracting attention, and his mind, occupied with things far
+away, giving little heed to what went on in his immediate presence.
+Members of his family were wont to say, "It is about time now for
+Charles to have his pocket picked again." The fact often followed the
+prediction.
+
+Mr. Sumner's eloquence differed much in character from that of Wendell
+Phillips. The two men, although workers in a common cause, were very
+dissimilar in their natural endowments. Phillips had a temperament of
+fire, while that of Sumner was cold and sluggish. Phillips had a great
+gift of simplicity, and always made a bee line for the central point of
+interest in the theme which he undertook to present. Sumner was
+recondite in language and elaborate in style. He was much of a student,
+and abounded in quotations. In his senatorial days, I once heard a
+satirical lady mention him as "the moral flummery member from
+Massachusetts, quoting Tibullus!"
+
+The first political speech which I heard from Mr. Sumner was delivered,
+if I mistake not, at a schoolhouse in the neighborhood of Boston. I
+found his oratory somewhat overloud and emphatic for the small hall and
+limited attendance. He had not at that time found his proper audience.
+When he was heard, later on, in Faneuil Hall or Tremont Temple, the
+ringing roll of his voice was very effective. His gestures were forcible
+rather than graceful. In argument he would go over the same ground
+several times, always with new amplifications and illustrations of his
+subject. There was a dead weight of honesty and conviction in what he
+said, and it was this, perhaps, that chiefly gave him his command over
+an audience. He had also in a remarkable degree the trait of mastery,
+and the ability to present his topic in a large way.
+
+I am not sure whether Sumner's idea of culture was as encyclop�dic as
+that of Theodore Parker, but he certainly aspired to be what is now
+called "an all-round man," and especially desired to attain
+connoisseurship in art. He had not the many-sided power of appreciation
+which distinguished Parker, yet a reverence for the beautiful, rather
+moral than �sthetic, led him to study with interest the works of the
+great masters. In his later years, he never went abroad without bringing
+back pictures, engravings, or rare missals. He had little natural
+apprehension of music, but used to express his admiration of some
+favorite operas, among them Mozart's "Don Giovanni" and Rossini's
+"Barbiere di Seviglia." In the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, of
+which he was chairman for many years, his acquaintance with foreign
+languages was much valued. I remember a line of Tasso which he sometimes
+quoted when beautiful hands were spoken of:--
+
+  "Dove ne nodo appar, ne vena eccede."
+
+On the other hand, I have heard him say that mathematics always remained
+a sealed book to him; and that his professor at Harvard once exclaimed,
+"Sumner, I can't whittle a mathematical idea small enough to get it into
+your brain."
+
+[Illustration: JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+_From a painting by Joseph Ames in 1847._]
+
+The period between 1851 and the beginning of the civil war found Mr.
+Sumner at his post in the Senate of the United States. His position was
+from the outset a difficult one. His election had displaced a popular
+idol. His views regarding the heated question of the time, the extension
+of slavery to the territories, were far in advance of those held by the
+majority of the senatorial body or by the community at large. His
+uncompromising method of attack, his fiery utterances, contrasting
+strangely with the unusual mildness of his disposition, exasperated the
+defenders of slavery. These, perhaps, seeing that he was no fighting
+man, may have supposed him deficient in personal courage. He, however,
+knew very well the risks to which he exposed himself. His friends
+advised him to carry arms, and my husband once told old Mrs. Sumner, his
+mother, that Charles ought to be provided with a pistol. "Oh, doctor,"
+said the old lady, "he would only shoot himself with it."
+
+In the most trying days of the civil war, this same old lady came to Dr.
+Howe's office, anxious to learn his opinion concerning the progress of
+the contest. Dr. Howe in reply referred her to her own son for the
+desired information, saying, "Dear Madam Sumner, Charles knows more
+about public affairs than I do. Why don't you ask him about them?"
+
+"Oh, doctor, if I ask Charles, he only says, 'Mother, don't trouble
+yourself about such things.'"
+
+I was in Washington with Dr. Howe early in the spring of 1856. I
+remember being present in the senate chamber when a rather stormy debate
+took place between Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, and Henry Wilson, of
+Massachusetts. Charles Sumner looked up and, seeing me in the gallery,
+greeted me with a smile of recognition. I shall never forget the beauty
+of that smile. It seemed to me to illuminate the whole precinct with a
+silvery radiance. There was in it all the innocence of his sweet and
+noble nature.
+
+I asked my husband to invite Sumner to dine with us at Willard's Hotel,
+where we were staying. "No, no," he said, "Sumner would consider it
+_infra dig._ to dine with us at the hotel." He did, however, call upon
+us. In the course of conversation he said to me, "I shall soon deliver a
+speech in the Senate which will occasion a good deal of excitement. It
+will not surprise me if people leave their seats and show signs of
+unusual disturbance."
+
+The speech was delivered soon after this time. It was a direct and
+forcible arraignment of the slave power, which was then endeavoring to
+change the free Territory of Kansas into a slave State. The disturbance
+which Mr. Sumner had anticipated did not fail to follow, but in a manner
+which neither he nor any of his friends had foreseen.
+
+At the hotel I had remarked a handsome man, evidently a Southerner, with
+what appeared to me an evil expression of countenance. This was Brooks
+of South Carolina, the man who, not long after this time, attacked
+Charles Sumner in his seat in the senate chamber, choosing a moment when
+the personal friends of his victim were not present, and inflicting upon
+him injuries which destroyed his health and endangered his life. I will
+not enlarge here upon the pain and distress which this event caused to
+us and to the community at large. For several weeks our senator's life
+hung in the balance. For a very much longer time his vacant seat in the
+senate chamber told of the severe suffering which incapacitated him for
+public work. This time of great trial had some compensation in the
+general sympathy which it called forth. Sumner had won the crown of
+martyrdom, and his person thenceforth became sacred, even to his
+enemies.
+
+It was after a residence of many years in Washington that Mr. Sumner
+decided to build and occupy a house of his own. The spot chosen by him
+was immediately adjoining the well-known Arlington Hotel. The house was
+handsome and well appointed, adorned also with pictures and fine
+bronzes, in both of which he took great delight. Dr. Howe and I were
+invited to visit him there one evening, with other guests. Among these
+was Caleb Cushing, with whom Mr. Sumner soon became engaged in an
+animated discussion, probably regarding some question of the day. So
+absorbed were the two gentlemen in their argument that each of them
+frequently interrupted the other. The one interrupted would expostulate,
+saying, "I have not finished what I have to say;" at which the other
+would bow and apologize, but would presently offend again, in the same
+way.
+
+At my own house in Boston, Mr. Sumner called one evening when we were
+expecting other company. The invited guests presently arrived, and he
+abruptly left the room without any parting word or gesture. I afterwards
+spoke of this to Dr. Howe, who said, "That is Sumner's idea of taking
+French leave." Whereupon our dear eldest said, "Why, mamma, Mr. Sumner's
+way of taking French leave is as if the elephant should undertake to
+walk incognito down Broadway."
+
+The last important act of Mr. Sumner's public life was the elaborate
+argument by which he defeated the proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
+to the United States. This question presented itself during the first
+term of General Grant's administration. The proposal for annexation was
+made by the President of the Dominican Republic. General Grant, with the
+forethought of a military commander, desired that the United States
+should possess a foothold in the West Indies. A commission of three was
+accordingly appointed to investigate and report upon the condition of
+the island. The three were Hon. Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio, Andrew D.
+White, at that time president of Cornell University, and Dr. Howe. A
+thorough visitation of the territory was made by these gentlemen, and a
+report favorable to the scheme of annexation was presented by them on
+their return. Dr. Howe was greatly interested for the Dominicans, who
+had achieved political independence and separation from Hayti by a
+severe struggle, which was always liable to be renewed on the part of
+their former masters. Mr. Sumner, on the other hand, espoused the cause
+of the Haytian government so warmly that he would not wait for the
+report of the commission to be presented, but hastened to forestall
+public opinion by a speech in which he displayed all his powers of
+oratory, but showed something less than his usual acquaintance with
+facts. His eloquence carried the day, and the plan of annexation was
+defeated and abandoned, to the great regret of the commissioners and of
+the Dominicans themselves.
+
+I shall speak elsewhere of my visiting Santo Domingo in company with Dr.
+Howe. Our second visit there was made in the spring of the year 1874. I
+had gone one day to inspect a school high on the mountains of Samana,
+when a messenger came after me in haste, bearing this written message
+from my husband: "Please come home at once. Our dear, noble Sumner is no
+more." The monthly steamer, at that time the only one that ran to Santo
+Domingo, had just brought the news, deplored by many, to my husband
+inexpressibly sad.
+
+In the winter of 1846-47 I one day heard Dr. Holmes speak of Agassiz,
+who had then recently arrived in America. He described him as a man of
+great talent and reputation, who added to his mental gifts the endowment
+of a superb physique. Soon after this time I had the pleasure of making
+the acquaintance of the eminent naturalist, and of attending the first
+series of lectures which he gave at the Lowell Institute.
+
+The great personal attraction of Agassiz, joined to his admirable power
+of presenting the results of scientific investigation in a popular form,
+made a vivid impression upon the Boston public. All his lecture courses
+were largely attended. These and his continued presence among us gave a
+new impetus to the study of natural science. In his hands the record of
+the bones and fossils became a living language, and the common thought
+was enriched by the revelation of the wonders of the visible universe.
+Agassiz's was an expansive nature, and his great delight lay in
+imparting to others the discoveries in which he had found such intense
+pleasure. This sympathetic trait relieved his discourse of all dryness
+and dullness. In his college days he had employed his hour of
+intermission at noon in explaining the laws of botany to a class of
+little children. When required to furnish a thesis at the close of his
+university course, he chose for his theme the proper education of women,
+and insisted that it ought not to be inferior to that given to men.
+
+I need hardly relate how a most happy marriage in later life made him
+one of us, nor how this opened the way to the establishment in his house
+of a school whose girl pupils, in addition to other valuable
+instruction, enjoyed daily the privilege of listening to his clear and
+lucid exposition of the facts and laws of his favorite science.
+
+His memory is still bright among us. The story of his life and work is
+beautifully told in the "Life and Correspondence" published soon after
+his death by his widow, Mrs. Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, well known to-day
+as the president of Radcliffe College. His children and grandchildren
+are among our most valued citizens. His son, Professor Alexander
+Agassiz, inherits his father's devotion to science, while his daughter,
+Mrs. Quincy Shaw, has shown her public spirit in her great services to
+the cause of education. An enduring monument to his fame is the
+Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zo�logy, and I am but one of many still
+surviving who recall with gratitude the enlargement of intellectual
+interest which he brought to our own and other communities.
+
+Women who wish well to their own sex should never forget that, on the
+occasion of his first lectures delivered in the capital of Brazil, he
+earnestly requested the emperor that ladies might be allowed to be
+present,--a privilege till then denied them on grounds of etiquette. The
+request was granted, and the sacred domain of science for the first time
+was thrown open to the women of South America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I cannot remember just when it was that an English visitor, who brought
+a letter of introduction to my husband, spoke to me of the "Bothie of
+Tober-na-Fuosich" and its author, Arthur Hugh Clough. The gentleman was
+a graduate of Oxford or of Cambridge. He came to our house several
+times, and I consulted him with regard to the classic rhythms, in which
+he was well versed. I had it in mind at this time to write a poem in
+classic rhythm. It was printed in my first volume, "Passion Flowers;"
+and Mr. Sanborn, in an otherwise very friendly review of my work,
+characterized as "pitiable hexameters" the lines which were really not
+hexameters at all, nor intended to pass for such. They were pentameters
+constructed according to my own ideas; I did not have in view any
+special school or rule.
+
+I soon had the pleasure of reading the "Bothie," which I greatly
+admired. While it was fresh in my mind Mr. Clough arrived in Boston,
+furnished with excellent letters of introduction both for that city and
+for the dignitaries of Cambridge. My husband at once invited him to pass
+some days at our house, and I was very glad to welcome him there. In
+appearance I thought him rather striking. He was tall, tending a little
+to stoutness, with a beautifully ruddy complexion and dark eyes which
+twinkled with suppressed humor. His sweet, cheery manner at once
+attracted my young children to him, and I was amused, on passing near
+the open door of his room, to see him engaged in conversation with my
+little son, then some five or six years of age. In Dr. Howe's daily
+absences I tried to keep our guest company a little, but I found him
+very shy. I remember that I said to him, when we had made some
+acquaintance, that I had often wished to meet Thackeray, and to give him
+two buffets, saying, "This one is for your Becky Sharp and this one for
+Blanche Amory,"--regarding both as slanders upon my sex. Mr. Clough
+suggested that in the great world of London such characters were not out
+of place. The device of Blanche Amory's book, "Mes Larmes," seemed to
+have afforded him much amusement.
+
+It happened that, while he was with us, I dined one day with a German
+friend, who served us with quite a wonderful repast. The feast had been
+a merry one, and at the dessert two such sumptuous dishes were presented
+to us that I, having tasted of one of them, said to a friend across the
+table, "Anna, this is poetry!" She was occupied with the opposite dish,
+and, mindful of the old pleasantry to which I alluded, replied, "Julia,
+this is religion." At breakfast, the next morning, I endeavored to
+entertain those present with some account of the great dinner. As I
+enlarged a little upon the excellence of the details, Mr. Clough said,
+"Mrs. Howe, you seem to have a great appreciation of these matters." I
+disclaimed this; whereupon he rejoined, "Mrs. Howe, you are modest."
+
+Some months later I met Mr. Clough at a friend's house, where some
+informal charades were about to be attempted. Being requested to take
+part in one, I declined; and when urged, I replied, "No, no, I am
+modest,--Mr. Clough once said so." He looked at me in some pretended
+surprise, and said, "It must have been at a very early period in our
+acquaintance." This "give and take" was all in great good humor, and Mr.
+Clough was a delightful guest in all societies. Sorry indeed were we
+when, having become quite at home among us, he returned to England,
+there to marry and abide. I remember that he told me of one winter which
+he had passed at his university without fire in his quarters. When I
+heard of his illness and untimely death, it occurred to me that the
+seeds of the fatal disease might have been sown during that season of
+privation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+SECOND VISIT TO EUROPE
+
+
+In June, 1850, after a seven years' residence in and near Boston, during
+which I labored at study and literary composition, I enjoyed an interval
+of rest and recreation in Europe. With me went Dr. Howe and our two
+youngest children, one of them an infant in arms. We passed some weeks
+in London, and went thence to renew our acquaintance with the
+Nightingale family, at their summer residence in Derbyshire. Florence
+Nightingale had been traveling in Egypt, and was still abroad. Her
+sister, Parthenope, read us some of her letters, which, as may be
+imagined, were full of interest.
+
+Florence and her companions, Mr. and Mrs. Bracebridge, had made some
+stay in Rome, on their way to Egypt. Margaret Fuller called one day at
+their lodgings. Florence herself opened the door, and said to the
+visitor, "Mr. and Mrs. Bracebridge are not at home." Margaret replied,
+"My visit is intended for Miss Florence Nightingale;" and she was
+admitted to a t�te-�-t�te of which one would be glad to know something.
+It was during this visit that I learned the sad news of Margaret's
+shipwreck and death.
+
+Dr. Howe, with all his energy of body and of mind, was somewhat of a
+valetudinarian. The traces of a severe malarial fever, contracted by him
+in the Greek campaign of his youth, went with him through life. He was
+subject to frightful headaches, and these and other ailments caused him
+to take great interest in theories of hygiene, and among these in the
+then new system of hydropathy, as formulated by Priessnitz. At the time
+now spoken of he arranged to pass a period at Boppard on the Rhine,
+where a water-cure had recently been established. He became an outside
+patient of this institution, and seemed to enjoy thoroughly the routine
+of bathing, douching, packing, etc. Beyond the limits of the water-cure
+the little town presented few features of interest. Wandering about its
+purlieus one day, I came upon a sort of open cave or recess in the rocks
+in which I found two rude cradles, each occupied by a silent and stolid
+baby. Presently two rough-looking women, who had been carrying stones
+from the riverside, came in from their work. The little ones now broke
+out into dismal wailing. "Why do they cry so?" I asked. "They ought to
+be glad to see you." "Oh, madam, they cry because they know how soon we
+must leave them again."
+
+Tom Appleton disposed of the water-cure theory in the following fashion:
+"Water-cure? Oh yes, very fine. Priessnitz forgot one day to wash his
+face, and so he died."
+
+My husband's leave of absence was for six months only, and we parted
+company at Heidelberg; he to turn his face homewards, I to proceed with
+my two sisters to Rome, where it had been arranged that I should pass
+the winter.
+
+Our party occupied two thirds of the diligence in which we made a part
+of the journey. My sister L. had with her two little daughters, my
+youngest sister had one. These, with my two babies and the respective
+nurses, filled the _rotonde_ of the vehicle. The three mammas occupied
+the _coup�_, while my brother-in-law, Thomas Crawford, took refuge in
+the _banquette_. The custom-house officer at one place approached with
+his lantern, to ascertain the contents of the diligence. Looking into
+the _rotonde_, he remarked, "Baby baggage," and inquired no further.
+
+Dr. Howe had charged me to provide myself with a watch when I should
+pass through Geneva, and had given me the address of a friend who, he
+said, would advise me where best to make the purchase. Following his
+instructions, I wrote Dr. G. a letter in my best French; and he, calling
+at our hotel, expressed his surprise at finding that I was not a
+Frenchwoman. He found us all at breakfast, and, after the first
+compliments, began a voluble tirade in favor of the use of emetics,
+which was scarcely in place at the moment. From this he went on to speak
+of the management of children.
+
+"When my son was born," he said, "and showed the first symptoms of
+hunger, I would not allow him to be fed. If his cries had met with an
+immediate response he would have said to himself, 'I have a servant.' I
+made him wait for his food until he was obliged to say, 'I have a
+master.'" I thought of my own dear nurslings and shook my head. Learning
+that Mr. Crawford was a sculptor, he said, "I, too, in my youth desired
+to exercise that art, and modeled a bust, in which I made concave the
+muscle which should have been convex. A friend recommended to me the
+study of anatomy, and following it I became a physician."
+
+We reached Rome late in October. A comfortable apartment was found for
+me in the street named Capo le Case. A donkey brought my winter's supply
+of firewood, and I made haste to hire a grand piano. The artist Edward
+Freeman occupied the suite of rooms above my own. In the apartment
+below, Mrs. David Dudley Field and her children were settled for the
+winter. Our little colony was very harmonious. When Mrs. Field
+entertained company, she was wont to borrow my large lamp; when I
+received, she lent me her teacups. Mrs. Freeman, on the floor above, was
+a most friendly little person, partly Italian by birth, but wholly
+English in education. She willingly became the companion and guide of my
+walks about Rome, which were long and many.
+
+I had begun the study of Hebrew in America, and was glad to find a
+learned rabbi from the Ghetto who was willing to give me lessons for a
+moderate compensation.
+
+My sister, Mrs. Crawford, was at that time established at Villa Negroni,
+an old-time papal residence. This was surrounded by extensive gardens,
+and within the inclosure were an artificial fish pond and a lodge which
+my brother-in-law converted into a studio. My days in Rome passed very
+quietly. The time, which flew by rapidly, was divided between study
+within doors, the care and companionship of my little children, and the
+exploration of the wonderful old city. I dined regularly at two o'clock,
+having with me at table my little son and my baby secured in her high
+chair. I shared with my sisters the few dissipations of the season,--an
+occasional ball, a box at the opera, a drive on the Campagna. On Sunday
+mornings my youngest sister usually came to breakfast with me, and
+afterward accompanied me to the Ara Coeli Church, where a military mass
+was celebrated, the music being supplied by the band of a French
+regiment. The time, I need scarcely say, was that of the early years of
+the French occupation of the city, to which France made it her boast
+that she had brought back the Pope.
+
+As I chronicle these small personal adventures of mine, I am constrained
+to blush at their insufficiency. I write as if I had forgotten the
+wonderful series of events which had come to pass between my first visit
+to Rome and this second tarrying within its walls. In the interval, the
+days of 1848 had come and gone. France had dismissed her citizen king,
+and had established a republic in place of the monarchy. The Pope of
+Rome, for centuries the representative and upholder of absolute rule,
+had stood before the world as the head of the Christianity which
+liberalizes both institutions and ideas. In Germany the party of
+progress was triumphant. Europe had trembled with the birth-pangs of
+freedom. A new and glorious confederacy of states seemed to be promised
+in the near future. The tyrannies of the earth were surely about to meet
+their doom.
+
+My own dear eldest son was given to me in the spring of this terrible
+and splendid year of 1848. When his father wrote "_Dieu donn�_" under
+the boy's name in the family Bible, he added to the welcome record the
+new device, "_Libert�, Egalit�, Fraternit�_." The first Napoleon had
+overthrown rulers and dynasties. A greater power than his now came upon
+the stage,--the power of individual conviction backed by popular
+enthusiasm.
+
+My husband, who had fought for Greek freedom in his youth, who had
+risked and suffered imprisonment in behalf of Poland in his early
+manhood, and who had devoted his mature life to the service of humanity,
+welcomed the new state of things with all the enthusiasm of his generous
+nature. To him, as to many, the final emancipation and unification of
+the human race, the millennium of universal peace and good-will, seemed
+near at hand. Alas! the great promise brought only a greater failure.
+The time for its fulfillment had not yet arrived. Freedom could not be
+attained by striking an attitude, nor secured by the issuing of a
+document. The prophet could see the plan of the new Jerusalem coming
+down from heaven, but the fact remained that the city of God must be
+built by patient day's work. Such builders Europe could not bring to the
+front. The Pope retreated before the logical sequence of his own
+initiative. France elected for her chief a born despot of the meaner
+order, whose first act was to overthrow the Roman Republic. Germany had
+dreamed of freedom, but had not dreamed of the way to secure it.
+Reaction everywhere asserted itself. The light of the great hope died
+down.
+
+Coming to Rome while these events were still fresh in men's minds, I
+could see no trace of them in the popular life. The waters were still as
+death; the wrecks did not appear above the surface. I met occasionally
+Italians who could talk calmly of what had happened. Of such an one I
+asked, "Why did Pio Nono so suddenly forsake his liberal policy?" "Oh,
+the Pope was a puppet moved from without. He never rightly understood
+the import of his first departure. When the natural result of this came
+about, he fled from it in terror." These things were spoken of only in
+the secrecy of very private interviews. In general intercourse they were
+not mentioned. Now and then, a servant, lamenting the dearness of
+necessaries, the paper money, etc., would say, "And this has been
+brought about by blessed [_benedetto_] Pio Nono!" People of higher
+condition eulogized thus the pontiff's predecessor: "Gregorio was at
+least a man of decided views. He knew what he wanted and how to obtain
+it." Once only, in a village not far distant from Rome, I heard an
+Italian peasant woman say to a prince, "We [her family] are
+Republicans." Victor Emmanuel, Cavour, Garibaldi, your time was not yet
+come.
+
+The French were not beloved in Rome. I was told that the mass of the
+people would not endure the license of their conquerors in the matter of
+sex, and that assassinations in consequence were frequent. In high
+society it was said that a French officer had endeavored to compel one
+of the Roman princes to invite to his ball a lady of doubtful
+reputation, by threatening to send a challenge in case of refusal. The
+invitation was nevertheless withheld, and the challenge, if sent, was
+never accepted. In the English and American circles which I frequented,
+I sometimes felt called upon to fight for the claim of Italy to freedom
+and self-government. At a dinner party, at which the altercation had
+been rather lively, I was invited to entertain the company with some
+music. Seating myself at the piano, I made it ring out the Marseillaise
+with a will. But I was myself too much disconcerted by the recent
+failure to find in my thoughts any promise of better things. My friends
+said, "The Italians are not fit for self-government." I may ask fifty
+years later, "Who is?"
+
+The progress of ideas is not indeed always visible to superficial
+observers. I was engaged one day in making a small purchase at a shop,
+when the proprietor leaned across the counter and asked, almost in a
+whisper, for the loan of a Bible. He had heard of the book, he said, and
+wished very much to see a copy of it. Our _charg� d'affaires_, Mr. Cass,
+mentioned to me the fact that an entire edition of Deodati's Italian
+translation of the New Testament had recently been seized and burned by
+order of the papal government.
+
+But to return to matters purely personal. As the Christmas of 1850 drew
+near, my sister L., ever intent on hospitality, determined to have a
+party and a Christmas tree at Villa Negroni. This last was then a
+novelty unheard of in Rome. I was to dine with her, and had offered to
+furnish the music for an informal dance.
+
+On Christmas Eve I went with a party of friends to the church of Santa
+Maria Maggiore, where the Pope, according to the custom of those days,
+was to appear in state, bearing in his arms the cradle supposed to be
+that of the infant Jesus, which was usually kept at St. Peter's. We were
+a little late in starting, and were soon obliged to retire from the
+highway, as the whole papal _cort�ge_ came sweeping by,--the state
+coaches of crimson and gold, and the _Guardia Nobile_ with their
+glittering helmets, white cloaks, and high boots. Their course was
+illuminated by pans of burning oil, supported by iron staves, the spiked
+ends of which were stuck in the ground. When the rapid procession had
+passed on we hastened to overtake it, but arrived too late to witness
+either the arrival of the Pope or his progress to the high altar with
+the cradle in his arms.
+
+On Christmas Day I attended high mass at St. Peter's. Although the
+weather was of the pleasantest, an aguish chill disturbed my enjoyment
+of the service. This discomfort so increased in the course of the day
+that, as I sat at dinner, I could with difficulty carry a morsel from my
+plate to my lips.
+
+"This is a chill," said my sister. "You ought to go to bed at once."
+
+I insisted upon remaining to play for the promised dance, and argued
+that the fever would presently succeed the chill, and that I should then
+be warm enough. I passed the evening in great bodily discomfort, but
+managed to play quadrilles, waltzes, and the endless Virginia Reel. When
+at last I reached home and my bed, the fever did come with a will. I was
+fortunate enough to recover very quickly from this indisposition, and
+did not forget the warning which it gave me of the dangers of the Roman
+climate. The shivering evening left me a happier recollection. Among my
+sister's guests was Horace Binney Wallace, of Philadelphia, whom I had
+once met in his own city. He had angered me at that time by his ridicule
+of Boston society, of which he really knew little or nothing. He was now
+in a less aggressive frame of mind, and this second meeting with him was
+the beginning of a much-valued friendship. We visited together many
+points of historic interest in the city,--the Pantheon, the Tarpeian
+Rock, the bridge of Horatius Cocles. He had some fanciful theories about
+the traits of character usually found in conjunction with red hair. As
+he and I were both distinguished by this feature, I was much pleased to
+learn from him that "the highest effort of nature is to produce a
+_rosso_." He was a devoted student of the works of Auguste Comte, and
+had recently held some conversation with that remarkable man. In the
+course of this, he told me, he asked the great Positivist how he could
+account for the general religious instinct of the human race, so
+contrary to the doctrines of his philosophy. Comte replied, "Que
+voulez-vous, monsieur? Anormalit� c�r�brale." My new friend was good
+enough to interest himself in my literary pursuits. He advised me to
+study the most important of Comte's works, but by no means to become a
+convert to his doctrines. In due time I availed myself of his counsel,
+and read with great interest the volumes prescribed by him.
+
+Horace Wallace was an exhilarating companion. I have never forgotten the
+silvery _timbre_ of his rather high voice, nor the glee with which he
+would occasionally inform me that he had discovered a new and most
+remarkable _rosso_. This was sometimes a picture, but oftener a living
+individual. If he found himself disappointed in the latter case, he
+would account for it by saying that he had at first sight mistaken the
+color of the hair, which shaded too much upon the yellow. Despite his
+vivacity of temperament, he was subject to fits of severe depression.
+Some years after this time, finding himself in Paris, he happened to
+visit a friend whose mental powers had been impaired by severe illness.
+He himself had been haunted for some time by the fear of becoming
+insane, and the sad condition of his friend so impressed him with the
+fear of suffering a similar disaster that he made haste to avoid the
+dreaded fate by taking his own life.
+
+The following lines, written not long after this melancholy event, bear
+witness to my grateful and tender remembrance of him:--
+
+  VIA FELICE
+
+  'Twas in the Via Felice
+    My friend his dwelling made,
+  The Roman Via Felice,
+    Half sunshine, half in shade.
+
+  But I lodged near the convent
+    Whose bells did hallow noon,
+  And all the lesser hours,
+    With sweet recurrent tune.
+
+  They lent their solemn cadence
+    To all the thoughtless day;
+  The heart, so oft it heard them,
+    Was lifted up to pray.
+
+  And where the lamp was lighted
+    At twilight, on the wall,
+  Serenely sat Madonna,
+    And smiled to bless us all.
+
+  I see him from the window
+    That ne'er my heart forgets;
+  He buys from yonder maiden
+    My morning violets.
+
+  Not ill he chose these flowers
+    With mild, reproving eyes,
+  Emblems of tender chiding,
+    And love divinely wise.
+
+  For his were generous learning
+    And reconciling art;
+  Oh, not with fleeting presence
+    My friend and I could part.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Oh, not where he is lying
+    With dear ancestral dust,
+  Not where his household traces
+    Grow sad and dim with rust;
+
+  But in the ancient city
+    And from the quaint old door,
+  I'm watching, at my window,
+    His coming evermore.
+
+  For Death's eternal city
+    Has yet some happy street;
+  'Tis in the Via Felice
+    My friend and I shall meet.
+
+Adolph Mailliard, the husband of my youngest sister, had been an
+intimate friend of Joseph Bonaparte, Prince of Musignano. My sister was
+in consequence invited more than once to the Bonaparte palace. The
+father of the family was Prince Charles Bonaparte, who married his
+cousin, Princess Z�na�de. She had passed some years at the Bonaparte
+villa in Bordentown, N. J., the American residence of her father, Joseph
+Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain. This princess, who was _tant soit peu
+gourmande_ said one day to my sister, "What good things they have for
+breakfast in America! I still remember those hot cakes." The
+conversation was reported to me, and I managed, with the assistance of
+the helper brought from home, to send the princess a very excellent
+bannock of Indian meal, of which she afterwards said, "It was so good
+that we ate what was left of it on the second day." This reminds me of a
+familiar couplet:--
+
+  "And what they could not eat that night
+  The queen next morning fried."
+
+Among the friends of that winter were Sarah and William Clarke, sister
+and brother of the Rev. James Freeman Clarke. It was in their company
+that Margaret Fuller made the journey recorded in her "Summer on the
+Lakes." Both were devoted to her memory. I afterwards learned that
+William Clarke considered her the good genius of his life, her counsel
+and encouragement having come to his aid in a season of melancholy
+depression and self-depreciation. Miss Clarke was characterized by an
+exquisite refinement of feeling and of manner. She was also an artist of
+considerable merit. This was the first of many winters passed by her in
+Rome.
+
+I will further mention only a dinner given by American residents in Rome
+on Washington's birthday, at which I was present. Mrs. Ann S. Stephens,
+the well-known writer, was also one of the guests. She had composed for
+the occasion a poem, of which I recall the opening line,--
+
+  "We are met in the clime where the wild flowers abound,"
+
+and the closing ones,--
+
+  "To the halo that circles our Washington's head
+  Let us pour a libation the gods never knew."
+
+Among many toasts, my sister Annie proposed this one, "Washington's clay
+in Crawford's hand," which was appropriate, as Thomas Crawford was known
+at the time to be engaged in modeling the equestrian statue of
+Washington which crowns his Richmond monument.
+
+My Roman holiday came to an end in the summer of the year 1851, and my
+return to my home and friends became imperative. As the time of my
+departure approached, I felt how deeply the subtle fascination of Roman
+life had entered into my very being. Pain, amounting almost to anguish,
+seized me at the thought that I might never again behold those ancient
+monuments, those stately churches, or take part in the society which had
+charmed me principally through its unlikeness to any that I had known
+elsewhere. I have indeed seen Rome and its wonders more than once since
+that time, but never as I saw them then.
+
+I made the homeward voyage with my sister Annie and her husband in an
+old-fashioned Havre packet. We were a month at sea, and after the first
+days of discomfort I managed to fill the hours of the long summer days
+with systematic occupation. In the mornings I perused Swedenborg's
+"Divine Love and Wisdom." In the afternoon I read, for the first and
+only time, Eug�ne Sue's "Myst�res de Paris," which the ship's surgeon
+borrowed for me from a steerage passenger. In the evening we played
+whist; and when others had retired for the night, I often sat alone in
+the cabin, meditating upon the events and lessons of the last six
+months. These lucubrations took form in a number of poems, which were
+written with no thought of publication, but which saw the light a year
+or two later.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+A CHAPTER ABOUT MYSELF
+
+
+If I may sum up in one term the leading bent of my life, I will simply
+call myself a student. Dr. Howe used to say of me: "Mrs. Howe is not a
+great reader, but she always studies."
+
+Albeit my intellectual pursuits have always been such as to task my
+mind, I cannot boast that I have acquired much in the way of technical
+erudition. I have only drawn from history and philosophy some
+understanding of human life, some lessons in the value of thought for
+thought's sake, and, above all, a sense of the dignity of character
+above every other dignity. Goethe chose well for his motto the words:--
+
+"Die Zeit ist mein Verm�chtniss, mein Acker ist die Zeit." "Time is my
+inheritance; time is my estate."
+
+But I may choose this for mine:--
+
+"I have followed the great masters with my heart."
+
+The first writer of importance with whom I made acquaintance after
+leaving school was Gibbon, whose "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"
+occupied me during one entire winter. I have already mentioned my early
+familiarity with the French and Italian languages. In these respective
+literatures I read the works which in those days were usually commended
+to young women. These were, in French, Lamartine's poems and travels,
+Chateaubriand's "Atala" and "Ren�," Racine's tragedies, Moli�re's
+comedies; in Italian, Metastasio, Tasso, Alfieri's dramas and
+autobiography. Under dear Dr. Cogswell's tuition, I read Schiller's
+plays and prose writings with delight. In later years, Goethe, Herder,
+Jean Paul Richter, were added to my repertory. I read Dante with Felice
+Foresti, and such works of Sand and Balzac as were allowed within my
+reach. I had early acquired some knowledge of Latin, and in later life
+found great pleasure in reading the essays and Tusculan dissertations of
+Cicero. The view of ethics represented in these writings sometimes
+appeared to me of higher tone than the current morality of Christendom,
+and I rejoiced in the thought that, even in the Rome of the
+pre-Christian C�sars, God had not left himself without a witness.
+
+This enlarged notion of the ethical history of mankind might easily lead
+one in life's novitiate to underestimate the comparative value of the
+usually accepted traditions. I confess that I, personally, did not
+escape this error, which I have seen largely prevalent among studious
+people of my own time.
+
+Who can say what joy there is in the rehabilitation of human nature,
+which is one essential condition of the liberal Christian faith? I had
+been trained to think that all mankind were by nature low, vile, and
+wicked. Only a chosen few, by a rare and difficult spiritual operation,
+could be rescued from the doom of a perpetual dwelling with the enemies
+of God, a perpetual participation in the torments "prepared for them
+from the beginning of the world." The rapture of this new freedom, of
+this enlarged brotherhood, which made all men akin to the Divine Father
+of all, every religion, however ignorant, the expression of a sincere
+and availing worship, might well produce in a neophyte an exhilaration
+bordering upon ecstasy. The exclusive doctrine which had made
+Christianity, and special forms of it, the only way of spiritual
+redemption, now appeared to me to commend itself as little to human
+reason as to human affection. I felt that we could not rightly honor our
+dear Christ by immolating at his shrine the souls of myriads of our
+fellows born under the widely diverse influences which could not be
+thought of as existing unwilled by the supreme Providence.
+
+Antichrist was once a term of consummate reproach, often applied by
+zealous Protestants to their arch enemy, the Pope of Rome. As will be
+imagined, I intend a different use of it, and have chosen the term to
+express the opposition which has sprung up within the Christian church,
+not only to the worship of the son as a divine being, but even to the
+notion of his long undisputed pre�minence in wisdom, goodness, and
+power. And here, as I once said that I had taken German in the natural
+way, with no preconceived notion of the import and importance of German
+literature, so I may say that I first received Christianity in the way
+natural to one of my birth and education. I have since been called upon
+to confront the topic in many ways. Swedenborg's theory of the divine
+man, Parker's preaching, the Boston Radical Club, Frank Abbot's
+depreciating comparison of Jesus with Socrates,--after following
+unfoldings of this wonderful panorama, I must say that the earliest view
+is that which I hold to most, that, namely, of the heavenly Being whose
+presence was beneficence, whose word was judgment, whose brief career on
+earth ended in a sacrifice, whose purity and pathos have had much to do
+with the redemption of the human race from barbarism and the rule of the
+animal passions.
+
+During the first score of years of my married life, I resided for the
+most part at South Boston. This remoteness from city life insured to me
+a good deal of quiet leisure, much of which I devoted to my favorite
+pursuits. It was in these days that I turned to my almost forgotten
+Latin, and read the "Aeneid" and the histories of Livy and Tacitus. At a
+later date my brother gave me Orelli's edition of Horace, and I soon
+came to delight much in that quasi-Hellenic Roman. I remember especially
+the odes which my brother pointed out to me as his favorites. These
+were: "M�cenas atavis edite regibus;" "Quis desiderio sit pudor aut
+modus;" "O fons Bandusi�;" and, above all, "Exegi monumentum �re
+perennius."
+
+With no pretensions to correct scholarship, I yet enjoyed these Latin
+studies quite intensely. They were so much in my mind that, when we sat
+down to our two o'clock dinner, my husband would sometimes ask: "Have
+you got those elephants over the river yet?" alluding to Hannibal and
+the Punic war.
+
+Prior to these Latin studies, I read a good deal in Swedenborg, and was
+much fascinated by his theories of spiritual life. I remember "Heaven
+and Hell," "Divine Love and Wisdom," and "Conjugal Love" as the writings
+which interested me most; but the cumbrous symbolism of his Bible
+interpretation finally shut my mind against further entertainment of so
+fanciful a guest. Hegel was for some time my study among the German
+philosophers. After some severe struggling with his extraordinary
+diction, I became convinced that the obscurity of his style was
+intentional, and left him in some indignation. The deep things of
+philosophy are difficult enough when treated by one who desires to make
+them clear. Where the intention is rather to mask than to unfold the
+meaning which is in the master's mind, interpretation is difficult and
+hazardous. Hegel's own saying about his lectures is well known: "One
+only of my pupils understood me, and he misunderstood me."
+
+George Bancroft, the historian, spoke of Hegel as a man of weak
+character, and Dr. Francis Lieber, who had been under his instruction,
+had the same opinion of him. In the days of the Napoleonic invasion of
+Germany, Lieber had gone into the field, with other young men of the
+university. When, recovered from a severe wound, he took his place again
+among the students of philosophy, Hegel before beginning the day's
+lecture cried: "Let all those fools who went out against the French
+depart from this class."
+
+I think that I must have had by nature an especial sensitiveness to
+language, as the following trifling narration will show. I was perhaps
+twelve years old when Rev. James Richmond, who had studied in Germany,
+dining at my father's house, spoke of one of his German professors who
+was wont, as the prelude to his exercise, to exclaim: "Aus, aus, ihr
+Fremden." These words meant nothing to me then, but when, eight years
+later, I mastered the German tongue, I recalled them perfectly, and
+understood their meaning.
+
+One of my first efforts, after my return from Europe in 1851, was to
+acquaint myself with the "Philosophie Positive" of Auguste Comte. This
+was in accordance with the advice of my friend, Horace Wallace, who,
+indeed, lent me the first volume of the work. The synoptical view of the
+sciences therein presented revealed to me an entirely new aspect of
+thought.
+
+I did not, for a moment, adopt Comte's views of religion, neither did I
+at all agree in his wholesale condemnation of metaphysics, which
+appeared to me self-contradictory, his own system involving metaphysical
+distinctions as much, perhaps, as any other. On the other hand, the
+objectivism of his point of view brought a new element into my too
+concentrated habit of thought. I deemed myself already too old, being
+about thirty years of age, to conquer the difficulties of the higher
+mathematics, and of the several sciences in which these play so
+important a part. But I had had a bird's-eye view of this wonderful
+region of the natural sciences, and this, I think, never passed quite
+out of my mind. I used to talk about the books with Parker, who read
+everything worth reading. They had not greatly appealed to him. I also,
+at this time, read Hegel's "Aesthetik," and endeavored to read his
+"Logik," which I borrowed from Parker, and which he pronounced "so
+crabbed as to be scarcely worth enucleating."
+
+I cannot remember what it was which, soon after this time, led me to the
+study of Spinoza. I followed this with great interest, and became for a
+time almost intoxicated with the originality and beauty of his thoughts.
+While still under his influence I spoke of him to Mr. Bancroft as "der
+unentbehrliche," the indispensable Spinoza. He demurred at this,
+acknowledged Spinoza's analysis of the passions to be admirable, but
+assured me that Kant alone deserved to be called "indispensable;" and
+this dictum of his made me resolve to become at once a student of the
+"Critique of Pure Reason."
+
+I found this at first rather dry, after the glowing and daring flights
+of Spinoza, but I soon learned to hold the philosopher of K�nigsberg in
+great affection and esteem. I have read extensively in his writings,
+even in his minor treatises, and having attained some conception of his
+system, was inclined to say with Romeo: "Here I set up my everlasting
+rest."
+
+I devoted some of the best years of my life to these studies, and to the
+writings which grew out of them. I remember one summer at my Valley near
+Newport, in which I felt that I had read and written quite as much as
+was profitable. "I must go outside of my own thoughts, I must do
+something for some one," I said to myself. Just then the teacher of my
+sister's children broke out with malarial fever. She was staying with my
+sister at a farmhouse near by. The call to assist in nursing her was
+very welcome, and when I was thanked for my services I could truly say
+that I had been glad of the opportunity of rendering them for my own
+sake.
+
+The Kantian volumes occupied me for many months, even years. In fact, I
+have never gone beyond them. A new philosophy has sometimes appeared to
+me like a new disease. If we have found our master, and are satisfied
+with him, what need have we of starting again, to make the same journey
+with a new guide. Once we have got there, it seems better to abide.
+
+The early years of my married life interposed a barrier between my
+literary dreams and their realization. Those years brought me much to
+learn and much to do.
+
+The burden of housekeeping was new to me, a sister of mine, highly
+gifted in this respect, having charged herself with its duties so long
+as we were "girls together." I accordingly found myself lamentably
+deficient in household skill and knowledge. I endeavored to apply myself
+to the remedying of these defects, but with indifferent success. I was
+by nature far from observant, and often passed through a room without
+much notion of its condition or contents, my thoughts being intent on
+other matters. The period, too, was one of transition as regards
+household service. The old-time American servants were no longer to be
+obtained. The Irish girls who supplied their place were for the most
+part ignorant and untrained, their performance calling for a discipline
+and instruction which I, never having received, was quite unable to give
+them.
+
+During the first years of my residence at the Institution for the Blind,
+Dr. Howe delighted in inviting his friends to weekly dinners, which cost
+me many unhappy hours. My want of training and of forethought often
+caused me to forget some very important item of the repast. My husband's
+eldest sister, who lived with us, and who had held the reins of the
+housekeeping until my arrival, was averse to company, and usually
+absented herself on the days of the dinner parties. In her absence, I
+often did not know where to look for various articles which were
+requisite and necessary. I remember one dinner for which I had relied
+upon a form of ice as the principal feature of the dessert. The company
+was of the best, and I desired that the feast should correspond with it.
+The ice, which had been ordered from town, did not appear. I did my best
+to conceal my chagrin, but was scarcely consoled when the missing
+refreshment was found, the next morning, in a snowbank near our door,
+where the messenger had deposited it without word or comment. The same
+mischance might, indeed does sometimes happen at this later date. I
+should laugh at it now, but then I almost wept over it. Our kitchen and
+dining-room were on one floor, and a convenient slide allowed dishes to
+be passed from one room to the other. On a certain occasion, my sister
+being with me, I asked her whether my dinner had gone off well enough.
+"Oh yes," she replied; "only the slide was left open, and through it I
+saw the cook buttering the venison."
+
+I especially remember one summer which I resolved to devote to the study
+of cookery, for which there was then no school, and no teacher to be had
+at will. Having purchased Miss Catherine Beecher's Cook-book, I devoted
+some weeks to an experimental following of its recipes, with no
+satisfactory result. A little later, my husband secured the services of
+a very competent housekeeper, and my distresses and responsibilities
+were much diminished. After some years of this indulgence, I felt bound
+to make a second and more strenuous effort at housekeeping, and
+succeeded much better than before, having by this time managed to learn
+something of the nature and needs of household machinery.
+
+As I now regard these matters, I would say to every young girl, rich or
+poor, gifted or dull: "Learn to make a home, and learn this in the days
+in which learning is easy. Cultivate a habit of vigilance and
+forethought. With a reasonable amount of intelligence, a woman should be
+able to carry on the management of a household, and should yet have time
+for art and literature in some sort."
+
+In more recent years, having been called upon to take part in a public
+discussion regarding the compatibility of domestic with literary
+occupation, I endeavored to formulate the results of my own experience
+as follows:--
+
+"If you have at your command three hours _per diem_, you may study art,
+literature, and philosophy, not as they are studied professionally, but
+in the degree involved in general culture.
+
+"If you have but one hour in every day, read philosophy, or learn
+foreign languages, living or dead.
+
+"If you can command only fifteen or twenty minutes, read the Bible with
+the best commentaries, and daily a verse or two of the best poetry."
+
+As I write this, I recall the piteous image of two wrecks of women,
+Americans and wives of Americans, who severally poured out their sorrows
+to me, saying that the preparation of "three square meals a day," the
+washing, baking, sewing, and child-bearing, had filled the measure of
+their days and exceeded that of their strength: "And yet," each said, "I
+wanted the Greek and Latin and college course as much as any one could
+wish for it."
+
+But surely, no love of intellectual pursuits should lead any of us to
+disparage and neglect the household gifts and graces. A house is a
+kingdom in little, and its queen, if she is faithful, gentle, and wise,
+is a sovereign indeed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+ANTI-SLAVERY ATTITUDE: LITERARY WORK: TRIP TO CUBA
+
+
+Returning to Boston in 1851, I found the division of public sentiment
+more strongly marked than ever. The Fugitive Slave Law was much in the
+public mind. The anti-slavery people attacked it with might and main,
+while the class of wealthy conservatives and their followers strongly
+deprecated all opposition to its enactments. During my absence Charles
+Sumner had been elected to the Senate of the United States, in place of
+Daniel Webster, who had hitherto been the political idol of the
+Massachusetts aristocracy. Mr. Sumner's course had warmly commended him
+to a large and ever increasing constituency, but had brought down upon
+him the anger of Mr. Webster's political supporters. My husband's
+sympathies were entirely with the class then derided as "a band of
+disturbers of the public peace, enemies of law and order." I deeply
+regretted the discords of the time, and would have had all people good
+friends, however diverse in political persuasion. As this could not be,
+I felt constrained to cast in my lot with those who protested against
+the new assumptions of the slave power. The social ostracism which
+visited Charles Sumner never fell upon Dr. Howe. This may have been
+because the active life of the latter lay without the domain of
+politics, but also, I must think, because the services which he
+continually rendered to the community compelled from all who knew him,
+not only respect, but also cordial good-will.
+
+I did not then, or at any time, make any willful breach with the society
+to which I was naturally related. It did, however, much annoy me to hear
+those spoken of with contempt and invective who, I was persuaded, were
+only far in advance of the conscience of the time. I suppose that I
+sometimes repelled the attacks made upon them with a certain heat of
+temper, to avoid which I ought to have remembered Talleyrand's famous
+admonition, "Surtout point de z�le." Better, perhaps, would it have been
+to rest in the happy prophecy which assures us that "Wisdom is justified
+of all her children." Ordinary society is apt to class the varieties of
+individuals under certain stereotyped heads, and I have no doubt that it
+held me at this time to be a seeker after novelties, and one disposed to
+offer a premium for heresies of every kind. Yet I must say that I was
+never made painfully aware of the existence of such a feeling. There was
+always a leaven of good sense and good sentiment even in the worldly
+world of Boston, and as time went on I became the recipient of much
+kindness, and the happy possessor of a circle of substantial friends.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Shortly after my return to Boston, my husband spoke to me of a new
+acquaintance,--a Polish nobleman, Adam Gurowski by name,--concerning
+whom he related the following circumstances. Count Gurowski had been
+implicated in one of the later Polish insurrections. In order to keep
+his large estates from confiscation he had made them over to his younger
+brother, upon the explicit condition that a sufficient remittance should
+be regularly sent him, to enable him to live wherever his lot should
+thenceforth be cast. He came to this country, but the remittances failed
+to follow him, and he presently found himself without funds in a foreign
+land. Being a man of much erudition, he had made friends with some of
+the professors of Harvard University. They offered him assistance, which
+he declined, and it soon appeared that he was working in the gardens of
+Hovey & Co., in or near Cambridge. His new friends remonstrated with
+him, pleading that this work was unsuitable for a man of his rank and
+condition. He replied, "I am Gurowski; labor cannot degrade me." This
+independence of his position commended him much to the esteem of my
+husband, and he was more than once invited to our house. Some literary
+employment was found for him, and finally, through influence exerted at
+Washington, a position as translator was secured for him in the State
+Department. He was at Newport during the summer that we passed at the
+Cliff House, and he it was who gave it the title of Hotel Rambouillet.
+His proved to be a character of remarkable contradictions, in which
+really noble and generous impulses contrasted with an undisciplined
+temper and an insatiable curiosity. While inveighing constantly against
+the rudeness of American manners, he himself was often guilty of great
+impoliteness. To give an example: At his boarding-house in Newport a
+child at table gave a little trouble, upon which the count animadverted
+with great severity. The mother, waxing impatient, said, "I think,
+count, that you have no right to say so much about table manners; for
+you yesterday broke the crust of the chicken pie with your fist, and
+pulled the meat out with your fingers!"
+
+His curiosity, as I have said, was unbounded. Meeting a lady of his
+acquaintance at her door, and seeing a basket on her arm, he asked,
+"Where are you going, Mrs. ----, so early, with that basket?" She
+declined to answer the question, on the ground that the questioner had
+no concern in her errand. On the evening of the same day he again met
+the lady, and said to her, "I know now where you were going this morning
+with that basket." If friends on whom he called were said to be engaged
+or not at home, he was at great pains to find out how they were engaged,
+or whether they were really at home in spite of the message to the
+contrary. One gentleman in Newport, not desiring to receive the count's
+visit, and knowing that he would not be safe anywhere in his own house,
+took refuge in the loft of his barn and drew the ladder up after him.
+
+And yet Adam Gurowski was a true-hearted man, loyal to every good cause
+and devoted to his few friends. His life continued to the last to be a
+very checkered one. When the civil war broke out, his disapprobation of
+men and measures took expression in vehement and indignant protest
+against what appeared to him a willful mismanagement of public business.
+William H. Seward was then at the head of the Department of State, and
+against his policy the count fulminated in public and in private. He was
+warned by friends, and at last officially told that he could not be
+retained in the department if he persisted in stigmatizing its chief as
+a fool, a timeserver, no matter what. He persevered, and was dismissed
+from his place. He had been on friendly terms with Charles Sumner, to
+whom he probably owed his appointment. He tormented this gentleman to
+such a degree as to terminate all relations between the two. Of this
+breach Mr. Sumner gave the following account: "The count would come to
+my rooms at all hours. When I left my sleeping-chamber in the morning, I
+often found him in my study, seated at my table, perusing my morning
+paper and probably any other matter which might excite his curiosity. If
+he happened to come in while a foreign minister was visiting me, he
+would stay through the visit. I bore with this for a long time. At last
+the annoyance became insupportable. One evening, after a long sitting in
+my room, he took leave, but presently returned for a fresh _s�ance_,
+although it was already very late. I said to him, 'Count, you must go
+now, and you must never return.' 'How is this, my dear friend?'
+exclaimed the count. 'There is no explanation,' said I, 'only you must
+not come to my room again.'" This ended the acquaintance! The count
+after this spoke very bitterly of Mr. Sumner, whose procedure did seem
+to me a little severe.
+
+Unfortunately the lesson was quite lost upon Gurowski, and he continued
+to make enemies of those with whom he had to do, until nearly every door
+in Washington was closed to him. There was one exception. Mrs. Charles
+Eames, wife of a well-known lawyer, was one of the notabilities of
+Washington. Hers was one of those central characters which are able to
+attract and harmonize the most diverse social elements. Her house had
+long been a resort of the worthies of the capital. Men of mark and of
+intelligence gathered about her, regardless of party divisions. No one
+understood Washington society better than she did, and no one in it was
+more highly esteemed or less liable to be misrepresented. Mrs. Eames
+well knew how provoking and tormenting Count Gurowski was apt to be, but
+she knew, too, the remarkable qualities which went far to redeem his
+troublesome traits of character. And so, when the count seemed to be
+entirely discredited, she stood up for him, warning her friends that if
+they came to her house they would always be likely to meet this
+unacceptable man. He, on his part, was warmly sensible of the value of
+her friendship, and showed his gratitude by a sincere interest in all
+that concerned her. The courageous position which she had assumed in his
+behalf was not without effect upon the society of the place, and people
+in general felt obliged to show some respect to a person whom Mrs. Eames
+honored with her friendship.
+
+I myself have reason to remember with gratitude Mrs. Eames's
+hospitality. I made more than one visit at her house, and I well recall
+the distinguished company that I met there. The house was simple in its
+appointments, for the hosts were not in affluent circumstances, but its
+atmosphere of cordiality and of good sense was delightful. At one of her
+dinner parties I remember meeting Hon. Salmon P. Chase, afterwards Chief
+Justice of the United States, Secretary Welles of the Navy, and Senator
+Grimes of Iowa. I had seen that morning a life-size painting
+representing President Lincoln surrounded by the members of his Cabinet.
+Mr. Chase, I think, asked what I thought of the picture. I replied that
+I thought Mr. Lincoln's attitude rather awkward, and his legs out of
+proportion in their length. Mr. Chase laughed, and said, "Mr. Lincoln's
+legs are so long that it would be difficult to exaggerate them."
+
+I came to Washington soon after the conclusion of the war, and heard
+that Count Gurowski was seriously ill at the home of his good friend. I
+hastened thither to inquire concerning him, and learned that his life
+was almost despaired of. Mr. Eames told me this, and said that his wife
+and a lady friend of hers were incessant in their care of him. He
+promised that I should see him as soon as a change for the better should
+appear. Instead of this I received one day a message from Mrs. Eames,
+saying that the count was now given up by his physician, and that I
+might come, if I wished to see him alive once more. I went to the house
+at once, and found Mrs. Eames and her friend at the bedside of the dying
+man. He was already unconscious, and soon breathed his last. At Mr.
+Eames's request I now gave up my room at the hotel and came to stay with
+Mrs. Eames, who was prostrated with the fatigue of nursing the sick man
+and with grief for his loss. While I sat and talked with her Mr. Eames
+entered the room, and said, "Mrs. Howe, my wife has always had a
+menagerie here in Washington, and now she has lost her faithful old
+grizzly."
+
+I was intrusted with some of the arrangements for the funeral. Mrs.
+Eames said to me that, as the count had been a man of no religious
+belief, she thought it would be best to invite a Unitarian minister to
+officiate at his funeral. I should add that her grief prevented her from
+perceiving the humor of the suggestion. I accordingly secured the
+services of the Rev. John Pierpont, who happened to be in Washington at
+the time. Charles Sumner came to the house before the funeral, and
+actually shed tears as he looked on the face of his former friend. He
+remarked upon the beauty of the countenance, saying in his rather
+oratorical way, "There is a beauty of life, and there is a beauty of
+death." The count's good looks had been spoiled in early life by the
+loss of one eye, which had been destroyed, it was said, in a duel. After
+death, however, this blemish did not appear, and the distinction of the
+features was remarkable.
+
+Among his few effects was a printed volume containing the genealogy of
+his family, which had thrice intermarried with royal houses, once in the
+family of Maria Lesczinska, wife of Louis XV. of France. Within this
+book he had inclosed one or two cast-off trifles belonging to Mrs.
+Eames, with a few words of deep and grateful affection. So ended this
+troublous life. The Russian minister at Washington called upon Mrs.
+Eames soon after the funeral, and spoke with respect of the count, who,
+he said, could have held a brilliant position in Russia, had it not been
+for his quarrelsome disposition. Despite his skepticism, and in all his
+poverty, he caused a mass to be said every year for the soul of his
+mother, who had been a devout Catholic. To the brother whose want of
+faith added the distresses of poverty to the woes of exile, Gurowski
+once addressed a letter in the following form: "To John Gurowski, the
+greatest scoundrel in Europe." A younger brother of his, a man of great
+beauty of person, enticed one of the infantas of Spain from the school
+or convent in which she was pursuing her education. This adventure made
+much noise at the time. Mrs. Eames once read me part of a letter from
+this lady, in which she spoke of "the fatal Gurowski beauty."
+
+It was in the early years of this decade (1850-1860) that I definitively
+came before the world as an author. My first volume of poems, entitled
+"Passion Flowers," was published by Ticknor and Fields, without my name.
+In the choice and arrangement of the poems James T. Fields had been very
+helpful to me. My lack of experience had led me to suppose that my
+incognito might easily be maintained, but in this my expectations were
+disappointed. The authorship of the book was at once traced to me. It
+was much praised, much blamed, and much called in question. From the
+highest literary authorities of the time it received encouraging
+commendation. Mr. Emerson acknowledged the copy sent him, in a very kind
+letter. Mr. Whittier did likewise. He wrote, "I dare say thy volume has
+faults enough." For all this, he spoke warmly of its merits. Prescott,
+the beloved historian, made me happy with his good opinion. George
+Ripley, in the "New York Tribune," Edwin Whipple and Frank Sanborn in
+Boston, reviewed the volume in a very genial and appreciative spirit. I
+think that my joy reached its height when I heard Theodore Parker repeat
+some of my lines from the pulpit. Miss Catharine Sedgwick, in speaking
+of the poems to a mutual friend, quoted with praise a line from my long
+poem on Rome. Speaking of my first hearing of the nightingale, it
+says:--
+
+                                  "A note
+  Fell as a star falls, trailing sound for light."
+
+Dr. Francis Lieber quoted the following passage as having a
+Shakespearean ring:--
+
+                  "But, as none can tell
+  Among the sunbeams which unconscious one
+  Comes weaponed with celestial will, to strike
+  The stroke of Freedom on the fettered floods,
+  Giving the spring his watchword--even so
+  Rome knew not she had spoke the word of Fate
+  That should, from out its sluggishness, compel
+  The frost-bound vastness of barbaric life,
+  Till, with an ominous sound, the torrent rose
+  And rushed upon her with terrific brow,
+  Sweeping her back, through all her haughty ways,
+  To her own gates, a piteous fugitive."
+
+I make mention of these things because the volume has long been out of
+print. It was a timid performance upon a slender reed, but the great
+performers in the noble orchestra of writers answered to its appeal,
+which won me a seat in their ranks.
+
+The work, such as it was, dealt partly with the stirring questions of
+the time, partly with things near and familiar. The events of 1848 were
+still in fresh remembrance: the heroic efforts of Italian patriots to
+deliver their country from foreign oppression, the struggle of Hungary
+to maintain her ancient immunities. The most important among my "Passion
+Flowers" were devoted to these themes. The wrongs and sufferings of the
+slave had their part in the volume. A second publication, following two
+years later, and styled "Words for the Hour," was esteemed by some
+critics as better than the first. George William Curtis, at that time
+editor of "Putnam's Magazine," wrote me, "It is a better book than its
+predecessor, but will probably not meet with the same success." And so,
+indeed, it proved.
+
+I had always contemplated writing for the stage, and was now emboldened
+to compose a drama entitled, "The World's Own," which was produced at
+Wallack's Theatre in New York. The principal characters were sustained
+by Matilda Heron, then in the height of her popularity, and Mr. Sothern,
+afterwards so famous in the r�le of Lord Dundreary. The play was
+performed several times in New York and once in Boston. It was
+pronounced by one critic "full of literary merits and of dramatic
+defects." It did not, as they say, "keep the stage."
+
+My next literary venture was a series of papers descriptive of a visit
+made to the island of Cuba in 1859, under the following circumstances.
+
+Theodore Parker had long intended to make this year one of foreign
+travel. He had planned a journey in South America, and Dr. Howe had
+promised to accompany him. The sudden failure of Parker's health at this
+time was thought to render a change of climate imperative, and in the
+month of February a voyage to Cuba was prescribed for him. In this, Dr.
+Howe willingly consented to accompany him, deciding also that I must be
+of the party.
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE
+
+_From a photograph about 1859._]
+
+Our departure was in rough weather. George Ripley, formerly of Brook
+Farm and then of the "New York Tribune," an early friend of Parker, came
+to see us off. My husband insisted somewhat strenuously upon my coming
+to table at the first meal served on board, as this would secure me a
+place for the entire voyage. I felt very ill, and Parker, who was seated
+at the same table, looked at my husband and said, "_Natura duce_," for
+which I was very grateful. Presently the captain, who was carving a
+roast of beef, asked some one whether a slice of fat was likewise
+desired. At this I fled to my cabin without waiting for permission.
+Parker also took refuge in his berth, and we did not meet again for some
+time. We had encountered a head wind in the Gulf Stream, and were rolled
+and tossed about in great discomfort. I persisted in being carried on
+deck every day. My stewardess once said to the stout steward who
+rendered me this service, "This lady has a great deal of energy and _no
+power_." My bearer, seeking, no doubt, to comfort me, growled in my ear,
+"Well now, I expect this sea-sickness is a dreadful thing." Soon a
+brighter day dawned upon us, and Parker appeared on deck, limp and
+helpless, and glad to lie upon a mattress. We had sad tales to tell of
+what we had suffered. A pretty lady passenger, who sat with us, held up
+a number of the "Atlantic Monthly" containing Colonel Higginson's
+well-remembered paper, "Ought Women to learn the Alphabet?" "Yes," cried
+her husband, "for they have got to teach it." By this time we had
+reached the southern seas, and I had entirely recovered from my
+sea-sickness. When I made my appearance, standing erect, and in my right
+clothes and mind, people did not recognize me, and asked, "Where did
+that lady come from?"
+
+On our way to Havana we stopped for a day at Nassau. Here we were
+entertained at luncheon by a physician of the island. Among the articles
+served to us was the tropical breadfruit, which might really be mistaken
+for a loaf fresh from the baker's oven. Before this we attended a
+morning drill of soldiers at the fort. In the book which I published
+afterwards, I spoke of the presiding officer as a lean Don Quixote on a
+leaner Rosinante. The colonel, for such was his rank, sent me word that
+he did not resent my mention of himself, but thought that I might have
+spoken more admiringly of his horse, of which he was very proud. A drive
+in the environs and an evening service at the church completed my
+experience of the friendly little island. When we re�mbarked for Cuba a
+gay party of young people accompanied us, all in light summer wear,
+fluttering with frills and ribbons. The rough sea soon sent them all
+below, to reappear only when we neared the end of our journey.
+
+The voyage had been of small service to our friend Parker, who was a
+wretched sailor. Arrived in Havana, he was able to go about somewhat
+with Dr. Howe. He had, however, a longer voyage before him, and my
+husband and I went with him to the Spanish steamer which was to carry
+him to Vera Cruz, whence he sailed for Europe, never to return. Our
+parting was a sad one. Parker embraced us both, probably feeling, as we
+did, that he might never see us again. I still carry in my mind the
+picture of his serious face, crowned with gray locks and a soft gray
+hat, as he looked over the side of the vessel and waved us a last
+farewell.
+
+The following extract from my "Trip to Cuba" preserves the record of our
+mutual leave-taking.
+
+"A pleasant row brought us to the side of the steamer. It was dusk
+already as we ascended her steep gangway, and from that to darkness
+there is at this season but the interval of a breath. Dusk too were our
+thoughts at parting from Can Grande, the mighty, the vehement, the great
+fighter. How were we to miss his deep music, here and at home! With his
+assistance we had made a very respectable band; now we were to be only a
+wandering drum and fife,--the fife particularly shrill and the drum
+particularly solemn.
+
+"And now came silence and tears and last embraces; we slipped down the
+gangway into our little craft and, looking up, saw bending above us,
+between the slouched hat and the silver beard, the eyes that we can
+never forget, that seemed to drop back in the darkness with the
+solemnity of a last farewell. We went home, and the drum hung himself
+gloomily on his peg, and the little fife _shut up_ for the remainder of
+the evening."
+
+To our hotel in Havana came, one day, a lovely lady, with pathetic dark
+eyes and a look of ill health. She was accompanied by her husband and
+little son. This was Mrs. Frank Hampton, formerly Miss Sally Baxter, a
+great belle in her time, and much admired by Mr. Thackeray. When we were
+introduced to each other, I asked, "Are you _the_ Mrs. Hampton?" She
+asked, "Are you _the_ Mrs. Howe?" We became friends at once. The
+Hamptons went with us to Matanzas, where we passed a few pleasant days.
+Dr. Howe was very helpful to the beautiful invalid. Something in the
+expression of her face reminded him of a relative known to him in early
+life, and on inquiry he found that Mrs. Hampton's father was a distant
+cousin of his own. Mrs. Hampton talked much of Thackeray, who had been,
+while in this country, a familiar visitor at her father's house. She
+told me that she recognized bits of her own conversation in some of the
+sayings of Ethel Newcome, and I have little doubt that in depicting the
+beautiful and noble though wayward girl he had in mind something of the
+aspect and character of the lovely Sally Baxter. In his correspondence
+with the family he was sometimes very playful, as when he wrote to Mrs.
+Baxter thanking her for the "wickled palnuts and pandy breaches," which
+she had lately sent him.
+
+When we left Havana our new friends went with us to Charleston, and
+invited us to visit them at their home in Columbia, S. C. This we were
+glad to do. The house at which the Hamptons received us belonged to an
+elder brother, Wade Hampton, whose family were at this time traveling in
+Europe. Wade Hampton called upon Dr. Howe, and soon introduced a topic
+which we would gladly have avoided, namely, the strained relations
+between the North and the South. "We mean to fight for it," said Wade
+Hampton. But Dr. Howe afterwards said to me: "They cannot be in earnest
+about meaning to fight. It would be too insane, too fatal to their own
+interests." So indeed it proved, but they then knew us as little as we
+knew them. They thought that we could not fight, and we thought that
+they would not. Both parties were soon made wiser by sad experience.
+
+My account of this trip, after publication in the "Atlantic Monthly,"
+was issued in book form by Ticknor and Fields. Years after this time, a
+friend of mine landed in Cuba with a copy of the book in her hand
+luggage. It was at once taken from her by the custom-house officers, and
+she never saw it again. This little work was favorably spoken of and
+well received, but it did not please everybody. In one of its chapters,
+speaking of the natural indolence of the negroes in tropical countries,
+I had ventured to express the opinion that compulsory employment is
+better than none. Good Mr. Garrison seized upon this sentence, and
+impaled it in a column of "The Liberator" headed, "The Refuge of
+Oppression." I certainly did not intend it as an argument in favor of
+negro slavery. As an abstract proposition, and without reference to
+color, I still think it true.
+
+The publication of my Cuban notes brought me an invitation to chronicle
+the events of the season at Newport for the "New York Tribune." This was
+the beginning of a correspondence with that paper which lasted well into
+the time of the civil war. My letters dealt somewhat with social doings
+in Newport and in Boston, but more with the great events of the time. To
+me the experience was valuable in that I found myself brought nearer in
+sympathy to the general public, and helped to a better understanding of
+its needs and demands.
+
+It was in the days now spoken of that I first saw Edwin Booth. Dr. Howe
+and I betook ourselves to the Boston Theatre one rainy evening,
+expecting to see nothing more than an ordinary performance. The play was
+"Richelieu," and we had seen but little of Mr. Booth's part in it before
+we turned to each other and said, "This is the real thing." In every
+word, in every gesture, the touch of genius made itself felt. A little
+later I saw him in "Hamlet," and was even more astonished and delighted.
+While he was still completing this his first engagement in Boston, I
+received a letter from his manager, proposing that I should write a play
+for Mr. Booth. My first drama, though not a success, had made me
+somewhat known to theatrical people. I had been made painfully aware of
+its defects, and desired nothing more than to profit by the lesson of
+experience in producing something that should deserve entire
+approbation. It was therefore with a good hope of success that I
+undertook to write the play. Mr. Booth himself called upon me, in
+pursuance of his request. The favorable impression which he had made
+upon me was not lessened by a nearer view. I found him modest,
+intelligent, and above all genuine,--the man as worthy of admiration as
+the artist. Although I had seen Mr. Booth in a variety of characters, I
+could only think of representing him as Hippolytus, a beautiful youth,
+of heroic type, enamored of a high ideal. This was the part which I
+desired to create for him. I undertook the composition without much
+delay, and devoted to it the months of one summer's sojourn at Lawton's
+Valley.
+
+This lovely little estate had come to us almost fortuitously. George
+William Curtis, writing of the Newport of forty years ago, gives a
+character sketch of one Alfred Smith, a well-known real estate agent,
+who managed to entrap strangers in his gig, and drove about with them,
+often succeeding in making them purchasers of some bit of property in
+the sale of which he had a personal interest. In the summer of 1852 my
+husband became one of his victims. I say this because Dr. Howe made the
+purchase without much deliberation. In fact, he could hardly have told
+any one why he made it. The farm was a very poor one, and the farmhouse
+very small. Some necessary repairs rendered it habitable for our family
+of little children and ourselves. I did not desire the purchase, but I
+soon became much attached to the valley, which my husband's care greatly
+beautified. This was a wooded gorge, perhaps an eighth of a mile from
+the house, and extending some distance between high rocky banks. We
+found it a wilderness of brambles, with a brook which ran much out of
+its proper course. Dr. Howe converted it into a most charming
+out-of-door _salon_. A firm green sod took the place of the briers, the
+brook was restrained within its proper limits, and some fine trees
+replaced as many decayed stumps. An old, disused mill added to the
+picturesqueness of the scene. Below it rushed a small waterfall. Here I
+have passed many happy hours with my books and my babies, but it was not
+in this enchanting spot that I wrote my play.
+
+I had at this time and for many years afterward a superstition about a
+north light. My eyes had given me some trouble, and I felt obliged to
+follow my literary work under circumstances most favorable for their
+use. The exposure of our little farmhouse was south and west, and its
+only north light was derived from a window at the top of the attic
+stairs. Here was a platform just large enough to give room for a table
+two feet square. The stairs were shut off from the rest of the house by
+a stout door. And here, through the summer heats, and in spite of many
+wasps, I wrote my five-act drama, dreaming of the fine emphasis which
+Mr. Booth would give to its best passages and of the beautiful
+appearance he would make in classic costume. He, meanwhile, was growing
+into great fame and favor with the public, and was called hither and
+thither by numerous engagements. The period of his courtship and
+marriage intervened, and a number of years elapsed between the
+completion of the play and his first reading of it.
+
+At last there came a time in which the production of the play seemed
+possible. Charlotte Cushman and Edwin Booth were both in Boston
+performing, as I remember, but not at the same theatre. They agreed to
+act in my play. E. L. Davenport, manager of the Howard Athen�um,
+undertook to produce it, and my dream was very near becoming a reality.
+But lo! on a sudden, the manager bethought him that the time was rather
+late in the season; that the play would require new scenery; and, more
+than all, that his wife, who was also an actress, was not pleased with a
+secondary part assigned to her. A polite note informed me of his change
+of mind. This was, I think, the greatest "let down" that I ever
+experienced. It affected me seriously for some days, after which I
+determined to attempt nothing more for the stage.
+
+In truth, there appeared to be little reason for this action on the part
+of the manager. Miss Cushman, speaking of it, said to me, "My dear, if
+Edwin Booth and I had done nothing more than to stand upon the stage and
+say 'good evening' to each other, the house would have been filled."
+
+Mr. Booth, in the course of these years, experienced great happiness and
+great sorrow. On the occasion of our first meeting he had spoken to me
+of "little Mary Devlin" as an actress of much promise, who had recently
+been admired in "several _heavy_ parts." In process of time he became
+engaged to this young girl. Before the announcement of this fact he
+appeared with her several times before the Boston public. Few that saw
+it will ever forget a performance of Romeo and Juliet in which the two
+true lovers were at their best, ideally young, beautiful, and identified
+with their parts. I soon became well acquainted with this exquisite
+little woman, of whose untimely death the poet Parsons wrote:--
+
+  "What shall we do now, Mary being dead,
+    Or say or write that shall express the half?
+  What can we do but pillow that fair head,
+    And let the spring-time write her epitaph?--
+
+  "As it will soon, in snowdrop, violet,
+    Windflower and columbine and maiden's tear;
+  Each letter of that pretty alphabet
+    That spells in flowers the pageant of the year.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "She hath fulfilled her promise and hath passed;
+    Set her down gently at the iron door!
+  Eyes look on that loved image for the last:
+    Now cover it in earth,--her earth no more."
+
+These lines recall to me the scene of Mary Booth's funeral, which took
+place in wintry weather, the service being held at the chapel in Mount
+Auburn. Hers was a most pathetic figure as she lay, serene and lovely,
+surrounded with flowers. As Edwin Booth followed the casket, his eyes
+heavy with grief, I could not but remember how often I had seen him
+enact the part of Hamlet at the stage burial of Ophelia. Beside or
+behind him walked a young man of remarkable beauty, to be sadly known at
+a later date as Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Lincoln and the victim of
+his own crime. Henry Ward Beecher, meeting Mary Booth one day at dinner
+at my house, was so much impressed with her peculiar charm that, on the
+occasion of her death, he wrote a very sympathetic letter to Mr. Booth,
+and became thenceforth one of his most esteemed friends.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The years between 1850 and 1857, eventful as they were, appear to me
+almost a period of play when compared with the time of trial which was
+to follow. It might have been likened to the tuning of instruments
+before some great musical solemnity. The theme was already suggested,
+but of its wild and terrible development who could have had any
+foreknowledge? Parker, indeed, writing to Dr. Howe from Italy, said,
+"What a pity that the map of our magnificent country should be destined
+to be so soon torn in two on account of the negro, that poorest of human
+creatures, satisfied, even in slavery, with sugar cane and a banjo." On
+reading this prediction, I remarked to my husband: "This is poor, dear
+Parker's foible. He always thinks that he knows what will come to pass.
+How absurd is this forecast of his!"
+
+"I don't know about that," replied Dr. Howe.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE CHURCH OF THE DISCIPLES: IN WAR TIME
+
+
+I must here ask leave to turn back a little in the order of my
+reminiscences, my narrative having led me to pass by certain points
+which I desire to mention.
+
+The great comfort which I had in Parker's preaching came to an end when
+my children attained an age at which it appeared desirable that they
+should attend public worship. Concerning this my husband argued as
+follows:--
+
+"The children [our two eldest girls] are now of an age at which they
+should receive impressions of reverence. They should, therefore, see
+nothing at the Sunday service which would militate against that feeling.
+At Parker's meeting individuals read the newspapers before the exercises
+begin. A good many persons come in after the prayer, and some go out
+before the conclusion of the sermon. These irregularities offend my
+sense of decorum, and appear to me undesirable in the religious
+education of the family."
+
+It was a grievous thing for me to comply with my husband's wishes in
+this matter. I said of it to his friend, Horace Mann, that to give up
+Parker's ministry for any other would be like going to the synagogue
+when Paul was preaching near at hand. Parker was soon made aware of Dr.
+Howe's views, but no estrangement ensued between the two friends. He
+did, however, write to my husband a letter, in which he laid great
+stress upon the depth and strength of his own concern in religion.
+
+My husband cherished an old predilection for King's Chapel, and would
+have been pleased if I had chosen to attend service there. My mind,
+however, was otherwise disposed. Having heard Parker, at the close of
+one of his discourses, speak in warm commendation of James Freeman
+Clarke, announcing at the same time that Mr. Clarke was about to begin a
+new series of services at Williams Hall, I determined to attend these.
+
+With Mr. Clarke I had indeed some slight acquaintance, having once heard
+him preach at Freeman Place Chapel, and having met him on divers
+occasions. It is well known that this, his first pastorate in Boston,
+was nearly lost to him in consequence of his inviting Theodore Parker on
+one occasion to occupy his pulpit. The feeling against the latter was
+then so strong as to cause an influential part of the congregation to
+withdraw from the society, which therefore threatened to fail for want
+of funds. Some years later Mr. Clarke resigned his charge and went
+abroad for a prolonged stay, possibly with indefinite ideas as to the
+future employment of his life. He was possessed of much literary and
+artistic taste, and might easily have added one to the number of those
+who, like George Bancroft, Jared Sparks, and others, had entered the
+Unitarian ministry, to leave it, after a few years, for fields of labor
+in which they were destined to achieve greater success.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE
+
+_From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company._]
+
+Fortunately, the suggestion of such a course, if entertained by him at
+all, did not prevail. Mr. Clarke's interest in the Christian ministry
+was too deeply grounded to be easily overcome. Returning from a restful
+and profitable sojourn in Europe, he sought to gather again those of his
+flock who had held to him and to each other. He found them ready to
+welcome him back with unabated love and trust. It was at this juncture
+that I heard Theodore Parker make the mention of him which brought him
+to my remembrance, bringing me also very reluctantly to his new place of
+worship.
+
+The hall itself was unattractive, and the aspect of its occupants
+decidedly unfashionable. Indeed, a witty friend of mine once said to me
+that the bonnets seen there were of so singular a description, as
+constantly to distract her attention from the minister's sermon.
+
+This absence of fashion rather commended the place to me; for I had had
+in my life enough and too much of that church-going in which the
+bonnets, the pews, and the doctrine appear to rest on one dead level of
+conventionalism.
+
+Mr. Clarke's preaching was as unlike as possible to that of Theodore
+Parker. While not wanting in the critical spirit, and characterized by
+very definite views of the questions which at that time were foremost in
+the mind of the community, there ran through the whole course of his
+ministrations an exquisite tone of charity and good-will. He had not the
+philosophic and militant genius of Parker, but he had a genius of his
+own, poetical, harmonizing. In after years I esteemed myself fortunate
+in having passed from the drastic discipline of the one to the tender
+and reconciling ministry of the other. The members of the congregation
+were mostly strangers to me, yet I felt from the first a respect for
+them. In process of time I came to know something of their antecedents,
+and to make friends among them.
+
+After some years of attendance at Williams Hall, our society, somewhat
+increased in numbers, removed to Indiana Place Chapel, where we remained
+until we were able to erect for ourselves the commodious and homelike
+building which we occupy to-day.
+
+Our minister was a man of much impulse, but of more judgment. In his
+character were blended the best traits of the conservative and of the
+liberal. His ardent temperament and sanguine disposition bred in him
+that natural hopefulness which is so important an element in all
+attempted reform. His sound mind, well disciplined by culture, held fast
+to the inherited treasures of society, while a fortunate power of
+apprehending principles rendered him very steadfast, both in advance and
+in reserve. In the agitated period which preceded the civil war and in
+that which followed it, he in his modest pulpit became one of the
+leaders, not of his own flock alone, but of the community to which he
+belonged. I can imagine few things more instructive and desirable than
+was his preaching in those troublous times, so full of unanswered
+question and unreconciled discord. His church was like an organ, with
+deep undertones and lofty, aspiring treble,--the master hand pressing
+the keys, the heart of the congregation responding with a full melody.
+Festivals of sorrow were held in Indiana Place Chapel, and many of
+them,--James Buchanan's hollow fast, a day of mourning for John Brown,
+and, saddest and greatest of all, a solemn service following the
+assassination of Abraham Lincoln. We were led through these shadows of
+death by the radiant light of a truly Christian faith, which our pastor
+ever held before us. Among the many who stood by him in his labors of
+love was a lady possessed of rare taste in the disposition of floral and
+other decorations. We came at last to confer on her the title of the
+Flower Saint. On the occasion last mentioned, when we entered the
+building, full of hopeless sorrow, we saw pulpit and altar adorned with
+a rich violet pall, on which, at intervals, hung wreaths of white
+lilies. So something of the pomp of victory was mingled with our bitter
+sense of loss. The nation's chief was gone, but with the noble army of
+martyrs we now beheld him, crowned with the unfading glory of his work.
+
+Mr. Clarke's life possesses an especial interest from the fact of its
+having been one of those rare lives which start in youth with an ideal,
+and follow it through manhood to old age; parting from it only at the
+last breath, and bequeathing it to posterity in its full growth and
+beauty. This ideal appeared to him in the guise of a free church, whose
+pews should not be sold, whose seats should be open to all, with no
+cumbrous encounter of cross-interests,--a church of true worship and
+earnest interpretation, which should be held together by the bond of
+veritable sympathy. This living church he built out of his own devout
+and tender heart. A dream at first, he saw it take shape and grow, and
+when he flitted from its sphere he felt that it would stand and endure.
+
+In marriage Mr. Clarke had been most fortunate. He became attached early
+in life to a young lady of rare beauty, and of character not less
+uncommon, to whom he once wrote some charming lines, beginning,--
+
+  "When shall we meet again, dearest and best?
+  Thou going eastward, and I to the west?"
+
+This attachment probably dated from the period of his theological
+studies at Meadville, Pa. In due course of time the two lives became
+united in a most happy and helpful partnership. Mrs. Clarke truly
+attained the dignity of a mother in Israel. She went hand-in-hand with
+her husband in all his church work. She made his home simple in
+adornment but exquisite in comfort. She was less social in disposition
+than he, less excitable, indeed, so calm of nature that her husband, in
+giving her a copy of my first volume of poems, wrote on the fly-leaf,
+"To the passionless, 'Passion Flowers,'" and in the lines that followed
+compared her to the Jungfrau with its silvery light. This calmness,
+which was not coldness, sometimes enabled her to render a service which
+might have been difficult to many. I remember that a young minister, a
+fresh convert from Calvinistic doctrine, preached one Sunday a rather
+crude sermon, in Mr. Clarke's absence. After the close of the service
+Mrs. Clarke went up to the speaker, who was expected to preach that
+evening at a well-known church in the city, and said, "Mr. ----, if you
+intend to give the sermon we have just heard at the ---- church this
+evening, you will do well to omit certain things in it." She proceeded
+to mention the changes which appeared to her desirable. Her advice, most
+kindly given, was no doubt appreciated.
+
+Let me here record my belief that society rarely attains anywhere a
+higher level than that which all must recognize in the Boston of the
+last forty years. The religious philosophy of the Unitarian pulpit; the
+intercourse with the learned men of Harvard College, more frequent
+formerly than at present; the inheritance of solid and earnest
+character, most precious of estates; the nobility of thought developed
+in Margaret Fuller's pupils; the cordial piety of such leaders as
+Phillips Brooks, James Freeman Clarke, and Edward Everett Hale; the
+presence of leading authors,--Holmes, Longfellow, Emerson, and
+Lowell,--all these circumstances combined have given to Massachusetts a
+halo of glory which time should not soon have power to dim.
+
+Massachusetts, as I understand her, asks for no false leadership, for no
+illusory and transient notoriety. Where Truth and Justice command, her
+sons and daughters will follow; and if she should sometimes be found
+first in the ranks, it will not be because her ambition has displaced
+others, but because the strength of her convictions has carried her
+beyond the ranks of the doubting and deliberate.
+
+The decade preceding the civil war was indeed a period of much
+agitation. The anomalous position of a slave system in a democratic
+republic was beginning to make itself keenly felt. The political
+preponderance of the slaveholding States, fostered and upheld by the
+immense money power of the North, had led their inhabitants to believe
+that they needed to endure no limits. Recent legislation, devised and
+accomplished by their leaders, had succeeded in enforcing upon Northern
+communities a tame compliance with their most extravagant demands. The
+extension of the slave system to the new territories, soon to constitute
+new States, became the avowed purpose of Southern politicians. The
+conscience of the North, lulled by financial prosperity, awoke but
+slowly to an understanding of the situation. To enlighten this
+conscience was evidently the most important task of public-spirited men.
+Among other devices to this end, a newspaper was started in Boston with
+the name of "The Commonwealth." Its immediate object was to reach and
+convince that important portion of the body politic which distrusts
+rhetoric and oratory, but which sooner or later gives heed to
+dispassionate argument and the advocacy of plain issues.
+
+My husband took an active interest in the management of this paper, and
+indeed assumed its editorship for one entire winter. In this task I had
+great pleasure in assisting him. We began our work together every
+morning,--he supervising and supplying the political department of the
+paper, I doing what I could in the way of social and literary criticism.
+Among my contributions to the work were a series of notices of Dr.
+Holmes's Lowell lectures on the English poets, and a paper on Mrs. Stowe
+and George Sand. "The Commonwealth" did good service in the battle of
+opinion which unexpectedly proved a prelude to the most important event
+in our history as a nation.
+
+The reading public hardly needs to-day to be reminded that Mrs. Stowe's
+story of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" played an important part in the change of
+base, which in time became evident in the North. The torch of her
+sympathy, held before the lurid pictures of slave life, set two
+continents on fire with loathing and indignation against abuses so
+little in accordance with civil progress and Christian illumination.
+Europeans reproached us with this enthroned and persevering barbarism.
+"Why is it endured?" they asked, and we could only answer: "It has a
+legal right to exist."
+
+Some time in the fifties, my husband spoke to me of a very remarkable
+man, of whom, he said, I should be sure to hear sooner or later. This
+man, Dr. Howe said, seemed to intend to devote his life to the
+redemption of the colored race from slavery, even as Christ had
+willingly offered his life for the salvation of mankind. It was enjoined
+upon me that I should not mention to any one this confidential
+communication; and to make sure that I should not, I allowed the whole
+matter to pass out of my thoughts. It may have been a year or more later
+that Dr. Howe said to me: "Do you remember that man of whom I spoke to
+you,--the one who wished to be a saviour for the negro race?" I replied
+in the affirmative. "That man," said the doctor, "will call here this
+afternoon. You will receive him. His name is John Brown." Thus
+admonished, I watched for the visitor, and prepared to admit him myself
+when he should ring at the door.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN BROWN
+
+_From a photograph about 1857._]
+
+This took place at our house in South Boston, where it was not at all
+_infra dig._ for me to open my own door. At the expected time I heard
+the bell ring, and, on answering it, beheld a middle-aged, middle-sized
+man, with hair and beard of amber color, streaked with gray. He looked a
+Puritan of the Puritans, forceful, concentrated, and self-contained. We
+had a brief interview, of which I only remember my great gratification
+at meeting one of whom I had heard so good an account. I saw him once
+again at Dr. Howe's office, and then heard no more of him for some time.
+
+I cannot tell how long after this it was that I took up the "Transcript"
+one evening, and read of an attack made by a small body of men on the
+arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Dr. Howe presently came in, and I told him
+what I had just read. "Brown has got to work," he said. I had already
+arrived at the same conclusion. The rest of the story is matter of
+history: the failure of the slaves to support the movement initiated for
+their emancipation, the brief contest, the inevitable defeat and
+surrender, the death of the rash, brave man upon the scaffold. All this
+is known, and need not be repeated here. In speaking of it, my husband
+assured me that John Brown's plan had not been so impossible of
+realization as it appeared to have been after its failure. Brown had
+been led to hope that, upon a certain signal, the slaves from many
+plantations would come to him in such numbers that he and they would
+become masters of the situation with little or no bloodshed. Neither he
+nor those who were concerned with him had it at all in mind to stir up
+the slaves to acts of cruelty and revenge. The plan was simply to
+combine them in large numbers, and in a position so strong that the
+question of their freedom would be decided then and there, possibly
+without even a battle.
+
+I confess that the whole scheme appeared to me wild and chimerical. Of
+its details I knew nothing, and have never learned more. None of us
+could exactly approve an act so revolutionary in its character, yet the
+great-hearted attempt enlisted our sympathies very strongly. The weeks
+of John Brown's imprisonment were very sad ones, and the day of his
+death was one of general mourning in New England. Even there, however,
+people were not all of the same mind. I heard a friend say that John
+Brown was a pig-headed old fool. In the Church of the Disciples, on the
+other hand, a special service was held on the day of the execution, and
+the pastor took for his text the saying of Christ, "It is enough for the
+disciple that he be as his master." Victor Hugo had already said that
+the death of John Brown would thenceforth hallow the scaffold, even as
+the death of Christ had hallowed the cross.
+
+The record of John Brown's life has been fully written, and by a
+friendly hand. I will only mention here that he had much to do with the
+successful contest which kept slavery out of the territory of Kansas. He
+was a leading chief in the border warfare which swept back the
+pro-slavery immigration attempted by some of the wild spirits of
+Missouri. In this struggle, he one day saw two of his own sons shot by
+the Border Ruffians (as the Missourians of the border were then called),
+without trial or mercy. Some people thought that this dreadful sight had
+maddened his brain, as well it might.
+
+I recall one humorous anecdote about him, related to me by my husband.
+On one occasion, during the border war, he had taken several prisoners,
+and among them a certain judge. Brown was always a man of prayer. On
+this occasion, feeling quite uncertain as to whether he ought to spare
+the lives of the prisoners, he retired into a thicket near at hand, and
+besought the Lord long and fervently to inspire him with the right
+determination. The judge, overhearing this petition, was so much amused
+at it that, in spite of the gravity of his own position, he laughed
+aloud. "Judge ----," cried John Brown, "if you mock at my prayers, I
+shall know what to do with you without asking the Almighty."
+
+I remember now that I saw John Brown's wife on her way to visit her
+husband in prison and to see the last of him. She seemed a strong,
+earnest woman, plain in manners and in speech.
+
+This brings me to the period of the civil war. What can I say of it that
+has not already been said? Its cruel fangs fastened upon the very heart
+of Boston, and took from us our best and bravest. From many a stately
+mansion father or son went forth, followed by weeping, to be brought
+back for bitterer sorrow. The work of the women in providing comforts
+for the soldiers was unremitting. In organizing and conducting the great
+bazaars, which were held in furtherance of this object, many of these
+women found a new scope for their activities, and developed abilities
+hitherto unsuspected by themselves.
+
+Even in gay Newport there were sad reverberations of the strife; and I
+shall never forget an afternoon on which I drove into town with my son,
+by this time a lad of fourteen, and found the main street lined with
+carriages, and the carriages filled with white-faced people, intent on I
+knew not what. Meeting a friend, I asked, "Why are these people here?
+What are they waiting for, and why do they look as they do?"
+
+"They are waiting for the mail. Don't you know that we have had a
+dreadful reverse?" Alas! this was the second battle of Bull Run. I have
+made some record of it in a poem entitled "The Flag," which I dare
+mention here because Mr. Emerson, on hearing it, said to me, "I like the
+architecture of that poem."
+
+Prominent among the helpers called out by the war was our noble war
+governor, John Albion Andrew. My first acquaintance with him was formed
+in the early days of the Free-Soil Party, of which he and my husband
+were leading members. This organization, if I remember rightly, grew out
+of an earlier one which marked the very beginning of a new movement. Its
+members were spoken of as "young Whigs," and its principles were
+friendship for the negro and opposition to war, which at that time was
+particularly directed against the Mexican war. It was as a young Whig
+that Dr. Howe consented to become a candidate for a seat in the Congress
+of the United States. The development of a pro-slavery policy on the
+part of our government, and the intention made evident of not only
+maintaining but also extending the area of slavery, soon gave to the new
+party a very serious _raison d'�tre_, and under its influence the young
+Whigs became Free Soilers.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: In the days here spoken of, the Cochituate water was first
+brought into Boston. I was asked one day to furnish a toast for a
+temperance festival, and felt moved to send the following: "Free
+soil,--free water,--free grace," which was well received.]
+
+Some of these gentlemen came often to our house, and among them I soon
+learned to distinguish Mr. Andrew. As time went on, he became a familiar
+friend in our household. Our mutual interest in the Church of the
+Disciples, and our regard for its pastor were bonds which drew us
+together. He was, indeed, a typical American of the best sort. Most
+happy in temperament, with great vitality and enjoyment of life, he
+united in his make-up the gifts of quick perception and calm
+deliberation. His judgments were broad, sound, and charitable, his
+disposition full of good-will, his tastes at once simple and
+comprehensive. He was at home in high society, and not less so among the
+lowly. He was very social in disposition, and much "given to
+hospitality," but without show or pretense. He had been one of the
+original members of the Church of the Disciples, and had certainly been
+drawn toward Mr. Clarke by a deep and genuine religious sympathy.
+Although a man of most serious convictions, he was able to enter
+heartily into the spirit of every social occasion. He was with us
+sometimes at our rural retreat on Newport Island, far from the scenes of
+fashionable life. I once had the honor of entertaining in this place the
+members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. While we were all
+busy with preparations for the reception of these eminent persons, Mr.
+Andrew--he was not as yet governor--offered to compound for the company
+a pleasing beverage. He took off his coat, and went to work with lemons,
+sugar, and other ingredients, and was very near being found in his
+shirt-sleeves by those of the scientists who were first upon the ground.
+
+At another time we were arranging some tableaux for one of my children's
+parties, and had chosen the subjects from Thackeray's fairy tale of the
+"Rose and the Ring." I came to our friend in some perplexity, and said,
+"Dear Mr. Andrew, in the tableaux this evening Dr. Howe is to personate
+Kutasoff Hedzoff; would you be willing to pose as Prince Bulbo?" "By all
+means," was the response. I brought the book, and Mr. Andrew studied and
+imitated the costume of the prince, even to the necktie and the rose in
+his buttonhole.
+
+In the years that followed, he as well as we had little time for
+merry-making. While the political sky was darkening and the thunder of
+war was faintly rumbling in the air, Dr. Howe said to me one day,
+"Andrew is going to be governor of Massachusetts." My first recollection
+of him in war time concerns the attack made upon the United States
+troops as they were passing through Baltimore. The telegram sent by him
+to the mayor of that city seemed to give an earnest of what we might
+expect from him. He requested that the bodies of our soldiers who had
+fallen in the streets should be tenderly cared for, and sent to their
+State, Massachusetts. We were present when these bodies were received at
+King's Chapel burial-ground, and could easily see how deeply the
+governor was moved at the sad sight of the coffins draped with the
+national flag. This occasion drew from me the poem beginning,--
+
+  "Weave no more silks, ye Lyons looms,
+    To deck our girls for gay delights:
+  The crimson flower of battle blooms,
+    And solemn marches fill the nights."
+
+When James Freeman Clarke's exchanging pulpits with Theodore Parker
+alienated from him a part of his congregation, Governor Andrew strongly
+opposed the views of the seceders, and at a meeting called in connection
+with the movement made so eloquent a plea against the separation as to
+move his hearers to tears.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN A. ANDREW
+
+_From a photograph by Black._]
+
+Very generous was his conduct in the case of John Brown, when the latter
+lay in a Southern prison, about to be tried for his life, without
+counsel and without money. Mr. Andrew, on becoming acquainted with his
+condition, telegraphed to eminent lawyers in Washington to engage them
+for the defense of the prisoner, and made himself responsible for the
+legal expenses of the case, amounting to thirteen hundred dollars. He
+was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1860, and his forethought and
+sagacity were soon shown in the course of action instituted by him to
+prepare the State for immediate and active participation in the military
+movements which he felt to be near at hand. The measures then taken by
+him were much derided; but, when the crisis came, the heart of the
+public went out to him in gratitude, for every emergency had been
+thought out and provided for.
+
+The governor now became a very busy man. Who can number the hurried
+journeys which he made between Boston and Washington, when his counsel
+was imperatively demanded in the one place and no less needed in the
+other? These exhausting labors, which continued throughout the war,
+never disturbed the serenity of his countenance, always luminous with
+cheerfulness. They were, no doubt, undermining his bodily vigor; but his
+devotion to public duty was such that he was well content to spend and
+be spent in its fulfillment.
+
+I was present at the State House when Governor Andrew presented to the
+legislature of Massachusetts the parting gift of Theodore Parker,--the
+gun which his grandfather had carried at the battle of Lexington. After
+a brief but very appropriate address, the governor pressed the gun to
+his lips before giving it into the keeping of the official guardian of
+such treasures. This scene was caricatured in one of the public prints
+of the time. I remember it as most impressive.
+
+The governor was an earnest Unitarian, and as already said a charter
+member of the Church of the Disciples. His religious sympathies,
+however, outwent all sectarian limits. He prized and upheld the truly
+devout spirits, wherever found, and delighted in the Methodism of Father
+Taylor. He used to say, "When I want to enjoy a good warm time, I go to
+Brother Grimes's colored church."
+
+Although himself a Protestant of the Protestants, he entertained a
+sincere esteem for individuals among the Catholic clergy. Among these I
+remember Father Finotti as one of whom he often spoke, and who was
+sometimes a guest at his table. When Madame Ristori made her first visit
+to this country, Father Finotti entertained her one day at dinner,
+inviting also Governor and Mrs. Andrew. The governor told me afterward
+that he enjoyed this meeting very much, and described some song or
+recitation which the great actress gave at table, and which the aged
+priest heard with emotion, recalling the days of his youth and the dear
+land of his birth.
+
+Once, when Governor Andrew was with us at our summer home, my husband
+suddenly proposed that we should hold a Sunday service in the shade of
+our beautiful valley. This was on the Sunday morning itself, and the
+time admitted of no preparation. I had with me neither hymnal nor book
+of sermons, and was rather at a loss how to carry out my husband's
+design. The governor at once came to my assistance. He gave the
+Scripture lessons from memory, and deaconed out the lines of a favorite
+hymn,--
+
+  "The dove let loose in eastern skies,
+  Returning fondly home."
+
+This we sang to the best of our ability. The governor had in memory some
+writing of his own appropriate to the occasion; and, all joining in the
+Lord's prayer, the simple and beautiful rite was accomplished.
+
+The record of our State during the war was a proud one. The repeated
+calls for men and for money were always promptly and generously
+answered. And this promptness was greatly forwarded by the energy and
+patriotic vigilance of the governor. I heard much of this at the time,
+especially from my husband, who was greatly attached to the governor,
+and who himself took an intense interest in all the operations of the
+war.
+
+I am glad to remember that our house was one of the places in which
+Governor Andrew used to take refuge, when the need of rest became
+imperative. Having, perhaps, passed much of the night at the State
+House, receiving telegrams and issuing orders, he would sometimes lie
+down on a sofa in my drawing-room, and snatch a brief nap before dinner
+would be announced.
+
+I seemed to live in and along with the war, while it was in progress,
+and to follow all its ups and downs, its good and ill fortune with these
+two brave men, Dr. Howe and Governor Andrew. Neither of them for a
+moment doubted the final result of the struggle, but both they and I
+were often very sad and much discouraged. Andrew was especially
+distressed at the disastrous retreat in the Wilderness, when medicines,
+stores, and even wounded soldiers were necessarily left behind. He said
+of this, "When I read the accounts of it I thought that the bottom had
+dropped out of everything." He was not alone in feeling thus.
+
+While Governor Andrew held himself at the command of the government, and
+was ready to answer every call from the White House with his presence,
+he was no less persistent in the visitations required in his own State.
+Of some of these I can speak from personal experience, having often had
+the pleasure of accompanying him and Mrs. Andrew in such excursions. I
+went twice with the gubernatorial party to attend the Agricultural Fair
+at Barnstable. The first time we were the guests of Mr. Phinney, the
+veteran editor of a Barnstable paper. On another occasion we visited
+Berkshire, and were entertained at Greenfield, North Adams, and
+Stockbridge. Dress parades were usually held at these times. How well I
+have in mind the governor's appearance as, in his military cloak,
+wearing scrupulously white kid gloves, he walked from rank to rank,
+receiving the salute of the men and returning it with great good humor!
+He evidently enjoyed these meetings very much. His staff consisted of
+several young men of high position in the community, who were most
+agreeable companions,--John Quincy Adams, Henry Lee, handsome Harry
+Ritchie, and one or two others whose names I do not recall. In the
+jollity of these outings the governor did not forget to visit the public
+institutions, prisons, reform schools, insane asylums, etc. His presence
+carried cheer and sunshine into the most dreary places, and his deep
+interest in humanity made itself felt everywhere.
+
+From an early period in the war he saw that the emancipation of the
+negroes of the South was imperatively demanded to insure the success of
+the North. It had always been a moral obligation. It had now become a
+military necessity. When the act was consummated, he not only rejoiced
+in it, but bent all his energies upon the support of the President in an
+act so daring and so likely to be deprecated by the half-hearted. His
+efforts to this end were not confined to his own State. He did much to
+promote unity of opinion and concert in action among the governors of
+other States. He strongly advocated the organization of colored
+regiments, and the first of these that reached the field of battle came
+from his State.
+
+All of us, I suppose, have met with people who are democratic in theory,
+but who in practical life prefer to remain in relation mostly with
+individuals of their own or a superior class. Our great governor's
+democracy was not founded on intellectual conviction alone. It was a
+democracy of taste and of feeling. I say of taste, because he discerned
+the beauty of life which is often found among the lowly, the
+faithfulness of servants, the good ambition of working people to do
+their best with hammer and saw, with needle and thread. He earnestly
+desired that people of all degrees, high and low, rich and poor, should
+enjoy the blessings of civilization, should have their position of use
+and honor in the great human brotherhood. And it was this sweet and
+sincere humanity of heart which gave him so wide and varied a sphere of
+influence. He could confer with the cook in her kitchen, with the
+artisan at his task, with the convict in his cell, and always leave
+behind him an impression of kindness and sympathy. I have often in my
+mind compared society to a vast orchestra, which, properly led, gives
+forth a heavenly music, and which, ill conducted, utters only harsh and
+discordant sounds. The true leader of the orchestra has the music in his
+mind. He can read the intricate scroll which is set up before him; and
+so the army of melody responds to his tap, and instrument after
+instrument wakes at his bidding and is silent at his command.
+
+I cannot help thinking of Governor Andrew as such a leader. In his heart
+was written the music of the law of love. Before his eyes was the scroll
+of the great designs of Providence. And so, being at peace in himself,
+he promoted peace and harmony among those with whom he had to do;
+unanimity of action during the war, unanimity of consent and of
+rejoicing when peace came.
+
+So beneficent a presence has rarely shown itself among us. I trust that
+something of its radiance will continue to enlighten our national
+counsels and to cheer our hearts with the great hope which made him
+great.
+
+During the years of the war, Washington naturally became the great
+centre of interest. Politicians of every grade, adventurers of either
+sex, inventors of all sorts of military appliances, and simple citizens,
+good and bad, flocked thither in great numbers. My own first visit to it
+was in the late autumn of 1861, and was made in company with Rev. James
+Freeman Clarke, Governor Andrew, and my husband. Dr. Howe had already
+passed beyond the age of military service, but was enabled to render
+valuable aid as an officer of the Sanitary Commission, and also on the
+commission which had in charge the condition and interests of the newly
+freed slaves.
+
+Although Dr. Howe had won his spurs many years before this time, in the
+guerrilla contests of the Greek struggle for national life, his
+understanding of military operations continued to be remarkable.
+Throughout the course of the war, I never remember him to have been
+deceived by an illusory report of victory. He would carefully consider
+the plan of the battle, and when he would say, "This looks to me like a
+defeat," the later reports were sure to justify his surmises.
+
+[Illustration: JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+_From a photograph by J. J. Hawes, about 1861._]
+
+As we approached the city, I saw from time to time small groups of armed
+men seated on the ground near a fire. Dr. Howe explained to me that
+these were the pickets detailed to guard the railroad. The main body of
+the enemy's troops was then stationed in the near neighborhood of
+Washington, and the capture of the national capital would have been of
+great strategic advantage to their cause. In order to render this
+impossible, the great Army of the Potomac was encamped around the city,
+with General McClellan in command. Within the city limits mounted
+officers and orderlies galloped to and fro. Ambulances, drawn by four
+horses, drove through the streets, stopping sometimes before Willard's
+Hotel, where we had all found quarters. From my window I saw the office
+of the "New York Herald," and near it the ghastly advertisement of an
+agency for embalming and forwarding the bodies of those who had fallen
+in the fight or who had perished by fever. William Henry Channing,
+nephew of the great Channing, and heir to his spiritual distinction, had
+left his Liverpool pulpit, deeply stirred by love of his country and
+enthusiasm in a noble cause. On Sundays, his voice rang out, clear and
+musical as a bell, within the walls of the Unitarian church. I went more
+than once with him and Mr. Clarke to visit camps and hospitals. It was
+on the occasion of one of these visits that I made my very first attempt
+at public speaking. I had joined the rest of my party in a reconnoitring
+expedition, the last stage of which was the headquarters of Colonel
+William B. Greene, of the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Our
+friend received us with a warm welcome, and presently said to me, "Mrs.
+Howe, you must speak to my men." Feeling my utter inability to do this,
+I ran away and tried to hide myself in one of the hospital tents.
+Colonel Greene twice found me and brought me back to his piazza, where
+at last I stood, and told as well as I could how glad I was to meet the
+brave defenders of our cause, and how constantly they were in my
+thoughts.
+
+Among my recollections of this period I especially cherish that of an
+interview with President Abraham Lincoln, arranged for us by our kind
+friend, Governor Andrew. The President was laboring at this time under a
+terrible pressure of doubt and anxiety. He received us in one of the
+drawing-rooms of the White House, where we were invited to take seats,
+in full view of Stuart's portrait of Washington. The conversation took
+place mostly between the President and Governor Andrew. I remember well
+the sad expression of Mr. Lincoln's deep blue eyes, the only feature of
+his face which could be called other than plain. Mrs. Andrew, being of
+the company, inquired when we could have the pleasure of seeing Mrs.
+Lincoln, and Mr. Lincoln named to us the day of her reception. He said
+to Governor Andrew, apropos of I know not what, "I once heerd George
+Sumner tell a story." The unusual pronunciation fixed in my memory this
+one unimportant sentence. The talk, indeed, ran mostly on indifferent
+topics.
+
+When we had taken leave, and were out of hearing, Mr. Clarke said of Mr.
+Lincoln, "We have seen it in his face; hopeless honesty; that is all."
+He said it as if he felt that it was far from enough.
+
+None of us knew then--how could we have known?--how deeply God's wisdom
+had touched and inspired that devout and patient soul. At the moment few
+people praised or trusted him. "Why did he not do this, or that, or the
+other? He a President, indeed! Look at this war, dragging on so slowly!
+Look at our many defeats and rare victories!" Such was the talk that one
+constantly heard regarding him. The most charitable held that he meant
+well. Governor Andrew was one of the few whose faith in him never
+wavered.
+
+Meanwhile, through evil and good report, he was listening for the
+mandate which comes to one alone, bringing with it the decision of a
+mind convinced and of a conscience resolved. When the right moment came,
+he issued the proclamation of emancipation to the slaves. He sent his
+generals into the enemy's country. He lived to welcome them back as
+victors, to electrify the civilized world with his simple, sincere
+speech, to fall by the hand of an assassin, to bequeath to his country
+the most tragical and sacred of her memories.
+
+It would be impossible for me to say how many times I have been called
+upon to rehearse the circumstances under which I wrote the "Battle Hymn
+of the Republic." I have also had occasion more than once to state the
+simple story in writing. As this oft-told tale has no unimportant part
+in the story of my life, I will briefly add it to these records. I
+distinctly remember that a feeling of discouragement came over me as I
+drew near the city of Washington at the time already mentioned. I
+thought of the women of my acquaintance whose sons or husbands were
+fighting our great battle; the women themselves serving in the
+hospitals, or busying themselves with the work of the Sanitary
+Commission. My husband, as already said, was beyond the age of military
+service, my eldest son but a stripling; my youngest was a child of not
+more than two years. I could not leave my nursery to follow the march of
+our armies, neither had I the practical deftness which the preparing and
+packing of sanitary stores demanded. Something seemed to say to me, "You
+would be glad to serve, but you cannot help any one; you have nothing to
+give, and there is nothing for you to do." Yet, because of my sincere
+desire, a word was given me to say, which did strengthen the hearts of
+those who fought in the field and of those who languished in the prison.
+
+We were invited, one day, to attend a review of troops at some distance
+from the town. While we were engaged in watching the manoeuvres, a
+sudden movement of the enemy necessitated immediate action. The review
+was discontinued, and we saw a detachment of soldiers gallop to the
+assistance of a small body of our men who were in imminent danger of
+being surrounded and cut off from retreat. The regiments remaining on
+the field were ordered to march to their cantonments. We returned to the
+city very slowly, of necessity, for the troops nearly filled the road.
+My dear minister was in the carriage with me, as were several other
+friends. To beguile the rather tedious drive, we sang from time to time
+snatches of the army songs so popular at that time, concluding, I think,
+with
+
+  "John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the ground;
+     His soul is marching on."
+
+The soldiers seemed to like this, and answered back, "Good for you!" Mr.
+Clarke said, "Mrs. Howe, why do you not write some good words for that
+stirring tune?" I replied that I had often wished to do this, but had
+not as yet found in my mind any leading toward it.
+
+I went to bed that night as usual, and slept, according to my wont,
+quite soundly. I awoke in the gray of the morning twilight; and as I lay
+waiting for the dawn, the long lines of the desired poem began to twine
+themselves in my mind. Having thought out all the stanzas, I said to
+myself, "I must get up and write these verses down, lest I fall asleep
+again and forget them." So, with a sudden effort, I sprang out of bed,
+and found in the dimness an old stump of a pen which I remembered to
+have used the day before. I scrawled the verses almost without looking
+at the paper. I had learned to do this when, on previous occasions,
+attacks of versification had visited me in the night, and I feared to
+have recourse to a light lest I should wake the baby, who slept near me.
+I was always obliged to decipher my scrawl before another night should
+intervene, as it was only legible while the matter was fresh in my mind.
+At this time, having completed my writing, I returned to bed and fell
+asleep, saying to myself, "I like this better than most things that I
+have written."
+
+The poem, which was soon after published in the "Atlantic Monthly," was
+somewhat praised on its appearance, but the vicissitudes of the war so
+engrossed public attention that small heed was taken of literary
+matters. I knew, and was content to know, that the poem soon found its
+way to the camps, as I heard from time to time of its being sung in
+chorus by the soldiers.
+
+As the war went on, it came to pass that Chaplain McCabe, newly released
+from Libby Prison, gave a public lecture in Washington, and recounted
+some of his recent experiences. Among them was the following: He and the
+other Union prisoners occupied one large, comfortless room, in which the
+floor was their only bed. An official in charge of them told them, one
+evening, that the Union arms had just sustained a terrible defeat. While
+they sat together in great sorrow, the negro who waited upon them
+whispered to one man that the officer had given them false information,
+and that the Union soldiers had, on the contrary, achieved an important
+victory. At this good news they all rejoiced, and presently made the
+walls ring with my Battle Hymn, which they sang in chorus, Chaplain
+McCabe leading. The lecturer recited the poem with such effect that
+those present began to inquire, "Who wrote this Battle Hymn?" It now
+became one of the leading lyrics of the war. In view of its success, one
+of my good friends said, "Mrs. Howe ought to die now, for she has done
+the best that she will ever do." I was not of this opinion, feeling
+myself still "full of days' works," although I did not guess at the new
+experiences which then lay before me.
+
+While the war was still at its height, I received a kind letter from
+Hon. George Bancroft, conveying an invitation to attend a celebration of
+the poet Bryant's seventieth birthday, to be given by the New York
+Century Club, of which Mr. Bancroft was the newly-elected president. He
+also expressed the hope that I would bring with me something in verse or
+in prose, to add to the tributes of the occasion.
+
+Having accepted the invitation and made ready my tribute, I repaired to
+the station on the day appointed, to take the train for New York. Dr.
+Holmes presently appeared, bound on the same errand. As we seated
+ourselves in the car, he said to me, "Mrs. Howe, I will sit beside you,
+but you must not expect me to talk, as I must spare my voice for this
+evening, when I am to read a poem at the Bryant celebration." "By all
+means let us keep silent," I replied. "I also have a poem to read at the
+Bryant celebration." The dear Doctor, always my friend, overestimated
+his power of abstinence from the interchange of thought which was so
+congenial to him. He at once launched forth in his ever brilliant vein,
+and we were within a few miles of our destination when we suddenly
+remembered that we had not taken time to eat our luncheon. I find in my
+diary of the time this record: "Dr. Holmes was my companion. His
+ethereal talk made the journey short and brilliant."
+
+The journal further says: "Arriving in New York, Mr. Bancroft met us at
+the station, intent upon escorting Dr. Holmes, who was to be his guest.
+He was good enough to wait upon me also; carried my trunk, which was a
+small one, and lent me his carriage. He inquired about my poem, and
+informed me of its place in the order of exercises....
+
+"At 8.15 drove to the Century Building, which was fast filling with
+well-dressed men and women. Was conducted to the reception room, where I
+waited with those who were to take part in the performances of the
+evening."
+
+I will add here that I saw, among others, N. P. Willis, already infirm
+in health, and looking like the ghost of his former self. There also was
+Dr. Francis Lieber, who said to me in a low voice: "_Nur verwegen!_"
+(Only be audacious.) "Presently a double line was formed to pass into
+the hall. Mr. Bancroft, Mr. Bryant, and I brought up the rear, Mr.
+Bryant giving me his arm. On the platform were three armchairs, which
+were taken by the two gentlemen and myself."
+
+The assemblage was indeed a notable one. The fashion of New York was
+well represented, but its foremost artists, publicists, and literary men
+were also present. Mr. Emerson had come on from Concord. Christopher
+Cranch united with other artists in presenting to the venerable poet a
+portfolio of original drawings, to which each had contributed some work
+of his own. I afterwards learned that T. Buchanan Read had arrived from
+Washington, having in his pocket his newly composed poem on "Sheridan's
+Ride," which he would gladly have read aloud had the committee found
+room for it on their programme. A letter was received from the elder R.
+H. Dana, in which he excused his absence on account of his seventy-seven
+years and consequent inability to travel. Dr. Holmes read his verses
+very effectively. Mr. Emerson spoke rather vaguely. For my part in the
+evening's proceedings, I will once more quote from the diary:--
+
+"Mr. Bryant, in his graceful reply to Mr. Bancroft's address of
+congratulation, spoke of me as 'she who has written the most stirring
+lyric of the war.' After Mr. Emerson's remarks my poem was announced. I
+stepped to the middle of the platform, and read it well, I think, as
+every one heard me, and the large room was crammed. The last two verses
+were applauded. George H. Boker, of Philadelphia, followed me, and Dr.
+Holmes followed him. This was, I suppose, the greatest public honor of
+my life. I record it here for my grandchildren."
+
+The existence of these grandchildren lay then in the problematic future.
+I was requested to leave my poem in the hands of the committee for
+publication in a volume which would contain the other tributes of the
+evening. Dr. Holmes told me that he had declined to do this, and said in
+explanation, "I want my _honorarium_ from the 'Atlantic Monthly.'" We
+returned to Boston twenty-four hours later, by night train. Eschewing
+the indulgence of the sleeper, we talked through the dark hours. The
+Doctor gave me the nickname of "_Madame Comment_" (Mrs. Howe), and I
+told him that he was the most perfect of traveling companions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE BOSTON RADICAL CLUB: DR. F. H. HEDGE
+
+
+The Boston Radical Club appears to me one of the social developments
+most worthy of remembrance in the third quarter of the nineteenth
+century. From a published record of its meetings I gather that the first
+of them was held at the residence of Dr. Bartol in the autumn of the
+year 1867. I felt a little grieved and aggrieved at the time, in that no
+invitation had been sent me to be present on this occasion, but was soon
+consoled by a letter offering me membership in the new association,
+which, it may be supposed, I did not decline. The government of the club
+was of the simplest. Its meetings were held on the first Monday of every
+month, and most frequently at the house of Rev. John T. Sargent, though
+occasionally at that of Dr. Bartol. The master of the house usually
+presided, but Mrs. Sargent was always present and aided much in
+suggesting the names of the persons who should be called upon to discuss
+the essay of the day. The proceedings were limited to the reading and
+discussion of a paper, which rarely exceeded an hour in length. On
+looking over the list of essayists, I find that it includes the most
+eminent thinkers of the day, in so far as Massachusetts is concerned.
+Among the speakers mentioned are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Dr. Hedge, David
+A. Wasson, O. B. Frothingham, John Weiss, Colonel Higginson, Benjamin
+Peirce, William Henry Channing, C. C. Everett, and James Freeman Clarke.
+It was a glad surprise to me when I was first invited to read a paper
+before this august assemblage. This honor I enjoyed more than once, but
+I appreciated even more the privilege of listening and of taking part in
+the discussions which, after the lapse of many years, are still
+remembered by me as truly admirable and instructive.
+
+I did indeed hear at these meetings much that pained and even irritated
+me. The disposition to seek outside the limits of Christianity for all
+that is noble and inspiring in religious culture, and to recognize
+especially within these limits the superstition and intolerance which
+have been the bane of all religions--this disposition, which was
+frequently manifested both in the essays presented and in their
+discussion, offended not only my affections, but also my sense of
+justice. I had indeed been led to transcend the limits of the old
+tradition; I had also devoted much time to studies of philosophy, and
+had become conversant with the works of Auguste Comte, Hegel, Spinoza,
+Kant, and Swedenborg. Nothing of what I had heard or read had shaken my
+faith in the leadership of Christ in the religion which makes each man
+the brother of all, and God the beneficent father of each and all,--the
+religion of humanity. Neither did this my conviction suffer any
+disturbance through the views presented by speakers at the Radical Club.
+
+Setting this one point aside, I can but speak of the club as a high
+congress of souls, in which many noble thoughts were uttered. Nobler
+than any special view or presentation was the general sense of the
+dignity of human character and of its affinity with things divine, which
+always gave the master tone to the discussions.
+
+The first essay read before the Radical Club of which I have any
+distinct recollection was by Rev. John Weiss, and had for its title,
+"The Immanence of God." It was highly speculative in character, and
+appeared to me to suggest many insoluble questions, among others, that
+of the origin of the sensible world.
+
+Lord and Lady Amberley, who were present, expressed to me great
+admiration of the essay. The occasion was rendered memorable by the
+beautiful presence of Lucretia Mott.
+
+Other discourses of John Weiss I remember with greater pleasure, notably
+one on the legend of Prometheus, in which his love for Greece had full
+scope, while his vivid imagination, like a blazing torch, illuminated
+for us the deep significance of that ancient myth.
+
+I remember, at one of these meetings, a rather sharp passage at arms
+between Mr. Weiss and James Freeman Clarke. Mr. Weiss had been
+declaiming against the insincerity which he recognized in ministers who
+continue to use formulas of faith which have ceased to correspond to any
+real conviction. The speaker confessed his own shortcoming in this
+respect.
+
+"All of us," he said,--"yes, I myself have prayed in the name of Christ,
+when my own feeling did not sanction its use."
+
+On hearing this, Mr. Clarke broke in.
+
+"Let Mr. Weiss answer for himself," he said with some vehemence of
+manner. "If in his pulpit he prayed in the name of Christ, and did not
+believe in what he said, it was John Weiss that lied, and not one of
+us." The dear minister afterwards asked me whether he had shown any heat
+in what he said. I replied, "Yes, but it was good heat."
+
+Another memorable day at the club was that on which the eminent French
+Protestant divine, Athanase Coquerel, spoke of religion and art in their
+relation to each other. After a brief but interesting review of classic,
+Byzantine, and medi�val art, M. Coquerel expressed his dissent from the
+generally received opinion that the Church of Rome had always been
+foremost in the promotion and patronage of the fine arts. The greatest
+of Italian masters, he averred, while standing in the formal relations
+with that church, had often shown opposition to its spirit. Michael
+Angelo's sonnets revealed a state of mind intolerant of ecclesiastical
+as of other tyranny. Raphael, in the execution of a papal order, had
+represented true religion by a portrait figure of Savonarola. Holbein
+and Rembrandt were avowed Protestants. He considered the individuality
+fostered by Protestantism as most favorable to the development of
+originality in art.
+
+With these views Colonel Higginson did not agree. He held that
+Christianity had reached its highest point under the dispensation of the
+Catholic faith, and that the progress of Protestantism marked its
+decline. This assertion called forth an energetic denial from Dr. Hedge,
+Mr. Clarke, and myself.
+
+M. Coquerel paid a second visit to the Radical Club, and spoke again of
+art, but without reference to any question between differing sects. He
+began this discourse by laying down two rules which should be followed
+by one aspiring to become an artist. In the first place, he must make
+sure that he has something to say which can only be said through this
+medium. In the second place, he must make himself master of the grammar
+of the art which he intends to pursue.
+
+While I cannot avoid recognizing the anti-Christian twist which mostly
+prevailed in the Radical Club, I am far from wishing to convey the
+impression that those of us who were otherwise affected were not allowed
+the opportunity of expressing our own individual opinions. The presence
+at the meetings of such men as James Freeman Clarke, Dr. Hedge, William
+Henry Channing, and Wendell Phillips was a sufficient earnest of the
+catholicity of intention which prevailed in the government of the club.
+Only the intellectual bias was so much in the opposite direction that we
+who stood for the pre�minence of Christianity sometimes felt ourselves
+at a disadvantage, and in danger of being set down as ignorant of much
+that our opponents assumed to know.
+
+In this connection I must mention a day on which, under the title of
+"Jonathan Edwards," Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes favored the club with a
+very graphic exposition of old-time New England Calvinism. The brilliant
+doctor's treatment of this difficult topic was appreciative and
+friendly, though by no means acquiescent in the doctrines presented. He
+said, indeed, that "the feeling which naturally arises in contemplating
+the character of Jonathan Edwards is that of deep reverence for a man
+who seems to have been anointed from his birth; who lived a life pure,
+laborious, self-denying, occupied with the highest themes, and busy in
+the highest kind of labor."
+
+Nevertheless, Wendell Phillips thought the paper, on the whole, unjust
+to Edwards, and felt that there must have been in his doctrine another
+side not fully brought forward by the essayist. These and other speakers
+were heard with great interest, and the meeting was one of the best on
+our record.
+
+I have heard it said that Wendell Phillips's orthodoxy was greatly
+valued among the anti-slavery workers, especially as the orthodox
+pulpits of the time gave them little support or comfort. I was told that
+Edmund Quincy, one day, saw Parker and Phillips walking arm in arm, and
+cried out: "Parker, don't dare to pervert that man. We want him as he
+is."
+
+I was thrice invited to read before the Radical Club. The titles of my
+three papers were, "Doubt and Belief," "Limitations," "Representation,
+and How to Secure it."
+
+William Henry Channing was one of the bright lights of the Radical Club,
+a man of fervent nature and of exquisite perceptions, presenting in his
+character the rare combination of deep piety with breadth of view and
+critical acumen. We were indebted to him for a discourse on "The
+Christian Name," in which he vindicated the claim of Christianity to the
+homage of the ages. His words, most welcome to me, came to us like
+reconciling harmony after a succession of discords.
+
+A singular over-appreciation of the value of the spoken as compared with
+the written word led Mr. Channing to speak always or mostly without a
+manuscript. It was much to be regretted that he in this way failed to
+give a permanent literary form to the thoughts which he so eloquently
+expressed, reminding some of his hearers of the costly pearl dissolved
+in wine. The discourse of which I have just spoken, while arousing
+considerable difference of opinion among those who listened to it, did
+nevertheless leave behind it a sweetening and elevating influence, due
+to a fresh outpouring of the divine spirit of charity and peace.
+
+In this connection I may speak of a series of discourses upon questions
+of religion, mostly critical in tone, which were given at Horticultural
+Hall on Sunday afternoons in the palmy days of the Radical Club. I had
+listened with pain to one of these, of which the drift appeared to me
+particularly undevout, and was resting still under the weight of this
+painful impression when I saw William Henry Channing coming towards me,
+and detained him for a moment's speech. "What are we to say to all
+this?" I inquired.
+
+"Be of good cheer," said he; "the topic demanded a telescopic rifle, and
+this man has been firing at something ten miles away with a
+blunderbuss."
+
+I was always glad of Mr. Channing's presence on occasions on which
+matters of faith were likely to be called in question. I felt great
+support in the assurance that he would always uphold the right, and in
+the right spirit.
+
+It was in the strength of this assurance that I betook myself to Mrs.
+Sargent's house one evening, to hear Mr. Francis E. Abbot expound his
+peculiar views to a little company of Unitarian ministers. Mr. Abbot, in
+the course of his remarks, exclaimed: "The Christian Church is blind! it
+is blind!" Mr. Wasson replied: "We cannot allow Brother Abbot to think
+that he is the only one who sees." I remember of this evening that I
+came away much impressed with the beautiful patience of the older
+gentlemen.
+
+I must mention one more occasion at the Radical Club. I can remember
+neither the topic nor the reader of the essay, but the discussion
+drifted, as it often did, in the direction of woman suffrage, and John
+Weiss delivered himself of the following utterance: "When man and woman
+shall meet at the polls, and he shall hold out his hand and say to her,
+Give me your quick intuition and accept in return my ratiocination"----A
+ringing laugh here interrupted the speaker. It came from Kate Field.
+
+Mr. Emerson had a brief connection with the Radical Club; and this may
+be a suitable place in which to give my personal impressions of the
+Prophet of New England. In remembering Mr. Emerson, we should analyze
+his works sufficiently to be able to distinguish the things in which he
+really was a leader and a teacher from other traits peculiar to himself,
+and interesting as elements of his historic character, but not as
+features of the ideal which we are to follow. Mr. Emerson objected
+strongly to newspaper reports of the sittings of the Radical Club. The
+reports sent to the New York "Tribune" by Mrs. Louise Chandler Moulton
+were eagerly sought and read in very distant parts of the country. I
+rejoiced in this. It seemed to me that the uses of the club were thus
+greatly multiplied and extended. It became an agency in the great church
+universal. Mr. Emerson's principal objection to the reports was that
+they interfered with the freedom of the occasion. When this objection
+failed to prevail, he withdrew from the club almost entirely, and was
+never more heard among its speakers.
+
+I remember hearing Mr. Emerson, in his discourse on Henry Thoreau,
+relate that the latter had once determined to manufacture the best lead
+pencil that could possibly be made. Having attained this end, parties
+interested at once besought him to make this excellent article
+attainable in trade. He said, "Why should I do this? I have shown that I
+am able to produce the best pencil that can be made. This was all that I
+cared to do." The selfishness and egotism of this point of view did not
+appear to have entered into Mr. Emerson's thoughts. Upon this principle,
+which of the great discoverers or inventors would have become a
+benefactor to the human race? Theodore Parker once said to me, "I do not
+consider Emerson a philosopher, but a poet lacking the accomplishment of
+rhyme." This may not be altogether true, but it is worth remembering.
+There is something of the _vates_ in Mr. Emerson. The deep intuitions,
+the original and startling combinations, the sometimes whimsical beauty
+of his illustrations,--all these belong rather to the domain of poetry
+than to that of philosophy. The high level of thought upon which he
+lived and moved and the wonderful harmony of his sympathies are his
+great lesson to the world at large. Despite his rather defective sense
+of rhythm, his poems are divine snatches of melody. I think that, in the
+popular affection, they may outlast his prose.
+
+I was once surprised, in hearing Mr. Emerson talk, to find how
+extensively read he was in what we may term secondary literature.
+Although a graduate of Harvard, his reading of foreign literatures,
+ancient and modern, was mostly in translations. I should say that his
+intellectual pasture ground had been largely within the domain of
+belles-lettres proper.
+
+[Illustration: RALPH WALDO EMERSON
+
+_From a photograph by Black._]
+
+He was a man of angelic nature, pure, exquisite, just, refined, and
+human. All concede him the highest place in our literary heaven. First
+class in genius and in character, he was able to discern the face of the
+times. To him was entrusted not only the silver trump of prophecy, but
+also that sharp and two-edged sword of the Spirit with which the
+legendary archangel Michael overcomes the brute Satan. In the great
+victory of his day, the triumph of freedom over slavery, he has a record
+not to be outdone and never to be forgotten.
+
+A lesser light of this time was the Rev. Samuel Longfellow. I remember
+him first as of a somewhat vague and vanishing personality, not much
+noticed when his admired brother was of the company. This was before the
+beginning of his professional career. A little later, I heard of his
+ordination as a Unitarian minister from Rev. Edward Everett Hale, who
+had attended, and possibly taken part in, the services. The poet
+Longfellow had written a lovely hymn for the occasion, beginning with
+this line:--
+
+  "Christ to the young man said, 'Give me thy heart.'"
+
+Mr. Hale spoke of "Sam Longfellow" as a valued friend, and remarked upon
+the modesty and sweetness of his disposition. "I saw him the other day,"
+said Mr. Hale. "He showed me a box of colors which he had long desired
+to possess, and which he had just purchased. Sam said to me, 'I thought
+I might have this now.'" He was fond of sketching from nature.
+
+Years after this time, I heard Mr. Longfellow preach at the Hawes Church
+in South Boston. After the service I invited him to take a Sunday dinner
+with Dr. Howe and myself. He consented, and I remember that in the
+course of our conversation he said, "Theodore Parker has made things
+easier for us young ministers. He has demolished so much which it was
+necessary to remove." The collection entitled "Hymns of the Spirit," and
+published under the joint names of Samuel Longfellow and Samuel Johnson,
+is a valuable one, and the hymns which Mr. Longfellow himself
+contributed to the _r�pertoire_ of the denomination are deeply religious
+in tone; and yet I must think that among Unitarians of thirty or more
+years ago he was held to be something of a skeptic. Thomas G. Appleton
+was speaking of him in my presence one day, and said, "He asked me
+whether I could not get along without the idea of a personal God. I
+replied, 'No, you ---- ----.'" Appleton shook his fist, and was very
+vehement in his expression; but his indignation had reference to Mr.
+Longfellow's supposed opinions, and not at all to his character, which
+was esteemed of all men.
+
+I myself was present when he read his essay on "Law" before the Radical
+Club. Of this I especially recall a rather elaborate argument against
+the popular notion of a directing and overruling Providence. He
+supported his statement by the imagined story of a shipwreck or railroad
+disaster, in which some would escape injury, while others quite as
+worthy might be killed or maimed for life. "How," he asked, "could we
+call a providence divine which, able to save all of those people, should
+rescue only a part of them, leaving the rest to perish?"
+
+When it became my turn to take part in the discussion of this paper, I
+admitted the logical consistency of Mr. Longfellow's argument. I could
+point out no flaw in it, and yet, I maintained that the faith in an
+overruling Providence lay so deeply in my mind that it still persevered,
+in spite of the ingenious statements to which we had just listened. Mrs.
+Livermore, who was present on this occasion, expressed herself as much
+of my opinion, acknowledging the consistency of the demonstration, but
+declining to abide in the conclusion arrived at.
+
+My last recollection of speech with Mr. Longfellow is of an evening on
+which I lectured at his church in Germantown. He gave me a most
+hospitable reception, and I found it very pleasant to be his guest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To speak of my first impressions of Dr. F. H. Hedge, I must turn back to
+the autumn of 1841, when he delivered his first Phi Beta address at
+Harvard College.
+
+This was the summer already mentioned as having brought my first meeting
+with Dr. Howe. Commencement and Phi Beta in those days were held in the
+early autumn, and my sisters and I were staying at a cottage in
+Dorchester when we received an invitation from Mrs. Farrar, of
+hospitable memory, to pass the day at her house, with other guests,
+among whom Margaret Fuller was mentioned. It was arranged that I should
+go with Margaret to the church in which the morning meeting would be
+held. I had never even heard of Dr. Hedge, but I listened to him with
+close attention, and can still recall the steely ring of his voice, and
+the effect of his clear-cut sentences. The poem was given by Charles
+Sprague; and of this I only remember that in one couplet, speaking of
+the wonderful talents which parents are apt to recognize in their
+children, he asked whence could have come those ordinary men and women
+whom we all know. This question provoked some laughter on the part of
+the audience. As we left the church, I asked Margaret whether she had
+not found Dr. Hedge's discourse very good. She replied, "Yes; it was
+high ground for middle ground." Many years after this time, I asked Dr.
+Hedge what Margaret could have meant by this saying. His answer was that
+she had hoped to see him take a more pronounced position with regard to
+the vexed questions of the time.
+
+From the church we returned to dine with Mrs. Farrar, on whose pleasant
+piazza I enjoyed a long walk and talk with Margaret. By and by a
+carriage stopped before the door. She said, "It is Mr. Ripley; he has
+come for me. I have promised to visit his wife." In a few words she told
+me about this remarkable woman, who was long spoken of as "the wonderful
+Mrs. Ripley."
+
+It must have been, I think, some twelve years later that I met Dr. Hedge
+for the first time at a friend's house in Providence, R. I. He was at
+this time pastor of the first and only Unitarian church in that city. In
+the course of the evening which I passed in his company, I was
+repeatedly invited to sing, and did so, remarking at last that when I
+began to sing I was like the minister when he began to pray, I never
+knew when to leave off.
+
+Years after this time, I met him walking in Washington Street, Boston,
+with a mutual acquaintance. This person, whose name I cannot now recall,
+stopped me and said, "Here is our friend, Dr. Hedge, who is henceforth
+to be in our neighborhood." I replied that I was glad to hear it, and
+was somewhat taken aback when Dr. Hedge, addressing me, said, "No, you
+are not glad at all. You don't care anything about ministers."
+
+"Why do you say so?" I rejoined. "I belong to James Freeman Clarke's
+congregation, and I do care a great deal about some ministers."
+
+Dr. Hedge then mischievously reminded me of my speech in Providence,
+which I had entirely forgotten, and with a little mutual pleasantry he
+went on his way and I on mine. Dr. Hedge's irony might have been
+characterized as "a pleasant sour." I think that I felt, in spite of it,
+the weight and value of his character, even when he appeared to treat me
+with little consideration. I heard an excellent sermon from him one day,
+at our own church, and went up after service to thank him for it. I had
+with me three of my young children and, as I showed them, I said, "See
+what a mother in Israel I have become." "It takes something more than a
+large family to make a mother in Israel," said the doctor. I do not
+quite know how it was that I took him, as the French say, into great
+affection, inviting him frequently to my house, and feeling a sort of
+illumination in his clear intellect and severe taste. Before I had come
+to know him well, I asked Theodore Parker whether he did not consider
+Dr. Hedge a very learned man. He replied, "Hedge is learned in spots."
+
+Parker's idea of learning was of the encyclop�dic kind. He wanted to
+know everything about everything; his reading and research had no limits
+but those of his own strength, and for many years he was able to set
+these at naught. He was wonderfully well informed in many directions,
+and his depth of thought enabled him to make his multifarious knowledge
+available for the great work which was the joy of his life. Yet I
+remember that even he, on one occasion, spoke of the cinnerian matter of
+the brain, usually termed the _cineritious_. Horace Mann, who was
+present, corrected this, and said, "Parker, that is the first mistake I
+ever heard you make." Parker seemed a little annoyed at this small slip.
+
+I heard a second Phi Beta discourse from Dr. Hedge some time in the
+sixties. I remember of it that he compared the personal and petty
+discipline of Harvard College with the independent r�gime of the German
+universities, which he greatly preferred. He also said, quite
+distinctly, that he considered the study of German literature to-day
+more important than that of the Greek classics. This was a liberal
+theologian's point of view. I agreed to it at the time, but have thought
+differently since I myself have acquired some knowledge of the Greek
+language, and especially since the multiplication of good translations
+has brought the great works of German philosophy and literature so well
+within the reach of those who have not mastered the cumbrous and
+difficult language. Dr. Hedge's last removal was to Cambridge, whither
+he had been called to fill the chair of the German professorship. I
+recall with interest a course of lectures on philosophy, which he gave
+at the university, and which outsiders were permitted to attend. I was
+unwilling to miss any of these; and on one occasion, having passed the
+night without sleeping, on the road between New York and Boston, I
+determined, in spite of my fatigue, to attend the lecture appointed for
+that day. I accordingly went out to Cambridge, and took my seat among
+Dr. Hedge's hearers. From time to time a spasm of somnolence would seize
+me, but the interest of the lecture was so great and my desire to hear
+it so strong that I did not once catch myself napping.
+
+Dr. Hedge was a lover of the drama. When Madame Janauschek first visited
+Boston, he asked me to accompany him in a visit to her. The conversation
+was in German, which the doctor spoke fluently. Madame J. said, among
+other things, that she had intended coming a year earlier, and had sent
+forward at that time her photograph and her biography. The doctor once
+invited me to go with him to the Boston Theatre, which was then occupied
+by a French troupe. This was at some period of our civil war. The most
+important of the plays given was "La Joie fait Peur." As it proceeded,
+Dr. Hedge said to me, "What a wonderful people these French are! They
+have put passion enough into this performance to carry our war through
+to a successful termination."
+
+Dr. Hedge had known Margaret Fuller well in her youth and his own. His
+judgment of her was perhaps more generous than hers of him, as indicated
+in her criticism just quoted of his discourse, namely, that it occupied
+"high ground for middle ground." In truth, the two were very unlike.
+Margaret's nature impelled her to rush into "the imminent deadly
+breach," while an element of caution and world-wisdom made the doctor
+averse to all unnecessary antagonism and conflict. She probably
+considered him timid where he felt her to be rash. In after years he
+often spoke of her to me, always with great appreciation. I remarked
+once to him that she had entertained a very good opinion of herself. He
+replied, "Yes, and she was entitled to it." He recalled some passages of
+her life in Cambridge. She once gave a party and invited only friends
+from Boston, leaving out all her Cambridge acquaintances, who, in
+consequence, were much offended, and ceased to make their usual calls. A
+sister of his, Dr. Hedge said, was the only one of those ladies who
+continued to visit her.
+
+He saw Margaret for the last time in Rome, and found her much changed
+and subdued. She was laboring at the time under one of those severe fits
+of depression to which her letters from Rome bear witness. The
+conversation between the two friends was long and intimate. Margaret
+spoke of the terrible night which she had passed alone upon a mountain
+in Scotland. Dr. Hedge more than once said to me, "Margaret experienced
+religion during that night."
+
+When, in process of time, the New England Women's Club celebrated what
+would have been Margaret's sixtieth birthday, Dr. Hedge joined with
+James Freeman Clarke in loving and reverent testimony to her unusual
+talents and noble character.
+
+I had the pleasure of twice hearing Dr. Hedge's admirable essay on
+"Luther," which he first delivered at Arlington Street Church, and
+repeated, some years later, before the Town and Country Club of Newport,
+R. I. But my crowning recollection of him, and perhaps of the crowning
+performance of his life, is of that memorable evening of anniversary
+week in the year 1886, when he made his exhaustive and splendid
+statement of the substance of the Unitarian faith. The occasion was a
+happy one. The Music Hall was filled with the great Unitarian audience
+furnished by Boston and its vicinity. George William Curtis was the
+president of the evening, and introduced the several speakers with his
+accustomed grace. He made some little pun on Dr. Hedge's name, and the
+noble speaker quietly stepped forward, with the fire of unquenchable
+youth in his eyes, with the balance and reserve of power in every word,
+in every gesture. No note nor scrap of paper did he hold in his hand.
+None did he need, for he spoke of that upon which his whole life had
+been founded and built. Every one of his sentences was like a stone,
+fitly squared and perfectly laid. And so he built up before us, with
+crystal clearness, the beautiful fabric of our faith, lifting us, as it
+rose, to a region of the highest peace and contentment. Oh, the joy of
+it! My heart rests upon it still.
+
+[Illustration: FREDERIC HENRY HEDGE
+
+_From a photograph lent by his daughter, Charlotte A. Hedge._]
+
+It is well known that Dr. Hedge received the most important part of his
+education in Germany. He was accordingly one of the first of those who
+helped to turn the fructifying current of German thought upon the
+somewhat arid soil of Puritan New England. This soil had indeed produced
+great things and great men, but the mind of New England was still too
+much dominated by the traditions of scholasticism, embodied in the
+system of Calvin. It needed an infusion of the �sthetic element, and the
+larger outlook of a truly speculative philosophy. The philosophy which
+it had inherited was one of dogmatism, sophistical in that it made its
+own syllogisms the final limit and bound of truth. The few Americans who
+had studied in real earnest in Germany brought back with them the wide
+sweeping besom of the Kantian method, and much besides. This showed the
+positive assumptions of the old school to have no such foundation of
+absolute truth as had been conceded to them. Under their guidance men
+had presumed to measure the infinite by their own petty standard, and to
+impose upon the Almighty the limits and necessities with which they had
+hedged the way of their fellow-men. God could not have mercy in any way
+other than that which they felt bound to prescribe. His wisdom must
+coincide with their conclusions. His charity must be as narrow as their
+own. Those who could not or would not acquiesce in these views were
+ruled outside of the domain of Christendom. Had it not been for
+Channing, Freeman, Buckminster, and a few others in that early day, they
+would have been as sheep without a shepherd. The history is well known.
+I need not repeat it here.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+MEN AND MOVEMENTS IN THE SIXTIES
+
+
+This decade, 1860-1870, marks a new epoch in my intellectual life. In
+the period already described, I had found my way to recognized
+authorship. In this later time, an even greater enlargement of activity
+was before me, unanticipated until, by gradual steps, I came into it.
+
+The results of my more serious study now began to take form in writings
+of a corresponding scope. I remember to have heard John Weiss use more
+than once this phrase, "the poets and men of expression." The antithesis
+to this, in his view, evidently was, "the philosophers and men of deep
+thought."
+
+I confess that I myself am one of those to whom expression, in some
+form, is natural and even necessary; and yet I think that my best
+studies have been those which have made me most desirous to give to my
+own voice the echo of other voices, and to ascertain by experiment how
+much or how little of my individual persuasion is in accordance with the
+normal direction of human experience.
+
+In the days of which I now write, it was borne in upon me (as the
+Friends say) that I had much to say to my day and generation which could
+not and should not be communicated in rhyme, or even in rhythm.
+
+I once spoke to Parker of my wish to be heard, to commend my own
+thoughts with my own voice. He found this not only natural, but also in
+accordance with the spirit of the age, which, he said, "called for the
+living presence and the living utterance." I did not act at once, or
+even very soon, upon this prompting; the difficulties to be overcome
+were many. My husband was himself averse to public appearances. Women
+speakers were few in those days, and were frowned upon by general
+society. He would have been doubly sensitive to such undesirable
+publicity on my account. Meantime, the exigencies of the time were
+calling one woman after another to the platform. Lucy Stone devoted the
+first years of her eloquence to anti-slavery and the temperance reform.
+Anna Dickinson achieved a sudden and brilliant popularity. I did not
+dream of trying my strength with theirs, but I began to weave together
+certain essays which might be read to an invited audience in private
+parlors. I then commissioned certain of my friends to invite certain of
+their friends to my house for an appointed evening, and began, with some
+trepidation, my course of parlor lectures. We were residing, at this
+time, in the house in Chestnut Street which was afterwards made famous
+by the sittings of the Radical Club. The parlors were very roomy, and
+were well filled by those who came to hear me. Among them was my
+neighbor, Rev. Dr. Lothrop, who, in speaking of these occasions at a
+later day, once said, "I think that they were the best meetings that I
+ever knew. The conversation that followed the readings was started on a
+high plane." This conversation was only informal talk among those who
+had been listeners. My topics, so far as I can recall them, were as
+follows: "How _not_ to teach Ethics;" "Doubt and Belief, the Two Feet of
+the Mind;" "Moral Triangulation, or the Third Party;" "Duality of
+Character;" "The Fact Accomplished." My audience consisted largely of my
+society friends, but was by no means limited to them. The elder Agassiz,
+Dr. Lothrop, E. P. Whipple, James Freeman Clarke, and William R. Alger
+attended all my readings. After the first one, Mr. Clarke said to me,
+"You have touched too many chords." After hearing my thesis on "Duality
+of Character," he took my hand in his, and said, "Oh! you sweet soul!"
+
+Mr. Emerson was not among my hearers, but expressed some interest in my
+undertaking, and especially in my lecture on "The Third Party." Meeting
+me one day, he said, "You have in this a mathematical idea." This was in
+my opinion the most important lecture of my course. It really treated of
+a third element in all twofold relations,--between married people, the
+bond to which both alike owed allegiance; between States, the compact
+which originally bound them together. The civil war was then in its
+first stage. The air was full of secession. Many said, "If North and
+South agree to set aside their bonds of union, and to become two
+republics, why should they not do it?" Then the sacredness of the bond
+possessed my mind. "Was an agreement, so solemnly entered into, so vital
+in its obligations, to be so lightly canceled?" I labored with all my
+might to prove that this could not be done. I remember too that in one
+of my lectures I gave my own estimate of Auguste Comte, which differed
+from the general impression concerning him. I am not sure that I should
+take the same ground in these days.
+
+Whether my hearers were the wiser for my efforts I cannot say, but of
+this I am sure, that they brought me much instruction. I learned
+somewhat to avoid anti-climax, and to seek directness and simplicity of
+statement. On the morning of the day on which I was to give my lecture,
+I would read it over, and a curious sense of the audience seemed to
+possess me, a feeling of what it would and of what it would not follow.
+My last corrections were made in accordance with this feeling.
+
+A general regret was expressed when my little course was ended, and Dr.
+Lothrop wrote me quite an earnest letter, requesting me to prolong it if
+possible. I could not do this at the time; but while the war was at its
+height, I made a second visit to Washington, where through the kindness
+of friends a pleasant place was found in which I repeated these
+lectures, having among my hearers some of the chief notabilities then
+present at the capital. In my journal of this time, never published, I
+find the following account of a day in Washington:--
+
+"To the White House, to see Carpenter's picture of the President reading
+the emancipation proclamation to his Cabinet. An interesting subject for
+a picture. The heads of Lincoln, Stanton, and Seward nearly finished,
+and good portraits.
+
+"Dressed for dinner at Mrs. Eames's, where Secretary Chase and Senator
+Sumner were expected. Mr. Chase is a stately man, very fine looking and
+rather imposing. I sat by him at dinner; he was very pleasant. After
+dinner came Mrs. Douglas in her carriage, to take me to my reading.
+Senator Foster and Mr. Chase announced their intention of going to hear
+me. Mr. Chase conducted me to Mrs. Douglas's carriage, promising to
+follow. 'Proteus, or the Secret of Success,' was my topic. I had many
+pleasant greetings after the lecture. Mr. Chase took me in his carriage
+to his house, where his daughter had a party for Teresa Carre�o. Here I
+was introduced to Lord Lyons, British minister, and to Judge Harris.
+Spoke with Bertinatti, the Italian minister. Mr. Chase took me in to
+supper.
+
+"Mr. Channing brought me into the room, which was well filled. People
+were also standing in the entry and on the stairs. I read my lecture on
+'The Third Party.' The audience proved very attentive, and included many
+people of intelligence. George W. Julian and wife, Solomon Whiting,
+Admiral Davis, Dr. Peter Parker, our former minister to China, Hon.
+Thomas Eliot, Governor Boutwell, Mrs. Southworth, Professor Bache,--all
+these, and many more, were present. They shook hands with me, very
+cordially, after the lecture."
+
+I had announced "Practical Ethics" as the theme of my lectures, and had
+honestly written them out of my sense of the lapses everywhere
+discernible in the working of society. Having accomplished so much, or
+so little, I desired to go more deeply into the study of philosophy,
+and, having greedily devoured Spinoza, I turned to Kant, whom I knew
+only by name. I fed upon his volumes with ever increasing delight and
+yet endeavored to obey one of his rules, by having a philosophy of my
+own. Among my later productions was an essay entitled "Distinctions
+between Philosophy and Religion." This was suggested by a passage in one
+of Spinoza's letters, in which he says to his correspondent, "I thought
+that we were to correspond upon matters of philosophy. I find that
+instead of these you propose to me questions of religion." On reading
+this sentence I felt that, in the religious teaching of our own time,
+the two were apt to be confounded. It seemed to me that even Theodore
+Parker had not always distinguished the boundary line, and I began to
+reflect seriously upon the difference between a religious truth and a
+philosophical proposition.
+
+I confess that my nearer acquaintance with the philosophers, ancient and
+modern, inspired me at this time with the desire of contributing
+something of my own to the thought of the ages. The names of certain
+essays of mine, composed after the series just mentioned, and never put
+into print, will serve to show the direction in which my efforts were
+tending. Of these, "Polarity" was the first, "Limitation" the second.
+Then followed "The Fact Accomplished," "Man _a priori_ and _a
+posteriori_," and finally, "Ideal Causation," which marked my last step
+in this progress. These papers were designed to interest the studious
+few who appreciate thought for thought's sake.
+
+The paper on "Polarity" was read before the Boston Radical Club. Armed
+with "Man _a priori_," I encountered an audience of scientists at
+Northampton, where a scientific convention was in progress. Finally,
+being invited to speak before the Parker Fraternity on a certain Sunday,
+and remembering that Parker, in his day, had not feared to let out the
+metaphysical stops of his organ pretty freely, I took with me into the
+pulpit the paper on "Ideal Causation," which had seemed to me the crown
+of my endeavor hitherto.
+
+To my sorrow, I found that it did not greatly interest my hearers, and
+that one who was reported to have wondered "what Mrs. Howe was driving
+at" had spoken the mind of many of those present.
+
+I laid this lesson much to heart, and, becoming convinced that
+metaphysics did not supply the universal solvent for human evils, I
+determined to find a _pou sto_ nearer to the sympathies of the average
+community, from which I might speak for their good and my own.
+
+From my childhood the Bible had been dear and familiar to me, and I now
+began to consider texts and sermons, in place of the transcendental webs
+which I had grown so fond of spinning. The passages of Scripture which
+now occurred to me filled me with a desire to emphasize their wisdom by
+a really spiritual interpretation. From this time on, I became more and
+more interested in the religious ministration of women; and though it is
+looking forward some way in my chronicle, this may be the proper place
+to say that in the spring of the year 1875, I had much to do with
+calling the first convention of women ministers, which was held in the
+Church of the Disciples, in anniversary week. Among those who met with
+us were some plain women from Maine, who told us that they had long
+acted as evangelists in portions of the State in which churches were few
+and far between. Several clergymen of different denominations attended
+our exercises, and one of them, Rev. J. J. Hunting, pronounced ours the
+best meeting of the week. Among the ordained women who took part with us
+were Rev. Ellen Gustin, Mary H. Graves, Lorenza Haynes, and Eliza Tupper
+Wilkes, a fair young mother, who went to her pulpit full of the
+inspiration of her cradle songs.
+
+I would gladly enlarge here, did my limits allow it, upon the theme of
+the woman ministry, but must take up again the thread of my tale.
+
+My husband was greatly moved by the breaking out of the Cretan
+insurrection in 1866. He saw in this event an opportunity of assisting
+his beloved Greece, and at once gathered together a committee for
+collecting funds in aid of this cause. A meeting was held in Boston
+Music Hall, at which Dr. Holmes, Wendell Phillips, Edward Everett Hale,
+and other prominent speakers presented the claims of the Cretans to the
+sympathy of the civilized world.
+
+Dr. Howe's appearance did not indicate his age. His eye was bright, his
+hair abundant, and but slightly touched with gray. When he rose and
+said, "Fifty years ago I was very much interested in the Greek
+Revolution," it seemed almost incredible that he should be speaking of
+himself. The public responded generously to his appeal, and a
+considerable sum of money was raised. The greater part of this was
+devoted to the purchase of provisions and clothing for the families of
+the Cretan combatants, which were known to be in a very destitute
+condition.
+
+In the spring of 1867 Dr. Howe determined to visit Greece, in order to
+have a nearer view of the scene of action. I accompanied him, and with
+us went two of our daughters, Julia Romana, remembered as the wife of
+Michael Anagnos, and Laura, now Mrs. Henry Richards, known as the author
+of "Captain January."
+
+We received gratifying attentions from the wealthy Greeks of London.
+Passing thence to the continent, we were soon in Rome, where I enjoyed
+some happy days with my beloved sister, Louisa, then, after some years
+of widowhood, the wife of Luther Terry. Dr. Howe hastened on to Athens,
+taking with him our eldest daughter. I followed him later, bringing the
+younger one with me.
+
+Arriving at the Pir�us, we were met by a messenger, who told us that Dr.
+Howe had just escaped a serious danger at sea, and was too much fatigued
+to be able to come to meet us. We soon joined him at the H�tel des
+Etrangers, and inquired eagerly regarding the accident which had
+befallen him. He had started in a small steamer lent him by the
+government, intending to visit one of the islands on which were
+congregated a number of Cretan refugees, mostly women and children. The
+steamer had proceeded some way on its course when the machinery gave
+out, leaving them at the mercy of the waves. They were without
+provisions, and were in danger of drifting out to sea, with no power of
+controlling the course of the vessel. After many hours of anxious
+uncertainty, a favorable breeze sprang up, and Dr. Howe tore down the
+canvas canopy which had shielded the deck from the sun. This he managed
+to spread for a sail, and by this the vessel was in time brought within
+reach of the shore. A telegram summoned help from Athens, and the party
+reached the city an hour or so before our arrival.
+
+I here insert some passages from a book of travels, in which I recorded
+the impressions of this first visit to Greece. The work was published
+soon after my return to Boston, and was named "From the Oak to the
+Olive."
+
+"Here is the Temple of Victory; within are the bas-reliefs of the
+Victories arriving in the hurry of their glorious errands. Something so
+they tumbled in upon us when Sherman conquered the Carolinas, and
+Sheridan the valley of the Shenandoah, when Lee surrendered, and the
+glad President went to Richmond. One of these Victories is untying her
+sandal, in token of her permanent abiding. Yet all of them have trooped
+away long since, scared by the hideous havoc of barbarians. And the
+bas-reliefs, their marble shadows, have all been battered and mutilated
+into the saddest mockery of their original tradition. The statue of
+Wingless Victory that stood in the little temple has long been absent.
+But the only Victory that the Parthenon now can seize or desire is this
+very Wingless Victory, the triumph of a power that retreats not--the
+power of Truth....
+
+"Poor Greece, plundered by Roman, Christian, and Mussulman! Hers were
+the lovely statues that grace the halls of the Vatican--at least, the
+loveliest of them. And Rome shows to this day two colossal groups, of
+which one bears the inscription, 'Opus Praxitel�,' the other that of
+'Opus Phidi�.' And Naples has a Greek treasure or two, one thinks,
+besides her wealth of sculptural gems, of which the best are of Greek
+workmanship. And in England those bas-reliefs, which are the treasure of
+art students and the wonder of the world, were pulled from the pediment
+of the Parthenon, like the pearly teeth from a fair mouth, the mournful
+gaps remaining open in the sight of the unforgiving world. 'Thou art old
+and decrepit,' said England. 'I am still in strength and vigor. All else
+has gone, as well thy dower as thy earnings. Thou hast but these left. I
+want them, so give them me.'...
+
+"We were ushered into a well-sized room, in which lay heaps of cotton
+underclothing and of calico dresses, most of them in the shape of sacks
+and skirts. These were the contents of one or two boxes recently arrived
+from Boston. Some of them were recognized by me as the work of a hive of
+busy bees who used to gather weekly in my own New England parlor,
+summoned thither by my daughter Florence, now Mrs. David P. Hall. And
+what stress there was at those meetings, and what hurrying! And how the
+little maidens took off their feathery bonnets and dainty gloves,
+wielding the heavy implements of cutting, and eagerly adjusting the arms
+and legs, the gores and gathers! With patient pride the mother trotted
+off to the bakery, that a few buns might sustain these strenuous little
+cutters and sewers, whose tongues, however active over the charitable
+work, talked, we may be sure, no empty nonsense nor unkind gossip.
+
+"For charity begins indeed at home, in the heart, and, descending to the
+fingers, rules also the rebellious member whose mischief is often done
+before it is meditated. At the sight of these well-made garments a
+little swelling of the heart seized me, with the love and pride of a
+remembrance so dear. But sooner than we could turn from it to set about
+our business, the Cretans were in presence.
+
+"Here they come, called in order from a list, with names nine syllables
+long, mostly ending in _poulos_, a term signifying descent, like the
+Russian 'witzch.' Here they come,--the shapely maiden, the sturdy
+matron, the gray-haired grandmother, with little ones of all small sizes
+and ages. Many of the women carried infants at the breast; many were
+expectant of maternity. Not a few of them were followed by groups of
+boys and girls. Most of them were ill clothed; and many of them appeared
+extremely destitute of attire. A strongly-marked race of people, with
+dark eyes, fine black hair, healthy complexions, and symmetrical
+figures. They bear traces of suffering. Some of the infants have pined,
+but most of them promise to do well. Each mother cherishes and shows her
+little beggar in the approved way. The children are usually robust,
+although showing in their appearance the very limited resources of their
+parents. Some of the women have tolerable gowns; to these we give only
+underclothing. Others have but the rag of a gown--a few strips of stuff
+over their coarse chemises. These we make haste to cover with the
+beneficent growth of New England factories. They are admitted in groups
+of three or four at a time. As many of us fly to the heaps of clothing,
+and hastily measure them by the length and breadth of the individual. A
+papa, or priest, keeps order among them. He wears his black hair uncut,
+his narrow robe is much patched, and he holds in his hand a rosary of
+beads, which he fingers mechanically.
+
+"The dresses sent did not quite hold out, but sufficed to supply the
+most needy, and, in fact, the greater number. Of the underclothes we
+carried back a portion, having given something to every one. To an old
+papa who came, looking ill and disconsolate, I sent two shirts and a
+good dark woolen jacket. Among all of these only one discontented old
+lady demurred at the gift bestowed. She wanted a gown; but there was not
+one left, so that she was forced to content herself, much against her
+will, with some underclothing. The garments supplied, of which many were
+sent by the Boston Sewing Circle, under the superintendence of Miss Abby
+W. May, proved to be very suitable in pattern and quality. As we
+descended the steps we met with some of the children, already arrayed in
+their little clean shirts, and strutting about with the inspiration of
+fresh clothing, long unfelt by them....
+
+"Despite the velvet flatteries and smiling treasons of diplomacy, the
+present government of Greece is, as every government should be, on its
+good behavior before the people. Wonderfully clever, enterprising, and
+liberal have the French people made the author of the 'Life of Julius
+C�sar.' Wonderfully reformative did the radicals of 1848 make the Pope.
+And the Greek nation, taken in the large, may prove to have some common
+sense to impart to its symbolical head, of whom we can only hope that
+the 'something rotten in the state of Denmark' may not have been taken
+from it to corrupt the state of Greece."
+
+But it was not through one sense alone that I received in Athens the
+delight of a new enchantment. My ear drank in the music of the Greek
+tongue which I constantly heard spoken by those around me. My husband's
+Greek committee held their sessions in our hotel parlors, and I found
+that, by closely listening to their talk, I could make out a word here
+and there. Encouraged by this, I presently purchased a primer and
+devoted myself to the study of its contents. I had in earlier life made
+one or two futile attempts to master the language. Now that it became a
+living tongue to me, I determined to acquire it, and in some measure
+succeeded. From that time to the present I have never ceased the serious
+pursuit of what I then began almost in play.
+
+In spite of the fact that a price had been set upon his head by the
+Turkish authorities in Crete, Dr. Howe persisted in his determination to
+visit the island. His stay there was necessarily limited to a few hours,
+but what he was able to observe of the character and disposition of the
+inhabitants led him to anticipate a triumph for their cause.
+
+We returned to Boston in the autumn of the same year, and at once began
+to make arrangements for a fair by which we hoped to raise some money
+for the Cretans. A great part of the winter was devoted to this work,
+and in the early spring a beautiful bazaar was held at Boston Music
+Hall, where the post of president was assigned to me. I was supported by
+a very efficient committee of ladies and gentlemen, and it was in this
+work that I became well acquainted with Miss Abby W. May, whose
+invaluable method and energy had much to do with the success of the
+undertaking. The fair lasted one week, and our sales and entertainments
+realized something more than thirty thousand dollars. But alas! the
+emancipation of Crete was not yet to be.
+
+We passed the summer of 1868 at Stevens Cottage, which was very near the
+town of Newport. I do not exactly remember how it came about that my
+dear friend and pastor, Rev. Charles Brooks, invited me to read some of
+my essays at his church on Sunday afternoons. I had great pleasure in
+doing this. The church was well filled, and the audience excellent in
+character, and a lady among these one day kissed me after my lecture,
+saying, "This is the way I want to hear women speak." Another lady, it
+is true, was offended at some saying of mine. I think that it was to
+this effect. Speaking of the idle lives of some rich women, I said, "If
+God works, Madam, you can afford to work also." At this the person in
+question rose and went away, saying, "I won't listen to such stuff as
+this." I was not at all aware of the occurrence at the time, nor did I
+hear of it until the same lady having sent me cards for a reception at
+her house, I attended it, thereby provoking some comment. I was glad
+afterwards that I had done so, as the lady in question paid me every
+friendly attention, and made me quite sure that she had only yielded to
+a momentary ebullition of temper, to which, indeed, she was too prone.
+
+I read the "Ph�do" of Plato in the original Greek this summer, and was
+somewhat helped in this by an English scholar, a university man, who was
+passing the summer in Newport. He was "coaching" two young men who
+intended to enter one of the English universities, and was obliged to
+pass my house on his way to his lessons. He often paid me a visit, and
+was very willing to help me over a difficult passage.
+
+The report of my parlor readings soon brought me invitations to speak in
+public. The first of these that I remember came from a committee having
+in charge a meditated course of Sunday afternoon lectures on ethical
+subjects, to be given without other exercises, in Horticultural Hall. I
+was heard more than once in this course, and remember that one of my
+themes was "Polarity," on which I had written an essay, of which I
+thought, perhaps, too highly. In the course of the season I was engaged
+in preparing for another reading. Meeting Rev. Phillips Brooks one day
+in my sunset outing, I said to him, "Do you ever, in writing a sermon,
+lose sight of your subject? I have a discourse to prepare and have lost
+sight of mine." "Oh, yes," he replied, "it often happens to me." This
+confession encouraged me to persevere in my work, and I finished my
+lecture, and read it with acceptance.
+
+I suppose that I may have greatly exaggerated in my own mind the value
+of these writings to other people. To me, they brought much reflection
+and unfolding of thought. As I have said in another place, I read the
+two first named to a small circle of friends at my own house, and was
+somewhat disappointed at the result, as none of those present seemed
+willing to assume my point of view. Repeating one of them under similar
+circumstances at the house of a friend, Henry James, the elder, called
+upon me to explain some point which my lecture had brought into view. I
+asked if he could explain the point at issue. He replied that he could
+not. Being somewhat disconcerted, I said to him, "You should not ask
+questions which you yourself cannot answer." I meant by this to say that
+one must not be called upon to explain what is evidently inexplicable.
+Mr. James, however, did not so understand me, but told me afterwards
+that he considered this the most extraordinary statement that he had
+ever heard. He discoursed a good deal after my lecture with much color
+and brilliancy, as was his wont. His views of the Divine were highly
+anthropomorphic, and I remember that he said among other things, "My
+dear Madam, God is working all the time in his shirt-sleeves with all
+his might."
+
+This dear man was a great addition to the thought-power current in
+Boston society. He had lived much abroad, and was for many years a
+student of Swedenborg and of Fourier. His cast of mind was more
+metaphysical than logical, and he delighted in paradox. In his writings
+he would sometimes overstate greatly, in order to be sure of impressing
+his meaning upon his readers or hearers. Himself a devout Christian, he
+nevertheless once said, speaking on Sunday in the Church of the
+Disciples, that the moral law and the Christian Church were the meanest
+of inventions. He intended by this phrase to express his sense of the
+exalted moral and religious obligation of the human mind, the dignity of
+which ought to transcend the prescriptions of the Decalogue and the
+discipline of the church. My eldest daughter, then a girl of sixteen,
+said to me as we left the church, "Mamma, I should think that Mr. James
+would wish the little Jameses not to wash their faces for fear it should
+make them suppose that they were clean." Mr. Emerson, to whom I repeated
+this remark, laughed quite heartily at it. In anecdote Mr. James was
+inexhaustible. His temperament was very mercurial, almost explosive. I
+remember a delightful lecture of his on Carlyle. I recall, too, a rather
+metaphysical discourse which he read in John Dwight's parlors, to a
+select audience. When we went below stairs to put on our wraps, I asked
+a witty friend whether she had enjoyed the lecture. She replied that she
+had, but added, "I would give anything at this moment for a look at a
+good fat idiot," which seemed to show that the tension of mind produced
+by the lecture had not been without pain.
+
+I once had a long talk with Mr. James on immortality. I had recently
+lost my youngest child, a beautiful little boy of three years. The
+question of a future life then came to me with an agonized intensity.
+Should I ever meet again the exquisite little creature who had been
+taken from my arms? Mr. James was certain that I should have this
+coveted joy. He illustrated his belief in a singular way. "I lost a
+leg," he said, "in early youth. I have had a consciousness of the limb
+itself all my life. Although buried and out of sight, it has always
+remained a part of me." This reassuring did not appeal to me strongly,
+but his positive faith in a life after death gave me much comfort. Mr.
+James occasionally paid me a visit. As he was sitting in my parlor one
+day my little Maud, some seven or eight years old, passed by the open
+door. Mr. James called out, "Come here, Maud. You are the wickedest
+looking thing I have seen in some time." The little girl came, and Mr.
+James took her up on his knee. Presently, to my horror, she exclaimed,
+"Oh, how ugly you are! You are the ugliest creature I ever saw." This
+freak of the child so impressed my visitor that, meeting some days later
+with a lady friend, he could not help saying to her, "Mrs. ----, I know
+that I am ugly, but am I the ugliest person that you ever saw? Maud Howe
+said the other day that she had never seen any one so ugly."
+
+My friend was in truth far from ill-looking. His features were
+reasonably good, and his countenance fairly glowed with amiability,
+geniality, and good-will. I found afterwards that my Maud had seriously
+resented the epithet "wicked looking" applied to her, and had simply
+sought to take a childish revenge in accusing Mr. James of ugliness.
+Although Mr. James held much to Swedenborg's point of view, he did not
+belong to the Swedenborgian denomination. I have heard that, on the
+contrary, he was considered by its members as decidedly heterodox. I
+think that he rarely attended any church services. I have heard of his
+holding a communion service with one member of his family. He published
+several works on topics connected with religion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+A WOMAN'S PEACE CRUSADE
+
+
+I had felt a great opposition to Louis Napoleon from the period of the
+infamous act of treachery and violence which made him emperor. The
+Franco-Prussian war was little understood by the world at large. To us
+in America its objects were entirely unknown. On general principles of
+good-will and sympathy we were as much grieved as surprised at the
+continual defeats sustained by the French. For so brave and soldierly a
+nation to go through such a war without a single victory seemed a
+strange travesty of history. When to the immense war indemnity the
+conquerors added the spoliation of two important provinces, indignation
+added itself to regret. The suspicion at once suggested itself that
+Germany had very willingly given a pretext for the war, having known
+enough of the demoralized condition of France to be sure of an easy
+victory, and intending to make the opportunity serve for the forcible
+annexation of provinces long coveted.
+
+As I was revolving these matters in my mind, while the war was still in
+progress, I was visited by a sudden feeling of the cruel and unnecessary
+character of the contest. It seemed to me a return to barbarism, the
+issue having been one which might easily have been settled without
+bloodshed. The question forced itself upon me, "Why do not the mothers
+of mankind interfere in these matters, to prevent the waste of that
+human life of which they alone bear and know the cost?" I had never
+thought of this before. The august dignity of motherhood and its
+terrible responsibilities now appeared to me in a new aspect, and I
+could think of no better way of expressing my sense of these than that
+of sending forth an appeal to womanhood throughout the world, which I
+then and there composed. I did not dare to make this public without the
+advice of some wise counselor, and sought such an one in the person of
+Rev. Charles T. Brooks of Newport, a beloved friend and esteemed pastor.
+
+The little document which I drew up in the heat of my enthusiasm
+implored women, all the world over, to awake to the knowledge of the
+sacred right vested in them as mothers to protect the human life which
+costs them so many pangs. I did not doubt but that my appeal would find
+a ready response in the hearts of great numbers of women throughout the
+limits of civilization. I invited these imagined helpers to assist me in
+calling and holding a congress of women in London, and at once began a
+wide task of correspondence for the realization of this plan. My first
+act was to have my appeal translated into various languages, to wit:
+French, Spanish, Italian, German, and Swedish, and to distribute copies
+of it as widely as possible. I devoted the next two years almost
+entirely to correspondence with leading women in various countries. I
+also held two important meetings in New York, at which the cause of
+peace and the ability of women to promote it were earnestly presented.
+At the first of these, which took place in the late autumn of 1870, Mr.
+Bryant gave me his venerable presence and valuable words. At the second,
+in the spring following, David Dudley Field, an eminent member of the
+New York bar, and a lifelong advocate of international arbitration, made
+a very eloquent and convincing address.
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE
+
+_From a photograph by A. Marshall, 1870, in the
+possession of the Massachusetts Club._]
+
+In the spring of the year 1872 I visited England, hoping by my personal
+presence to effect the holding of a Woman's Peace Congress in the great
+metropolis of the civilized world. In Liverpool, I called upon Mrs.
+Josephine Butler, whose labors in behalf of her sex were already well
+known in America. Mrs. Butler said to me, "Mrs. Howe, you have come at a
+fortunate moment. The cruel immorality of our army regulations,
+separating so great a number of our men from family life, is much in the
+public mind just at present. This is a good time in which to present the
+merits and the bearings of peace." Mrs. Butler suggested that I might
+easily find opportunities of speaking in various parts of England, and
+added some names to the list of friends of peace with which I had
+already provided myself. Among these were Mr. and Mrs. Stephen
+Winkworth, whose hospitality I enjoyed for some days, on my way to
+London. This couple belonged to the society of Friends, but had much to
+say about the theistic movement in the society. In London Mrs. Winkworth
+went with me, one Sunday, to the morning service of Rev. Charles Voysey.
+The lesson for the day was taken from the writings of Theodore Parker.
+We spoke with Mr. Voysey after the sermon. He said, "I had chosen those
+passages from Parker with great care." After my own copious experiences
+of dissent in various forms, Mr. Voysey's sermon did not present any
+very novel interest.
+
+I had come to London to do everything in my power to found and foster
+what I may call "a Woman's Apostolate of Peace," though I had not then
+hit upon that name. For aid and counsel, I relied much upon the presence
+in London of my friend, Rev. William Henry Channing, a man of almost
+angelic character. I think it must have been through his good offices
+that I was invited both as guest and as speaker to the public banquet of
+the Unitarian Association. I confess that it was not without trepidation
+that I heard the toast-master say to the assembled company, "I crave
+your attention for Julia Ward Howe." My heart, however, was so full of
+my theme that I spoke very readily, without hesitation, and, if I might
+judge by the applause which followed, with some acceptance. Sir John
+Bowring now made my acquaintance, and complimented me upon my speech.
+The eloquent French preacher, Athanase Coquerel, also spoke with me. The
+occasion was to me a memorable one.
+
+I had already attended the anniversary meeting of the English Peace
+Society, and had asked permission to speak, which had been denied me on
+the ground that women never had spoken at these meetings. Finding but
+little encouragement for my efforts from existing societies in London, I
+decided to hire a hall of moderate size, where I myself might speak on
+Sunday afternoons. The Freemasons' Tavern presented one just suited to
+my undertaking. With the help of a friend, the meeting was properly
+advertised, and I betook myself thither on the first Sunday afternoon,
+strong in the belief that my effort was of the right sort, but very
+uncertain as to its result. Arriving at Freemasons' Tavern, I asked the
+doorkeeper whether there was any one in the hall. "Oh, yes! a good
+many," he said. I entered and found quite a numerous company. My
+procedure was very simple,--a prayer, the reading of a hymn, and a
+discourse from a Scripture text. I had prepared this last with
+considerable care, and kept the manuscript of it beside me, but my
+memory enabled me to give the substance of what I had written without
+referring to the paper.
+
+My impression is that I spoke in this way on some five or six Sundays.
+Of all these discourses, I remember only the last one, of which the text
+was, "I am persuaded that neither height nor depth, nor any other
+creature," etc. The attendance was very good throughout, and I cherished
+the hope that I had sown some seed which would bear fruit thereafter. I
+remember that our own poet, Thomas William Parsons, happening to be in
+London at this time, suggested to me a poem of Mrs. Stowe's as very
+suitable to be read at one of my Sunday services. It was the one
+beginning:--
+
+  "When winds are raging o'er the upper ocean,"
+
+and I am glad to remember that I did read it as advised.
+
+My work in London brought me in contact with a number of prominent
+workers in various departments of public service. My acquaintance with
+Miss Frances Power Cobbe was pleasantly renewed, and I remember
+attending an afternoon reception at her house, at which a number of
+literary notabilities were present, among them the brilliant historian,
+Mr. Froude. I had the pleasure also of meeting Mrs. Peter Taylor,
+founder of a college for working women; she and her husband had been
+very friendly to the Northern side during the civil war.
+
+An important movement had been set on foot just at this time by Mrs.
+Grey and her sister, Miss Sherret. This was the institution of schools
+for girls of the middle class, whose education, up to that time, had
+usually been conducted at home by a governess. Mrs. Grey encountered a
+good deal of opposition in carrying out her plans. She invited me to
+attend a meeting in the Albert Hall, Kensington, where these plans were
+to be fully discussed. The Bishop of Manchester spoke in opposition to
+the proposed schools. He took occasion to make mention of a visit which
+he had recently made to the United States, and to characterize the
+education there given to girls as merely "ambitious." The scheme, in his
+view, involved a confusion of ranks which, in England, would be
+inadmissible. "Lady Wilhelmina from Grosvenor Square," he averred,
+"would never consent to sit beside the grocer's daughter."
+
+I was invited to speak after the bishop, and could not avoid taking him
+up on this point. "In my own country," I said, "the young lady who
+corresponds to the lady from Grosvenor Square does sit beside the
+grocer's daughter, and when the two have enjoyed the same advantages of
+education, it is not always easy to be sure which is which." I had been
+privately requested to say nothing about woman suffrage, to which Mrs.
+Grey had not then given in her adhesion. I did, however, mention the
+opening of the professions to women in my own country. Mrs. Grey thanked
+me for my speech, but said, "Oh, dear Mrs. Howe, why did you speak of
+the women ministers?" Some five or six years after this time I chanced
+to meet Mrs. Grey in Rome. She assured me that the middle-class schools
+had proved a great success, and said that young girls differing much
+from each other in social rank had indeed sat beside each other, without
+difficulty or trouble of any kind. I had heard that Mrs. Grey had become
+a convert to woman suffrage, and asked her if this was true. She
+replied, "Oh, yes; the moment that I began practically to work for
+women, I found the suffrage an absolute necessity."
+
+One of my pleasantest recollections of my visit to England is that of a
+day or two passed in Cambridge, where I enjoyed the hospitality of
+Professor J. R. Seeley, author of "Ecce Homo." I do not now recall the
+circumstances which took me to the great university town, but I remember
+with gratitude the Seeley mansion, as one should do who was made at home
+there. Mr. Seeley lent a kind ear to my plea for a combination of women
+in behalf of a world's peace. I had also the pleasure of hearing a
+lecture from him on Edmund Burke, whose liberalism he considered rather
+sporadic than chronic, an expression of sentiment called forth by some
+exceptional emergency, while the eloquent speaker remained a
+conservative at heart. He did not, as he might have done, explain such
+inconsistencies on the simple ground of Burke's Irish blood, which gave
+him genius but not the logic of consistency. Mrs. Seeley was a very
+amiable and charming woman. I remember that her husband read to me
+Calverley's clever take-off of Browning, and that we all laughed
+heartily over it. A morning ramble made me aware of the beauty of the
+river banks. I attended a Sunday service in King's College Chapel, with
+its wonderful stone roof. Here also I made the acquaintance of Miss
+Clough, sister to the poet. She presided at this time over a household
+composed of young lady students, to whom some of the university courses
+were open, and who were also allowed to profit by private lessons from
+some of the professors of the university. Miss Clough was tall and
+dark-eyed, like her brother, her hair already whitening, though she was
+still in the vigor of middle age. She appeared to be greatly interested
+in her charge. I spoke with some of her students, and learned that most
+of them intended to become teachers.
+
+So ends this arduous but pleasant episode of my peace crusade. I will
+only mention one feature more in connection with it. I had desired to
+institute a festival which should be observed as mothers' day, and which
+should be devoted to the advocacy of peace doctrines. I chose for this
+the second day of June, this being a time when flowers are abundant, and
+when the weather usually allows of open-air meetings. I had some success
+in carrying out this plan. In Boston I held the Mothers' Day meeting for
+quite a number of years. The day was also observed in other places, once
+or twice in Constantinople, and often in places nearer home. My heart
+was gladdened, this last year, by learning from a friend that a peace
+association in Philadelphia still celebrates Mothers' Day.
+
+I was very sorry to give up this special work, but in my prosecution of
+it I could not help seeing that many steps were to be taken before one
+could hope to effect any efficient combination among women. The time for
+this was at hand, but had not yet arrived. Insensibly, I came to devote
+my time and strength to the promotion of the women's clubs, which are
+doing so much to constitute a working and united womanhood.
+
+During my stay in England, I received many invitations to address
+meetings in various parts of the country. In compliance with these, I
+visited Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Bristol, and Carlisle. In Bristol
+I was the guest of Mary Carpenter, who gave me some friendly advice
+regarding the convention which I hoped to hold in London. She assured me
+that such a meeting could have no following unless the call for it were
+dignified by the name of some prominent member of the English
+aristocracy. In this view, she strongly advised me to write to the
+Duchess of Argyll, requesting an interview at which I might speak to her
+of my plans. I did write the letter, and obtained the interview. The
+Duchess, with whom I had had some acquaintance for many years, invited
+me to luncheon on a certain day. I found her, surrounded by her numerous
+family of daughters, the youngest of whom carried round a dish of fruit
+at dessert. Luncheon being at an end, the Duchess granted me a short
+t�te-�-t�te. "My only objection to a lady's speaking in public," she
+said, "is based upon St. Paul's saying: 'I suffer not a woman to teach,'
+etc." I replied, "Yes; but remember that, in another place, he says that
+a woman may prophesy wearing a veil." She assented to this statement,
+but did not appear to interest herself much in my plan of a Woman's
+Peace Congress. She had always been much interested in Dr. Howe's work,
+and began to ask me about him, and about Charles Sumner, for whom she
+entertained great regard. Messages were presently sent in to the effect
+that the carriage was waiting for the afternoon drive, and I took my
+leave, expecting no help from this very amiable and estimable lady.
+
+Before the beginning of my Sunday services, I received a letter from Mr.
+Aaron Powell of New York, asking me to attend a Peace Congress about to
+be held in Paris, as a delegate. I accordingly crossed the Channel, and
+reached Paris in time to attend the principal s�ance of the congress. It
+was not numerously attended. The speakers all read their discourses from
+manuscript. The general tone was timid and subdued. Something was said
+regarding the then recent Franco-Prussian war, and the growing humanity
+shown by both of the contending parties in the mutual arrangements for
+taking care of the wounded. I presented my credentials, and asked leave
+to speak. With some embarrassment, I was told that I might speak to the
+officers of the society, when the public meeting should be adjourned. I
+accordingly met a dozen or more of these gentlemen in a side room, where
+I simply spoke of my endeavors to enlist the sympathies and efforts of
+women in behalf of the world's peace.
+
+Returning to London, I had the privilege of attending as a delegate one
+of the great Prison Reform meetings of our day.
+
+As well as I can remember, each day of the congress had its own
+president, and not the least interesting of these days was that on which
+Cardinal Manning presided. I remember well his domed forehead and pale,
+transparent complexion, telling unmistakably of his ascetic life. He was
+obviously much interested in Prison Reform, and well cognizant of its
+progress. An esteemed friend and fellow country-woman of mine, Mrs.
+Elizabeth B. Chace of Rhode Island, was also accredited as a delegate to
+this congress. At one of its meetings she read a short paper, giving
+some account of her own work in the prisons of her State. At this
+meeting, the question of flogging prisoners came up, and a rather brutal
+jailer of the old school told an anecdote of a refractory prisoner who
+had been easily reduced to obedience by this summary method. His rough
+words stirred my heart within me. I felt that I must speak; and Mrs.
+Chace kindly arose, and said to the presiding officer, "I beg that Mrs.
+Julia Ward Howe of Boston may be heard before this debate is closed."
+Leave being given, I stood up and said my say, arguing earnestly that no
+man could be made better by being degraded. I can only well recall a
+part of my little speech, which was, I need scarcely say, quite
+unpremeditated:--
+
+"It is related of the famous Beau Brummel that a gentleman who called
+upon him one morning met a valet carrying away a tray of neckcloths,
+more or less disordered. 'What are these?' asked the visitor; and the
+servant replied, 'These are our failures.' Even thus may society point
+to the criminals whom she dismisses from her presence. Of these men and
+women, whom she has failed to train in the ways of virtue and of
+industry, she may well say: 'These are our failures.'"
+
+My words were much applauded, and I think the vote taken was against the
+punishment in question. The sittings of the congress were mainly held in
+the hall of the Temple, which is enriched with carvings and coats of
+arms. Here, also, a final banquet was held, at which I was invited to
+speak, and did so. Rev. Frederick Wines had an honored place in this
+assembly, and his words were listened to with great attention. Miss
+Carpenter came from Bristol to attend the congress, and I was present
+when she presided over a section especially devoted to women prisoners.
+
+A number of the addresses presented at the congress were in foreign
+languages. A synopsis of these was furnished on the spot by an apt
+translator. I recall the whole occasion as one of great interest.
+
+I must not forget to mention the fact that the only daughter of Edward
+Livingston, author of the criminal code of the State of Louisiana, was
+an honored guest at this congress. The meetings at which I spoke in
+different parts of England were usually presided over by some important
+personage, such as the mayor of the city. On one occasion a man of the
+people, quite popular in his way, expressed his warm approval of my
+peace doctrine, and concluded his remarks by saying, "Mrs. Howe, I offer
+you the hand of the Tyne-side Orator."
+
+All these efforts were intended to lead up to the final meeting which I
+had determined to hold in London, and which I did hold in St. George's
+Hall, a place very suitable for such occasions. At this meeting, Mr. and
+Mrs. Jacob Bright sat with me on the platform, and the venerable Sir
+John Bowring spoke at some length, leaning on his staff as became his
+age. The attendance was very good. The meeting was by no means what I
+had hoped that it might be. The ladies who spoke in public in those days
+mostly confined their labors to the advocacy of woman suffrage, and were
+not much interested in my scheme of a world-wide protest of women
+against the cruelties of war. I found indeed some helpful allies among
+my own sex. Two sisters of John Bright, Mrs. Margaret Lucas and Mrs.
+Maclaren, aided me with various friendly offices, and through their
+instrumentality the money which I had expended in the hire of halls was
+returned to me. I had not in any way suggested or expected this, but as
+I was working entirely at my own cost the assistance was very welcome
+and opportune.
+
+I cannot leave this time without recalling the gracious figure of
+Athanase Coquerel. I had met this remarkable man in London at the
+anniversary banquet of the British Unitarian Association. It was in this
+country, however, that I first heard his eloquent and convincing speech,
+the occasion being a sermon given by him at the Unitarian Church of
+Newport, R. I., in the summer of the year 1873. It happened on this
+Sunday that the poet Bryant, John Dwight, and Parke Godwin were seated
+near me. All of them expressed great admiration of the discourse, and
+one exclaimed, "That French art, how wonderful it is!" The text chosen
+was this: "And greater works than these shall ye do."
+
+"How could this be?" asked the preacher. "How could the work of the
+disciples be greater than that of the Master? In one sense only. It
+could not be greater in spirit or in character. It could be greater in
+extent."
+
+The revolution in France occasioned by the Franco-Prussian war was much
+in the public mind at this time, and the extraordinary crisis of the
+Commune was almost unexplained. As soon as I found an opportunity of
+conversing with Monsieur Coquerel, I besought him to set before us the
+true solution of these matters in the lectures which he was about to
+deliver.
+
+He consented to do so, and in one of his discourses represented the
+Commune as the result of a state of exasperation on the part of the
+people of Paris. They saw their country invaded by hostile armies, their
+sacred city beleaguered. In the desperation of their distress, all
+longed to take active part in some counter movement, and the most brutal
+and ignorant part of the populace were turned, by artful leaders, to
+this work of destruction. The speaker gave a very moving account of the
+hardships of the siege of Paris, the privations endured of food and
+fuel, the sacrifice of costly furniture as fire-wood to keep alive
+children in imminent danger of death. In the midst of the tumults and
+horrors enumerated, he introduced the description of the funeral of an
+eminent scientist. The quiet cort�ge moved on to the cemetery where halt
+was made, and the several speakers of the occasion, as if oblivious of
+the agonies of the hour, bore willing testimony to the merits and good
+work of their departed colleague.
+
+The principal object of Monsieur Coquerel's visit to this country was to
+collect funds for the building of a church in Paris which should grandly
+and truly represent liberal Christianity. I fear that his success in
+this undertaking fell far short of the end which he had hoped to attain.
+His death occurred not long after his return to France, and I do not
+know whether the first stone of his proposed edifice was ever laid.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+VISITS TO SANTO DOMINGO
+
+
+In the year 1872, Dr. Howe was appointed one of three commissioners to
+report upon the advisability of annexing Santo Domingo to the United
+States. The two other commissioners were Hon. Benjamin F. Wade of Ohio,
+and Hon. Andrew D. White. A government steamer was placed at the
+disposal of the commissioners, and a number of newspaper correspondents
+accompanied them. Prominent among these was William Henry Hurlburt, at
+that time identified with the "New York World." Before taking leave of
+his family, Dr. Howe said, "Remember that you cannot hear from us sooner
+than a month under the most favorable circumstances, so do not be
+frightened at our long silence." I have never heard an explanation of
+the motives which led the press in general to speak slightingly of the
+Tennessee, the war steamer upon which the commission embarked for Santo
+Domingo. Scarcely a week after her departure, a sensational account was
+published of a severe storm in the southern seas, and of a large steamer
+seen in unavailing struggle with the waves. "The steamer was probably
+the Tennessee, and it is most likely that she foundered in the storm and
+went down with all on board."
+
+In spite of my husband's warning, I could not but feel great anxiety in
+view of this statement. The days of suspense that followed it were dark
+indeed and hard to live through. In due time, however, came intelligence
+of the safe arrival of the Tennessee, and of the good condition of all
+on board.
+
+It happened that I had gone out for a walk on the morning when this good
+news reached Boston. On my return I found Dr. Dix waiting, his eyes full
+of tears, to tell me that the Tennessee had been heard from. The
+numerous congratulations which I now received showed how general had
+been the fear of the threatened mishap, and how great the public
+interest in Dr. Howe's safety.
+
+In later years, I made the acquaintance of Hon. Andrew D. White and his
+most charming wife. Though scarcely on the verge of middle age, her
+beautiful dark hair had turned completely white, in the unnecessary
+agony which she suffered in the interval between her husband's departure
+and the first authentic news received of the expedition.
+
+It was a year later than this that Dr. Howe was urged by parties
+interested to undertake a second visit to Santo Domingo, with the view
+of furthering the interests of the Samana Bay Company. He had been so
+much impressed with the beauty of the island that he wished me to share
+its enchantments with him. We accordingly set sail in a small steamer,
+the Tybee, in February of the year 1873. Our youngest daughter, Maud,
+went with us, and our party consisted of Maud's friend, Miss Derby, now
+Mrs. Samuel Richard Fuller, my husband's three nieces, and Miss Mary C.
+Paddock, a valued friend. Colonel Fabens, a man much interested in the
+prospects of the island, also embarked with us. The voyage was a stormy
+one, the seas being exceeding rough, and the steamer most uneasy in her
+action. After some weary days and nights, we cast anchor in the harbor
+of Puerta Plata, and my husband came to the door of my stateroom
+crying, "Come out and see the great glory!" I obeyed, and beheld a scene
+which amply justified his exclamation. Before us, sheer out of the
+water, rose Mount Isabel, clothed with tropical verdure. At its foot lay
+the picturesque little town. Small carts, drawn each by a single
+bullock, were already awaiting the unloading of the cargo. We were soon
+on shore, and within the shelter of a tolerable hotel, where fresh
+fruits and black coffee restored our sea-worn spirits. The day was
+Sunday, and I managed to attend a Methodist service held in a commodious
+chapel. The aspect of the little town was very cheerful and friendly.
+Negro women ran about the streets, with red turbaned heads and clad in
+trailing gowns of calico. The prancing little horses delighted me with
+their swift and easy motion. On the day subsequent to our landing, we
+accepted an invitation to breakfast at a sugar plantation, not very far
+from the town. A cart drawn by a bullock furnished the only vehicle to
+be had in the place. Our entertainers were a young Cuban and his
+American wife. They had embarked a good deal of capital in machinery; I
+regretted to learn later that their enterprise had not been altogether
+successful.
+
+The merchants in Puerta Plata were largely Germans and Jews. They were
+at heart much opposed to the success of the Samana Bay enterprise,
+fearing that it would build up Samana at the expense of their own town.
+So, a year later, their money was used to inaugurate a revolution, which
+overthrew President Baez, and installed in his place a man greatly his
+inferior in talent, but one who could be made entirely subservient to
+the views of the Puerta Plata junta.
+
+After a day and a night in Puerta Plata we returned to our steamer,
+which was now bound for Samana Bay, and thence for the capital, Santo
+Domingo. Let me say in passing that it is quite incorrect to speak of
+the island as "San Domingo," This might be done if Domingo were the name
+of a saint, but Santo Domingo really means "Holy Sunday," and is so
+named in commemoration of the first landing of Columbus upon the island.
+Of Samana itself I will speak hereafter. After two more days of rough
+sea travel we were very glad to reach the capital, where the Palacio
+Nacional had been assigned as our residence.
+
+This was a spacious building surrounding a rectangular court. A guard of
+soldiers occupied the lower story, and the whole of the second floor was
+placed at our disposal. Furniture there was little or none, but we had
+brought with us a supply of beds, bedding, and articles necessary for
+the table. The town afforded us chairs and tables, and with the help of
+our friend, Miss Paddock, we were soon comfortably installed in our new
+quarters. The fleas at first gave us terrible torment, but a copious
+washing of floors and the use of some native plant, the name of which I
+cannot remember, diminished this inconvenience, to which also we
+gradually became accustomed.
+
+The population of Santo Domingo is much mixed, and I could not see that
+the blacks were looked down upon by the whites, the greater part of whom
+gave evidence of some admixture of African blood. In the harbor of the
+capital, before leaving the steamer, I had had some conversation with
+one Fran�ois, a man of color, who had come on board to secure the
+services of one of our fellow-passengers, an aged clergyman, for his
+church. The old gentleman insisted that he was past preaching, on
+account of his age and infirmities. I began to question Fran�ois about
+his church, and found that it consisted of a small congregation of very
+poor colored people, all Americans by birth or descent. They held their
+services only on Sunday evenings, having neither clothes nor shoes fit
+for appearance in the daytime. Their real minister had died, and an
+elder who had taken his place was too lame to cross the river in order
+to attend the services, so they had to do without preaching. I cannot
+remember just how it came about, but I engaged to hold service for them
+on Sunday evenings during my stay at the capital.
+
+Behold me then, on my first Sunday evening, entering the little wooden
+building with its mud floor. It boasted a mahogany pulpit of some size,
+but I took my seat within the chancel rail and began my ministration. I
+gave out the hymns, and the tattered hymn-books were turned over. I soon
+learned that this was a mere form, few of those present being able to
+read. They knew the hymns by heart and sang them with a will. I had
+prepared my sermon very carefully, being anxious really to interest
+these poor shepherdless sheep. They appeared to listen very thankfully,
+and I continued these services until nearly the time of my departure
+from the island. I had not brought any written sermons with me, nor had
+I that important aid in sermonizing, a concordance. A young daughter of
+Colonel Fabens, a good Bible scholar, used to find my texts for me. I
+remember that, after my first preaching, a young woman called upon me
+and quoted some words from my sermon, very much in the sense of the old
+anecdote about "that blessed word Mesopotamia."
+
+When Good Friday and Easter came my colored people besought me to hold
+extra services, in order that their young folks might understand that
+these sacred days were of as much significance to them as to the
+Catholics, by whom they were surrounded. I naturally complied with their
+request, and arranged to have the poor little place decorated with palms
+and flowers for the Easter service. I have always remembered with
+pleasure one feature of my Easter sermon. In this I tried to describe
+Dante's beautiful vision of a great cross in the heavens, formed of
+clusters of stars, the name of Christ being inscribed on each cluster.
+The thought that the mighty poet of the fourteenth century should have
+had something to impart to these illiterate negroes was very dear to me.
+
+As soon as the report of my preaching became noised abroad, the aged
+elder, whose place I had taken, bestirred himself and managed to put in
+an appearance at the little church. He mounted the stairs of the
+mahogany pulpit, and seemed to keep guard over the congregation, while I
+continued to speak from the chancel. I invited him to give out the
+hymns, which he did, mentioning also the page on which they would be
+found. He afterwards told me that his wife, who could read, had taught
+him those hymns. "I never could do nothing with books," he said.
+
+We found but little English spoken at the capital except among the
+colored people. I always recall with amusement a bit of conversation
+which I had with one of the merchants who was fond of speaking our
+language. He had sent his errand boy to us with a message. Meeting him
+later in the day, I said, "I saw your servant this morning." "Yes, ze
+nigger. He mudder fooley in St. Thomas." I made some effort to ascertain
+what were the educational advantages afforded in the capital. I found
+there a school for boys, under the immediate charge of the Catholic
+clergy. Hearing also of a school for girls, founded and administered by
+a young woman of the city, I called one day to find out what I could of
+her and of her work. She was the daughter of a woman physician who had
+much reputation in the place. Her mother had received no technical
+medical education, but had practiced nursing under the best doctors, and
+had also acquired through experience a considerable understanding of the
+uses of herbs. She was a devout Catholic, and having once been
+desperately ill, had vowed her infant daughter to the Virgin in case of
+her recovery. The daughter had not entered a convent, but had devoted
+herself to the training of young girls. She appeared to be a very modest
+and simple person, and was pleased to have me inspect the needlework,
+maps, and copy books of her pupils.
+
+"At any rate, I keep them out of the street," she said. Fran�ois, my
+first colored acquaintance at the capital, had spoken to me of a Bible
+society formed there. It was a secret association, and he told me
+several times that its members earnestly desired to make my
+acquaintance. I finally arranged with him to attend one of their
+meetings, and went, in his company, to a building in which an inner room
+was set apart for their use. I was ushered into this with some ceremony,
+and found a company of natives of various shades of color. On a raised
+platform were seated the presiding officers of the occasion. Presently
+one of these rang his bell and began to address me in a rather
+high-flown style, assuring me that my noble works were well understood
+by those present, and that they greatly desired to hear from me. I was
+much puzzled at this address, feeling almost certain that nothing that I
+had ever done would have been likely to penetrate the atmosphere of this
+isolated spot. The speech was in Spanish and I was expected to reply in
+the same language. This I was not able to do, my knowledge of Spanish
+being limited to a few colloquial phrases. The French language answered
+pretty well, however, and in this I managed to express my thanks for the
+honor done me and my sincere interest in the welfare of the island. All
+present had risen to receive me. There seemed to be nothing further for
+me to do, and I took leave, followed by clapping of hands. To this day I
+have never been able to understand the connection of this association
+with any Bible society, and still less the flattering mention made of
+some supposed merits on my part. Fran�ois warned me that this meeting
+was not to be generally spoken of, and I endeavored to preserve a
+discreet silence regarding it.
+
+On another evening we were all invited to attend the public exercises of
+a debating club of young men. The question to be argued was whether it
+is permissible to do evil in view of a supposed good result. The debate
+was a rather spirited one. The best of the speakers, who had been
+educated in Spain, had much to say of the philosopher Balm�s, whose
+sayings he more than once quoted. The question having been decided in
+the negative, the speaker who had maintained the unethical side of the
+question explained that he had done this only because it was required of
+him, his convictions and sympathies being wholly on the other side.
+
+President Baez had received us with great cordiality. He called upon us
+soon after our arrival, having previously sent us a fine basket of
+fruit. He seemed an intelligent man, and my husband's estimate of him
+was much opposed to that conveyed in Mr. Sumner's invective against "a
+traitor who sought to sell his own country." Baez had sense enough to
+recognize the security which annexation to the United States would give
+to his people.
+
+The English are sometimes spoken of as "a nation of shopkeepers." Santo
+Domingo might certainly be called a city of shopkeepers. When we visited
+it, all of the principal families were engaged in trade. When daughters
+were considered of fit age to enter society, they made their d�but
+behind the counter of their father or uncle.
+
+My husband decided, soon after our arrival, to invite the townspeople to
+a dance. In preparation for this festivity, the largest room in the
+palace was swept and garnished with flowers. A native band of musicians
+was engaged, and a merry and motley throng invaded our sober premises.
+The favorite dances were mostly of the order of the "contradanza," which
+I had seen in Cuba. This is a slow and stately measure, suited to the
+languor of a hot climate. I ventured to introduce a Virginia Reel, which
+was not much enjoyed by the natives. President Baez did not honor us
+with his presence, but his brother Damian and his sister Rosita were
+among our guests. A United States warship was in the harbor, and its
+officers were a welcome reinforcement to our company. Among these was
+Lieutenant De Long, well remembered now as the leader of the ill-fated
+Jeannette expedition.
+
+At two o'clock in the morning my husband showed signs of extreme
+fatigue. I felt that the gayeties must cease, and was obliged to say to
+some of the older guests that Dr. Howe's health would not permit him to
+entertain them longer. It seemed like sending children home from a
+Christmas party, the dancers appeared so much taken aback. They had
+expected to dance until day dawn. Still they departed without objecting.
+The next day those of us who visited the principal street of the city
+saw the beaux of the night before busy in their shops, some of them in
+shirt-sleeves.
+
+Our days passed very quietly. Dr. Howe took his accustomed ride before
+breakfast. One feature of this meal consisted of water-cocoanuts,
+gathered while the night dew was on them, and of a delicious coolness.
+The water having been poured out, the nuts were thrown into the court
+below, where the soldiers of the guard ate them greedily. The rations
+served out to these men consisted simply of strips of sugar cane. Their
+uniforms were of seersucker, and the homely palm-leaf hat completed
+their costume.
+
+After breakfast I usually sat at my books, often preparing my Sunday
+sermon. A siesta followed the noonday repast, and after this the
+greatest amusement of the day began. The little, fiery steeds were
+brought into the courtyard, and I rode forth, followed by my young
+companions and escorted by the assistant secretary of the treasury.
+Several of the young gentlemen of the town who could command the use of
+a horse would join our cavalcade, as we swept out of the city limits and
+into the beautiful regions beyond. The horses have a peculiarly easy
+gait, and are yet very swift and gentle. As the season advanced, and the
+spring showers began to fall, we were sometimes glad to take refuge
+under a mango tree, its spreading branches and thick foliage sheltering
+us like a tent. Our cavaliers, in view of this emergency, were apt to
+provide themselves with umbrellas, to the opening and shutting of which
+the horses were well accustomed. In case of any chill "a little rum" was
+always recommended. The careless mention of this typical beverage amused
+and almost frightened me, accustomed to hear rum spoken of with bated
+breath, as if unfit even for mention.
+
+The besetting evil of the island seemed to be lockjaw. I was told that
+the smallest wound or scratch, or even a chill, might produce it. I
+distinctly remember having several times felt an unusual stiffness of
+the lower jaw, consequent upon a slight check of perspiration.
+
+I cannot imagine a more delightful winter climate than that of Santo
+Domingo. Dr. Howe used sometimes to come to my study and ask, "Are you
+comfortable?"
+
+"Perfectly comfortable. Why do you ask?"
+
+"Because the thermometer stands at 86� Fahrenheit." A delicious
+sea-breeze blew in at the wide open window, and we who sat in it had no
+feeling of extreme heat.
+
+I remember a little excursion which we made on horseback to a village
+some twelve miles distant from the capital. We started in the very early
+morning, wishing to reach the place of our destination before the
+approach of noon. It was still quite dark when we mounted our horses,
+with a faithful escort of Dominican friends.
+
+"_Sabrosa ma�ana!_" exclaimed the assistant secretary of the treasury,
+who rode beside me.
+
+Our road lay through a beautiful bit of forest land. The dawn found us
+at a pretty and primitive ferry, which we crossed without dismounting.
+The beauty of the scenery was beyond description. The air was refreshed
+by a succession of little mountain streamlets, which splashed with a
+cool sound about our horses' feet. Arriving at the village we found a
+newly erected _bohio_, or hut of palm-wood strips, prepared for us. It
+was hung with hammocks and furnished with rockingchairs, with a clean
+floor of sand and pebbles. At a neighboring _fonda_ luncheon was served
+to our party. We returned to our _bohio_ for a much needed siesta,
+reserving the afternoon for a ramble. A service was going on at the
+village church. After a late dinner we went to visit the priest. His
+servant woman appeared reluctant to admit us. This we understood when
+the old gentleman came forward to receive us, dressed like a peasant,
+and wearing a handkerchief tied about his head in peasant fashion. To
+me, as the senior lady of the party, he offered a cigar.
+
+He took pains to return our visit the next day, but came to our _bohio_
+in full canonicals. He was anxious to possess a certain Spanish work on
+botany, and offered me a sum of money in prepayment of its price. This I
+declined to receive, feeling that the chances were much against my ever
+being able to fulfill his commission.
+
+Immediately after his visit we mounted our steeds and rode back to the
+capital, which we reached after the great gate had been closed for the
+night, a narrow postern opening to admit our party one by one.
+
+Before our departure from the island, President Baez invited us to a
+state dinner at his residence. The appointments of the table were
+elegant and tasteful. The repast was a long one, consisting of a great
+variety of Dominican dishes, which appeared and disappeared with great
+celerity. Before the dessert was served, we were requested to leave the
+table and return to the sitting-room. Presently we came back to the
+table, and found it spread with fruits and sweets innumerable.
+
+Two years after this time, my husband's health required a change of
+climate. He decided to visit Santo Domingo once more, and was anxious
+that I should accompany him. I was rather unwilling to do so, being much
+engaged at home. Wishing to offer me the greatest inducement, he said,
+"You shall preach to your colored folks as much as you like." In March
+of 1875, accordingly, we set sail in the same Tybee which had carried us
+on our first voyage to the beautiful island. The political situation
+meantime had greatly changed. The revolution already spoken of had
+expelled President Baez, and had put in his place a man devoted to the
+interests of Puerta Plata, as opposed to the growth of Samana.
+
+We landed at the capital, and as we walked up the street to our hotel
+familiar forms emerged from the shops on the right and on the left.
+These friends all accosted us with eager questions:--
+
+"Addonde estan las muchachas?" (Where are the girls?)
+
+"Addonde esta Maud?"
+
+"Addonde esta Lucia?"
+
+We were obliged to say that they were not with us, and the blank,
+disappointed faces showed that we, the elders, counted for little in the
+absence of "metal more attractive."
+
+After a short stay at the capital, we re�mbarked for Samana, where we
+passed some weeks of delightful quiet in a pretty cottage on the
+outskirts of the little town. On the evening of our taking possession, I
+stood at the door of our new abode, watching the moon rise and overtop
+two stately palms which formed the immediate foreground of our
+landscape. On the left was the pretty crescent-shaped beach, and beyond
+it the lights of the town shone brightly. This was a foretaste of many
+delightful hours in which my soul was fed with the beauty of my
+surroundings.
+
+Our cottage was distant about a mile from the town, which my husband
+liked to visit every morning. It was possible to go thither by the
+beach, but he preferred to take a narrow bridle path on the side of a
+very steep hill. I had never been a bold rider, and I must confess that
+I suffered agonies of fear in following him on these expeditions. If I
+lagged behind, he would cry, "Come on! it's as bad as going to a funeral
+to ride with you." And so, I suppose, it was. I remember one day when a
+great palm branch had fallen across our path. I thought that my horse
+would certainly slip on it, sending me to depths below. Fortunately he
+did not. That very day, while Dr. Howe was taking his siesta, I went to
+the place where this impediment lay, and with a great effort threw it
+over the steep mountain-side. The whole neighborhood of Samana is very
+mountainous, and I sometimes found it impossible to obey the word of
+command. One day my husband spurred his horse and made a gallant dash at
+a very steep ascent, ordering me to follow him. I tried my best, but
+only got far enough to find myself awkwardly at a standstill, and unable
+to go either backward or forward. The Doctor was obliged to dismount and
+to lead my horse down to the level ground. This, he assured me, was a
+severe mortification for him.
+
+Dr. Howe desired at this time to make a journey on horseback to a part
+of the interior which he had not visited. He engaged as a guide a man
+familiar with the region and able on foot to keep pace with any ordinary
+horse. I remember that this man asked for a warning of some days, in
+order that he might purchase his _combustibles_, meaning comestibles.
+This journey, often talked of, was never undertaken. We sometimes varied
+the even tenor of our days in Samana by a sail in the pretty steam
+launch belonging to the Samana Bay Company. On one occasion we took a
+rowboat and went to visit an English carpenter who had built himself a
+hut in the forest not far from the shore. We found his wife surrounded
+by her young family. The cabin was provided with berths for sleeping
+accommodation. The household work was done mostly in the open air. On a
+rude table I found some Greek books. "Whose are those?" I asked. "Oh,
+they belong to my husband. He studies Greek in order to understand the
+New Testament." Yet this man was so illiterate as to allow some pupils
+of his to use a small i for our personal pronoun. In spite of my
+husband's permission, I did not preach very much during this visit to
+Samana. I found there a Methodist church with a settled pastor. I did
+take part in an open-air service one Sunday afternoon. The place chosen
+was well up on the side of a mountain, the assembly consisting entirely
+of colored people. I arrived a little after time and found a zealous
+elder speaking. When he saw me he said, "And now dat de lady hab come I
+will _obdunk_ [abdicate] from de place."
+
+A little school kept by the carpenter was not far from this spot. It
+occupied a shed in a region magnificent with palms. I went one day, by
+special arrangement, to speak to the pupils, who were of both sexes. The
+ascent was so steep that I was glad to avail myself of the offer of a
+steer with a straw saddle on his back, led by a youth of the
+neighborhood. From the school I went to the hut of a colored woman, who
+had requested the honor of entertaining me at lunch, and who waited upon
+me with great good-will. While I was still resting in the shade of the
+cabin a man appeared, leading two saddle horses and bearing a missive
+from Dr. Howe, requesting my immediate return. I have elsewhere alluded
+to this and to Dr. Howe's touching words, "Our dear, noble Sumner is no
+more. Come home at once. I am much distressed."
+
+My husband had been greatly chagrined by Mr. Sumner's conduct with
+regard to the proposed annexation of Santo Domingo. The death of his
+lifelong friend seemed to bring back all his old tenderness and he
+grieved deeply over his loss.
+
+Of the longevity of the negro population of Santo Domingo we heard
+wonderful accounts. I myself, while in Samana, saw and spoke with a
+colored woman who was said to have reached the age of one hundred and
+thirty years. She was a native of Maryland, and had become a mother and
+a grandmother before leaving the United States. In Samana she married
+again and had a second set of children and grandchildren. These
+particulars I learned from a daughter of her second marriage, herself a
+woman of forty. The aged mother and grandmother came up to Samana during
+my stay there to make some necessary purchases. Her figure was slender
+and, as the French say, "_bien-prise_." Her only infirmity appeared to
+be her deafness.
+
+A curious custom in this small community was the consecration of all
+houses as soon as completed. This was usually made the occasion of what
+we term a house-warming. Friends were invited, and were expected to make
+contributions of cake. The priest of the parish offered prayer and
+sprinkled the premises with holy water, after which the festivities
+commenced. The music consisted of a harmonicon and a notched gourd,
+which was scraped with an iron rod to mark the time. Cakes and lemonade
+were handed about in trays. Grandmothers sat patient with their
+grandbabes on their laps while the mothers danced to their hearts'
+content.
+
+It chanced one day that I attended one of these merry-makings. While the
+dance was in progress a superbly handsome man, bronze in complexion and
+very polite in manner, commanded from the musicians, "Una polka por
+Madama Howe." I had neither expected nor desired to dance, but felt
+obliged to accept this invitation.
+
+A large proportion of the Dominicans, be it said in passing, are of
+mixed race, the white element in them being mostly Spanish. This last so
+predominates that the leading negro characteristics are rarely observed
+among them. They are intelligent people, devout in their Catholicism and
+generally very honest. Families of the wealthier class are apt to send
+their sons to Spain for education.
+
+Quite distinct from these are the American blacks, who are the remnant
+and in large part the descendants of an exodus of free negroes from our
+Middle States, which took place in the neighborhood of the year 1840.
+These people are Methodists, but are, for some reason, entirely
+neglected by the denomination, both in England and in America. They are
+anxious to keep their young folks within the pale of Protestantism. Of
+such was composed my little congregation in the city of Santo Domingo.
+
+In the place last named I made the acquaintance of a singular family of
+birds, individuals of which were domesticated in many houses. These
+creatures could be depended upon to give the household warning of the
+approach of a stranger. They also echoed with notes of their own the
+hourly striking of the city clocks, and zealously destroyed all the
+insects which are generated by the heat of a tropical climate. The _per
+contra_ is that they themselves are rather malodorous.
+
+During my stay in Samana a singular woman attached herself to me. She
+was a mulatto, and her home was on a mountain side in the neighborhood
+of the school of which I have just spoken. Here she was rarely to be
+found; and her husband bewailed her frequent absences and consequent
+neglect of her large family. She had some knowledge of herbs, which she
+occasionally made available in nursing the sick. She one day brought her
+aged mother to visit me, and the elder woman, speaking of her, said,
+"Oh, yes! Rosanna's got edication." Of this "edication" I had a specimen
+in a letter which she wrote me after my departure, and which began thus,
+"Hailyal [hallelujah], Mrs. Howe, here's hopin."
+
+In these days the brilliant scheme of the Samana Bay Company came to its
+final failure. The Dominican government now insisted that the flag of
+the company should be officially withdrawn. The Tybee having departed on
+her homeward voyage, the one warship of the republic made its appearance
+in the harbor, a miserable little schooner, but one that carried a gun.
+
+On the morrow of her arrival, a scene of some interest was enacted. The
+employees of the company, all colored men, marched to the building over
+which the flag was floating. Every man carried a fresh rose at the end
+of his musket. Dr. Howe made a pathetic little speech, explanatory of
+the circumstances, and a military salute was fired as the flag was
+hauled down. A spiteful caricature appeared in a paper published, I
+think, at the capital, representing the transaction just mentioned, with
+Dr. Howe in the foreground in an attitude of deep dejection, Mrs. Howe
+standing near, and saying, "Never mind."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From my own memoir of Dr. Howe I quote the following record of his last
+days on earth.
+
+"The mild climate and exercise in the open air had done all that could
+have been expected for Dr. Howe, and he returned from Santo Domingo much
+improved in health. The seeds of disease, however, were still lurking in
+his system, and the change from tropical weather to our own uncertain
+spring brought on a severe attack of rheumatism, by which his strength
+was greatly reduced. He rallied somewhat in the autumn, and was able to
+pass the winter in reasonable comfort and activity.
+
+"The first of May, 1875, found him at his country seat in South
+Portsmouth, R. I., where the planting of his garden and the supervision
+of his poultry afforded him much amusement and occupation. In the early
+summer he was still able to ride the beautiful Santo Domingo pony which
+President Baez had sent him three years before. This resource, however,
+soon failed him, and his exercise became limited to a short walk in the
+neighborhood of his house. His strength constantly diminished during the
+summer, yet he retained his habits of early rising and of active
+occupation, as well as his interest in matters public and private. He
+returned to Boston in the autumn, and seemed at first benefited by the
+change. He felt, however, and we felt, that a change was impending.
+
+"On Christmas day he was able to dine with his family, and to converse
+with one or two invited guests. On the first of January he said to an
+intimate friend: 'I have told my people that they will bury me this
+month.' This was merely a passing impression, as in fact he had not so
+spoken to any of us. On January 4th, while up and about as usual, he was
+attacked by sudden and severe convulsions, followed by insensibility;
+and on January 9th he breathed his last, surrounded by his family, and
+apparently without pain or consciousness. Before the end Laura Bridgman
+was brought to his bedside, to touch once more the hand that had
+unlocked the world to her. She did so, weeping bitterly."
+
+A great mourning was made for Dr. Howe. Eulogies were pronounced before
+the legislature of Massachusetts, and resolutions of regret and sympathy
+came to us from various beneficent associations. From Greece came back a
+touching echo of our sorrow, and by an order, sent from thence, a floral
+tribute was laid upon the casket of the early friend and champion of
+Greek liberties. A beautiful helmet and sword, all of violets, the
+parting gift of the household, seemed a fitting recognizance for one
+whom Whittier has named "The Modern Bayard."
+
+Shortly after this sad event a public meeting was held in Boston Music
+Hall in commemoration of Dr. Howe's great services to the community. The
+governor of Massachusetts (Hon. Alexander H. Rice) presided, and
+testimonials were offered by many eminent men.
+
+Poems written for the occasion were contributed by Oliver Wendell
+Holmes, William Ellery Channing, and Rev. Charles T. Brooks. Of these
+exercises I will only say that, although my husband's life was well
+known to me, I listened almost with amazement to the summing up of its
+deeds of merit. It seemed almost impossible that so much good could be
+soberly said of any man, and yet I knew that it was all said truthfully
+and in grave earnest.
+
+My husband's beloved pupil, Laura Bridgman, was seated upon the
+platform, where a friend interpreted the proceedings to her in the
+finger language. The music, which was of a high order, was furnished by
+the pupils of the institution for the blind at South Boston.
+
+The occasion was one never to be forgotten. As I review it after an
+interval of many years, I find that the impression made upon me at the
+time does not diminish. I still wonder at the showing of such a solid
+power of work, such untiring industry, such prophetic foresight and
+intuition, so grand a trust in human nature. These gifts were well-nigh
+put out of sight by a singularly modest estimate of self. Truly, this
+was a knight of God's own order. I cannot but doubt whether he left his
+peer on earth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT
+
+
+I sometimes feel as if words could not express the comfort and
+instruction which have come to me in the later years of my life from two
+sources. One of these has been the better acquaintance with my own sex;
+the other, the experience of the power resulting from associated action
+in behalf of worthy objects.
+
+During the first two thirds of my life I looked to the masculine ideal
+of character as the only true one. I sought its inspiration, and
+referred my merits and demerits to its judicial verdict. In an
+unexpected hour a new light came to me, showing me a world of thought
+and of character quite beyond the limits within which I had hitherto
+been content to abide. The new domain now made clear to me was that of
+true womanhood,--woman no longer in her ancillary relation to her
+opposite, man, but in her direct relation to the divine plan and
+purpose, as a free agent, fully sharing with man every human right and
+every human responsibility. This discovery was like the addition of a
+new continent to the map of the world, or of a new testament to the old
+ordinances.
+
+"Oh, had I earlier known the power, the nobility, the intelligence which
+lie within the range of true womanhood, I had surely lived more wisely
+and to better purpose." Such were my reflections; yet I must think that
+the great Lord of all reserved this new revelation as the crown of a
+wonderful period of the world's emancipation and progress.
+
+It did not come to me all at once. In my attempts at philosophizing I at
+length reached the conclusion that woman must be the moral and spiritual
+equivalent of man. How, otherwise, could she be entrusted with the awful
+and inevitable responsibilities of maternity? The quasi-adoration that
+true lovers feel, was it an illusion partly of sense, partly of
+imagination? or did it symbolize a sacred truth?
+
+While my mind was engaged with these questions, the civil war came to an
+end, leaving the slave not only emancipated, but endowed with the full
+dignity of citizenship. The women of the North had greatly helped to
+open the door which admitted him to freedom and its safeguard, the
+ballot. Was this door to be shut in their face?
+
+While I followed, rather unwillingly, this train of thought, an
+invitation was sent me to attend a parlor meeting to be held with the
+view of forming a woman's club in Boston. I presented myself at this
+meeting, and gave a languid assent to the measures proposed. These were
+to hire a parlor or parlors in some convenient locality, and to furnish
+and keep them open for the convenience of ladies residing in the city
+and its suburbs. Out of this small and modest beginning was gradually
+developed the plan of the New England Woman's Club, a strong and stately
+association destined, I believe, to last for many years, and leaving
+behind it, at this time of my writing, a record of three decades of
+happy and acceptable service.
+
+While our club life was still in its beginning, I was invited and
+induced to attend a meeting in behalf of woman suffrage. Indeed, I had
+given my name to the call for this meeting, relying upon the assurance
+given me by Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson, that it would be
+conducted in a very liberal and friendly spirit, without bitterness or
+extravagance. The place appointed was Horticultural Hall. The morning
+was inclement; and as I strayed into the hall in my rainy-day suit,
+nothing was further from my mind than the thought that I should take any
+part in the day's proceedings.
+
+I had hoped not to be noticed by the officers of the meeting, and was
+rather disconcerted when a message reached me requesting me to come up
+and take a seat on the platform. This I did very reluctantly. I was now
+face to face with a new order of things. Here, indeed, were some whom I
+had long known and honored: Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Colonel
+Higginson, and my dear pastor, James Freeman Clarke. But here was also
+Lucy Stone, who had long been the object of one of my imaginary
+dislikes. As I looked into her sweet, womanly face and heard her earnest
+voice, I felt that the object of my distaste had been a mere phantom,
+conjured up by silly and senseless misrepresentations. Here stood the
+true woman, pure, noble, great-hearted, with the light of her good life
+shining in every feature of her face. Here, too, I saw the husband whose
+devotion so ably seconded her life-work.
+
+The arguments to which I now listened were simple, strong, and
+convincing. These champions, who had fought so long and so valiantly for
+the slave, now turned the searchlight of their intelligence upon the
+condition of woman, and demanded for the mothers of the community the
+civil rights which had recently been accorded to the negro. They asked
+for nothing more and nothing less than the administration of that
+impartial justice for which, if for anything, a Republican government
+should stand.
+
+When they requested me to speak, which they did presently, I could only
+say, "I am with you." I have been with them ever since, and have never
+seen any reason to go back from the pledge then given. Strangely, as it
+then seemed to me, the arguments which I had stored up in my mind
+against the political enfranchisement of women were really so many
+reasons in its favor. All that I had felt regarding the sacredness and
+importance of the woman's part in private life now appeared to me
+equally applicable to the part which she should bear in public life.
+
+[Illustration: LUCY STONE
+
+_From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company._]
+
+One of the comforts which I found in the new association was the relief
+which it afforded me from a sense of isolation and eccentricity. For
+years past I had felt strongly impelled to lend my voice to the
+convictions of my heart. I had done this in a way, from time to time,
+always with the feeling that my course in so doing was held to call for
+apology and explanation by the men and women with whose opinions I had
+hitherto been familiar. I now found a sphere of action in which this
+mode of expression no longer appeared singular or eccentric, but simple,
+natural, and, under the circumstances, inevitable.
+
+In the little band of workers which I had joined, I was soon called upon
+to perform yeoman's service. I was expected to attend meetings and to
+address audiences, at first in the neighborhood of Boston, afterwards in
+many remote places, Cleveland, Chicago, St. Louis. Among those who led
+or followed the new movement, I naturally encountered some individuals
+in whom vanity and personal ambition were conspicuous. But I found
+mostly among my new associates a great heart of religious conviction and
+a genuine spirit of selfsacrifice.
+
+My own contributions to the work appeared to me less valuable than I had
+hoped to find them. I had at first everything to learn with regard to
+public speaking, and Lucy Stone and Mrs. Livermore were much more at
+home on the platform than I was. I was called upon to preside over
+conventions, having never learned the rules of debate. I was obliged to
+address large audiences, having been accustomed to use my voice only in
+parlors. Gradually all this bettered itself. I became familiar with the
+order of proceedings, and learned to modulate my voice. More important
+even than these things, I learned something of the range of popular
+sympathies, and of the power of apprehension to be found in average
+audiences. All of these experiences, the failures, the effort, and the
+final achievement, were most useful to me.
+
+In years that followed I gave what I could to the cause, but all that I
+gave was repaid to me a thousandfold. I had always had to do with women
+of character and intelligence, but I found in my new friends a clearness
+of insight, a strength and steadfastness of purpose, which enabled them
+to take a position of command, in view of the questions of the hour.
+
+Among the manifold interests which now opened up before me, the cause of
+woman suffrage was for a time predominant. The novelty of the topic in
+the mind of the general public brought together large audiences in
+Boston and in the neighboring towns. Lucy Stone's fervent zeal, always
+guided by her faultless feeling of propriety, the earnest pleading of
+her husband, the brilliant eloquence and personal magnetism of Mary A.
+Livermore,--all these things combined to give to our platform a novel
+and sustained attraction. Noble men, aye, the noblest, stood with us in
+our endeavor,--some, like Senator Hoar and George S. Hale, to explain
+and illustrate the logical sequence which should lead to the recognition
+of our citizenship; others, like Wendell Phillips, George William
+Curtis, and Henry Ward Beecher, able to overwhelm the crumbling defenses
+of the old order with the storm and flash of their eloquence.
+
+We acted, one and all, under the powerful stimulus of hope. The object
+which we labored to accomplish was so legitimate and rational, so
+directly in the line of our religious belief, of our political
+institutions, that it appeared as if we had only to unfold our new
+banner, bright with the blazon of applied Christianity, and march on to
+victory. The black man had received the vote. Should the white woman be
+less considered than he?
+
+During the recent war the women of our country had been as ministering
+angels to our armies, forsaking homes of ease and luxury to bring succor
+and comfort to the camp-hospital and battlefield. Those who tarried at
+home had labored incessantly to supply the needs of those at the front.
+Should they not be counted among the citizens of the great Republic?
+Moreover, we women had year after year worked to build, maintain, and
+fill the churches throughout the land with a patient industry akin to
+that of coral insects. Surely we should be invited to pass in with our
+brothers to the larger liberty now shown to be our just due.
+
+We often spoke in country towns, where our morning meetings could be but
+poorly attended, for the reason that the women of the place were busy
+with the preparation of the noonday meal. Our evening sessions in such
+places were precious to school-teachers and factory hands.
+
+Ministers opened to us their churches, and the women of their
+congregations worked together to provide for us places of refreshment
+and repose. We met the real people face to face and hand to hand. It was
+a period of awakened thought, of quickened and enlarged sympathy.
+
+I recall with pleasure two campaigns which we made in Vermont, where the
+theme of woman suffrage was quite new to the public mind. I started on
+one of these journeys with Mr. Garrison, and enjoyed with him the great
+beauty of the winter landscape in that most lovely State. The evergreen
+forests through which we passed were hung with icicles, which glittered
+like diamonds in the bright winter sun. Lucy Stone, Mr. Blackwell, and
+Mrs. Livermore had preceded us, and when we reached the place of
+destination we found everything in readiness for our meeting. At one
+town in Vermont some opposition to our coming had been manifested
+beforehand. We found, on arriving, that the chairman of our committee of
+arrangements had left town suddenly as if unwilling to befriend us. A
+vulgar and silly ballad had been printed and circulated, in which we
+three ladies were spoken of as three old crows. The prospect for the
+evening was not encouraging. We deliberated for a moment in the anteroom
+of our hall. I said, "Let me come first in the order of exercises, as I
+read from a manuscript, and shall not be disconcerted even if they throw
+chairs at us." As we entered some noise was heard from the gallery. Mr.
+Garrison came forward and asked whether we were to be given a hearing or
+not. Instantly a group of small boys were ejected from their seats by
+some one in authority. Mrs. Livermore now stepped to the front and
+looked the audience through and through. Silence prevailed, and she was
+heard as usual with repeated applause. I read my paper without
+interruption. The honors of the evening belonged to us.
+
+I remember another journey, a nocturnal one, which I undertook alone, in
+order to join the friends mentioned above at a suffrage meeting
+somewhere in New England. As I emerged from the Pullman in the cold
+twilight of an early winter morning, carrying a heavy bag, and feeling
+friendless and forlorn, I met Mrs. Livermore, who had made the journey
+in another car. At sight of her I cried, "Oh, you dear big Livermore!"
+Moved by this appeal, she at once took me under her protection, ordered
+a hotel porter to relieve me of my bag, and saw me comfortably housed
+and provided for. It was fortunate for us that the time of our
+deliverance appeared to us so near, as fortunate perhaps as the
+misinterpretation which led the early Christians to look daily for the
+reappearing on earth of their Master.
+
+Among my most valued recollections are those of the many legislative
+hearings in which I have had the privilege of taking part, and which
+cover a period of more than twenty years. Mr. Garrison, Lucy Stone, and
+Mr. Blackwell long continued to be our most prominent advocates,
+supported at times by Colonel Higginson, Wendell Phillips, and James
+Freeman Clarke. Mrs. Livermore was with us whenever her numerous lecture
+engagements allowed her to be present. Mrs. Cheney, Judge Sewall, and
+several lawyers of our own sex gave us valuable aid. These hearings were
+mostly held in the well-known Green Room of the Boston State House, but
+a gradual _crescendo_ of interest sometimes led us to ask for the use of
+Representatives' Hall, which was often crowded with the friends and
+opponents of our cause. Among the remonstrants who spoke at these
+hearings occasionally appeared some illiterate woman, attracted by the
+opportunity of making a public appearance. I remember one of these who,
+after asking to be heard, began to read from an elaborate manuscript
+which had evidently been written for her. After repeatedly substituting
+the word "communionism" for "communism," she abandoned the text and
+began to abuse the suffragists in language with which she was more
+familiar. When she had finished her diatribe the chairman of the
+legislative committee said to our chairman, Mr. Blackwell, "A list of
+questions has been handed to me which the petitioners for woman suffrage
+are requested to answer. The first on the list is the following:--
+
+"If the suffrage should be granted to women, would not the ignorant and
+degraded ones hasten to crowd the polls while those of the better sort
+would stay away from them?"
+
+Mr. Garrison, rising, said in reply, "Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that
+the question just propounded is answered by the present occasion. Here
+are education, character, intelligence, asking for suffrage, and here
+are ignorance and vulgarity protesting against it." This crushing
+sentence was uttered by Mr. Garrison in a tone of such bland simplicity
+that it did not even appear unkind.
+
+On a later occasion a lady of excellent character and position appeared
+among the remonstrants, and when asked whether she represented any
+association replied rather haughtily, "I think that I represent the
+educated women of Massachusetts," a goodly number of whom were present
+in behalf of the petition.
+
+The remonstrants had hearings of their own, at one of which I happened
+to be present. On this occasion one of their number, after depicting at
+some length the moral turpitude which she considered her sex likely to
+evince under political promise, concluded by saying: "No woman should be
+allowed the right of suffrage until _every_ woman shall be perfectly
+wise, perfectly pure, and perfectly good."
+
+This dictum, pronounced in a most authoritative manner, at once brought
+to my mind the homely proverb, "What is sauce for the goose is sauce for
+the gander;" and I could not help asking permission to suggest a single
+question, upon which a prominent Boston lawyer instantly replied: "No,
+Mrs. Howe, you may not [speak]. We wish to use all our time." The
+chairman of the committee here interposed, saying: "Mr. Blank, it does
+not belong to you to say who shall or shall not be heard here." He
+advised me at the same time to reserve my question until the
+remonstrants should have been fully heard. As no time then remained for
+my question, I will ask it now: "If, as is just, we should apply the
+test proposed by Mrs. W. to the men of the community, how long would it
+be before they could properly claim the privilege of the franchise?"
+
+_Du reste_, the gentleman in question, with whom my relations have
+always been entirely friendly, explained himself to me at the close of
+the hearing by saying: "I treated you as I would have treated a man
+under similar circumstances."
+
+I now considered my occupations as fully equal to the capacity of my
+time and strength. My family, my studies, and my club demanded much
+attention. My elder children were now grown up, and some social
+functions were involved in this fact, such as chaperonage, the giving of
+parties, and much entertainment of college and school friends.
+
+Nevertheless, a new claimant for my services was about to come upon the
+scene. In the early summer of the year 1868, the Sorosis of New York
+issued a call for a congress of women to be held in that city in the
+autumn of the same year. Many names, some known, others unknown to me,
+were appended to the document first sent forth in this intention. My own
+was asked for. Should I give or withhold it? Among the signatures
+already obtained, I saw that of Maria Mitchell, and this determined me
+to give my own.
+
+Who was Maria Mitchell? A woman from Nantucket, and of Quaker origin,
+who had been brought to public notice by her discovery of a new comet, a
+service which the King of Denmark had offered to reward with a gold
+medal. This prize was secured for her through the intervention of Hon.
+Edward Everett. She had also been appointed Professor of Astronomy at
+Vassar College.
+
+What was Maria Mitchell? A gifted, noble, lovable woman, devoted to
+science, but heartloyal to every social and personal duty. I seemed to
+know this of her when I knew her but slightly.
+
+At the time appointed, the congress assembled, and proved to be an
+occasion of much interest. Mrs. Livermore, Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Isabella
+Beecher Hooker, Lucy Stone, Mrs. Charlotte B. Wilbour were prominent
+among the speakers heard at its sessions. I viewed its proceedings a
+little critically at first, its plan appearing to me rather vast and
+vague. But it had called out the sympathy of many earnest women, and the
+outline of an association presented was a good one, although the
+machinery for filling it up was deficient. Mrs. Livermore was elected
+president, Mrs. Wilbour chairman of executive committee, and I was glad
+to serve on a sub-committee, charged with the duty of selecting topics
+and speakers for the proposed annual congress.
+
+Mrs. Livermore's presidency lasted but two years, her extraordinary
+success as a lecturer making it impossible for her to give to the new
+undertaking the attention which it required. Mrs. Wilbour would no doubt
+have proved an efficient aid to her chief, but at this juncture a change
+of residence became desirable for her, and she decided to reside abroad
+for some years. Miss Alice Fletcher, now so honorably known as the
+friend and champion of our Indian tribes, was a most efficient
+secretary.
+
+The governing board was further composed of a vice president and
+director from each of the States represented by membership in the
+association. The name had been decided upon from the start. It was the
+Association for the Advancement of Women, and its motto was: "Truth,
+Justice, and Honor."
+
+[Illustration: MARIA MITCHELL
+
+_From a photograph._]
+
+Maria Mitchell succeeded Mrs. Livermore in the office of president. I
+think that the congress held in Philadelphia in the Centennial year was
+the occasion of her first presiding. Her customary manner had in it a
+little of the Quaker shyness, but when she appeared upon the platform
+the power of command, or rather of control, appeared in all that she
+said or did. In figure she was erect and above middle height. Her dress
+was a rich black silk, made after a plain but becoming fashion. The
+contrast between her silver curls and black eyes was striking. Her voice
+was harmonious, her manner at once gracious and decided. The question of
+commencing proceedings with prayer having been raised, Miss Mitchell
+invited those present to unite in a silent prayer, a form of worship
+common among the Friends.
+
+The impression made by our meetings was such that we soon began to
+receive letters from distant parts of the country, inviting us to
+journey hither and thither, and to hold our congresses east, west,
+north, and south. Our year's work was arranged by committees, which had
+reference severally to science, art, education, industrial training,
+reforms, and statistics.
+
+Our association certainly seemed to have answered an existing need.
+Leading women from many States joined us, and we distributed our
+congresses as widely as the limits of our purses would allow. Journeys
+to Utah and California were beyond the means of most of our workers, and
+we regretfully declined invitations received from friends in these
+States. In our earlier years our movements were mainly west and east. We
+soon felt, however, that we must make acquaintance with our Southern
+sisters. In the face of some discouragement, we arranged to hold a
+congress in Baltimore, and had every reason to be satisfied with its
+result. Kentucky followed on our list of Southern States, and the
+progressive women of Louisville accorded us a warm welcome and a three
+days' hearing in one of the finest churches of the city. To Tennessee,
+east and west, we gave two visits, both of which were amply justified by
+the cordial reception given us. In process of time Atlanta and New
+Orleans claimed our presence.
+
+Among the many mind-pictures left by our congresses, let me here outline
+one.
+
+The place is the court-house of Memphis, Tenn., which has been
+temporarily ceded for our use. The time is that of one of our public
+sessions, and the large audience is waiting in silent expectancy, when
+the entrance of a quaint figure attracts all eyes to the platform. It is
+that of a woman of middle height and past middle age, dressed in plain
+black, her nearly white hair cut short, and surmounted by a sort of
+student's cap of her own devising. Her appearance at first borders on
+the grotesque, but is presently seen to be nearer the august. She turns
+her pleasant face toward the audience, takes off her cap, and unrolls
+the manuscript from which she proposes to read. Her eyes beam with
+intelligence and kindly feeling. The spectators applaud her before she
+has opened her lips. Her aspect has taken them captive at once.
+
+Her essay, on some educational theme, is terse, direct, and full of good
+thought. It is heard with close attention and with manifest approbation,
+and whenever, in the proceedings that follow, she rises to say her word,
+she is always greeted with a murmur of applause. This lady is Miss Mary
+Ripley, a public school teacher of Buffalo city, wise in the instruction
+of the young and in the enlightenment of elders. We all rejoice in her
+success, which is eminently that of character and intellect.
+
+I feel myself drawn on to offer another picture, not of our congress,
+but of a scene which grew out of it.
+
+The ladies of our association have been invited to visit a school for
+young girls, of which Miss Conway, one of our members, is the principal.
+After witnessing some interesting exercises, we assemble in the large
+hall, where a novel entertainment has been provided for us. A band of
+twelve young ladies appear upon the platform. They wear the colors of
+"Old Glory," but after a new fashion, four of them being arrayed from
+head to foot in red, four in blue, and four in white. While the John
+Brown tune is heard from the piano, they proceed to act in graceful dumb
+show the stanzas of my Battle Hymn. How they did it I cannot tell, but
+it was a most lovely performance.
+
+In the year 1898, for the first time since its first meeting, our
+association issued no call for a congress of women. The reasons for our
+failure to do so may be briefly stated. Some of our most efficient
+members had been removed by death, some by unavoidable circumstances.
+But more than this, the demands made upon the time and strength of women
+by the women's clubs, which are now numerous and universal, had come to
+occupy the attention of many who in other times had leisure to interest
+themselves in our work. The biennial conventions of the general
+federation of women's clubs no doubt appear to many to fill the place
+which we have honorably held, and may in some degree answer the ends
+which we have always had in view. Yet a number of us still hold
+together, united in heart and in hand. Although we have sadly missed our
+departed friends, I have never felt that the interest or value of our
+meetings suffered any decline. The spirit of those dear ones has seemed,
+on the contrary, to abide among us, holding us pledged to undertake the
+greater effort made necessary by their absence. We still count among our
+members many who keep the inspiration under which we first took the
+field. We feel, moreover, that our happy experience of many years has
+brought us lessons too precious to hide or to neglect.
+
+The coming together either of men or of women from regions widely
+separate from each other naturally gives occasion for comparison. So far
+as I have known, the comparisons elicited by our meetings have more and
+more tended to resolve imagined discords into prevailing harmony. The
+sympathy of feeling aroused by our unity of object has always risen
+above the distinctions of section and belonging. Honest differences of
+opinion, honestly and temperately expressed, tend rather to develop good
+feeling than to disturb it. I am glad to be able to say that sectional
+prejudice has appeared very little, if at all, in the long course of our
+congresses, and that self-glorification, whether of State or individual,
+has never had any place with us, while the great instruction of meeting
+with earnest and thoughtful workers from every part of our country's
+vast domain has been greatly appreciated by us and by those who, in
+various places, have met with us.
+
+We have presented at our meetings reports on a variety of important
+topics. Our congress of three days usually concluding on Saturday, such
+of our speakers as are accustomed to the pulpit have often been invited
+to hold forth in one or more of the churches. In Knoxville, Tenn., for
+example, I was cordially bidden to lift up my voice in an orthodox
+Presbyterian church, Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney spoke before the Unitarian
+society, Rev. Antoinette Brown Blackwell preached to yet another
+congregation, and Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott improved the Sunday by a
+very interesting talk on waifs, of which class of unfortunates she has
+had much official and personal knowledge.
+
+An extended account of our many meetings would be out of place in this
+volume, but some points in connection with them may be of interest. It
+often happened that we visited cities in which no associations of women,
+other than the church and temperance societies, existed. After our
+departure, women's clubs almost invariably came into being.
+
+Our eastern congresses have been held in Portland, Providence,
+Springfield, and Boston. In the Empire State, we have visited Buffalo,
+Syracuse, and New York. Denver and Colorado Springs have been our limit
+in the west. Northward, we have met in Toronto and at St. John. In the
+south, as already said, our pilgrimages have reached Atlanta and New
+Orleans.
+
+We have sometimes been requested to supplement our annual congress by an
+additional day's session at some place easily reached from the city in
+which the main meeting had been appointed to be held. Of these
+supplementary congresses I will mention a very pleasant one at St. Paul,
+Minn., and a very useful one held by some of our number in Salt Lake
+City.
+
+At the congress held in Boston in the autumn of 1879, I was elected
+president, my predecessor in the office, Mrs. Daggett, declining further
+service.
+
+As the years have gone on, Death has done his usual work upon our
+number. I have already spoken of our second president, Maria Mitchell,
+who continued, after her term of office, to send us valuable statements
+regarding the scientific work of women. Mrs. Kate Newell Daggett, our
+third president, had long been recognized as a leader of social and
+intellectual progress in her adopted city of Chicago. The record in our
+calendar is that of an earnest worker, well fitted to commend the
+woman's cause by her attractive presence and cultivated mind.
+
+Miss Abby W. May was a tower of strength to our association. She
+excelled in judgment, and in the sense of measure and of fitness. Her
+sober taste in dress did not always commend her to our assemblage,
+composed largely of women, but the plainness of her garb was redeemed by
+the beauty of her classic head and by the charm of her voice and manner.
+She was grave in demeanor, but with an undertone of genuine humor which
+showed her to be truly human. She was the worthy cousin of Rev. Samuel
+Joseph May, and is remembered by me as the crown of a family of more
+than common distinction.
+
+The progress of the woman question naturally developed a fresh interest
+in the industrial capacity of the sex. Experts in these matters know
+that the work of woman enters into almost every department of service
+and of manufacture. In order to make this more evident, it seemed
+advisable to ask that a separate place might be assigned at some of the
+great industrial fairs, for the special showing of the inventions and
+handicraft of women. Such a space was conceded to us at one of the
+important fairs held in Boston in 1882, and I was invited to become
+president of this, the first recognized Woman's Department. In this work
+I received valuable aid from Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, who, in the
+capacity of treasurer, was able to exercise a constant supervision over
+the articles consigned to our care.
+
+On the opening day of the fair General Butler, who was then governor of
+Massachusetts, presided. In introducing me, he said, in a playfully
+apologetic manner, "Mrs. Howe may say some things which we might not
+wish to hear, but it is my office to present her to this audience." He
+probably thought that I was about to speak of woman suffrage. My
+address, however, did not touch upon that topic, but upon the present
+new departure, its value and interest. General Butler, indeed, sometimes
+claimed to be a friend of woman suffrage, but one of our number said of
+him in homely phrase: "He only wants to have his dish right side up when
+it rains."
+
+The most noticeable points in our exhibit were, first, the number of
+useful articles invented by women; secondly, a very creditable
+exhibition of scientific work, largely contributed by the lady students
+and graduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; lastly, a
+collection of books composed by women, among which were some volumes of
+quite ancient date.
+
+I suppose that my connection with this undertaking led to my receiving
+and accepting an invitation to assume the presidency of a woman's
+department in a great World's Fair to be held in New Orleans in the late
+autumn and winter of 1883-84. Coupled with this invitation was the
+promise of a sum of money amply sufficient to defray all the expenses
+involved in the management of so extensive a work. My daughter Maud was
+also engaged to take charge of an alcove especially devoted to the
+literary work of women.
+
+We arrived in New Orleans in November, and found our affairs at a
+standstill. Our "chief of exposition," as she was called, Mrs. Cloudman,
+had measured and marked off the spaces requisite for the exhibits of the
+several States, but no timber was forthcoming with which to erect the
+necessary stands, partitions, etc. On inquiry, I was told that the funds
+obtained in support of the enterprise had proved insufficient, and that
+some expected contributions had failed. There was naturally some censure
+of the manner in which the resources actually at hand had been employed,
+and some complaining of citizens of New Orleans who had been expected to
+contribute thousands of dollars to the exposition, and who had
+subscribed only a few hundreds.
+
+I proceeded at once to organize a board of direction for the department,
+composed of the lady commissioners in charge of exhibits from their
+several States. One or two of these ladies objected to the separate
+showing of woman's work, and were allowed to place their goods in the
+general exhibit of their States. I had friendly relations with these
+ladies, but they were not under my jurisdiction. Our embarrassing
+deadlock lasted for some time, but at length a benevolent lumber dealer
+endowed us with three thousand feet of pine boards. The management
+furnished no workman for us, but the commanders of two United States
+warships in the harbor lent us the services of their ship-carpenters,
+and in process of time the long gallery set apart for our use was
+partitioned off in pretty alcoves, draped with bright colors, and filled
+with every variety of handiwork.
+
+I was fond of showing, among other novelties, a heavy iron chain, forged
+by a woman-blacksmith, and a set of fine jewelry, entirely made by
+women. The exposition was a very valuable one, and did not fail to
+attract a large concourse of people from all parts of the country. In
+the great multitude of things to be seen, and in the crowded attendance,
+visitors were easily confused, and often failed to find matters which
+might most interest them.
+
+In order to improve the opportunity offered, I bethought me of a series
+of short talks on the different exhibits, to be given either by the
+commissioners in charge of them, or by experts whose services could be
+secured. These twelve o'clock talks, as they were called, became very
+popular, and were continued during the greater part of the season.
+
+In the same gallery with ourselves was the exhibit made by the colored
+people of New Orleans. Of this I remember best a pathetic little art
+gallery, in which was conspicuous a portrait of Governor Andrew. I
+proposed one day to the directors of this exhibit that they should hold
+a meeting in their compartment, and that I should speak to them of their
+great friends at the North, whom I had known familiarly, and whose faces
+they had never seen. They responded joyfully to my offer; and on a
+certain day assembled in their alcove, which they had decorated with
+flowers, surrounding a portrait of Abraham Lincoln. A choir of melodious
+voices sang my Battle Hymn, and all listened while I spoke of Garrison,
+Sumner, Andrew, Phillips, and Dr. Howe. A New Orleans lady who was
+present, Mrs. Merritt, also made a brief address, bidding the colored
+people remember that "they had good friends at the South also," which I
+was glad to hear and believe.
+
+The funds placed at our disposal falling far short of what had been
+promised us at the outset, we found ourselves under the necessity of
+raising money to defray our necessary expenses, among which was that of
+a special police, to prevent pilfering. To this end, a series of
+entertainments was devised, beginning with a lecture of my own, which
+netted over six hundred dollars.
+
+Several other lectures were given, and Colonel Mapleson allowed some of
+his foremost artists to give a concert for the benefit of our
+department, by which something over a thousand dollars was realized. We
+should still have suffered much embarrassment had not Senator Hoar
+managed to secure from Congress an appropriation of ten thousand
+dollars, from which our debts were finally paid in full.
+
+The collection over which my daughter presided, of books written by
+women, scientific drawings, magazines, and so on, attracted many
+visitors. Her colleague in this charge was Mrs. Eveline M. Ordway.
+Through their efforts, the authors of these works permitted the
+presentation of them to the Ladies' Art Association of New Orleans. This
+gift was much appreciated.
+
+My management of the woman's department brought upon me some vulgar
+abuse from local papers, which was more than compensated for by the
+great kindness which I received from leading individuals in the society
+of the place. At the exposition I made acquaintance with many delightful
+people, among whom I will mention Captain Pym, who claimed to be the
+oldest Arctic voyager living, President Johnston of Tulane University,
+and Mrs. Townsend, a poet of no mean merit, who had had the honor of
+being chosen as the laureate of the opening exposition.
+
+When my duties as president were at an end, I parted from my late
+associates with sincere regret, and turned my face northward, with
+grateful affection for the friends left behind me.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+CERTAIN CLUBS
+
+
+At a tea-party which took place quite early in my club career, Dr.
+Holmes expatiated at some length upon his own unfitness for club
+association of any kind. He then turned to me and said, "Mrs. Howe, I
+consider you eminently _clubable_." The hostess of the occasion was Mrs.
+Josiah Quincy, Jr., a lady of much mark in her day, interested in all
+matters of public importance, and much given to hospitality.
+
+I shall make the doctor's remark the text for a chapter giving some
+account of various clubs in which I have had membership and office.
+
+The first of these was formed in the early days of my residence in
+Boston. It was purely social in design, and I mention it here only
+because it possessed one feature which I have never seen repeated. It
+consisted of ten or more young women, mostly married, and all well
+acquainted with one another. Our meetings took place fortnightly, and on
+the following plan. Each of us was allowed to invite one or two
+gentlemen friends. The noble pursuit of crochet was then in great favor,
+and the ladies agreed to meet at eight o'clock, to work upon a crochet
+quilt which was to be made in strips and afterwards joined. At nine
+o'clock the gentlemen were admitted. Prior invitations had been given
+simply in the name of the club, and their names were not disclosed until
+they made their appearance. The element of comic mystery thus introduced
+gave some piquancy to our informal gathering. Some light refreshments
+were then served, and the company separated in great good humor. This
+little club was much enjoyed, but it lasted only through one season, and
+the crochet quilt never even approached completion.
+
+My next club experience was much later in date and in quite another
+locality. The summers which I passed in my lovely Newport valley brought
+me many pleasant acquaintances. Though at a considerable distance from
+the town of Newport, I managed to keep up a friendly intercourse with
+those who took the trouble to seek me out in my retirement.
+
+The historian Bancroft and his wife were at this time prominent figures
+in Newport society. Their hospitality was proverbial, and at their
+entertainments one was sure to meet the notabilities who from time to
+time visited the now reviving town.
+
+Mrs. Ritchie, only daughter of Harrison Gray Otis, of Boston, resided on
+Bellevue Avenue, as did Albert Sumner, a younger brother of the senator,
+a handsome and genial man, much lamented when, with his wife and only
+child, he perished by shipwreck in 1858. Colonel Higginson and his
+brilliant wife, a sad sufferer from chronic rheumatism, had taken up
+their abode at Mrs. Dame's Quaker boarding-house. The elder Henry James
+also came to reside in Newport, attracted thither by the presence of his
+friends, Edmund and Mary Tweedy.
+
+These notices of Newport are intended to introduce the mention of a club
+which has earned for itself some reputation and which still exists. Its
+foundation dates back to a summer which brought Bret Harte and Dr. J. G.
+Holland to Newport, and with them Professors Lane and Goodwin of Harvard
+University. My club-loving mind found sure material for many pleasant
+meetings, and a little band of us combined to improve the beautiful
+summer season by picnics, sailing parties, and household soir�es, in all
+of which these brilliant literary lights took part. Helen Hunt and Kate
+Field were often of our company, and Colonel Higginson was always with
+us. Our usual place of meeting was the house of a hospitable friend who
+resided on the Point. Both house and friend have to do with the phrase
+"a bully piaz," which has erroneously been supposed to be of my
+invention, but which originated in the following manner: Colonel
+Higginson had related to us that at a boarding-house which he had
+recently visited, he found two children of a Boston family of high
+degree, amusing themselves on the broad piazza. The little boy presently
+said to the little girl:--
+
+"I say, sis, isn't this a bully piaz?"
+
+My friend on the Point had heard this, and when she introduced me to the
+veranda which she had added to her house, she asked me, laughing,
+"whether I did not consider this a bully piaz." The phrase was
+immediately adopted in our confraternity, and our friend was made to
+figure in a club ditty beginning thus:--
+
+  "There was a little woman with a bully piaz,
+   Which she loved for to show, for to show."
+
+This same house contained a room which the owner set apart for dramatic
+and other performances, and here, with much mock state, we once held a
+"commencement," the Latin programme of which was carefully prepared by
+Professor Lane of Harvard University. I acted as president of the
+occasion, Colonel Higginson as my aid; and we both marched up the aisle
+in Oxford caps and gowns, and took our places on the platform. I opened
+the proceedings by an address in Latin, Greek, and English; and when I
+turned to Colonel Higginson, and called him, "Filie meum dilectissime,"
+he wickedly replied with three bows of such comic gravity that I almost
+gave way to unbecoming laughter. Not long before this he had published
+his paper on the Greek goddesses. I therefore assigned as his theme the
+problem, "How to sacrifice an Irish bull to a Greek goddess." Colonel
+Waring, the well-known engineer, being at that time in charge of a
+valuable farm in the neighborhood, was invited to discuss "Social small
+potatoes; how to enlarge the eyes." An essay on rhinosophy was given by
+Fanny Fern, the which I, chalk in hand, illustrated on the blackboard by
+the following equation:--
+
+  "Nose + nose + nose = proboscis
+   Nose - nose - nose = snub."
+
+A class was called upon for recitations from Mother Goose in seven
+different languages. At the head of this Professor Goodwin, then and now
+of Harvard, honored us with a Greek version of "The Man in the Moon." A
+recent Harvard graduate recited the following:--
+
+  "Heu! iter didulum,
+    Felis cum fidulum,
+  Vacca transiluit lunam,
+    Caniculus ridet
+    Quum talem videt,
+  Et dish ambulavit cum spoonam."
+
+The question being asked whether this last line was in strict accordance
+with grammar, the scholar gave the following rule: "The conditions of
+grammar should always give way to the exigencies of rhyme."
+
+A supposed graduate of the department of law coming forward to receive
+her degree, was thus addressed: "Come hither, my dear little lamb, I
+welcome you to a long career at the _baa_."
+
+As I record these extravagances, I seem to hear faint reverberations of
+the laughter of some who are no longer in life, and of others who will
+never again meet in such lightness of heart.
+
+This brilliant conjunction of stars was now no more in Newport, and the
+delicious fooling of that unique summer was never repeated. Out of it
+came, however, the more serious and permanent association known as the
+Town and Country Club of Newport. Of this I was at once declared
+president, but my great good fortune lay in my having for vice-president
+Professor William B. Rogers, illustrious as the founder of the
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
+
+The rapid _crescendo_ of the fast world which surrounded us at this time
+made sober people a little anxious lest the Newport season should
+entirely evaporate into the shallow pursuit of amusement. This rampant
+gayety offered little or nothing to the more thoughtful members of
+society,--those who love to combine reasonable intercourse with work and
+study.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOME AT NEWPORT
+
+_From a photograph by Briskham and Davidson._]
+
+I felt the need of upholding the higher social ideals, and of not
+leaving true culture unrepresented, even in a summer watering-place.
+Professor Rogers entered very fully into these views. With his help a
+simple plan of organization was effected, and a small governing board
+was appointed. Colonel Higginson became our treasurer, Miss Juliet R.
+Goodwin, granddaughter of Hon. Asher Robbins, was our secretary. Samuel
+Powel, formerly of Philadelphia, a man much in love with natural
+science, was one of our most valued members. Our membership was limited
+to fifty. Our club fee was two dollars. Our meetings took place once in
+ten days. At each meeting a lecture was given on some topic of history,
+science, or general literature. Tea and conversation followed, and the
+party usually broke up after a session of two hours. Colonel Higginson
+once deigned to say that this club made it possible to be sensible even
+at Newport and during the summer. The names of a few persons show what
+we aimed at, and how far we succeeded. We had scientific lectures from
+Professor Rogers, Professor Alexander Agassiz, Dr. Weir Mitchell, and
+others. Maria Mitchell, professor of astronomy at Vassar College, gave
+us a lecture on Saturn. Miss Kate Hillard spoke to us several times.
+Professor Thomas Davidson unfolded for us the philosophy of Aristotle.
+Rev. George E. Ellis gave us a lecture on the Indians of Rhode Island,
+and another on Bishop Berkeley. Professor Bailey of Providence spoke on
+insectivorous plants, and on one occasion we enjoyed in his company a
+club picnic at Paradise, after which the wild flowers in that immediate
+vicinity were gathered and explained. Colonel Higginson ministered to
+our instruction and entertainment, and once unbent so far as to act with
+me and some others in a set of charades. The historian George Bancroft
+was one of our number, as was also Miss Anna Ticknor, founder of the
+Society for the Encouragement of Studies at Home. Among the worthies
+whom we honor in remembrance I must not omit to mention Rev. Charles T.
+Brooks, the beloved pastor of the Unitarian church. Mr. Brooks was a
+scholar of no mean pretensions, and a man of most delightful presence.
+He had come to Newport immediately after graduating at Harvard Divinity
+School, and here he remained, faithfully at work, until the close of his
+pastoral labors, a period of forty years. He was remarkably youthful in
+aspect, and retained to the last the bloom and bright smile of his
+boyhood. His sermons were full of thought and of human interest; but
+while bestowing much care upon them, he found time to give to the world
+a metrical translation of Goethe's "Faust" and an English version of the
+"Titan" of Jean Paul Richter.
+
+Professor Davidson's lecture on Aristotle touched so deeply the chords
+of thought as to impel some of us to pursue the topic further. Dear
+Charles Brooks invited an adjourned meeting of the club to be held in
+his library. At this several learned men were present. Professor Boyesen
+spoke to us of the study of Aristotle in Germany; Professor Botta of its
+treatment in the universities of Italy. The laity asked many questions,
+and the fine library of our host afforded the books of reference needed
+for their enlightenment.
+
+The club proceedings here enumerated cover a period of more than thirty
+years. The world around us meanwhile had reached the height of
+fashionable success. An entertainment, magnificent for those days, was
+given, which was said to have cost ten thousand dollars. Samuel Powel
+prophesied that a collapse must follow such extravagance. A change
+certainly did follow. The old, friendly Newport gradually disappeared.
+The place was given over to the splendid festivities of fashion, which
+is "nothing if not fashionable." Under this influence it still abides.
+The four-in-hand is its climax. Dances can be enjoyed only by those who
+can begin them at eleven o'clock at night, and end in the small hours of
+the morning. If one attends a party, one sees the hall as full of
+lackeys as would be displayed at a London entertainment in high life.
+They are English lackeys, too, and their masters and mistresses affect
+as much of the Anglican mode of doing things as Americans can fairly
+master. The place has all its old beauty, with many modern improvements
+of convenience; but its exquisite social atmosphere, half rustic, half
+cosmopolitan, and wholly free, is found no longer. The quiet visitors of
+moderate fortunes find their tastes better suited across the bay, at
+Jamestown and Narragansett Pier. Thus whole generations of the
+transients have come and gone since the time of my early memories.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+ANOTHER EUROPEAN TRIP
+
+
+In 1877 I went abroad with my daughter Maud, now Mrs. Elliott, and with
+her revisited England, France, and Italy. In London we had the pleasure
+of being entertained by Lord Houghton, whom I had known, thirty or more
+years earlier, as a bachelor. He was now the father of two attractive
+daughters, and of a son who later succeeded to his title. At a breakfast
+at his house I met Mr. Waddington, who was at that time very prominent
+in French politics. At one of Lord Houghton's receptions I witnessed the
+entrance of a rather awkward man, and was told that this was Mr. Irving,
+whose performance of Hamlet was then much talked of. Here I met the
+widow of Barry Cornwall, who was also the mother of the lamented
+Adelaide Procter.
+
+An evening at Devonshire House and a ball at Mr. Goschen's were among
+our gayeties. At the former place I saw Mr. Gladstone for the first
+time, and met Lord Rosebery, whom I had known in America. I had met Mrs.
+Schliemann and had received from her an invitation to attend a meeting
+(I think) of the Royal Geographical Society, at which she was to make an
+address. Her theme was a plea in favor of the modern pronunciation of
+Greek. It was much applauded, and the discussion of the views presented
+by her was opened by Mr. Gladstone himself.
+
+Lord Houghton one day asked whether I should like to go to breakfast
+with Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone. One reply only to such a question was
+possible, and on the morning appointed we drove together to the
+Gladstone mansion. We were a little early, for Mrs. Gladstone complained
+that the flowers ordered from her country seat had but just arrived. A
+daughter of the house proceeded to arrange them. Breakfast was served at
+two round tables, exactly alike.
+
+I was glad to find myself seated between the great man and the Greek
+minister, John Gennadius. The talk ran a good deal upon Hellenics, and I
+spoke of the influence of the Greek in the formation of the Italian
+language, to which Mr. Gladstone did not agree. I know that scholars
+differ on this point, but I still retain the opinion which I then
+expressed. I ventured a timid remark regarding the great number of Greek
+derivatives used in our common English speech. Mr. Gladstone said very
+abruptly, "How? What? English words derived from Greek?" and almost
+
+  "Frightened Miss Muffet away."
+
+He was said to be habitually disputatious, and I thought that this must
+certainly be the case; for he surely knew better than most people how
+largely and familiarly we incorporate the words of Plato, Aristotle, and
+Xenophon in our every-day talk.
+
+Lord Houghton also took me one evening to a reception at the house of
+Mr. Palgrave. At a dinner given in our honor at Greenwich, I was
+escorted to the table by Mr. Mallock, author of "The New Republic." I
+remember him as a young man of medium height and dark complexion. Of his
+conversation I can recall only his praise of the Church of Rome. William
+Black, the well-known romancer, took tea with me at my lodgings one
+afternoon. Here I also received Mr. Green, author of "A Short History of
+the English People," and Mr. Knowles, editor of the "Nineteenth
+Century."
+
+Mrs. Delia Stuart Parnell, whom I had known in America, had given me a
+letter of introduction to her son Charles, who was already conspicuous
+as an advocate of Home Rule for Ireland. He called upon me and appointed
+a day when I should go with him to the House of Commons. He came for me
+in his brougham, and saw me safely deposited in the ladies' gallery. He
+was then at the outset of his stormy career, and his younger sister told
+me that he had in Parliament but one supporter of his views, "a man
+named Biggar." He certainly had admirers elsewhere, for I remember
+having met a disciple of his, O'Connor by name, at a "rout" given by
+Mrs. Justin McCarthy. I asked this lady if her husband agreed with Mr.
+Parnell. She replied with warmth, "Of course; we are all Home Rulers
+here."
+
+We passed some weeks in Paris, where I found many new objects of
+interest. I here made acquaintance with M. Charles Lemonnier, who for
+many years edited a radical paper named "Les Etats Unis d'Europe." He
+was the husband of Elise Lemonnier, the founder of a set of industrial
+schools for women which bore her name, in grateful memory of this great
+service.
+
+I had met M. Desmoulins at a Peace Congress in America, and was indebted
+to him for the pleasure of an evening visit to Victor Hugo at his own
+residence. In "The History of a Crime," which was then just published,
+M. Hugo mentions M. Desmoulins as one who suffered, as he did, from the
+_coup d'�tat_ which made Louis Napoleon emperor.
+
+A congress of _gens de lettres_ was announced in those days, and I
+received a card for the opening meeting, which was held in the large
+Ch�telet Theatre. Victor Hugo presided, and read from a manuscript an
+address of some length, in a clear, firm voice. The Russian novelist,
+Tourgenieff, was also one of the speakers. He was then somewhat less
+than sixty years of age. Victor Hugo was at least fifteen years older,
+but, though his hair was silver white, the fire of his dark eyes was
+undimmed.
+
+I sought to obtain entrance to the subsequent sittings of this congress,
+but was told that no ladies could be admitted. I became acquainted at
+this time with Frederic Passy, the well-known writer on political
+economy. Through his kindness I was enabled to attend a meeting of the
+French Academy, and to see the Immortals in their armchairs, and in
+their costume, a sort of quaint long coat, faced with the traditional
+palms stamped or embroidered on green satin.
+
+The entertainment was a varied one. The principal discourse eulogized
+several deceased members of the august body, and among them the young
+artist, Henri Regnault, whose death was much deplored. This was followed
+by an essay on Raphael's pictures of the Fornarina, and by another on
+the social status of the early Christians, in which it was maintained
+that wealth had been by no means a contraband among them, and that the
+holding of goods in common had been but a temporary feature of the new
+discipline. The exercises concluded with the performance by chorus and
+orchestra of a musical composition, which had for its theme the familiar
+Bible story of "Rebecca at the Well." A noticeable French feature of
+this was the indignation of Laban when he found his sister "alone with a
+man," the same being the messenger sent by Abraham to ask the young
+girl's hand in marriage for his son. The prospect of an advantageous
+matrimonial alliance seemed to set this right, and the piece concluded
+with re�stablished harmony.
+
+My friend M. Frederic Passy asked me one day whether I should like to
+see the crowning of a _rosi�re_ in a suburban town. He explained to me
+that this ceremony was of annual occurrence, and that it usually had
+reference to some meritorious conduct on the part of a young girl who
+was selected to be publicly rewarded as the best girl of her town or
+village. This honor was accompanied by a gift of some hundreds of
+francs, intended to serve as the marriage portion of the young girl. I
+gladly accepted the ticket of admission offered me by M. Passy, the more
+as he was to be the orator of the occasion, fixed for a certain Sunday
+afternoon.
+
+After a brief railroad journey I reached the small town, the name of
+which escapes my memory, and found the notables of the place assembled
+in a convenient hall, the mayor presiding. Soon a band of music was
+heard approaching, and the _rosi�re_, with her escort, entered and took
+the place assigned her. She was dressed in white silk, with a wreath of
+white roses around her head. A canopy was held over her, and at her side
+walked another young girl, dressed also in white, but of a less
+expensive material. This, they told me, was the _rosi�re_ of the year
+before who, according to custom, waited upon her successor to the
+dignity.
+
+Upon the mayor devolved the duty of officially greeting and
+complimenting the _rosi�re_. M. Passy's oration followed. His theme was
+religious toleration. As an instance of this he told us how, at the
+funeral of the great Channing in Boston, Archbishop Chevereux caused the
+bells of the cathedral to be tolled, as an homage to the memory of his
+illustrious friend. It appeared to me whimsical that I should come to an
+obscure suburb of Paris to hear of this. At home I had never heard it
+mentioned. Mrs. Eustis, Dr. Channing's daughter, on being questioned,
+assured me that she perfectly remembered the occurrence.
+M. Passy presented me with a volume of his essays on questions of
+political economy. Among the topics therein treated was the vexed
+problem, "Does expensive living enrich the community?" I was glad to
+learn that he gave lectures upon his favorite science to classes of
+young women as well as of young men.
+
+Among my pleasant recollections of Paris at this time is that of a visit
+to the studio of Gustave Dor�, which came about on this wise. An English
+clergyman whom we had met in London happened to be in Paris at this
+time, and one day informed us that he had had some correspondence with
+Dor�, and had suggested to the latter a painting of the Resurrection
+from a new point of view. This should represent, not the opening grave,
+but the gates of heaven unclosing to receive the ascending form of the
+Master. The artist had promised to illustrate this subject, and our new
+friend invited us to accompany him to the studio, where he hoped to find
+the picture well advanced. Accordingly, on a day appointed, we knocked
+at the artist's door and were admitted. The apartment was vast, well
+proportioned to the unusual size of many of the works of art which hung
+upon the walls.
+
+Dor� received us with cordiality, and showed Mr. ---- the picture which
+he had suggested, already nearly completed. He appeared to be about
+forty years of age, in figure above medium height, well set up and
+balanced. His eyes were blue, his hair dark, his facial expression very
+genial. After some conversation with the English visitor, he led the way
+to his latest composition, which represented the van of a traveling
+showman, in front of which stood its proprietor, holding in his arms the
+body of his little child, just dead, in the middle of his performance.
+Beside him stood his wife, in great grief, and at her feet the trick
+dogs, fantastically dressed, showed in their brute countenances the
+sympathy which those animals often evince when made aware of some
+misfortune befalling their master.
+
+Here we also saw a model of the enormous vase which the artist had sent
+to the exposition of that year (1879), and which William W. Story
+contemptuously called "Dor�'s bottle."
+
+The artist professed himself weary of painting for the moment. He seemed
+to have taken much interest in his recent modeling, and called our
+attention to a genius cast in bronze, which he had hoped that the
+municipality would have purchased for the illumination of the "Place de
+l'Op�ra." The head was surrounded by a coronet intended to give forth
+jets of flame, while the wings and body should be outlined by lights of
+another color.
+
+In the course of conversation, I remarked to him that his artistic
+career must have begun early in life. He replied:--
+
+"Indeed, madam, I was hardly twenty years of age when I produced my
+illustrations of the 'Wandering Jew.'"
+
+I had more than once visited the Dor� Gallery in London, and I spoke to
+him of a study of grasses there exhibited, which, with much else, I had
+found admirable.
+
+I believe that Dor�'s works are severely dealt with by art critics, and
+especially by such of them as are themselves artists. Whatever may be
+the defects of his work, I feel sure that he has produced some paintings
+which deserve to live in the public esteem. Among these I would include
+his picture of Christ's Entry into Jerusalem, for the contrast therein
+shown between the popular enthusiasm and the indifference of a group of
+richly dressed women, seated in a balcony, and according no attention
+whatever to the procession passing in the street just below them.
+
+Worthy to be mentioned with this is his painting of Francesca da Rimini
+and her lover, as Dante saw them in his vision of hell. Mrs. Longfellow
+once showed me an engraving of this work, exclaiming, as she pointed to
+Francesca, "What southern passion in that face!"
+
+I was invited several times to speak while in Paris. I chose for the
+theme of my first lecture, "Associations of Women in the United States."
+The chairman of the committee of invitation privately requested me
+beforehand not to speak either of woman suffrage or of the Christian
+religion. He said that the first was dreaded in France because many
+supposed that the woman's vote, if conceded, would bring back the
+dominion of the Catholic priesthood; while the Christian religion, to a
+French audience, would mean simply the Church of Rome. I spoke in French
+and without notes, though not without preparation. No tickets were sold
+for these lectures and no fee was paid. A large salver, laid on a table
+near the entrance of the hall, was intended to receive voluntary
+contributions towards the inevitable expenses of the evening. I was
+congratulated, after the lecture, for having spoken with "_tant de bonne
+grace_."
+
+Before leaving Paris I was invited to take part in a congress of woman's
+rights (_congr�s du droit des femmes_). It was deemed proper to elect
+two presidents for this occasion, and I had the honor of being chosen as
+one of them, the other being a gentleman well known in public life. My
+co-president addressed me throughout the meeting as "Madame la
+Pr�sidente." The proceedings naturally were carried on in the French
+language. Colonel T. W. Higginson was present, as was Theodore Stanton,
+son of Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Among the lady speakers was one, of
+whom I was told that she possessed every advantage of wealth and social
+position. She was attired like a woman of fashion, and yet she proved to
+be an ardent suffragist. Somewhat in contrast with these sober doings
+was a ball given by the artist Healy at his residence. In accepting the
+invitation to attend this party, I told Mrs. Healy in jest that I should
+insist upon dancing with her husband, whom I had known for many years.
+Soon after my entrance Mrs. Healy said to me, "Mrs. Howe, your quadrille
+is ready for you. See what company you are to have." I looked and beheld
+General Grant and M. Gambetta, who led out Mrs. Grant, while her husband
+had Mrs. Healy for his partner.
+
+At this ball I met Mrs. Evans, wife of the well-known dentist, who, in
+1870, aided the escape of the Empress Eug�nie. Mrs. Evans wore in her
+hair a diamond necklace, said to have been given to her by the Empress.
+
+I found in Paris a number of young women, students of art and medicine,
+who appeared to lead very isolated lives and to have little or no
+acquaintance with one another. The need of a point of social union for
+these young people appearing to me very great, I invited a few of them
+to meet me at my lodgings. After some discussion we succeeded in
+organizing a small club which, I am told, still exists.
+
+Marshal MacMahon was at this time President of the French republic. I
+attended an evening reception given by him in honor of General and Mrs.
+Grant. Our host was supposed to be the head of the Bonapartist faction,
+and I heard some rumors of an intended _coup d'�tat_ which should bring
+back imperialism and place Plon-Plon[4] on the throne. This was not to
+be. The legitimist party held the Imperialists in check, and the
+Republicans were strong enough to hold their own.
+
+[Footnote 4: The nickname for Prince Napoleon.]
+
+I remember Marshal MacMahon as a man of medium height, with no very
+distinguishing feature. He was dressed in uniform and wore many
+decorations.
+
+We passed on to Italy. Soon after my arrival in Florence I was asked to
+speak on suffrage at the _Circolo Filologico_, one of the favorite halls
+of the city. The attendance was very large. I made my argument in
+French, and when it was ended a dear old-fashioned conservative in the
+gallery stood up to speak, and told off all the counter pleas with which
+suffragists are familiar,--the loss of womanly grace, the neglect of
+house and family, etc. When he had finished speaking a charming Italian
+matron, still young and handsome, sprang forward and took me by the
+hand, saying, "I feel to take the hand of this sister from America."
+Cordial applause followed this and I was glad to hear my new friend
+respond with much grace to our crabbed opponent in the gallery. The
+sympathy of the audience was evidently with us.
+
+A morning visit to the Princess Belgioiosa may deserve a passing
+mention. This lady was originally Princess Ghika, of a noble Roumanian
+family. She had married a Russian--Count Murherstsky. I never knew the
+origin of the Italian title. My dear friend, Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney, went
+with me to the princess's villa, which was at some distance from the
+city proper. Although the winter was well begun she received us in a
+room without fire. She was wrapped in furs from head to foot while we
+shivered with cold. She appeared to be about sixty years of age, and
+showed no traces of the beauty which I had seen in a portrait of her
+taken in her youth. She spoke English fluently, but with idioms derived
+from other languages, in some of which I should have understood her more
+easily than in my own.
+
+Our first winter abroad was passed in Rome, which I now saw for the
+first time as the capital of a united Italy. The king, "_Il Re
+Galantuomo_," was personally popular with all save the partisans of the
+Pope's temporal dominion. I met him more than once driving on Monte
+Pinciano. He was of large stature, with a countenance whose extreme
+plainness was redeemed by an expression of candor and of good humor.
+
+In the course of this winter Victor Emmanuel died. The marks of public
+grief at this event were unmistakable. The ransomed land mourned its
+sovereign as with one heart.
+
+I recall vividly the features of the king's funeral procession, which
+was resplendent with wreaths and banners sent from every part of Italy.
+The monarch's remains were borne in a crimson coach of state, drawn by
+six horses. His own favorite war-horse followed, veiled in crape. Nobles
+and servants of noble houses walked before and after the coach in
+brilliant costumes, bareheaded, carrying in their hands lighted torches
+of wax. I stood to see this wonderful sight with my dear friend Sarah
+Clarke, at a window of her apartment opposite to the Barberini Palaces.
+As the cort�ge swept by I dropped my tribute of flowers.
+
+I was also present when King Umberto took the oath of office before the
+Italian Parliament, to whose members in turn the oath of allegiance was
+administered. In a box, in full view, were seated a number of royalties,
+to wit, Queen Margherita, her sister-in-law, the Queen of Portugal, the
+Prince of Wales, and the then Crown Prince of Germany, loved and
+lamented as "_unser Fritz_." The little Prince of Naples sat with his
+royal mother, and kindly Albert Edward of England lifted him in his arms
+at the crowning moment in order that he might better see what was going
+on.
+
+By a curious chance I had one day the pleasure of taking part with
+Madame Ristori in a reading which made part of an entertainment given in
+aid of a public charity. Madame Ristori had promised to read on this
+occasion the scene from the play of Maria Stuart, in which she meets and
+overcrows her rival, Queen Elizabeth. The friend who should have read
+the part of this latter personage was suddenly disabled by illness, and
+I was pressed into the service. Our last rehearsal was held in the
+anteroom of the hall while the musical part of the entertainment was
+going on. Madame Ristori made me repeat my part several times, insisting
+that my manner was too reserved and would make hers appear extravagant.
+I did my best to conform to her wishes, and the reading was duly
+applauded.
+
+Another historic death followed that of Victor Emmanuel after the
+interval of a month. Pope Pius IX. had reigned too long to be deeply
+mourned by his spiritual subjects, one of whom remarked in answer to my
+condolence, "I should think that he had lived long enough." This same
+friend, however, claimed for Pio the rare merit of having abstained from
+enriching his own family, and said that when the niece of the Pontiff
+was married her uncle bestowed on her nothing save the diamonds which
+had been presented to him by the Sultan of Turkey. Be it also
+remembered, to his eternal credit, that Pio would not allow the last
+sacraments to be denied to the king, who had been his political enemy.
+"He was always a sincere Catholic," said the Pope, "and he shall not die
+without the sacraments."
+
+My dear sister, Mrs. Terry, went with me to attend the consecration of
+the new Pope, which took place in the Sistine Chapel. Leo XIII. was
+brought into the church with the usual pomp, robed in white silk,
+preceded by a brand new pair of barbaric fans, and wearing his triple
+crown. He was attended by a procession of high dignitaries, civil and
+ecclesiastic, the latter resplendent with costly silks, furs, and
+jewels. I think that what interested me most was the chapter of the
+Gospel which the Pope read in Greek, and which I found myself able to
+follow. After the elevation of the host, the new Pontiff retired for a
+brief space of time to partake, it was said, of some slight refreshment.
+As is well known, the celebrant and communicant at the Mass must remain
+in a fasting condition from the midnight preceding the ceremony until
+after its conclusion. For some reason which I have never heard
+explained, Pope Leo, in his receptions, revived some points of ceremony
+which his predecessors had allowed to lapse. In the time of Gregory
+XVI., Protestants had only been expected to make certain genuflections
+on approaching and on leaving the pontifical presence. Pope Leo required
+that all persons presented to him should kneel and kiss his hand. This,
+as a Protestant, I could never consent to do, and so was obliged to
+forego the honor of presentation. It was said in Rome that a brother of
+the Pope, a plain man from the country, called upon him just before or
+after his coronation. He was very stout in person, and objected to the
+inconvenience of kneeling for the ceremonial kiss. The Pope, however,
+insisted, and his relative departed, threatening never to return.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+FRIENDS AND WORTHIES: SOCIAL SUCCESSES
+
+
+Time would fail me if I should undertake to mention the valued
+friendships which have gladdened my many years in Boston, or to indicate
+the social pleasures which have alternated with my more serious
+pursuits. One or two of these friends I must mention, lest my
+reminiscences should be found lacking in the good savor of gratitude.
+
+I have already spoken of seeing the elder Richard H. Dana from time to
+time during the years of my young ladyhood in New York. He himself was
+surely a transcendental, of an apart and individual school.
+Nevertheless, the transcendentals of Boston did not come within either
+his literary or his social sympathies. I never heard him express any
+admiration for Mr. Emerson. He may, indeed, have done so at a later
+period; for Mr. Emerson in the end won for himself the heart of New
+England, which had long revolted at his novelties of thought and
+expression. Mr. Dana's ideal evidently was Washington Allston, for whom
+his attachment amounted almost to worship. The pair were sometimes
+spoken of in that day as "two old-world men who sat by the fire
+together, and upheld each other in aversion to the then prevailing state
+of things."
+
+I twice had the pleasure of seeing Washington Allston. My first sight of
+him was in my early youth when, being in Boston with my father for a
+brief visit, my dear tutor, Joseph G. Cogswell, undertook to give us
+this pleasure. Mr. Allston's studio was in Cambridgeport. He admitted no
+one within it during his working hours, save occasionally his friend
+Franklin Dexter, who was obliged to announce his presence by a
+particular way of knocking at the door. Mr. Cogswell managed to get
+possession of this secret, and when we drove to the door of the studio
+he made use of the well-known signal. "Dexter, is that you?" cried a
+voice from within. A moment later saw us within the sanctuary.
+
+My father was intending to order a picture from Mr. Allston, and this
+circumstance amply justified Mr. Cogswell, in his own opinion, for the
+stratagem employed to gain us admittance. Mr. Allston was surprised but
+not disconcerted by our entrance, and proceeded to do the honors of the
+rather bare apartment with genial grace. He had not then unrolled his
+painting of Belshazzar's Feast, which, begun many years before that
+time, had long been left in an unfinished condition.
+
+As I remember, the great artist had but little to show us. My father was
+especially pleased with a group, one figure of which was a copy of
+Titian's well-known portrait of his daughter, the other being a somewhat
+commonplace representation of a young girl of modern times.
+
+My father afterwards told me that he had thought of purchasing this
+picture. While he was deliberating about it Thomas Cole the landscape
+painter called upon him, bringing the design of four pictures
+illustrating the course of human life. The artist's persuasion induced
+him to give an order for this work, which was not completed until after
+my dear parent's death, when we found it something of a white elephant.
+The pictures were suitable only for a gallery, and as none of us felt
+able to indulge in such a luxury they were afterward sold to some public
+institution, with a considerable loss on our part.
+
+Some years after my marriage I encountered Mr. Allston in Chestnut
+Street, Boston, on a bitter winter day. He had probably been visiting
+his friend Mr. Dana, who resided in that street. The ground was covered
+with snow, and Mr. Allston, with his snowy curls and old-fashioned
+attire, looked like an impersonation of winter, his luminous dark eyes
+suggesting the fire which warms the heart of the cold season. The
+wonderful beauty of the face, intensified by age, impressed me deeply.
+He did not recognize me, having seen me but once, and we passed without
+any salutation; but his living image in my mind takes precedence of all
+the shadowy shapes which his magic placed upon canvas.
+
+Boston should never forget the famous dinner given to Charles Dickens on
+the occasion of his first visit to America in 1842. Among the wits who
+made the feast one to be remembered Allston shone, a bright particular
+star. He was a reader of Dickens, but was much averse to serials, and
+waited always for the publication of the stories in book form. He died
+while one of these was approaching completion, I forget which it was,
+but remember that Felton, commenting upon this, said, "This shows what a
+mistake it is not to read the numbers as they are issued. He has thereby
+lost the whole of this story when he might have enjoyed a part of it."
+
+One other singular figure comes back to me across the wide waste of
+years, and seems to ask some mention at my hands.
+
+The figure is that of Thomas Gold Appleton, a man whom, in his own
+despite, the old Boston dearly cherished. In appearance he was of rather
+more than medium height, and his countenance, which was not handsome,
+bore a curious resemblance to that of his beautiful sister Fanny, the
+beloved wife of the poet Longfellow. He wore his hair in what might have
+been called elf locks, and the expression of his dark blue eyes varied
+from one of intense melancholy to amused observation.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS GOLD APPLETON
+
+_From a photograph lent by Mrs. John Murray Forbes._]
+
+Tom Appleton, as he was usually called, was certainly a man of parts and
+of great reputation as a wit, but I should rather have termed him a
+humorist. He cultivated a Byronic distaste for the Puritanic ways of New
+England. In truth, he was always ready for an encounter of arms
+(figuratively speaking) with institutions and with individuals, while
+yet in heart he was most human and humane. Born in affluence, he did not
+embrace either business or profession, but devoted much time to the
+study of painting, for which he had more taste than talent. It was as a
+word artist that he was remarkable; and his graphic felicities of
+expression led Mr. Emerson to quote him as "the first conversationalist
+in America," an eminence which I, for my part, should have been more
+inclined to accord to Dr. Holmes.
+
+He loved European life, and had many friends among the notabilities of
+English society. He was a fellow passenger on the steamer which carried
+Dr. Howe and myself as far as Liverpool on our wedding journey. People
+in our cabin were apt to call for a Welsh rabbit before turning in for
+the night. Apropos of this, he remarked to me, "You eat a rabbit before
+going to bed, and presently you dream that you are a shelf with a large
+cheese resting upon it."
+
+He was much attached to his father, of whom he once said to me, "We
+don't dare to mention anything pathetic at our table. If we did, father
+would be sure to spoil the soup" (with his tears, being understood). The
+elder Appleton belonged to the congregation of the Federal Street
+Church. I asked his son if he ever attended service there. He said, "Oh,
+yes; I sometimes go to hear the minister exhort that assemblage of weary
+ones to forsake the vanities of life. Looking at the choir, I see some
+forlorn women who seem, from the way in which they open their mouths, to
+mistake the congregation for a dentist." He did not care for music. At a
+party devoted to classical performances, he turned to me: "Mrs. Howe,
+are you going to give us something from the symphony in P?"
+
+He was much of an amateur in art, literature, and life, never appearing
+to take serious hold of matters either social or political. Wendell
+Phillips had been his schoolmate, and the two, in company with John
+Lothrop Motley, had fought many battles with wooden swords in the
+Appleton garret. For some unexplained reason, he had but little faith in
+Phillips's philanthropy, and the relations of childhood between the two
+did not extend to their later life.
+
+His Atlantic voyages became so frequent that he once said to a friend,
+"I always keep my steamer ticket in my pocket, like a soda-water
+ticket." Indeed, his custom almost carried out this saying. I have heard
+that once, being in New York, he invited friends to breakfast with him
+at his hotel. On arriving they found only a note informing them of his
+departure for Europe on that very morning.
+
+I myself one day invited him to dinner with other friends, among whom
+was his sister, Mrs. Longfellow. We waited long for him, and I at last
+said to Mrs. Longfellow, "What can it be that detains your brother so
+late?"
+
+"I don't know, indeed," was her reply.
+
+"Your brother?" cried one of the guests. "I met him this morning on his
+way to the steamer. He must have sailed some hours since."
+
+A friend once spoke to him of matrimony, of which he said in reply,
+"Marriage? I could never undergo it unless I was held, and took
+chloroform."
+
+Yet those who knew him well supposed that he had had some romance of his
+own. To his praise be it said that he was a man of many friendships, and
+by no means destitute of public spirit.
+
+It was from Mr. Dana that I first heard of John Sullivan Dwight, whom he
+characterized as a man of moderate calibre, who had "set up for an
+infidel," and who had dared to speak of the Apostle to the Gentiles as
+Paul, without the prefix of his saintship. In the early years of my
+residence in Boston I sometimes heard of Mr. Dwight as a disciple of
+Fourier, a transcendental of the transcendentals, and a prominent member
+of a socialist club.
+
+I first came to know him well when Madame Sontag was singing in Boston.
+We met often at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Schlesinger-Benzon, a house
+which deserves grateful remembrance from every lover of music who was
+admitted to its friendly and �sthetic interior. Many were the merry and
+musical festivities enjoyed under that hospitable roof. The house was of
+moderate dimensions and in a part of Boylston Street now wholly devoted
+to business. Mrs. Benzon was a sister of the well-known Lehmann artists
+and of the father of the late coach of the Harvard boating crew. She was
+very fond of music, and it was at one of her soir�es that Elise Hensler
+made her first appearance and sang, with fine expression and a beautiful
+fresh voice, the air from "Robert le Diable:"--
+
+  "Va, dit-elle, va, mon enfant,
+   Dire au fils qui m'a delaiss�e."
+
+These friends, with others, interested themselves in Miss Hensler's
+musical education and enabled her to complete her studies in Paris. As
+is well known, she became a favorite prima donna in light opera, and was
+finally heard of as the morganatic wife of the King (consort) Ferdinand
+of Portugal.
+
+Madame Sontag and her husband, Count Rossi, came often to the Benzon
+house. I met them there one day at dinner, when in the course of
+conversation Madame Sontag said that she never acted in private life.
+The count remarked rather rudely, "I saw you enact the part of Zerlina
+quite recently." This was probably intended for a harmless pleasantry,
+but the lady's change of color showed that it did not amuse her.
+
+Before this time Dwight's "Journal of Music" had published a very
+friendly review of my first volume of poems. It did not diminish my
+appreciation of this kind service to learn in later years that it had
+been rendered by Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney, then scarcely an acquaintance of
+mine, to-day an esteemed friend of many years, whom I have found
+excellent in counsel and constant and loyal in regard.
+
+During the many years of my life at South Boston, Mr. Dwight and his
+wife were among the faithful few who would brave the disagreeable little
+trip in the omnibus and across the bridge with the low draw, to enliven
+my fireside. I valued these guests very highly, having had occasion to
+perceive that Bostonians are apt to limit their associations to the
+regions in which they are most at home. Speaking of this once with a
+friend, I said, "In Boston Love crosses the bridge, but Friendship stops
+at the Common."
+
+After the death of his wife Mr. Dwight had many lonely years. He was
+very fond of young people, and as my younger children grew up he became
+strongly attached to them. As editor of the "Journal of Music" he was
+the recipient of tickets for musical entertainments of all sorts. His
+enjoyment of these was heightened by congenial company, and to my
+children, and later to my grandchildren, he was the great dispenser of
+musical delights. He was to us almost as one of the family, and to him
+our doors were never closed. His was a very individual strain of
+character, combining a rather flamboyant imagination with a severe
+taste. He could never accept the Wagner cult, and stood obstinately for
+the limits of classical music, insisting even that the performance of
+Wagner's operas perverted the tone both of strings and brasses, and that
+it took some time for the instruments to recover from this misuse. He
+had much to do with the formation of the Harvard Musical Association,
+and the programmes which he arranged for its concerts are precious in
+remembrance.
+
+Dr. Holmes sat near me at Mr. Dwight's funeral, which took place in the
+Harvard rooms, whose presiding genius he had been. The services were
+very simple and genial. Some lovely singing, a poetical tribute or so,
+some heart-warm words spoken by friends, mingled with the customary
+prayer and scripture reading. In the interval of silence before these
+began, Dr. Holmes said to me, in a low tone, "Mrs. Howe, we may almost
+imagine the angels who announced a certain nativity to be hovering near
+these remains."
+
+Otto Dresel, beloved as an artist and dreaded as a critic, was an
+intimate of the Benzon household, and was almost idolized by Mr. Dwight.
+He had the misfortune to be over-critical, but no less so of himself
+than of others. He did much to raise the appreciation of music in
+Boston, possessed as he was with a sense of the dignity and sacredness
+of the art. His compositions, not many in number, had a deep poetical
+charm, as had also his soulful interpretation of Chopin's works. As a
+teacher he was unrivaled. Two of my daughters were indebted to him for a
+very valuable musical education.
+
+Boston has seemed darker to me since the light of this eminent musical
+intelligence has left it. I subjoin a tribute of my affection for him in
+these lines, which were suggested by Mr. Loeffler's rendering of
+Handel's "Largo" at a concert, especially dedicated to the memory of
+this dear friend. I also add a verse descriptive of the effect of the
+funeral march from Beethoven's "Heroica," which made part of the
+programme in question.
+
+  HANDEL'S LARGO.
+
+    _Boston Music Hall, October 11, 1890._
+
+    IN MEMORIAM OTTO DRESEL.
+
+  On every shining stair an angel stood,
+    And to our dear one said, "Walk higher, friend."
+  Till, rapt from earth, in a celestial mood,
+    He passed from sight to blessings without end;
+  And where his feet had trod, a radiant flood
+    His lofty message of content did send.
+
+  BEETHOVEN'S FUNERAL MARCH.
+
+  The heavy steps that 'neath new burdens tread,
+  The heavy hearts that wait upon the dead,
+  The struggling thoughts that single out, through tears,
+  The happy memories of bygone years,
+  And on the deaf and silent presence call:
+  O friend belov'd! O master! is this all?
+  But as the cadence moves, the song flowers fling
+  To us the promise of eternal spring,
+  Love that survives the wreck of its delight,
+  And goes, torch bearing, into darksome night.
+  Trumpet and drum have marked the victor's way,
+  The seraph voices now their legend say:
+  "O loving friends! refrain your waiting fond;
+  The gates are passed, and heaven is bright beyond."
+
+In March, 1885, I had the unspeakable grief of losing my dear eldest
+daughter, Julia Romana, of whose birth in Rome I have made mention. She
+was a person of rare endowments and of great originality of character,
+inheriting much of her father's personal shyness, but more of his
+benevolence and public spirit. She was the constant companion and
+faithful ally of that beloved parent. During the years of our residence
+in the city, she would often walk over with him to South Boston before
+breakfast. She delighted in giving lessons to the blind pupils of the
+Institution, and succeeded so well in teaching German to a class of the
+blind teachers that these were enabled, on visiting Germany, to use and
+understand the language. She read extensively, and was gifted with so
+retentive a memory that we were accustomed to refer to her disputed
+dates and other questions in history. A small volume of her verses has
+been printed, with the title of "Stray Chords." Some of these poems show
+remarkable depth of thought and great felicity of expression.
+
+[Illustration: JULIA ROMANA ANAGNOS
+
+_From a photograph._]
+
+A new source of delight was opened to her by the summer school of
+philosophy held for some years at Concord, Mass. Here her mind seemed to
+have found its true level, and I cannot think of the sittings of the
+school without a vision of the rapt expression of her face as she sat
+and listened to the various speakers. Something of this pleasure found
+expression in a slender volume named "Philosophi� Qu�stor," in which she
+has preserved some features of the school, now, alas! a thing of remote
+remembrance. The impressions of it also took shape in a club which she
+gathered about her, and to which she gave the name of the Metaphysical
+Club. It was beautiful to see her seated in the midst of this thoughtful
+circle, which she seemed to rule with a staff of lilies. The club was
+one in which diversity of opinion sometimes brought individuals into
+sharp contrast with each other, but her gentle government was able to
+bring harmony out of discord, and to subdue alike the crudeness of
+skepticism and the fierceness of intolerance.
+
+Her interest in her father's pupils was unremitting. A friend said to me
+not long ago, "It was one of the sights of Boston in the days of the
+Harvard musical concerts to see your Julia's radiant face as she would
+come into Music Hall, leading a blind pupil by either hand."
+
+In December, 1869, she became the wife of Michael Anagnos, who was then
+my husband's assistant, and who succeeded him as principal of the
+Institution at South Boston. After fifteen years of happy wedlock, she
+suffered a long and painful illness which terminated fatally. Almost her
+last thought was of her beloved club, and she asked that a valued friend
+might be summoned, that she might consult with him, no doubt, as to its
+future management. To her husband she said, "Be kind to the little blind
+children, for they are papa's children." These parting words of hers are
+inscribed on the wall of the Kindergarten for the Blind at Jamaica
+Plain. Beautiful in life, and most beautiful in death, her sainted
+memory has a glory beyond that of worldly fame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A writer of my own sex, years ago, desiring to do me some pen-service,
+wrote to me asking for particulars of my life, and emphasizing her
+wishes with these words: "I wish to hear not of your literary work, but
+of your social successes." I could not at the time remember that I had
+had any, and so did not respond to her request. But let us ask what are
+social successes? A climb from obscurity to public notice? An abiding
+place on the stage of fashionable life? A wardrobe that newspaper
+correspondents may report? Fine equipages, furniture, and
+entertainments? These things have had small part in my thoughts.
+
+As I take account of my long life, I become well aware of its failures.
+What may I chronicle as its successes? It was a great distinction for me
+when the foremost philanthropist of the age chose me for his wife. It
+was a great success for me when, having been born and bred in New York
+city, I found myself able to enter into the intellectual life of Boston,
+and to appreciate the "high thinking" of its choice spirits. I have sat
+at the feet of the masters of literature, art, and science, and have
+been graciously admitted into their fellowship. I have been the chosen
+poet of several high festivals, to wit, the celebration of Bryant's
+sixtieth birthday, the commemoration of the centenary of his birth, and
+the unveiling of the statue of Columbus in Central Park, New York, in
+the Columbian year, so called. I have been the founder of a club of
+young girls, which has exercised a salutary influence upon the growing
+womanhood of my adopted city, and has won for itself an honorable place
+in the community, serving also as a model for similar associations in
+other cities. I have been for many years the president of the New
+England Woman's Club, and of the Association for the Advancement of
+Women. I have been heard at the great Prison Congress in England, at
+Mrs. Butler's convention _de moralit� publique_ in Geneva, Switzerland,
+and at more than one convention in Paris. I have been welcomed in
+Faneuil Hall, when I have stood there to rehearse the merits of public
+men, and later, to plead the cause of oppressed Greece and murdered
+Armenia. I have written one poem which, although composed in the stress
+and strain of the civil war, is now sung South and North by the
+champions of a free government. I have been accounted worthy to listen
+and to speak at the Boston Radical Club and at the Concord School of
+Philosophy. I have been exalted to occupy the pulpit of my own dear
+church and that of others, without regard to denominational limits.
+Lastly and chiefly, I have had the honor of pleading for the slave when
+he was a slave, of helping to initiate the woman's movement in many
+States of the Union, and of standing with the illustrious champions of
+justice and freedom, for woman suffrage, when to do so was a thankless
+office, involving public ridicule and private avoidance.
+
+  I have made a voyage upon a golden river,
+    'Neath clouds of opal and of amethyst.
+  Along its banks bright shapes were moving ever,
+    And threatening shadows melted into mist.
+
+  The eye, unpracticed, sometimes lost the current,
+    When some wild rapid of the tide did whirl,
+  While yet a master hand beyond the torrent
+    Freed my frail shallop from the perilous swirl.
+
+  Music went with me, fairy flute and viol,
+    The utterance of fancies half expressed,
+  And with these, steadfast, beyond pause or trial,
+    The deep, majestic throb of Nature's breast.
+
+  My journey nears its close--in some still haven
+    My bark shall find its anchorage of rest,
+  When the kind hand, which every good has given,
+    Opening with wider grace, shall give the best.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abbott, Francis E.,
+    his comparison of Jesus and Socrates, 208;
+    expounds his views, 289.
+
+  Abbott, Rev. Jacob,
+    stanza to, 91.
+
+  "Accademia," an,
+    in Rome, 130.
+
+  Adams, John Quincy,
+    on Governor Andrew's staff, 266.
+
+  Adams, Mrs. John (Abigail Smith),
+    anecdote of, 36.
+
+  Agassiz, Alexander, 184;
+    lectures to the Town and Country Club, 406.
+
+  Agassiz, Louis,
+    personal appearance, 182;
+    scientific interests, 183;
+    attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 306.
+
+  Agassiz, Mrs. Louis (Elizabeth Cary),
+    president of Radcliffe College, 183.
+
+  Albinola,
+    an Italian patriot, 120.
+
+  Alfieri,
+    dramas of, 57, 206.
+
+  Alger, William R.,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 306.
+
+  Allston, Washington,
+    his studio, 429;
+    at a dinner to Charles Dickens, 431.
+
+  Almack's,
+    ball at, 105, 106.
+
+  Anagnos, Michael, 313;
+    marries Julia Romana Howe, 441.
+
+  Anagnos, Mrs. Michael,
+    born at Rome, 128;
+    accompanies her parents to Europe, 313;
+    her death, 439;
+    her work and study, 440;
+    her Metaphysical Club, and interest in the blind, 441.
+
+  Andrew, John A.,
+    war governor of Massachusetts, 258;
+    his character, 259;
+    his genial nature, 260;
+    becomes governor of Massachusetts, 261;
+    pays for the legal defense of John Brown, 262;
+    a Unitarian: broad religious sympathies, 263, 264;
+    his energy in national affairs, 265;
+    his trips about the State, 266;
+    supports emancipation, 267;
+    arranges an interview with Lincoln for the Howes, 271;
+    his faith in Lincoln, 272.
+
+  Anthon, Charles,
+    professor at Columbia College, 23.
+
+  Appleton, Thomas G.,
+    of Boston, 104;
+    conversation with Samuel Longfellow, 293;
+    his appearance, 431;
+    his wit and culture, 432;
+    lack of serious application, 433;
+    his voyages to Europe, 434.
+
+  Arconati, Marchese,
+    his hospitality to the Howes, 119.
+
+  Argyll, Duchess of,
+    declines to aid the woman's peace crusade plan, 338.
+
+  Armstrong, General John,
+    father of Mrs. William B. Astor, 64.
+
+  Association for the Advancement of Women, the,
+    founded, 386;
+    distribution of its congresses, 392.
+
+  Astor, John Jacob,
+    Washington Irving at the house of, 27;
+    calls on Mrs. Howe's father on New Year's Day, 32;
+    wedding gift of, to his granddaughter, 65;
+    fondness for music, 74;
+    anecdotes of, 75, 76.
+
+  Astor, William B.,
+    his culture and education, 73.
+
+  Astor, Mrs. William B. (Margaret Armstrong),
+    her recollection of Mrs. Howe's mother, 5;
+    describes a wedding, 31;
+    gives a dinner: her good taste, 64.
+
+  Atherstone,
+    the Howes at, 136.
+
+  "Atlantic Monthly, The," 232, 236, 280;
+    first published the "Battle Hymn of the Republic," 275.
+
+  Austin, Mrs.,
+    sings in New York, 15.
+
+  Avignon,
+    the Howes at, 133.
+
+
+  Bache, Prof. A. D.,
+    at Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+  Baez,
+      President of Santo Domingo,
+    calls upon the Howes, 355;
+    invites them to a state dinner: is expelled by a revolution, 360.
+
+  Baggs,
+      Monsignore, Bishop of Pella,
+    presents the Howes to the Pope, 125.
+
+  Bailey, Prof. J. W.,
+    lectures on insectivorous plants, 407.
+
+  Balzac, Honor� de,
+    his works read, 58, 206.
+
+  Bancroft, George,
+      the historian,
+    his estimate of Hegel, 210;
+    invites Mrs. Howe to write something for the Bryant celebration, 277;
+    his part therein, 279;
+    his life at Newport, 401;
+    in the Town and Country Club, 407.
+
+  "Barbiere di Seviglia,"
+    given in New York, 15;
+    admired by Charles Sumner, 176.
+
+  Bartol, Dr. C. A.,
+    first meeting of the Boston Radical Club held at his house, 281.
+
+  Bates, Joshua,
+    founder of the Boston Public Library, 93.
+
+  "Battle Hymn of the Republic," the,
+    writing of, 273-275.
+
+  Baxter, Sally.
+    See Hampton, Mrs. Frank.
+
+  Bean, Mrs.,
+    stewardess of Cunard steamer, 89;
+    lines to, 90.
+
+  Beecher, Miss Catherine,
+    her "Cook Book," 215.
+
+  Beecher, Henry Ward,
+    his letter on Mary Booth's death, 242;
+    advocates woman's suffrage, 378.
+
+  Beethoven,
+    symphonies of, in Boston, 14;
+    appreciation of his work taught, 16;
+    selections from, given at the Wards', 49.
+
+  Belgioiosa, Princess,
+    her origin and marriage, 422.
+
+  Benzon, Mr. Schlesinger,
+    his house a musical centre, 435.
+
+  Berlin,
+    Dr. Howe imprisoned at, 118.
+
+  Black, William,
+    the novelist, 412.
+
+  Blackwell, Henry B.,
+    his efforts in the cause of woman suffrage, 380-382.
+
+  Blackwell, Rev. Mrs. S. C. (Antoinette Brown),
+    first woman minister in the United States, 166;
+    preaches, 392.
+
+  Blair's Rhetoric, 57.
+
+  Bloomingdale,
+    country-seat of Mrs. Howe's father at, 10.
+
+  Boker, George H.,
+    at the Bryant celebration, 279.
+
+  Bonaparte, Charles, 202.
+
+  Bonaparte, Joseph,
+    ex-king of Spain, 5, 202.
+
+  Bonaparte, Joseph,
+    Prince of Musignano, 202.
+
+  Boocock, Mr.,
+    a music teacher, 16.
+
+  Booth, Edwin,
+    at the Boston Theatre, requests Mrs. Howe to write him a play, 237;
+    his marriage, 241;
+    his wife's death, 242.
+
+  Booth, Mrs. Edwin (Mary Devlin),
+    her marriage and death, 241, 242.
+
+  Booth, Wilkes,
+    at Mary Booth's funeral, 242.
+
+  Boppard,
+    water-cure at, 189.
+
+  Bordentown, N. J.,
+    residence of Joseph, ex-king of Spain, 5, 202.
+
+  Borsieri,
+    an Italian patriot, 120.
+
+  Boston,
+    Mrs. Howe spends the summer of 1842-43 near, 81;
+    her first years in, 144-187;
+    its workers and thinkers, 150;
+    high level of society in, 251.
+
+  Boston Radical Club, 208;
+    founded, 281;
+    its essayists: subjects discussed, 282;
+    John Weiss at, 283, 284;
+    Athanase Coquerel at, 284-286;
+    Mrs. Howe reads her paper on "Polarity" before, 311.
+
+  Bostwick, Professor,
+    his historical charts, 14.
+
+  "Bothie of Tober-na-Fuosich,"
+    Clough's, 184.
+
+  Botta, Prof.,
+    speaks on Aristotle, 408.
+
+  Boutwell, Gov. George S.,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+  Bowery Theatre,
+    fire in, 16.
+
+  Bowling Green,
+    early recollections of, 4.
+
+  Bowring, Sir John, 331;
+    speaks at woman's peace crusade meeting in London, 341.
+
+  Boyesen, Prof. H. H.,
+    speaks on Aristotle, 408.
+
+  Bracebridge, Charles N., 136;
+    travels in Egypt with Florence Nightingale, 188.
+
+  Bracebridge, Mrs. C. N., 136;
+    her opinion of Florence Nightingale, 137;
+    travels in Egypt with her, 188.
+
+  Brambilla,
+    an opera singer, 104.
+
+  Breakfasts
+    as a form of entertainment, 98.
+
+  Bridewell Prison, 108.
+
+  Bridgman, Laura,
+    first blind deaf mute taught the use of language, 81;
+    referred to in Dickens's "American Notes," 87;
+    mentioned by Thomas Carlyle, 95;
+    by Maria Edgeworth, 113;
+    described to the Pope, 126;
+    lives with the Howes, 151;
+    at Dr. Howe's death-bed, 369;
+    at the memorial meeting to him, 370.
+
+  Bright, Mr. and Mrs. Jacob,
+    at Mrs. Howe's peace meeting in London, 341.
+
+  Brokers, New York Board of,
+    portrait of John Ward in their rooms, 55.
+
+  Brook Farm, 145.
+
+  Brooks, Rev. Charles T.,
+    invites Mrs. Howe to speak in his church, 321;
+    his advice asked with regard to starting the woman's
+      peace crusade, 328;
+    writes a poem for the memorial meeting for Dr. Howe, 370;
+    in the Town and Country Club, 407.
+
+  Brooks, Rev. Phillips,
+    anecdote of, 322.
+
+  Brooks, Preston Smith, 179.
+
+  Brown, John,
+    calls on Dr. Howe, 254;
+    his attack on Harper's Ferry, 255;
+    in Missouri, 256;
+    anecdote of, 257.
+
+  Bruce, Robert,
+    regalia of, 111.
+
+  Bryant, William Cullen,
+    editor of the "Evening Post," 21;
+    visitor at the Ward home, 79;
+    celebration of his seventieth birthday, 277-280;
+    at the meetings for promoting the woman's peace crusade, 329;
+    admires the sermon of Athanase Coquerel at Newport, 342.
+
+  Bull Run,
+    second battle of, 258.
+
+  Buller, Charles,
+    his appreciation of Carlyle, 110.
+
+  Bunsen, Chevalier,
+    Prussian ambassador to England, 118.
+
+  Burns, Anthony, 164.
+
+  Butler, Benjamin F.,
+    disinterestedness of his friendship for
+      woman suffrage questioned, 395.
+
+  Butler, Mrs. Josephine,
+    encourages the woman's peace congress idea, 329.
+
+  Byron, Lord,
+    at Harrow, 22;
+    his works unwillingly allowed in the Ward family, 58;
+    his example leads Dr. Howe to Greece, 85;
+    autograph letter of, 100;
+    praise of, unpardonable in London, 115.
+
+
+  Cardini, Signor,
+    Mrs. Howe's instructor in vocal music, 16;
+    his anecdote of the Duke of Wellington, 17.
+
+  Carlisle, Earl of,
+    dinner given by, 106.
+
+  Carlisle, Countess of,
+    dinner given by, 106;
+    her good nature: pleasantry about, 107.
+
+  Carlyle, Thomas,
+    his courtesy to the Howes, 96;
+    appearance, 97.
+
+  Carre�o, Teresa,
+    party for, at Secretary Chase's house, 309.
+
+  Cass, Lewis,
+    _charg� d'affaires_ in the Papal States, 196.
+
+  Castiglia,
+    an Italian patriot, 120.
+
+  Castle Garden, 4.
+
+  Cerito,
+    her dancing, 104.
+
+  Chace, Mrs. Elizabeth B.,
+    at the Prison Reform meetings, 339.
+
+  Channing, William Ellery,
+      the preacher,
+    sermon by, 144;
+    bells tolled in France at the death of, 416.
+
+  Channing, William Ellery,
+      the poet,
+    writes a poem for the memorial meeting for Dr. Howe, 370;
+
+  Channing, William Henry,
+    his ministry in Washington in war time, 270;
+    in the Radical Club, 286;
+    his attitude in that organization, 287-289;
+    introduces Mrs. Howe at her Washington lecture, 309;
+    aids her woman's peace crusade movement, 330.
+
+  Chapman, Mrs. Maria Weston,
+    a leading abolitionist, 153;
+    at an abolition meeting, 156;
+    acts as body-guard to Wendell Phillips, 157.
+
+  Charnaud, Monsieur,
+    his dancing classes, 19.
+
+  Chase, Hon. Salmon P., 225;
+    his courtesy to Mrs. Howe, 308, 309.
+
+  Chasles, Philar�te,
+    his disparaging lecture on American literature, 134.
+
+  Chateaubriand,
+    his "Atala" and "Ren�," 206.
+
+  Chemistry,
+    Mrs. B.'s "Conversations" on, 56.
+
+  Cheney, Mrs. Ednah D.,
+    aids the woman suffrage movement, 382;
+    speaks before a Unitarian society, 392;
+    introduces Mrs. Howe to Princess Belgioiosa, 423;
+    her review of Mrs. Howe's first book of poems, 436.
+
+  Child, Mrs. Lydia Maria,
+    acts as body-guard to Wendell Phillips, 157.
+
+  Christianity,
+    Mrs. Howe's views on, 207, 208;
+    attitude of the Boston Radical Club towards, 286.
+
+  Civil War, the, 257, 258, 265;
+    condition of Washington during, 270.
+
+  Clarke, James Freeman,
+    his meetings at Williams Hall, 245;
+    goes abroad, 246;
+    at Indiana Place Chapel, 247;
+    his marriage, 249;
+    always supported by Gov. Andrew, 261;
+    goes to Washington in 1861, 269;
+    visits hospitals, 270;
+    his opinion of Abraham Lincoln, 272;
+    opposes Weiss at the Radical Club, 284;
+    upholds the Christian tone of that organization, 286;
+    his tribute to Margaret Fuller, 301;
+    attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 306;
+    in the woman suffrage movement, 375, 382.
+
+  Clarke, Mrs. J. F.,
+    her character, 250.
+
+  Clarke, Sarah, 202;
+    at the coronation of King Umberto at Rome, 424.
+
+  Clarke, William, 202.
+
+  Claudius, Matthias,
+    works of, 59;
+    his "Wandsbecker Bote," 62.
+
+  Clay, Henry,
+    advocates the Missouri Compromise, 22.
+
+  Clough, Miss Anne J., 335.
+
+  Clough, Arthur Hugh,
+    visits the Howes, 184;
+    his manner and appearance, 185;
+    his repartee, 187.
+
+  Cobbe, Frances Power, 332.
+
+  Cogswell, Dr. Joseph Green,
+    principal of the Round Hill School, 43;
+    teaches Mrs. Howe German, 44, 59, 206;
+    resides at the Astor mansion, 75;
+    anecdotes of, 76;
+    introduces the Wards to Washington Allston, 429.
+
+  Columbia College,
+    its situation on Park Place, its
+      conservatism: eminent professors at, 23;
+    Samuel Ward attends, 67.
+
+  Combe, George, 22;
+    in Rome, 131, 132;
+    his "Constitution of Man," 133.
+
+  Combe, Mrs. George (Cecilia Siddons),
+    anecdote of, 132.
+
+  "Commonwealth, The," 252.
+
+  Comte, Auguste,
+    his "Philosophie Positive," 211;
+    Mrs. Howe's estimate of, 307.
+
+  "Conjugal Love,"
+    Swedenborg's, 209.
+
+  Constantinople,
+    the fall of, drama upon, 57.
+
+  "Consuelo," George Sand's,
+    reveals the author's real character, 58.
+
+  Contoit, Jean,
+    a French cook, 30.
+
+  Conway, Miss,
+    exercises by her school, 389.
+
+  Copyright, International,
+    urged by Charles Dickens, 26.
+
+  Coquerel, Athanase,
+      the French Protestant divine,
+    at the Radical Club, 284, 285;
+    sees Mrs. Howe in London, 331;
+    his sermon in Newport, 342;
+    his explanation of the Paris commune, 343.
+
+  Corporal punishment, 109.
+
+  Coventry, England, 136.
+
+  Cowper, William,
+    his "Task" read by Mrs. Howe at school, 58.
+
+  Cramer, John Baptist,
+    a London musician, 16.
+
+  Cranch, Christopher P.,
+    caricatures the transcendentalists, 145;
+    his present to Bryant on his seventieth birthday, 278.
+
+  Crawford, F. Marion,
+    the novelist, 45.
+
+  Crawford, Thomas,
+      the sculptor,
+    his work in the Ward mansion, 45;
+    meets the Howes in Rome: marries Louisa Ward, 127;
+    travels to Rome with Mrs. Howe, 190;
+    his statue of Washington, 203.
+
+  Crawford, Mrs. Thomas.     See Ward, Louisa.
+
+  Cretan insurrection of 1866,
+    Dr. Howe's efforts in behalf of, 312, 313;
+    distribution of clothes to the refugees of, 317-319;
+    bazaar in aid of the sufferers, 320.
+
+  "Critique of Pure Reason,"
+    Kant's, 212.
+
+  Curtis, George William,
+    his opinion of "Words for the Hour," 230;
+    writes about Newport, 238;
+    presides at the Unitarian anniversary in 1886, 302;
+    advocates woman suffrage, 378.
+
+  Cushing, Caleb, 180.
+
+  Cushman, Miss Charlotte, 240.
+
+  Cutler, Benjamin Clarke,
+    Mrs. Howe's grandfather, 4.
+
+  Cutler, Rev. Benjamin Clarke (son of the preceding),
+    officiates at his sister's wedding, 34.
+
+  Cutler, Mrs. Benjamin Clarke,
+      Mrs. Howe's grandmother,
+    her costume at her daughter Louisa's wedding, 34;
+    her beauty and charm, 35;
+    describes the dress of her younger days, 35, 36.
+
+  Cutler, Eliza.
+    See Francis, Mrs. John W.
+
+  Cutler, Louisa Cord�.
+    See McAllister, Mrs. Julian.
+
+
+  Daggett, Mrs. Kate Newell,
+    third president of the Association for the Advancement of Women, 393.
+
+  Dana, Richard H., the elder,
+    a visitor at the Ward home, 79;
+    a kind of transcendentalist, 428.
+
+  Danforth, Elizabeth,
+    describes Louisa Cutler's wedding, 33, 34.
+
+  Dante,
+    his works read, 206.
+
+  Da Ponte, Lorenzo,
+      teacher of Italian in New York,
+    his earlier career, 24.
+
+  Da Ponte, Lorenzo (son of preceding),
+    teaches Mrs. Howe Italian, 57.
+
+  Davenport, E. L.,
+      manager of the Howard Athen�um,
+    declines Mrs. Howe's drama, 240.
+
+  Davidson, Prof. Thomas,
+    lectures on Aristotle, 406, 408.
+
+  Davis, Charles Augustus,
+    his "Downing Letters," 24, 25.
+
+  Davis, Admiral Charles H.,
+    attends one of Mrs. Howe's lectures, 309.
+
+  De Long, Lieut. G. W.,
+    at the dance given by the Howes in Santo Domingo, 356.
+
+  De Mesmekir, John, 4.
+
+  Denison, Bishop, 140.
+
+  Desmoulins, M. Benoit C.,
+    his kindness to Mrs. Howe, 413.
+
+  Devlin, Mary.
+    See Booth, Mrs. Edwin.
+
+  Dexter, Franklin,
+    a friend of Allston, 429.
+
+  "Dial, The,"
+    Margaret Fuller's paper, 145.
+
+  "Diary of an Ennuy�e,"
+    Mrs. Jameson's, 40.
+
+  Dickens, Charles,
+    dinner to, in New York, 26;
+    at Mr. Rogers's dinner, 99;
+    takes the Howes to Bridewell Prison, 108;
+    gives a dinner for them, 110.
+
+  Dickinson, Anna, 305.
+
+  Disciples, Church of the, 256;
+    Governor Andrew a member of, 263.
+
+  "Divine Love and Wisdom,"
+    Swedenborg's, 204, 209.
+
+  Dix, Dorothea L.,
+    her work for the insane, 88.
+
+  "Don Giovanni,"
+    its libretto, 24;
+    admired by Charles Sumner, 176.
+
+  Dor�, Gustave, the artist,
+    his studio and work, 416-419.
+
+  Douglas, Stephen A., 178.
+
+  "Downing Letters,"
+    those of C. A. Davis, 25.
+
+  Dresel, Otto,
+    musical critic and teacher, 438;
+    tribute to his memory, 439.
+
+  Dress,
+    in the thirties, 30, 31;
+    at Mrs. Astor's dinner, 64, 65;
+    at Samuel Ward's wedding, 65;
+    at Lansdowne House, 102, 103;
+    at the ball at Almack's, 106.
+
+  Dublin,
+    the Howes in, 112-114.
+
+  Duer, John,
+    at the Dickens dinner, 26.
+
+  Dwight, John S.,
+    translates Goethe and Schiller, 147;
+    tries to teach Theodore Parker to sing, 162, 163;
+    Henry James reads a paper at the house of, 324;
+    admires Athanase Coquerel's sermon at Newport, 342;
+    Dana's estimate of, 435;
+    his "Journal of Music," 436;
+    his kindness to Mrs. Howe's children, 437;
+    Dr. Holmes's remark at his funeral, 438.
+
+
+  Eames, Charles, 223, 224.
+
+  Eames, Mrs. Charles,
+    her kindness to Count Gurowski, 223-226;
+    invites Mrs. Howe to dinner, 308.
+
+  Edgeworth, Maria,
+    the Howes' visit to, 113.
+
+  Edinburgh, 121.
+
+  Edwards, Jonathan,
+    Dr. Holmes's paper on, 286.
+
+  Eliot, Thomas,
+    attends a lecture by Mrs. Howe in Washington, 309.
+
+  Elliott, Mrs. (Maud Howe),
+    her remark to Henry James, the elder, 325;
+    goes to Santo Domingo with her parents, 347;
+    takes charge of the woman's literary work
+      at the New Orleans exposition, 395;
+    goes abroad with her mother, 410.
+
+  Ellis, Rev. George E.,
+    lectures on the Rhode Island Indians, 407.
+
+  Elssler, Fanny,
+    a ballet dancer, 104;
+    opinions of Emerson and Margaret Fuller on her dancing, 105.
+
+  Emblee,
+    the Nightingales at, 138.
+
+  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 87;
+    remark on Fanny Elssler's dancing, 105;
+    begins his work, 144;
+    caricatured by Cranch, 145;
+    avoids woman suffrage, 158;
+    praises "Passion Flowers," 228;
+    at the Bryant celebration, 279;
+    a member of the Radical Club, 282;
+    objects to having its meetings reported: his paper
+      on Thoreau, 290;
+    Theodore Parker's opinion of, 291;
+    character and attainments, 292;
+    his interest in Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 307.
+
+  England, Bank of,
+    visited, 116, 117.
+
+  Evans, Mrs., 421.
+
+  Everett, C. C.,
+    a member of the Radical Club, 282.
+
+  "Evidences of Christianity,"
+    Paley's, 56.
+
+
+  Fabens, Colonel,
+    on the voyage to Santo Domingo, 347.
+
+  Farrar, Mrs.,
+    visited by Mrs. Howe, 295, 296.
+
+  Faucit, Helen,
+    the actress, 104.
+
+  "Faust," Goethe's,
+    condemned by Mr. Ward, 59.
+
+  Felton, Prof. C. C.,
+    first known by the Ward family through
+      Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, 49;
+    his friends, 169.
+
+  "Female Poets of America,"
+    Griswold's, 5.
+
+  Fern, Fanny,
+    her essay on _rhinosophy_, 404.
+
+  Field, David Dudley,
+    addresses the second meeting of the woman's peace
+      crusade, 329.
+
+  Field, Mrs. D. D., 191.
+
+  Field, Kate,
+    at the Radical Club, 290;
+    at Newport, 402.
+
+  Fields, James T., 228.
+
+  Finotti, Father, 263, 264.
+
+  Fitzmaurice, Lady Louisa,
+    daughter of the Marquis of Lansdowne, 103.
+
+  Fletcher, Alice,
+    prominent at the woman's congress, 386.
+
+  Follen, Dr. Karl, 22.
+
+  Foresti, Felice,
+    an Italian patriot, 120;
+    reads Dante with Mrs. Howe, 206.
+
+  Forks,
+      three-pronged steel,
+    in general use, 30.
+
+  Fornasari,
+    an opera singer, 104.
+
+  Forster, John,
+    at Charles Dickens's dinner: invites the Howes
+      to dine, 110.
+
+  Fowler, Dr. and Mrs.,
+    their courtesy to the Howes, 139-141.
+
+  Francis, Dr. John W.,
+    accompanies Mrs. Ward to Niagara, 8;
+    becomes a member of the Ward household, 12;
+    his appearance, 36;
+    his humor, 37;
+    his habits, 38;
+    his introduction of Edgar Allan Poe, 39.
+
+  Francis, Mrs. John W. (Eliza Cutler),
+    takes charge of the Ward family at her sister's death, 11, 12;
+    dances in "stocking-feet" at her sister's wedding, 34;
+    her kindness, 38;
+    her hospitality, 39.
+
+  Fran�ois,
+      a colored man in Santo Domingo,
+    invites Mrs. Howe to hold religious services, 350, 353.
+
+  Freeman, Edward,
+    the artist, 127;
+    a neighbor of Mrs. Howe in Rome, 191.
+
+  Freeman, Mrs. Edward, 192.
+
+  "From the Oak to the Olive,"
+    extracts from, 315-319.
+
+  Frothingham, O. B.,
+    a member of the Radical Club, 282.
+
+  Froude, James Anthony,
+      the historian,
+    at Miss Cobbe's reception, 333.
+
+  Fuller, Margaret,
+    urges Mrs. Howe to publish her earlier poems, 61;
+    her remark on Fanny Elssler's dancing, 105;
+    in Cranch's caricature, 145;
+    translates Eckermann's "Conversations with Goethe," 147;
+    life of, undertaken by Emerson, 158;
+    criticises Dr. Hedge's Phi Beta address, 296;
+    highly esteemed by Dr. Hedge, 300;
+    the sixtieth anniversary of her birth celebrated, 301.
+
+  Fuller, Mrs. Samuel R.,
+    goes to Santo Domingo with the Howes, 347.
+
+
+  Galway, Lady, 98.
+
+  Gambetta, M.,
+    at Mr. Healey's ball, 421.
+
+  Garcia,
+    the opera singer, 14.
+
+  Garrison, William Lloyd,
+    Mrs. Howe's dislike of, dispelled, 152, 153;
+    attacks a statement of hers, 236;
+    joins the woman suffrage movement, 375;
+    his work for that cause, 380, 381.
+
+  Gennadius, John,
+    Greek minister to England, 411.
+
+  German scholarship,
+    its beneficial effect on New England, 303.
+
+  Gibbon, Edward, 57;
+    his "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," 205.
+
+  Gladstone, William E.,
+    at Devonshire House, 410;
+    breakfast with him, 411.
+
+  Gloucester, Duchess of,
+    her appearance, 101.
+
+  Godwin, Parke,
+    admires Athanase Coquerel's sermon at Newport, 342.
+
+  Goethe,
+    his "Faust" and "Wilhelm Meister," 59;
+    Mrs. Howe's essay on his minor poems, 60;
+    his motto, 205.
+
+  Gonfalonieri, Count,
+      an Italian patriot imprisoned at Spielberg:
+    his life saved by his wife, 119.
+
+  Goodwin, Juliet R.,
+    becomes secretary of the Town and Country Club, 406.
+
+  Goodwin, Prof. William W., 402;
+    his Latin version of the "Man in the Moon," 404.
+
+  Graham, Mrs. Elizabeth,
+    school of, 5.
+
+  Grant, Gen. U. S.,
+    at the ball at Mr. Healy's, 421.
+
+  Graves, Rev. Mary H.,
+    takes part in the convention of women ministers, 312.
+
+  Greeks,
+    Dr. Howe's labors for, 85, 86, 313, 319.
+
+  "Green Peace Estate, The," 152.
+
+  Green, J. R.,
+    the historian, 412.
+
+  Greene, George Washington,
+      American consul at Rome,
+    helps Dr. Howe, 123;
+    accompanies the Howes to the papal reception, 125.
+
+  Greene, Gen. Nathanael, 7, 123.
+
+  Greene, Mrs. N. R.,
+      cousin of Mrs. Howe's father,
+    anecdote of, 6.
+
+  Greene, William,
+    governor of Rhode Island, 4.
+
+  Greene, Mrs. William (Catharine Ray),
+    an ancestress of Mrs. Howe, 3;
+    her connection with Block Island families of service, 51.
+
+  Greene, William B.,
+    colonel of the First Mass. Heavy Artillery, 271.
+
+  Gregory XVI., Pope,
+    receives the Howes, 125;
+    anecdote of, 126, 127.
+
+  Grey, Mrs.,
+    her interest in schools for girls of the middle class, 333.
+
+  Grimes, Brother,
+    a colored preacher, 263.
+
+  Grimes, James W.,
+    senator from Iowa, 225.
+
+  Grimes, Medora.
+    See Ward, Mrs. Samuel.
+
+  Grisi,
+    sings at Lansdowne House, 101;
+    in "Semiramide," 104.
+
+  Griswold, R. W.,
+    his "Female Poets of America," 5.
+
+  Grote, George,
+    the historian, 93.
+
+  Grote, Mrs. George (Harriet Lewin),
+    somewhat _grote_sque, 93.
+
+  Guizot, M.,
+    prime minister of France, 135.
+
+  Gurowski, Adam,
+    Count, 220;
+    employed by the State Department: his temper and
+      curiosity, 221, 222;
+    dismissed by Seward, 222;
+    his breach with Sumner, 223;
+    befriended by Mrs. Eames, 223, 224;
+    his death, 225;
+    his family affairs, 227.
+
+  Gurowski, John, 227.
+
+  Gustin, Rev. Ellen,
+    at the convention of women ministers, 312.
+
+
+  Hair,
+    mode of dressing, 65.
+
+  Hale, Rev. Edward Everett,
+    his opinion of Samuel Longfellow, 293;
+    speaks at the meeting in behalf of the Cretan insurgents, 313.
+
+  Hale, George S.,
+    a friend of woman suffrage, 378.
+
+  Hall, Mrs. David P. (Florence Howe),
+    her interest in sewing for the Cretan refugees, 316.
+
+  Hallam, Henry,
+    the historian, 139.
+
+  Halleck, Fitz-Greene,
+    his "Marco Bozzaris," 22;
+    frequent visitor at the Astor mansion, 77;
+    his remarks on Margaret Fuller's English, 146.
+
+  Hampton, Mrs. Frank (Sally Baxter),
+    meets the Howes in Havana, 234;
+    invites them to her home in South Carolina, 235.
+
+  Hampton, Wade,
+    his statement with regard to slavery, 235.
+
+  Handel,
+    his "Messiah" given in New York, 15;
+    appreciation of his work taught, 16.
+
+  Handel and Haydn Society, 14.
+
+  Harte, Bret,
+    at Newport, 402.
+
+  Harvard College,
+    shunned as a Unitarian institution, 24.
+
+  Harvard Divinity School,
+    Theodore Parker at, 162.
+
+  Hawkes, Rev. Francis L.,
+    his abuse of Germans and abolitionists, 61.
+
+  Haynes, Rev. Lorenza,
+    takes part in the convention of women ministers, 312.
+
+  Healy, G. P. A.,
+    the artist, ball at his residence, 420, 421.
+
+  Healy, Mrs., 420.
+
+  Hedge, Dr. F. H.,
+    his translations, 147;
+    member of the Radical Club, 282;
+    defends Protestant progress, 285;
+    his Phi Beta address, 295;
+    pastorates in Providence and Boston, 296, 297;
+    second Phi Beta address, 298;
+    becomes professor of German at Harvard, 299;
+    fondness for the drama, 299, 300;
+    his high opinion of Margaret Fuller, 300, 301;
+    his statement of the Unitarian faith, 302;
+    broadening effect of his studies in Germany, 303.
+
+  Hegel,
+    the German philosopher, 209;
+    estimates of, 210;
+    his "Aesthetik" and "Logik," 212.
+
+  Hell,
+    ideas of, 62.
+
+  Hensler, Miss Elise,
+    sings first at Mrs. Benzon's house, 435.
+
+  Herder,
+      works of,
+    read, 59, 206.
+
+  Herne, Colonel,
+    first husband of Mrs. Cutler, Mrs. Howe's grandmother, 35.
+
+  Heron, Matilda,
+    in "The World's Own," 230.
+
+  Higginson, Colonel Thomas Wentworth,
+    at the Shadrach meeting, 165;
+    his paper "Ought Women to learn the Alphabet," 232;
+    his position on Christianity at the Radical Club, 285;
+    at the woman suffrage meeting, 375;
+    aids that cause, 382;
+    at Newport, 402;
+    at a mock "Commencement," 403;
+    becomes treasurer of the Town and Country Club, 406;
+    at the woman's rights congress in Paris, 420.
+
+  Hillard, George S.,
+    his friends and character, 169, 170.
+
+  Hillard, Kate,
+    speaks at the Town and Country Club, 406.
+
+  "Hippolytus,"
+      Mrs. Howe's drama of,
+    proposed by Booth, 237;
+    ultimately declined, 240.
+
+  Hoar, Hon. George Frisbie,
+    a friend of woman suffrage, 378;
+    secures an appropriation for the New Orleans Exposition, 398.
+
+  Hoffman, Matilda,
+    engaged to Washington Irving, 28.
+
+  Holland, Mrs. Henry (Saba Smith),
+    reception at her house, 92.
+
+  Holland, Dr. J. G.,
+    at Newport, 402.
+
+  Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell,
+    at the Bryant celebration, 277-280;
+    as a traveling companion, 277, 280;
+    his paper at the Radical Club on Jonathan Edwards, 286;
+    speaks at the meeting to help the Cretan insurgents, 313;
+    writes a poem for the memorial meeting to Dr. Howe, 370.
+
+  Hooker, Mrs. Isabella Beecher,
+    speaks at the woman's congress, 385.
+
+  Horace, 174;
+    Orelli's edition of, 209.
+
+  Houghton, Lord (Richard Monckton Milnes),
+      the poet,
+    Mrs. Howe meets, 97;
+    entertains her in 1877, 410;
+    takes her to Mr. Gladstone's, 411.
+
+  Housekeeping,
+    the trials of, 213-215;
+    every girl should learn the art of, 216.
+
+  Howe, Florence.
+    See Hall, Mrs. David P.
+
+  Howe, Julia Romana.
+    See Anagnos, Mrs. Michael.
+
+  Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward,
+    asked to write her reminiscences, 1;
+    birth and parentage, 3, 4;
+    brothers and sisters, 4, 5;
+    early indication of inaptness with tools, 7;
+    travels to Niagara, 8, 9;
+    childish incidents, 7-10;
+    her mother's death, 10;
+    early education, 13, 14;
+    musical training, 16, 17;
+    seclusion of her home, 18;
+    first ball, 29;
+    acquaintance with Mrs. Jameson, 41, 42;
+    leaves school: studies German with Dr. Cogswell, 43;
+    reviews Lamartine's "Jocelyn," 44;
+    manner of living at home, 47;
+    her social intercourse restricted, 48;
+    feelings on the death of her father, 52;
+    his guidance of, 53;
+    effect of her brother Henry's death, 54;
+    her studies, 56-63;
+    in chemistry, 56;
+    in French and Italian, 57;
+    literary work, dramas and lyrics, 57, 58;
+    reading, 58;
+    German studies, 59;
+    further literary work, essays and poems, 60, 61;
+    religious growth, 62;
+    first dinner party, 64;
+    her attire: bridesmaid at her brother's wedding, 65;
+    fear of lightning, 78;
+    social opportunities, 78, 79;
+    spends the summer of 1841 near Boston: visits
+      the Perkins Institution, 81;
+    sees Dr. Howe, 82;
+    her memoir of Dr. Howe for the blind, 83;
+    engagement and marriage, 88;
+    voyage to Europe, 89-91;
+    entertained in London, 92-110;
+    in Scotland, 111;
+    in Dublin, 112;
+    visits Miss Edgeworth, 113;
+    the poet Wordsworth, 115;
+    at Vienna, 118;
+    at Milan, 119;
+    arrival in Rome, 121;
+    birth of eldest daughter, 128;
+    leaves Rome, 133;
+    returns to England, 133-135;
+    visits Atherstone, 136, 137;
+    sees the Nightingales, 138;
+    goes to Lea Hurst, 139;
+    Salisbury, 139-143;
+    her travesty of Dr. Howe's letter, 142;
+    attends Theodore Parker's meetings, 150;
+    life in South Boston, 151, 152;
+    in Washington, 178;
+    second trip abroad, 188;
+    reaches Rome, 191;
+    returns to America, 204;
+    studious nature, 205;
+    ideas on Christianity, 206-208;
+    work in Latin, 209;
+    philosophical studies, 210-213;
+    housekeeping trials, 214-217;
+    free-soil preferences, 219;
+    at Count Gurowski's death-bed, 226;
+    her "Passion Flowers" published, 228;
+    her "Words of the Hour"
+      and "The World's Own" published, 230;
+    trip to Cuba, 231;
+    parting with Theodore Parker, 233, 234;
+    her book about the Cuban trip, 236;
+    writes for the "New York Tribune," 236, 237;
+    requested by Booth to write a play, 237;
+    disappointed at its nonappearance, 240;
+    attends James Freeman Clarke's meetings, 245;
+    helps Dr. Howe edit "The Commonwealth," 253;
+    sees John Brown, 254;
+    goes on some trips with Gov. and Mrs. Andrew, 266;
+    visits Washington in 1861, 269;
+    first attempt at public speaking, 271;
+    meets Abraham Lincoln, 272;
+    how she came to write the "Battle Hymn," 273-275;
+    takes part in the Bryant celebration, 277-280;
+    her papers before the Radical Club, 287;
+    pleasantry with Dr. Hedge, 297;
+    increasing desire to write and speak, 304, 305;
+    gives parlor lectures at her home, 306;
+    repeats the course in Washington, 308, 309;
+    various philosophical papers and essays, 310;
+    reads a paper on "Polarity" before the Radical Club,
+      and one on "Ideal Causation" to the Parker Fraternity, 311;
+    interested in calling the first convention of woman ministers, 312;
+    starts for Greece, 313;
+    arrival in Athens, 314;
+    distributes clothes to the Cretan refugees, 316-318;
+    returns to Boston: conducts the Cretan Bazaar, 320;
+    lectures in Newport and Boston, 321, 322;
+    starts a woman's peace crusade, 328;
+    holds meetings to advance the cause in New York, 329;
+    visits England to organize a Woman's Peace Congress, 329;
+    speaks at the banquet of the Unitarian Association, 331;
+    her Sunday afternoon meetings at Freemasons' Tavern, 331, 332;
+    meets Mrs. Grey, 333;
+    visits Prof. Seeley, 335;
+    is constrained to apply her energy to the woman's club movement, 336;
+    her peace addresses in England, where made, 337;
+    asked to attend the Peace Congress in Paris, 338;
+    attends a Prison Reform meeting, 339;
+    her speech there, 340;
+    holds a final meeting to further her peace crusade in London, 341;
+    goes to Santo Domingo with Dr. Howe, 349;
+    holds religious services for the negroes there, 350-352;
+    visits a girls' school, 352;
+    invited to speak to a secret Bible society, 353;
+    every-day life there, 357, 358;
+    invited to a state dinner by President Baez, 360;
+    her second visit to Santo Domingo, 360;
+    her difficulties in riding horseback, 362;
+    her interest in the emancipation of woman takes more
+      definite form, 372, 373;
+    attends the meeting to found the New England Woman's Club, 374;
+    joins the woman suffrage movement, 375;
+    her efforts for that cause, 376;
+    gains experience, 377;
+    trips to promote the cause, 379-381;
+    at legislative hearings, 381-384;
+    attends the woman's congress in 1868, 385;
+    elected fourth president of the Association
+      for the Advancement of Women, 393;
+    directs the woman's department at a Boston fair, 394;
+    at the New Orleans Exposition, 395;
+    difficulties encountered there, 396;
+    speech to the negroes, 398;
+    considered _clubable_ by Dr. Holmes, 400;
+    presides at a mock "Commencement," 403;
+    goes abroad with her daughter Maud in 1877:
+      entertained by Lord Houghton, 410;
+    breakfasts with Mr. Gladstone, 411;
+    goes to the House of Commons with Charles Parnell, 412;
+    visits Paris, 413;
+    goes to the French Academy, 414;
+    at the crowning of a _rosi�re_, 415;
+    visits Dor�'s studio, 416-419;
+    lectures in Paris, 419;
+    president of a woman's rights congress, 420;
+    at the Healys' ball, 421;
+    speaks on suffrage in Italy, 422;
+    visits Princess Belgioiosa, 422, 423;
+    sees Umberto crowned, 424;
+    reads with Madame Ristori, 424, 425;
+    sees Leo XIII. consecrated, 426;
+    meets Washington Allston, 429;
+    first acquaintance with John S. Dwight, 435;
+    feeling of loss at Otto Dresel's death, 438;
+    her eldest daughter's death, 439;
+    successes and failures of her life, 442-444.
+
+  Howe, Maud.
+    See Elliott, Mrs.
+
+  Howe, Dr. Samuel Gridley,
+    first known to the Wards through Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, 49;
+    his achievement in Laura Bridgman's case, 81;
+    Mr. Sanborn's estimate of, 83;
+    his philanthropic efforts, 84;
+    espouses the cause of Greece, 85, 86;
+    his work for the blind, 86, 87;
+    other activities: marries Julia Ward, 88;
+    goes abroad, 89;
+    entertained in London, 92-107, 110, 111;
+    visits London prisons, 108, 109;
+    in Scotland, 111;
+    in Dublin, 112;
+    visits Miss Edgeworth, 113;
+    the poet Wordsworth, 115;
+    his connection with the Polish rebellion, 117, 118;
+    excluded from Prussia, 118;
+    tour through Europe to Rome, 118-121;
+    arrested in Rome, 123;
+    presented to the Pope, 126;
+    with George Combe, 131, 132;
+    leaves Rome, 133;
+    conversation with Florence Nightingale, 138;
+    his visit to Rotherhithe workhouse, 141;
+    his activity on the Boston School Board, 148;
+    advocates the teaching of speech to deaf-mutes, 149;
+    inability to sing, 163;
+    his circle of friends, 169, 170;
+    his interest in prison reforms, 173;
+    commissioner on the annexation of Santo Domingo, 181;
+    visits Europe in 1850, 188;
+    takes the water cure at Boppard, 189;
+    his abolition sympathies, 218;
+    trip to Cuba, 230;
+    buys Lawton's Valley at Newport, 238;
+    objects to his children attending the Parker meetings, 244;
+    edits "The Commonwealth," 252;
+    his friendship with Gov. Andrew, 253;
+    his judgment in military affairs, 269;
+    averse to women speaking in public, 305;
+    his interest in the Cretan insurrection, 312, 313;
+    starts for Greece, 313;
+    arrival in Athens: his life endangered, 314;
+    visits Crete: returns to Boston, 320;
+    visits Santo Domingo to report on the advisibility
+      of annexing it, 345;
+    goes to Santo Domingo again, 347;
+    gives a dance for the people, 355;
+    goes to Santo Domingo a third time, 360;
+    hears of Sumner's death, 364;
+    returns to Boston, 368;
+    his death, 369;
+    tributes to his memory, 370.
+
+  Hudson River,
+    journey up the, 8.
+
+  Hugo, Victor,
+    remark on John Brown, 256;
+    at the congress of _gens de lettres_, 413.
+
+  Hunt, Helen,
+    at Newport, 402.
+
+  Hunting, Rev. J. J.,
+    commends the exercises of the convention of woman ministers, 312.
+
+  Huntington, Daniel,
+    paints portrait of Mrs. Howe's father, 55.
+
+  "Hymns of the Spirit,"
+    collected by Samuel Longfellow and Samuel Johnson, 293.
+
+
+  Indians, the,
+    in New York State, 9;
+    Samuel Ward's intercourse with, in California, 70.
+
+  Inglis, Sir Robert Harry, 98.
+
+  Iron Crown of Lombardy, 119, 120.
+
+  Irving, Sir Henry, 410.
+
+  Irving, Washington,
+    his embarrassment in public speaking, 25;
+    at the dinner to Charles Dickens, 26;
+    his manners and travels, 27;
+    his love affair, 28;
+    frequent visitor at the Astor mansion, 75.
+
+  Italy,
+    emancipation of, 121, 193-196.
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew,
+    ridiculed in the "Downing Letters," 25;
+    crushes the bank of the United States, 50.
+
+  James, Henry, the elder,
+    his character and culture, 323, 324;
+    his views on immortality, 325;
+    Swedenborgian tendencies, 326;
+    at Newport, 402.
+
+  Jameson, Mrs. (Anna Brownell Murphy),
+    visits New York: her books and ability, 40;
+    private history and appearance, 41;
+    Mrs. Howe's acquaintance with her, 41, 42;
+    describes Canada: later books by, 42.
+
+  Janauschek, Madame,
+    visited by Dr. Hedge and Mrs. Howe in Boston, 299.
+
+  Janin, Jules,
+      French critic,
+    friend of Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, 68.
+
+  Johnson, Samuel,
+    joint editor of "Hymns of the Spirit," 293.
+
+  Johnston, William P.,
+    president of Tulane University, 399.
+
+  Julian, George W.,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+
+  Kant, Immanuel,
+    his transcendental philosophy, 146;
+    his "Critique of Pure Reason," 212;
+    influence on Mrs. Howe, 310.
+
+  Kemble, Fanny,
+    story of, 131, 132.
+
+  "Kenilworth,"
+    Scott's novel of, play founded on, 57.
+
+  Kenyon, John,
+    his dinner for the Howes, 108.
+
+  King, Charles,
+    editor of the "New York American," 22;
+    president of Columbia College, 23.
+
+  King, James,
+    junior partner of Samuel Ward, 23.
+
+  King, Rufus, 23.
+
+  Knowles, James,
+    editor of the "Nineteenth Century," 412.
+
+
+  Lafayette, General,
+    interested in the Polish revolution, 117.
+
+  Lamartine,
+    his poems and travels, 206.
+
+  Landseer, Sir Edwin,
+    at the Rogers dinner, 99.
+
+  Lane, Prof. George M., 402.
+
+  Lansdowne, Marquis of,
+    his courtesy to the Howes, 100, 101.
+
+  Lansdowne, Marchioness of, 100.
+
+  Lansdowne House,
+    musical evening at, 100-102;
+    dinner at, 103.
+
+  Lawton's Valley,
+    the Howes' summer home at Newport, 238.
+
+  Lee, Henry,
+    on Gov. Andrew's staff, 266.
+
+  Lemonnier, M. Charles,
+    editor, 413.
+
+  Lemonnier, Mme. Elise,
+    founder of industrial schools for women, 413.
+
+  Leo XIII.,
+    consecrated: revives certain points of ceremony, 426.
+
+  Lesczinska, Maria,
+    wife of Louis XV., 227.
+
+  Leveson-Gower, Lady Elizabeth, 106.
+
+  Leveson-Gower, Lady Evelyn, 106.
+
+  Libby Prison,
+    the "Battle Hymn of the Republic" sung at, 276.
+
+  "Liberator, The," 236.
+
+  "Liberty Bell, The," 154.
+
+  Lieber, Dr. Francis,
+    his opinion of Hegel, 210;
+    commends a passage from "Passion Flowers," 229;
+    at the Bryant celebration, 278.
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham,
+    services at his death, 248;
+    Mrs. Howe's interview with, 271, 272.
+
+  "Linda di Chamounix," 104.
+
+  "Literary Recreations,"
+    poems by Samuel Ward, 73.
+
+  Livermore, Mrs. Mary, 158, 294;
+    her eloquence and skill, 377, 378;
+    labors for woman suffrage, 380-382;
+    prominent in the woman's congress, 385, 386.
+
+  Livy,
+    histories of, 209.
+
+  Llangollen,
+    story of the two maids of, 111.
+
+  London,
+    the Howes in, 91-111;
+    Mrs. Howe's work there for the peace crusade, 330-336;
+    her last stay there, 410-413.
+
+  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth,
+    becomes a friend of Mrs. Howe through her brother Samuel, 49;
+    his opinion of Samuel Ward, 73;
+    takes Mrs. Howe to the Perkins Institution, 81, 82;
+    his translations, 147.
+
+  Longfellow, Rev. Samuel,
+    ordained, 292;
+    his character and convictions: hymns, 293;
+    his essay on "Law" before the Radical Club, 294.
+
+  Loring, Judge,
+    denounced by Theodore Parker, 164.
+
+  Lothrop, Rev. Samuel K.,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 306;
+    requests her to prolong the course, 308.
+
+  Lucas, Mrs. Margaret,
+    assists Mrs. Howe in her woman's peace movement, 341.
+
+  "Lucia di Lammermoor," 104.
+
+  "Luther,"
+    Dr. Hedge's essay on, 301.
+
+  Lynch, Dominick,
+    introduces the first opera troupe to New York, 24.
+
+  Lyons, Richard, Lord,
+    British minister at Washington, 309.
+
+
+  Machi, Padre,
+    visits the catacombs with the Howes, 128.
+
+  Mackintosh, Robert James,
+    calls on Mrs. Jameson, 42.
+
+  Maclaren, Mrs.,
+    assists Mrs. Howe in her peace movement, 341.
+
+  Maclise, Daniel,
+    the painter, 110.
+
+  MacMahon, Marshal,
+    his reception to Gen. and Mrs. Grant, 421.
+
+  Macready, William Charles,
+    the actor, 104.
+
+  Mailliard, Adolph, 201.
+
+  Mailliard, Mrs. Adolph (Annie Ward),
+    sister of Mrs. Howe: accompanies her to Europe, 88;
+    dines with Carlyle at Chelsea, 96;
+    her loveliness, 137;
+    her husband, 201;
+    her toast at the Washington's Birthday dinner in Rome, 203;
+    returns to America with Mrs. Howe, 204.
+
+  Malibran, Madame,
+    in the r�les of Cenerentola and Rosina, 15.
+
+  Mallock, William H.,
+    at a dinner for Mrs. Howe, 412.
+
+  Manchester, Bishop of,
+    opposes the founding of schools for girls of the middle class, 333.
+
+  Mann, Horace,
+    uplifts the public schools, 88;
+    goes to Europe, 89;
+    visits Carlyle at Chelsea, 96;
+    inspects the London prisons, 108, 109;
+    opinion of George Combe, 133;
+    praises Dr. Howe's work in the Boston schools, 148;
+    advocates the teaching of speech to deaf-mutes, 149;
+    shrinks from woman suffrage, 157.
+
+  Mann, Mrs. Horace (Mary Peabody),
+    goes to Europe with the Howes, 89;
+    visits Thomas Carlyle, 96.
+
+  Manning, Cardinal,
+    presides at a Prison Reform meeting, 339.
+
+  "Marco Bozzaris," 22.
+
+  Margherita, Queen,
+    at King Umberto's coronation, 424.
+
+  Mario,
+    sings at Lansdowne House, 101.
+
+  Marion, Gen. Francis, 4.
+
+  Martel,
+    a hair-dresser, 65.
+
+  "Martin Chuzzlewit,"
+    transcendental episode in, 139.
+
+  Martineau, Harriet,
+    statue of, 158.
+
+  May, Abby W.,
+    aids bazaar in behalf of the Cretans, 320;
+    her energy in the Association for the Advancement of Women, 393.
+
+  May, Rev. Samuel J., 394.
+
+  McAllister, Julian,
+    marries Louisa Cutler, 33.
+
+  McAllister, Mrs. Julian, 33.
+
+  McAllister, Judge Matthew H., 33.
+
+  McCabe, Chaplain,
+    mentions the singing of the "Battle Hymn" in Libby Prison, 276.
+
+  McCarthy, Mrs. Justin,
+    "rout" given by, 413.
+
+  McVickar, John,
+    professor of philosophy at Columbia College, 23.
+
+  "Merchant Princes of Wall Street, The,"
+    inaccuracy of, 52.
+
+  Merritt, Mrs.,
+      a New Orleans lady,
+    addresses the colored people, 398.
+
+  Metastasio, dramas of,
+    read, 57, 206.
+
+  Milan,
+    the Howes in, 119, 120.
+
+  Milnes, Richard Monckton.
+    See Houghton, Lord.
+
+  Milton, John,
+    his "Paradise Lost" used as a text-book, 58.
+
+  Mitchell, Maria,
+      her character and attainments:
+    signs the call for a congress of women, 385;
+    becomes the president in 1876, 387;
+    lectures to the Town and Country Club, 406.
+
+  Mitchell, Dr. Weir,
+    lectures to the Town and Country Club, 406.
+
+  Moli�re,
+    his comedies read, 206.
+
+  Monza,
+    trip to, 119.
+
+  Moore, Prof.,
+    at Columbia College, 23.
+
+  "Moral Philosophy,"
+    William Paley's, 13.
+
+  Morecchini, Monsignore,
+    minister of public charities at Rome, 124.
+
+  Morpeth, George, Lord
+      (afterwards seventh earl of Carlisle),
+    at Lansdowne House, 102, 103;
+    Sydney Smith's dream about, 107;
+    takes the Howes to Pentonville prison, 109.
+
+  Motley, John Lothrop,
+    at school with Tom Applet on, 433.
+
+  Mott, Lucretia, 166;
+    at the Radical Club, 283.
+
+  Moulton, Mrs. William U. (Louise Chandler),
+    reports the Radical Club meetings for the
+      "New York Tribune," 290.
+
+  Mozart,
+    symphonies of, given in Boston, 14;
+    appreciation of his work taught, 16;
+    his work given at the Wards', 49;
+    admired by Sumner, 176.
+
+  Munich,
+      works of art at,
+    described by Mrs. Jameson, 40.
+
+  Museum of Fine Arts, The,
+    in Boston, 44.
+
+  Music,
+    early efforts for, in Boston and New York, 14, 15;
+    effect on youthful nerves considered, 17, 18.
+
+  "Myst�res de Paris,"
+    Eug�ne Sue's, 204.
+
+
+  Napoleon I.,
+    anecdote of, 1;
+    invasion of Italy by, 17;
+    incidents of that invasion, 120.
+
+  Nassau,
+    visit to, 232.
+
+  Newgate prison,
+    visit to, 108.
+
+  Newport,
+    Mrs. Howe spends a summer at the Cliff House there, 221;
+    Dr. Howe buys an estate at, 238;
+    Mrs. Howe writes her play there, 239;
+    people who stayed at, 401, 402;
+    the Town and Country Club of, formed, 405.
+
+  New Year's Day,
+    custom of visiting on, 31, 32.
+
+  New York City,
+    growth of, shown, 12, 13;
+    first musical ventures in, 14, 15;
+    its people of culture, 21-25;
+    social events in, 29, 66;
+    Bryant celebration at, 277-280;
+    meetings in, to encourage the woman's peace crusade, 329.
+
+  "New York Review,"
+    publishes an essay by Mrs. Howe, 60.
+
+  New York State,
+    Indians of, 9;
+    in the financial crisis of 1837, 51.
+
+  Niagara,
+    surprise at the first sight of, 8.
+
+  Nightingale, Florence, 136;
+    her character: conversation with Dr. Howe, 138;
+    studies nursing, 139;
+    travels abroad: visited by Margaret Fuller, 188.
+
+  Nightingale, Parthenope, 138, 188.
+
+  Nineteenth century, the,
+    its mechanical and intellectual achievements, 1, 2.
+
+  Nordheimer, Dr. Isaac,
+    teaches Mrs. Howe German, 59.
+
+  "North American Review, The,"
+    articles by Samuel Ward in, 68.
+
+  Norton, Rev. Andrews,
+    in Cranch's caricature, 145.
+
+  Norton, Hon. Mrs. (Caroline Sheridan),
+    at Lansdowne House: her attire, 102.
+
+  "Nozze di Figaro, Le,"
+    libretto of, by whom, 24.
+
+
+  O'Connell, Daniel,
+    the Irish agitator, 113.
+
+  Ordway, Mrs. Eveline M.,
+    with Mrs. Elliott at the New Orleans Exposition, 399.
+
+  O'Sullivan, John L.,
+    editor of the "Democratic Review," 79.
+
+
+  Paddock, Mary C.,
+    goes to Santo Domingo with the Howes, 347.
+
+  Paley, William,
+    his "Moral Philosophy," 13;
+    his "Evidences of Christianity," 56.
+
+  Palgrave, F. T.,
+    reception at his house, 412.
+
+  "Paradise Lost,"
+    used as a text-book, 58;
+    religious interpretation of, 62.
+
+  Paris,
+    Samuel Ward in: his work descriptive of, 68;
+    the Howes arrive in, 134;
+    peace congress at, 338;
+    Mrs. Howe's last visit to, 413.
+
+  Parker, Dr. Peter,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+  Parker, Theodore, 105;
+    Mrs. Howe attends his meetings, 150;
+    his Sunday evenings, 153;
+    his sermon on "The Transient and the Permanent in Christianity," 159;
+    his visit to Rome: christens Mrs. Howe's eldest daughter, 160;
+    his culture, 161;
+    affection for his wife, 162;
+    musical attainments, 163;
+    his great sermons, 164;
+    at the Shadrach meeting, 165;
+    women admitted to his pulpit, 166;
+    his personal characteristics, 167;
+    death, 168;
+    compared with Sumner, 176;
+    his opinion of Hegel, 211;
+    repeats lines from "Passion Flowers," 228;
+    goes to Cuba accompanied by the Howes, 231;
+    continues to Vera Cruz and Europe, 233;
+    his meetings, 244;
+    his parting gift to Massachusetts, 263;
+    his opinion of Emerson, 291;
+    of Dr. Hedge, 298;
+    sympathizes with Mrs. Howe's desire for expression, 305.
+
+  Parker, Mrs. Theodore, 160, 162.
+
+  Parnell, Charles S.,
+    escorts Mrs. Howe to the House of Commons, 412.
+
+  Parnell, Mrs. Delia Stuart,
+    gives Mrs. Howe a note of introduction to her son, 412.
+
+  Parsons, Thomas W.,
+    his poem on the death of Mary Booth, 241;
+    suggests a poem for Mrs. Howe's Sunday meetings in London, 332.
+
+  "Passion Flowers,"
+    Mrs. Howe's first volume of poems, 228, 229;
+    reviewed in Dwight's "Journal of Music" by Mrs. E. D. Cheney, 436.
+
+  Passy, Frederic,
+    takes Mrs. Howe to the French Academy, 414;
+    also to the crowning of a _rosi�re_, 415;
+    presents her with a volume of his essays, 416.
+
+  Paul, Jean,
+    works of, read, 59.
+
+  Pegli,
+    Samuel Ward dies at, 73.
+
+  Peirce, Benjamin,
+    a member of the Radical Club, 282.
+
+  Pellico, Silvio,
+    an Italian patriot, 119.
+
+  Pentonville prison,
+    visited, 109.
+
+  Perkins, Col. Thomas H.,
+    his recollection of Mrs. Cutler, 35.
+
+  Persiani, Mlle.,
+    an opera singer, 104.
+
+  "Ph�do,"
+      Plato's,
+    read by Mrs. Howe, 321.
+
+  Phillips, Wendell,
+    his prophetic quality of mind recognized, 84;
+    leader of the abolitionists: his birth and education, 154;
+    at anti-slavery meetings, 155-157;
+    an advocate of woman suffrage, 157, 158;
+    his death, 159;
+    compared with Sumner, 175;
+    effect of his presence at the Radical Club, 286;
+    his orthodoxy, 287;
+    speaks at the meeting to help the Cretan insurgents, 313;
+    at the woman suffrage meeting, 375;
+    supports that cause, 378, 382;
+    at school with Tom Appleton, 433.
+
+  "Philosophie Positive,"
+    Comte's, 211.
+
+  Phrenology,
+    belief in, 132, 133.
+
+  Pius IX.,
+    Pope, 125;
+    his weakness, 194, 195;
+    his death, 425.
+
+  Poe, Edgar Allan,
+    his visit to Dr. Francis, 39.
+
+  Polish insurrection of 1830, the,
+    connection of Dr. Howe with, 117.
+
+  Polish refugees,
+    ball in aid of, 105.
+
+  Powel, Samuel,
+    his prophecy in regard to Newport, 408.
+
+  Powell, Mr. Aaron,
+    asks Mrs. Howe to attend the Paris Peace Congress as a delegate, 338.
+
+  Priessnitz,
+    his water cure, 189.
+
+  Prime, Ward & King,
+      firm of,
+    Mrs. Howe's father a member, 50, 51;
+    her brother Samuel admitted, 69.
+
+  Prisons,
+    visited by Dr. Howe, 108, 109.
+
+  Pulszky, Mme. (Theresa von Walther), 118.
+
+  Pym, Capt.,
+    an Arctic voyager, 399.
+
+
+  Quincy, Edmund,
+    his remark to Theodore Parker, 287.
+
+  Quincy, Jr., Mrs. Josiah,
+    woman's club started at her house, 400.
+
+
+  Rachel, Madame,
+    the actress, 135.
+
+  Racine,
+    his tragedies read, 206.
+
+  Red Jacket,
+    an Indian Chief, 9.
+
+  Reed, Lucy,
+    a blind deaf mute, 81, 82.
+
+  Regnault, Henri,
+    eulogized at the French Academy, 414.
+
+  Repeal Measures,
+    agitation for, in Dublin, 112.
+
+  Rice, A. H.,
+      governor of Massachusetts,
+    presides at the Music Hall meeting in memory of Dr. Howe, 370.
+
+  Richards, Mrs. Henry (Laura Howe),
+    accompanies her parents to Europe, 313.
+
+  Richmond, Duke of,
+    visits Bridewell prison with the Howes, 109.
+
+  Richmond, Rev. James, 210.
+
+  Richmond, Va.,
+    theatre in, burned, 16;
+    Crawford's statue of Washington for, 203.
+
+  Ripley, George,
+    his efforts at Brook Farm, 145;
+    reviews "Passion Flowers," 228;
+    sees the Howes and Parkers off for Cuba, 231.
+
+  Ripley, Mrs. George (Sophia Dana), 296.
+
+  Ripley, Mary,
+    speaks at the woman's congress in Memphis, 389.
+
+  Ristori, Mme.,
+    the actress, 264;
+    reads Marie Stuart in Rome, 424.
+
+  Ritchie, Harry,
+      the handsome,
+    on Gov. Andrew's staff, 266.
+
+  Ritchie, Mrs.,
+    daughter of Harrison Gray Otis, 401.
+
+  Rogers, Samuel,
+      the poet,
+    dinner at his house, 99, 100;
+    his economical dinner, 141.
+
+  Rogers, Prof. William B.,
+    vice-president of the Town and Country Club, 405;
+    lectures to the club, 406.
+
+  Rome,
+    the Howes' arrival in, 121;
+    stiffness of society in, 123, 127;
+    Mrs. Howe's second visit to, 191;
+    political condition of, 193-195;
+    Mrs. Howe's stay in, on her way to Greece, 313;
+    spends the winter of 1877-78 in, 423-427.
+
+  Rosebery, Lord,
+    a friend of Samuel Ward, 72;
+    visited by, 73;
+    at Devonshire House, 410.
+
+  Rosebery, Lady, 73.
+
+  Rossi, Count,
+    at Mrs. Benzon's, 436.
+
+  Rossini,
+    works of performed in New York, 14;
+    admired by Sumner, 176.
+
+  Round Hill School, 5;
+    its principal, 43;
+    Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel at, 67.
+
+  "Routs,"
+    receptions so called, 93.
+
+  Russell, Mrs. Sarah Shaw,
+    a friend of Theodore Parker, 168.
+
+
+  St. Angelo,
+    Castle of, 130.
+
+  St. Calixtus,
+    catacombs of, 128.
+
+  St. Luke,
+    academy of, 124.
+
+  St. Peter,
+    church of, 121, 125, 126.
+
+  Salisbury,
+    the Howes at, 139-141.
+
+  Samana Bay,
+    the Howes' first visit to, 348;
+    later stay at, 361-368;
+    school at, 364.
+
+  Samana Bay Company,
+    Dr. Howe visits Santo Domingo in its interests, 346;
+    ended by order of the Dominican government, 367.
+
+  San Francisco,
+    Samuel Ward at, 70.
+
+  San Michele,
+    industrial school of, 124.
+
+  Sanborn, Franklin B.,
+    his biography of Dr. Howe, 82;
+    reviews "Passion Flowers," 185, 228.
+
+  Sand, George,
+    her works read by Mrs. Howe, 58, 206.
+
+  Sands, Julia,
+    her biography of her brother, 21.
+
+  Sands, Robert,
+      the poet,
+    of an old New York family, 21.
+
+  Santa Maria Maggiore,
+    church of, 125.
+
+  Santo Domingo,
+    annexation of, considered by a commission, 180, 345;
+    proper way to spell the name, 348;
+    religious meetings for the negroes in the city of, 349-351;
+    small amount of English spoken there, 352;
+    secret Bible society in, 353;
+    debating club there, 354;
+    a city of shopkeepers, 355;
+    pleasant winter climate of, 358;
+    longevity of the negroes in, 364;
+    characteristics of the people, 366.
+
+  Sargent, Rev. John T.,
+    meetings of the Boston Radical Club at his house, 281.
+
+  Satan,
+    idea of, 62.
+
+  Schiller,
+    Mrs. Howe's essay on his minor poems, 60;
+    plays read, 206.
+
+  Schlesinger, Daniel,
+      Mrs. Howe's music teacher,
+    stanzas on his death, 58.
+
+  Schliemann, Mrs., 410.
+
+  "Sch�nberg-Cotta family, The," 6.
+
+  Schubert,
+    his music played at the Ward home, 49.
+
+  Schumann,
+    the composer, 40.
+
+  Schumann, Madame (Clara Wieck),
+    mentioned by Mrs. Jameson, 40.
+
+  Scotland,
+    the Howes in, 111, 112.
+
+  Scott, Sir Walter, 28;
+    his novel "Kenilworth," play founded on, 57;
+    grave of, at Abbotsford, 111;
+    works lightly esteemed by Charles Sumner, 169.
+
+  Sedgwick, Catharine Maria,
+    on John Kenyon, 108;
+    her letter of introduction to Count Gonfalonieri, 119;
+    praises a line from "Passion Flowers," 228.
+
+  Sedgwick, Mrs. Theodore (Susan Ridley), 90.
+
+  Seeley, Prof. J. R.,
+      hospitality and kindness to Mrs. Howe: his lecture on Burke, 335.
+
+  Sewall, Judge Samuel E.,
+    aids the woman suffrage movement, 382.
+
+  Seward, William H.,
+      secretary of state,
+    stigmatized by Count Gurowski, 222.
+
+  Shaw, Mrs. Quincy A., 184.
+
+  Shelley, Percy Bysshe,
+    his books prohibited in the Ward family, 58.
+
+  Sherret, Miss,
+    her interest in schools for girls of the middle class, 333.
+
+  Sherwood, Mrs. (Mary Martha Butt),
+    her stories, 48.
+
+  Siddons, Mrs. William (Sarah Kemble),
+    fund for her monument, 104;
+    her daughter, 131.
+
+  Silliman, Prof. Benjamin,
+    of Yale College, 22.
+
+  Smith, Alfred,
+    real estate agent of Newport, 238.
+
+  Smith, Mrs. Seba, 166.
+
+  Smith, Rev. Sydney,
+    calls on the Howes: his reputation as a wit, 91;
+    appearance, 92;
+    anecdotes of, 92-95;
+    pleasantry about Lord Morpeth, 107.
+
+  Smith, Mrs. Sydney,
+    Mrs. Howe calls on, 94.
+
+  Somerville, Mrs. (Mary Fairfax),
+    intimate with Mrs. Jameson, 42.
+
+  "Sonnambula, La,"
+    given in New York, 15.
+
+  Sontag, Mme.,
+    at Mrs. Benzon's, 435.
+
+  Sothern, Edward Askew,
+    in "The World's Own," 230.
+
+  Southworth, Mrs. F. H. (Emma D. E. Nevitt),
+    attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+  Spielberg,
+      the Austrian fortress of,
+    Italian patriots imprisoned in, 119, 120.
+
+  Spinoza, 212, 309.
+
+  Stanton, Theodore, 420.
+
+  Steele, Tom,
+    friend of Daniel O'Connell, 113.
+
+  Stone, Lucy, 305;
+    speaks for woman suffrage in Boston, 375;
+    her skill and zeal, 377, 378;
+    her work for that cause, 380, 381;
+    prominent at the woman's congress, 385.
+
+  Stonehenge, Druidical stones at, 140.
+
+  Story, Chief Justice, 169.
+
+  Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher,
+    her "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 253.
+
+  Sue, Eug�ne,
+    his "Myst�res de Paris," 204.
+
+  Sumner, Albert,
+    brother of the senator, 402.
+
+  Sumner, Charles,
+    first known to the Wards through Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, 49;
+    takes the Wards to the Perkins Institution, 81, 82;
+    Thomas Carlyle's estimate of, 96, 97;
+    inability to sing, 163;
+    his first appearance at the Ward home, 168;
+    his friends, 169;
+    his political opinions, 170;
+    his temperament and aspect, 171-173;
+    attitude on prison reform, 173, 174;
+    his eloquence, 175;
+    his culture, 176;
+    his life in Washington, 177-180;
+    opposes the annexation of Santo Domingo, 181;
+    his death, 182;
+    defeats Webster for the Senate, 218;
+    his breach with Count Gurowski, 223;
+    grieves at Gurowski's death, 226;
+    dines at Mrs. Eames's, 308.
+
+  Sumner, Charles Pinckney,
+    sheriff, anecdote of, 171, 172.
+
+  Sumner, Mrs. C. P.,
+    anecdotes of, 177, 178.
+
+  Sunday,
+    observance of, in the Ward family, 48.
+
+  Sutherland, Duke of, 99.
+
+  Sutherland, Duchess of (Harriet Howard), 99;
+    her attire at Lansdowne House, 102;
+    at the ball at Almack's, 106;
+    at the Countess of Carlisle's dinner, 106, 107;
+    her relations with the Queen, 107.
+
+  Swedenborg, Emanuel,
+    his "Divine Love and Wisdom," 204;
+    his theory of the divine man, 208;
+    works read, 209.
+
+  "Sylphide, La," 135.
+
+
+  Taddei, Rosa, 130.
+
+  Taglioni, Madame,
+    _danseuse_, 135.
+
+  "Task, The,"
+    William Cowper's, 58.
+
+  Tasso, 176, 206.
+
+  Taylor, "Father" (Edward T.),
+    Boston Methodist city missionary, 263.
+
+  Taylor, Mrs. Peter,
+    founds a college for working women, 333.
+
+  Terry, Luther,
+    an artist in Rome, 127;
+    married to Mrs. Crawford, 312.
+
+  Terry, Mrs. Luther.
+    See Ward, Louisa.
+
+  Thackeray, William M.,
+    his admiration for Mrs. Frank Hampton, 234;
+    depicts her in Ethel Newcome, 235.
+
+  Theatre, the,
+    frowned down in New York, 15, 16.
+
+  Thoreau, Henry D.,
+    Emerson's paper on, 290.
+
+  Ticknor, Miss Anna,
+    in the Town and Country Club, 407.
+
+  Ticknor, George,
+      letter of introduction from,
+    to Miss Edgeworth, 113;
+    to Wordsworth, 115.
+
+  Tolstoi, Count Lyeff,
+    his "Kreutzer Sonata" disapproved of, 17.
+
+  Torlonia,
+      a Roman banker,
+    anecdote of, 27;
+    ball given by, 123.
+
+  Torlonia's Palace, 122, 128.
+
+  T�rmer,
+    an artist, 127.
+
+  Tourgenieff,
+    the Russian novelist, 412.
+
+  Town and Country Club of Newport
+    founded, 405;
+    its eminent lecturers, 406, 407.
+
+  Townsend, Mrs. Gideon (Mary A. Van Voorhis),
+    poet of the opening of the New Orleans Exposition, 399.
+
+  Transcendentalism,
+    ridiculed by Dickens, 139;
+    by Cranch, 145;
+    a world movement, 146, 147.
+
+  "Trip to Cuba,"
+      Mrs. Howe's book,
+    extract from, 233;
+    published in the "Atlantic Monthly" and in book form: attacked, 236.
+
+  T�bingen, University of,
+    confers a degree on Samuel Ward, Mrs. Howe's brother, 68.
+
+  Turks,
+    their devastation of Greece, 85.
+
+  Tweedy, Edmund, 402.
+
+  Tweedy, Mary, 402.
+
+
+  Umberto,
+      king of Italy,
+    crowned, 424.
+
+  "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
+    Mrs. Stowe's, 253.
+
+  United States, Bank of,
+    Jackson's refusal to renew charter of, 50;
+    English sneer at, 117.
+
+
+  Van de Weyer, Mr. Sylvain,
+    Belgian minister to England, 93.
+
+  Van de Weyer, Mrs. Sylvain, 92.
+
+  Vatican,
+    evening visit to, 129;
+    head of Zeus in, 132.
+
+  "Via Felice,"
+    a poem, 200.
+
+  Victor Emmanuel,
+    his popularity and death, 423.
+
+  Victoria,
+    Queen, 93.
+
+  Vienna,
+    the Howes at, 118.
+
+  Von Walther, Mme., 118.
+
+  Voysey, Rev. Charles,
+    sermon by, 330.
+
+
+  Waddington, W. H., 410.
+
+  Wade, Benjamin F.,
+    commissioner on the annexation of Santo Domingo, 181, 345.
+
+  Wadsworth, William,
+    of Geneseo, 104.
+
+  Walcourt, Lord,
+    visited by the Howes, 114, 115.
+
+  Walcourt, Lady, 115.
+
+  Wall Street,
+    Samuel Ward in, 51;
+    John Ward in, 55.
+
+  Wallace, Horace Binney,
+    a delightful companion, 198, 199;
+    sad death, 200;
+    lines to, 200, 201;
+    recommends Comte's work, 211.
+
+  "Wandsbecker Bote,"
+    Matthias Claudius's, 62.
+
+  Ward, Annie.
+    See Mailliard, Mrs. Adolph.
+
+  Ward, Frances Marion,
+    sent to Round Hill School, 5;
+    at home, 45.
+
+  Ward, Henry,
+      uncle of Mrs. Howe,
+    a lover of music and good cheer, 19.
+
+  Ward, Henry,
+      brother of Mrs. Howe,
+    sent to Round Hill School, 5;
+    at home, 45;
+    his character, 53;
+    death, 54.
+
+  Ward, John,
+    uncle of Mrs. Howe, 19;
+    a practical man, 20;
+    notes of his life, 54-55;
+    anecdote of, 66.
+
+  Ward, Louisa,
+    wife of Thomas Crawford, 45;
+    at Rome, 73;
+    her beauty, 137;
+    her journey to Rome with Mrs. Ward, 190;
+    established at Villa Negroni, 192;
+    marries Luther Terry: visited in 1867 by Mrs. Howe, 313;
+    goes to the consecration of Leo XIII., 425.
+
+  Ward, Richard, 19.
+
+  Ward, Gov. Samuel,
+    of Rhode Island, 3, note.
+
+  Ward, Samuel,
+      grandfather of Mrs. Howe,
+    appearance and manner, 19;
+    her father's grief at his death, 50.
+
+  Ward, Samuel,
+      father of Mrs. Howe,
+    his birth and descent, 3;
+    grief at his wife's death, 11;
+    care for his children, 11;
+    plans for their education, 13;
+    religious views become more stringent, 15;
+    gives up wine, tobacco, and cards, 18-20;
+    his fine taste, 45;
+    generosity: discussion with his son
+      regarding social intercourse, 46;
+    his family habits, 47;
+    his observance of Sunday, 48;
+    ideas of propriety; religious faith, 49;
+    business ability, 50;
+    carries New York State through the crisis of 1837, 50, 51;
+    his early experience in Wall St., 51;
+    his death, 52;
+    his careful restraint of his daughter, 52, 53;
+    his portrait in the New York Bank of Commerce, 55;
+    condemns Goethe's "Faust," 59;
+    displeased with his son Samuel's work, 69.
+
+  Ward, Mrs. Samuel (Julia Rush),
+      mother of Mrs. Howe:
+    marriage and education: her charm of character, 5;
+    anecdotes of, 5, 6;
+    her tact, 6;
+    death, 10, 11.
+
+  Ward, Samuel,
+      brother of Mrs. Howe,
+    sent to Round Hill School, 5;
+    travels in Europe: at home, 45;
+    his defense of society, 46;
+    enlivens the austerity of the Ward household, 49;
+    establishes a home of his own, 53;
+    marries Emily Astor, 65;
+    his appearance and education, 67;
+    travels abroad, 68;
+    his lack of interest in business, his second marriage, 69;
+    goes to California, 70;
+    Indian adventures, 70, 71;
+    life in Washington: becomes "King of the Lobby," 72;
+    his friends, 72, 73;
+    his visit to Lord Rosebery: death at Pegli: volume
+      of poems, 73.
+
+  Ward, Mrs. Samuel (Emily Astor),
+    her marriage, 65;
+    her fine voice, 74, 75.
+
+  Ward, Mrs. Samuel (Medora Grimes),
+    married, 69.
+
+  Ward, William, 19.
+
+  Waring, Col. George E., 404.
+
+  Washington,
+    Samuel Ward in, 72;
+    Charles Sumner's residence in, 180;
+    Count Gurowski in, 221-223;
+    Mrs. Eames's position there, 224;
+    funeral of Gurowski in, 226;
+    condition of, during the civil war, 269, 270;
+    Mrs. Howe lectures in, 308.
+
+  Washington, Gen. George, 9;
+    his attention to Mrs. Cutler, 35;
+    waited on by "Daughters of Liberty," 36;
+    birthday celebrated in Rome, 203.
+
+  Wasson, David A.,
+    a member of the Radical Club, 282;
+    his reply to Mr. Abbott, 289.
+
+  Webster, Daniel,
+    Theodore Parker's sermon on, 164;
+    defeated for the senatorship by Sumner, 218.
+
+  Wedding ceremonies described, 33, 34, 65, 66.
+
+  Weiss, Rev. John,
+    at the Boston Radical Club, 283, 284;
+    on woman suffrage, 289;
+    on poets and philosophers, 304.
+
+  Welles, Gideon,
+    secretary of the navy, 225.
+
+  Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of,
+    anecdote of, 17.
+
+  Wentzler, A. H.,
+    paints portrait of John Ward, 55.
+
+  Whipple, Edwin P.,
+    reviews "Passion Flowers," 228;
+    attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 306.
+
+  White, Andrew D.,
+    commissioner on the annexation of Santo Domingo, 181, 345.
+
+  White, Mrs. Andrew D., 346.
+
+  White, Charlotte,
+    a "character" in early New York, 77.
+
+  Whiting, Solomon,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+  Whitney, Miss Anne,
+    her statue of Harriet Martineau, 158.
+
+  Whittier, John G.,
+    praises "Passion Flowers," 228;
+    his characterization of Dr. Howe, 370.
+
+  Wieck,
+      the German composer,
+    described by Mrs. Jameson, 40.
+
+  Wilbour, Mrs. Charlotte B.,
+    prominent in the woman's congress, 385, 386.
+
+  Wilderness,
+    battle of, 265.
+
+  "Wilhelm Meister,"
+      Goethe's,
+    discussed, 59.
+
+  Wilkes, Rev. Eliza Tupper,
+    takes part in the convention of woman ministers, 312.
+
+  Willis, N. P.,
+    at the Bryant celebration, 278.
+
+  Wilson, Henry, 178.
+
+  Wines, Rev. Frederick,
+    at the Prison Reform meetings, 340.
+
+  Winkworth, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen,
+    friends of peace, their hospitality, 330.
+
+  Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T.,
+    her talk on waifs, 392;
+    helps Mrs. Howe with the woman's department
+      of a fair in Boston in 1882, 394.
+
+  Woman suffrage,
+    championed by Wendell Phillips, 157, 158;
+    by John Weiss, 289;
+    meeting in favor of, in Boston, 375;
+    other efforts, 376;
+    workers for it, 378;
+    urged in Vermont, 380;
+    legislative hearings upon, 381-384.
+
+  Wood, Mrs.,
+    sings in New York: her voice, 15.
+
+  Woods, Rev. Leonard,
+    invites Mrs. Howe to contribute to the "Theological
+      Review," 44.
+
+  "Words for the Hour,"
+    Mrs. Howe's second publication, 230.
+
+  Wordsworth, William,
+      the poet,
+    the Howes' visit to, 115, 116.
+
+  "World's Own, The,"
+    a drama by Mrs. Howe, 230.
+
+
+  Yerrington, James B., 156.
+
+
+  Z�na�de, Princess, 202.
+
+
+
+
+[Transcribers' note: Original spelling has been maintained and not
+standardized. Footnotes have been renumbered for consistency. To indicate
+text in italic font, _underscores_ have been used. Typographical errors
+that were corrected:
+
+'an-answered'-->'answered': It was a timid performance upon a slender reed,
+but the great performers in the noble orchestra of writers answered to its
+appeal, which won me a seat in their ranks.
+
+'Gary'-->'Cary': The story of his life and work is beautifully told in the
+"Life and Correspondence" published soon after his death by his widow, Mrs.
+Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, well known to-day as the president of Radcliffe
+College.
+
+'spoken or'-->'spoken of': The young man whom I saw at this time was spoken
+of as much devoted to the turf, and the only saying of his that I have ever
+heard quoted was his question as to how long it took Nebuchadnezzar to get
+into condition after he had been out to grass.
+
+'sum'-->'summer': spends the summer of 1841 near Boston: visits the Perkins
+Institution.
+
+'Verm�chtniss'-->'Verm�chtniss': "Die Zeit ist mein Verm�chtniss, mein
+Acker ist die Zeit."
+
+The index entries for 'William Ellery Channing', the preacher, referred to
+on pp. 144 and 416; and the poet, referred to on p. 370, were separated.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Reminiscences, 1819-1899, by Julia Ward Howe
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Reminiscences, 1819-1899, by Julia Ward Howe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Reminiscences, 1819-1899
+
+Author: Julia Ward Howe
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2010 [EBook #32603]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMINISCENCES, 1819-1899 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><big>Julia Ward Howe</big>.<br><br>
+
+<small>FROM SUNSET RIDGE: Poems Old and New. 12mo, $1.50.</small><br>
+
+<small>REMINISCENCES. With many Portraits and other Illustrations. Crown 8vo, $2.50.</small><br>
+
+<small>IS POLITE SOCIETY POLITE? and other Essays. With a Portrait of Mrs. Howe. Square 8vo, $1.50.</small><br>
+
+<small>HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN &amp; CO.</small><br>
+
+<span class="smcap"> <a name="Boston_and_New_York" id="Boston_and_New_York"></a>Boston and New York.</span> </p>
+
+
+<div class="center"> <img src="images/image1.jpg" width="215" height="315" alt="Julia Ward Howe. Signature. From a photograph by Hardy, 1897">
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h1>REMINISCENCES</h1>
+<h1>1819-1899</h1>
+
+<p class="center">BY<br>
+
+<big>JULIA WARD HOWE</big><br>
+
+WITH PORTRAITS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image2.jpg" width="92" height="112" alt="Decorative Illustration">
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><small>BOSTON AND NEW YORK<br>
+HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY<br>
+The Riverside Press, Cambridge<br>
+1899<br>
+COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY JULIA WARD HOWE<br>
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED</small></p>
+
+
+
+<h2 class="section">CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" >
+<tr><td align="left"><b>CHAPTER</b></td><td align="right"><b>PAGE</b></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">I. <span class="smcap"> Birth, Parentage, Childhood</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">II. <span class="smcap"> Literary New York</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">III. <span class="smcap"> New York Society</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">IV. <span class="smcap"> Home Life: My Father</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">V. <span class="smcap"> My Studies</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">VI. <span class="smcap"> Samuel Ward and the Astors</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">VII. <span class="smcap"> Marriage: Tour in Europe</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page81">81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">VIII. <span class="smcap"> First Years in Boston</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page144">144</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">IX. <span class="smcap"> Second Visit to Europe</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page188">188</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">X. <span class="smcap"> A Chapter about Myself</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page205">205</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">XI. <span class="smcap"> Anti-Slavery Attitude: Literary Work: Trip to Cuba</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page218">218</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">XII. <span class="smcap"> The Church of the Disciples: in War Time</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page244">244</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">XIII. <span class="smcap"> The Boston Radical Club: Dr. F. H. Hedge</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page281">281</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">XIV. <span class="smcap"> Men and Movements in the Sixties</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page304">304</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">XV. <span class="smcap"> A Woman's Peace Crusade</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page327">327</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">XVI. <span class="smcap"> Visits to Santo Domingo</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page345">345</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">XVII. <span class="smcap"> The Woman Suffrage Movement</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page372">372</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">XVIII. <span class="smcap"> Certain Clubs</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page400">400</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">XIX. <span class="smcap"> Another European Trip</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page410">410</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">XX. <span class="smcap"> Friends and Worthies: Social Successes</span> </td><td align="right"><a href="#page428">428</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="section">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><b>PAGE</b></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"> Julia Ward Howe <br><small><i>From a photograph by Hardy, 1897.</i></small></td><td align="right"><i><a href="#Boston_and_New_York">Frontispiece</a></i></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Sarah Mitchell, Niece of General Francis Marion and Grandmother of Mrs. Howe <br><small><i>From a painting by Waldo and Jewett.</i></small></td><td align="right"> <a href="#Mesmekir_of_Holland">4</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Julia Ward and her Brothers, Samuel and Henry<br> <small><i>From a miniature by Anne Hall.</i></small></td><td align="right"> <a href="#reaching_Albany">8</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Julia Cutler Ward, Mother of Mrs. Howe<br> <small><i>From a miniature by Anne Hall.</i></small></td><td align="right"> <a href="#the_faculty_but">12</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Samuel Ward, Father of Mrs. Howe<br> <small><i>From a miniature by Anne Hall.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#intimate_friend">46</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Samuel Ward, Jr<br> <small><i>From a painting by Baron Vogel.</i></small></td><td align="right"> <a href="#Puritanic_limits">68</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Florence Nightingale<br> <small><i>From a photograph.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#the_light_in_the_city">138</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> The South Boston Home of Mr. and Mrs. Howe<br> <small><i>From a painting in the possession of M. Anagnos.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#whose_malignity">152</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Wendell Phillips, at the Age of 48<br> <small><i>From a photograph lent by Francis J. Garrison, Boston.</i></small></td><td align="right"> <a href="#earnest_advocates">158</a></tr>
+  <tr><td align="left">Theodore Parker<br> <small><i>From a photograph by J. J. Hawes.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#strenuous_advocate">166</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Julia Ward Howe<br> <small><i>From a painting (1847) by Joseph Ames.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#I_cant_whittle">176</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Samuel Gridley Howe, M. D.<br> <small><i>From a photograph by Black, about 1859.</i></small></td><td align="right"> <a href="#accompany_him_deciding">230</a></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  James Freeman Clarke <br><small><i>From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#Unitarian_ministry">246</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> John Brown <br><small><i>From a photograph (about 1857) lent by Francis J. Garrison, Boston.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#admonished_I_watched">254</a></tr>
+  <tr><td align="left">John A. Andrew<br> <small><i>From a photograph by Black.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#solemn_marches">262</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Julia Ward Howe<br> <small><i>From a photograph by J. J. Hawes, about 1861.</i></small></td><td align="right"> <a href="#the_plan_of_the_battle">270</a></tr>
+  <tr><td align="left">Facsimile of the First Draft of the Battle Hymn of the Republic <br><small><i>From the original MS. in the possession of Mrs. E. P. Whipple, Boston.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#way_to_the_camps">276</a></tr>
+  <tr><td align="left">Ralph Waldo Emerson<br> <small><i>From a photograph by Black.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#pasture_ground">292</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left">Frederic Henry Hedge, D. D.<br> <small><i>From a photograph lent by his daughter, Charlotte A. Hedge.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#highest_peace">302</a></tr>
+  <tr><td align="left">Samuel Gridley Howe, M. D. <br><small><i>From a photograph by A. Marshall (1870), in the possession of the Massachusetts Club.</i></small></td><td align="right"> <a href="#New_York_bar">328</a></tr>
+  <tr><td align="left">Lucy Stone<br> <small><i>From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#the_womans_part">376</a></tr>
+ <tr><td align="left"> Maria Mitchell<br> <small><i>From a photograph.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#Association_for_the">386</a></tr>
+  <tr><td align="left">The Newport Home of Mr. and Mrs. Howe<br> <small><i>From a photograph by Briskham and Davidson.</i></small></td><td align="right">  <a href="#combine_reasonable">406</a></tr>
+  <tr><td align="left">Thomas Gold Appleton <br><small><i>From a photograph lent by Mrs. John Murray Forbes.</i></small></td><td align="right"> <a href="#elf_locks">432</a></tr>
+  <tr><td align="left">Julia Romana Anagnos<br> <small><i>From a photograph.  </i></small></td><td align="right"> <a href="#Stray_Chords">440</a></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page1" name="page1"></a>[p. 1]</span>
+<h1 class="main2">REMINISCENCES</h1>
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<h2>BIRTH, PARENTAGE, CHILDHOOD</h2>
+
+
+<p>I have been urgently asked to put together my reminiscences. I could
+wish that I had begun to do so at an earlier period of my life, because
+at this time of writing the lines of the past are somewhat confused in
+my memory. Yet, with God's help, I shall endeavor to do justice to the
+individuals whom I have known, and to the events of which I have had
+some personal knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Let me say at the very beginning that I esteem this century, now near
+its close, to have eminently deserved a record among those which have
+been great landmarks in human history. It has seen the culmination of
+prophecies, the birth of new hopes, and a marvelous multiplication both
+of the ideas which promote human happiness and of the resources which
+enable man to make himself master of the world. Napoleon is said to have
+forbidden his subordinates to tell him that any order of his was
+impossible of fulfillment. One might <span class="pagenum"><a id="page2" name="page2"></a>[p. 2]</span>think that the genius of
+this age must have uttered a like injunction. To attain instantaneous
+communication with our friends across oceans and through every
+continent; to command locomotion whose swiftness changes the relations
+of space and time; to steal from Nature her deepest secrets, and to make
+disease itself the minister of cure; to compel the sun to keep for us
+the record of scenes and faces, of the great shows and pageants of time,
+of the perishable forms whose charm and beauty deserve to remain in the
+world's possession,&mdash;these are some of the achievements of our
+nineteenth century. Even more wonderful than these may we esteem the
+moral progress of the race; the decline of political and religious
+enmities, the growth of good-will and mutual understanding between
+nations, the waning of popular superstition, the spread of civic ideas,
+the recognition of the mutual obligations of classes, the advancement of
+woman to dignity in the household and efficiency in the state. All this
+our century has seen and approved. To the ages following it will hand on
+an inestimable legacy, an imperishable record.</p>
+
+<p>While my heart exults at these grandeurs of which I have seen and known
+something, my contribution to their history can be but of fragmentary
+and fitful interest. On the world's great scene, each of us can only
+play his little part, often <span class="pagenum"><a id="page3" name="page3"></a>[p. 3]</span>with poor comprehension of the
+mighty drama which is going on around him. If any one of us undertakes
+to set this down, he should do it with the utmost truth and simplicity;
+not as if Seneca or Tacitus or St. Paul were speaking, but as he
+himself, plain Hodge or Dominie or Mrs. Grundy, is moved to speak. He
+should not borrow from others the sentiments which he ought to have
+entertained, but relate truthfully how matters appeared to him, as they
+and he went on. Thus much I can promise to do in these pages, and no
+more.</p>
+
+<p>I was born on May 27, 1819, in the city of New York, in Marketfield
+Street, near the Battery. My father was of Rhode Island birth and
+descent. One of his grandmothers was the beautiful Catharine Ray to whom
+are addressed some of Benjamin Franklin's published letters. His father
+attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the war of the Revolution,
+being himself the son of Governor Samuel Ward, <a name="of_Rhode_Island" id="of_Rhode_Island"></a>of Rhode Island,<a href="#Governor_Samuel">[1]</a>
+married <span class="pagenum"><a id="page4" name="page4"></a>[p. 4]</span>to a daughter of Governor Greene, of the same state. My
+mother was grandniece to General Francis Marion, of Huguenot descent,
+known in the Revolution as the Swamp-fox of southern campaigns. Her
+father was Benjamin Clarke Cutler, whose first ancestor in this country
+was John De <a name="Mesmekir_of_Holland" id="Mesmekir_of_Holland"></a>Mesmekir, of Holland.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image3.jpg" width="165" height="201" alt="SARAH MITCHELL (Mrs. Howe&#39;s grandmother)
+
+From a painting by Waldo and Jewett">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>SARAH MITCHELL <br>(<span class="smcap">Mrs. Howe&#39;s </span>grandmother)</small><br> <small> <i>From a painting by Waldo and Jewett.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Let me here remark that an expert in chiromancy, after making a recent
+examination of my hand, exclaimed, "You inherit military blood; your
+hand shows it."</p>
+
+<p>My own earliest recollections are of a fine house on the Bowling Green,
+a region of high fashion in those days. In the summer mornings my nurse
+sometimes walked abroad with me, and showed me the young girls of our
+neighborhood, engaged with their skipping ropes. Our favorite resort was
+the Battery, where the flagstaff used in the Revolution was still to be
+seen. The fort at Castle Garden had already been converted into a
+pleasure resort, where fireworks and ices might be enjoyed.</p>
+
+<p>We were six children in all, yet Wordsworth's little maid would have
+reckoned us as seven, as a sister of four years had died shortly before
+my birth, leaving me her name and the dignity of eldest daughter. She
+was always mentioned in the family as the <i>first little Julia</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page5" name="page5"></a>[p. 5]</span> My two eldest brothers, Samuel and Henry Ward, were pupils at
+Round Hill School. The third, Francis Marion, named for the General, was
+my junior by fifteen months, and continued to be my constant playmate
+until, at the proper age, he joined the others at Round Hill School.</p>
+
+<p>A few words regarding my mother may not here be out of place. Married at
+sixteen, she died at the age of twenty-seven, so beloved and mourned by
+all who knew her that my early years were full of the testimony borne by
+surviving friends to the beauty and charm of her character. She had been
+a pupil at the school of Mrs. Elizabeth Graham, of saintly memory, and
+had inherited from her own mother a taste for intellectual pursuits. She
+was especially fond of poetry and a few lovely poems of hers remain to
+show that she was no stranger to its sacred domain. One of these was
+printed in a periodical of her own time, and is preserved in Griswold's
+"Female Poets of America." Another set of verses is addressed to me in
+the days of my babyhood. All of these bear the imprint of her deeply
+religious character.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Margaret Armstrong Astor, of whom more will be said in these
+annals, remembered my mother as prominent in the society of her youth,
+and spoke of her as beautiful in countenance. An old lady, resident in
+Bordentown, N. J., where Joseph, ex-king of Spain, made his home for
+many years, had seen my mother arrayed for a dinner at this <span class="pagenum"><a id="page6" name="page6"></a>[p. 6]</span>
+royal residence, in a white dress, probably of embroidered cambric, and
+a lilac turban. Her early death was a lifelong misfortune to her
+children, who, although tenderly bred and carefully watched, have been
+forced to pass their days without the dear refuge of a mother's heart,
+the wise guidance of a mother's inspiration.</p>
+
+<p>A dear old cousin of my father's, who lived to the age of one hundred
+and two years, loved to talk of a visit which she had made in her youth
+to my grandfather Ward, then resident in New York. She had not quite
+forgiven him for not allowing her to attend an assembly on which, being
+only sixteen years of age, she had set her heart. Years after this time,
+when such vanities had quite gone out of her mind, she again visited
+relatives in the city, and came to spend the day with my mother. Of this
+occasion she said to me: "Julia, your mother's tact was remarkable, and
+she showed it on that day, for, knowing me to be a young woman of
+serious character, she presented me on my arrival with a plain linen
+collar which she had made for me. On a table beside her lay Law's
+'Serious Call to the Unconverted.' Don't you see how well she had suited
+matters to my taste?"</p>
+
+<p>This aged relative used to boast that she had never read a novel. She
+desired to make one exception in favor of the story of the
+Sch�nberg-Cotta <span class="pagenum"><a id="page7" name="page7"></a>[p. 7]</span>family, but, hearing that it was a work of
+fiction, esteemed it safest to adhere to the rule which she had observed
+for so many years.</p>
+
+<p>Her son, lately deceased, once told me that when she felt called upon to
+chastise him for some childish offense, she would pray over him so long
+that he would cry out: "Mother, it's time to begin whipping."</p>
+
+<p>Her husband was a son of General Nathanael Greene, of Revolutionary
+fame.</p>
+
+<p>The attention bestowed upon impressions of childhood to-day will, I
+hope, justify me in recording some of the earliest points in
+consciousness which I still recall. I remember when a thimble was first
+given to me, some simple bit of work being at the same time placed in my
+hand. Some one said, "Take the needle in this hand." I did so, and,
+placing the thimble on a finger of the other hand, I began to sew
+without its aid, to the amusement of my teacher. This trifle appears to
+me an early indication of a want of perception as to the use of tools
+which has accompanied me through life. I remember also that, being told
+that I must ask pardon for some childish fault, I said to my mother,
+with perfect contentment, "Oh yes, I pardon you," and was surprised to
+hear that in this way I had not made the <i>amende honorable</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I encountered great difficulty in acquiring the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page8" name="page8"></a>[p. 8]</span><i>th</i> sound, when
+my mother tried to teach me to call her by that name. "Muzzer, muzzer,"
+was all that I could manage to say. But the dear parent presently said,
+"If you cannot do better than that, you will have to go back and call me
+mamma." The shame of going back moved me to one last effort, and,
+summoning my utmost strength of tongue, I succeeded in saying "mother,"
+an achievement from which I was never obliged to recede.</p>
+
+<p>A journey up the Hudson River was undertaken, when I was very young, for
+the bettering of my mother's health. An older sister of hers went with
+us, as well as a favorite waiting-woman, and a young physician whose
+care had saved my father's life a year or more before my own birth.
+After <a name="reaching_Albany" id="reaching_Albany"></a>reaching Albany, we traveled in my father's carriage; the grown
+persons occupying the seats, and I sitting in my little chair at their
+feet. A book of short tales and poems was often resorted to for my
+amusement, and I still remember how the young doctor read to me, "Pity
+the sorrows of a poor old man," and how my tears came, and could not be
+hidden.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image4.jpg" width="249" height="239" alt="JULIA WARD AND HER BROTHERS, SAMUEL AND HENRY
+
+From a miniature by Anne Hall" >
+<br><span class="caption"><small>JULIA WARD AND HER BROTHERS, SAMUEL AND HENRY</small>
+
+<br><small><i>From a miniature by Anne Hall.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The sight of Niagara caused me much surprise. Playing on the piazza of
+the hotel, one day, with only the doctor for my companion, I ventured to
+ask him, "Who made that great hole where the water comes down?" He
+replied, "The great <span class="pagenum"><a id="page9" name="page9"></a>[p. 9]</span>Maker of all." "Who is that?" I innocently
+inquired; and he said, "Do you not know? Our Father who art in heaven."
+I felt that I ought to have known, and went away somewhat abashed.</p>
+
+<p>Another day my mother told me that we were going to visit Red Jacket, a
+great Indian chief, and that I must be very polite to him. She gave me a
+twist of tobacco tied with a blue ribbon, which I was to present to him,
+and bade me observe the silver medal which I should see hung on his
+neck, and which, she said, had been given to him by General Washington.
+We drove to the Indian encampment, of which I dimly remember the extent
+and the wigwams. A tall figure advanced to the carriage. As its door was
+opened, I sprang forward, clasped my arms around the neck of the noble
+savage, and was astonished at his cool reception of such a greeting. I
+was surprised and grieved afterwards to learn that I had not done
+exactly the right thing. The Indians, in those days and long after,
+occupied numerous settlements in the western part of the State of New
+York, where one often saw the boys with their bows and arrows, and the
+squaws carrying their papooses on their backs.</p>
+
+<p>The journey here mentioned must have taken place when I was little more
+than four years old. Another year and a half brought me the burden of a
+great sorrow. I recall months of sweet companionship <span class="pagenum"><a id="page10" name="page10"></a>[p. 10]</span>with the
+first and dearest of friends, my mother. The last summer of her life was
+passed at a fine country-seat in Bloomingdale, which was then a
+picturesque country place, about six miles from New York, but is now
+incorporated in the city.</p>
+
+<p>My father was fond of fine horses, and the pets of the stable played no
+unimportant part in our childish affection. The family coach was an
+early institution with us, and in the days of which I now speak, its
+exterior was of a delicate yellow, known as straw-color, while the
+lining and cushions were of bright blue cloth. This combination of color
+was effected to please my dear mother, who was accounted in her time a
+woman of excellent taste.</p>
+
+<p>I remember this summer as a particularly happy period. My younger
+brother and I had our lessons in a lovely green bower. Our French
+teacher came out at intervals in the Bloomingdale stage. My mother often
+took me with her for a walk in the beautiful garden, from which she
+plucked flowers that she arranged with great taste. There was much
+mysterious embroidering of small caps and gowns, the purpose of which I
+little guessed. The autumn came, and with it our return to town. And
+then, one bitter morning, I awoke to hear the words, "Julia, your mother
+is dead." Before this my father had announced to us that a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page11" name="page11"></a>[p. 11]</span> little
+sister had arrived. "And she can open and shut her eyes," he said,
+smiling.</p>
+
+<p>His grief at the loss of my mother was so intense as to lay him
+prostrate with illness. He told me, years after this time, that he had
+welcomed the physical agony which perforce diverted his thoughts from
+the cause of his mental suffering. The little sister of whose coming he
+had told us so joyfully was for a long time kept from his sight. The
+rest of us were gathered around him, but this feeble little creature was
+not asked for. At last my dear old grandfather came to visit us, and
+learned the state of my father's feelings. The old gentleman went into
+the nursery, took the tiny infant from its nurse, and laid it in my
+father's arms. The little one thenceforth became the object of his most
+tender affection.</p>
+
+<p>He regarded all his children with great solicitude, feeling, as he
+afterward said to one of us, that he must now be mother as well as
+father. My mother's last request had been that her unmarried sister, the
+same one who had accompanied us on the journey to Niagara, should be
+sent for to have charge of us, and this arrangement was speedily
+effected.</p>
+
+<p>This aunt of ours had long been a care-taker in her mother's household,
+where she had had much to do with bringing up her younger sisters and
+brothers. My mother had been accustomed to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page12" name="page12"></a>[p. 12]</span> borrow her from time
+to time, and my aunt had threatened to hang out a sign over the door
+with the inscription, "Cheering done here by the job, by E. Cutler." She
+was a person of rare honesty, entirely conscientious in character,
+possessed of few accomplishments, but endowed with the keenest sense of
+humor. She watched over our early years with incessant care. We little
+ones were kept much in our warm nursery. We were taken out for a drive
+in fine weather, but rarely went out on foot. As a consequence of this
+overcherishing, we were constantly liable to suffer from colds and sore
+throats. The young physician of whom I have already spoken became an
+inmate of our house soon after my mother's death. He was afterward well
+known in New York society as an excellent practitioner, and as a man of
+a certain genius. Those were the days of mighty doses, and the slightest
+indisposition was sure to call down upon us the administration of the
+drugs then in favor with <a name="the_faculty_but" id="the_faculty_but"></a>the faculty, but now rarely used.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image5.jpg" width="203" height="284" alt="JULIA CUTLER WARD ( Mrs. Howe&#39;s  mother)
+
+From a miniature by Anne Hall">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>JULIA CUTLER WARD</small> <small>(<span class="smcap">Mrs. Howe&#39;s</span> mother)</small>
+
+<br><small><i>From a miniature by Anne Hall.</i></small>
+</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page13" name="page13"></a>[p. 13]</span> My father's affliction was such that a change of scene became necessary
+for him. The beautiful house at the Bowling Green was sold, with the new
+furniture which had been ordered expressly for my mother's pleasure, and
+which we never saw uncovered. We removed to Bond Street, which was then
+at the upper extremity of New York city. My father's friends said to
+him, "Mr. Ward, you are going out of town." And so indeed it seemed at that time.
+We occupied one of three white freestone houses, and saw from our
+windows the gradual building up of the street, which is now in the
+central part of New York. My father had purchased a large lot of land at
+the corner of our street and Broadway. On a part of this he subsequently
+erected a house which was considered one of the finest in the city.</p>
+
+<p>My father was disposed to be extremely careful in the choice of our
+associates, and intended, no doubt, that we should receive our education
+at home. At a later day his plans were changed somewhat, and after some
+experience of governesses and masters I was at last sent to a school in
+the near neighborhood of our house. I was nine years old at this time,
+somewhat precocious for my age, and endowed with a good memory. This
+fact may have led to my being at once placed in a class of girls much
+older than myself, especially occupied with the study of Paley's "Moral
+Philosophy." I managed to commit many pages of this book to memory, in a
+rather listless and perfunctory manner. I was much more interested in
+the study of chemistry, although it was not illustrated by any
+experiments. The system of education followed at that time consisted
+largely in memorizing from the text-books then in use. Removing to
+another school, I had excellent instruction in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page14" name="page14"></a>[p. 14]</span>penmanship, and
+enjoyed a course of lectures on history, aided by the best set of charts
+that I have ever seen, the work of Professor Bostwick. In geometry I
+made quite a brilliant beginning, but soon fell off from my first
+efforts. The study of languages was very congenial to me; I had been
+accustomed to speak French from my earliest years. To this I was enabled
+to add some knowledge of Latin, and afterward of Italian and German.</p>
+
+<p>The routine of my school life was varied now and then by a concert and
+by Handel's oratorios, which were given at long intervals by an
+association whose title I cannot now recall. I eagerly anticipated, and
+yet dreaded, these occasions, for my enjoyment of them was succeeded by
+a reaction of intense melancholy.</p>
+
+<p>The musical "stars" of those days are probably quite out of memory in
+these later times, but I remember some of them with pleasure. It is
+worth noticing that, while the earliest efforts in music in Boston
+produced the Handel and Haydn Society, and led to the occasional
+performance of a symphony of Beethoven or of Mozart, the taste of New
+York inclined more to operatic music. The brief visit of Garcia and his
+troupe had brought the best works of Rossini before the public. These
+performances were followed, at long intervals, by seasons of English
+opera, in which Mrs. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page15" name="page15"></a>[p. 15]</span>Austin was the favorite prima donna. This lady sang also in oratorio,
+and I recall her rendering of the soprano solos in Handel's "Messiah" as
+somewhat mannered, but on the whole quite impressive.</p>
+
+<p>A higher grade of talent came to us in the person of Mrs. Wood, famous
+before her marriage as Miss Paton. I heard great things of her
+performance in "La Sonnambula," which I was not allowed to see. I did
+hear her, however, at concerts and in oratorios, and I particularly
+remember her rendering of the famous soprano song, "To mighty kings he
+gave his acts." Her voice was beautiful in quality and of considerable
+extent. It possessed a liquid and fluent flexibility, quite unlike the
+curious staccato and tremolo effects so much in favor to-day.</p>
+
+<p>My father's views of religious duty became much more stringent after my
+mother's death. I had been twice taken to the opera during the Garcia
+performances, when I was scarcely more than seven years of age, and had
+seen and heard the Diva Malibran, then known as Signorina Garcia, in the
+r�les of Cenerentola (Cinderella) and Rosina in the "Barbiere di
+Seviglia." Soon after this time the doors were shut, and I knew of
+theatrical matters only by hearsay. The religious people of that period
+had set their faces against the drama in every form. I remember the
+destruction by <span class="pagenum"><a id="page16" name="page16"></a>[p. 16]</span>fire of the first Bowery Theatre, and how this was spoken of as a
+"judgment" upon the wickedness of the stage and of its patrons. A
+well-known theatre in Richmond, Va., took fire while a performance was
+going on, and the result was a deplorable loss of life. The pulpits of
+the time "improved" this event by sermons which reflected severely upon
+the frequenters of such places of amusement, and the "judgment" was long
+spoken of with holy horror.</p>
+
+<p>My musical education, in spite of the limitations of opportunity just
+mentioned, was the best that the time could afford. I had my first
+lessons from a very irritable French artist, of whom I stood in such
+fear that I could remember nothing that he taught me. A second teacher,
+Mr. Boocock, had more patience, and soon brought me forward in my
+studies. He had been a pupil of Cramer, and his taste had been formed by
+hearing the best music in London, which then, as now, commanded all the
+great musical talent of Europe. He gave me lessons for many years, and I
+learned from him to appreciate the works of the great composers,
+Beethoven, Handel, and Mozart. When I grew old enough for the training
+of my voice, Mr. Boocock recommended to my father Signor Cardini, an
+aged Italian, who had been an intimate of the Garcia family, and was
+well acquainted with Garcia's admirable method. Under his care my
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page17" name="page17"></a>[p. 17]</span> voice improved in character and in compass, and the daily
+exercises in holding long notes gave strength to my lungs. I think that
+I have felt all my life through the benefit of those early lessons.
+Signor Cardini remembered Italy before the invasion of Napoleon I., and
+sometimes entertained me with stories of the escapades of his student
+life. He had resided long in London, and had known the Duke of
+Wellington. He related to me that once, when he was visiting the great
+soldier at his country-seat near the sea, the duke invited him to look
+through his telescope, saying, "Signor Cardini, venez voir comme on
+travaille les Fran�ais." This must have had reference to some
+man&oelig;uvre of the English fleet, I suppose. Mr. Boocock thought that it
+would be desirable for me to take part in concerted pieces, with other
+instruments. This exercise brought me great delight in the performance
+of certain trios and quartettes. The reaction from this pleasure,
+however, was very painful, and induced at times a visitation of morbid
+melancholy which threatened to affect my health.</p>
+
+<p>While I greatly disapprove of the scope and suggestions presented by
+Count Tolsto� in his "Kreutzer Sonata," I yet think that, in the
+training of young persons, some regard should be had to the
+sensitiveness of youthful nerves, and to the overpowering response which
+they often make to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page18" name="page18"></a>[p. 18]</span> the appeals of music. The dry practice of
+a single instrument and the simple drill of choral exercises will not be
+apt to overstimulate the currents of nerve force. On the other hand, the
+power and sweep of great orchestral performances, or even the suggestive
+charm of some beautiful voice, will sometimes so disturb the mental
+equilibrium of the hearer as to induce in him a listless melancholy, or,
+worse still, an unreasoning and unreasonable discontent.</p>
+
+<p>The early years of my youth were passed in the seclusion not only of
+home life, but of a home most carefully and jealously guarded from all
+that might be represented in the orthodox trinity of evil, the world,
+the flesh, and the devil. My father had become deeply imbued with the
+religious ideas of the time. He dreaded for his children the
+dissipations of fashionable society, and even the risks of general
+intercourse with the unsanctified many. He early embraced the cause of
+temperance, and became president of the first temperance society formed
+in this country. As a result, wine was excluded from his table. This
+privation gave me no trouble, but my brothers felt it, especially the
+eldest, who had passed some years in Europe, where the use of wine was,
+as it still is, universal. I was walking with my father one evening when
+we met my two younger brothers, each with a cigar in his mouth. My
+father was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page19" name="page19"></a>[p. 19]</span> much troubled, and said, "Boys, you must give this
+up, and I will give it up, too. From this time I forbid you to smoke,
+and I will join you in relinquishing the habit." I am afraid that this
+sacrifice on my father's part did not have the desired effect, but am
+quite certain that he never witnessed the infringement of his command.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of which I speak, my father's family all lived in our
+immediate neighborhood. He had considerably distanced his brothers in
+fortune, and had built for himself the beautiful house of which I have
+already spoken. In the same street with us lived my music-loving uncle,
+Henry, somewhat given to good cheer, and of a genial disposition. In a
+house nearer to us resided my grandfather, Samuel Ward, with an
+unmarried daughter and three bachelor sons, John, Richard, and William.
+The outings of my young girlhood were confined to this family circle. I
+went to school, indeed, but never to dancing-school, a sober little
+dancing-master giving us lessons at home. I used to hear, with some
+envy, of Monsieur Charnaud's classes and of his "publics," where my
+schoolfellows disported themselves in their best clothes. My grandfather
+was a stately old gentleman, a good deal more than six feet in height,
+very mild in manner, and fond of a game of whist. With us children he
+used to play a very simple game called "Tom, come tickle me." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page20" name="page20"></a>[p. 20]</span>
+Cards were not allowed in my father's house, and my brothers used to
+resort to the grand-paternal mansion when they desired this diversion.</p>
+
+<p>The eldest of my father's unmarried brothers was my uncle John, a man
+more tolerant than my father, and full of kindly forethought for his
+nieces and nephews. In his youth he had sustained an injury which
+deprived him of speech for more than a year. His friends feared that he
+would never speak again, but his mother, trying one day to render him
+some small assistance, did not succeed to her mind, and said, "I am a
+poor, awkward old woman." "No, you are not!" he exclaimed, and at once
+recovered his power of speech. He was anxious that his nieces should be
+well instructed in practical matters, and perhaps he grudged a little
+the extra time which we were accustomed to devote to books and music. He
+was fond of sending materials for dresses to me and my sisters, but
+insisted that we should make them up for ourselves. This we managed to
+do, with a good deal of help from the family seamstress. When I had
+published my first literary venture, uncle John showed me in a newspaper
+a favorable notice of my work, saying, "This is my little girl who knows
+about books, and writes an article and has it printed, but I wish that
+she knew more about housekeeping,"&mdash;a sentiment which in after years I
+had occasion to echo with fervor. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page21" name="page21"></a>[p. 21]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<h2>LITERARY NEW YORK</h2>
+
+<p>Although the New York of my youth had little claim to be recognized as a
+literary centre, it yet was a city whose tastes and manners were much
+influenced by people of culture. One of these, Robert Sands, was the
+author of a poem entitled "Yamoyden," its theme being an Indian story or
+legend. His family dated back to the Sands who once owned a considerable
+part of Block Island, and from whom Sands Point takes its name. If I do
+not mistake, these Sands were connected by marriage with one of my
+ancestors, who were also settlers in Block Island. I remember having
+seen the poet Sands in my childhood, a rather awkward, near-sighted man.
+His life was not a long one. A sister of his, Julia Sands, wrote a
+biographical sketch of her brother, and was spoken of as a literary
+woman.</p>
+
+<p>William Cullen Bryant resided in New York many years. He took a
+prominent part in politics, but mingled little in general society, being
+much absorbed in his duties as editor of the "Evening Post," of which he
+was also the founder. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page22" name="page22"></a>[p. 22]</span></p>
+
+<p>I first heard of Fitz-Greene Halleck as the author of various satirical
+pieces of verse relating to personages and events of nearly eighty years
+ago. He is now best remembered by his "Marco Bozzaris," a noble lyric
+which we have heard quoted in view of recent lamentable encounters
+between Greek and Barbarian.</p>
+
+<p>Among the lecturers who visited New York, I remember Professor Silliman
+of Yale College, Dr. Follen, who spoke of German literature, George
+Combe, and Mr. Charles Lyell.</p>
+
+<p>Charles King, for many years editor of a daily paper entitled "The New
+York American," was a man of much literary taste. He had been a pupil at
+Harrow when Byron was there. He was an appreciative friend of my father,
+although as convivial in his tastes as my father was the reverse. I
+remember that once, when a temperance meeting was going on in one of our
+large parlors, Mr. King called and, finding my father thus engaged,
+began to frolic with us young people. He even dared to say: "How I
+should like to open those folding doors just wide enough to fire off a
+bottle of champagne at those temperance folks!"</p>
+
+<p>He was the patron of my early literary ventures, and kindly allowed my
+fugitive pieces to appear in his paper. He always advocated the
+abolition of slavery, and could never forgive Henry Clay his part in
+effecting the Missouri Compromise. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page23" name="page23"></a>[p. 23]</span> He and his brother James,
+my father's junior partner, were sons of Rufus King, a man eminent in
+public life. I was a child of perhaps eight years when I heard my elders
+say with regret that "old Mr. King was dying."</p>
+
+<p>Quite late in his life, Mr. Charles King became President of Columbia
+College. This institution, with the houses of its officers, occupied the
+greater part of Park Place. Its professors were well known in society.
+The college was very conservative in its management. The professor of
+mathematics was asked one day by one of his class whether the sun did
+not really stand still in answer to the prayer of Joshua. He laughed at
+the question, and was in consequence reprimanded by the faculty.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Anthon, of the college, became known through his school and
+college editions of many Latin classics. Professor Moore, in the
+department of Hellenics, was popular among the undergraduates, partly,
+it was said, on account of his very indulgent method of conducting
+examinations. Professor McVickar, in the chair of Philosophy, was one of
+the early admirers of Ruskin. The families of these gentlemen mingled a
+good deal in the society of the time, and contributed no doubt to impart
+to it a tone of polite culture. I should say that before the forties the
+sons of the best families of New York city were usually sent to
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page24" name="page24"></a>[p. 24]</span> Columbia College. My own brothers, three in number, were among
+its graduates. New York parents in those days looked upon Harvard as a
+Unitarian institution, and shunned its influence for their sons.</p>
+
+<p>The venerable Lorenzo Da Ponte was for many years a resident of New
+York, and a teacher of the Italian language and literature. When
+Dominick Lynch introduced the first opera troupe to the New York public,
+sometime in the twenties, the audience must surely have comprised some
+of the old man's pupils, well versed in the language of the librettos.
+In earlier life, he had furnished the text of several of Mozart's
+operas, among them "Don Giovanni" and "Le Nozze di Figaro."</p>
+
+<p>Dominick Lynch, whom I have just mentioned, was an enthusiastic lover of
+music. His visits to my father's house were occasions of delight to me.
+He was without a rival as an interpreter of ballads, and especially of
+the songs of Thomas Moore. His voice, though not powerful, was clear and
+musical, and his touch on the pianoforte was perfect. I remember
+creeping under the instrument to hide my tears when I heard him sing the
+ballad of "Lord Ullin's Daughter."</p>
+
+<p>Charles Augustus Davis, the author of the "Letters of J. Downing, Major,
+Downingville Militia, Second Brigade, to his old Friend Mr. Dwight, of
+the New York Daily Advertiser," was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page25" name="page25"></a>[p. 25]</span> a gentleman well known in
+the New York society of my youth. The letters in question contained
+imaginary reports of a tour which the writer professed to have made with
+General Jackson, when the latter was a candidate for re�lection to the
+Presidency. They were very popular at the time, but have long passed
+into oblivion. I remember that in one of them, Major Downing describes
+an occasion on which it was important that the general should interlard
+his address with a few Latin quotations. Not possessing any learning of
+that kind, he concluded his speech with: "E pluribus unum, gentlemen,
+sine qua non."</p>
+
+<p>The great literary boast of the city at the time of which I speak was
+undoubtedly Washington Irving. I was still a child in the nursery when I
+heard of his return to America, after a residence of some years in
+Spain. A public dinner was given in honor of this event. One who had
+been present at it told of Mr. Irving's embarrassment when he was called
+upon for a speech. He rose, waved his hand in the air, and could only
+utter a few sentences, which were heard with difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>Many years after this time I was present, with other ladies, at a public
+dinner given in honor of Charles Dickens by prominent citizens of New
+York. We ladies were not bidden to the feast, but were allowed to occupy
+a small anteroom whose open door commanded a view of the tables.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page26" name="page26"></a>[p. 26]</span> When the speaking was about to begin, a message came,
+suggesting that we should take possession of some vacant seats at the
+great table. This we were glad to do. Washington Irving was president of
+the evening, and upon him devolved the duty of inaugurating proceedings
+by an address of welcome to the distinguished guest. People who sat near
+me whispered, "He'll break down&mdash;he always does." Mr. Irving rose, and
+uttered a sentence or two. His friends interrupted him by applause which
+was intended to encourage him, but which entirely overthrew his
+self-possession. He hesitated, stammered, and sat down, saying, "I
+cannot go on." It was an embarrassing and painful moment, but Mr. John
+Duer, an eminent lawyer, came to his friend's assistance, and with
+suitable remarks proposed the health of Charles Dickens, to which Mr.
+Dickens promptly responded. This he did in his happiest manner, covering
+Mr. Irving's defeat by a glowing eulogy of his literary merits.</p>
+
+<p>"Whose books do I take to bed with me, night after night? Washington
+Irving's! as one who is present can testify." This one was evidently
+Mrs. Dickens, who was seated beside me. Mr. Dickens proceeded to speak
+of international copyright, saying that the prime object of his visit to
+America was the promotion of this important measure. I met Washington
+Irving several times at the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page27" name="page27"></a>[p. 27]</span> house of John Jacob Astor. He was
+silent in general company, and usually fell asleep at the dinner-table.
+This occurrence was indeed so common with him that the guests present
+only noticed it with a smile. After a nap of some ten minutes he would
+open his eyes and take part in the conversation, apparently unconscious
+of having been asleep.</p>
+
+<p>In his youth, Mr. Irving had traveled quite extensively in Europe. While
+in Rome, he had received marked attention from the banker Torlonia, who
+repeatedly invited him to dinner parties, the opera, and so on. He was
+at a loss to account for this until his last visit to the banker, when
+Torlonia, taking him aside, said, "Pray tell me, is it not true that you
+are a grandson of the great Washington?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Irving had in early life given offense to the descendants of old
+Dutch families in New York by the publication of "Knickerbocker's
+History of New York," in which he had presented some of their forbears
+in a humorous light. The solid fame which he acquired in later days
+effaced the remembrance of this old-time grievance, and in the days in
+which I had the pleasure of his acquaintance, he held an enviable
+position in the esteem and affection of the community.</p>
+
+<p>He always remained a bachelor, owing, it was said, to an attachment, the
+object of which had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page28" name="page28"></a>[p. 28]</span> been removed by death. I have even heard
+that the lady in question was a beautiful Jewess, the same one whom
+Walter Scott has depicted in his well-known Rebecca. This legend of the
+beautiful Jewess was current in my youth. A later authority informs us
+that Mr. Irving was really engaged to Matilda, daughter of Josiah Ogden
+Hoffman, a noted lawyer of New York, and that the death of the lady
+prevented the intended marriage from taking place. "He could never, to
+his dying day, endure to hear her name mentioned," it is said, "and,
+nearly thirty years after her death, the accidental discovery of a piece
+of her embroidery saddened him so that he could not speak."
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page29" name="page29"></a>[p. 29]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<h2>NEW YORK SOCIETY</h2>
+
+
+<p>It has been explained that the continued prosperity of France under very
+varying forms of government is due to the fact that the municipal
+administration of the country is not affected by these changes, but
+continues much the same under king, emperor, and republican president.</p>
+
+<p>I find something analogous to this in the perseverance of certain
+underlying tendencies in society despite the continual variations which
+diversify the surface of the domain of Fashion.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest social function which I remember is a ball given by my
+father and mother when I must have been about four years of age. Quite
+late in the evening, I was taken out of bed and arrayed in an
+embroidered cambric slip. Some one tried to fasten a pink rosebud on the
+waist of my dress, but did not succeed to her mind. I was brought into
+our drawing-rooms, which had undergone a surprising transformation. The
+floors were bare, and from the ceiling of either room was suspended a
+circle of wax lights and artificial flowers. The orchestra included a
+double bass. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page30" name="page30"></a>[p. 30]</span> I surveyed the company of the dancers, but soon
+curled myself up on a sofa, where one of the dowagers fed me with
+ice-cream. This entertainment took place at our house on Bowling Green,
+a neighborhood which has long been given up to business.</p>
+
+<p>As a child, I remember silver forks as in use at my father's dinner
+parties. On ordinary occasions, we used the three-pronged steel fork
+which is now rarely seen. My father sometimes admonished my maternal
+grandmother not to put her knife into her mouth. In her youth every one
+used the knife in this way.</p>
+
+<p>Meats were carefully roasted in what was called a tin kitchen, before an
+open fire. Desserts on state occasions consisted of pastry, wine jelly,
+blanc-mange, with pyramids of ice-cream. This last was always supplied
+by a French resident, Jean Contoit by name, whose very modest garden
+long continued to be the principal place from which such a dainty could
+be obtained. It may have been M. Contoit who, speaking to a compatriot
+of his first days in America, said, "Imagine! when I first came to this
+country, people cooked vegetables with water only, <i>and the calf's head
+was thrown away</i>!"</p>
+
+<p>Of the dress of that period I remember that ladies wore white cambric
+gowns, finely embroidered, in winter as well as in summer, and walked
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page31" name="page31"></a>[p. 31]</span> abroad in thin morocco slippers. Pelisses were worn in cold
+weather, often of some bright color, rose pink or blue. I have found in
+a family letter of that time the following description of a bride's
+toilet: "Miss E. was married in a frock of white merino, with a full
+suit of steel: comb, earrings, and so on." I once heard Mrs. William
+Astor, <i>n�e</i> Armstrong, tell of a pair of brides, twin sisters, who
+appeared at church dressed in pelisses of white merino, trimmed with
+chinchilla, with caps of the same fur. They were much admired at the
+time.</p>
+
+<p>Among the festivities of old New York, the observance of New Year's Day
+held an important place. In every house of any pretension, the ladies of
+the family sat in their drawing-rooms, arrayed in their best dresses,
+and the gentlemen of their acquaintance made short visits, during which
+wine and rich cakes were offered them. It was allowable to call as early
+as ten o'clock in the morning. The visitor sometimes did little more
+than appear and disappear, hastily muttering something about "the
+compliments of the season." The gentlemen prided themselves upon the
+number of visits paid, the ladies upon the number received. Girls at
+school vexed each other with emulative boasting: "We had fifty calls on
+New Year's Day." "Oh! but <i>we</i> had sixty-five." This perfunctory
+performance grew very tedious <span class="pagenum"><a id="page32" name="page32"></a>[p. 32]</span> by the time the calling hours
+were ended, but apart from this, the day was one on which families were
+greeted by distant relatives rarely seen, while old friends met and
+revived their pleasant memories.</p>
+
+<p>In our house, the rooms were all thrown open. Bright fires burned in the
+grates. My father, after his adoption of temperance principles, forbade
+the offering of wine to visitors, and ordered it to be replaced by hot
+coffee. We were rather chagrined at this prohibition, but his will was
+law.</p>
+
+<p>I recall a New Year's Day early in the thirties, on which a yellow
+chariot stopped before our door. A stout, elderly gentleman descended
+from it, and came in to pay his compliments to my father. This gentleman
+was John Jacob Astor, who was already known to be possessed of great
+wealth.</p>
+
+<p>The pleasant custom just described was said to have originated with the
+Dutch settlers of the olden time. As the city grew in size, it became
+difficult and well-nigh impossible for gentlemen to make the necessary
+number of visits. Finally, a number of young men of the city took it
+upon themselves to call in squads at houses which they had no right to
+molest, consuming the refreshments provided for other guests, and making
+themselves disagreeable in various ways. This offense against good
+manners led to the discontinuance, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page33" name="page33"></a>[p. 33]</span> by common consent, of the
+New Year's receptions.</p>
+
+<p>A younger sister of my mother, named Louisa Cord� Cutler, was one of the
+historic beauties of her time. She was a frequent and beloved guest at
+my father's house, but her marriage took place at my grandmother's
+residence in Jamaica Plain. The bridegroom was the only son of Judge
+McAllister, of Savannah, Georgia. One of my aunt's bridesmaids, Miss
+Elizabeth Danforth, a lady much esteemed in the older Boston, once gave
+me the following account of the marriage:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, this is my beautiful bride. [My aunt was now about sixty years
+old.] Well do I recall the evening of her marriage. I was to be her
+bridesmaid, you know, and when the time came, I was all dressed and
+ready. But the Dorchester coach was wanted for old Madam Blake's
+funeral, and as there was no other conveyance to be had, I was obliged
+to wait for it. The time seemed endless while I was walking up and down
+the hall in my bridesmaid's dress, my mother from time to time exhorting
+me to have patience, without much effect.</p>
+
+<p>"At last the coach came, and in it I was driven to your grandmother's
+house in Jamaica Plain. As I entered the door I met the bridal party
+coming downstairs. Your mother said to me, 'Oh! Elizabeth, we thought
+you were not coming.' <span class="pagenum"><a id="page34" name="page34"></a>[p. 34]</span> After this all passed off pleasantly.
+Your grandmother was dressed in a lilac silk gown of rather antiquated
+fashion, adorned with frills and furbelows which had passed out of date.
+Your mother, who had come on from New York for the ceremony, said to her
+later in the evening, 'Dear mamma, you must make a present of that gown
+to some theatrical friend. It is only fit for the boards.'"</p>
+
+<p>The officiating clergyman of the occasion was the Reverend Benjamin
+Clarke Cutler, brother of the bride. It was his first service of the
+kind, and the company were somewhat amused when, in absence or confusion
+of mind, he pronounced the nuptial blessing upon <i>M</i> and <i>N</i>, the
+letters which stand in the church ritual for the names of the parties
+contracting. Accordingly, at the wedding supper, the first toast was
+drunk "to the health and happiness of M and N," and responded to with
+much merriment.</p>
+
+<p>I have further been told that the bride's elder sister, afterwards known
+as Mrs. Francis, danced "in stocking-feet" with my father's elder
+brother, this having been the ancient rule when the younger children
+were married before the older ones.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the costume which met with her daughter's disapproval, my
+maternal grandmother was not indifferent to dress. She used to lament
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page35" name="page35"></a>[p. 35]</span> the ugliness of modern fashions, and to extol those of her
+youth, in which she was one of the <i>�l�gantes</i> of Southern society. She
+remembered with pleasure that General Washington once crossed a
+ball-room to speak with her. This was probably when she was the wife or
+widow of Colonel Herne, to whom she was married at the age of fourteen
+(when her dolls, she told me, were taken away from her), and whose death
+occurred before she had attained legal majority. She had received a good
+musical education for those times, and Colonel Perkins of Boston once
+told me that he remembered her as a fascinating young widow with a
+lovely voice. It must have been during her visit to Boston that she met
+my grandfather Cutler, who straightway fell in love with and married
+her. When past her sixtieth year she would sometimes sing an old-time
+duet with my father. She had a great love of good literature. Here is
+what she told me about the fashions of her youth:</p>
+
+<p>"We wore our hair short, and <i>cr�ped</i> all over in short curls, which
+were kept in place by a spangled ribbon, bound around the head. Powder
+was universally worn. The <i>Mar�chale</i> powder was most becoming to the
+complexion, having a slight yellowish tinge. We wore trains, but had a
+set of cords by which we pulled them up in festoons, when we went to
+dance. Brocades were much worn. I wanted one, but could not find one at
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page36" name="page36"></a>[p. 36]</span> the time, so I embroidered a pretty yellow silk dress of mine,
+and made a brocade of it."</p>
+
+<p>She once mentioned having known, in days long distant, of a company of
+ladies who had banded themselves together for some new departure of a
+patriotic intent, and who had waited upon General Washington in a body.
+I have since ascertained that they called themselves "Daughters of
+Liberty." A kindred association had been formed of "Sons of Liberty."
+Perhaps these ladies were of the mind of Mrs. John Adams, who, when
+congratulating her husband upon the liberties assured to American men by
+the then new Constitution of the United States, thought it "a pity that
+the legislators had not also done something for the ladies."</p>
+
+<p>Among the familiar figures of my early life is that of Dr. John
+Wakefield Francis. I wish it were in my power to give any adequate
+description of this remarkable man, who was certainly one of the
+worthies of his time. As already said, he was my uncle by marriage, and
+for many years a resident in my father's house. He was of German origin,
+florid in complexion and mercurial in temperament. His fine head was
+crowned with an abundance of silken curly hair. He always wore
+gold-bowed glasses, being very near-sighted, was a born humorist, and
+delighted in jest and hyperbole. He was an omnivorous reader, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page37" name="page37"></a>[p. 37]</span> was so constituted that four hours of sleep nightly sufficed
+to keep him in health. This was fortunate for him, as he had an
+extensive practice, and was liable to be called out at all hours of the
+night. A candle always stood on a table beside his pillow, and with it a
+pile of books and papers, which he habitually perused long before the
+coming of daylight. It so happened, however, that he waked one morning
+at about four of the clock, and saw his wife, wrapped in shawls, sitting
+near the fire, reading something by candlelight. The following
+conversation ensued:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Eliza, what book is that you are reading?"</p>
+
+<p>"'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' dear."</p>
+
+<p>"Is it? I don't need to know anything more about it&mdash;it must be the
+greatest book of the age."</p>
+
+<p>His humor was extravagant. I once heard him exclaim, "How brilliant is
+the light which streams through the fissure of a cracked brain!" Again
+he spoke of "a fellow who couldn't go straight in a ropewalk." His
+anecdotes of things encountered in the exercise of his profession were
+most amusing.</p>
+
+<p>He found us seated in the drawing-room, one evening, to receive a visit
+from a very shy professor of Brown University. The doctor, surveying the
+group, seized this poor man, lifted him from the floor, and carried him
+round the circle, to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page38" name="page38"></a>[p. 38]</span> express his pleasure at seeing an old
+friend. The countenance of the guest meanwhile showed an agony of
+embarrassment and terror.</p>
+
+<p>The doctor was very temperate in everything except tea, which he drank
+in the green variety, in strong and copious libations. Indeed, he had no
+need of wine or other alcoholic stimulants, his temperament being almost
+incandescent. Overflowing as he was with geniality, he yet accommodated
+himself easily to the requirements of a sick room, and showed himself
+tender, vigilant, and most sympathetic. He attended many people who
+could not, and some who would not, pay for his visits. One of these
+last, having been brought by him through an attack of cholera, was so
+much impressed with the kindness and skill of the doctor that he at once
+and for the first time sent him a check in recognition of services that
+money could not repay.</p>
+
+<p>After many years of residence with us, my uncle and aunt Francis
+removed, first to lodgings, and later to a house of their own. Here my
+aunt busied herself much with the needs of rich and poor. Ladies often
+came to her seeking good servants, her recommendation being considered
+an all-sufficient security. Women out of place came to her seeking
+employment, which she often found for them. These acts of kindness,
+often involving a considerable expenditure of time and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page39" name="page39"></a>[p. 39]</span>
+trouble, the dear lady performed with no thought of recompense other
+than the assurance that she had been helpful to those who needed her
+assistance in manifold ways. In her new abode Auntie lived with careful
+economy, dispensing her simple hospitality with a generous hand. She was
+famous among her friends for delicious coffee and for excellent tea,
+which she always made herself, on the table.</p>
+
+<p>She sometimes invited friends for an evening party, but made it a point
+to invite those who were not her favorites for a separate occasion, not
+wishing to dilute her enjoyment of the chosen few, and, on the other
+hand, desiring not to hurt the feelings of any of her acquaintance by
+wholly leaving them out. When Edgar Allan Poe first became known in New
+York, Dr. Francis invited him to the house. It was on one of Auntie's
+good evenings, and her room was filled with company. The poet arrived
+just at a moment when the doctor was obliged to answer the call of a
+patient. He accordingly opened the parlor door, and pushed Mr. Poe into
+the room, saying, "Eliza, my dear, the Raven!" after which he
+immediately withdrew. Auntie had not heard of the poem, and was entirely
+at a loss to understand this introduction of the new-comer.</p>
+
+<p>It was always a pleasure to welcome distinguished strangers to New York.
+Mrs. Jameson's <span class="pagenum"><a id="page40" name="page40"></a>[p. 40]</span> visit to the United States, in the year 1835,
+gave me the opportunity of making acquaintance with that very
+accomplished lady and author. I was then a girl of sixteen summers, but
+I had read the "Diary of an Ennuy�e," which first brought Mrs. Jameson
+into literary prominence. I read afterwards with avidity the two later
+volumes in which she gives so good an account of modern art work in
+Europe. In these she speaks with enthusiasm of certain frescoes in
+Munich which I was sorry, many years later, to be obliged to consider
+less beautiful than her description of them would have warranted one in
+believing. When I perused these works, having myself no practical
+knowledge of art, their graphic style seemed to give me clear vision of
+the things described. The beautiful Pinakothek and Glyptothek of Munich
+became to me as if I actually saw them, and when it was my good fortune
+to visit them I seemed, especially in the case of the marbles, to meet
+with old friends. Mrs. Jameson's connoisseurship was not limited to
+pictorial and sculptural art. Of music also she was passionately fond.
+In the book just spoken of she describes an evening passed with the
+composer Wieck in his German home. In this she speaks of his daughter
+Clara, and of her lover, young Schumann. Clara Wieck, afterwards Madame
+Schumann, became well known in Europe as a pianist of eminence, and of
+Schumann <span class="pagenum"><a id="page41" name="page41"></a>[p. 41]</span> as a composer it needs not now to speak. There were
+various legends regarding Mrs. Jameson's private history. It was said
+that her husband, marrying her against his will, parted from her at the
+church door, and thereafter left England for Canada, where he was
+residing at the time of her visit. I first met her at an evening party
+at the house of a friend. I was invited to make some music, and sang,
+among other things, a brilliant bravura air from "Semiramide." When I
+would have left the piano, Mrs. Jameson came to me and said, "<i>Altra
+cosa</i>, my dear." My voice had been cultivated with care, and though not
+of great power was considered pleasing in quality, and was certainly
+very flexible. I met Mrs. Jameson at several other entertainments
+devised in her honor. She was of middle height, her hair red blond in
+color. Her face was not handsome, but sensitive and sympathetic in
+expression. The elegant dames of New York were somewhat scandalized at
+her want of taste in dress. I actually heard one of them say, "How like
+the devil she does look!"</p>
+
+<p>After a winter passed in Canada, Mrs. Jameson again visited New York, on
+her way to England. She called upon me one day with a friend, and asked
+to see my father's pictures. Two of these, portraits of Charles First
+and his queen, were supposed to be by Vandyke. Mrs. Jameson <span class="pagenum"><a id="page42" name="page42"></a>[p. 42]</span>
+doubted this. She spoke of her intimacy with the celebrated Mrs.
+Somerville, and said, "I think of her as a dear little woman who is very
+fond of drawing." When I went to return her visit, I found her engaged
+in earnest conversation with a son of Sir James Mackintosh. When he had
+taken leave, she said to me, "Mr. Mackintosh and I were almost at
+daggers drawing." So far as I could learn, their dispute related to
+democratic forms of government, and the society therefrom resulting,
+which he viewed with favor and she with bitter dislike. I inquired about
+her winter in Canada. She replied, "As the Irishman said, I had
+everything that a pig could want." A volume from her hand appeared soon
+after this time, entitled "Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada."
+Her work on "Sacred and Legendary Art" and her "Legends of the Madonna"
+were published some years later. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page43" name="page43"></a>[p. 43]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<h2>HOME LIFE: MY FATHER</h2>
+
+
+<p>I left school at the age of sixteen, and began thereafter to study in
+good earnest. Until that time a certain over-romantic and imaginative
+turn of mind had interfered much with the progress of my studies. I
+indulged in day-dreams which appeared to me far higher in tone than the
+humdrum of my school recitations. When these were at an end, I began to
+feel the necessity of more strenuous application, and at once arranged
+for myself hours of study, relieved by the practice of vocal and
+instrumental music.</p>
+
+<p>At this juncture, a much esteemed friend of my father came to pass some
+months with us. This was Joseph Green Cogswell, founder and principal of
+Round Hill School, at which my three brothers had been among his pupils.
+The school, a famous one in its day, was now finally closed. Our new
+guest was an accomplished linguist, and possessed an admirable power of
+imparting knowledge. With his aid, I resumed the German studies which I
+had already begun, but in which I had made but little progress. Under
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page44" name="page44"></a>[p. 44]</span> his tuition, I soon found myself able to read with ease the
+masterpieces of Goethe and Schiller.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Leonard Woods, son of a well-known pastor of that name, was a
+familiar guest at my father's house. He took some interest in my
+studies, and at length proposed that I should become a contributor to
+the "Theological Review," of which he was editor at that time. I
+undertook to furnish a review of Lamartine's "Jocelyn," which had
+recently appeared. When I had done my best with this, Dr. Cogswell went
+over the pages with me very carefully, pointing out defects of style and
+arrangement. The paper attracted a good deal of attention, and some
+comments on it gave occasion to the admonition which my dear uncle
+thought fit to administer to me, as already mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The house of my young ladyhood (I use this term, as it was the one in
+use at the time of which I write) was situated at the corner of Bond
+Street and Broadway. When my father built it, the fashion of the city
+had not proceeded so far up town. The model of the house was a noble
+one. Three spacious rooms and a small study occupied the first floor.
+These were furnished with curtains of blue, yellow, and red silk. The
+red room was that in which we took our meals. The blue room was the one
+in which we received visits, and passed the evenings. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page45" name="page45"></a>[p. 45]</span>
+yellow room was thrown open only on high occasions, but my desk and
+grand piano were placed in it, and I was allowed to occupy it at will.
+This and the blue room were adorned by beautiful sculptured
+mantelpieces, the work of Thomas Crawford, afterwards known as a
+sculptor of great merit. Many years after this time he became the
+husband of the sister next me in age, and the father of F. Marion
+Crawford, the now celebrated novelist.</p>
+
+<p>Our family was patriarchal in its dimensions, including my aunt and
+uncle Francis, whose children were all born in my father's house, and
+were very dear to him. My maternal grandmother also passed much time
+with us. My two younger brothers, Henry and Marion, were at home with us
+after a term of years at Round Hill School. My eldest brother, Samuel
+(afterwards the Sam. Ward of the Lobby), a most accomplished and
+agreeable young man, had recently returned from Europe, bringing with
+him a fine library. My father, having already added to his large house a
+spacious art gallery, now built a study, whose walls were entirely
+occupied by my brother's books. I had free access to these, and did not
+neglect to profit by it.</p>
+
+<p>From what I have just said, it may rightly be inferred that my father
+was a man of fine tastes, inclined to generous and even lavish
+expenditure. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page46" name="page46"></a>[p. 46]</span> He desired to give us the best educational
+opportunities, the best and most expensive masters. He filled his art
+gallery with the finest pictures that money could command in the New
+York of that day. He gave largely to public undertakings, was one of the
+founders of the New York University, and was one of the foremost
+promoters of church building in the then distant West. He demurred only
+at expenses connected with dress and fashionable entertainment, for he
+always disliked and distrusted the great world. My dear eldest brother
+held many arguments with him on this theme. He saw, as we did, that our
+father was disposed to ignore the value of ordinary social intercourse.
+On one occasion the dispute between them became quite animated.</p>
+
+<p>"Sir," said my brother, "you do not keep in view the importance of the
+social tie."</p>
+
+<p>"The social what?" asked my father.</p>
+
+<p>"The social tie, sir."</p>
+
+<p>"I make small account of that," said the elder gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>"I will die in defense of it!" impetuously rejoined the younger. My
+father was so much amused at this sally that he spoke of it to an
+<a name="intimate_friend" id="intimate_friend"></a>intimate friend: "He will die in defense of the social tie, indeed!"</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image6.jpg" width="195" height="280" alt="SAMUEL WARD ( Mrs. Howe&#39;s  father)
+
+From a miniature by Anne Hall">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>SAMUEL WARD</small> <small>(<span class="smcap">Mrs. Howe&#39;s  </span>father)</small>
+
+<br><small><i>From a miniature by Anne Hall.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Our way of living was simple. The table was abundant, but not with the
+richest food. For <span class="pagenum"><a id="page47" name="page47"></a>[p. 47]</span>many years, as I have said, no alcoholic stimulant appeared on it. My
+father gave away by dozens the bottles of costly wine stored in his
+cellar, but neither tasted their contents nor allowed us to do so. He
+was for a great part of his life a martyr to rheumatic gout, and a witty
+friend of his once said: "Ward, it must be the poor man's gout that you
+have, as you drink only water."</p>
+
+<p>We breakfasted at eight in winter, at half past seven in summer. My
+father read prayers before breakfast and before bedtime. If my brothers
+lingered over the morning meal, he would come in, hatted and booted for
+the day, and would say: "Young gentlemen, I am glad that you can afford
+to take life so easily. I am old and must work for my living," a speech
+which usually broke up our morning coterie. Dinner was served at four
+o'clock, a light lunch abbreviating the fast for those at home. At half
+past seven we sat down to tea, a meal of which toast, preserves, and
+cake formed the staple. In the evening we usually sat together with
+books and needlework, often with an interlude of music. An occasional
+lecture, concert, or evening party varied this routine. My brothers went
+much into fashionable society, but my own participation in its doings
+came only after my father's death, and after the two years' mourning
+which, according to the usage of those days, followed it. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page48" name="page48"></a>[p. 48]</span></p>
+
+
+<p>My father retained the Puritan feeling with regard to Saturday evening.
+He would remark that it was not a proper evening for company, regarding
+it as a time of preparation for the exercises of the day following, the
+order of which was very strict. We were indeed indulged on Sunday
+morning with coffee and muffins at breakfast, but, besides the morning
+and afternoon services at church, we young folks were expected to attend
+the two meetings of the Sunday-school. We were supposed to read only
+Sunday books, and I must here acknowledge my indebtedness to Mrs.
+Sherwood, an English writer now almost forgotten, whose religious
+stories and romances were supposed to come under this head. In the
+evening, we sang hymns, and sometimes received a quiet visitor.</p>
+
+<p>My readers, if I have any, may ask whether this restricted routine
+satisfied my mind, and whether I was at all sensible of the privileges
+which I really enjoyed, or ought to have enjoyed. I must answer that,
+after my school-days, I greatly coveted an enlargement of intercourse
+with the world. I did not desire to be counted among "fashionables," but
+I did aspire to much greater freedom of association than was allowed me.
+I lived, indeed, much in my books, and my sphere of thought was a good
+deal enlarged by the foreign literatures, German, French, and Italian,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page49" name="page49"></a>[p. 49]</span> with which I became familiar. Yet I seemed to myself like a
+young damsel of olden time, shut up within an enchanted castle. And I
+must say that my dear father, with all his noble generosity and
+overweening affection, sometimes appeared to me as my jailer.</p>
+
+<p>My brother's return from Europe and subsequent marriage opened the door
+a little for me. It was through his intervention that Mr. Longfellow
+first visited us, to become a valued and lasting friend. Through him in
+turn we became acquainted with Professor Felton, Charles Sumner, and Dr.
+Howe. My brother was very fond of music, of which he had heard the best
+in Paris and in Germany. He often arranged musical parties at our house,
+at which trios of Beethoven, Mozart, and Schubert were given. His wit,
+social talent, and literary taste opened a new world to me, and enabled
+me to share some of the best results of his long residence in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>My father's jealous care of us was by no means the result of a
+disposition tending to social exclusiveness. It proceeded, on the
+contrary, from an over-anxiety as to the moral and religious influences
+to which his children might become subjected. His ideas of propriety
+were very strict. He was, moreover, not only a strenuous Protestant, but
+also an ardent "Evangelical," or Low Churchman, holding the Calvinistic
+views <span class="pagenum"><a id="page50" name="page50"></a>[p. 50]</span> which then characterized that portion of the American
+Episcopal church. I remember that he once spoke to me of the anguish he
+had felt at the death of his own father, of the orthodoxy of whose
+religious opinions he had had no sufficient assurance. My grandfather,
+indeed, was supposed, in the family, to be of a rather skeptical and
+philosophizing turn of mind. He fell a victim to the first visitation of
+the cholera in 1832.</p>
+
+<p>Despite a certain austerity of character, my father was much beloved and
+honored in the business world. He did much to give to the firm of Prime,
+Ward and King the high position which it attained and retained during
+his lifetime. He told me once that when he first entered the office, he
+found it, like many others, a place where gossip circulated freely. He
+determined to put an end to this, and did so. Among the foreign
+correspondents of his firm were the Barings of London, and Hottinguer et
+Cie. of Paris.</p>
+
+<p>In the great financial troubles which followed Andrew Jackson's refusal
+to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States, several States
+became bankrupt, and repudiated the obligations incurred by their bonds,
+to the great indignation of business people in both hemispheres. The
+State of New York was at one time on the verge of pursuing this course,
+which my father strenuously opposed. He called meeting after meeting,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page51" name="page51"></a>[p. 51]</span> and was unwearied in his efforts to induce the financiers of
+the State to hold out. When this appeared well-nigh impossible, he
+undertook that his firm should negotiate with English correspondents a
+loan to carry the State over the period of doubt and difficulty. This he
+was able to effect. My eldest brother came home one day and said to
+me:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"As I walked up from Wall Street to-day, I saw a dray loaded with kegs
+on which were inscribed the letters, 'P. W. &amp; K.' Those kegs contained
+the gold just sent to the firm from England to help our State through
+this crisis."</p>
+
+<p>My father once gave me some account of his early experiences in Wall
+Street. He had been sent, almost a boy, to New York, to try his fortune.
+His connection with Block Island families through his grandmother,
+Catharine Ray Greene, had probably aided in securing for him a clerk's
+place in the banking house of Prime and Sands, afterwards Prime, Ward
+and King. He soon ascertained that the Spanish dollars brought to the
+port by foreign trading vessels could be sold in Wall Street at a
+profit. He accordingly employed his leisure hours in the purchase of
+these coins, which he carried to Wall Street and there sold. This was
+the beginning of his fortune.</p>
+
+<p>A work published a score or more of years since, entitled "The Merchant
+Princes of Wall <span class="pagenum"><a id="page52" name="page52"></a>[p. 52]</span> Street," concluded some account of my father
+by the statement that he died without fortune. This was far from true.
+His death came indeed at a very critical moment, when, having made
+extensive investments in real estate, his skill was requisite to carry
+this extremely valuable property over a time of great financial
+disturbance. His brother, our uncle, who became the guardian of our
+interests, was familiar with the stock market, but little versed in real
+estate transactions. By untimely sales, much of my father's valuable
+estate was scattered; yet it gave to each of his six children a fair
+inheritance for that time; for the millionaire fever did not break out
+until long afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>The death of this dear and noble parent took place when I was a little
+more than twenty years of age. Six months later I attained the period of
+legal responsibility, but before this a new sense of the import of life
+had begun to alter the current of my thoughts. With my father's death
+came to me a sense of my want of appreciation of his great kindness, and
+of my ingratitude for the many comforts and advantages which his
+affection had secured to me. He had given me the most delightful home,
+the most careful training, the best masters and books. He had even, as I
+have said, built a picture gallery for my especial instruction and
+enjoyment. All this I had taken, as a matter <span class="pagenum"><a id="page53" name="page53"></a>[p. 53]</span> of course, and as
+my natural right. He had done his best to keep me out of frivolous
+society, and had been extremely strict about the visits of young men to
+the house. Once, when I expostulated with him upon these points, he told
+me that he had early recognized in me a temperament and imagination
+over-sensitive to impressions from without, and that his wish had been
+to guard me from exciting influences until I should appear to him fully
+able to guard and guide myself. It was hardly to be expected that a girl
+in her teens, or just out of them, should acquiesce in this restrictive
+guardianship, tender and benevolent as was its intention. My little acts
+of rebellion were met with some severity, but I now recall my father's
+admonitions as</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"Soft rebukes with blessings ended."<br>
+
+<p>I cannot, even now, bear to dwell upon the desolate hush which fell upon
+our house when its stately head lay, silent and cold, in the midst of
+weeping friends and children. Six of us were made orphans, three sons
+and three daughters. We had had our little disagreements and
+dissensions, but the blow which now fell upon us drew us together with
+the bond of a common sorrow. My eldest brother had recently gone to
+reside in a house of his own. The second one, Henry by name, became at
+this time my great intimate. He was a high-strung youth, very chivalrous
+in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page54" name="page54"></a>[p. 54]</span> disposition, full of fun and humor, but with a deep vein of
+thought. He was already betrothed to one whom I held dear, and I looked
+forward to many years brightened by his happiness, but alas! an attack
+of typhoid fever took him from us in the bloom of his youth. I was with
+him day and night during his illness, and when he closed his eyes, I
+would gladly, oh, so gladly, have died with him! The great anguish of
+this loss told heavily upon me, and I remember the time as one without
+light or comfort. I sought these indeed. A great religious revival was
+going on in New York, and a zealous young friend persuaded me to attend
+some of the meetings held in a neighboring church. I had never taken
+very seriously the doctrines of the religious body in which I had been
+reared. They now came home to me with terrible force, and a season of
+depression and melancholy followed, during which I remained in a measure
+cut off from the wholesome influences which reconcile us to life, even
+when it must be embittered by a sense of irreparable loss.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of my father's death, my dear bachelor uncle John, already
+mentioned, left his own house and came to live with us. When our
+paternal mansion was sold, some years later, he removed with us to the
+house of my eldest brother, who was already a widower. After my marriage
+my uncle again occupied a house of his own, in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page55" name="page55"></a>[p. 55]</span> which for many
+years he made us all at home, even with our later incumbrances of
+children and nurses. He was, in short, the best and kindest of uncles.
+In business he was more adventurous than his rather deliberate manner
+would have led one to suppose. It was said that, in the course of his
+life, he had made and lost several fortunes. In the end he left a very
+fair estate, which was divided among the several sets of his nieces and
+nephews.</p>
+
+<p>Long before this he had become one of the worthies of Wall Street, and
+was universally spoken of as "Uncle John." Shortly after his retirement
+from active business, the Board of Brokers of New York requested him to
+sit to A. H. Wenzler for a portrait, to be hung in their place of
+meeting. The portrait was executed with entire success. I ought to
+mention in this connection that the directors of the New York Bank of
+Commerce, of which my father was the founder and first president,
+ordered a portrait of him from the well-known artist, Huntington.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page56" name="page56"></a>[p. 56]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<h2>MY STUDIES</h2>
+
+
+<p>As a love of study has been a leading influence in my life, I will here
+employ a little time, at the risk of some repetition, in tracing the way
+in which my thoughts had mostly tended up to the period when, after two
+years of deep depression, I suddenly turned to practical life with an
+eager desire to profit by its opportunities.</p>
+
+<p>From early days my dear mother noticed in me an introspective tendency,
+which led her to complain that when I went with her to friends' houses I
+appeared dreamy and little concerned with what was going on around me.
+My early education, received at home, interested me more than most of my
+school work. While one person devoted time and attention to me, I repaid
+the effort to my best ability. In the classes of my school-days, the
+contact between teacher and pupil was less immediate. I shall always
+remember with pleasure Mrs. B.'s "Conversations" on Chemistry, which I
+studied with great pleasure, albeit that I never saw one of the
+experiments therein described. I remember that Paley's "Evidences
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page57" name="page57"></a>[p. 57]</span> of Christianity" interested me more than his "Philosophy," and
+that Blair's "Rhetoric," with its many quotations from the poets, was a
+delight to me. As I have before said, I was not inapt at algebra and
+geometry, but was too indolent to acquire any mastery in mathematics.
+The French language was somehow <i>burnt</i> into my mind by a cruel French
+teacher, who made my lessons as unpleasant as possible. My fear of him
+was so great that I really exerted myself seriously to meet his
+requirements. I have profited in later life by his severity, having been
+able not only to speak French fluently but also to write it with ease.</p>
+
+<p>I was fourteen years of age when I besought my father to allow me to
+have some lessons in Italian. These were given me by Professor Lorenzo
+Da Ponte, son of the veteran of whom I have already spoken. With him I
+read the dramas of Metastasio and of Alfieri.</p>
+
+<p>Through all these years there went with me the vision of some great work
+or works which I myself should give to the world. I should write the
+novel or play of the age. This, I need not say, I never did. I made
+indeed some progress in a drama founded upon Scott's novel of
+"Kenilworth," but presently relinquished this to begin a play suggested
+by Gibbon's account of the fall of Constantinople. Such successes as I
+did manage to achieve were in quite a different line, that of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page58" name="page58"></a>[p. 58]</span>
+lyric poetry. A beloved music-master, Daniel Schlesinger, falling ill
+and dying, I attended his funeral and wrote some stanzas descriptive of
+the scene, which were printed in various papers, attracting some notice.
+I set them to music of my own, and sang them often, to the accompaniment
+of a guitar.</p>
+
+<p>Although the reading of Byron was sparingly conceded to us, and that of
+Shelley forbidden, the morbid discontent which characterized these poets
+made itself felt in our community as well as in England. Here, as
+elsewhere, it brought into fashion a certain romantic melancholy. It is
+true that at school we read Cowper's "Task," and did our parsing on
+Milton's "Paradise Lost," but what were these in comparison with:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"> <p>"The cold in clime are cold in blood,"</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="min1em">or:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+ <div class="poem"><p>"I loved her, Father, nay, adored."</p></div>
+
+<p>After my brother's return from Europe, I read such works of George Sand
+and Balzac as he would allow me to choose from his library. Of the two
+writers, George Sand appeared to me by far the superior, though I then
+knew of her works only "Les Sept Cordes de la Lyre," "Spiridion,"
+"Jacques," and "Andr�." It was at least ten years after this time that
+"Consuelo" revealed to the world the real George Sand, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page59" name="page59"></a>[p. 59]</span>
+thereby made her peace with the society which she had defied and
+scandalized. Of my German studies I have already made mention. I began
+them with a class of ladies under the tuition of Dr. Nordheimer. But it
+was with the later aid of Dr. Cogswell that I really mastered the
+difficulties of the language. It was while I was thus engaged that my
+eldest brother returned from Germany. In conversing with him, I acquired
+the use of colloquial German. Having, as I have said, the command of his
+fine library, I was soon deep in Goethe's "Faust" and "Wilhelm Meister,"
+reading also the works of Jean Paul, Matthias Claudius, and Herder.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was a new influence introduced into the life of one who had been
+brought up after the strictest rule of New England Puritanism. I derived
+from these studies a sense of intellectual freedom so new to me that it
+was half delightful, half alarming. My father undertook one day to read
+an English translation of "Faust." He presently came to me and said,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"My daughter, I hope that you have not read this wicked book!"</p>
+
+<p>I must say, even after an interval of sixty years, that I do not
+consider "Wilhelm Meister" altogether good reading for the youth of our
+country. Its great author introduces into his recital scenes and
+personages calculated to awaken <span class="pagenum"><a id="page60" name="page60"></a>[p. 60]</span> strange discords in a mind
+ignorant of any greater wrong than the small sins of a well-ordered
+household. Although disapproving greatly of Goethe, my father took a
+certain pride in my literary accomplishments, and was much pleased, I
+think, at the commendation which followed some of my early efforts. One
+of these, a brief essay on the minor poems of Goethe and Schiller, was
+published in the "New York Review," perhaps in 1848, and was spoken of
+in the "North American" of that time as "a charming paper, said to have
+been written by a lady."</p>
+
+<p>I have already said that a vision of some important literary work which
+I should accomplish was present with me in my early life, and had much
+to do with habits of study acquired by me in youth, and never wholly
+relinquished. At this late day, I find it difficult to account for a
+sense of literary responsibility which never left me, and which I must
+consider to have formed a part of my spiritual make-up. My earliest
+efforts in prose, two review articles, were probably more remarked at
+the time of their publication than their merit would have warranted. But
+women writers were by no means as numerous sixty years ago as they are
+to-day. Neither was it possible for a girl student in those days to find
+that help and guidance toward a literary career which may easily be
+commanded to-day. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page61" name="page61"></a>[p. 61]</span></p>
+
+<p>The death, within one year, of my father and most dearly loved brother
+touched within me a deeper train of thought than I had yet known. The
+anguish which I then experienced sought relief in expression, and took
+form in a small collection of poems, which Margaret Fuller urged me to
+publish, but which have never seen the light, and never will.</p>
+
+<p>Among the friends who frequented my father's house was the Rev. Francis
+L. Hawkes, long the pastor of a very prominent and fashionable Episcopal
+church in New York. I remember that on one occasion he began to abuse my
+Germans in good earnest for their irreligion and infidelity, of which I,
+indeed, knew nothing. I inquired whether he had read any of the authors
+whom he so unsparingly condemned. He was forced to confess that he had
+not, but presently turned upon me, quite indignant that I should have
+asked such a question. I recall another occasion on which the
+anti-slavery agitation was spoken of. Dr. Hawkes condemned it very
+severely, and said: "If I could get hold of one of those men who are
+trying to stir up the slaves of the South to cut their masters' throats,
+I would hang him to that lamp-post." An uncle of mine who was present
+said: "Doctor, I honor you!" but I felt much offended at the doctor's
+violence. With these exceptions his society was a welcome addition to
+our family circle. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page62" name="page62"></a>[p. 62]</span> He was a man of genial temperament and
+commanding character, widely read in English literature, and esteemed
+very eloquent as a preacher.</p>
+
+<p>I remember moments in which the enlargement of my horizon of thought and
+of faith became strongly sensible to me, in the quiet of my reading, in
+my own room. A certain essay in the "Wandsbecker Bote" of Matthias
+Claudius ends thus: "And is he not also the God of the Japanese?"
+Foolish as it may appear, it had never struck me before that the God
+whom I had been taught to worship was the God of any peoples outside the
+limits of Judaism and Christendom. The suggestion shocked me at first,
+but, later on, gave me much satisfaction. Another such moment I recall
+when, having carefully read "Paradise Lost" to the very end, I saw
+presented before me the picture of an eternal evil, of Satan and his
+ministers subjugated indeed by God, but not conquered, and able to
+maintain against Him an opposition as eternal as his goodness. This
+appeared to me impossible, and I threw away, once and forever, the
+thought of the terrible hell which till then had always formed part of
+my belief. In its place, I cherished the persuasion that the victory of
+goodness must consist in making everything good, and that Satan himself
+could have no shield strong enough to resist permanently the divine
+power of the divine spirit. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page63" name="page63"></a>[p. 63]</span></p>
+
+<p>This was a great emancipation for me, and I soon welcomed with joy every
+evidence in literature which tended to show that religion has never been
+confined to the experience of a particular race or nation, but has shown
+itself at all times, and under every variety of form, as a seeking for
+the divine and a reverence for the things unseen.</p>
+
+<p>So much for study!
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page64" name="page64"></a>[p. 64]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h2>SAMUEL WARD AND THE ASTORS</h2>
+
+
+<p>My first peep at the great world in grown-up days was at a dinner party
+given by a daughter of General Armstrong, married to the eldest son of
+the first John Jacob Astor. Mrs. Astor was a person of very elegant
+taste. She had received a part of her education in Paris, at the time
+when her father represented our government at the Court of France. Her
+notions of propriety in dress were very strict. According to these,
+jewels were not to be worn in the daytime. Glaring colors and striking
+contrasts were to be avoided. Much that is in favor to-day would have
+been ruled out by her as inadmissible. At the dinner of which I speak
+the ladies were in evening dress, which in those days did not transcend
+modest limits. One very pretty married lady wore a white turban, which
+was much admired. Another lady was adorned with a coronet of fine stone
+cameos,&mdash;which has recently been presented to the Boston Art Museum by a
+surviving member of her family.</p>
+
+<p>My head was dressed for this occasion by Martel, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page65" name="page65"></a>[p. 65]</span> a dainty half
+Spanish or French octoroon, endowed with exquisite taste, a ready wit,
+and a saucy tongue. He was the Figaro of the time, and his droll sayings
+were often quoted among his lady customers. The hair was then worn low
+at the back of the head, woven into elaborate braids and darkened with
+French <i>pomade</i>, while an ornament called a <i>f�roni�re</i> was usually worn
+upon the forehead or just above it. This was sometimes a string of
+pearls with a diamond star in the middle, oftener a gold chain or band
+ornamented with a jewel. The fashion, while it prevailed, was so general
+that evening dress was scarcely considered complete without it.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after the dinner party just mentioned, my eldest brother
+married the eldest daughter of the Astor family. I officiated at the
+wedding as first bridesmaid, a sister of the bride and one of my own
+completing the number. The bride wore a dress of rich white silk, and
+was coiffed with a scarf of some precious lace, in lieu of a veil. On
+her forehead shone a diamond star, the gift of her grandfather, Mr. John
+Jacob Astor. The bridesmaids' dresses were of white <i>moire</i>, then a
+material of the newest fashion. I had begged my father to give me a
+<i>f�roni�re</i> for this occasion, and he had presented me with a very
+pretty string of pearls, having a pearl pansy and drop in the centre.
+This fashion, I afterwards <span class="pagenum"><a id="page66" name="page66"></a>[p. 66]</span> learned, was very ill suited to the
+contour of my face. At the time, however, I had the comfort of supposing
+that I looked uncommonly well. The ceremony took place in the evening at
+the house of the bride's parents. A very elaborate supper was afterwards
+served, at which the first groomsman proposed the health of the bride
+and groom, which was drunk without response. A wedding journey was not a
+<i>sine qua non</i> in those days, but a wedding reception was usual. In this
+instance it took the form of a brilliant ball, every guest being in turn
+presented to the bride. On the floor of the ball-room a floral design
+had been traced in colored chalks. The evening was at its height when my
+father gravely admonished me that it was time to go home. Paternal
+authority was without appeal in those days.</p>
+
+<p>In my character of bridesmaid, I was allowed to attend one or two of the
+entertainments given in honor of this marriage. The gayeties of New York
+were then limited to balls, dinners, and evening parties. The afternoon
+tea was not invented until a much later period. One or two extra
+<i>�l�gantes</i> received on stated afternoons. My dear uncle John, taking up
+a card left for me, with the inscription, "Mrs. S. at home on Thursday
+afternoon," remarked, "At home on Thursday afternoon? I am glad to learn
+that she is so domestic." This lady, who was a leading personage
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page67" name="page67"></a>[p. 67]</span> in the social world, used also to receive privileged friends
+on one evening in the week, giving only a cup of chocolate and some
+cakes or biscuits.</p>
+
+<p>My eldest brother, Samuel Ward, the fourth of the same name, has been so
+well known, both in public and in private life, that my reminiscences
+would not be complete without some special characterization of him. In
+my childhood he was my ideal and my idol. A handsome youth, quick of wit
+and tender of heart, brilliant in promise, and with a great and
+versatile power of work in him, I doubt whether Round Hill School ever
+turned out a more remarkable pupil.</p>
+
+<p>From Round Hill my brother passed to Columbia College, graduating
+therefrom after a four years' course. His mathematical attainments were
+considered remarkable, and my father, desiring to give him the best
+opportunity of extending his studies, sent him to Europe before he had
+attained his majority, with a letter of credit whose amount the banker,
+Hottinguer, thought it best not to impart to the young student, so much
+did he consider it beyond his needs.</p>
+
+<p>My brother's career in Europe, where he spent some years at this time,
+was not altogether in accordance with the promise of his early devotion
+to mathematical science. He saw much of German student life, and studied
+enough to obtain a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page68" name="page68"></a>[p. 68]</span> degree from the University of T�bingen.
+Before his departure from America he had written two articles for the
+"North American Review." One of these was on Locke's "Essay on the Human
+Understanding," the other on Euler's works. In Paris, he became the
+intimate friend of the famous critic, Jules Janin, and made acquaintance
+with other literary men of the time. He returned to America in 1835,
+speaking French like a Parisian and German as fluently as if that had
+been his native language. He had purchased a great part of the
+scientific library of La Grange, and an admirable collection of French
+and German works. At this period, he desired to make literature, rather
+than science, the leading pursuit of his life. He devoted much time to
+the composition of a work descriptive of Paris. He wrote many chapters
+of this in French, and I was proud to be allowed to render them into
+English. He brought into the <a name="Puritanic_limits" id="Puritanic_limits"></a>Puritanic limits of our family circle a
+flavor of European life and culture which greatly delighted me.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image7.jpg" width="207" height="271" alt="SAMUEL WARD  Jr.  From a painting by Baron Vogel">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>SAMUEL WARD  Jr.</small> <br> <small><i>From a painting by Baron Vogel.</i></small> </span>
+</div>
+
+<p>My brother had spent a great deal of money while in Europe, and my
+father, who had done so much for him, began to think it time that this
+darling of fortune should take steps to earn his own support. The
+easiest way for him to accomplish this was to accept a post in the
+banking house of Prime, Ward and King, with the prospect of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page69" name="page69"></a>[p. 69]</span> partnership later. He decided, with some reluctance, to
+pursue this course. His first day's performance at the office was so
+faulty that my father, on reviewing it, exclaimed, "You will play the
+very devil with the check-book, sir, if you use it in this way." He,
+however, applied himself diligently to his office work, and soon
+mastered its difficulties, but without developing a taste for business
+pursuits. Literature was still his ruling passion, and he devoted such
+leisure as he could command to study and to the composition of several
+lectures, which he delivered with some success.</p>
+
+<p>I have already spoken of his marriage with a daughter of Mr. William B.
+Astor. This union, a very happy one, was not of long duration. After a
+few years of married life, he was left a widower, with a daughter still
+in infancy, who became the especial charge and darling of my sister
+Louisa.</p>
+
+<p>After an interval of some years, my brother married Miss Grimes of New
+Orleans, a lady of uncommon beauty and talent. In the mean time we had
+to mourn the death of our beloved father, whose sober judgment and
+strong will had exercised a most salutary influence upon my brother's
+sanguine temperament. He now became anxious to increase his income; and
+this anxiety led him to embark in various speculations, which were not
+always fortunate. He left the firm of Prime, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page70" name="page70"></a>[p. 70]</span> Ward and King,
+and was one of the first who went to California after its cession to the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians were then in near proximity to San Francisco, and Uncle Sam,
+as he came to be called, went much among them, and became so well versed
+in their diverse dialects as to be able to act as interpreter between
+tribes unacquainted with each other's forms of speech. He once wrote out
+and sent me some tenses of an Indian verb which had impressed him with
+its resemblance to corresponding parts of the Greek language. I showed
+this to Theodore Parker, who considered it remarkable, and at once
+caused my brother to be elected as a member of some learned association
+devoted to philological research.</p>
+
+<p>An anecdote of his experience with the Indians may be briefly narrated
+here. He had been passing some time at a mining camp in the neighborhood
+of an Indian settlement, and had entered into friendly relations with
+the principal chief of the tribe. Thinking that a trip to San Francisco
+would greatly amuse this noble savage, he with some difficulty persuaded
+the elders of the tribe to allow their leader to accompany him to the
+city, where they had no sooner landed than the chief slipped out of
+sight and could not be found. Several days passed without any news of
+him, although advertisements were soon posted and a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page71" name="page71"></a>[p. 71]</span> liberal
+reward offered to any one who should discover his whereabouts. My
+brother and his party were finally obliged to return to camp without
+him. This they did very unwillingly, knowing that the chief's prolonged
+absence would arouse the suspicions of his followers that he had met
+with ill-treatment.</p>
+
+<p>And so indeed it proved. Soon after their arrival at the settlement they
+were told that the Indians were becoming much excited, and that a
+council and war-dance were in preparation. The whites, a handful of men,
+armed themselves, and were preparing to sell their lives dearly, when
+suddenly the chief himself appeared among them. The Indians were
+pacified and the whites were overjoyed. The fugitive gave the following
+explanation of his strange conduct. He had been much alarmed by the
+noises heard on board the steamer, which he seemed to have mistaken for
+a living creature. "He must be sick, he groans so!" was his expression.
+Resolving that he would not return by that means of conveyance, he had
+found for himself a hiding-place on a hill commanding a view of the
+harbor. From this height of vantage he was able to observe the movements
+of the party which had brought him to the city. When he saw the men
+re�mbark on the steamer, he felt himself secure from recapture, and
+managed to steal a horse and to find <span class="pagenum"><a id="page72" name="page72"></a>[p. 72]</span> his way back to his own
+people. If his misunderstanding of the nature of the boat should seem
+improbable, we must remember the Highlander who picked up a watch on
+some battlefield, and the next day sold it for a trifle, averring that
+"the creature had died in the night."</p>
+
+<p>During the period of the civil war, my brother resided in Washington,
+where his social gifts were highly valued. His sympathies were with the
+Democratic party, but his friendships went far beyond the limits of
+partisanship. He had an unusual power of reconciling people who were at
+variance with each other, and the dinners at which he presided furnished
+occasions to bring face to face political opponents accustomed to avoid
+each other, but unable to resist the <i>bonhomie</i> which sought to make
+them better friends. He became known as King of the Lobby, but much more
+as the prince of entertainers. Although careful in his diet, he was well
+versed in gastronomics, and his menus were wholly original and
+excellent. He had friendly relations with the diplomats who were
+prominent in the society of the capital. Lord Rosebery and the Duke of
+Devonshire were among his friends, as were also the late Senator Bayard
+and President Garfield.</p>
+
+<p>Quite late in life, he enjoyed a turn of good fortune, and was most
+generous in his use of the wealth suddenly acquired, and alas! as
+suddenly <span class="pagenum"><a id="page73" name="page73"></a>[p. 73]</span> lost. His last visit to Europe was in 1882-83, when,
+after passing some months with Lord and Lady Rosebery, he proceeded to
+Rome to finish the winter with our sister, Mrs. Terry. In his travels he
+had contracted a fatal disease, and his checkered and brilliant career
+came to an end at Pegli, near Genoa, in the spring of 1884. Of his oft
+contemplated literary work there remains a volume of poems entitled
+"Literary Recreations." The poet Longfellow, my brother's lifelong
+friend and intimate, esteemed these productions of his as true poetry,
+and more than once said to me of their author, "He is the most lovable
+man that I have ever known." I certainly never knew one who took so much
+delight in giving pleasure to others, or whose life was so full of
+natural, overflowing geniality and beneficence.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after his first marriage my brother and his bride came to reside
+with us. In their company I often visited the Astor mansion, which was
+made delightful by good taste, good manners, and hospitable
+entertainment.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. William B. Astor, the head of the family, was a rather shy and
+silent man. He had received the best education that a German university
+could offer. The Chevalier Bunsen had been his tutor, and Schopenhauer,
+then a student at the same university, had been his friend. He had a
+love for letters, and might perhaps have followed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page74" name="page74"></a>[p. 74]</span> this natural
+leading to advantage, had he not become his father's man of business,
+and thus been forced to devote much of his life to the management of the
+great Astor estate. At the time of which I speak, he resided on the
+unfashionable side of Broadway, not far below Canal Street.</p>
+
+<p>At this time I was often invited to the house of his father, Mr. John
+Jacob Astor. This house, which the old gentleman had built for himself,
+was situated on Broadway, between Prince and Spring streets. Adjoining
+it was one which he had built for a favorite granddaughter, Mrs. Boreel.
+He was very fond of music, and sometimes engaged the services of a
+professional pianist. I remember that he was much pleased at
+recognizing, one evening, the strains of a brilliant waltz, of which he
+said: "I heard it at a fair in Switzerland years ago. The Swiss women
+were whirling round in their red petticoats." On another occasion, we
+sang the well-known song, "Am Rhein;" and Mr. Astor, who was very stout
+and infirm of person, rose and stood beside the piano, joining with the
+singers. "Am Rhein, am Rhein, da wachset s�sses Leben," he sang, instead
+of "Da wachsen unsere Reben."</p>
+
+<p>My sister-in-law, Emily Astor Ward, was endowed with a voice whose
+unusual power and beauty had been enhanced by careful training. We
+sometimes sang together or separately at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page75" name="page75"></a>[p. 75]</span> old Mr. Astor's
+musical parties, and at one of these he said to us, as we stood
+together: "You are my singing birds." Of our two <i>r�pertoires</i>, mine was
+the most varied, as it included French and German songs, while she sang
+mostly operatic music. The rich volume of her voice, however, carried
+her hearers quite away. Her figure and carriage were fine, and in her
+countenance beauty of expression lent a great charm to features which in
+themselves were not handsome.</p>
+
+<p>Although the elder Astor had led a life mainly devoted to business
+interests, he had great pleasure in the society of literary men.
+Fitz-Greene Halleck and Washington Irving were familiar visitors at his
+house, and he conceived so great a regard for Dr. Joseph Green Cogswell
+as to insist upon his becoming an inmate of his family. He finally went
+to reside with Mr. Astor, attracted partly by the latter's promise to
+endow a public library in the city of New York. This was accomplished
+after some delay, and the doctor was for many years director of the
+Astor Library.</p>
+
+<p>He used to relate some humorous anecdotes of excursions which he made
+with Mr. Astor. In the course of one of these, the two gentlemen took
+supper together at a hotel recently opened. Mr. Astor remarked: "This
+man will never succeed."</p>
+
+<p>"Why not?" inquired the other. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page76" name="page76"></a>[p. 76]</span></p>
+
+<p>"Don't you see what large lumps of sugar he puts in the sugar bowl?"</p>
+
+<p>Once, as they were walking slowly to a pilot-boat which the old
+gentleman had chartered for a trip down the harbor, Dr. Cogswell said:
+"Mr. Astor, I have just been calculating that this boat costs you
+twenty-five cents a minute." Mr. Astor at once hastened his pace,
+reluctant to waste so much money.</p>
+
+<p>In his own country Mr. Astor had been a member of the German Lutheran
+Church. He once mentioned this fact to a clergyman who called upon him
+in the interest of some charity. The visitor congratulated Mr. Astor
+upon the increased ability to do good, which his great fortune gave him.
+"Ah!" said Mr. Astor, "the disposition to do good does not always
+increase with the means." In the last years of his life he was afflicted
+with insomnia. Dr. Cogswell often sat with him through a great part of
+the night, the coachman, William, being also in attendance. In these
+sleepless nights, his mind appeared to be much exercised with regard to
+a future state. On one of these occasions, when Dr. Cogswell had done
+his best to expound the theme of immortality, Mr. Astor suddenly said to
+his servant: "William, where do you expect to go when you die?" The man
+replied: "Why, sir, I always expected to go where the other people
+went." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page77" name="page77"></a>[p. 77]</span></p>
+
+<p>Young as my native city was in my youth, it still retained some fossils
+of an earlier period. Conspicuous among these were two sisters, of whom
+the elder had been a recognized beauty and belle at the time of the War
+of Independence.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Charlotte White was what was called "a character" in those days.
+She was tall and of commanding figure, attired after an ancient fashion,
+but with great care. I remember her calling upon my aunt one morning, in
+company with a lady friend much inclined to <i>embonpoint</i>. The lady's
+name was Euphemia, and Miss White addressed her thus: "Feme, thou female
+Falstaff." She took some notice of me, and began to talk of the gayeties
+of her youth, and especially of a ball given at Newport during the war,
+at which she had received especial attention.</p>
+
+<p>On returning the visit we found the sisters in the quaintest little
+sitting-room imaginable, the floor covered with a green Brussels carpet,
+woven in one piece, with a medallion of flowers in the centre, evidently
+manufactured to order. The furniture was of enameled white wood. We were
+entertained with cake and wine.</p>
+
+<p>The younger of the sisters was much afraid of lightning, and had devised
+a curious little refuge to which she always betook herself when a
+thunderstorm appeared imminent. This was a wooden platform standing on
+glass feet, with a seat and a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page78" name="page78"></a>[p. 78]</span> silken canopy, which the good
+lady drew closely around her, remaining thus enveloped until the dreaded
+danger was past.</p>
+
+<p>My father sometimes endeavored to overcome my fear of lightning by
+taking me up to the cupola of our house, and bidding me admire the
+beauty of the storm. Wishing to impress upon me the absurdity of giving
+way to fear, he told me of a lady whom he had known in his youth who,
+being overtaken by a thunderstorm at a place of public resort, so lost
+her head that she seized the wig of a gentleman standing near her, and
+waved it wildly in the air, to his great wrath and discomfiture. I am
+sorry to say that this dreadful warning provoked my laughter, but did
+not increase my courage.</p>
+
+<p>The years of mourning for my father and beloved brother being at an end,
+and the sister next to me being now of an age to make her d�but in
+society, I began with her a season of visiting, dancing, and so on. My
+sister was very handsome, and we were both welcome guests at fashionable
+entertainments.</p>
+
+<p>I was passionately fond of music, and scarcely less so of dancing, and
+the history of the next two winters would, if written, chronicle a
+series of balls, concerts, and dinners.</p>
+
+<p>I did not, even in these years of social routine, abandon either my
+studies or my hope of contributing <span class="pagenum"><a id="page79" name="page79"></a>[p. 79]</span> to the literature of my
+generation. Hours were not then unreasonably late. Dancing parties
+usually broke up soon after one o'clock, and left me fresh enough to
+enjoy the next day's study.</p>
+
+<p>We saw many literary people and some of the scientists with whom my
+brother had become acquainted while in Europe. Among the first was John
+L. O'Sullivan, the accomplished editor of the "Democratic Review." When
+the poet Dana visited our city, he always called upon us, and we
+sometimes had the pleasure of seeing with him his intimate friend,
+William Cullen Bryant, who very rarely appeared in general society.</p>
+
+<p>Among our scientific guests I especially remember an English gentleman
+who was in those days a distinguished mathematician, and who has since
+become very eminent. He was of the Hebrew race, and had fallen violently
+in love with a beautiful Jewish heiress, well known in New York. His
+wooing was not fortunate, and the extravagance of his indignation at its
+result was both pathetic and laughable. He once confided to me his
+intention of paying his addresses to the lady's young niece. "And
+Miss &mdash;&mdash; shall become our Aunt Hannah!" he said, with extreme
+bitterness.</p>
+
+<p>I exhorted him to calm himself by devotion to his scientific pursuits,
+but he replied: "Something <span class="pagenum">[p. 80]</span> better than mathematics has waked
+up here!" pointing to his heart. He wrote many verses, which he read
+aloud to our sympathizing circle. I recall from one of these a distich
+of some merit. Speaking of his fancied wrongs, and warning his fair
+antagonist to beware of the revenge which he might take, he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+ <p class="poem"> "Wine gushes from the trampled grape,<br>
+  <span class="add1em">Iron's branded into steel."</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min1em">In the end he returned to the science which had been his first love, and
+which rewarded his devotion with a wide reputation.</span></p>
+
+<p>These years glided by with fairy-like swiftness. They were passed by my
+sisters and myself under my brother's roof, where the beloved uncle also
+made his home with us so long as we remained together.</p>
+
+<p>I have dwelt a good deal on the circumstances and surroundings of my
+early life in my native city. If this state of things here described had
+continued, I should probably have remained a frequenter of fashionable
+society, a musical amateur, and a <i>dilettante</i> in literature.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page81" name="page81"></a>[p. 81]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<h2>MARRIAGE: TOUR IN EUROPE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Quite other experiences were in store for me. I chanced to pass the
+summer of 1841 at a cottage in the neighborhood of Boston, with my
+sisters and a young friend much endeared to us as the betrothed of the
+dearly loved brother Henry, whose recent death had greatly grieved us.</p>
+
+<p>Longfellow and Sumner often visited us in our retirement. The latter
+once made mention of Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe's wonderful achievement in
+the case of Laura Bridgman, the first blind deaf mute who had ever been
+taught the use of language. He also brought us some of the reports which
+gave an account of the progress of her education. It was proposed that
+we should drive over to the Perkins Institution on a given day. Mr.
+Longfellow came for me in a buggy, while Mr. Sumner conducted my two
+sisters and our friend.</p>
+
+<p>We found Laura, then a child of ten years, seated at her little desk,
+and beside her another girl of the same age, also a blind deaf mute. The
+name of this last was Lucy Reed, and we learned <span class="pagenum"><a id="page82" name="page82"></a>[p. 82]</span> that, until
+brought to the Institution, she had been accustomed to cover her head
+and face with a cotton bag of her own manufacture. Her complexion was
+very delicate and her countenance altogether pleasing. While the two
+children were holding converse through the medium of the finger
+alphabet, Lucy's face was suddenly lit up by a smile so beautiful as to
+call forth from us an involuntary exclamation. Unfortunately, this young
+girl was soon taken away by her parents, and I have never had any
+further knowledge concerning her.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe was absent when we arrived at the Institution, but before we
+took leave of it, Mr. Sumner, looking out of a window, said, "Oh! here
+comes Howe on his black horse." I looked out also, and beheld a noble
+rider on a noble steed. The doctor dismounted, and presently came to
+make our acquaintance. One of our party proposed to give Laura some
+trinket which she wore, but Dr. Howe forbade this rather sternly. He
+made upon us an impression of unusual force and reserve. Only when I was
+seated beside Longfellow for the homeward drive, he mischievously
+remarked, "Longfellow, I see that your horse has been down," at which
+the poet seemed a little discomfited.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sanborn, in the preface to his biography of Dr. Howe,
+says:&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a id="page83" name="page83"></a>[p. 83]</span></p>
+
+<p>"It has fallen to my lot to know, both in youth and in age, several of
+the most romantic characters of our century; and among them one of the
+most romantic was certainly the hero of these pages. That he was indeed
+a hero, the events of his life sufficiently declare."</p>
+
+<p>This writer, in his interesting memoir, often quotes passages from one
+prepared by myself shortly after my husband's death. In executing this
+work, I was forced to keep within certain limits, as my volume was
+primarily intended for the use of the blind, a circumstance which
+necessitated the printing of it in raised letters. As this process is
+expensive, and its results very cumbersome, economy of space becomes an
+important condition in its execution.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sanborn, not having suffered this limitation, and having had many
+documents at his disposal, has been able to add much interesting matter
+to what I was only able to give in outline. An even fuller biography
+than his will be published ere many years, by our children, but the best
+record of the great philanthropist's life remains in the new influences
+which he brought to bear on the community. Traces of these may be found
+in the improved condition of the several classes of unfortunates whose
+interests he espoused and vindicated, often to the great indignation of
+parties less enlightened. He himself <span class="pagenum"><a id="page84" name="page84"></a>[p. 84]</span> had, what he was glad to
+recognize in Wendell Phillips, a prophetic quality of mind. His sanguine
+temperament, his knowledge of principles and reliance upon them,
+combined to lead him in advance of his own time. Experts in reforms and
+in charities acknowledge the indebtedness of both to his unremitting
+labors. What the general public should most prize and hold fast is the
+conviction, so clearly expressed by him, that humanity has a claim to be
+honored and aided, even where its traits appear most abnormal and
+degraded. He demanded for the blind an education which would render them
+self-supporting; for the idiot, the training of his poor and maimed
+capabilities; for the insane and the criminal, the watchful and
+redemptive tutelage of society. In the world as he would have had it,
+there should have been neither paupers nor outcasts. He did all that one
+man could do to advance the coming of this millennial consummation.</p>
+
+<p>My husband, Dr. Howe, was my senior by nearly a score of years. If I
+mention this discrepancy in our ages, it is that I may acknowledge in
+him the superiority of experience which so many years of the most noble
+activity had naturally given him. My own true life had been that of a
+student and of a dreamer. Dr. Howe had read and thought much, but he had
+also acquired the practical knowledge which is rarely <span class="pagenum"><a id="page85" name="page85"></a>[p. 85]</span> attained
+in the closet or at the desk. His career from the outset had been
+characterized by energy and perseverance. In his college days, this
+energy had found much of its vent in undertakings of boyish mischief.
+When he came to man's estate, a new inspiration took possession of him.
+The devotion to ideas and principles, the zeal for the rights of others
+which go to make up the men of public spirit&mdash;those leading traits now
+appeared in him, and at once gave him a place among the champions of
+human freedom.</p>
+
+<p>The love of adventure and the example of Lord Byron had, no doubt, some
+part in his determination to cast in his lot with the Greeks in the
+memorable struggle which restored to them their national life. But the
+solidity and value of the services which he rendered to that oppressed
+people showed in time that he was endowed, not only with the generous
+impulses of youth, but with the forethought of mature manhood.</p>
+
+<p>After some years of gallant service, in which he shared all the
+privations of the little army, accustoming himself to the bivouac by
+night, to hunger, hard fare, and constant fighting by day, he became
+convinced that the Greeks were in danger of being reduced to submission
+by absolute starvation. All the able-bodied men of the nation were in
+the field. The Turks had devastated the land, and there were no hands to
+till <span class="pagenum"><a id="page86" name="page86"></a>[p. 86]</span> it. He therefore returned to America, and there preached
+so effectual a crusade in behalf of the Greeks that a considerable sum
+of money was contributed for their relief. These funds were expended by
+Dr. Howe in shiploads of clothing and provisions, of which he himself
+superintended the distribution, thus enabling the Greeks to hold out
+until a sudden turn in political affairs induced the diplomacy of
+western Europe to espouse their cause.</p>
+
+<p>When the liberation of Greece had become an assured fact, Dr. Howe
+returned to America to find and take up his life-work. The education of
+the blind presented a worthy field for his tireless activity. He
+founded, built up, and directed the first institution for their benefit
+known in this country. This was a work of great difficulty, and one for
+which the means at hand appeared utterly inadequate. Beginning with the
+training of three little blind children in his father's house, he
+succeeded so well in enlisting the sympathies of the public in behalf of
+the class which they represented that funds soon flowed in from various
+sources. The present well-known institution, with its flourishing
+workshop, printing establishment, and other dependencies, stands to
+attest his work, and the support given to it by the community.</p>
+
+<p>A new lustre was added to his name by the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page87" name="page87"></a>[p. 87]</span> wonderful series of
+experiments which brought the gifts of human speech and knowledge to a
+blind deaf mute. The story of Laura Bridgman is too well known to need
+repetition in these pages. As related by Charles Dickens in his
+"American Notes," it carried Dr. Howe's fame to the civilized world.
+When he visited Europe with this deed of merit put upon his record, it
+was as one whom high and low should delight to honor.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Emerson somewhere speaks of the romance of some special
+philanthropy. Dr. Howe's life became an embodiment of this romance. Like
+all inspired men, he brought into the enterprises of his day new ideas
+and a new spirit. Deep in his heart lay a sense of the dignity and
+ability of human nature, which forced him to reject the pauperizing
+methods then employed in regard to various classes of unfortunates. The
+blind must not only be fed and housed and cared for; they must learn to
+make their lives useful to the community; they must be taught and
+trained to earn their own support. Years of patient effort enabled him
+to accomplish this; and the present condition of the blind in American
+communities attests the general acceptance of their claim to the
+benefits of education and the dignity of useful labor.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe's public services, however, were by <span class="pagenum"><a id="page88" name="page88"></a>[p. 88]</span> no means limited
+to the duties of his especial charge. With keen power of analysis, he
+explored the most crying evils of society, seeking to discover, even in
+their sources, the secret of their prevention and cure. His masterly
+report on idiocy led to the establishment of a school for feeble-minded
+children, in which numbers of these were trained to useful industries,
+and redeemed from brutal ignorance and inertia. He aided Dorothea Dix in
+her heroic efforts to improve the condition of the insane. He worked
+with Horace Mann for the uplifting of the public schools. He stood with
+the heroic few who dared to advocate the abolition of slavery. In these
+and many other departments of work his influence was felt, and it is
+worthy of remark that, although employing his power in so many
+directions, his use of it was wonderfully free from waste. He indulged
+in no vaporous visions, in no redundancy of phrases. The documents in
+which he gave to the public the results of his experience are models of
+statement, terse, simple, and direct.</p>
+
+<p>I became engaged to Dr. Howe during a visit to Boston in the winter of
+1842-43, and was married to him on the 23d of April of the latter year.
+A week later we sailed for Europe in one of the small Cunard steamers of
+that time, taking with us my youngest sister, Annie Ward, whose state of
+health gave us some uneasiness. My <span class="pagenum"><a id="page89" name="page89"></a>[p. 89]</span> husband's great friend,
+Horace Mann, and his bride, Mary Peabody, sailed with us. During the
+first two days of the voyage I was stupefied by sea-sickness, and even
+forgot that my sister was on board the steamer. On the evening of the
+second day I remembered her, and managed with the help of a very stout
+stewardess to visit her in her stateroom, where she had for her roommate
+a cousin of the poet Longfellow. We bewailed our common miseries a
+little, but the next morning brought a different state of things. As
+soon as I was awake, my husband came to me bringing a small dose of
+brandy with cracked ice. "Drink this," he said, "and ask Mrs. Bean [the
+stewardess] to help you get on your clothes, for you must go up on deck;
+we shall be at Halifax in a few hours." Magnetized by the stronger will,
+I struggled with my weakness, and was presently clothed and carried up
+on deck. "Now, I am going for Annie," said Dr. Howe, leaving me
+comfortably propped up in a safe seat. He soon returned with my dear
+sister, as helpless as myself. The fresh air revived us so much that we
+were able to take our breakfast, the first meal we ate on board, in the
+saloon with the other passengers. We went on shore, however, for a walk
+at Halifax, and from that time forth were quite able-bodied sea-goers.</p>
+
+<p>On the last day before that of our landing, an <span class="pagenum"><a id="page90" name="page90"></a>[p. 90]</span> unusually good
+dinner was served, and, according to the custom of the time, champagne
+was furnished gratis, in order that all who dined together might drink
+the Queen's health. This favorite toast was accordingly proposed and
+responded to by a number of rather flat speeches. The health of the
+captain of our steamer was also proposed, and some others which I cannot
+now recall. This proceeding amused me so much that I busied myself the
+next day with preparing for a mock celebration in the ladies' cabin. The
+meeting was well attended. I opened with a song in honor of Mrs. Bean,
+our kind and efficient stewardess.</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"God save our Mrs. Bean,<br>
+ <span class="add1em">Best woman ever seen,</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">God save Mrs. Bean.</span><br>
+<span class="add1em"> God bless her gown and cap,</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">Pour guineas in her lap,</span><br>
+ <span class="add1em">Keep her from all mishap,</span><br>
+ <span class="add1em"> God save Mrs. Bean."</span></p>
+
+<p>The company were invited to join in singing these lines, which were, of
+course, a take-off on "God save our gracious Queen." I can still see in
+my mind's eye dear old Madam Sedgwick, mother of the well-known jurist,
+Theodore of that name, lifting her quavering, high voice to aid in the
+singing.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Bean was rather taken aback by the unexpected homage rendered her.
+We all called <span class="pagenum"><a id="page91" name="page91"></a>[p. 91]</span> out: "Speech! speech!" whereupon she curtsied
+and said: "Good ladies makes good stewardesses; that's all I can say,"
+which was very well in its way.</p>
+
+<p>Rev. Jacob Abbott was one of our fellow passengers, and had been much in
+our cabin, where he busied himself in compounding various "soft drinks"
+for convalescent lady friends. His health was accordingly proposed with
+the following stanza:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"Dr. Abbott in our cabin,<br>
+  <span class="add1em">Mixing of a soda-powder,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">How he ground it,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">How did pound it,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">While the tempest threatened louder."</span></p>
+
+<p>I next gave the cow's health, whereupon a lady passenger, with a Scotch
+accent, demurred: "I don't want to drink her health at a'. I think she
+is the poorest <i>coo</i> I ever heard of."</p>
+
+<p>Arriving in London, we found comfortable lodgings in Upper Baker Street,
+and busied ourselves with the delivery of our many letters of
+introduction.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Sydney Smith was one of the first to honor our introduction
+with a call. His reputation as a wit was already world-wide, and he was
+certainly one of the idols of London society. In appearance he was
+hardly prepossessing. He was short and squat of figure, with a rubicund
+countenance, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page92" name="page92"></a>[p. 92]</span> redeemed by a pair of twinkling eyes. When we
+first saw him, my husband was suffering from the result of a trifling
+accident. Mr. Smith said, "Dr. Howe, I must send you my gouty crutches."</p>
+
+<p>My husband demurred at this, and begged Mr. Smith not to give himself
+that trouble. He insisted, however, and the crutches were sent. Dr. Howe
+had really no need of them, and I laughed with him at their
+disproportion to his height, which would in any case have made it
+impossible for him to use them. The loan was presently returned with
+thanks, but scarcely soon enough; for Sydney Smith, who had lost heavily
+by American investments, published in one of the London papers a letter
+reflecting severely upon the failure of some of our Western States to
+pay their debts. The letter concluded with these words: "And now an
+American, present at this time in London, has deprived me of my last
+means of support." One questioned a little whether the loan had not been
+made for the sake of the pleasantry.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of the visit already referred to, Mr. Smith promised that
+we should receive cards for an entertainment which his daughter, Mrs.
+Holland, was about to give. The cards were received, and we presented
+ourselves at the party. Among the persons there introduced to us was
+Mme. Van de Weyer, wife of the Belgian minister, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page93" name="page93"></a>[p. 93]</span> and daughter
+of Joshua Bates, formerly of Massachusetts, and in after years the
+founder of the Public Library of Boston, in which one hall bears his
+name. Mr. Van de Weyer, we were told, was on very friendly terms with
+the Prince Consort, and his wife was often invited by the Queen.</p>
+
+<p>The historian Grote and his wife also made our acquaintance. I
+especially remember her appearance because it was, and was allowed to
+be, somewhat <i>grote</i>sque. She was very tall and stout in proportion, and
+was dressed on this occasion in a dark green or blue silk, with a
+necklace of pearls about her throat. I gathered from what I heard that
+hers was one of the marked personalities of that time in London society.</p>
+
+<p>At this party Sydney Smith was constantly the centre of a group of
+admiring friends. When we first entered the rooms, he said to us, "I am
+so busy to-night that I can do nothing for you."</p>
+
+<p>Later in the evening he found time to seek me out. "Mrs. Howe," said he,
+"this is a rout. I like routs. Do you have routs in America?"</p>
+
+<p>"We have parties like this in America," I replied, "but we do not call
+them routs."</p>
+
+<p>"What do you call them there?"</p>
+
+<p>"We call them receptions."</p>
+
+<p>This seemed to amuse him, and he said to some one who stood near us:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Mrs. Howe says that in America they call routs re-cep-tions." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page94" name="page94"></a>[p. 94]</span></p>
+
+<p>He asked what I had seen in London so far. I replied that I had recently
+visited the House of Lords, whereupon he remarked:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Mrs. Howe, your English is excellent. I have only heard you make one
+mispronunciation. You have just said 'House of Lords.' We say 'House of
+Lards.'" Some one near by said, "Oh, yes! the house is always addressed
+as 'my luds and gentlemen.'"</p>
+
+<p>When I repeated this to Horace Mann, it so vexed his gentle spirit as to
+cause him to exclaim, "House of Lords? You ought to have said 'House of
+Devils.'"</p>
+
+<p>I have made several visits in London since that time, one quite
+recently, and I have observed that people now speak of receptions, and
+not of routs. I think, also, that the pronunciation insisted upon by
+Sydney Smith has become a thing of the past.</p>
+
+<p>I think that Mrs. Sydney Smith must have called or have left a card at
+our lodgings, for I distinctly remember a morning call which I made at
+her house. The great wit was at home on this occasion, as was also his
+only surviving son. An elder son had been born to him, who probably
+inherited something of his character and ability, and whose death he
+laments in one or more of his published letters. The young man whom I
+saw at this time was spoken of as much devoted to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page95" name="page95"></a>[p. 95]</span> the turf,
+and the only saying of his that I have ever heard quoted was his
+question as to how long it took Nebuchadnezzar to get into condition
+after he had been out to grass.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Smith received me very pleasantly. She seemed a grave and silent
+woman, presenting in this respect a striking contrast to her husband. I
+knew very little of the political opinions of the latter, and innocently
+inquired whether he and Mrs. Smith went sometimes to court. The question
+amused him. He said to his wife, "My dear, Mrs. Howe wishes to know
+whether you and I go to court." To me he said, "No, madam. That is a
+luxury which I deny myself."</p>
+
+<p>I last saw Sydney Smith at an evening party at which, as usual, he was
+surrounded by friends. A very amiable young American was present,
+apropos of whom I heard Mr. Smith say:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I think I shall go over to America and settle in Boston. Perkins here
+says that he'll patronize me."</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Carlyle was also one of our earliest visitors. Some time before
+leaving home, Dr. Howe had received from him a letter expressing his
+great interest in the story of Laura Bridgman as narrated by Charles
+Dickens. In this letter he mentioned Laura's childish question, "Do
+horses sit up late?" In the course of his conversation he said, laughing
+heartily: "Laura Bridgman, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page96" name="page96"></a>[p. 96]</span> dear child! Her question, Do horses
+sit up late?"</p>
+
+<p>Before taking leave of us he invited us to take tea with him on the
+following Sunday. When the day arrived, my husband was kept at home by a
+severe headache, but Mr. and Mrs. Mann, my sister, and myself drove out
+to Chelsea, where Mr. Carlyle resided at that time. In receiving us he
+apologized for his wife, who was also suffering from headache and could
+not appear.</p>
+
+<p>In her absence I was requested to pour tea. Our host partook of it
+copiously, in all the strength of the teapot. As I filled and refilled
+his cup, I thought that his chronic dyspepsia was not to be wondered at.
+The repast was a simple one. It consisted of a plate of toast and two
+small dishes of stewed fruit, which he offered us with the words,
+"Perhaps ye can eat some of this. I never eat these things myself."</p>
+
+<p>The conversation was mostly a monologue. Mr. Carlyle spoke with a strong
+Scotch accent, and his talk sounded to me like pages of his writings. He
+had recently been annoyed by some movement tending to the
+disestablishment of the Scottish Church. Apropos of this he said, "That
+auld Kirk of Scotland! To think that a man like Johnny Graham should be
+able to wipe it out with a flirt of his pen!" Charles Sumner was spoken
+of, and Mr. Carlyle said, "Oh yes; Mr. Sumner <span class="pagenum"><a id="page97" name="page97"></a>[p. 97]</span> was a vera dull
+man, but he did not offend people, and he got on in society here."</p>
+
+<p>Carlyle's hair was dark, shaggy, and rather unkempt; his complexion was
+sallow, with a slight glow of red on the cheek; his eye was full of
+fire. As we drove back to town, Mr. Mann expressed great disappointment
+with our visit. He did not feel, he said, that we had seen the real
+Carlyle at all. I insisted that we had.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after our arrival in London a gentleman called upon us whom the
+servant announced as Mr. Mills. It happened that I did not examine the
+card which was brought in at the same time. Dr. Howe was not within, and
+in his absence I entertained the unknown guest to the best of my
+ability. He spoke of Longfellow's volume of poems on slavery, then a
+recent publication, saying that he admired them.</p>
+
+<p>Our talk turning upon poetry in general, I remarked that Wordsworth
+appeared to be the only poet of eminence left in England. Before taking
+leave of me the visitor named a certain day on which he requested that
+we would come to breakfast at his house. Forgetful of the card, I asked
+"Where?" He said, "You will find my address on my card. I am Mr.
+Milnes." On looking at the card I found that this was Richard Monckton
+Milnes, afterward known as Lord Houghton. I was somewhat chagrined at
+remembering <span class="pagenum"><a id="page98" name="page98"></a>[p. 98]</span> the remark I had made in connection with
+Wordsworth. He probably supposed that I was ignorant of his literary
+rank, which I was not, as his poems, though never very popular, were
+already well known in America.</p>
+
+<p>The breakfast to which Mr. Milnes had invited us proved most pleasant.
+Our host had recently traveled in the East, and had brought home a
+prayer carpet, which we admired. His sister, Lady Galway, presided at
+table with much grace.</p>
+
+<p>The breakfast was at this time a favorite mode of entertainment, and we
+enjoyed many of these occasions. I remember one at the house of Sir
+Robert Harry Inglis, long a leading Conservative member of the House of
+Commons. Punch once said of him:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"The Inglis thinks the world grows worse,<br>
+    <span class="add2em">And always wears a rose."</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min1em">And this flower, which always adorned his buttonhole, seemed to match
+well with his benevolent and somewhat rubicund countenance. At the
+breakfast of which I speak, he cut the loaf with his own hands, saying
+to each guest, "Will you have a slice or a hunch?" and cutting a slice
+from one end or a hunch from the other, according to the preference
+expressed.</span></p>
+
+<p>These breakfasts were not luncheons in disguise. They were given at ten,
+or even at half past nine o'clock. The meal usually consisted of fish,
+cutlets, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page99" name="page99"></a>[p. 99]</span> eggs, cold bread and toast, with tea and coffee. At
+Samuel Rogers's I remember that plover's eggs were served.</p>
+
+<p>We also dined one evening with Mr. Rogers, and met among the guests Mr.
+Dickens and Lady B., one of the beautiful Sheridan sisters. A gentleman
+sat next me at table, whose name I did not catch. I had heard much of
+the works of art to be seen in Mr. Rogers's house, and so took occasion
+to ask him whether he knew anything about pictures. He smiled, and
+answered, "Well, yes." I then begged him to explain to me some of those
+which hung upon the walls, which he did with much good-nature. Presently
+some one at the table addressed him as "Mr. Landseer," and I became
+aware that I was sitting next to the celebrated painter of animals. His
+fine face had already attracted me. I apologized for the question which
+I had asked, and which had somewhat amused him.</p>
+
+<p>I had recently seen at Stafford House a picture of his, representing two
+daughters of the Duke of Sutherland playing with a dog. He said that he
+did not care much for that picture, that the Duchess had herself chosen
+the subject, etc. Mr. Rogers, indeed, possessed some paintings of great
+value, one a genuine Raphael, if I mistake not. He had also many objects
+of <i>virtu</i>. I think it was after a breakfast at his house that he showed
+us <span class="pagenum"><a id="page100" name="page100"></a>[p. 100]</span> some Etruscan potteries. Dr. Howe took up one of these
+rather carelessly. It was a cup, and the handle became separated from
+it. My husband appeared so much disconcerted at this that I could not
+help laughing a little at the expression of his countenance. Mr. Rogers
+afterwards said to an American friend, "Mrs. Howe was quite cruel to
+laugh at the doctor's embarrassment." On one occasion he showed us some
+autograph letters of Lord Byron, with whom he had been well acquainted.
+He read a passage from one of these, in which Lord Byron, after speaking
+of the ancient custom of the Doge wedding the Adriatic, wrote: "I wish
+the Adriatic would take my wife."</p>
+
+<p>In after years I was sometimes questioned as to what had most impressed
+me during my first visit in London. I replied unhesitatingly, "The
+clever people collected there." The moment, indeed, was fortunate. We
+had come well provided with letters of introduction. Besides this, my
+husband was at the time a first-class lion, and this merit avails more
+in England than any other, and more there than elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sumner had given us a letter to the Marquis of Lansdowne, which the
+latter honored by a call, and further by sending us cards for a musical
+evening at Lansdowne House. Lord Lansdowne was a gracious host. His lady
+was more formal in manner. Their music-room was oblong <span class="pagenum"><a id="page101" name="page101"></a>[p. 101]</span> in
+shape, and the guests were seated along the wall on either side. Before
+the performance began I noticed a movement among those present, the
+cause of which became evident when the Duchess of Gloucester appeared,
+leaning on the arm of the master of the house. She was attired, or, as
+newspapers put it, "gowned," in black, wearing white plumes in her
+headdress, and with bare neck and arms, according to the imperative
+fashion of the time. She was well advanced in years, and had probably
+never been remarked for good looks, but was said to be beloved by the
+Queen and by many friends.</p>
+
+<p>The programme of the entertainment was one which to-day would seem
+rather commonplace, though the performers were not so. A handsome young
+man, of slender figure, opened the concert by singing the serenade from
+the opera of "Don Pasquale." I felt at once that this must be Mario, but
+that name cannot suggest to one who never heard him either the beauty of
+his voice or the refinement of his intonation. I still feel a sort of
+intoxication when I recall his rendering of "Com' � gentil." Grisi sang
+several times. She was then in what some one has termed, "the insolence
+of her youth and beauty." Mlle. Persiani, also of the grand opera, gave
+an air by Gluck, which I myself had studied, "Pago f�i, f�i lieto un
+di." Lord Lansdowne told me that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page102" name="page102"></a>[p. 102]</span> this lady was the most
+obliging of artists. I afterwards heard her in "Linda di Chamounix,"
+which was then in its first favor. The concert ended with the prayer
+from Rossini's "Mos� in Egitto," sung by the artists already named with
+the addition of the great Lablache.</p>
+
+<p>At the conclusion of it we adjourned to the supper-room, which afforded
+us a better opportunity of observing the distinguished company. My
+husband was presently engaged in conversation with the Hon. Mrs. Norton,
+who was then very handsome. Her hair, which was decidedly black, was
+arranged in flat bandeaux, according to the fashion of the time. A
+diamond chain, formed of large links, encircled her fine head. Her eyes
+were dark and full of expression. Her dress was unusually <i>d�collet�e</i>,
+but most of the ladies present would in America have been considered
+extreme in this respect. Court mourning had recently been ordered for
+the Duke of Sussex, uncle to the Queen, and many black dresses were
+worn. My memory, nevertheless, tells me that the great Duchess of
+Sutherland wore a dress of pink <i>moire</i>, and that her head was adorned
+with a wreath of velvet leaves interspersed with diamonds. Her brother,
+Lord Morpeth, was also present. I heard a lady say to him, "Are you
+worthy of music?" He replied, "Oh, yes; very worthy." I heard the same
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page103" name="page103"></a>[p. 103]</span> phrase repeated by others, and, on inquiring as to its
+meaning, was told that it was a way of asking whether one was fond of
+music. The formula has long since gone out of fashion.</p>
+
+<p>Somewhat later in the season we were invited to dine at Lansdowne House.
+Among the guests present I remember Lord Morpeth. I had some
+conversation with the daughter of the house, Lady Louisa Fitzmaurice,
+who was pleasing, but not pretty, and wore a dress of light blue silk,
+with a necklace around her throat formed of many strands of fine gold
+chain. I was asked at this dinner whether I should object to sitting
+next to a colored person in, for example, a box at the opera. Were I
+asked this question to-day, I should reply that this would depend upon
+the character and cleanliness of the colored person, much as one would
+say in the case of a white man or woman. I remember that Lord Lansdowne
+wore a blue ribbon across his breast, and on it a flat star of silver.</p>
+
+<p>Among the well-remembered glories of that summer, the new delight of the
+drama holds an important place. I had been denied this pleasure in my
+girlhood, and my enjoyment of it at this time was fresh and intense.
+Among the attentions lavished upon us during that London season were
+frequent offers of a box at Covent Garden or "Her Majesty's." These were
+never declined. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page104" name="page104"></a>[p. 104]</span> Of especial interest to me was a performance
+of Macready as Claude Melnotte in Bulwer's "Lady of Lyons." The part of
+Pauline was played by Helen Faucit. Both of these artists were then at
+their best. Thomas Appleton, of Boston, and William Wadsworth, of
+Geneseo, were with us in our box. The pathetic moments of the play moved
+me to tears, which I tried to hide. I soon saw that all my companions
+were affected in the same way, and were making the same effort. I saw
+Miss Faucit again at an entertainment given in aid of the fund for a
+monument to Mrs. Siddons. She recited an ode written for the occasion,
+of which I still recall the closing line:&mdash;</p>
+
+ <p class="poem">"And measure what we owe by what she gave."</p>
+
+<p>I saw Grisi in the great r�le of Semiramide, and with her Brambilla, a
+famous contralto, and Fornasari, a basso whom I had longed to hear in
+the operas given in New York. I also saw Mlle. Persiani in "Linda di
+Chamounix" and "Lucia di Lammermoor." All of these occasions gave me
+unmitigated delight, but the crowning ecstasy of all I found in the
+ballet. Fanny Elssler and Cerito were both upon the stage. The former
+had lost a little of her prestige, but Cerito, an Italian, was then in
+her first bloom and wonderfully graceful. Of her performance my sister
+said to me, "It seems to make us better to see <span class="pagenum"><a id="page105" name="page105"></a>[p. 105]</span> anything so
+beautiful." This remark recalls the oft-quoted dialogue between Margaret
+Fuller and Emerson apropos of Fanny Elssler's dancing:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Margaret, this is poetry."</p>
+
+<p>"Waldo, this is religion."</p>
+
+<p>I remember, years after this time, a talk with Theodore Parker, in which
+I suggested that the best stage dancing gives us the classic in a fluent
+form, with the illumination of life and personality. I cannot recall, in
+the dances which I saw during that season, anything which appeared to me
+sensual or even sensuous. It was rather the very ecstasy and embodiment
+of grace.</p>
+
+<p>A ball at Almack's certainly deserves mention in these pages, the place
+itself belonging to the history of the London world of fashion. The one
+of which I now speak was given in aid of the Polish refugees who were
+then in London. The price of admission to this sacred precinct would
+have been extravagant for us, but cards for it were sent us by some
+hospitable friend. The same attention was shown to Mr. and Mrs. Mann,
+who with us presented themselves at the rooms on the appointed evening.</p>
+
+<p>We found them spacious enough, but with no splendor or beauty of
+decoration. A space at the upper end of the ball-room was marked off by
+rail or ribbon&mdash;I cannot remember which. While we were wondering what
+this should mean, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page106" name="page106"></a>[p. 106]</span> a brilliant procession made its appearance,
+led by the Duchess of Sutherland in some historic costume. She was
+followed by a number of persons of high rank, among whom I recognized
+her lovely daughters, Lady Elizabeth Leveson-Gower and Lady Evelyn.
+These young ladies and several others were attired in Polish costume, to
+wit, polonaises of light blue silk, and short white skirts which showed
+the prettiest little red boots imaginable. This high and mighty company
+took possession of the space mentioned above, where they proceeded to
+dance a quadrille in rather solemn state.</p>
+
+<p>The company outside this limit stood and looked on. Among the groups
+taking part in this state quadrille was one characterized by the dress
+worn at court presentations: the ladies in pink and blue brocades, with
+plumes and lappets; the gentlemen in small-clothes, with swords,&mdash;and
+all with powdered hair.</p>
+
+<p>I first met the Duchess of Sutherland at a dinner given in our honor by
+Lord Morpeth's parents, the Earl and Countess of Carlisle. The Great
+Duchess, as the Duchess of Sutherland was often called, was still very
+handsome, though already the mother of grown-up children. She wore a
+dress of brown gauze or bar�ge over light blue satin, with a wreath of
+brown velvet leaves and blue forget-me-nots in her hair, and on her arm,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page107" name="page107"></a>[p. 107]</span> among other jewels, a miniature of the Queen set in diamonds.
+At one time she was Mistress of the Robes, but I am not sure whether she
+held this office at the time of which I speak. Her relations with the
+palace were said to be very intimate and friendly. In the picture of the
+Queen's Coronation, so well known to us by engravings, hers is one of
+the most striking figures.</p>
+
+<p>We did, indeed, hear that on one occasion the Duchess had kept the Queen
+waiting, and that the sovereign said to her on her arrival, "Duchess,
+you must allow me to present you with my watch, yours evidently does not
+keep good time." The eyes of the proud Duchess filled with tears, and,
+on returning home, she sent to the palace a letter resigning her post in
+the royal service. The Queen was, however, very fond of her, and the
+little difficulty was soon amicably settled.</p>
+
+<p>I recall a pleasantry about Lady Carlisle that was current in London
+society in the season of which I write. Sydney Smith pretended to have
+dreamed that Lord Morpeth had brought back a black wife from America,
+and that his mother, on seeing her, had said, "She is not so very
+black." Lady Carlisle was proverbial for her kindliness and good temper,
+and it was upon this point that the humor of the story turned.</p>
+
+<p>I will also mention a dinner given in our honor by John Kenyon, well
+known as a M�cenas of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page108" name="page108"></a>[p. 108]</span> that period. Miss Sedgwick, in her book
+of travels, speaks of him as a distinguished conversationalist, much
+given to hospitality. He is also remembered as a cousin of Elizabeth
+Barrett Browning.</p>
+
+<p>The scenes just described still remain quite vivid in my memory, but it
+would be difficult for me to recount the visits made in those days by my
+husband and Horace Mann to public institutions of all kinds. I did
+indeed accompany the two philanthropists in some of their excursions,
+which included schools, workhouses, prisons, and asylums for the insane.</p>
+
+<p>We went one day, in company with Charles Dickens and his wife, to visit
+the old prison of Bridewell. We found the treadmill in operation. Every
+now and then a man would give out, and would be allowed to leave the
+ungrateful work. The midday meal, bread and soup, was served to the
+prisoners while we were still in attendance. To one or two, as a
+punishment for some misdemeanor, bread alone was given. Charles Dickens
+looked on, and presently said to Doctor Howe, "My God! if a woman thinks
+her son may come to this, I don't blame her if she strangles him in
+infancy."</p>
+
+<p>At Newgate prison we were shown the fetters of Jack Sheppard and those
+of Dick Turpin. While we were on the premises the van arrived with fresh
+prisoners, and one of the officials appeared <span class="pagenum"><a id="page109" name="page109"></a>[p. 109]</span> to jest with a
+young woman who had just been brought in, and who, it seemed, was
+already well known to the officers of justice. Dr. Howe did not fail to
+notice this with disapprobation.</p>
+
+<p>At one of the charity schools which we visited, Mr. Mann asked whether
+corporal punishment was used. "Commonly, only this," said the master,
+calling up a little girl, and snapping a bit of india rubber upon her
+neck in a manner which caused her to cry out. I need not say that the
+two gentlemen were indignant at this unprovoked infliction.</p>
+
+<p>In strong contrast to old-time Bridewell appeared the model prison of
+Pentonville, which we visited one day in company with Lord Morpeth and
+the Duke of Richmond. The system there was one of solitary confinement,
+much approved, if I remember rightly, by "my lord duke," who interested
+himself in showing us how perfectly it was carried out. Neither at meals
+nor at prayers could any prisoner see or be seen by a fellow prisoner.
+The open yard was divided by brick walls into compartments, in each of
+which a single felon, hooded, took his melancholy exercise. The prison
+was extremely neat. Dr. Howe at the time approved of the solitary
+discipline. I am not sure whether he ever came to think differently
+about it.</p>
+
+<p>At a dinner at Charles Dickens's we met his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page110" name="page110"></a>[p. 110]</span> intimate friend,
+John Forster, a lawyer of some note, later known as the author of a
+biography of Dickens. When we arrived, Mr. Forster was amusing himself
+with a small spaniel which had been sent to Mr. Dickens by an admiring
+friend, who desired that the dog might bear the name of Boz. Somewhat
+impatient of such tributes, Mr. Dickens had named it Snittel Timbury. Of
+the dinner, I only remember that it was of the best so far as concerns
+food, and that later in the evening we listened to some comic songs, of
+one of which I recall the refrain; it ran thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"Tiddy hi, tiddy ho, tiddy hi hum,<br>
+  <span class="add1em">Thus was it when Barbara Popkins was young."</span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Forster invited us to dine at his chambers in the Inns of Court. Mr.
+and Mrs. Dickens were of the party, and also the painter Maclise, whose
+work was then highly spoken of. After dinner, while we were taking
+coffee in the sitting-room, I had occasion to speak to my husband, and
+addressed him as "darling." Thereupon Dickens slid down to the floor,
+and, lying on his back, held up one of his small feet, quivering with
+pretended emotion. "Did she call him 'darling'?" he cried.</p>
+
+<p>I was sorry indeed when the time came for us to leave London, and the
+more as one of the pleasures there promised us had been that of a
+breakfast with Charles Buller. Mr. Buller was the only person who at
+that time spoke to me of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page111" name="page111"></a>[p. 111]</span> Thomas Carlyle, already so great a
+celebrity in America. He expressed great regard for Carlyle, who, he
+said, had formerly been his tutor. I was sorry to find in papers of
+Carlyle's, recently published, a rather ungracious mention of this
+brilliant young man, whose early death was much regretted in English
+society.</p>
+
+<p>From England we passed on to Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In the inn at
+Llangollen we saw an engraving representing two aged ladies sitting
+opposite to each other, engaged in some friendly game. These were the
+once famous maids whose romantic elopement and companionship of many
+years gave the place some celebrity. In the burying-ground of the parish
+church we were shown their tomb, bearing an inscription not only
+commemorating the ladies themselves, but making mention also of the
+lifelong service of a faithful female attendant.</p>
+
+<p>Of my visit to Scotland, never repeated, I recall with interest Holyrood
+Palace, where the blood stain of Rizzio's murder was still shown on the
+wooden floor, the grave of Sir Walter Scott at Abbotsford, and Stirling
+Castle, where, if I mistake not, the regalia of Robert Bruce was shown
+us. Among the articles composing it was a cameo of great beauty,
+surrounded by diamonds, and a crown set with large turquoises and
+sapphires.</p>
+
+<p>We passed a Sunday at Melrose, and attended <span class="pagenum"><a id="page112" name="page112"></a>[p. 112]</span> an open-air
+service in the ruins of the ancient abbey. We saw little of Edinburgh
+besides its buildings, the society people of the place being mostly in
+<i>villeggiatura</i>. Mr. Sumner had given us letters to two of the law
+lords. One of these invited us to a seaside dinner at some little
+distance from town. The other entertained us at his city residence.</p>
+
+<p>Of greater interest was our tour in Ireland. Lord Morpeth had given us
+some introductions to friends in Dublin. At the same time he had written
+Mr. Sumner that he hoped Dr. Howe would not in any way become
+conspicuous as a friend to the Repeal measures which were then much in
+the public mind. This Repeal portended nothing less than the disruption
+of the existing political union between Ireland and England. The Dublin
+Corn Exchange was the place in which Repeal meetings were usually held.
+We attended one of these. My sister and I had seats in the gallery,
+which was reserved for ladies. Dr. Howe remained on the floor. This
+meeting had for one of its objects the acknowledgment of funds recently
+sent from America. The women who sat near us in the gallery found out,
+somehow, that we were Americans, and that an American gentleman had
+accompanied us to the meeting. They insisted upon making this known, and
+only forbore to do so at our earnest request. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name="page113"></a>[p. 113]</span></p>
+
+<p>These friends were vehement in their praise of O'Connell, who was the
+principal speaker of the occasion. "He's the best man, the most
+religious!" they said; "he communes so often." I remember his appearance
+well, but can recall nothing of his address. He was tall, blond, and
+florid, with remarkable vivacity of speech and of expression. His
+popularity was certainly very great. While he was speaking, a gentleman
+entered and approached him. "How d'ye do, Tom Steele?" said O'Connell,
+shaking hands with the new-comer. The audience applauded loudly, Steele
+being an intimate friend and ally of O'Connell, and, like him, an
+earnest partisan of Repeal.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. George Ticknor, of Boston, had given us a letter to Miss Edgeworth,
+who resided at some distance from the city of Dublin. From her we soon
+received an invitation to luncheon, of which we gladly availed
+ourselves. Our hostess met us with a warm welcome. She had had some
+correspondence with Dr. Howe, and seemed much pleased to make his
+acquaintance. I remember her as a little old lady, with an old-fashioned
+cap and curls. She was very vivacious, and had much to say to Dr. Howe
+about Laura Bridgman. He in turn asked what she thought of the Repeal
+movement. She said in reply, "I don't understand what O'Connell really
+means."</p>
+
+<p>Some one present casually mentioned the new <span class="pagenum"><a id="page114" name="page114"></a>[p. 114]</span> substitution of
+lard oil for whale oil for use in lamps. Miss Edgeworth said, "I hear
+that, in consequence of this new fashion, the whale cannot bear the
+sight of a pig." We met on this occasion a half-brother and a
+half-sister of Miss Edgeworth, much younger than herself. I think that
+they must have been twins, so closely did they resemble each other in
+appearance. At parting Miss Edgeworth gave each of us an etching of
+Irish peasants, the work of a friend of hers. On the one which she gave
+to my husband she wrote, "From a lover of truth to a lover of truth."</p>
+
+<p>After leaving Dublin we traveled north as far as the Giant's Causeway.
+The state of the country was very forlorn. The peasantry lived in
+wretched hovels of one or two rooms, the floor of mud, the pig taking
+his ease within doors, and the chickens roosting above the fireplace.
+Beggars were seen everywhere, and of the most persistent sort. In most
+places where we stopped for the night, accommodations were far from
+satisfactory. The safest dishes to order were stirabout and potatoes.</p>
+
+<p>My husband had received an urgent invitation from an Irish nobleman,
+Lord Walcourt, to visit him at his estate, which was in the south of
+Ireland. We found Lord Walcourt living very simply, with two young
+daughters and a baby son. He told my husband that when he first read a
+book of Fourier, he instantly went over to France <span class="pagenum"><a id="page115" name="page115"></a>[p. 115]</span> to make the
+acquaintance of the author, whom he greatly admired. "If I had only read
+on to the end of the book," he said, "I should have seen that Fourier
+was already dead."</p>
+
+<p>He told us that Lady Walcourt spent much time in London or on the
+Continent, from which we gathered that country life in Ireland was not
+much to her taste. Dr. Howe and our host had a good deal of talk
+together concerning socialistic and other reforms. My sister and I found
+his housekeeping rather meagre. He was evidently a whole-souled man, but
+we learned later on that he was considered very eccentric.</p>
+
+<p>A visit to the poet Wordsworth was one of the brilliant visions that
+floated before my eyes at this time. Mr. Ticknor had kindly furnished us
+with an introduction to the great man, who was then at the height of his
+popularity. To criticise Wordsworth and to praise Byron were matters
+equally unpardonable in the London of that time, when London was, what
+it has ceased to be, the very heart and centre of the literary world. Of
+our journey to the lake country I can now recall little, save that its
+last stage, a drive of ten or more miles from the railway station to the
+poet's village, was rendered very comfortless by constant showers, and
+by an ill-broken horse which more than once threatened mischief. Arrived
+at the inn, my husband called at the Wordsworth residence, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page116" name="page116"></a>[p. 116]</span> and
+left there his card and the letter of introduction. In return a note was
+soon sent, inviting us to take tea that evening with Mr. and Mrs.
+Wordsworth.</p>
+
+<p>Our visit was a very disappointing one. The widowed daughter of our host
+had lost heavily by the failure of certain American securities. These
+losses formed the sole topic of conversation not only between Wordsworth
+and Dr. Howe, but also between the ladies of the family, my sister, and
+myself. The tea to which we had been bidden was simply a cup of tea,
+served without a table. We bore the harassing conversation as long as we
+could. The only remark of Wordsworth's which I brought away was this:
+"The misfortune of Ireland is that it was only a partially conquered
+country." When we took leave, the poet expressed his willingness to
+serve us during our stay in his neighborhood. We left it, however, on
+the following morning, without seeing him or his again.</p>
+
+<p>A little akin to this experience was that of a visit to the Bank of
+England, made at the invitation of one of its officers whom I had known
+and entertained in America. Another of the functionaries of the bank
+volunteered his services as a cicerone. He showed us among other things
+the treasure recently received from the Chinese government, in payment
+of a war indemnity. It was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page117" name="page117"></a>[p. 117]</span> all in little blocks,
+parallelograms and horseshoes of gold and silver. An ingenious little
+machine was also shown us for the detection of light weight sovereigns.
+We paid for his attention by listening to many uncivil pleasantries
+regarding the financial condition of our own country. I still remember
+the insolent sneer with which this gentleman said, "By the bye, have you
+sold the Bank of the United States yet?" He was presumably ignorant of
+the real history of the bank, which had long ceased to be a government
+institution, President Jackson having annulled its charter and removed
+the government deposits.</p>
+
+<p>I mention these incidents because they were the only exceptions to the
+uniform kindness with which we were generally received, and to the
+homage paid to my husband as one of the most illustrious of modern
+philanthropists.</p>
+
+<p>Berlin would have been the next important stop in our journey but for an
+impediment which we had hardly anticipated. In the days of the French
+revolution of 1830, the Poles had made one of their oft-repeated
+struggles to regain national independence. General Lafayette was much
+interested in this movement, and at his request Dr. Howe undertook to
+convey to some of the Polish chiefs funds sent for their aid by parties
+in the United States. He succeeded in accomplishing this errand, but was
+arrested on the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page118" name="page118"></a>[p. 118]</span> very night of his arrival in Berlin, and was
+only released by the intervention of our government, after a tedious
+imprisonment <i>au secret</i>. He was then sent with a military escort to the
+confines of Prussia with the warning to return no more.</p>
+
+<p>Thirteen years had elapsed since these events took place. Dr. Howe had
+meantime acquired a world-wide reputation as a philanthropist. The Poles
+had long been subdued, and Europe seemed to be free from all
+revolutionary threatenings. Through the intervention of Chevalier
+Bunsen, who was then Prussian ambassador at the Court of St. James, Dr.
+Howe applied for permission to revisit the kingdom of Prussia, but this
+was refused him. Some years after this time, Dr. Howe received from the
+Prussian government a gold medal in acknowledgment of his services to
+the blind. On weighing it, he found that the value of the gold was equal
+to the amount of money which he had been required to pay for his board
+in the prison at Berlin. In spite of the prohibition, we managed to see
+something of the Rhine, and journeyed through Switzerland and the
+Austrian Tyrol to Vienna, where we remained for some weeks. We here made
+the acquaintance of Madame von Walther and her daughter Theresa,
+afterward known as Madame Pulszky, the wife of one of Louis Kossuth's
+most valued friends. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page119" name="page119"></a>[p. 119]</span></p>
+
+<p>Arriving in Milan, we presented a letter of introduction from Miss
+Catharine Sedgwick to Count Confalonieri, after Silvio Pellico the most
+distinguished of the Italian patriots who underwent imprisonment in the
+Austrian fortress of Spielberg. His life had been spared only through
+the passionate pleading of his wife, who traveled day and night to throw
+herself at the feet of the Empress, imploring the commutation of the
+death sentence passed upon her husband. This heroic woman did not long
+survive the granting of her prayer. She died while her husband was still
+in prison; but the men who had been his companions in misfortune so
+revered her memory as always to lift their hats when they passed near
+her grave. Years had elapsed since the events of which I speak, and the
+count had married a second wife, a lively and attractive person, from
+whom, as from the count, we received many kind attentions.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe was at this time called to Paris by some special business, and
+I remained a month in Milan with my sister. We greatly enjoyed the
+beauty of the cathedral and the hospitality of our new friends. Among
+these were the Marchese Arconati and his wife, a lady of much
+distinction, and in after years a friend of Margaret Fuller.</p>
+
+<p>Some delightful entertainments were given us by these and other friends,
+and I remember with pleasure an expedition to Monza, where the iron
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page120" name="page120"></a>[p. 120]</span> crown of the Lombard kingdom is still shown. Napoleon is said
+to have placed it on his head while he was still First Consul. Apropos
+of this, we saw in one of the Milanese mansions a seat on which Napoleon
+had once sat, and which, in commemoration of this, bore the inscription,
+"Egli ci ha dato l'unione" (He gave us unity). Alas! this precious boon
+was only secured to Italy many years later, and after much shedding of
+blood.</p>
+
+<p>Several of the former captives of Spielberg were living in Milan at this
+time. Of these I may mention Castiglia and the advocate Borsieri. Two
+others, Foresti and Albinola, I had often seen in New York, where they
+lived for many years, beloved and respected. In all of them, a perfectly
+childish delight in living seemed to make amends for the long and dreary
+years passed in prison. Every pulse-beat of freedom was a joy to them.
+Yet the iron had entered deeply into their souls. Natural leaders and
+men of promise, they had been taken out of the world of active life in
+the very flower of their youth and strength. The fortress in which they
+were confined was gloomy and desolate. For many months no books were
+allowed them, and in the end only books of religion, so called. They had
+begged for employment, and were given wool to knit stockings, and dirty
+linen rags to scrape for lint, with the sarcastic remark that to people
+of their benevolent <span class="pagenum"><a id="page121" name="page121"></a>[p. 121]</span> disposition such work as this last should
+be most congenial. The time, they said, seemed endless in passing, but
+little when past, no events having diversified its dull blankness.</p>
+
+<p>When I listened to the conversation of these men, and saw Italy so bound
+hand and foot by Austrian and other tyrants, I felt only the hopeless
+chaos of the political outlook. Where should freedom come from? The
+logical bond of imprisonment seemed complete. It was sealed with four
+impregnable fortresses, and the great spiritual tyranny sat enthroned in
+the centre, and had its response in every other despotic centre of the
+globe. I almost ask to-day, "By what miracle was the great structure
+overthrown?" But the remembrance of this miracle forbids me to despair
+of any great deliverance, however desired and delayed. He who maketh the
+wrath of man to serve Him can make liberty blossom out of the very rod
+that the tyrant wields.</p>
+
+<p>The emotions with which people in general approach the historic sites of
+the world have been so often described as to make it needless for me to
+dwell upon my own. But I will mention the thrill of wonder which
+overcame me as we drove over the Campagna and caught the first glimpse
+of St. Peter's dome. Was it possible? Had I lived to come within sight
+of the great city, Mistress of the World? Like much else in my
+journeying, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page122" name="page122"></a>[p. 122]</span> this appeared to me like something seen in a
+dream, scarcely to be apprehended by the bodily senses.</p>
+
+<p>The Rome that I then saw was medi�val in its aspect. A great gloom and
+silence hung over it. Coming to establish ourselves for the winter, we
+felt the pressure of many discomforts, especially that of the imperfect
+heating of houses. Our first quarters were in Torlonia's palace on the
+Piazza di Spagna. My husband found these gloomy and sunless, and was
+soon attracted by a small but comfortable apartment in Via San Nicol� da
+Tolentino, where we passed a part of the winter. There my husband
+undertook one day to make a real Christmas fire. In doing so he dragged
+the logs too far forward on the unsubstantial hearth, setting fire to
+the crossbeams which supported the floor. This was fortunately
+discovered before the danger became imminent, and the mischief was soon
+remedied. I was not allowed to hear about it until long afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe went out early one morning, and did not return until late in
+the evening. Had I known at the time the reason of his absence, I should
+have felt great anxiety. He had gone to the post-office, but in doing so
+had passed some spot at which a sentry was stationed. He happened to be
+absorbed in his own thoughts, and did not notice the warning given. The
+sentry seized <span class="pagenum"><a id="page123" name="page123"></a>[p. 123]</span> him, and Dr. Howe began to beat him over the
+head. A crowd soon gathered, and my husband was arrested and taken to
+the guard-house. The situation was a grave one, but the doctor
+immediately sent for the American consul, George Washington Greene. With
+the aid of this friendly official the necessary explanations were made
+and accepted, and the prisoner was liberated.</p>
+
+<p>The consul just mentioned was a cousin of my father and a grandson of
+the famous General Nathanael Greene of the Revolution. He was much at
+home in Roman society, and through him we had access to the principal
+houses in which were given the great entertainments of the season. The
+first of these that I attended appeared to me a melancholy failure,
+judging by our American ideas of a pleasant evening party. The great
+ladies sat very quietly in the salon of reception, and the gentlemen
+spoke to them in an undertone. There was none of the joyous effusion
+with which even a "few friends" meet on similar occasions in Boston or
+New York. Exceeding stiffness was obviously the "good form" of the
+occasion.</p>
+
+<p>A ball given by the banker prince, Torlonia, presented a more animated
+scene. The beautiful princess of the house, then in the bloom of her
+youth, was conspicuous among the dancers. Her fair head was encircled by
+a fine tiara of diamonds. She was by birth a Colonna. The attraction of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page124" name="page124"></a>[p. 124]</span> the great fortune was said to have led to her alliance with
+the prince, who was equally her superior in age and her inferior in
+rank. I was told that he had presented his bride with the pearls
+formerly belonging to the shrine of the Madonna of Loretto, and I
+remember to have seen her once in evening dress, adorned with pearls of
+enormous size, which were probably those in question. I thought her
+quite as beautiful on another occasion, when she wore a simple gown of
+<i>�cru</i> silk, with a necklace of carved coral beads. This was at a
+reception given at the charity school of San Michele, where a play was
+performed by the pupils of the institution. The theme of the drama was
+the worship of the golden calf by the Israelites and the overthrow of
+the idol by Moses.</p>
+
+<p>The industrial school of San Michele, like every other institution in
+the Rome of that time, was entirely under ecclesiastical control. If I
+remember rightly, Monsignore Morecchini had to do with its management.
+This interesting man stood at the time at the head of the administration
+of public charities. He called one day at our lodgings, and I had the
+pleasure of listening to a long conversation between him and my husband,
+regarding chiefly the theme in which both gentlemen were most deeply
+interested, the education of the working classes. I was present, some
+time later, at a meeting of the Academy of St. Luke, at which <span class="pagenum"><a id="page125" name="page125"></a>[p. 125]</span>
+the same monsignore made an address of some length, and with his own
+hands presented the medals awarded to successful artists. One of these
+was given to an Italian lady, who appeared in the black costume and lace
+veil which are still <i>de rigueur</i> at all functions of the papal court. I
+remember that the monsignore delivered his address with a sort of
+rhythmic intoning, not unlike the singsong of the Quaker preaching of
+fifty years ago.</p>
+
+<p>Of the matter of his discourse I can recall only one sentence, in which
+he mentioned as one of the boasts of Rome the fact that she possessed
+<i>la maggiore basilica del mondo</i>, "the largest basilica in the world."
+The Church of St. Peter, like that of Santa Maria Maggiore, is indeed
+modeled after the design of the basilicas or courts of justice of
+ancient Rome, and Italians are apt to speak of it as "la basilica di san
+Pietro." To another monsignore, Baggs by name, and Bishop of Pella, we
+owed our presentation to Pope Gregory Sixteenth, the immediate
+predecessor of Pope Pius Ninth. Our cousin the consul, George W. Greene,
+went with us to the reception accorded us. Papal etiquette was not
+rigorous in those days. It only required that we should make three
+genuflections, simply bows, as we approached the spot where the Pope
+stood, and three more in retiring, as from a royal presence, without
+turning <span class="pagenum"><a id="page126" name="page126"></a>[p. 126]</span> our backs. Monsignore Baggs, after presenting my
+husband, said to him, "Dr. Howe, you should tell his Holiness about the
+little blind girl [Laura Bridgman] whom you educated." The Pope remarked
+that he had been assured that the blind were able to distinguish colors
+by the touch. Dr. Howe said that he did not believe this. His opinion
+was that if a blind person could distinguish a stuff of any particular
+color, it must be through some effect of the dye upon the texture of the
+cloth.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope said that he had heard there had been few Americans in Europe
+during the past season, and had been told that they had been kept at
+home by the want of money, for which he made the familiar sign with his
+thumb and forefinger. Apropos of I forget what, he remarked, "Chi mi
+sente dare la benedizione del balcone di san Pietro intende ch'io non
+sono un giovinotto," "Whoever hears me give the benediction from the
+balcony of St. Peter's will understand that I am not a youth." The
+audience concluded, the Pope obligingly turned his back upon us, as if
+to examine something lying on the table which stood behind him, and thus
+spared us the inconvenience of bowing, curtsying, and retiring backward.</p>
+
+<p>I remember to have heard of a great floral festival held not long after
+this time at some village near Rome. Among other exhibits appeared a
+medallion of his Holiness all done in flowers, the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page127" name="page127"></a>[p. 127]</span> nose being
+made rather bright with carnations. The Pope visited the show, and on
+seeing the medallion exclaimed, laughing, "Son brutto da vero, manon
+cosi", "I am ugly indeed, but not like this."</p>
+
+<p>The experience of our winter in Rome could not be repeated at this day
+of the world. The Rome of fifty-five years ago was altogether medi�val
+in its aspect. The great inclosure within its walls was but sparsely
+inhabited. Convent gardens and villas of the nobility occupied much
+space. The city attracted mostly students and lovers of art. The studios
+of painters and sculptors were much visited, and wealthy patrons of the
+arts gave orders for many costly works. Such glimpses as were afforded
+of Roman society had no great attraction other than that of novelty for
+persons accustomed to reasonable society elsewhere. The strangeness of
+titles, the glitter of jewels, amused for a time the traveler, who was
+nevertheless glad to return to a world in which ceremony was less
+dominant and absolute.</p>
+
+<p>Among the frequent visitors at our rooms were the sculptor Crawford,
+Luther Terry, and Freeman, well known then and since as painters of
+merit. Between the first named of these and the elder of my two sisters
+an attachment sprang up, which culminated in marriage. Another artist of
+repute, T�rmer by name, often passed the evening with us. He was
+somewhat deformed, and our <span class="pagenum"><a id="page128" name="page128"></a>[p. 128]</span> man-servant always announced him as
+"Quel gobbetto, signor," "That hunchback, sir."</p>
+
+<p>The months slipped away very rapidly, and the early spring brought the
+dear gift of another life to gladden and enlarge our own. My dearest,
+eldest child was born at Palazzetto Torlonia, on the 12th of March,
+1844. At my request, the name of Julia Romana was given to her. As an
+infant she possessed remarkable beauty, and her radiant little face
+appeared to me to reflect the lovely forms and faces which I had so
+earnestly contemplated before her birth.</p>
+
+<p>Of the months preceding this event I cannot at this date give any very
+connected account. The experience was at once a dream and a revelation.
+My mind had been able to anticipate something of the achievements of
+human thought, but of the patient work of the artist I had not had the
+smallest conception.</p>
+
+<p>We visited, one day, the catacombs of St. Calixtus with a party of
+friends, among whom was the then celebrated Padre Machi, an ecclesiastic
+who was considered a supreme authority in this department of historic
+research. Acting as our guide, he pointed out to us the burial-places of
+martyrs, distinguished by the outline of a palm rudely impressed on the
+tufa out of which the various graves have been hollowed. We explored
+with him the little chapels which bear witness to the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name="page129"></a>[p. 129]</span> ancient
+holding of religious services in this dark underground city of the dead.
+In these chapels the pictured emblem of the fish is often met with.
+Scholars do not need to be reminded that the Greek wo&#953;&#967;&#952;&#8017;&#962;rd &#953;&#967;&#952;&#8017;&#962;
+was adopted by the early Christians as an anagram of the name and title
+of their leader. Each of us carried a lighted taper, and we were careful
+to keep well together, mindful of the danger of losing ourselves in the
+depths of these vast caverns. A story was told us of a party which was
+thus lost, and could never be found again, although a band of music was
+sent after them in the hope of bringing them into safety. While we were
+giving heed to the instructive discourse of Padre Machi, a mischievous
+youth of the company came near to me and said in a low voice, "Has it
+occurred to you that if our guide should suddenly die here of apoplexy,
+we should never be able to find our way out?" This thought was dreadful
+indeed, and I confess that I was very thankful when at last we emerged
+from the depths into the blessed daylight.</p>
+
+<p>Among the wonderful sights of that winter, I recall an evening visit to
+the sculpture gallery of the Vatican, where the statues were shown us by
+torchlight. I had not as yet made acquaintance with those marble shapes,
+which were rendered so lifelike by the artful illumination that when I
+saw them afterward in the daylight, it seemed to me that they had died.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name="page130"></a>[p. 130]</span></p>
+
+<p>My husband visited one day the Castle of St. Angelo, which was then not
+only a fortress but also a prison for political offenders. As he passed
+through one of the corridors, a young man from an inner room or cell
+rushed out and addressed him, apparently in great distress of mind. He
+cried, "For the love of God, sir, try to help me! I was taken from my
+home a fortnight since, I know not why, and was brought here, where I am
+detained, utterly ignorant of the grounds of my arrest and
+imprisonment." This incident disturbed my husband very much. Of course,
+he could do nothing to aid the unfortunate man.</p>
+
+<p>We were invited, one evening, to attend what the Romans still call an
+"accademia," <i>i. e.</i> a sort of literary club or association. It was held
+in what appeared to be a public hall, with a platform on which were
+seated those about to take part in the exercises of the evening. Among
+these were two cardinals, one of whom read aloud some Greek verses, the
+other a Latin discourse, both of which were applauded. After or before
+these, I cannot remember which, came a recitation from a once famous
+improvisatrice, Rosa Taddei. She is mentioned by Sismondi in one of his
+works as a young person, most wonderful in her performance. She was now
+a woman of middle age, wearing a sober gown and cap. The poem which she
+read was on the happiness to be derived from <span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name="page131"></a>[p. 131]</span> a family of
+adopted children. I remember its conclusion. He who should give himself
+to the care of other people's children would be entitled to say:&mdash;</p>
+
+ <div class="poem"> <p>"Formai questa famiglia<br>
+   <span class="add1em">Sol colla mia virtu."</span></p>
+
+  <p>"I built myself this family<br>
+   <span class="add1em">solely by my own merit."</span></p></div>
+
+<p>The performances concluded with a satirical poem given by a layman, and
+describing the indignation of an elegant ecclesiastic at the visit of a
+man in poor and shabby clothes. His complaint is answered by a friend,
+who remarks:&mdash;</p>
+
+           <div class="poem"><p>La vostra eccellenza<br>
+  Vorrebbe tutti i poverelli ricchi."</p>
+
+           <p>Your Excellency<br>
+  would have every poor fellow rich."</p></div>
+
+<p>The presence of the celebrated phrenologist, George Combe, in Rome at
+this time added much to Dr. Howe's enjoyment of the winter, and to mine.
+His wife was a daughter of the great actress, Mrs. Siddons, and was a
+person of excellent mind and manners. Observing that she always appeared
+in black, I asked one day whether she was in mourning for a near
+relative. She replied, rather apologetically, that she adopted this
+dress on account of its convenience, and that English ladies, in
+traveling, often did so.</p>
+
+<p>I remember that Fanny Kemble, who was a cousin of Mrs. Combe, once
+related the following <span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name="page132"></a>[p. 132]</span> anecdote to Dr. Howe and myself:
+"Cecilia [Mrs. Combe] had grown up in her mother's shadow, for Mrs.
+Siddons was to the last such a social idol as to absorb the notice of
+people wherever she went, leaving little attention to be bestowed upon
+her daughter. This was rather calculated to sour the daughter's
+disposition, and naturally had that effect." Mrs. Kemble then spoke of a
+visit which she had made at her cousin's house after her marriage to Mr.
+Combe. In taking leave, she could not refrain from exclaiming, "Oh,
+Cecilia, how you have improved!" to which Mrs. Combe replied, "Who could
+help improving when living with perfection?"</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe and Mr. Combe sometimes visited the galleries in company,
+viewing the works therein contained in the light of their favorite
+theory. I remember having gone with them through the great sculpture
+hall of the Vatican, listening with edification to their instructive
+conversation. They stood for some time before the well-known head of
+Zeus, the contour and features of which appeared to them quite orthodox,
+according to the standard of phrenology.</p>
+
+<p>In this last my husband was rather an enthusiastic believer. He was apt,
+in judging new acquaintances, to note closely the shape of the head, and
+at one time was unwilling even to allow a woman servant to be engaged
+until, at his request, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page133" name="page133"></a>[p. 133]</span> she had removed her bonnet, giving him
+an opportunity to form his estimate of her character or, at least, of
+her natural proclivities. In common with Horace Mann, he held Mr. Combe
+to be one of the first intelligences of the age, and esteemed his work
+on "The Constitution of Man" as one of the greatest of human
+productions.</p>
+
+<p>When, in the spring of 1844, I left Rome, in company with my husband, my
+sisters, and my baby, it seemed like returning to the living world after
+a long separation from it. In spite of all its attractions, I was glad
+to stand once more face to face with the belongings of my own time.</p>
+
+<p>We journeyed first to Naples, which I saw with delight, thence by
+steamer to Marseilles, and by river boat and diligence to Paris.</p>
+
+<p>My husband's love of the unusual must, I think, have prompted him to
+secure passage for our party on board the little steamer which carried
+us well on our way to Paris. Its small cabin was without sleeping
+accommodations of any kind. As the boat always remained in some port
+overnight, Dr. Howe found it possible to hire mattresses for us, which,
+alas, were taken away at daybreak, when our journey was resumed.</p>
+
+<p>Of the places visited on our way I will mention only Avignon, a city of
+great historic interest, retaining little in the present day to remind
+the traveler of its former importance. My husband <span class="pagenum"><a id="page134" name="page134"></a>[p. 134]</span> here found a
+bricabrac shop, containing much curious furniture of ancient date. Among
+its contents were two cabinets of carved wood, which so fascinated him
+that, finding himself unable to decide in favor of either, he concluded
+to purchase both of them. The dealer of whom he bought them promised to
+have them packed so solidly that they might be thrown out of an upper
+window without sustaining any injury, adding, "Et de plus, j'�crirai l�
+dessus 'tr�s fragile'" (And in addition, I will mark it "very fragile"),
+which amused my husband. He had justified this purchase to me by
+reminding me that we should presently have our house to furnish. Indeed,
+the two cabinets proved an excellent investment, and are as handsome as
+ever, after much wear and tear of other household goods.</p>
+
+<p>We made some stay in Paris, of which city I have chronicled elsewhere my
+first impressions. Among these was the pain of hearing a lecture from
+Philar�te Chasles, in which he spoke most disparagingly of American
+literature, and of our country in general. He said that we had
+contributed nothing of value to the world of letters. Yet we had already
+given it the writings of Irving, Hawthorne, Emerson, Longfellow, Bryant,
+and Poe. It is true that these authors were little, if at all, known in
+France at that time; but the speaker, proposing to instruct the public,
+ought to have <span class="pagenum"><a id="page135" name="page135"></a>[p. 135]</span> informed himself concerning that whereof he
+assumed to speak with knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe attended one of the official receptions of M. Guizot, who was
+prime minister at this time. I tried to persuade him to wear the
+decorations given him by the Greek government in recognition of his
+services in the Greek revolution, but he refused to do so, thinking such
+ornaments unfitting a republican. I had the pleasure of witnessing one
+of the last performances of the celebrated <i>danseuse</i>, Madame Taglioni.
+She it was of whom one of the same profession said, "Nous autres, nous
+sautons et nous tombons, mais elle monte et elle descend." The ballet
+was "La Sylphide," in which she had achieved one of her earliest
+triumphs. Remembering this, Dr. Howe found her somewhat changed for the
+worse. I admired her very much, and her dancing appeared to me
+characterized by a perfection and finish which placed her beyond
+competition with more recent favorites.</p>
+
+<p>I was fortunate also in seeing Mademoiselle Rachel in "La Czarina," a
+part which did not give full scope for her great talent. The demerits of
+the play, however, could not wholly overcloud the splendor of her unique
+personality, which at moments electrified the audience.</p>
+
+<p>Our second visit to England, in the autumn of the year 1844, on the way
+back to our own country, was less brilliant and novel than our first,
+but <span class="pagenum"><a id="page136" name="page136"></a>[p. 136]</span> scarcely less in interest. We had received several
+invitations to visit friends at their country residences, and these
+opened to us the most delightful aspect of English hospitality. The
+English are nowhere so much at home as in the country, and they
+willingly make their visitors at home also.</p>
+
+<p>Our first visit was at Atherstone, then the residence of Charles Nolte
+Bracebridge, one of the best specimens of an English country gentleman
+of the old school. His wife was a very accomplished gentlewoman,
+skillful alike with pencil and with needle, and possessed of much
+literary culture. We met here, among other guests, Mr. Henry Reeve, well
+known in the literary society of that time. Mrs. Bracebridge told us
+much of Florence Nightingale, then about twenty-four years old, already
+considered a person of remarkable character. Our hosts had visited
+Athens, and sympathized with my husband in his views regarding the
+Greeks. They were also familiar with the farther East, and had brought
+cedars from Mount Lebanon and Arab horses from I know not where.</p>
+
+<p>Atherstone was not far from Coventry. Mr. Bracebridge claimed descent
+from Lady Godiva, and informed me that a descendant of Peeping Tom of
+Coventry was still to be found in that place. He himself was lord of the
+manor, but had neither son nor daughter to succeed him. He <span class="pagenum"><a id="page137" name="page137"></a>[p. 137]</span>
+told me some rather weird stories, one of which was that he had once
+waked in the night to see a female figure seated by his fireside. I
+think that the ghost was that of an old retainer of the family, or
+possibly an ancestress. An old prophecy also had been fulfilled with
+regard to his property. This was that when a certain piece of land
+should pass from the possession of the family, a small island on the
+estate would cease to exist. The property was sold, and the island
+somehow became attached to the mainland, and as an island ceased to
+exist.</p>
+
+<p>My two sisters accompanied Dr. Howe and myself in the round of visits
+which I am now recording. They were young women of great personal
+attraction, the elder of the two an unquestioned beauty, the younger
+gifted with an individual charm of loveliness. They were much admired
+among our new friends. Thomas Appleton followed us at one of the houses
+in which we stayed. He told me, long afterwards, that he was asked at
+this time whether there were many young ladies in America as charming as
+the Misses Ward.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Bracebridge in speaking to me of Florence Nightingale as a young
+person likely to make an exceptional record, told me that her mother
+rather feared this, and would have preferred the usual conventional life
+for her daughter. The father was a pronounced Liberal, and a Unitarian.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page138" name="page138"></a>[p. 138]</span> While we were still at Atherstone, we received an invitation
+to pass a few days with the Nightingale family at Emblee, and betook
+ourselves thither. We found a fine mansion of Elizabethan architecture,
+and a cordial reception. The family consisted of father and mother and
+two daughters, both born during their parents' residence in Italy, and
+respectively christened Parthenope and Florence, one having first seen
+<a name="the_light_in_the_city" id="the_light_in_the_city"></a>the light in the city whose name she bore, the other in Naples.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image8.jpg" width="193" height="276" alt="FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE" >
+<br><span class="caption"><small>FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE</small><br><small><i>From a photograph.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of the two, Parthenope was the elder; she was not handsome, but was
+<i>piquante</i> and entertaining. Florence, the younger sister, was rather
+elegant than beautiful; she was tall and graceful of figure, her
+countenance mobile and expressive, her conversation most interesting.
+Having heard much of Dr. Howe as a philanthropist, she resolved to
+consult him upon a matter which she already had at heart. She
+accordingly requested him one day to meet her on the following morning,
+before the hour for the family breakfast. He did so, and she opened the
+way to the desired conference by saying, "Dr. Howe, if I should
+determine to study nursing, and to devote my life to that profession, do
+you think it would be a dreadful thing?"</p>
+
+<p>"By no means," replied my husband. "I think that it would be a very good
+thing."</p>
+
+
+<p>So much and no more of the conversation Dr. Howe repeated to me. We soon
+heard that Miss <span class="pagenum"><a id="page139" name="page139"></a>[p. 139]</span> Florence was devoting herself to the study of
+her predilection; and when, years after this time, the Crimean war broke
+out, we were among the few who were not astonished at the undertaking
+which made her name world famous.</p>
+
+<p>Just before our final embarkation for America, we passed a few days with
+the same friends at Lea Hurst, a pretty country seat near Malvern. There
+we met the well-known historian, Henry Hallam, celebrated also as the
+father of Tennyson's lamented Arthur. "Martin Chuzzlewit" had recently
+appeared, and I remember that Mr. Hallam read aloud with much amusement
+the famous transcendental episode beginning, "To be introduced to a
+Pogram by a Hominy." Mr. Hallam asked me whether talk of this sort was
+ever heard in transcendental circles in America. I was obliged to
+confess that the caricature was not altogether without foundation.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after reaching London for the second time, we were invited to visit
+Dr. and Mrs. Fowler at Salisbury. The doctor was much interested in
+anthropology and kindred topics, and my husband found in him a congenial
+friend. The house was a modest one, but the housekeeping was generous
+and tasteful. As Salisbury was a cathedral town, the prominent people of
+the place naturally belonged to the Anglican Church. At the Fowlers'
+hospitable board we met the bishop, the dean, the rector, and the
+curate. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page140" name="page140"></a>[p. 140]</span></p>
+
+<p>I attended several services in the beautiful cathedral, and enjoyed very
+much a visit to Stonehenge, which we made in company with our hosts, in
+a carriage drawn by two small mules. I inquired why they used mules in
+preference to horses, and was told that it was to avoid the tax imposed
+upon the latter. Stonehenge was in the district of Old Sarum, once a
+rotten borough, as certain places in England were termed which, with
+little or no population, had yet the right to be represented in
+Parliament. Dr. Fowler was familiar with the ancient history of the
+place, which, as we saw it, contained nothing but an area of desolate
+sand. The wonderful Druidical stones of Stonehenge commanded our
+attention. They are too well known to need description. Our host could
+throw no light upon their history, which belongs, one must suppose, with
+that of kindred constructions in Brittany.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Denison, at the time of our visit, was still saddened by the loss
+of a beloved wife. He invited us to a dinner at which his sister, Miss
+Denison, presided. The dean and his wife were present, the Fowlers, and
+one or two other guests. To my surprise, the bishop gave me his arm and
+conducted me to the table, where he seated me on his right. Mrs. Fowler
+afterwards remarked to me, "How charming it was of the bishop to take
+you in to dinner. As an American you have <span class="pagenum"><a id="page141" name="page141"></a>[p. 141]</span> no rank, and are
+therefore exempt from all questions of precedence."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Fowler once described to me an intimate little dinner with the poet
+Rogers, for which he had promised to provide just enough, and no more.
+Each dish exactly matched the three convives. Half of a chicken sufficed
+for the roast. As his usual style of entertainment was very elegant, he
+probably derived some amusement from this unnecessary economy.</p>
+
+<p>We left Salisbury with regret, Dr. Fowler giving Dr. Howe a parting
+injunction to visit Rotherhithe workhouse, where he himself had seen an
+old woman who was blind, deaf, and crippled. My husband made this visit,
+and wrote an account of it <a name="to_Dr_Fowler" id="to_Dr_Fowler"></a>to Dr. Fowler.<a href="#This_old_woman">[2]</a> He read this to me before
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page142" name="page142"></a>[p. 142]</span> sending it. In the mischief of which I was then full to
+overflowing, I wrote a humorous travesty of Dr. Howe's letter in rhyme,
+but when I showed it to him, I was grieved to see how much he seemed
+pained at my frivolity.</p>
+
+     <div class="poem"><p><span class="add3em">Dear Sir, I went south:</span><br>
+      <span class="add4em">As far as Portsmouth,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">And found a most charming old woman,</span><br>
+      <span class="add4em">Delightfully void</span><br>
+      <span class="add4em">Of all that's enjoyed</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">By the animal vaguely called human.</span></p>
+
+       <p><span class="add3em">She has but one jaw,</span><br>
+      <span class="add4em">Has teeth like a saw,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Her ears and her eyes I delight in:</span><br>
+      <span class="add4em">The one could not hear</span><br>
+      <span class="add4em">Tho' a cannon were near,</span><br>
+ <span class="add1em"> The others are holes with no sight in.</span></p>
+
+       <p><span class="add3em">Her cinciput lies</span><br>
+      <span class="add4em">Just over her eyes,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Not far from the bone parietal;</span><br>
+      <span class="add4em">The crown of her head,</span><br>
+      <span class="add4em">Be it vulgarly said,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Is shaped like the back of a beetle.</span></p>
+
+       <p><span class="add3em">Destructiveness great</span><br>
+      <span class="add4em">Combines with conceit</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">In the form of this wonderful noddle,</span><br>
+     <span class="add4em"> But benev'lence, you know,</span><br>
+     <span class="add4em"> And a large <i>philopro</i></span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Give a <a name="great_inclination_to_coddle" id="great_inclination_to_coddle"></a>great inclination to coddle.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>And so on.<span class="pagenum"><a id="page144" name="page144"></a>[p. 144]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<h2>FIRST YEARS IN BOSTON</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1844 we returned from our wedding journey, and took up
+our abode in the near neighborhood of the city of Boston, of which at
+intervals I had already enjoyed some glimpses. These had shown me
+Margaret Fuller, holding high communion with her friends in her
+well-remembered conversations; Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was then
+breaking ground in the field of his subsequent great reputation; and
+many another who has since been widely heard of. I count it as one of my
+privileges to have listened to a single sermon from Dr. Channing, with
+whom I had some personal acquaintance. I can remember only a few
+passages. Its theme must have been the divine love; for Dr. Channing
+said that God loved black men as well as white men, poor men as well as
+rich men, and bad men as well as good men. This doctrine was quite new
+to me, but I received it gladly.</p>
+
+<p>The time was one in which the Boston community, small as it then was,
+exhibited great differences of opinion, especially regarding the new
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>[p. 145]</span> transcendentalism and the anti-slavery agitation, which were
+both held much in question by the public at large. While George Ripley,
+moved by a fresh interpretation of religious duty, was endeavoring to
+institute a phalanstery at Brook Farm, the caricatures of Christopher
+Cranch gave great amusement to those who were privileged to see them.
+One of these represented Margaret Fuller driving a winged team attached
+to a chariot on which was inscribed the name of her new periodical, "The
+Dial," while the Rev. Andrews Norton regarded her with holy horror.
+Another illustrated a passage from Mr. Emerson's essay on Nature&mdash;"I
+play upon myself. I am my own music"&mdash;by depicting an individual with a
+nose of preternatural length, pierced with holes like a flageolet, upon
+which his fingers sought the intervals. Yet Mr. Cranch belonged by taste
+and persuasion among the transcendentalists.</p>
+
+<p>As my earliest relations in Boston were with its recognized society, I
+naturally gave some heed to the views therein held regarding the
+transcendental people. What I liked least in these last, when I met
+them, was a sort of jargon which characterized their speech. I had been
+taught to speak plain and careful English, and though always a student
+of foreign languages, I had never thought fit to mix their idioms with
+those of my native tongue. Apropos of this, I remember that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page146" name="page146"></a>[p. 146]</span>
+the poet Fitz-Greene Halleck once said to me of Margaret Fuller, "That
+young lady does not speak the same language that I do,&mdash;I cannot
+understand her." Mr. Emerson's English was as new to me as that of any
+of his contemporaries; but in his case I soon felt that the thought was
+as novel as the language, and that both marked an epoch in literary
+history. The grandiloquence which was common at that time now appears to
+me to have been the natural expression of an exhilaration of mind which
+carried the speaker or writer beyond the bounds of commonplace speech.
+The intellect of the time had outgrown the limits of Puritan belief. The
+narrow literalism, the material and positive view of matters highly
+spiritual, abstract, and indeterminate, which had been handed down from
+previous generations, had become irreligious to the foremost minds of
+that day. They had no choice but to enter the arena as champions of the
+new interpretation of life which the cause of truth imperatively
+demanded.</p>
+
+<p>I speak now of the transcendental movement as I had opportunity to
+observe it in Boston. Let us not ignore the fact that it was a world
+movement. The name seems to have been borrowed from the German
+phraseology, in which the philosophy of Kant was termed "the
+transcendental philosophy." More than this, the breath which kindled
+among us this new flame of hope and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>[p. 147]</span> aspiration came from the
+same source. For this was the period of Germany's true glory. Her
+intellectual radiance outshone and outlived the military meteor which
+for a brief moment obscured all else to human vision. The great vitality
+of the German nation, the indefatigable research of its learned men, its
+wholesome balance of sense and spirit, all made themselves widely felt,
+and infused fresh blood into veins impoverished by ascetic views of
+life. Its philosophers were apostles of freedom, its poets sang the joy
+of living, not the bitterness of sin and death.</p>
+
+<p>These good things were brought to us piecemeal, by translations, by
+disciples. Dr. Hedge published an English rendering of some of the
+masterpieces of German prose. Longfellow gave us lovely versions of many
+poets. John S. Dwight produced his ever precious volume of translations
+of the minor poems of Goethe and Schiller. Margaret Fuller translated
+Eckermann's "Conversations with Goethe." Carlyle wrote his wonderful
+essays, inspired by the new thought, and adding to it daring novelty of
+his own. The whole is matter of history now, quite beyond the domain of
+personal reminiscence.</p>
+
+<p>I have spoken of the transcendentalists and the abolitionists as if they
+had been quite distinct bodies of believers. Reflecting more deeply, I
+feel that both were features of the new movement. In <span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name="page148"></a>[p. 148]</span> the
+transcendentalists the enthusiasm of emancipated thought was paramount,
+while the abolitionists followed the vision of emancipated humanity. The
+lightning flash which illuminated the heaven of the poets and
+philosophers fell also on the fetters of the slave, and showed them to
+the thinking world as a disgrace no longer to be tolerated by civilized
+peoples.</p>
+
+<p>I recall my first years of life in Boston as nearly touched by the sense
+of the unresolved discords which existed in its society. My husband was
+much concerned in some of the changes of front which took place at this
+time. An ardent friend both of Horace Mann and of Charles Sumner, he
+shared the educational views of the first and the political convictions
+of the second. In the year 1845, having been elected to serve on the
+Boston School Board, Dr. Howe instituted so drastic a research into the
+condition of the public schools as to draw upon himself much
+animadversion and some ill-will. Horace Mann, on the other hand,
+characterized this work as "one which only Sam Howe or an angel could
+have done."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe and Mr. Mann, during their travels in Europe, had become much
+interested in the system of training, new at that time, by which
+deaf-mutes were enabled to use vocal speech, and to read on the lips the
+words of those who addressed them. Soon after his return from <span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>[p. 149]</span>
+Europe, Mr. Mann published a report in which he dwelt much on the great
+benefit of this new departure in the education of deaf-mutes, and
+advocated the introduction of the system into our own schools. Dr. Howe
+expressed the same views, and the two gentlemen were held up to the
+public as disturbers of its peace. My husband disapproved of the use of
+signs, which, up to that time, had figured largely in the instruction of
+American deaf-mutes, and in their intercourse with each other. He felt
+that the use of language was an important condition of definite thought,
+and hailed the new powers conferred by the European system as a
+liberation of its pupils from the greatest of their disabilities, the
+privation of direct intercourse with their fellow creatures. His advice,
+privately sought and given, induced a number of parents to undertake
+themselves the education of their deaf children, or, at least, to have
+that education conducted at home, and under their own supervision. In
+after years such parents and children were forward in expressing their
+gratitude for the advice given and followed. The Horace Mann school in
+Boston, and the Clarke school in Northampton, attest the perseverance of
+the advocates of the new method of instruction, and their ultimate
+success.</p>
+
+<p>I had formerly seen Boston as a petted visitor from another city would
+be apt to see it. I had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>[p. 150]</span> found it altogether hospitable, and
+rather eager to entertain a novelty. It was another matter to see it
+with its consideration cap on, pondering whether to like or mislike a
+new claimant to its citizenship. I had known what we may term the Boston
+of the Forty, if New York may be called the city of the Four Hundred. I
+was now to make acquaintance with quite another city,&mdash;with the Boston
+of the teachers, of the reformers, of the cranks, and also&mdash;of the
+apostles. Wondering and floundering among these new surroundings, I was
+often at a loss to determine what I should follow, what relinquish. I
+endeavored to enter reasonably into the functions and amusements of
+general society, and at the same time to profit by the new resources of
+intellectual life which opened out before me. One offense against
+fashion I would commit: I would go to hear Theodore Parker preach. My
+society friends shook their heads.</p>
+
+<p>"What is Julia Howe trying to find at Parker's meeting?" asked one of
+these one day in my presence.</p>
+
+<p>"Atheism," replied the lady thus addressed.</p>
+
+<p>I said, "Not atheism, but a theism."</p>
+
+<p>The change had already been great, from my position as a family idol and
+"the superior young lady" of an admiring circle to that of a wife
+overshadowed for the time by the splendor of her husband's reputation.
+This I had accepted willingly. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name="page151"></a>[p. 151]</span> But the change from my life of
+easy circumstances and brilliant surroundings to that of the mistress of
+a suite of rooms in the Institution for the Blind at South Boston was
+much greater. The building was two miles distant from the city proper,
+the only public conveyance being an omnibus which ran but once in two
+hours. My friends were residents of Boston, or of places still more
+remote from my dwelling-place, and South Boston was then, as it has
+continued to be, a distinctly unfashionable suburb. My husband did not
+desire that I should undertake any work in connection with the
+Institution under his charge. I found its teachers pleasant neighbors,
+and was glad to have Laura Bridgman continue to be a member of the
+household.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe had a great fancy for a piece of property which lay very near
+the Institution. In due time he purchased it. We found an ancient
+cottage on the place, and made it habitable by the addition of one or
+two rooms. Our new domain comprised several acres of land, and my
+husband took great pleasure in laying out an extensive fruit and flower
+garden, and in building a fine hothouse. We removed to this abode on a
+lovely summer day; and as I entered the grounds I involuntarily
+exclaimed, "This is green peace!" Somehow, the nickname, jocosely given,
+remained in use. The estate still stands on legal records <span class="pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>[p. 152]</span> as
+"The Green Peace Estate." Friends would sometimes ask us, "How are you
+getting on at Green Beans&mdash;is that the name?" My husband was so much
+attached to this place that when, after a residence of many years in the
+city, he returned thither to spend the last years of his life, he spoke
+of it as "Paradise Regained."</p>
+
+<p>It partly amuses, and partly saddens me to recall, at this advanced
+period of my life, the altogether mistaken views which I once held
+regarding certain sets of people in Boston, of whom I really knew little
+or nothing. The veil of prejudgment through which I saw them was not,
+indeed, of my own weaving, but I was content to dislike them at a
+distance, until circumstances compelled a nearer and a truer view.</p>
+
+<p>I had supposed the abolitionists to be men and women of rather coarse
+fibre, abounding in cheap and easy denunciation, and seeking to lay rash
+hands on the complex machinery of government and of society. My husband,
+who largely shared their opinions, had no great sympathy with some of
+their methods. Theodore Parker held them in great esteem, and it was
+through him that one of my strongest imaginary dislikes vanished as
+though it had never been. The object of this dislike was William Lloyd
+Garrison, whom I had never seen, but of <a name="whose_malignity" id="whose_malignity"></a>whose malignity of disposition I
+entertained not the smallest doubt.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image9.jpg" width="366" height="232" alt="THE HOME AT SOUTH BOSTON ">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>THE HOME AT SOUTH BOSTON</small><br> <small><i>From a painting in the possession of M. Anagnos.</i></small> </span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>[p. 153]</span>It happened that I met him at one of Parker's Sunday evenings at home. I
+soon felt that this was not the man for whom I had cherished so great a
+distaste. Gentle and unassuming in manner, with a pleasant voice, a
+benevolent countenance, and a sort of glory of sincerity in his ways and
+words, I could only wonder at the falsehoods that I had heard and
+believed concerning him.</p>
+
+<p>The Parkers had then recently received the gift of a piano from members
+of their congregation. A friend began to play hymn tunes upon it, and
+those of us who could sing gathered in little groups to read from the
+few hymn-books which were within reach. Dr. Howe presently looked up and
+saw me singing from the same book with Mr. Garrison. He told me
+afterward that few things in the course of his life had surprised him
+more. From this time forth the imaginary Garrison ceased to exist for
+me. I learned to respect and honor the real one more and more, though as
+yet little foreseeing how glad I should be one day to work with and
+under him. The persons most frequently named as prominent abolitionists,
+in connection with Mr. Garrison, were Maria Weston Chapman and Wendell
+Phillips.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Chapman presided with much energy and grace over the anti-slavery
+bazaars which were held annually in Boston through a long space of
+years. For this labor of love she was somewhat <span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>[p. 154]</span> decried, and
+the <i>sobriquet</i> of "Captain Chapman" was given her in derision. She was
+handsome and rather commanding in person, endowed also with an excellent
+taste in dress. I cannot remember that she ever spoke in public, but her
+presence often adorned the platform at anti-slavery meetings. She was
+the editor of the "Liberty Bell," and was a valued friend and ally of
+Wendell Phillips.</p>
+
+<p>Of Mr. Phillips I must say that I at first regarded him through the same
+veil of prejudice which had caused me so greatly to misconceive the
+character of Mr. Garrison. I was a little softened by hearing that at
+one of the bazaars he had purchased a copy of my first volume of poems,
+with the remark, "She doesn't like me, but I like her poetry." This
+naturally led me to suppose that he must have some redeeming traits of
+character. I had not then heard him speak, and I did not wish to hear
+him; but I met him, also, at one of the Parker Sunday evenings, and,
+after a pleasant episode of conversation, I found myself constrained to
+take him out of my chamber of dislikes.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Phillips was entitled, by birth and education, to an unquestioned
+position in Boston society. His family name was of the best. He was a
+graduate both of Harvard College and of its Law School. No ungentlemanly
+act had ever tarnished his fame. His offense was that, at a critical
+moment, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name="page155"></a>[p. 155]</span> he had espoused an unpopular cause,&mdash;one which was
+destined, in less than a score of years, so to divide the feeling of our
+community as to threaten the very continuance of our national life. Oh,
+to have been in Faneuil Hall on that memorable day when the pentecostal
+flame first visited him; when he leaped to the platform, all untrained
+for such an encounter, and his eloquent soul uttered itself in protest
+against a low and sordid acquiescence in the claims of oppression and
+tyranny! In that hour he was sealed as an apostle of the higher law, to
+whose advocacy he sacrificed his professional and social interests. The
+low-browed, chain-bound slave had now the best orator in America to
+plead his cause. It was the beginning of the end. Mr. Phillips, without
+doubt, sometimes used intemperate language. I myself have at times
+dissented quite sharply from some of his statements. Nevertheless, a man
+who rendered such great service to the community as he did has a right
+to be judged by his best, not by his least meritorious performance. He
+was for years an unwelcome prophet of evil to come. Society at large
+took little heed of his warning; but when the evil days did come, he
+became a counselor "good at need."</p>
+
+<p>I recall now a scene in Tremont Temple just before the breaking out of
+our civil war. An anti-slavery meeting had been announced, and a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>[p. 156]</span> scheme had been devised to break it up. As I entered I met
+Mrs. Chapman, who said, "These are times in which anti-slavery people
+must stand by each other." On the platform were seated a number of the
+prominent abolitionists. Mr. Phillips was to be the second speaker, but
+when he stepped forward to address the meeting a perfect hubbub arose in
+the gallery. Shrieks, howls, and catcalls resounded. Again and again the
+great orator essayed to speak. Again and again his voice was drowned by
+the general uproar. I sat near enough to hear him say, with a smile,
+"Those boys in the gallery will soon tire themselves out." And so,
+indeed, it befell. After a delay which appeared to some of us endless,
+the noise subsided, and Wendell Phillips, still in the glory of his
+strength and manly beauty, stood up before the house, and soon held all
+present spellbound by the magic of his speech. The clear silver ring of
+his voice carried conviction with it. From head to foot, he seemed
+aflame with the passion of his convictions. He used the simplest
+English, and spoke with such distinctness that his lowest tones, almost
+a whisper, could be heard throughout the large hall. Yerrinton, the only
+man who could report Wendell Phillips's speeches, once told my husband
+that it was like reporting chain lightning.</p>
+
+<p>On the occasion of which I speak, the unruly element was quieted once
+for all, and the further <span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>[p. 157]</span> proceedings of the meeting suffered
+no interruption. The mob, however, did not at once abandon its intention
+of doing violence to the great advocate. Soon after the time just
+mentioned Dr. Howe attended an evening meeting, at the close of which a
+crowd of rough men gathered outside the public entrance, waiting for
+Phillips to appear, with ugly threats of the treatment which he should
+receive at their hands. The doors presently opened, and Phillips came
+forth, walking calmly between Mrs. Chapman and Lydia Maria Child. Not a
+hand was raised, not a threat was uttered. The crowd gave way in
+silence, and the two brave women parted from Phillips at the door of his
+own house. My husband spoke of this as one of the most impressive sights
+that he had ever witnessed. His report of it moved me to send word to
+Mr. Phillips that, in case of any recurrence of such a disturbance, I
+should be proud to join his body-guard.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Phillips was one of the early advocates of woman suffrage. I
+remember that I was sitting in Theodore Parker's reception room
+conversing with him when Wendell Phillips, quite glowing with
+enthusiasm, came in to report regarding the then recent woman's rights
+convention at Worcester. Of the doings there he spoke in warm eulogy. He
+complained that Horace Mann had written a non-committal letter, in reply
+to the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page158" name="page158"></a>[p. 158]</span> invitation sent him to take part in the convention.
+Ralph Waldo Emerson, he said, had excused himself from attendance on the
+ground that he was occupied in writing a life of Margaret Fuller, which,
+he hoped, would be considered as a service in the line of the objects of
+the meeting.</p>
+
+<p>This convention was held in October of the year 1850, before the claims
+of women to political efficiency had begun to occupy the attention and
+divide the feeling of the American public. When, after the close of the
+civil war, the question was again brought forward, with a new zeal and
+determination, Mr. Phillips gave it the great support of his eloquence,
+and continued through a long course of years to be one of its most
+<a name="earnest_advocates" id="earnest_advocates"></a>earnest advocates.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image10.jpg" width="184" height="245" alt="WENDELL PHILLIPS
+
+At the age of 48" >
+<br><span class="caption"><small>WENDELL PHILLIPS</small>
+
+<small>At the age of 48</small><br> <small><i>From a photograph lent by Francis J. Garrison, Boston.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The last time that I heard Wendell Phillips speak in public was in
+December, 1883, at the unveiling of Miss Whitney's statue of Harriet
+Martineau, in the Old South Meeting-House. Mrs. Livermore was one of the
+speakers of the occasion. When the stated exercises were at an end, she
+said to me, "Let us thank Mr. Phillips for what he has just said. We
+shall not have him with us long." I expressed surprise at this, and she
+said further, "He has heart disease, and is far from well." Soon after
+this followed his death, and the splendid public testimonial given in
+his honor. I was one of those admitted<span class="pagenum"><a id="page159" name="page159"></a>[p. 159]</span> to the funeral exercises, in
+which friends spoke of him most lovingly. I also saw his remains lying
+in state in Faneuil Hall, on the very platform where, in his ardent
+youth, he had uttered his first scathing denunciation of the slave power
+and its defenders. The mournful and reverent crowd which gathered for
+one last look at his beloved countenance told, better than words could
+tell, of the tireless services which, in the interval, had won for him
+the heart of the community. It was a sight never to be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>I first heard of Theodore Parker as the author of the sermon on "The
+Transient and the Permanent in Christianity." At the time of its
+publication I was still within the fold of the Episcopal Church, and,
+judging by hearsay, was prepared to find the discourse a tissue of
+impious and sacrilegious statements. Yet I ventured to peruse a copy of
+it which fell into my hands. I was surprised to find it reverent and
+appreciative in spirit, although somewhat startling in its conclusions.
+At that time the remembrance of Mr. Emerson's Phi Beta address was fresh
+in my mind. This discourse of Parker's was a second glimpse of a system
+of thought very different from that in which I had been reared.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after my marriage, being in Rome with my husband, I was
+interested to hear of Parker's arrival there. As Dr. Howe had some
+slight <span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name="page160"></a>[p. 160]</span> acquaintance with him, we soon invited him to dine with
+us. He was already quite bald, and this untimely blemish appeared in
+strange contrast with the youthful energy of his facial expression. He
+was accompanied by his wife, whose mild countenance, compared with his,
+suggested even more than the usual contrast between husband and wife.
+One might have said of her that she came near being very handsome. Her
+complexion was fair, her features were regular, and the expression of
+her face was very na�f and gentle. A certain want of physical maturity
+seemed to have prevented her from blossoming into full beauty. It was a
+great grief both to her and to her husband that their union was
+childless.</p>
+
+<p>Theodore Parker's reputation had already reached Rome, and there as
+elsewhere brought him many attentions from scholars, and even from
+dignitaries of the Catholic Church. He remained in the Eternal City, as
+we did, through the winter, and we saw him frequently.</p>
+
+<p>When, in the spring, my eldest child was born, I desired that she should
+be christened by Parker. This caused some uneasiness to my sisters, who
+were with me at the time. One of them took occasion to call upon Parker
+at his lodgings, and to inquire how the infant was to be christened, in
+what name. Our friend replied that he had never heard of any baptismal
+formula other than the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page161" name="page161"></a>[p. 161]</span> usual one, "in the name of the Father,
+Son, and Holy Ghost." My sister was much relieved, and the baptism was
+altogether satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>This was the beginning of a family intimacy which lasted many years,
+ending only with Parker's life. After our return to America my husband
+went often to the Melodeon, where Parker preached until he took
+possession of the Music Hall. The interest which my husband showed in
+these services led me in time to attend them, and I remember as among
+the great opportunities of my life the years in which I listened to
+Theodore Parker.</p>
+
+<p>Those who knew Parker only in the pulpit did not half know him. Apart
+from the field of theological controversy, he was one of the most
+sympathetic and delightful of men. I have rarely met any one whose
+conversation had such a ready and varied charm. His idea of culture was
+encyclop�dic, and his reading, as might have been inferred from the size
+of his library, was enormous. The purchase of books was his single
+extravagance. One whole floor was given up to them, and in spite of this
+they overflowed into hall and drawing-room. He was very generous in
+lending them, and I often profited by his kindness in this respect.</p>
+
+<p>His affection for his wife was very great. From a natural love of
+paradox, he was accustomed to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page162" name="page162"></a>[p. 162]</span> style this mild creature "Bear,"
+and he delighted to carry out this pleasantry by adorning his <i>�tag�re</i>
+with miniature bears, in wood-carving, porcelain, and so on. His gold
+shirt stud bore the impress of a bear. At one Christmas time he showed
+me a breakfast cup upon which a bear had been painted, by his express
+order, as a gift for his wife. At another he granted me a view of a fine
+silver candlestick in the shape of a bear and staff, which was also
+intended for her.</p>
+
+<p>To my husband Parker often spoke of the excellence of his wife's
+discernment of character. He would say, "My quiet little wife, with her
+simple intuition, understands people more readily than I do. I sometimes
+invite a stranger to my house, and tell her that she will find him as
+pleasant as I have found him. It may turn out so; but if my wife says,
+'Theodore, I don't like that man; there's something wrong about him,' I
+always find in the end that I have been mistaken,&mdash;that her judgment was
+correct."</p>
+
+<p>Parker's ideal of culture included a knowledge of music. His endeavors
+to attain this were praiseworthy, but unsuccessful. I have heard the
+late John S. Dwight relate that when he was a student in Harvard
+Divinity School, Parker, who was then his fellow student, desired to be
+taught to sing the notes of the musical scale. Dwight volunteered to
+give him lessons, and began, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page163" name="page163"></a>[p. 163]</span> as is usual, by striking the
+dominant <i>do</i> and directing Parker to imitate the sound. Parker
+responded, and found himself able to sing this one note; but when Dwight
+passed on to the second and the third, Parker could only repeat the note
+already sung. He had no ear for music, and his friend advised him to
+give up the hopeless attempt to cultivate his voice. In like manner, at
+an earlier date, Dr. Howe and Charles Sumner joined a singing class, but
+both evincing the same defect were dismissed as hopeless cases. Parker
+attended sedulously the concerts of classical music given in Boston, and
+no doubt enjoyed them, after a fashion. I remember that I once tried to
+explain to him the difference between having an ear for music and not
+having one. I failed, however, to convince him of any such distinction.</p>
+
+<p>The years during which I heard him most frequently were momentous in the
+history of our country and of our race. They presaged and preceded grave
+crises on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe was going on the ferment
+of ideas and theories which led to the revolutions of 1848 and the
+temporary upturning of states and of governments. In the United States,
+the seed of thought sown by prophetic minds was ripening in the great
+field of public opinion. Slavery and all that it involved became not
+only hateful but <span class="pagenum"><a id="page164" name="page164"></a>[p. 164]</span> intolerable to men of right mind, and the
+policy which aimed at its indefinite extension was judged and condemned.</p>
+
+<p>Parker at this time had need in truth of the two-edged sword of the
+Spirit. On the one hand he encountered the foes of religious freedom, on
+the other the advocates and instruments of political oppression. His
+sermons on theism belonged to one of these domains, those which treated
+of public men and measures to the other. Among these last, I remember
+best that on Daniel Webster, and the terrible "Lesson for the Day" which
+denounced Judge Loring for the part he had taken in the rendition of
+Anthony Burns.</p>
+
+<p>The discourse which treated of Webster was indeed memorable. I remember
+well the solemnity of its opening sentences, and the earnest desire
+shown throughout to do justice to the great gifts of the great man,
+while no one of his public misdeeds was allowed to escape notice. The
+whole performance, painful as it was in parts, was very uplifting, as
+the exhibition of true mastery must always be. Its unusual length caused
+me to miss the omnibus which should have brought me to South Boston in
+good time for our Sunday dinner. As I entered the house and found the
+family somewhat impatient of the unwonted delay, I cried, "Let no one
+find fault! I <span class="pagenum"><a id="page165" name="page165"></a>[p. 165]</span> have heard the greatest thing that I shall ever
+hear!"</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the attempted rendition of the fugitive slave Shadrach a
+meeting was held in the Melodeon, at which various speakers gave
+utterance to the indignation which aroused the whole community. Parker
+had been the prime mover in calling this meeting. He had written for it
+some verses to be sung to the tune of "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled,"
+and he made the closing and most important address. It was on this
+occasion that I first saw Colonel Higginson, who was then known as the
+Rev. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, pastor of a religious society in
+Worcester, Mass. The part assigned to him in the exercises was to read
+portions of Scripture appropriate to the day. This he did with excellent
+effect. Parker, in the course of his address, held up a torn coat, and
+said, "This is the coat of our brother Shadrach," reverting in his mind
+to the Bible story of the torn coat of Joseph over which his father
+grieved so sorely. As I left the hall I heard some mischievous urchins
+commenting upon this. "Nonsense!" cried one of them, "that wasn't
+Shadrach's coat at all. That was Theodore's coat." Parker was amused
+when I told him of this.</p>
+
+<p>From time to time Parker would speak in his sermons of the position
+which woman should hold <span class="pagenum"><a id="page166" name="page166"></a>[p. 166]</span> in a civilized community. The question
+of suffrage had not then been brought into prominence, and, as I
+remember, he insisted most upon the claim of the sex to equality of
+education and of opportunity. On one occasion he invited Lucretia Mott
+to his pulpit. On another its privileges were accorded to Mrs. Seba
+Smith. I was present one Sunday when he announced to his congregation
+that the Rev. Antoinette L. Brown would address them on the Sunday
+following. As he pronounced the word "Reverend," I detected an
+unmistakable and probably unconscious curl of his lip. The lady was, I
+believe, the first woman minister regularly ordained in the United
+States. She was a graduate of Oberlin, in that day the only college in
+our country which received among its pupils women and negroes. She was
+ordained as pastor by an Orthodox Congregational society, and has since
+become better known as Antoinette Brown Blackwell, a <a name="strenuous_advocate" id="strenuous_advocate"></a>strenuous advocate
+of the rights of her sex, an earnest student of religious philosophy,
+and the author of some valuable works on this and kindred topics.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image11.jpg" width="161" height="231" alt="THEODORE PARKER">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>THEODORE PARKER</small><br> <small><i>From a photograph by J. J. Hawes.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>I am almost certain that Parker was the first minister who in public
+prayer to God addressed him as "Father and Mother of us all." I can
+truly say that no rite of public worship, not even the splendid Easter
+service in St. Peter's at Rome, ever impressed me as deeply as did
+Theodore <span class="pagenum"><a id="page167" name="page167"></a>[p. 167]</span>Parker's prayers. The volume of them which has been
+published preserves many of his sentences, but cannot convey any sense
+of the sublime attitude of humility with which he rose and stood, his
+arms extended, his features lit up with the glory of his high office.
+Truly, he talked with God, and took us with him into the divine
+presence.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot remember that the interest of his sermons ever varied for me.
+It was all one intense delight. The luminous clearness of his mind, his
+admirable talent for popularizing the procedures and conclusions of
+philosophy, his keen wit and poetic sense of beauty,&mdash;all these combined
+to make him appear to me one of the oracles of God. Add to these his
+fearlessness and his power of denunciation, exercised in a community a
+great part of which seemed bound in a moral sleep. His voice was like
+the archangel's trump, summoning the wicked to repentance and bidding
+the just take heart. It was hard to go out from his presence, all aglow
+with the enthusiasm which he felt and inspired, and to hear him spoken
+of as a teacher of irreligion, a pest to the community.</p>
+
+<p>As all know, this glorious career came too soon to an end. While still
+in the fullness of his powers, and at the moment when he was most
+needed, the taint of hereditary disease penetrated his pure and
+blameless life. He came to my husband's <span class="pagenum"><a id="page168" name="page168"></a>[p. 168]</span> office one day, and
+said, "Howe, that venomous cat which has destroyed so many of my people
+has fixed her claws here," pointing to his chest. The progress of the
+fatal disease was slow but sure. He had agreed with Dr. Howe that they
+should visit South America together in 1860, when he should have
+attained his fiftieth year. Alas! in place of that adventurous voyage
+and journey, a sad exodus to the West Indies and thence to Europe was
+appointed, an exile from which he never returned.</p>
+
+<p>Many years after this time I visited the public cemetery in Florence,
+and stood before the simple granite cross which marks the resting-place
+of this great apostle of freedom. I found it adorned with plants and
+vines which had evidently been brought from his native land. A dear
+friend of his, Mrs. Sarah Shaw Russell, had said to me of this spot, "It
+looks like a piece of New England." And I thought how this piece of New
+England belonged to the world.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most imposing figures in my gallery of remembrance is that of
+Charles Sumner, senator and martyr. When I first saw him I was still a
+girl in my father's house, from which the father had then but recently
+passed. My eldest brother, Samuel Ward, had made Mr. Sumner's
+acquaintance through a letter of introduction given to the latter by Mr.
+Longfellow. At his suggestion we <span class="pagenum"><a id="page169" name="page169"></a>[p. 169]</span> invited Mr. Sumner to pass a
+quiet evening at our house, promising him a little music. Our guest had
+but recently returned from England, where letters from Chief Justice
+Story had given him access both to literary and to aristocratic circles.
+His appearance was at that time rather singular. He was very tall and
+erect, and the full suit of black which he wore added to the effect of
+his height and slenderness of figure. Of his conversation, I remember
+chiefly that he held the novels of Walter Scott in very light esteem,
+and that he quoted with approbation Sir Adam Ferguson as having said
+that Manzoni's "Promessi Sposi" was worth more than all of Sir Walter's
+romances put together.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sumner was at this time one of a little group of friends which an
+ironical lady had christened "the Mutual Admiration Society." The other
+members were the poet Longfellow, George S. Hillard, Cornelius Felton,
+professor of Greek at Harvard College, of which at a later day he became
+president, and Dr. Howe. These gentlemen were indeed bound together by
+ties of intimate friendship, but the humorous designation just quoted
+was not fairly applicable to them. They rejoiced in one another's
+successes, and Sumner on one occasion wrote to Dr. Howe, apropos of some
+new poem of Mr. Longfellow's, "What a club we are! I like to indulge in
+a little <span class="pagenum"><a id="page170" name="page170"></a>[p. 170]</span> <i>mutual</i>." The developments of later years made some
+changes in these relations. When the Boston public became strongly
+divided on the slavery question, Hillard and Felton were less pronounced
+in their views than the others, while Longfellow, Sumner, and Dr. Howe
+remained united in opinion and in feeling. Hillard, who possessed more
+scholarship and literary taste than Sumner, could never understand the
+reason of the high position which the latter in time attained. He
+remained a Webster Whig, to use the language of those days, while Sumner
+was elected to Webster's seat in the Senate. Felton was a man of very
+genial temperament, devoted to the duties of his Greek professorship and
+to kindred studies. He was by nature averse to strife, and the
+encounters of the political arena had little attraction for him. The
+five always remained friends and well-wishers. They became much absorbed
+in the cares and business of public and private life, and the club as
+such ceased to be spoken of.</p>
+
+<p>In the days of their great intimacy, a certain grotesqueness of taste in
+Sumner made him the object of some good-natured banter on the part of
+the other "Mutuals." It was related that on a certain Fourth of July he
+had given his office boy, Ben, a small gratuity, and had advised him to
+pass the day at Mount Auburn, where he would be able to enjoy quiet and
+profitable meditation. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page171" name="page171"></a>[p. 171]</span> Felton was especially merry over this
+incident; but he, in turn, furnished occasion for laughter when on a
+visit to New York, in company with the same friends. A man-servant whom
+they had brought with them was ordered to carry Felton's valise to the
+Astor House. This was before the days of the baggage express. The man
+arrived late in the day, breathless with fatigue, and when questioned
+replied, "Faith! I went to all the <i>oyster</i> houses in Broadway before I
+could find yees."</p>
+
+<p>I little thought when I first knew Mr. Sumner that his most intimate
+friend was destined to become my own companion for life. Charles Sumner
+was a man of great qualities and of small defects. His blemishes, which
+were easily discerned, were temperamental rather than moral. He had not
+the sort of imagination which enables a man to enter easily into the
+feelings of others, and this deficiency on his part sometimes resulted
+in unnecessary rudeness.</p>
+
+<p>His father, Sheriff Sumner, had been accounted the most polite Bostonian
+of his day. It was related of him that once, being present at the
+execution of a criminal, and having trodden upon the foot of the
+condemned man, the sheriff took off his hat and apologized for the
+accident. Whereupon the criminal exclaimed, "Sheriff Sumner, you are the
+politest man I ever knew, and if I am to be hanged, I had rather be
+hanged by <span class="pagenum"><a id="page172" name="page172"></a>[p. 172]</span> you than by any one else." It was sometimes remarked
+that the sheriff's mantle did not seem to have fallen upon his son.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Sumner's appearance was curiously metamorphosed by a severe
+attack of typhoid fever, which he suffered, I think, in 1843 or 1844.
+After his recovery he gained much in flesh, and entirely lost that
+ungainliness of aspect which once led a friend to compare him to a
+geometrical line, "length without breadth or thickness." He now became a
+man of strikingly fine presence, his great height being offset by a
+corresponding fullness of figure. His countenance was strongly marked
+and very individual,&mdash;the features not handsome in themselves, but the
+whole effect very pleasingly impressive.</p>
+
+<p>He had but little sense of humor, and was not at home in the small
+cut-and-thrust skirmishes of general society. He was made for serious
+issues and for great contests, which then lay unguessed before him. Of
+his literalness some amusing anecdotes have been told. At an official
+ball in Washington, he remarked to a young lady who stood beside him,
+"We are fortunate in having these places; for, standing here, we shall
+see the first entrance of the new English and French ministers into
+Washington society."</p>
+
+<p>The young girl replied, "I am glad to hear it. I like to see lions break
+the ice." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page173" name="page173"></a>[p. 173]</span></p>
+
+<p>Sumner was silent for a few minutes, but presently said, "Miss &mdash;&mdash;, in
+the country where lions live there is no ice."</p>
+
+<p>During the illness of which I have spoken, he was at times delirious,
+and his mother one day, going into his room, found that he was
+endeavoring to put on a change of linen. She begged him to desist,
+knowing him to be very weak. He said in reply, "Mother, I am not doing
+it for myself, but for some one else."</p>
+
+<p>Some debates on prison discipline, held in Boston in the year 1845,
+attracted a good deal of attention. Dr. Howe had become much
+dissatisfied with the management of prisons in Massachusetts, and
+desired to see the adoption of the Pennsylvania system of solitary
+confinement. Mr. Sumner entered warmly into his views. The matter was
+brought before the Boston public, and the arguments for and against the
+proposed change were very fully stated and discussed. Mr. Sumner spoke
+several times in favor of the solitary system, and on each occasion
+carried off the honors of the meeting. The secretary of the prison
+discipline association at that time, a noted conservative, opposed very
+strenuously the introduction of the Pennsylvania system. In the course
+of the debates, Mr. Sumner turned upon him in a sudden and unexpected
+manner, with these words: "In what I am about to say, I <span class="pagenum"><a id="page174" name="page174"></a>[p. 174]</span> shall
+endeavor to imitate the secretary's candor, but not his temper." Now the
+secretary was one of the magnates of Boston, accustomed to be treated
+with great consideration. The start that he gave on being thus
+interpellated was so comic that it has impressed itself upon my memory.
+The speaker proceeded to apply to this gentleman a well-known line of
+Horace, descriptive of the character of Achilles:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"Impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer."</p>
+
+<p>I confess that to me this direct attack appeared uncalled for, and I
+thought that the cause could have been as well advocated without
+recourse to personalities.</p>
+
+<p>I once invited Mr. Sumner to meet a distinguished guest at my house. He
+replied, "I do not know that I wish to meet your friend. I have outlived
+the interest in individuals." In my diary of the day I recorded the
+somewhat ungracious utterance, with this comment: "God Almighty, by the
+latest accounts, has not got so far as this." Mr. Sumner was told of
+this, in my presence, though not by me. He said at once, "What a strange
+sort of book your diary must be! You ought to strike that out
+immediately."</p>
+
+<p>Sumner was often robbed in the street or at a railroad station; his tall
+figure attracting attention, and his mind, occupied with things far
+away, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page175" name="page175"></a>[p. 175]</span> giving little heed to what went on in his immediate
+presence. Members of his family were wont to say, "It is about time now
+for Charles to have his pocket picked again." The fact often followed
+the prediction.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sumner's eloquence differed much in character from that of Wendell
+Phillips. The two men, although workers in a common cause, were very
+dissimilar in their natural endowments. Phillips had a temperament of
+fire, while that of Sumner was cold and sluggish. Phillips had a great
+gift of simplicity, and always made a bee line for the central point of
+interest in the theme which he undertook to present. Sumner was
+recondite in language and elaborate in style. He was much of a student,
+and abounded in quotations. In his senatorial days, I once heard a
+satirical lady mention him as "the moral flummery member from
+Massachusetts, quoting Tibullus!"</p>
+
+<p>The first political speech which I heard from Mr. Sumner was delivered,
+if I mistake not, at a schoolhouse in the neighborhood of Boston. I
+found his oratory somewhat overloud and emphatic for the small hall and
+limited attendance. He had not at that time found his proper audience.
+When he was heard, later on, in Faneuil Hall or Tremont Temple, the
+ringing roll of his voice was very effective. His gestures were forcible
+rather than graceful. In argument he would <span class="pagenum"><a id="page176" name="page176"></a>[p. 176]</span> go over the same
+ground several times, always with new amplifications and illustrations
+of his subject. There was a dead weight of honesty and conviction in
+what he said, and it was this, perhaps, that chiefly gave him his
+command over an audience. He had also in a remarkable degree the trait
+of mastery, and the ability to present his topic in a large way.</p>
+
+<p>I am not sure whether Sumner's idea of culture was as encyclop�dic as
+that of Theodore Parker, but he certainly aspired to be what is now
+called "an all-round man," and especially desired to attain
+connoisseurship in art. He had not the many-sided power of appreciation
+which distinguished Parker, yet a reverence for the beautiful, rather
+moral than �sthetic, led him to study with interest the works of the
+great masters. In his later years, he never went abroad without bringing
+back pictures, engravings, or rare missals. He had little natural
+apprehension of music, but used to express his admiration of some
+favorite operas, among them Mozart's "Don Giovanni" and Rossini's
+"Barbiere di Seviglia." In the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, of
+which he was chairman for many years, his acquaintance with foreign
+languages was much valued. I remember a line of Tasso which he sometimes
+quoted when beautiful hands were spoken of:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"Dove ne nodo appar, ne vena eccede."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page177" name="page177"></a>[p. 177]</span> On the other hand, I have heard him say that mathematics always
+remained a sealed book to him; and that his professor at Harvard once
+exclaimed, "Sumner, <a name="I_cant_whittle" id="I_cant_whittle"></a>I can't whittle a mathematical idea small enough to
+get it into your brain."</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image12.jpg" width="197" height="256" alt="JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+From a painting by Joseph Ames in 1847" >
+<br><span class="caption"><small>JULIA WARD HOWE</small>
+
+<br><small><i>From a painting by Joseph Ames in 1847.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The period between 1851 and the beginning of the civil war found Mr.
+Sumner at his post in the Senate of the United States. His position was
+from the outset a difficult one. His election had displaced a popular
+idol. His views regarding the heated question of the time, the extension
+of slavery to the territories, were far in advance of those held by the
+majority of the senatorial body or by the community at large. His
+uncompromising method of attack, his fiery utterances, contrasting
+strangely with the unusual mildness of his disposition, exasperated the
+defenders of slavery. These, perhaps, seeing that he was no fighting
+man, may have supposed him deficient in personal courage. He, however,
+knew very well the risks to which he exposed himself. His friends
+advised him to carry arms, and my husband once told old Mrs. Sumner, his
+mother, that Charles ought to be provided with a pistol. "Oh, doctor,"
+said the old lady, "he would only shoot himself with it."</p>
+
+<p>In the most trying days of the civil war, this same old lady came to Dr.
+Howe's office, anxious to learn his opinion concerning the progress of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page178" name="page178"></a>[p. 178]</span> the contest. Dr. Howe in reply referred her to her own son for
+the desired information, saying, "Dear Madam Sumner, Charles knows more
+about public affairs than I do. Why don't you ask him about them?"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, doctor, if I ask Charles, he only says, 'Mother, don't trouble
+yourself about such things.'"</p>
+
+<p>I was in Washington with Dr. Howe early in the spring of 1856. I
+remember being present in the senate chamber when a rather stormy debate
+took place between Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, and Henry Wilson, of
+Massachusetts. Charles Sumner looked up and, seeing me in the gallery,
+greeted me with a smile of recognition. I shall never forget the beauty
+of that smile. It seemed to me to illuminate the whole precinct with a
+silvery radiance. There was in it all the innocence of his sweet and
+noble nature.</p>
+
+<p>I asked my husband to invite Sumner to dine with us at Willard's Hotel,
+where we were staying. "No, no," he said, "Sumner would consider it
+<i>infra dig.</i> to dine with us at the hotel." He did, however, call upon
+us. In the course of conversation he said to me, "I shall soon deliver a
+speech in the Senate which will occasion a good deal of excitement. It
+will not surprise me if people leave their seats and show signs of
+unusual disturbance." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page179" name="page179"></a>[p. 179]</span></p>
+
+<p>The speech was delivered soon after this time. It was a direct and
+forcible arraignment of the slave power, which was then endeavoring to
+change the free Territory of Kansas into a slave State. The disturbance
+which Mr. Sumner had anticipated did not fail to follow, but in a manner
+which neither he nor any of his friends had foreseen.</p>
+
+<p>At the hotel I had remarked a handsome man, evidently a Southerner, with
+what appeared to me an evil expression of countenance. This was Brooks
+of South Carolina, the man who, not long after this time, attacked
+Charles Sumner in his seat in the senate chamber, choosing a moment when
+the personal friends of his victim were not present, and inflicting upon
+him injuries which destroyed his health and endangered his life. I will
+not enlarge here upon the pain and distress which this event caused to
+us and to the community at large. For several weeks our senator's life
+hung in the balance. For a very much longer time his vacant seat in the
+senate chamber told of the severe suffering which incapacitated him for
+public work. This time of great trial had some compensation in the
+general sympathy which it called forth. Sumner had won the crown of
+martyrdom, and his person thenceforth became sacred, even to his
+enemies.</p>
+
+<p>It was after a residence of many years in Washington that Mr. Sumner
+decided to build and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page180" name="page180"></a>[p. 180]</span> occupy a house of his own. The spot
+chosen by him was immediately adjoining the well-known Arlington Hotel.
+The house was handsome and well appointed, adorned also with pictures
+and fine bronzes, in both of which he took great delight. Dr. Howe and I
+were invited to visit him there one evening, with other guests. Among
+these was Caleb Cushing, with whom Mr. Sumner soon became engaged in an
+animated discussion, probably regarding some question of the day. So
+absorbed were the two gentlemen in their argument that each of them
+frequently interrupted the other. The one interrupted would expostulate,
+saying, "I have not finished what I have to say;" at which the other
+would bow and apologize, but would presently offend again, in the same
+way.</p>
+
+<p>At my own house in Boston, Mr. Sumner called one evening when we were
+expecting other company. The invited guests presently arrived, and he
+abruptly left the room without any parting word or gesture. I afterwards
+spoke of this to Dr. Howe, who said, "That is Sumner's idea of taking
+French leave." Whereupon our dear eldest said, "Why, mamma, Mr. Sumner's
+way of taking French leave is as if the elephant should undertake to
+walk incognito down Broadway."</p>
+
+<p>The last important act of Mr. Sumner's public life was the elaborate
+argument by which he defeated the proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page181" name="page181"></a>[p. 181]</span> to the United States. This question presented itself during
+the first term of General Grant's administration. The proposal for
+annexation was made by the President of the Dominican Republic. General
+Grant, with the forethought of a military commander, desired that the
+United States should possess a foothold in the West Indies. A commission
+of three was accordingly appointed to investigate and report upon the
+condition of the island. The three were Hon. Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio,
+Andrew D. White, at that time president of Cornell University, and Dr.
+Howe. A thorough visitation of the territory was made by these
+gentlemen, and a report favorable to the scheme of annexation was
+presented by them on their return. Dr. Howe was greatly interested for
+the Dominicans, who had achieved political independence and separation
+from Hayti by a severe struggle, which was always liable to be renewed
+on the part of their former masters. Mr. Sumner, on the other hand,
+espoused the cause of the Haytian government so warmly that he would not
+wait for the report of the commission to be presented, but hastened to
+forestall public opinion by a speech in which he displayed all his
+powers of oratory, but showed something less than his usual acquaintance
+with facts. His eloquence carried the day, and the plan of annexation
+was defeated and abandoned, to the great regret <span class="pagenum"><a id="page182" name="page182"></a>[p. 182]</span> of the
+commissioners and of the Dominicans themselves.</p>
+
+<p>I shall speak elsewhere of my visiting Santo Domingo in company with Dr.
+Howe. Our second visit there was made in the spring of the year 1874. I
+had gone one day to inspect a school high on the mountains of Samana,
+when a messenger came after me in haste, bearing this written message
+from my husband: "Please come home at once. Our dear, noble Sumner is no
+more." The monthly steamer, at that time the only one that ran to Santo
+Domingo, had just brought the news, deplored by many, to my husband
+inexpressibly sad.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1846-47 I one day heard Dr. Holmes speak of Agassiz,
+who had then recently arrived in America. He described him as a man of
+great talent and reputation, who added to his mental gifts the endowment
+of a superb physique. Soon after this time I had the pleasure of making
+the acquaintance of the eminent naturalist, and of attending the first
+series of lectures which he gave at the Lowell Institute.</p>
+
+<p>The great personal attraction of Agassiz, joined to his admirable power
+of presenting the results of scientific investigation in a popular form,
+made a vivid impression upon the Boston public. All his lecture courses
+were largely attended. These and his continued presence among us gave a
+new <span class="pagenum"><a id="page183" name="page183"></a>[p. 183]</span> impetus to the study of natural science. In his hands the
+record of the bones and fossils became a living language, and the common
+thought was enriched by the revelation of the wonders of the visible
+universe. Agassiz's was an expansive nature, and his great delight lay
+in imparting to others the discoveries in which he had found such
+intense pleasure. This sympathetic trait relieved his discourse of all
+dryness and dullness. In his college days he had employed his hour of
+intermission at noon in explaining the laws of botany to a class of
+little children. When required to furnish a thesis at the close of his
+university course, he chose for his theme the proper education of women,
+and insisted that it ought not to be inferior to that given to men.</p>
+
+<p>I need hardly relate how a most happy marriage in later life made him
+one of us, nor how this opened the way to the establishment in his house
+of a school whose girl pupils, in addition to other valuable
+instruction, enjoyed daily the privilege of listening to his clear and
+lucid exposition of the facts and laws of his favorite science.</p>
+
+<p>His memory is still bright among us. The story of his life and work is
+beautifully told in the "Life and Correspondence" published soon after
+his death by his widow, Mrs. Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, well known to-day
+as the president of Radcliffe College. His children and grandchildren
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page184" name="page184"></a>[p. 184]</span> are among our most valued citizens. His son, Professor
+Alexander Agassiz, inherits his father's devotion to science, while his
+daughter, Mrs. Quincy Shaw, has shown her public spirit in her great
+services to the cause of education. An enduring monument to his fame is
+the Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zo�logy, and I am but one of many
+still surviving who recall with gratitude the enlargement of
+intellectual interest which he brought to our own and other communities.</p>
+
+<p>Women who wish well to their own sex should never forget that, on the
+occasion of his first lectures delivered in the capital of Brazil, he
+earnestly requested the emperor that ladies might be allowed to be
+present,&mdash;a privilege till then denied them on grounds of etiquette. The
+request was granted, and the sacred domain of science for the first time
+was thrown open to the women of South America.</p>
+
+<hr class="small">
+
+<p>I cannot remember just when it was that an English visitor, who brought
+a letter of introduction to my husband, spoke to me of the "Bothie of
+Tober-na-Fuosich" and its author, Arthur Hugh Clough. The gentleman was
+a graduate of Oxford or of Cambridge. He came to our house several
+times, and I consulted him with regard to the classic rhythms, in which
+he was well versed. I had it in mind at this time to write a poem in
+classic <span class="pagenum"><a id="page185" name="page185"></a>[p. 185]</span> rhythm. It was printed in my first volume, "Passion
+Flowers;" and Mr. Sanborn, in an otherwise very friendly review of my
+work, characterized as "pitiable hexameters" the lines which were really
+not hexameters at all, nor intended to pass for such. They were
+pentameters constructed according to my own ideas; I did not have in
+view any special school or rule.</p>
+
+<p>I soon had the pleasure of reading the "Bothie," which I greatly
+admired. While it was fresh in my mind Mr. Clough arrived in Boston,
+furnished with excellent letters of introduction both for that city and
+for the dignitaries of Cambridge. My husband at once invited him to pass
+some days at our house, and I was very glad to welcome him there. In
+appearance I thought him rather striking. He was tall, tending a little
+to stoutness, with a beautifully ruddy complexion and dark eyes which
+twinkled with suppressed humor. His sweet, cheery manner at once
+attracted my young children to him, and I was amused, on passing near
+the open door of his room, to see him engaged in conversation with my
+little son, then some five or six years of age. In Dr. Howe's daily
+absences I tried to keep our guest company a little, but I found him
+very shy. I remember that I said to him, when we had made some
+acquaintance, that I had often wished to meet Thackeray, and to give him
+two buffets, saying, <span class="pagenum">[p. 186]</span> "This one is for your Becky Sharp and
+this one for Blanche Amory,"&mdash;regarding both as slanders upon my sex.
+Mr. Clough suggested that in the great world of London such characters
+were not out of place. The device of Blanche Amory's book, "Mes Larmes,"
+seemed to have afforded him much amusement.</p>
+
+<p>It happened that, while he was with us, I dined one day with a German
+friend, who served us with quite a wonderful repast. The feast had been
+a merry one, and at the dessert two such sumptuous dishes were presented
+to us that I, having tasted of one of them, said to a friend across the
+table, "Anna, this is poetry!" She was occupied with the opposite dish,
+and, mindful of the old pleasantry to which I alluded, replied, "Julia,
+this is religion." At breakfast, the next morning, I endeavored to
+entertain those present with some account of the great dinner. As I
+enlarged a little upon the excellence of the details, Mr. Clough said,
+"Mrs. Howe, you seem to have a great appreciation of these matters." I
+disclaimed this; whereupon he rejoined, "Mrs. Howe, you are modest."</p>
+
+<p>Some months later I met Mr. Clough at a friend's house, where some
+informal charades were about to be attempted. Being requested to take
+part in one, I declined; and when urged, I replied, "No, no, I am
+modest,&mdash;Mr. Clough once said so." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page187" name="page187"></a>[p. 187]</span> He looked at me in some
+pretended surprise, and said, "It must have been at a very early period
+in our acquaintance." This "give and take" was all in great good humor,
+and Mr. Clough was a delightful guest in all societies. Sorry indeed
+were we when, having become quite at home among us, he returned to
+England, there to marry and abide. I remember that he told me of one
+winter which he had passed at his university without fire in his
+quarters. When I heard of his illness and untimely death, it occurred to
+me that the seeds of the fatal disease might have been sown during that
+season of privation.<span class="pagenum"><a id="page188" name="page188"></a>[p. 188]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<h2>SECOND VISIT TO EUROPE</h2>
+
+
+<p>In June, 1850, after a seven years' residence in and near Boston, during
+which I labored at study and literary composition, I enjoyed an interval
+of rest and recreation in Europe. With me went Dr. Howe and our two
+youngest children, one of them an infant in arms. We passed some weeks
+in London, and went thence to renew our acquaintance with the
+Nightingale family, at their summer residence in Derbyshire. Florence
+Nightingale had been traveling in Egypt, and was still abroad. Her
+sister, Parthenope, read us some of her letters, which, as may be
+imagined, were full of interest.</p>
+
+<p>Florence and her companions, Mr. and Mrs. Bracebridge, had made some
+stay in Rome, on their way to Egypt. Margaret Fuller called one day at
+their lodgings. Florence herself opened the door, and said to the
+visitor, "Mr. and Mrs. Bracebridge are not at home." Margaret replied,
+"My visit is intended for Miss Florence Nightingale;" and she was
+admitted to a t�te-�-t�te of which one would be glad to know something.
+It <span class="pagenum"><a id="page189" name="page189"></a>[p. 189]</span> was during this visit that I learned the sad news of
+Margaret's shipwreck and death.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe, with all his energy of body and of mind, was somewhat of a
+valetudinarian. The traces of a severe malarial fever, contracted by him
+in the Greek campaign of his youth, went with him through life. He was
+subject to frightful headaches, and these and other ailments caused him
+to take great interest in theories of hygiene, and among these in the
+then new system of hydropathy, as formulated by Priessnitz. At the time
+now spoken of he arranged to pass a period at Boppard on the Rhine,
+where a water-cure had recently been established. He became an outside
+patient of this institution, and seemed to enjoy thoroughly the routine
+of bathing, douching, packing, etc. Beyond the limits of the water-cure
+the little town presented few features of interest. Wandering about its
+purlieus one day, I came upon a sort of open cave or recess in the rocks
+in which I found two rude cradles, each occupied by a silent and stolid
+baby. Presently two rough-looking women, who had been carrying stones
+from the riverside, came in from their work. The little ones now broke
+out into dismal wailing. "Why do they cry so?" I asked. "They ought to
+be glad to see you." "Oh, madam, they cry because they know how soon we
+must leave them again." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page190" name="page190"></a>[p. 190]</span></p>
+
+<p>Tom Appleton disposed of the water-cure theory in the following fashion:
+"Water-cure? Oh yes, very fine. Priessnitz forgot one day to wash his
+face, and so he died."</p>
+
+<p>My husband's leave of absence was for six months only, and we parted
+company at Heidelberg; he to turn his face homewards, I to proceed with
+my two sisters to Rome, where it had been arranged that I should pass
+the winter.</p>
+
+<p>Our party occupied two thirds of the diligence in which we made a part
+of the journey. My sister L. had with her two little daughters, my
+youngest sister had one. These, with my two babies and the respective
+nurses, filled the <i>rotonde</i> of the vehicle. The three mammas occupied
+the <i>coup�</i>, while my brother-in-law, Thomas Crawford, took refuge in
+the <i>banquette</i>. The custom-house officer at one place approached with
+his lantern, to ascertain the contents of the diligence. Looking into
+the <i>rotonde</i>, he remarked, "Baby baggage," and inquired no further.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe had charged me to provide myself with a watch when I should
+pass through Geneva, and had given me the address of a friend who, he
+said, would advise me where best to make the purchase. Following his
+instructions, I wrote Dr. G. a letter in my best French; and he, calling
+at our hotel, expressed his surprise at finding that I was not a
+Frenchwoman. He found us all at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page191" name="page191"></a>[p. 191]</span> breakfast, and, after the
+first compliments, began a voluble tirade in favor of the use of
+emetics, which was scarcely in place at the moment. From this he went on
+to speak of the management of children.</p>
+
+<p>"When my son was born," he said, "and showed the first symptoms of
+hunger, I would not allow him to be fed. If his cries had met with an
+immediate response he would have said to himself, 'I have a servant.' I
+made him wait for his food until he was obliged to say, 'I have a
+master.'" I thought of my own dear nurslings and shook my head. Learning
+that Mr. Crawford was a sculptor, he said, "I, too, in my youth desired
+to exercise that art, and modeled a bust, in which I made concave the
+muscle which should have been convex. A friend recommended to me the
+study of anatomy, and following it I became a physician."</p>
+
+<p>We reached Rome late in October. A comfortable apartment was found for
+me in the street named Capo le Case. A donkey brought my winter's supply
+of firewood, and I made haste to hire a grand piano. The artist Edward
+Freeman occupied the suite of rooms above my own. In the apartment
+below, Mrs. David Dudley Field and her children were settled for the
+winter. Our little colony was very harmonious. When Mrs. Field
+entertained company, she was wont to borrow <span class="pagenum"><a id="page192" name="page192"></a>[p. 192]</span> my large lamp;
+when I received, she lent me her teacups. Mrs. Freeman, on the floor
+above, was a most friendly little person, partly Italian by birth, but
+wholly English in education. She willingly became the companion and
+guide of my walks about Rome, which were long and many.</p>
+
+<p>I had begun the study of Hebrew in America, and was glad to find a
+learned rabbi from the Ghetto who was willing to give me lessons for a
+moderate compensation.</p>
+
+<p>My sister, Mrs. Crawford, was at that time established at Villa Negroni,
+an old-time papal residence. This was surrounded by extensive gardens,
+and within the inclosure were an artificial fish pond and a lodge which
+my brother-in-law converted into a studio. My days in Rome passed very
+quietly. The time, which flew by rapidly, was divided between study
+within doors, the care and companionship of my little children, and the
+exploration of the wonderful old city. I dined regularly at two o'clock,
+having with me at table my little son and my baby secured in her high
+chair. I shared with my sisters the few dissipations of the season,&mdash;an
+occasional ball, a box at the opera, a drive on the Campagna. On Sunday
+mornings my youngest sister usually came to breakfast with me, and
+afterward accompanied me to the Ara C&oelig;li Church, where a military
+mass was celebrated, the music being <span class="pagenum"><a id="page193" name="page193"></a>[p. 193]</span> supplied by the band of a
+French regiment. The time, I need scarcely say, was that of the early
+years of the French occupation of the city, to which France made it her
+boast that she had brought back the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>As I chronicle these small personal adventures of mine, I am constrained
+to blush at their insufficiency. I write as if I had forgotten the
+wonderful series of events which had come to pass between my first visit
+to Rome and this second tarrying within its walls. In the interval, the
+days of 1848 had come and gone. France had dismissed her citizen king,
+and had established a republic in place of the monarchy. The Pope of
+Rome, for centuries the representative and upholder of absolute rule,
+had stood before the world as the head of the Christianity which
+liberalizes both institutions and ideas. In Germany the party of
+progress was triumphant. Europe had trembled with the birth-pangs of
+freedom. A new and glorious confederacy of states seemed to be promised
+in the near future. The tyrannies of the earth were surely about to meet
+their doom.</p>
+
+<p>My own dear eldest son was given to me in the spring of this terrible
+and splendid year of 1848. When his father wrote "<i>Dieu donn�</i>" under
+the boy's name in the family Bible, he added to the welcome record the
+new device, "<i>Libert�</i>, <i>Egalit�</i>, <i>Fraternit�</i>." The first Napoleon had
+overthrown <span class="pagenum"><a id="page194" name="page194"></a>[p. 194]</span> rulers and dynasties. A greater power than his now
+came upon the stage,&mdash;the power of individual conviction backed by
+popular enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p>My husband, who had fought for Greek freedom in his youth, who had
+risked and suffered imprisonment in behalf of Poland in his early
+manhood, and who had devoted his mature life to the service of humanity,
+welcomed the new state of things with all the enthusiasm of his generous
+nature. To him, as to many, the final emancipation and unification of
+the human race, the millennium of universal peace and good-will, seemed
+near at hand. Alas! the great promise brought only a greater failure.
+The time for its fulfillment had not yet arrived. Freedom could not be
+attained by striking an attitude, nor secured by the issuing of a
+document. The prophet could see the plan of the new Jerusalem coming
+down from heaven, but the fact remained that the city of God must be
+built by patient day's work. Such builders Europe could not bring to the
+front. The Pope retreated before the logical sequence of his own
+initiative. France elected for her chief a born despot of the meaner
+order, whose first act was to overthrow the Roman Republic. Germany had
+dreamed of freedom, but had not dreamed of the way to secure it.
+Reaction everywhere asserted itself. The light of the great hope died
+down. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page195" name="page195"></a>[p. 195]</span></p>
+
+<p>Coming to Rome while these events were still fresh in men's minds, I
+could see no trace of them in the popular life. The waters were still as
+death; the wrecks did not appear above the surface. I met occasionally
+Italians who could talk calmly of what had happened. Of such an one I
+asked, "Why did Pio Nono so suddenly forsake his liberal policy?" "Oh,
+the Pope was a puppet moved from without. He never rightly understood
+the import of his first departure. When the natural result of this came
+about, he fled from it in terror." These things were spoken of only in
+the secrecy of very private interviews. In general intercourse they were
+not mentioned. Now and then, a servant, lamenting the dearness of
+necessaries, the paper money, etc., would say, "And this has been
+brought about by blessed [<i>benedetto</i>] Pio Nono!" People of higher
+condition eulogized thus the pontiff's predecessor: "Gregorio was at
+least a man of decided views. He knew what he wanted and how to obtain
+it." Once only, in a village not far distant from Rome, I heard an
+Italian peasant woman say to a prince, "We [her family] are
+Republicans." Victor Emmanuel, Cavour, Garibaldi, your time was not yet
+come.</p>
+
+<p>The French were not beloved in Rome. I was told that the mass of the
+people would not endure the license of their conquerors in the matter of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page196" name="page196"></a>[p. 196]</span> sex, and that assassinations in consequence were frequent. In
+high society it was said that a French officer had endeavored to compel
+one of the Roman princes to invite to his ball a lady of doubtful
+reputation, by threatening to send a challenge in case of refusal. The
+invitation was nevertheless withheld, and the challenge, if sent, was
+never accepted. In the English and American circles which I frequented,
+I sometimes felt called upon to fight for the claim of Italy to freedom
+and self-government. At a dinner party, at which the altercation had
+been rather lively, I was invited to entertain the company with some
+music. Seating myself at the piano, I made it ring out the Marseillaise
+with a will. But I was myself too much disconcerted by the recent
+failure to find in my thoughts any promise of better things. My friends
+said, "The Italians are not fit for self-government." I may ask fifty
+years later, "Who is?"</p>
+
+<p>The progress of ideas is not indeed always visible to superficial
+observers. I was engaged one day in making a small purchase at a shop,
+when the proprietor leaned across the counter and asked, almost in a
+whisper, for the loan of a Bible. He had heard of the book, he said, and
+wished very much to see a copy of it. Our <i>charg� d'affaires</i>, Mr. Cass,
+mentioned to me the fact that an entire edition of Deodati's Italian
+translation <span class="pagenum">[p. 197]</span> of the New Testament had recently been seized and
+burned by order of the papal government.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to matters purely personal. As the Christmas of 1850 drew
+near, my sister L., ever intent on hospitality, determined to have a
+party and a Christmas tree at Villa Negroni. This last was then a
+novelty unheard of in Rome. I was to dine with her, and had offered to
+furnish the music for an informal dance.</p>
+
+<p>On Christmas Eve I went with a party of friends to the church of Santa
+Maria Maggiore, where the Pope, according to the custom of those days,
+was to appear in state, bearing in his arms the cradle supposed to be
+that of the infant Jesus, which was usually kept at St. Peter's. We were
+a little late in starting, and were soon obliged to retire from the
+highway, as the whole papal <i>cort�ge</i> came sweeping by,&mdash;the state
+coaches of crimson and gold, and the <i>Guardia Nobile</i> with their
+glittering helmets, white cloaks, and high boots. Their course was
+illuminated by pans of burning oil, supported by iron staves, the spiked
+ends of which were stuck in the ground. When the rapid procession had
+passed on we hastened to overtake it, but arrived too late to witness
+either the arrival of the Pope or his progress to the high altar with
+the cradle in his arms.</p>
+
+<p>On Christmas Day I attended high mass at St. Peter's. Although the
+weather was of the pleasantest, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page198" name="page198"></a>[p. 198]</span> an aguish chill disturbed my
+enjoyment of the service. This discomfort so increased in the course of
+the day that, as I sat at dinner, I could with difficulty carry a morsel
+from my plate to my lips.</p>
+
+<p>"This is a chill," said my sister. "You ought to go to bed at once."</p>
+
+<p>I insisted upon remaining to play for the promised dance, and argued
+that the fever would presently succeed the chill, and that I should then
+be warm enough. I passed the evening in great bodily discomfort, but
+managed to play quadrilles, waltzes, and the endless Virginia Reel. When
+at last I reached home and my bed, the fever did come with a will. I was
+fortunate enough to recover very quickly from this indisposition, and
+did not forget the warning which it gave me of the dangers of the Roman
+climate. The shivering evening left me a happier recollection. Among my
+sister's guests was Horace Binney Wallace, of Philadelphia, whom I had
+once met in his own city. He had angered me at that time by his ridicule
+of Boston society, of which he really knew little or nothing. He was now
+in a less aggressive frame of mind, and this second meeting with him was
+the beginning of a much-valued friendship. We visited together many
+points of historic interest in the city,&mdash;the Pantheon, the Tarpeian
+Rock, the bridge of Horatius Cocles. He had<span class="pagenum"><a id="page199" name="page199"></a>[p. 199]</span>some fanciful
+theories about the traits of character usually found in conjunction with
+red hair. As he and I were both distinguished by this feature, I was
+much pleased to learn from him that "the highest effort of nature is to
+produce a <i>rosso</i>." He was a devoted student of the works of Auguste
+Comte, and had recently held some conversation with that remarkable man.
+In the course of this, he told me, he asked the great Positivist how he
+could account for the general religious instinct of the human race, so
+contrary to the doctrines of his philosophy. Comte replied, "Que
+voulez-vous, monsieur? Anormalit� c�r�brale." My new friend was good
+enough to interest himself in my literary pursuits. He advised me to
+study the most important of Comte's works, but by no means to become a
+convert to his doctrines. In due time I availed myself of his counsel,
+and read with great interest the volumes prescribed by him.</p>
+
+<p>Horace Wallace was an exhilarating companion. I have never forgotten the
+silvery <i>timbre</i> of his rather high voice, nor the glee with which he
+would occasionally inform me that he had discovered a new and most
+remarkable <i>rosso</i>. This was sometimes a picture, but oftener a living
+individual. If he found himself disappointed in the latter case, he
+would account for it by saying that he had at first sight mistaken the
+color of<span class="pagenum"><a id="page200" name="page200"></a>[p. 200]</span>the hair, which shaded too much upon the yellow. Despite
+his vivacity of temperament, he was subject to fits of severe
+depression. Some years after this time, finding himself in Paris, he
+happened to visit a friend whose mental powers had been impaired by
+severe illness. He himself had been haunted for some time by the fear of
+becoming insane, and the sad condition of his friend so impressed him
+with the fear of suffering a similar disaster that he made haste to
+avoid the dreaded fate by taking his own life.</p>
+
+<p>The following lines, written not long after this melancholy event, bear
+witness to my grateful and tender remembrance of him:&mdash;</p>
+
+    <div class="poem"><p><span class="add2em">VIA FELICE</span></p>
+  <p>'Twas in the Via Felice<br>
+    <span class="add2em">My friend his dwelling made,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">The Roman Via Felice,</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Half sunshine, half in shade.</span></p>
+
+  <p>But I lodged near the convent<br>
+    <span class="add2em">Whose bells did hallow noon,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">And all the lesser hours,</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">With sweet recurrent tune.</span></p>
+
+  <p>They lent their solemn cadence<br>
+    <span class="add2em">To all the thoughtless day;</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">The heart, so oft it heard them,</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Was lifted up to pray.</span></p>
+
+  <p>And where the lamp was lighted<br>
+    <span class="add2em">At twilight, on the wall,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Serenely sat Madonna,</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">And smiled to bless us all.</span></p>
+
+  <p>I see him from the window<br>
+    <span class="add2em">That ne'er my heart forgets;</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">He buys from yonder maiden</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">My morning violets.</span></p>
+
+  <p>Not ill he chose these flowers<br>
+    <span class="add2em">With mild, reproving eyes,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Emblems of tender chiding,</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> And love divinely wise.</span></p>
+
+  <p>For his were generous learning<br>
+    <span class="add2em">And reconciling art;</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Oh, not with fleeting presence</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">My friend and I could part.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="poems">
+
+  <p>Oh, not where he is lying<br>
+    <span class="add2em">With dear ancestral dust,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Not where his household traces</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Grow sad and dim with rust;</span></p>
+
+  <p>But in the ancient city<br>
+    <span class="add2em">And from the quaint old door,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">I'm watching, at my window,</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">His coming evermore.</span></p>
+
+  <p>For Death's eternal city<br>
+    <span class="add2em">Has yet some happy street;</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">'Tis in the Via Felice</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">My friend and I shall meet.</span></p></div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page201" name="page201"></a>[p. 201]</span><p>Adolph Mailliard, the husband of my youngest sister, had been an
+intimate friend of Joseph <span class="pagenum"><a id="page202" name="page202"></a>[p. 202]</span> Bonaparte, Prince of Musignano. My
+sister was in consequence invited more than once to the Bonaparte
+palace. The father of the family was Prince Charles Bonaparte, who
+married his cousin, Princess Z�na�de. She had passed some years at the
+Bonaparte villa in Bordentown, N. J., the American residence of her
+father, Joseph Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain. This princess, who was <i>tant
+soit peu gourmande</i> said one day to my sister, "What good things they
+have for breakfast in America! I still remember those hot cakes." The
+conversation was reported to me, and I managed, with the assistance of
+the helper brought from home, to send the princess a very excellent
+bannock of Indian meal, of which she afterwards said, "It was so good
+that we ate what was left of it on the second day." This reminds me of a
+familiar couplet:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"And what they could not eat that night<br>
+  <span class="add1em">The queen next morning fried."</span></p>
+
+<p>Among the friends of that winter were Sarah and William Clarke, sister
+and brother of the Rev. James Freeman Clarke. It was in their company
+that Margaret Fuller made the journey recorded in her "Summer on the
+Lakes." Both were devoted to her memory. I afterwards learned that
+William Clarke considered her the good genius of his life, her counsel
+and encouragement<span class="pagenum"><a id="page203" name="page203"></a>[p. 203]</span>having come to his aid in a season of
+melancholy depression and self-depreciation. Miss Clarke was
+characterized by an exquisite refinement of feeling and of manner. She
+was also an artist of considerable merit. This was the first of many
+winters passed by her in Rome.</p>
+
+<p>I will further mention only a dinner given by American residents in Rome
+on Washington's birthday, at which I was present. Mrs. Ann S. Stephens,
+the well-known writer, was also one of the guests. She had composed for
+the occasion a poem, of which I recall the opening line,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"We are met in the clime where the wild flowers abound,"</p>
+
+<p><span class="min1em">and the closing ones,&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"To the halo that circles our Washington's head<br>
+  <span class="add1em">Let us pour a libation the gods never knew."</span></p>
+
+<p>Among many toasts, my sister Annie proposed this one, "Washington's clay
+in Crawford's hand," which was appropriate, as Thomas Crawford was known
+at the time to be engaged in modeling the equestrian statue of
+Washington which crowns his Richmond monument.</p>
+
+<p>My Roman holiday came to an end in the summer of the year 1851, and my
+return to my home and friends became imperative. As the time of my
+departure approached, I felt how deeply the subtle fascination of Roman
+life had entered into my very being. Pain, amounting almost to anguish,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page204" name="page204"></a>[p. 204]</span> seized me at the thought that I might never again behold those
+ancient monuments, those stately churches, or take part in the society
+which had charmed me principally through its unlikeness to any that I
+had known elsewhere. I have indeed seen Rome and its wonders more than
+once since that time, but never as I saw them then.</p>
+
+<p>I made the homeward voyage with my sister Annie and her husband in an
+old-fashioned Havre packet. We were a month at sea, and after the first
+days of discomfort I managed to fill the hours of the long summer days
+with systematic occupation. In the mornings I perused Swedenborg's
+"Divine Love and Wisdom." In the afternoon I read, for the first and
+only time, Eug�ne Sue's "Myst�res de Paris," which the ship's surgeon
+borrowed for me from a steerage passenger. In the evening we played
+whist; and when others had retired for the night, I often sat alone in
+the cabin, meditating upon the events and lessons of the last six
+months. These lucubrations took form in a number of poems, which were
+written with no thought of publication, but which saw the light a year
+or two later.<span class="pagenum"><a id="page205" name="page205"></a>[p. 205]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<h2>A CHAPTER ABOUT MYSELF</h2>
+
+
+<p>If I may sum up in one term the leading bent of my life, I will simply
+call myself a student. Dr. Howe used to say of me: "Mrs. Howe is not a
+great reader, but she always studies."</p>
+
+<p>Albeit my intellectual pursuits have always been such as to task my
+mind, I cannot boast that I have acquired much in the way of technical
+erudition. I have only drawn from history and philosophy some
+understanding of human life, some lessons in the value of thought for
+thought's sake, and, above all, a sense of the dignity of character
+above every other dignity. Goethe chose well for his motto the words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Die Zeit ist mein Verm�chtniss, mein Acker ist die Zeit." "Time is my
+inheritance; time is my estate."</p>
+
+<p>But I may choose this for mine:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have followed the great masters with my heart."</p>
+
+<p>The first writer of importance with whom I made acquaintance after
+leaving school was Gibbon, whose "Decline and Fall of the Roman<span class="pagenum"><a id="page206" name="page206"></a>[p. 206]</span>
+Empire" occupied me during one entire winter. I have already mentioned
+my early familiarity with the French and Italian languages. In these
+respective literatures I read the works which in those days were usually
+commended to young women. These were, in French, Lamartine's poems and
+travels, Chateaubriand's "Atala" and "Ren�," Racine's tragedies,
+Moli�re's comedies; in Italian, Metastasio, Tasso, Alfieri's dramas and
+autobiography. Under dear Dr. Cogswell's tuition, I read Schiller's
+plays and prose writings with delight. In later years, Goethe, Herder,
+Jean Paul Richter, were added to my repertory. I read Dante with Felice
+Foresti, and such works of Sand and Balzac as were allowed within my
+reach. I had early acquired some knowledge of Latin, and in later life
+found great pleasure in reading the essays and Tusculan dissertations of
+Cicero. The view of ethics represented in these writings sometimes
+appeared to me of higher tone than the current morality of Christendom,
+and I rejoiced in the thought that, even in the Rome of the
+pre-Christian C�sars, God had not left himself without a witness.</p>
+
+<p>This enlarged notion of the ethical history of mankind might easily lead
+one in life's novitiate to underestimate the comparative value of the
+usually accepted traditions. I confess that I, personally, did not
+escape this error, which I have<span class="pagenum"><a id="page207" name="page207"></a>[p. 207]</span>seen largely prevalent among
+studious people of my own time.</p>
+
+<p>Who can say what joy there is in the rehabilitation of human nature,
+which is one essential condition of the liberal Christian faith? I had
+been trained to think that all mankind were by nature low, vile, and
+wicked. Only a chosen few, by a rare and difficult spiritual operation,
+could be rescued from the doom of a perpetual dwelling with the enemies
+of God, a perpetual participation in the torments "prepared for them
+from the beginning of the world." The rapture of this new freedom, of
+this enlarged brotherhood, which made all men akin to the Divine Father
+of all, every religion, however ignorant, the expression of a sincere
+and availing worship, might well produce in a neophyte an exhilaration
+bordering upon ecstasy. The exclusive doctrine which had made
+Christianity, and special forms of it, the only way of spiritual
+redemption, now appeared to me to commend itself as little to human
+reason as to human affection. I felt that we could not rightly honor our
+dear Christ by immolating at his shrine the souls of myriads of our
+fellows born under the widely diverse influences which could not be
+thought of as existing unwilled by the supreme Providence.</p>
+
+<p>Antichrist was once a term of consummate reproach, often applied by
+zealous Protestants to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page208" name="page208"></a>[p. 208]</span>their arch enemy, the Pope of Rome. As
+will be imagined, I intend a different use of it, and have chosen the
+term to express the opposition which has sprung up within the Christian
+church, not only to the worship of the son as a divine being, but even
+to the notion of his long undisputed pre�minence in wisdom, goodness,
+and power. And here, as I once said that I had taken German in the
+natural way, with no preconceived notion of the import and importance of
+German literature, so I may say that I first received Christianity in
+the way natural to one of my birth and education. I have since been
+called upon to confront the topic in many ways. Swedenborg's theory of
+the divine man, Parker's preaching, the Boston Radical Club, Frank
+Abbot's depreciating comparison of Jesus with Socrates,&mdash;after following
+unfoldings of this wonderful panorama, I must say that the earliest view
+is that which I hold to most, that, namely, of the heavenly Being whose
+presence was beneficence, whose word was judgment, whose brief career on
+earth ended in a sacrifice, whose purity and pathos have had much to do
+with the redemption of the human race from barbarism and the rule of the
+animal passions.</p>
+
+<p>During the first score of years of my married life, I resided for the
+most part at South Boston. This remoteness from city life insured to me
+a good deal of quiet leisure, much of which I<span class="pagenum"><a id="page209" name="page209"></a>[p. 209]</span>
+devoted to my favorite pursuits. It was in these days that I turned to
+my almost forgotten Latin, and read the "Aeneid" and the histories of
+Livy and Tacitus. At a later date my brother gave me Orelli's edition of
+Horace, and I soon came to delight much in that quasi-Hellenic Roman. I
+remember especially the odes which my brother pointed out to me as his
+favorites. These were: "M�cenas atavis edite regibus;" "Quis desiderio
+sit pudor aut modus;" "O fons Bandusi�;" and, above all, "Exegi
+monumentum �re perennius."</p>
+
+<p>With no pretensions to correct scholarship, I yet enjoyed these Latin
+studies quite intensely. They were so much in my mind that, when we sat
+down to our two o'clock dinner, my husband would sometimes ask: "Have
+you got those elephants over the river yet?" alluding to Hannibal and
+the Punic war.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to these Latin studies, I read a good deal in Swedenborg, and was
+much fascinated by his theories of spiritual life. I remember "Heaven
+and Hell," "Divine Love and Wisdom," and "Conjugal Love" as the writings
+which interested me most; but the cumbrous symbolism of his Bible
+interpretation finally shut my mind against further entertainment of so
+fanciful a guest. Hegel was for some time my study among the German
+philosophers. After some severe struggling with his<span class="pagenum"><a id="page210" name="page210"></a>[p. 210]</span>extraordinary
+diction, I became convinced that the obscurity of his style was
+intentional, and left him in some indignation. The deep things of
+philosophy are difficult enough when treated by one who desires to make
+them clear. Where the intention is rather to mask than to unfold the
+meaning which is in the master's mind, interpretation is difficult and
+hazardous. Hegel's own saying about his lectures is well known: "One
+only of my pupils understood me, and he misunderstood me."</p>
+
+<p>George Bancroft, the historian, spoke of Hegel as a man of weak
+character, and Dr. Francis Lieber, who had been under his instruction,
+had the same opinion of him. In the days of the Napoleonic invasion of
+Germany, Lieber had gone into the field, with other young men of the
+university. When, recovered from a severe wound, he took his place again
+among the students of philosophy, Hegel before beginning the day's
+lecture cried: "Let all those fools who went out against the French
+depart from this class."</p>
+
+<p>I think that I must have had by nature an especial sensitiveness to
+language, as the following trifling narration will show. I was perhaps
+twelve years old when Rev. James Richmond, who had studied in Germany,
+dining at my father's house, spoke of one of his German professors who
+was wont, as the prelude to his exercise, to exclaim:<span class="pagenum"><a id="page211" name="page211"></a>[p. 211]</span>
+"Aus, aus, ihr Fremden." These words meant nothing to me then, but when,
+eight years later, I mastered the German tongue, I recalled them
+perfectly, and understood their meaning.</p>
+
+<p>One of my first efforts, after my return from Europe in 1851, was to
+acquaint myself with the "Philosophie Positive" of Auguste Comte. This
+was in accordance with the advice of my friend, Horace Wallace, who,
+indeed, lent me the first volume of the work. The synoptical view of the
+sciences therein presented revealed to me an entirely new aspect of
+thought.</p>
+
+<p>I did not, for a moment, adopt Comte's views of religion, neither did I
+at all agree in his wholesale condemnation of metaphysics, which
+appeared to me self-contradictory, his own system involving metaphysical
+distinctions as much, perhaps, as any other. On the other hand, the
+objectivism of his point of view brought a new element into my too
+concentrated habit of thought. I deemed myself already too old, being
+about thirty years of age, to conquer the difficulties of the higher
+mathematics, and of the several sciences in which these play so
+important a part. But I had had a bird's-eye view of this wonderful
+region of the natural sciences, and this, I think, never passed quite
+out of my mind. I used to talk about the books with Parker, who read
+everything worth reading. They had not greatly appealed to him. I also,
+at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page212" name="page212"></a>[p. 212]</span>this time, read Hegel's "Aesthetik," and endeavored to read his "Logik,"
+which I borrowed from Parker, and which he pronounced "so crabbed as to
+be scarcely worth enucleating."</p>
+
+<p>I cannot remember what it was which, soon after this time, led me to the
+study of Spinoza. I followed this with great interest, and became for a
+time almost intoxicated with the originality and beauty of his thoughts.
+While still under his influence I spoke of him to Mr. Bancroft as "der
+unentbehrliche," the indispensable Spinoza. He demurred at this,
+acknowledged Spinoza's analysis of the passions to be admirable, but
+assured me that Kant alone deserved to be called "indispensable;" and
+this dictum of his made me resolve to become at once a student of the
+"Critique of Pure Reason."</p>
+
+<p>I found this at first rather dry, after the glowing and daring flights
+of Spinoza, but I soon learned to hold the philosopher of K�nigsberg in
+great affection and esteem. I have read extensively in his writings,
+even in his minor treatises, and having attained some conception of his
+system, was inclined to say with Romeo: "Here I set up my everlasting
+rest."</p>
+
+<p>I devoted some of the best years of my life to these studies, and to the
+writings which grew out of them. I remember one summer at my Valley near
+Newport, in which I felt that I had read and<span class="pagenum"><a id="page213" name="page213"></a>[p. 213]</span>written quite as
+much as was profitable. "I must go outside of my own thoughts, I must do
+something for some one," I said to myself. Just then the teacher of my
+sister's children broke out with malarial fever. She was staying with my
+sister at a farmhouse near by. The call to assist in nursing her was
+very welcome, and when I was thanked for my services I could truly say
+that I had been glad of the opportunity of rendering them for my own
+sake.</p>
+
+<p>The Kantian volumes occupied me for many months, even years. In fact, I
+have never gone beyond them. A new philosophy has sometimes appeared to
+me like a new disease. If we have found our master, and are satisfied
+with him, what need have we of starting again, to make the same journey
+with a new guide. Once we have got there, it seems better to abide.</p>
+
+<p>The early years of my married life interposed a barrier between my
+literary dreams and their realization. Those years brought me much to
+learn and much to do.</p>
+
+<p>The burden of housekeeping was new to me, a sister of mine, highly
+gifted in this respect, having charged herself with its duties so long
+as we were "girls together." I accordingly found myself lamentably
+deficient in household skill and knowledge. I endeavored to apply myself
+to the remedying of these defects, but with indifferent<span class="pagenum"><a id="page214" name="page214"></a>[p. 214]</span>
+success. I was by nature far from observant, and often passed through a
+room without much notion of its condition or contents, my thoughts being
+intent on other matters. The period, too, was one of transition as
+regards household service. The old-time American servants were no longer
+to be obtained. The Irish girls who supplied their place were for the
+most part ignorant and untrained, their performance calling for a
+discipline and instruction which I, never having received, was quite
+unable to give them.</p>
+
+<p>During the first years of my residence at the Institution for the Blind,
+Dr. Howe delighted in inviting his friends to weekly dinners, which cost
+me many unhappy hours. My want of training and of forethought often
+caused me to forget some very important item of the repast. My husband's
+eldest sister, who lived with us, and who had held the reins of the
+housekeeping until my arrival, was averse to company, and usually
+absented herself on the days of the dinner parties. In her absence, I
+often did not know where to look for various articles which were
+requisite and necessary. I remember one dinner for which I had relied
+upon a form of ice as the principal feature of the dessert. The company
+was of the best, and I desired that the feast should correspond with it.
+The ice, which had been ordered from town, did not appear. I did my best
+to conceal my chagrin,<span class="pagenum"><a id="page215" name="page215"></a>[p. 215]</span>but was scarcely consoled when the missing
+refreshment was found, the next morning, in a snowbank near our door,
+where the messenger had deposited it without word or comment. The same
+mischance might, indeed does sometimes happen at this later date. I
+should laugh at it now, but then I almost wept over it. Our kitchen and
+dining-room were on one floor, and a convenient slide allowed dishes to
+be passed from one room to the other. On a certain occasion, my sister
+being with me, I asked her whether my dinner had gone off well enough.
+"Oh yes," she replied; "only the slide was left open, and through it I
+saw the cook buttering the venison."
+</p>
+
+<p>I especially remember one summer which I resolved to devote to the study
+of cookery, for which there was then no school, and no teacher to be had
+at will. Having purchased Miss Catherine Beecher's Cook-book, I devoted
+some weeks to an experimental following of its recipes, with no
+satisfactory result. A little later, my husband secured the services of
+a very competent housekeeper, and my distresses and responsibilities
+were much diminished. After some years of this indulgence, I felt bound
+to make a second and more strenuous effort at housekeeping, and
+succeeded much better than before, having by this time managed to learn
+something of the nature and needs of household machinery.<span class="pagenum"><a id="page216" name="page216"></a>[p. 216]</span></p>
+
+<p>As I now regard these matters, I would say to every young girl, rich or poor,
+gifted or dull: "Learn to make a home, and learn this in the days in
+which learning is easy. Cultivate a habit of vigilance and forethought.
+With a reasonable amount of intelligence, a woman should be able to
+carry on the management of a household, and should yet have time for art
+and literature in some sort."</p>
+
+<p>In more recent years, having been called upon to take part in a public
+discussion regarding the compatibility of domestic with literary
+occupation, I endeavored to formulate the results of my own experience
+as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"If you have at your command three hours <i>per diem</i>, you may study art,
+literature, and philosophy, not as they are studied professionally, but
+in the degree involved in general culture.</p>
+
+<p>"If you have but one hour in every day, read philosophy, or learn
+foreign languages, living or dead.</p>
+
+<p>"If you can command only fifteen or twenty minutes, read the Bible with
+the best commentaries, and daily a verse or two of the best poetry."</p>
+
+<p>As I write this, I recall the piteous image of two wrecks of women,
+Americans and wives of Americans, who severally poured out their sorrows
+to me, saying that the preparation of "three square meals a day," the
+washing, baking, sewing, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page217" name="page217"></a>[p. 217]</span> and child-bearing, had filled the
+measure of their days and exceeded that of their strength: "And yet,"
+each said, "I wanted the Greek and Latin and college course as much as
+any one could wish for it."</p>
+
+<p>But surely, no love of intellectual pursuits should lead any of us to
+disparage and neglect the household gifts and graces. A house is a
+kingdom in little, and its queen, if she is faithful, gentle, and wise,
+is a sovereign indeed. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page218" name="page218"></a>[p. 218]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<h2>ANTI-SLAVERY ATTITUDE: LITERARY WORK: TRIP TO CUBA</h2>
+
+
+<p>Returning to Boston in 1851, I found the division of public sentiment
+more strongly marked than ever. The Fugitive Slave Law was much in the
+public mind. The anti-slavery people attacked it with might and main,
+while the class of wealthy conservatives and their followers strongly
+deprecated all opposition to its enactments. During my absence Charles
+Sumner had been elected to the Senate of the United States, in place of
+Daniel Webster, who had hitherto been the political idol of the
+Massachusetts aristocracy. Mr. Sumner's course had warmly commended him
+to a large and ever increasing constituency, but had brought down upon
+him the anger of Mr. Webster's political supporters. My husband's
+sympathies were entirely with the class then derided as "a band of
+disturbers of the public peace, enemies of law and order." I deeply
+regretted the discords of the time, and would have had all people good
+friends, however diverse in political persuasion. As this could not be,
+I felt constrained to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page219" name="page219"></a>[p. 219]</span> cast in my lot with those who protested
+against the new assumptions of the slave power. The social ostracism
+which visited Charles Sumner never fell upon Dr. Howe. This may have
+been because the active life of the latter lay without the domain of
+politics, but also, I must think, because the services which he
+continually rendered to the community compelled from all who knew him,
+not only respect, but also cordial good-will.</p>
+
+<p>I did not then, or at any time, make any willful breach with the society
+to which I was naturally related. It did, however, much annoy me to hear
+those spoken of with contempt and invective who, I was persuaded, were
+only far in advance of the conscience of the time. I suppose that I
+sometimes repelled the attacks made upon them with a certain heat of
+temper, to avoid which I ought to have remembered Talleyrand's famous
+admonition, "Surtout point de z�le." Better, perhaps, would it have been
+to rest in the happy prophecy which assures us that "Wisdom is justified
+of all her children." Ordinary society is apt to class the varieties of
+individuals under certain stereotyped heads, and I have no doubt that it
+held me at this time to be a seeker after novelties, and one disposed to
+offer a premium for heresies of every kind. Yet I must say that I was
+never made painfully aware of the existence of such a feeling. There was
+always a leaven of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page220" name="page220"></a>[p. 220]</span> good sense and good sentiment even in the
+worldly world of Boston, and as time went on I became the recipient of
+much kindness, and the happy possessor of a circle of substantial
+friends.</p>
+
+<hr class="small">
+
+<p>Shortly after my return to Boston, my husband spoke to me of a new
+acquaintance,&mdash;a Polish nobleman, Adam Gurowski by name,&mdash;concerning
+whom he related the following circumstances. Count Gurowski had been
+implicated in one of the later Polish insurrections. In order to keep
+his large estates from confiscation he had made them over to his younger
+brother, upon the explicit condition that a sufficient remittance should
+be regularly sent him, to enable him to live wherever his lot should
+thenceforth be cast. He came to this country, but the remittances failed
+to follow him, and he presently found himself without funds in a foreign
+land. Being a man of much erudition, he had made friends with some of
+the professors of Harvard University. They offered him assistance, which
+he declined, and it soon appeared that he was working in the gardens of
+Hovey &amp; Co., in or near Cambridge. His new friends remonstrated with
+him, pleading that this work was unsuitable for a man of his rank and
+condition. He replied, "I am Gurowski; labor cannot degrade me." This
+independence of his position commended him much <span class="pagenum"><a id="page221" name="page221"></a>[p. 221]</span> to the esteem
+of my husband, and he was more than once invited to our house. Some
+literary employment was found for him, and finally, through influence
+exerted at Washington, a position as translator was secured for him in
+the State Department. He was at Newport during the summer that we passed
+at the Cliff House, and he it was who gave it the title of Hotel
+Rambouillet. His proved to be a character of remarkable contradictions,
+in which really noble and generous impulses contrasted with an
+undisciplined temper and an insatiable curiosity. While inveighing
+constantly against the rudeness of American manners, he himself was
+often guilty of great impoliteness. To give an example: At his
+boarding-house in Newport a child at table gave a little trouble, upon
+which the count animadverted with great severity. The mother, waxing
+impatient, said, "I think, count, that you have no right to say so much
+about table manners; for you yesterday broke the crust of the chicken
+pie with your fist, and pulled the meat out with your fingers!"</p>
+
+<p>His curiosity, as I have said, was unbounded. Meeting a lady of his
+acquaintance at her door, and seeing a basket on her arm, he asked,
+"Where are you going, Mrs. &mdash;&mdash;, so early, with that basket?" She
+declined to answer the question, on the ground that the questioner had
+no concern in her errand. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page222" name="page222"></a>[p. 222]</span> On the evening of the same day he
+again met the lady, and said to her, "I know now where you were going
+this morning with that basket." If friends on whom he called were said
+to be engaged or not at home, he was at great pains to find out how they
+were engaged, or whether they were really at home in spite of the
+message to the contrary. One gentleman in Newport, not desiring to
+receive the count's visit, and knowing that he would not be safe
+anywhere in his own house, took refuge in the loft of his barn and drew
+the ladder up after him.</p>
+
+<p>And yet Adam Gurowski was a true-hearted man, loyal to every good cause
+and devoted to his few friends. His life continued to the last to be a
+very checkered one. When the civil war broke out, his disapprobation of
+men and measures took expression in vehement and indignant protest
+against what appeared to him a willful mismanagement of public business.
+William H. Seward was then at the head of the Department of State, and
+against his policy the count fulminated in public and in private. He was
+warned by friends, and at last officially told that he could not be
+retained in the department if he persisted in stigmatizing its chief as
+a fool, a timeserver, no matter what. He persevered, and was dismissed
+from his place. He had been on friendly terms with Charles Sumner, to
+whom he probably owed his appointment. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page223" name="page223"></a>[p. 223]</span> He tormented this
+gentleman to such a degree as to terminate all relations between the
+two. Of this breach Mr. Sumner gave the following account: "The count
+would come to my rooms at all hours. When I left my sleeping-chamber in
+the morning, I often found him in my study, seated at my table, perusing
+my morning paper and probably any other matter which might excite his
+curiosity. If he happened to come in while a foreign minister was
+visiting me, he would stay through the visit. I bore with this for a
+long time. At last the annoyance became insupportable. One evening,
+after a long sitting in my room, he took leave, but presently returned
+for a fresh <i>s�ance</i>, although it was already very late. I said to him,
+'Count, you must go now, and you must never return.' 'How is this, my
+dear friend?' exclaimed the count. 'There is no explanation,' said I,
+'only you must not come to my room again.'" This ended the acquaintance!
+The count after this spoke very bitterly of Mr. Sumner, whose procedure
+did seem to me a little severe.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately the lesson was quite lost upon Gurowski, and he continued
+to make enemies of those with whom he had to do, until nearly every door
+in Washington was closed to him. There was one exception. Mrs. Charles
+Eames, wife of a well-known lawyer, was one of the notabilities
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page224" name="page224"></a>[p. 224]</span> of Washington. Hers was one of those central characters which
+are able to attract and harmonize the most diverse social elements. Her
+house had long been a resort of the worthies of the capital. Men of mark
+and of intelligence gathered about her, regardless of party divisions.
+No one understood Washington society better than she did, and no one in
+it was more highly esteemed or less liable to be misrepresented. Mrs.
+Eames well knew how provoking and tormenting Count Gurowski was apt to
+be, but she knew, too, the remarkable qualities which went far to redeem
+his troublesome traits of character. And so, when the count seemed to be
+entirely discredited, she stood up for him, warning her friends that if
+they came to her house they would always be likely to meet this
+unacceptable man. He, on his part, was warmly sensible of the value of
+her friendship, and showed his gratitude by a sincere interest in all
+that concerned her. The courageous position which she had assumed in his
+behalf was not without effect upon the society of the place, and people
+in general felt obliged to show some respect to a person whom Mrs. Eames
+honored with her friendship.</p>
+
+<p>I myself have reason to remember with gratitude Mrs. Eames's
+hospitality. I made more than one visit at her house, and I well recall
+the distinguished company that I met there. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page225" name="page225"></a>[p. 225]</span> house was
+simple in its appointments, for the hosts were not in affluent
+circumstances, but its atmosphere of cordiality and of good sense was
+delightful. At one of her dinner parties I remember meeting Hon. Salmon
+P. Chase, afterwards Chief Justice of the United States, Secretary
+Welles of the Navy, and Senator Grimes of Iowa. I had seen that morning
+a life-size painting representing President Lincoln surrounded by the
+members of his Cabinet. Mr. Chase, I think, asked what I thought of the
+picture. I replied that I thought Mr. Lincoln's attitude rather awkward,
+and his legs out of proportion in their length. Mr. Chase laughed, and
+said, "Mr. Lincoln's legs are so long that it would be difficult to
+exaggerate them."</p>
+
+<p>I came to Washington soon after the conclusion of the war, and heard
+that Count Gurowski was seriously ill at the home of his good friend. I
+hastened thither to inquire concerning him, and learned that his life
+was almost despaired of. Mr. Eames told me this, and said that his wife
+and a lady friend of hers were incessant in their care of him. He
+promised that I should see him as soon as a change for the better should
+appear. Instead of this I received one day a message from Mrs. Eames,
+saying that the count was now given up by his physician, and that I
+might come, if I wished to see him alive once more. I went to the house
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page226" name="page226"></a>[p. 226]</span> at once, and found Mrs. Eames and her friend at the bedside of
+the dying man. He was already unconscious, and soon breathed his last.
+At Mr. Eames's request I now gave up my room at the hotel and came to
+stay with Mrs. Eames, who was prostrated with the fatigue of nursing the
+sick man and with grief for his loss. While I sat and talked with her
+Mr. Eames entered the room, and said, "Mrs. Howe, my wife has always had
+a menagerie here in Washington, and now she has lost her faithful old
+grizzly."</p>
+
+<p>I was intrusted with some of the arrangements for the funeral. Mrs.
+Eames said to me that, as the count had been a man of no religious
+belief, she thought it would be best to invite a Unitarian minister to
+officiate at his funeral. I should add that her grief prevented her from
+perceiving the humor of the suggestion. I accordingly secured the
+services of the Rev. John Pierpont, who happened to be in Washington at
+the time. Charles Sumner came to the house before the funeral, and
+actually shed tears as he looked on the face of his former friend. He
+remarked upon the beauty of the countenance, saying in his rather
+oratorical way, "There is a beauty of life, and there is a beauty of
+death." The count's good looks had been spoiled in early life by the
+loss of one eye, which had been destroyed, it was said, in a duel. After
+death, however, this blemish <span class="pagenum"><a id="page227" name="page227"></a>[p. 227]</span> did not appear, and the
+distinction of the features was remarkable.</p>
+
+<p>Among his few effects was a printed volume containing the genealogy of
+his family, which had thrice intermarried with royal houses, once in the
+family of Maria Lesczinska, wife of Louis XV. of France. Within this
+book he had inclosed one or two cast-off trifles belonging to Mrs.
+Eames, with a few words of deep and grateful affection. So ended this
+troublous life. The Russian minister at Washington called upon Mrs.
+Eames soon after the funeral, and spoke with respect of the count, who,
+he said, could have held a brilliant position in Russia, had it not been
+for his quarrelsome disposition. Despite his skepticism, and in all his
+poverty, he caused a mass to be said every year for the soul of his
+mother, who had been a devout Catholic. To the brother whose want of
+faith added the distresses of poverty to the woes of exile, Gurowski
+once addressed a letter in the following form: "To John Gurowski, the
+greatest scoundrel in Europe." A younger brother of his, a man of great
+beauty of person, enticed one of the infantas of Spain from the school
+or convent in which she was pursuing her education. This adventure made
+much noise at the time. Mrs. Eames once read me part of a letter from
+this lady, in which she spoke of "the fatal Gurowski beauty." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page228" name="page228"></a>[p. 228]</span></p>
+
+<p>It was in the early years of this decade (1850-1860) that I definitively
+came before the world as an author. My first volume of poems, entitled
+"Passion Flowers," was published by Ticknor and Fields, without my name.
+In the choice and arrangement of the poems James T. Fields had been very
+helpful to me. My lack of experience had led me to suppose that my
+incognito might easily be maintained, but in this my expectations were
+disappointed. The authorship of the book was at once traced to me. It
+was much praised, much blamed, and much called in question. From the
+highest literary authorities of the time it received encouraging
+commendation. Mr. Emerson acknowledged the copy sent him, in a very kind
+letter. Mr. Whittier did likewise. He wrote, "I dare say thy volume has
+faults enough." For all this, he spoke warmly of its merits. Prescott,
+the beloved historian, made me happy with his good opinion. George
+Ripley, in the "New York Tribune," Edwin Whipple and Frank Sanborn in
+Boston, reviewed the volume in a very genial and appreciative spirit. I
+think that my joy reached its height when I heard Theodore Parker repeat
+some of my lines from the pulpit. Miss Catharine Sedgwick, in speaking
+of the poems to a mutual friend, quoted with praise a line from my long
+poem on Rome. Speaking of my first hearing of the nightingale, it
+says:&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a id="page229" name="page229"></a>[p. 229]</span></p>
+
+   <p class="poem"><span class="add11em">"A note</span><br>
+ <span class="add1em">Fell as a star falls, trailing sound for light."</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min1em">Dr. Francis Lieber quoted the following passage as having a
+Shakespearean ring:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p class="poem"><span class="add8em">"But, as none can tell</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Among the sunbeams which unconscious one</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Comes weaponed with celestial will, to strike</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">The stroke of Freedom on the fettered floods,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Giving the spring his watchword&mdash;even so</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Rome knew not she had spoke the word of Fate</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">That should, from out its sluggishness, compel</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">The frost-bound vastness of barbaric life,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Till, with an ominous sound, the torrent rose</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">And rushed upon her with terrific brow,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Sweeping her back, through all her haughty ways,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">To her own gates, a piteous fugitive."</span></p>
+
+<p>I make mention of these things because the volume has long been out of
+print. It was a timid performance upon a slender reed, but the great
+performers in the noble orchestra of writers answered to its appeal,
+which won me a seat in their ranks.</p>
+
+<p>The work, such as it was, dealt partly with the stirring questions of
+the time, partly with things near and familiar. The events of 1848 were
+still in fresh remembrance: the heroic efforts of Italian patriots to
+deliver their country from foreign oppression, the struggle of Hungary
+to maintain her ancient immunities. The most important among my "Passion
+Flowers" were devoted <span class="pagenum"><a id="page230" name="page230"></a>[p. 230]</span> to these themes. The wrongs and
+sufferings of the slave had their part in the volume. A second
+publication, following two years later, and styled "Words for the Hour,"
+was esteemed by some critics as better than the first. George William
+Curtis, at that time editor of "Putnam's Magazine," wrote me, "It is a
+better book than its predecessor, but will probably not meet with the
+same success." And so, indeed, it proved.</p>
+
+<p>I had always contemplated writing for the stage, and was now emboldened
+to compose a drama entitled, "The World's Own," which was produced at
+Wallack's Theatre in New York. The principal characters were sustained
+by Matilda Heron, then in the height of her popularity, and Mr. Sothern,
+afterwards so famous in the r�le of Lord Dundreary. The play was
+performed several times in New York and once in Boston. It was
+pronounced by one critic "full of literary merits and of dramatic
+defects." It did not, as they say, "keep the stage."</p>
+
+<p>My next literary venture was a series of papers descriptive of a visit
+made to the island of Cuba in 1859, under the following circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Theodore Parker had long intended to make this year one of foreign
+travel. He had planned a journey in South America, and Dr. Howe had
+promised to accompany him. The sudden failure of Parker's health at this
+time was thought to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page231" name="page231"></a>[p. 231]</span> render a change of climate imperative, and
+in the month of February a voyage to Cuba was prescribed for him. In
+this, Dr. Howe willingly consented to <a name="accompany_him_deciding" id="accompany_him_deciding"></a>accompany him, deciding also that
+I must be of the party.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image13.jpg" width="192" height="248" alt="SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE
+
+From a photograph about 1859" >
+<br><span class="caption"><small>SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE</small>
+<br>
+<small><i>From a photograph about 1859.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Our departure was in rough weather. George Ripley, formerly of Brook
+Farm and then of the "New York Tribune," an early friend of Parker, came
+to see us off. My husband insisted somewhat strenuously upon my coming
+to table at the first meal served on board, as this would secure me a
+place for the entire voyage. I felt very ill, and Parker, who was seated
+at the same table, looked at my husband and said, "<i>Natura duce</i>," for
+which I was very grateful. Presently the captain, who was carving a
+roast of beef, asked some one whether a slice of fat was likewise
+desired. At this I fled to my cabin without waiting for permission.
+Parker also took refuge in his berth, and we did not meet again for some
+time. We had encountered a head wind in the Gulf Stream, and were rolled
+and tossed about in great discomfort. I persisted in being carried on
+deck every day. My stewardess once said to the stout steward who
+rendered me this service, "This lady has a great deal of energy and <i>no
+power</i>." My bearer, seeking, no doubt, to comfort me, growled in my ear,
+"Well now, I expect this sea-sickness is a dreadful thing." Soon a
+brighter <span class="pagenum"><a id="page232" name="page232"></a>[p. 232]</span> day dawned upon us, and Parker appeared on deck, limp
+and helpless, and glad to lie upon a mattress. We had sad tales to tell
+of what we had suffered. A pretty lady passenger, who sat with us, held
+up a number of the "Atlantic Monthly" containing Colonel Higginson's
+well-remembered paper, "Ought Women to learn the Alphabet?" "Yes," cried
+her husband, "for they have got to teach it." By this time we had
+reached the southern seas, and I had entirely recovered from my
+sea-sickness. When I made my appearance, standing erect, and in my right
+clothes and mind, people did not recognize me, and asked, "Where did
+that lady come from?"</p>
+
+<p>On our way to Havana we stopped for a day at Nassau. Here we were
+entertained at luncheon by a physician of the island. Among the articles
+served to us was the tropical breadfruit, which might really be mistaken
+for a loaf fresh from the baker's oven. Before this we attended a
+morning drill of soldiers at the fort. In the book which I published
+afterwards, I spoke of the presiding officer as a lean Don Quixote on a
+leaner Rosinante. The colonel, for such was his rank, sent me word that
+he did not resent my mention of himself, but thought that I might have
+spoken more admiringly of his horse, of which he was very proud. A drive
+in the environs and an evening service at the church completed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page233" name="page233"></a>[p. 233]</span>
+my experience of the friendly little island. When we re�mbarked for Cuba
+a gay party of young people accompanied us, all in light summer wear,
+fluttering with frills and ribbons. The rough sea soon sent them all
+below, to reappear only when we neared the end of our journey.</p>
+
+<p>The voyage had been of small service to our friend Parker, who was a
+wretched sailor. Arrived in Havana, he was able to go about somewhat
+with Dr. Howe. He had, however, a longer voyage before him, and my
+husband and I went with him to the Spanish steamer which was to carry
+him to Vera Cruz, whence he sailed for Europe, never to return. Our
+parting was a sad one. Parker embraced us both, probably feeling, as we
+did, that he might never see us again. I still carry in my mind the
+picture of his serious face, crowned with gray locks and a soft gray
+hat, as he looked over the side of the vessel and waved us a last
+farewell.</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from my "Trip to Cuba" preserves the record of our
+mutual leave-taking.</p>
+
+<p>"A pleasant row brought us to the side of the steamer. It was dusk
+already as we ascended her steep gangway, and from that to darkness
+there is at this season but the interval of a breath. Dusk too were our
+thoughts at parting from Can Grande, the mighty, the vehement, the great
+fighter. How were we to miss his deep music, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page234" name="page234"></a>[p. 234]</span> here and at home!
+With his assistance we had made a very respectable band; now we were to
+be only a wandering drum and fife,&mdash;the fife particularly shrill and the
+drum particularly solemn.</p>
+
+<p>"And now came silence and tears and last embraces; we slipped down the
+gangway into our little craft and, looking up, saw bending above us,
+between the slouched hat and the silver beard, the eyes that we can
+never forget, that seemed to drop back in the darkness with the
+solemnity of a last farewell. We went home, and the drum hung himself
+gloomily on his peg, and the little fife <i>shut up</i> for the remainder of
+the evening."</p>
+
+<p>To our hotel in Havana came, one day, a lovely lady, with pathetic dark
+eyes and a look of ill health. She was accompanied by her husband and
+little son. This was Mrs. Frank Hampton, formerly Miss Sally Baxter, a
+great belle in her time, and much admired by Mr. Thackeray. When we were
+introduced to each other, I asked, "Are you <i>the</i> Mrs. Hampton?" She
+asked, "Are you <i>the</i> Mrs. Howe?" We became friends at once. The
+Hamptons went with us to Matanzas, where we passed a few pleasant days.
+Dr. Howe was very helpful to the beautiful invalid. Something in the
+expression of her face reminded him of a relative known to him in early
+life, and on inquiry he found that Mrs. Hampton's father was a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page235" name="page235"></a>[p. 235]</span>
+distant cousin of his own. Mrs. Hampton talked much of Thackeray, who
+had been, while in this country, a familiar visitor at her father's
+house. She told me that she recognized bits of her own conversation in
+some of the sayings of Ethel Newcome, and I have little doubt that in
+depicting the beautiful and noble though wayward girl he had in mind
+something of the aspect and character of the lovely Sally Baxter. In his
+correspondence with the family he was sometimes very playful, as when he
+wrote to Mrs. Baxter thanking her for the "wickled palnuts and pandy
+breaches," which she had lately sent him.</p>
+
+<p>When we left Havana our new friends went with us to Charleston, and
+invited us to visit them at their home in Columbia, S. C. This we were
+glad to do. The house at which the Hamptons received us belonged to an
+elder brother, Wade Hampton, whose family were at this time traveling in
+Europe. Wade Hampton called upon Dr. Howe, and soon introduced a topic
+which we would gladly have avoided, namely, the strained relations
+between the North and the South. "We mean to fight for it," said Wade
+Hampton. But Dr. Howe afterwards said to me: "They cannot be in earnest
+about meaning to fight. It would be too insane, too fatal to their own
+interests." So indeed it proved, but they then knew us as little as we
+knew them. They <span class="pagenum"><a id="page236" name="page236"></a>[p. 236]</span> thought that we could not fight, and we
+thought that they would not. Both parties were soon made wiser by sad
+experience.</p>
+
+<p>My account of this trip, after publication in the "Atlantic Monthly,"
+was issued in book form by Ticknor and Fields. Years after this time, a
+friend of mine landed in Cuba with a copy of the book in her hand
+luggage. It was at once taken from her by the custom-house officers, and
+she never saw it again. This little work was favorably spoken of and
+well received, but it did not please everybody. In one of its chapters,
+speaking of the natural indolence of the negroes in tropical countries,
+I had ventured to express the opinion that compulsory employment is
+better than none. Good Mr. Garrison seized upon this sentence, and
+impaled it in a column of "The Liberator" headed, "The Refuge of
+Oppression." I certainly did not intend it as an argument in favor of
+negro slavery. As an abstract proposition, and without reference to
+color, I still think it true.</p>
+
+<p>The publication of my Cuban notes brought me an invitation to chronicle
+the events of the season at Newport for the "New York Tribune." This was
+the beginning of a correspondence with that paper which lasted well into
+the time of the civil war. My letters dealt somewhat with social doings
+in Newport and in Boston, but more with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page237" name="page237"></a>[p. 237]</span> the great events of
+the time. To me the experience was valuable in that I found myself
+brought nearer in sympathy to the general public, and helped to a better
+understanding of its needs and demands.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the days now spoken of that I first saw Edwin Booth. Dr. Howe
+and I betook ourselves to the Boston Theatre one rainy evening,
+expecting to see nothing more than an ordinary performance. The play was
+"Richelieu," and we had seen but little of Mr. Booth's part in it before
+we turned to each other and said, "This is the real thing." In every
+word, in every gesture, the touch of genius made itself felt. A little
+later I saw him in "Hamlet," and was even more astonished and delighted.
+While he was still completing this his first engagement in Boston, I
+received a letter from his manager, proposing that I should write a play
+for Mr. Booth. My first drama, though not a success, had made me
+somewhat known to theatrical people. I had been made painfully aware of
+its defects, and desired nothing more than to profit by the lesson of
+experience in producing something that should deserve entire
+approbation. It was therefore with a good hope of success that I
+undertook to write the play. Mr. Booth himself called upon me, in
+pursuance of his request. The favorable impression which he had made
+upon me was not lessened <span class="pagenum"><a id="page238" name="page238"></a>[p. 238]</span> by a nearer view. I found him modest,
+intelligent, and above all genuine,&mdash;the man as worthy of admiration as
+the artist. Although I had seen Mr. Booth in a variety of characters, I
+could only think of representing him as Hippolytus, a beautiful youth,
+of heroic type, enamored of a high ideal. This was the part which I
+desired to create for him. I undertook the composition without much
+delay, and devoted to it the months of one summer's sojourn at Lawton's
+Valley.</p>
+
+<p>This lovely little estate had come to us almost fortuitously. George
+William Curtis, writing of the Newport of forty years ago, gives a
+character sketch of one Alfred Smith, a well-known real estate agent,
+who managed to entrap strangers in his gig, and drove about with them,
+often succeeding in making them purchasers of some bit of property in
+the sale of which he had a personal interest. In the summer of 1852 my
+husband became one of his victims. I say this because Dr. Howe made the
+purchase without much deliberation. In fact, he could hardly have told
+any one why he made it. The farm was a very poor one, and the farmhouse
+very small. Some necessary repairs rendered it habitable for our family
+of little children and ourselves. I did not desire the purchase, but I
+soon became much attached to the valley, which my husband's care greatly
+beautified. This was a wooded gorge, perhaps <span class="pagenum"><a id="page239" name="page239"></a>[p. 239]</span> an eighth of a
+mile from the house, and extending some distance between high rocky
+banks. We found it a wilderness of brambles, with a brook which ran much
+out of its proper course. Dr. Howe converted it into a most charming
+out-of-door <i>salon</i>. A firm green sod took the place of the briers, the
+brook was restrained within its proper limits, and some fine trees
+replaced as many decayed stumps. An old, disused mill added to the
+picturesqueness of the scene. Below it rushed a small waterfall. Here I
+have passed many happy hours with my books and my babies, but it was not
+in this enchanting spot that I wrote my play.</p>
+
+<p>I had at this time and for many years afterward a superstition about a
+north light. My eyes had given me some trouble, and I felt obliged to
+follow my literary work under circumstances most favorable for their
+use. The exposure of our little farmhouse was south and west, and its
+only north light was derived from a window at the top of the attic
+stairs. Here was a platform just large enough to give room for a table
+two feet square. The stairs were shut off from the rest of the house by
+a stout door. And here, through the summer heats, and in spite of many
+wasps, I wrote my five-act drama, dreaming of the fine emphasis which
+Mr. Booth would give to its best passages and of the beautiful
+appearance he would make <span class="pagenum"><a id="page240" name="page240"></a>[p. 240]</span> in classic costume. He, meanwhile,
+was growing into great fame and favor with the public, and was called
+hither and thither by numerous engagements. The period of his courtship
+and marriage intervened, and a number of years elapsed between the
+completion of the play and his first reading of it.</p>
+
+<p>At last there came a time in which the production of the play seemed
+possible. Charlotte Cushman and Edwin Booth were both in Boston
+performing, as I remember, but not at the same theatre. They agreed to
+act in my play. E. L. Davenport, manager of the Howard Athen�um,
+undertook to produce it, and my dream was very near becoming a reality.
+But lo! on a sudden, the manager bethought him that the time was rather
+late in the season; that the play would require new scenery; and, more
+than all, that his wife, who was also an actress, was not pleased with a
+secondary part assigned to her. A polite note informed me of his change
+of mind. This was, I think, the greatest "let down" that I ever
+experienced. It affected me seriously for some days, after which I
+determined to attempt nothing more for the stage.</p>
+
+<p>In truth, there appeared to be little reason for this action on the part
+of the manager. Miss Cushman, speaking of it, said to me, "My dear, if
+Edwin Booth and I had done nothing more <span class="pagenum"><a id="page241" name="page241"></a>[p. 241]</span> than to stand upon the
+stage and say 'good evening' to each other, the house would have been
+filled."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Booth, in the course of these years, experienced great happiness and
+great sorrow. On the occasion of our first meeting he had spoken to me
+of "little Mary Devlin" as an actress of much promise, who had recently
+been admired in "several <i>heavy</i> parts." In process of time he became
+engaged to this young girl. Before the announcement of this fact he
+appeared with her several times before the Boston public. Few that saw
+it will ever forget a performance of Romeo and Juliet in which the two
+true lovers were at their best, ideally young, beautiful, and identified
+with their parts. I soon became well acquainted with this exquisite
+little woman, of whose untimely death the poet Parsons wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem"><p>"What shall we do now, Mary being dead,<br>
+    <span class="add2em">Or say or write that shall express the half?</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">What can we do but pillow that fair head,</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">And let the spring-time write her epitaph?&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <p>"As it will soon, in snowdrop, violet,<br>
+    <span class="add2em">Windflower and columbine and maiden's tear;</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Each letter of that pretty alphabet</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">That spells in flowers the pageant of the year.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="poems">
+
+  <p>"She hath fulfilled her promise and hath passed;<br>
+    <span class="add2em">Set her down gently at the iron door!</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Eyes look on that loved image for the last:</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Now cover it in earth,&mdash;her earth no more."</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page242" name="page242"></a>[p. 242]</span> These lines recall to me the scene of Mary Booth's funeral,
+which took place in wintry weather, the service being held at the chapel
+in Mount Auburn. Hers was a most pathetic figure as she lay, serene and
+lovely, surrounded with flowers. As Edwin Booth followed the casket, his
+eyes heavy with grief, I could not but remember how often I had seen him
+enact the part of Hamlet at the stage burial of Ophelia. Beside or
+behind him walked a young man of remarkable beauty, to be sadly known at
+a later date as Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Lincoln and the victim of
+his own crime. Henry Ward Beecher, meeting Mary Booth one day at dinner
+at my house, was so much impressed with her peculiar charm that, on the
+occasion of her death, he wrote a very sympathetic letter to Mr. Booth,
+and became thenceforth one of his most esteemed friends.</p>
+
+<hr class="small">
+
+<p>The years between 1850 and 1857, eventful as they were, appear to me
+almost a period of play when compared with the time of trial which was
+to follow. It might have been likened to the tuning of instruments
+before some great musical solemnity. The theme was already suggested,
+but of its wild and terrible development who could have had any
+foreknowledge? Parker, indeed, writing to Dr. Howe from Italy, said,
+<span class="pagenum">[p. 243]</span> "What a pity that the map of our magnificent country should be
+destined to be so soon torn in two on account of the negro, that poorest
+of human creatures, satisfied, even in slavery, with sugar cane and a
+banjo." On reading this prediction, I remarked to my husband: "This is
+poor, dear Parker's foible. He always thinks that he knows what will
+come to pass. How absurd is this forecast of his!"</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know about that," replied Dr. Howe. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page244" name="page244"></a>[p. 244]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<h2>THE CHURCH OF THE DISCIPLES: IN WAR TIME</h2>
+
+
+<p>I must here ask leave to turn back a little in the order of my
+reminiscences, my narrative having led me to pass by certain points
+which I desire to mention.</p>
+
+<p>The great comfort which I had in Parker's preaching came to an end when
+my children attained an age at which it appeared desirable that they
+should attend public worship. Concerning this my husband argued as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The children [our two eldest girls] are now of an age at which they
+should receive impressions of reverence. They should, therefore, see
+nothing at the Sunday service which would militate against that feeling.
+At Parker's meeting individuals read the newspapers before the exercises
+begin. A good many persons come in after the prayer, and some go out
+before the conclusion of the sermon. These irregularities offend my
+sense of decorum, and appear to me undesirable in the religious
+education of the family."</p>
+
+<p>It was a grievous thing for me to comply with my husband's wishes in
+this matter. I said of it <span class="pagenum"><a id="page245" name="page245"></a>[p. 245]</span> to his friend, Horace Mann, that to
+give up Parker's ministry for any other would be like going to the
+synagogue when Paul was preaching near at hand. Parker was soon made
+aware of Dr. Howe's views, but no estrangement ensued between the two
+friends. He did, however, write to my husband a letter, in which he laid
+great stress upon the depth and strength of his own concern in religion.</p>
+
+<p>My husband cherished an old predilection for King's Chapel, and would
+have been pleased if I had chosen to attend service there. My mind,
+however, was otherwise disposed. Having heard Parker, at the close of
+one of his discourses, speak in warm commendation of James Freeman
+Clarke, announcing at the same time that Mr. Clarke was about to begin a
+new series of services at Williams Hall, I determined to attend these.</p>
+
+<p>With Mr. Clarke I had indeed some slight acquaintance, having once heard
+him preach at Freeman Place Chapel, and having met him on divers
+occasions. It is well known that this, his first pastorate in Boston,
+was nearly lost to him in consequence of his inviting Theodore Parker on
+one occasion to occupy his pulpit. The feeling against the latter was
+then so strong as to cause an influential part of the congregation to
+withdraw from the society, which therefore threatened to fail for want
+of funds. Some years later Mr. Clarke <span class="pagenum"><a id="page246" name="page246"></a>[p. 246]</span> resigned his charge and
+went abroad for a prolonged stay, possibly with indefinite ideas as to
+the future employment of his life. He was possessed of much literary and
+artistic taste, and might easily have added one to the number of those
+who, like George Bancroft, Jared Sparks, and others, had entered the
+<a name="Unitarian_ministry" id="Unitarian_ministry"></a>Unitarian ministry, to leave it, after a few years, for fields of labor
+in which they were destined to achieve greater success.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image14.jpg" width="190" height="273" alt="JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE</small><br><small><i>From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Fortunately, the suggestion of such a course, if entertained by him at
+all, did not prevail. Mr. Clarke's interest in the Christian ministry
+was too deeply grounded to be easily overcome. Returning from a restful
+and profitable sojourn in Europe, he sought to gather again those of his
+flock who had held to him and to each other. He found them ready to
+welcome him back with unabated love and trust. It was at this juncture
+that I heard Theodore Parker make the mention of him which brought him
+to my remembrance, bringing me also very reluctantly to his new place of
+worship.</p>
+
+<p>The hall itself was unattractive, and the aspect of its occupants
+decidedly unfashionable. Indeed, a witty friend of mine once said to me
+that the bonnets seen there were of so singular a description, as
+constantly to distract her attention from the minister's sermon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page247" name="page247"></a>[p. 247]</span>This absence of fashion rather commended the place to me; for I
+had had in my life enough and too much of that church-going in which the
+bonnets, the pews, and the doctrine appear to rest on one dead level of
+conventionalism.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Clarke's preaching was as unlike as possible to that of Theodore
+Parker. While not wanting in the critical spirit, and characterized by
+very definite views of the questions which at that time were foremost in
+the mind of the community, there ran through the whole course of his
+ministrations an exquisite tone of charity and good-will. He had not the
+philosophic and militant genius of Parker, but he had a genius of his
+own, poetical, harmonizing. In after years I esteemed myself fortunate
+in having passed from the drastic discipline of the one to the tender
+and reconciling ministry of the other. The members of the congregation
+were mostly strangers to me, yet I felt from the first a respect for
+them. In process of time I came to know something of their antecedents,
+and to make friends among them.</p>
+
+<p>After some years of attendance at Williams Hall, our society, somewhat
+increased in numbers, removed to Indiana Place Chapel, where we remained
+until we were able to erect for ourselves the commodious and homelike
+building which we occupy to-day.</p>
+
+<p>Our minister was a man of much impulse, but <span class="pagenum"><a id="page248" name="page248"></a>[p. 248]</span> of more judgment.
+In his character were blended the best traits of the conservative and of
+the liberal. His ardent temperament and sanguine disposition bred in him
+that natural hopefulness which is so important an element in all
+attempted reform. His sound mind, well disciplined by culture, held fast
+to the inherited treasures of society, while a fortunate power of
+apprehending principles rendered him very steadfast, both in advance and
+in reserve. In the agitated period which preceded the civil war and in
+that which followed it, he in his modest pulpit became one of the
+leaders, not of his own flock alone, but of the community to which he
+belonged. I can imagine few things more instructive and desirable than
+was his preaching in those troublous times, so full of unanswered
+question and unreconciled discord. His church was like an organ, with
+deep undertones and lofty, aspiring treble,&mdash;the master hand pressing
+the keys, the heart of the congregation responding with a full melody.
+Festivals of sorrow were held in Indiana Place Chapel, and many of
+them,&mdash;James Buchanan's hollow fast, a day of mourning for John Brown,
+and, saddest and greatest of all, a solemn service following the
+assassination of Abraham Lincoln. We were led through these shadows of
+death by the radiant light of a truly Christian faith, which our pastor
+ever held before us. Among the many who stood by him <span class="pagenum"><a id="page249" name="page249"></a>[p. 249]</span> in his
+labors of love was a lady possessed of rare taste in the disposition of
+floral and other decorations. We came at last to confer on her the title
+of the Flower Saint. On the occasion last mentioned, when we entered the
+building, full of hopeless sorrow, we saw pulpit and altar adorned with
+a rich violet pall, on which, at intervals, hung wreaths of white
+lilies. So something of the pomp of victory was mingled with our bitter
+sense of loss. The nation's chief was gone, but with the noble army of
+martyrs we now beheld him, crowned with the unfading glory of his work.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Clarke's life possesses an especial interest from the fact of its
+having been one of those rare lives which start in youth with an ideal,
+and follow it through manhood to old age; parting from it only at the
+last breath, and bequeathing it to posterity in its full growth and
+beauty. This ideal appeared to him in the guise of a free church, whose
+pews should not be sold, whose seats should be open to all, with no
+cumbrous encounter of cross-interests,&mdash;a church of true worship and
+earnest interpretation, which should be held together by the bond of
+veritable sympathy. This living church he built out of his own devout
+and tender heart. A dream at first, he saw it take shape and grow, and
+when he flitted from its sphere he felt that it would stand and endure.</p>
+
+<p>In marriage Mr. Clarke had been most fortunate. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page250" name="page250"></a>[p. 250]</span> He became
+attached early in life to a young lady of rare beauty, and of character
+not less uncommon, to whom he once wrote some charming lines,
+beginning,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"When shall we meet again, dearest and best?<br>
+  <span class="add1em">Thou going eastward, and I to the west?"</span></p>
+
+<p>This attachment probably dated from the period of his theological
+studies at Meadville, Pa. In due course of time the two lives became
+united in a most happy and helpful partnership. Mrs. Clarke truly
+attained the dignity of a mother in Israel. She went hand-in-hand with
+her husband in all his church work. She made his home simple in
+adornment but exquisite in comfort. She was less social in disposition
+than he, less excitable, indeed, so calm of nature that her husband, in
+giving her a copy of my first volume of poems, wrote on the fly-leaf,
+"To the passionless, 'Passion Flowers,'" and in the lines that followed
+compared her to the Jungfrau with its silvery light. This calmness,
+which was not coldness, sometimes enabled her to render a service which
+might have been difficult to many. I remember that a young minister, a
+fresh convert from Calvinistic doctrine, preached one Sunday a rather
+crude sermon, in Mr. Clarke's absence. After the close of the service
+Mrs. Clarke went up to the speaker, who was expected to preach that
+evening at a well-known church in the city, and said, "Mr. &mdash;&mdash;, if
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page251" name="page251"></a>[p. 251]</span> you intend to give the sermon we have just heard at the
+&mdash;&mdash; church this evening, you will do well to omit certain things in it."
+She proceeded to mention the changes which appeared to her desirable.
+Her advice, most kindly given, was no doubt appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>Let me here record my belief that society rarely attains anywhere a
+higher level than that which all must recognize in the Boston of the
+last forty years. The religious philosophy of the Unitarian pulpit; the
+intercourse with the learned men of Harvard College, more frequent
+formerly than at present; the inheritance of solid and earnest
+character, most precious of estates; the nobility of thought developed
+in Margaret Fuller's pupils; the cordial piety of such leaders as
+Phillips Brooks, James Freeman Clarke, and Edward Everett Hale; the
+presence of leading authors,&mdash;Holmes, Longfellow, Emerson, and
+Lowell,&mdash;all these circumstances combined have given to Massachusetts a
+halo of glory which time should not soon have power to dim.</p>
+
+<p>Massachusetts, as I understand her, asks for no false leadership, for no
+illusory and transient notoriety. Where Truth and Justice command, her
+sons and daughters will follow; and if she should sometimes be found
+first in the ranks, it will not be because her ambition has displaced
+others, but because the strength of her convictions <span class="pagenum"><a id="page252" name="page252"></a>[p. 252]</span> has
+carried her beyond the ranks of the doubting and deliberate.</p>
+
+<p>The decade preceding the civil war was indeed a period of much
+agitation. The anomalous position of a slave system in a democratic
+republic was beginning to make itself keenly felt. The political
+preponderance of the slaveholding States, fostered and upheld by the
+immense money power of the North, had led their inhabitants to believe
+that they needed to endure no limits. Recent legislation, devised and
+accomplished by their leaders, had succeeded in enforcing upon Northern
+communities a tame compliance with their most extravagant demands. The
+extension of the slave system to the new territories, soon to constitute
+new States, became the avowed purpose of Southern politicians. The
+conscience of the North, lulled by financial prosperity, awoke but
+slowly to an understanding of the situation. To enlighten this
+conscience was evidently the most important task of public-spirited men.
+Among other devices to this end, a newspaper was started in Boston with
+the name of "The Commonwealth." Its immediate object was to reach and
+convince that important portion of the body politic which distrusts
+rhetoric and oratory, but which sooner or later gives heed to
+dispassionate argument and the advocacy of plain issues.</p>
+
+<p>My husband took an active interest in the management <span class="pagenum"><a id="page253" name="page253"></a>[p. 253]</span> of this
+paper, and indeed assumed its editorship for one entire winter. In this
+task I had great pleasure in assisting him. We began our work together
+every morning,&mdash;he supervising and supplying the political department of
+the paper, I doing what I could in the way of social and literary
+criticism. Among my contributions to the work were a series of notices
+of Dr. Holmes's Lowell lectures on the English poets, and a paper on
+Mrs. Stowe and George Sand. "The Commonwealth" did good service in the
+battle of opinion which unexpectedly proved a prelude to the most
+important event in our history as a nation.</p>
+
+<p>The reading public hardly needs to-day to be reminded that Mrs. Stowe's
+story of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" played an important part in the change of
+base, which in time became evident in the North. The torch of her
+sympathy, held before the lurid pictures of slave life, set two
+continents on fire with loathing and indignation against abuses so
+little in accordance with civil progress and Christian illumination.
+Europeans reproached us with this enthroned and persevering barbarism.
+"Why is it endured?" they asked, and we could only answer: "It has a
+legal right to exist."</p>
+
+<p>Some time in the fifties, my husband spoke to me of a very remarkable
+man, of whom, he said, I should be sure to hear sooner or later. This
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page254" name="page254"></a>[p. 254]</span> man, Dr. Howe said, seemed to intend to devote his life to the
+redemption of the colored race from slavery, even as Christ had
+willingly offered his life for the salvation of mankind. It was enjoined
+upon me that I should not mention to any one this confidential
+communication; and to make sure that I should not, I allowed the whole
+matter to pass out of my thoughts. It may have been a year or more later
+that Dr. Howe said to me: "Do you remember that man of whom I spoke to
+you,&mdash;the one who wished to be a saviour for the negro race?" I replied
+in the affirmative. "That man," said the doctor, "will call here this
+afternoon. You will receive him. His name is John Brown. Thus
+<a name="admonished_I_watched" id="admonished_I_watched"></a>admonished, I watched for the visitor, and prepared to admit him myself
+when he should ring at the door.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image15.jpg" width="197" height="263" alt="JOHN BROWN From a photograph about 1857">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>JOHN BROWN</small><br><small><i>From a photograph about 1857.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This took place at our house in South Boston, where it was not at all
+<i>infra dig.</i> for me to open my own door. At the expected time I heard
+the bell ring, and, on answering it, beheld a middle-aged, middle-sized
+man, with hair and beard of amber color, streaked with gray. He looked a
+Puritan of the Puritans, forceful, concentrated, and self-contained. We
+had a brief interview, of which I only remember my great gratification
+at meeting one of whom I had heard so good an account. I saw him once
+again at Dr. Howe's office, and then heard no more of him for some
+time.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page255" name="page255"></a>[p. 255]</span>I cannot tell how long after this it was that I took up the
+"Transcript" one evening, and read of an attack made by a small body of
+men on the arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Dr. Howe presently came in, and I
+told him what I had just read. "Brown has got to work," he said. I had
+already arrived at the same conclusion. The rest of the story is matter
+of history: the failure of the slaves to support the movement initiated
+for their emancipation, the brief contest, the inevitable defeat and
+surrender, the death of the rash, brave man upon the scaffold. All this
+is known, and need not be repeated here. In speaking of it, my husband
+assured me that John Brown's plan had not been so impossible of
+realization as it appeared to have been after its failure. Brown had
+been led to hope that, upon a certain signal, the slaves from many
+plantations would come to him in such numbers that he and they would
+become masters of the situation with little or no bloodshed. Neither he
+nor those who were concerned with him had it at all in mind to stir up
+the slaves to acts of cruelty and revenge. The plan was simply to
+combine them in large numbers, and in a position so strong that the
+question of their freedom would be decided then and there, possibly
+without even a battle.</p>
+
+<p>I confess that the whole scheme appeared to me wild and chimerical. Of
+its details I knew <span class="pagenum"><a id="page256" name="page256"></a>[p. 256]</span> nothing, and have never learned more. None
+of us could exactly approve an act so revolutionary in its character,
+yet the great-hearted attempt enlisted our sympathies very strongly. The
+weeks of John Brown's imprisonment were very sad ones, and the day of
+his death was one of general mourning in New England. Even there,
+however, people were not all of the same mind. I heard a friend say that
+John Brown was a pig-headed old fool. In the Church of the Disciples, on
+the other hand, a special service was held on the day of the execution,
+and the pastor took for his text the saying of Christ, "It is enough for
+the disciple that he be as his master." Victor Hugo had already said
+that the death of John Brown would thenceforth hallow the scaffold, even
+as the death of Christ had hallowed the cross.</p>
+
+<p>The record of John Brown's life has been fully written, and by a
+friendly hand. I will only mention here that he had much to do with the
+successful contest which kept slavery out of the territory of Kansas. He
+was a leading chief in the border warfare which swept back the
+pro-slavery immigration attempted by some of the wild spirits of
+Missouri. In this struggle, he one day saw two of his own sons shot by
+the Border Ruffians (as the Missourians of the border were then called),
+without trial or mercy. Some people thought that this dreadful sight had
+maddened his brain, as well it might. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page257" name="page257"></a>[p. 257]</span></p>
+
+<p>I recall one humorous anecdote about him, related to me by my husband.
+On one occasion, during the border war, he had taken several prisoners,
+and among them a certain judge. Brown was always a man of prayer. On
+this occasion, feeling quite uncertain as to whether he ought to spare
+the lives of the prisoners, he retired into a thicket near at hand, and
+besought the Lord long and fervently to inspire him with the right
+determination. The judge, overhearing this petition, was so much amused
+at it that, in spite of the gravity of his own position, he laughed
+aloud. "Judge &mdash;&mdash;," cried John Brown, "if you mock at my prayers, I
+shall know what to do with you without asking the Almighty."</p>
+
+<p>I remember now that I saw John Brown's wife on her way to visit her
+husband in prison and to see the last of him. She seemed a strong,
+earnest woman, plain in manners and in speech.</p>
+
+<p>This brings me to the period of the civil war. What can I say of it that
+has not already been said? Its cruel fangs fastened upon the very heart
+of Boston, and took from us our best and bravest. From many a stately
+mansion father or son went forth, followed by weeping, to be brought
+back for bitterer sorrow. The work of the women in providing comforts
+for the soldiers was unremitting. In organizing and conducting the great
+bazaars, which were held in furtherance <span class="pagenum"><a id="page258" name="page258"></a>[p. 258]</span> of this object, many
+of these women found a new scope for their activities, and developed
+abilities hitherto unsuspected by themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Even in gay Newport there were sad reverberations of the strife; and I
+shall never forget an afternoon on which I drove into town with my son,
+by this time a lad of fourteen, and found the main street lined with
+carriages, and the carriages filled with white-faced people, intent on I
+knew not what. Meeting a friend, I asked, "Why are these people here?
+What are they waiting for, and why do they look as they do?"</p>
+
+<p>"They are waiting for the mail. Don't you know that we have had a
+dreadful reverse?" Alas! this was the second battle of Bull Run. I have
+made some record of it in a poem entitled "The Flag," which I dare
+mention here because Mr. Emerson, on hearing it, said to me, "I like the
+architecture of that poem."</p>
+
+<p>Prominent among the helpers called out by the war was our noble war
+governor, John Albion Andrew. My first acquaintance with him was formed
+in the early days of the Free-Soil Party, of which he and my husband
+were leading members. This organization, if I remember rightly, grew out
+of an earlier one which marked the very beginning of a new movement. Its
+members were spoken of as "young Whigs," and its principles were
+friendship for the negro and opposition to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page259" name="page259"></a>[p. 259]</span> war, which at that
+time was particularly directed against the Mexican war. It was as a
+young Whig that Dr. Howe consented to become a candidate for a seat in
+the Congress of the United States. The development of a pro-slavery
+policy on the part of our government, and the intention made evident of
+not only maintaining but also extending the area of slavery, soon gave
+to the new party a very serious <i>raison d'�tre</i>, and under its influence
+the <a name="young_Whigs" id="young_Whigs"></a>young Whigs became Free Soilers.<a href="#Cochituate_water">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>Some of these gentlemen came often to our house, and among them I soon
+learned to distinguish Mr. Andrew. As time went on, he became a familiar
+friend in our household. Our mutual interest in the Church of the
+Disciples, and our regard for its pastor were bonds which drew us
+together. He was, indeed, a typical American of the best sort. Most
+happy in temperament, with great vitality and enjoyment of life, he
+united in his make-up the gifts of quick perception and calm
+deliberation. His judgments were broad, sound, and charitable, his
+disposition full of good-will, his tastes at once simple and
+comprehensive. He was at home in high society, and not less so among the
+lowly. He was very social in disposition, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page260" name="page260"></a>[p. 260]</span> much "given to
+hospitality," but without show or pretense. He had been one of the
+original members of the Church of the Disciples, and had certainly been
+drawn toward Mr. Clarke by a deep and genuine religious sympathy.
+Although a man of most serious convictions, he was able to enter
+heartily into the spirit of every social occasion. He was with us
+sometimes at our rural retreat on Newport Island, far from the scenes of
+fashionable life. I once had the honor of entertaining in this place the
+members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. While we were all
+busy with preparations for the reception of these eminent persons, Mr.
+Andrew&mdash;he was not as yet governor&mdash;offered to compound for the company
+a pleasing beverage. He took off his coat, and went to work with lemons,
+sugar, and other ingredients, and was very near being found in his
+shirt-sleeves by those of the scientists who were first upon the ground.</p>
+
+<p>At another time we were arranging some tableaux for one of my children's
+parties, and had chosen the subjects from Thackeray's fairy tale of the
+"Rose and the Ring." I came to our friend in some perplexity, and said,
+"Dear Mr. Andrew, in the tableaux this evening Dr. Howe is to personate
+Kutasoff Hedzoff; would you be willing to pose as Prince Bulbo?" "By all
+means," was the response. I brought the book, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page261" name="page261"></a>[p. 261]</span> and Mr. Andrew
+studied and imitated the costume of the prince, even to the necktie and
+the rose in his buttonhole.</p>
+
+<p>In the years that followed, he as well as we had little time for
+merry-making. While the political sky was darkening and the thunder of
+war was faintly rumbling in the air, Dr. Howe said to me one day,
+"Andrew is going to be governor of Massachusetts." My first recollection
+of him in war time concerns the attack made upon the United States
+troops as they were passing through Baltimore. The telegram sent by him
+to the mayor of that city seemed to give an earnest of what we might
+expect from him. He requested that the bodies of our soldiers who had
+fallen in the streets should be tenderly cared for, and sent to their
+State, Massachusetts. We were present when these bodies were received at
+King's Chapel burial-ground, and could easily see how deeply the
+governor was moved at the sad sight of the coffins draped with the
+national flag. This occasion drew from me the poem beginning,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"Weave no more silks, ye Lyons looms,<br>
+    <span class="add2em">To deck our girls for gay delights:</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">The crimson flower of battle blooms,</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">And <a name="solemn_marches" id="solemn_marches"></a>solemn marches fill the nights."</span></p>
+
+<p>When James Freeman Clarke's exchanging pulpits with Theodore Parker
+alienated from him a part of his congregation, Governor Andrew<span class="pagenum"><a id="page262" name="page262"></a>[p. 262]</span>
+strongly opposed the views of the seceders, and at a meeting called in
+connection with the movement made so eloquent a plea against the
+separation as to move his hearers to tears.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image16.jpg" width="197" height="273" alt="JOHN A. ANDREW" >
+<br><span class="caption"><small>JOHN A. ANDREW</small><br> <small><i>From a photograph by Black.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Very generous was his conduct in the case of John Brown, when the latter
+lay in a Southern prison, about to be tried for his life, without
+counsel and without money. Mr. Andrew, on becoming acquainted with his
+condition, telegraphed to eminent lawyers in Washington to engage them
+for the defense of the prisoner, and made himself responsible for the
+legal expenses of the case, amounting to thirteen hundred dollars. He
+was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1860, and his forethought and
+sagacity were soon shown in the course of action instituted by him to
+prepare the State for immediate and active participation in the military
+movements which he felt to be near at hand. The measures then taken by
+him were much derided; but, when the crisis came, the heart of the
+public went out to him in gratitude, for every emergency had been
+thought out and provided for.</p>
+
+<p>The governor now became a very busy man. Who can number the hurried
+journeys which he made between Boston and Washington, when his counsel
+was imperatively demanded in the one place and no less needed in the
+other? These exhausting labors, which continued throughout the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page263" name="page263"></a>[p. 263]</span>
+war, never disturbed the serenity of his countenance, always luminous
+with cheerfulness. They were, no doubt, undermining his bodily vigor;
+but his devotion to public duty was such that he was well content to
+spend and be spent in its fulfillment.</p>
+
+<p>I was present at the State House when Governor Andrew presented to the
+legislature of Massachusetts the parting gift of Theodore Parker,&mdash;the
+gun which his grandfather had carried at the battle of Lexington. After
+a brief but very appropriate address, the governor pressed the gun to
+his lips before giving it into the keeping of the official guardian of
+such treasures. This scene was caricatured in one of the public prints
+of the time. I remember it as most impressive.</p>
+
+<p>The governor was an earnest Unitarian, and as already said a charter
+member of the Church of the Disciples. His religious sympathies,
+however, outwent all sectarian limits. He prized and upheld the truly
+devout spirits, wherever found, and delighted in the Methodism of Father
+Taylor. He used to say, "When I want to enjoy a good warm time, I go to
+Brother Grimes's colored church."</p>
+
+<p>Although himself a Protestant of the Protestants, he entertained a
+sincere esteem for individuals among the Catholic clergy. Among these I
+remember Father Finotti as one of whom he <span class="pagenum"><a id="page264" name="page264"></a>[p. 264]</span> often spoke, and who
+was sometimes a guest at his table. When Madame Ristori made her first
+visit to this country, Father Finotti entertained her one day at dinner,
+inviting also Governor and Mrs. Andrew. The governor told me afterward
+that he enjoyed this meeting very much, and described some song or
+recitation which the great actress gave at table, and which the aged
+priest heard with emotion, recalling the days of his youth and the dear
+land of his birth.</p>
+
+<p>Once, when Governor Andrew was with us at our summer home, my husband
+suddenly proposed that we should hold a Sunday service in the shade of
+our beautiful valley. This was on the Sunday morning itself, and the
+time admitted of no preparation. I had with me neither hymnal nor book
+of sermons, and was rather at a loss how to carry out my husband's
+design. The governor at once came to my assistance. He gave the
+Scripture lessons from memory, and deaconed out the lines of a favorite
+hymn,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"The dove let loose in eastern skies,<br>
+  <span class="add1em">Returning fondly home."</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min1em">This we sang to the best of our ability. The governor had in memory some
+writing of his own appropriate to the occasion; and, all joining in the
+Lord's prayer, the simple and beautiful rite was accomplished.</span></p>
+
+<p>The record of our State during the war was a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page265" name="page265"></a>[p. 265]</span> proud one. The
+repeated calls for men and for money were always promptly and generously
+answered. And this promptness was greatly forwarded by the energy and
+patriotic vigilance of the governor. I heard much of this at the time,
+especially from my husband, who was greatly attached to the governor,
+and who himself took an intense interest in all the operations of the
+war.</p>
+
+<p>I am glad to remember that our house was one of the places in which
+Governor Andrew used to take refuge, when the need of rest became
+imperative. Having, perhaps, passed much of the night at the State
+House, receiving telegrams and issuing orders, he would sometimes lie
+down on a sofa in my drawing-room, and snatch a brief nap before dinner
+would be announced.</p>
+
+<p>I seemed to live in and along with the war, while it was in progress,
+and to follow all its ups and downs, its good and ill fortune with these
+two brave men, Dr. Howe and Governor Andrew. Neither of them for a
+moment doubted the final result of the struggle, but both they and I
+were often very sad and much discouraged. Andrew was especially
+distressed at the disastrous retreat in the Wilderness, when medicines,
+stores, and even wounded soldiers were necessarily left behind. He said
+of this, "When I read the accounts of it I thought that the bottom had
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page266" name="page266"></a>[p. 266]</span> dropped out of everything." He was not alone in feeling thus.</p>
+
+<p>While Governor Andrew held himself at the command of the government, and
+was ready to answer every call from the White House with his presence,
+he was no less persistent in the visitations required in his own State.
+Of some of these I can speak from personal experience, having often had
+the pleasure of accompanying him and Mrs. Andrew in such excursions. I
+went twice with the gubernatorial party to attend the Agricultural Fair
+at Barnstable. The first time we were the guests of Mr. Phinney, the
+veteran editor of a Barnstable paper. On another occasion we visited
+Berkshire, and were entertained at Greenfield, North Adams, and
+Stockbridge. Dress parades were usually held at these times. How well I
+have in mind the governor's appearance as, in his military cloak,
+wearing scrupulously white kid gloves, he walked from rank to rank,
+receiving the salute of the men and returning it with great good humor!
+He evidently enjoyed these meetings very much. His staff consisted of
+several young men of high position in the community, who were most
+agreeable companions,&mdash;John Quincy Adams, Henry Lee, handsome Harry
+Ritchie, and one or two others whose names I do not recall. In the
+jollity of these outings the governor did not forget to visit <span class="pagenum"><a id="page267" name="page267"></a>[p. 267]</span>
+the public institutions, prisons, reform schools, insane asylums, etc.
+His presence carried cheer and sunshine into the most dreary places, and
+his deep interest in humanity made itself felt everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>From an early period in the war he saw that the emancipation of the
+negroes of the South was imperatively demanded to insure the success of
+the North. It had always been a moral obligation. It had now become a
+military necessity. When the act was consummated, he not only rejoiced
+in it, but bent all his energies upon the support of the President in an
+act so daring and so likely to be deprecated by the half-hearted. His
+efforts to this end were not confined to his own State. He did much to
+promote unity of opinion and concert in action among the governors of
+other States. He strongly advocated the organization of colored
+regiments, and the first of these that reached the field of battle came
+from his State.</p>
+
+<p>All of us, I suppose, have met with people who are democratic in theory,
+but who in practical life prefer to remain in relation mostly with
+individuals of their own or a superior class. Our great governor's
+democracy was not founded on intellectual conviction alone. It was a
+democracy of taste and of feeling. I say of taste, because he discerned
+the beauty of life which is often <span class="pagenum">[p. 268]</span> found among the lowly, the
+faithfulness of servants, the good ambition of working people to do
+their best with hammer and saw, with needle and thread. He earnestly
+desired that people of all degrees, high and low, rich and poor, should
+enjoy the blessings of civilization, should have their position of use
+and honor in the great human brotherhood. And it was this sweet and
+sincere humanity of heart which gave him so wide and varied a sphere of
+influence. He could confer with the cook in her kitchen, with the
+artisan at his task, with the convict in his cell, and always leave
+behind him an impression of kindness and sympathy. I have often in my
+mind compared society to a vast orchestra, which, properly led, gives
+forth a heavenly music, and which, ill conducted, utters only harsh and
+discordant sounds. The true leader of the orchestra has the music in his
+mind. He can read the intricate scroll which is set up before him; and
+so the army of melody responds to his tap, and instrument after
+instrument wakes at his bidding and is silent at his command.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot help thinking of Governor Andrew as such a leader. In his heart
+was written the music of the law of love. Before his eyes was the scroll
+of the great designs of Providence. And so, being at peace in himself,
+he promoted peace and harmony among those with whom he had to do;
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page269" name="page269"></a>[p. 269]</span> unanimity of action during the war, unanimity of consent and
+of rejoicing when peace came.</p>
+
+<p>So beneficent a presence has rarely shown itself among us. I trust that
+something of its radiance will continue to enlighten our national
+counsels and to cheer our hearts with the great hope which made him
+great.</p>
+
+<p>During the years of the war, Washington naturally became the great
+centre of interest. Politicians of every grade, adventurers of either
+sex, inventors of all sorts of military appliances, and simple citizens,
+good and bad, flocked thither in great numbers. My own first visit to it
+was in the late autumn of 1861, and was made in company with Rev. James
+Freeman Clarke, Governor Andrew, and my husband. Dr. Howe had already
+passed beyond the age of military service, but was enabled to render
+valuable aid as an officer of the Sanitary Commission, and also on the
+commission which had in charge the condition and interests of the newly
+freed slaves.</p>
+
+<p>Although Dr. Howe had won his spurs many years before this time, in the
+guerrilla contests of the Greek struggle for national life, his
+understanding of military operations continued to be remarkable.
+Throughout the course of the war, I never remember him to have been
+deceived by an illusory report of victory. He would carefully consider
+<a name="the_plan_of_the_battle" id="the_plan_of_the_battle"></a>the plan of the battle, and when he <span class="pagenum"><a id="page270" name="page270"></a>[p. 270]</span> would say, "This looks to
+me like a defeat," the later reports were sure to justify his surmises.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image17.jpg" width="189" height="275" alt="JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+From a photograph by J. J. Hawes, about 1861" >
+<br><span class="caption"><small>JULIA WARD HOWE</small>
+
+<br><small><i>From a photograph by J. J. Hawes, about 1861.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>As we approached the city, I saw from time to time small groups of armed
+men seated on the ground near a fire. Dr. Howe explained to me that
+these were the pickets detailed to guard the railroad. The main body of
+the enemy's troops was then stationed in the near neighborhood of
+Washington, and the capture of the national capital would have been of
+great strategic advantage to their cause. In order to render this
+impossible, the great Army of the Potomac was encamped around the city,
+with General McClellan in command. Within the city limits mounted
+officers and orderlies galloped to and fro. Ambulances, drawn by four
+horses, drove through the streets, stopping sometimes before Willard's
+Hotel, where we had all found quarters. From my window I saw the office
+of the "New York Herald," and near it the ghastly advertisement of an
+agency for embalming and forwarding the bodies of those who had fallen
+in the fight or who had perished by fever. William Henry Channing,
+nephew of the great Channing, and heir to his spiritual distinction, had
+left his Liverpool pulpit, deeply stirred by love of his country and
+enthusiasm in a noble cause. On Sundays, his voice rang out, clear and
+musical as a bell, within the walls of the Unitarian church. I went more
+than once with him <span class="pagenum"><a id="page271" name="page271"></a>[p. 271]</span>and Mr. Clarke to visit camps and hospitals.
+It was on the occasion of one of these visits that I made my very first
+attempt at public speaking. I had joined the rest of my party in a
+reconnoitring expedition, the last stage of which was the headquarters
+of Colonel William B. Greene, of the First Massachusetts Heavy
+Artillery. Our friend received us with a warm welcome, and presently
+said to me, "Mrs. Howe, you must speak to my men." Feeling my utter
+inability to do this, I ran away and tried to hide myself in one of the
+hospital tents. Colonel Greene twice found me and brought me back to his
+piazza, where at last I stood, and told as well as I could how glad I
+was to meet the brave defenders of our cause, and how constantly they
+were in my thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>Among my recollections of this period I especially cherish that of an
+interview with President Abraham Lincoln, arranged for us by our kind
+friend, Governor Andrew. The President was laboring at this time under a
+terrible pressure of doubt and anxiety. He received us in one of the
+drawing-rooms of the White House, where we were invited to take seats,
+in full view of Stuart's portrait of Washington. The conversation took
+place mostly between the President and Governor Andrew. I remember well
+the sad expression of Mr. Lincoln's deep blue eyes, the only feature of
+his face which could be called other than plain. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page272" name="page272"></a>[p. 272]</span> Mrs. Andrew,
+being of the company, inquired when we could have the pleasure of seeing
+Mrs. Lincoln, and Mr. Lincoln named to us the day of her reception. He
+said to Governor Andrew, apropos of I know not what, "I once heerd
+George Sumner tell a story." The unusual pronunciation fixed in my
+memory this one unimportant sentence. The talk, indeed, ran mostly on
+indifferent topics.</p>
+
+<p>When we had taken leave, and were out of hearing, Mr. Clarke said of Mr.
+Lincoln, "We have seen it in his face; hopeless honesty; that is all."
+He said it as if he felt that it was far from enough.</p>
+
+<p>None of us knew then&mdash;how could we have known?&mdash;how deeply God's wisdom
+had touched and inspired that devout and patient soul. At the moment few
+people praised or trusted him. "Why did he not do this, or that, or the
+other? He a President, indeed! Look at this war, dragging on so slowly!
+Look at our many defeats and rare victories!" Such was the talk that one
+constantly heard regarding him. The most charitable held that he meant
+well. Governor Andrew was one of the few whose faith in him never
+wavered.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, through evil and good report, he was listening for the
+mandate which comes to one alone, bringing with it the decision of a
+mind convinced <span class="pagenum"><a id="page273" name="page273"></a>[p. 273]</span> and of a conscience resolved. When the right
+moment came, he issued the proclamation of emancipation to the slaves.
+He sent his generals into the enemy's country. He lived to welcome them
+back as victors, to electrify the civilized world with his simple,
+sincere speech, to fall by the hand of an assassin, to bequeath to his
+country the most tragical and sacred of her memories.</p>
+
+<p>It would be impossible for me to say how many times I have been called
+upon to rehearse the circumstances under which I wrote the "Battle Hymn
+of the Republic." I have also had occasion more than once to state the
+simple story in writing. As this oft-told tale has no unimportant part
+in the story of my life, I will briefly add it to these records. I
+distinctly remember that a feeling of discouragement came over me as I
+drew near the city of Washington at the time already mentioned. I
+thought of the women of my acquaintance whose sons or husbands were
+fighting our great battle; the women themselves serving in the
+hospitals, or busying themselves with the work of the Sanitary
+Commission. My husband, as already said, was beyond the age of military
+service, my eldest son but a stripling; my youngest was a child of not
+more than two years. I could not leave my nursery to follow the march of
+our armies, neither had I the practical deftness which the preparing and
+packing of sanitary stores demanded. Something <span class="pagenum">[p. 274]</span> seemed to say to
+me, "You would be glad to serve, but you cannot help any one; you have
+nothing to give, and there is nothing for you to do." Yet, because of my
+sincere desire, a word was given me to say, which did strengthen the
+hearts of those who fought in the field and of those who languished in
+the prison.</p>
+
+<p>We were invited, one day, to attend a review of troops at some distance
+from the town. While we were engaged in watching the man&oelig;uvres, a
+sudden movement of the enemy necessitated immediate action. The review
+was discontinued, and we saw a detachment of soldiers gallop to the
+assistance of a small body of our men who were in imminent danger of
+being surrounded and cut off from retreat. The regiments remaining on
+the field were ordered to march to their cantonments. We returned to the
+city very slowly, of necessity, for the troops nearly filled the road.
+My dear minister was in the carriage with me, as were several other
+friends. To beguile the rather tedious drive, we sang from time to time
+snatches of the army songs so popular at that time, concluding, I think,
+with</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the ground;<br>
+      <span class="add2em">His soul is marching on."</span></p>
+
+<p>The soldiers seemed to like this, and answered back, "Good for you!" Mr.
+Clarke said, "Mrs. Howe, why do you not write some good words for
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page275" name="page275"></a>[p. 275]</span> that stirring tune?" I replied that I had often wished to do
+this, but had not as yet found in my mind any leading toward it.</p>
+
+<p>I went to bed that night as usual, and slept, according to my wont,
+quite soundly. I awoke in the gray of the morning twilight; and as I lay
+waiting for the dawn, the long lines of the desired poem began to twine
+themselves in my mind. Having thought out all the stanzas, I said to
+myself, "I must get up and write these verses down, lest I fall asleep
+again and forget them." So, with a sudden effort, I sprang out of bed,
+and found in the dimness an old stump of a pen which I remembered to
+have used the day before. I scrawled the verses almost without looking
+at the paper. I had learned to do this when, on previous occasions,
+attacks of versification had visited me in the night, and I feared to
+have recourse to a light lest I should wake the baby, who slept near me.
+I was always obliged to decipher my scrawl before another night should
+intervene, as it was only legible while the matter was fresh in my mind.
+At this time, having completed my writing, I returned to bed and fell
+asleep, saying to myself, "I like this better than most things that I
+have written."</p>
+
+<p>The poem, which was soon after published in the "Atlantic Monthly," was
+somewhat praised on its appearance, but the vicissitudes of the war
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page276" name="page276"></a>[p. 276]</span> so engrossed public attention that small heed was taken of
+literary matters. I knew, and was content to know, that the poem soon
+found its <a name="way_to_the_camps" id="way_to_the_camps"></a>way to the camps, as I heard from time to time of its being
+sung in chorus by the soldiers.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image18.jpg" width="612" height="248" alt="Facsimile of the First Draft of the Battle Hymn of the Republic
+From the original MS. in the possession of Mrs. E. P. Whipple, Boston."></div>
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image19.jpg" width="612" height="362" alt="Facsimile of the First Draft of the Battle Hymn of the Republic
+From the original MS. in the possession of Mrs. E. P. Whipple, Boston.">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST DRAFT OF THE BATTLE HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC</small>
+<br><small><i>From the original MS. in the possession of Mrs. E. P. Whipple, Boston.</i></small></span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/image18full.jpg">View larger image</a></span><br /><span class="link"><a href="images/hymn2.jpg">View larger image</a></span><br />
+<span class="link"><a href="images/hymn3.jpg">View larger image</a></span></div>
+
+
+<p>As the war went on, it came to pass that Chaplain McCabe, newly released
+from Libby Prison, gave a public lecture in Washington, and recounted
+some of his recent experiences. Among them was the following: He and the
+other Union prisoners occupied one large, comfortless room, in which the
+floor was their only bed. An official in charge of them told them, one
+evening, that the Union arms had just sustained a terrible defeat. While
+they sat together in great sorrow, the negro who waited upon them
+whispered to one man that the officer had given them false information,
+and that the Union soldiers had, on the contrary, achieved an important
+victory. At this good news they all rejoiced, and presently made the
+walls ring with my Battle Hymn, which they sang in chorus, Chaplain
+McCabe leading. The lecturer recited the poem with such effect that
+those present began to inquire, "Who wrote this Battle Hymn?" It now
+became one of the leading lyrics of the war. In view of its success, one
+of my good friends said, "Mrs. Howe ought to die now, for she has done
+the best that she will ever do." I was not of this opinion, feeling
+myself still "full of days' works," <span class="pagenum"><a id="page277" name="page277"></a>[p. 277]</span> although I did not guess
+at the new experiences which then lay before me.</p>
+
+<p>While the war was still at its height, I received a kind letter from
+Hon. George Bancroft, conveying an invitation to attend a celebration of
+the poet Bryant's seventieth birthday, to be given by the New York
+Century Club, of which Mr. Bancroft was the newly-elected president. He
+also expressed the hope that I would bring with me something in verse or
+in prose, to add to the tributes of the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Having accepted the invitation and made ready my tribute, I repaired to
+the station on the day appointed, to take the train for New York. Dr.
+Holmes presently appeared, bound on the same errand. As we seated
+ourselves in the car, he said to me, "Mrs. Howe, I will sit beside you,
+but you must not expect me to talk, as I must spare my voice for this
+evening, when I am to read a poem at the Bryant celebration." "By all
+means let us keep silent," I replied. "I also have a poem to read at the
+Bryant celebration." The dear Doctor, always my friend, overestimated
+his power of abstinence from the interchange of thought which was so
+congenial to him. He at once launched forth in his ever brilliant vein,
+and we were within a few miles of our destination when we suddenly
+remembered that we had not taken time to eat our luncheon. I find in my
+diary <span class="pagenum"><a id="page278" name="page278"></a>[p. 278]</span> of the time this record: "Dr. Holmes was my companion.
+His ethereal talk made the journey short and brilliant."</p>
+
+<p>The journal further says: "Arriving in New York, Mr. Bancroft met us at
+the station, intent upon escorting Dr. Holmes, who was to be his guest.
+He was good enough to wait upon me also; carried my trunk, which was a
+small one, and lent me his carriage. He inquired about my poem, and
+informed me of its place in the order of exercises....</p>
+
+<p>"At 8.15 drove to the Century Building, which was fast filling with
+well-dressed men and women. Was conducted to the reception room, where I
+waited with those who were to take part in the performances of the
+evening."</p>
+
+<p>I will add here that I saw, among others, N. P. Willis, already infirm
+in health, and looking like the ghost of his former self. There also was
+Dr. Francis Lieber, who said to me in a low voice: "<i>Nur verwegen!</i>"
+(Only be audacious.) "Presently a double line was formed to pass into
+the hall. Mr. Bancroft, Mr. Bryant, and I brought up the rear, Mr.
+Bryant giving me his arm. On the platform were three armchairs, which
+were taken by the two gentlemen and myself."</p>
+
+<p>The assemblage was indeed a notable one. The fashion of New York was
+well represented, but its foremost artists, publicists, and literary
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page279" name="page279"></a>[p. 279]</span> men were also present. Mr. Emerson had come on from Concord.
+Christopher Cranch united with other artists in presenting to the
+venerable poet a portfolio of original drawings, to which each had
+contributed some work of his own. I afterwards learned that T. Buchanan
+Read had arrived from Washington, having in his pocket his newly
+composed poem on "Sheridan's Ride," which he would gladly have read
+aloud had the committee found room for it on their programme. A letter
+was received from the elder R. H. Dana, in which he excused his absence
+on account of his seventy-seven years and consequent inability to
+travel. Dr. Holmes read his verses very effectively. Mr. Emerson spoke
+rather vaguely. For my part in the evening's proceedings, I will once
+more quote from the diary:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Bryant, in his graceful reply to Mr. Bancroft's address of
+congratulation, spoke of me as 'she who has written the most stirring
+lyric of the war.' After Mr. Emerson's remarks my poem was announced. I
+stepped to the middle of the platform, and read it well, I think, as
+every one heard me, and the large room was crammed. The last two verses
+were applauded. George H. Boker, of Philadelphia, followed me, and Dr.
+Holmes followed him. This was, I suppose, the greatest public honor of
+my life. I record it here for my grandchildren." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page280" name="page280"></a>[p. 280]</span></p>
+
+<p>The existence of these grandchildren lay then in the problematic future.
+I was requested to leave my poem in the hands of the committee for
+publication in a volume which would contain the other tributes of the
+evening. Dr. Holmes told me that he had declined to do this, and said in
+explanation, "I want my <i>honorarium</i> from the 'Atlantic Monthly.'" We
+returned to Boston twenty-four hours later, by night train. Eschewing
+the indulgence of the sleeper, we talked through the dark hours. The
+Doctor gave me the nickname of "<i>Madame Comment</i>" (Mrs. Howe), and I
+told him that he was the most perfect of traveling companions.<span class="pagenum"><a id="page281" name="page281"></a>[p. 281]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<h2>THE BOSTON RADICAL CLUB: DR. F. H. HEDGE</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Boston Radical Club appears to me one of the social developments
+most worthy of remembrance in the third quarter of the nineteenth
+century. From a published record of its meetings I gather that the first
+of them was held at the residence of Dr. Bartol in the autumn of the
+year 1867. I felt a little grieved and aggrieved at the time, in that no
+invitation had been sent me to be present on this occasion, but was soon
+consoled by a letter offering me membership in the new association,
+which, it may be supposed, I did not decline. The government of the club
+was of the simplest. Its meetings were held on the first Monday of every
+month, and most frequently at the house of Rev. John T. Sargent, though
+occasionally at that of Dr. Bartol. The master of the house usually
+presided, but Mrs. Sargent was always present and aided much in
+suggesting the names of the persons who should be called upon to discuss
+the essay of the day. The proceedings were limited to the reading and
+discussion of a paper, which rarely exceeded an hour <span class="pagenum"><a id="page282" name="page282"></a>[p. 282]</span> in
+length. On looking over the list of essayists, I find that it includes
+the most eminent thinkers of the day, in so far as Massachusetts is
+concerned. Among the speakers mentioned are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Dr.
+Hedge, David A. Wasson, O. B. Frothingham, John Weiss, Colonel
+Higginson, Benjamin Peirce, William Henry Channing, C. C. Everett, and
+James Freeman Clarke. It was a glad surprise to me when I was first
+invited to read a paper before this august assemblage. This honor I
+enjoyed more than once, but I appreciated even more the privilege of
+listening and of taking part in the discussions which, after the lapse
+of many years, are still remembered by me as truly admirable and
+instructive.</p>
+
+<p>I did indeed hear at these meetings much that pained and even irritated
+me. The disposition to seek outside the limits of Christianity for all
+that is noble and inspiring in religious culture, and to recognize
+especially within these limits the superstition and intolerance which
+have been the bane of all religions&mdash;this disposition, which was
+frequently manifested both in the essays presented and in their
+discussion, offended not only my affections, but also my sense of
+justice. I had indeed been led to transcend the limits of the old
+tradition; I had also devoted much time to studies of philosophy, and
+had become conversant <span class="pagenum"><a id="page283" name="page283"></a>[p. 283]</span> with the works of Auguste Comte, Hegel,
+Spinoza, Kant, and Swedenborg. Nothing of what I had heard or read had
+shaken my faith in the leadership of Christ in the religion which makes
+each man the brother of all, and God the beneficent father of each and
+all,&mdash;the religion of humanity. Neither did this my conviction suffer
+any disturbance through the views presented by speakers at the Radical
+Club.</p>
+
+<p>Setting this one point aside, I can but speak of the club as a high
+congress of souls, in which many noble thoughts were uttered. Nobler
+than any special view or presentation was the general sense of the
+dignity of human character and of its affinity with things divine, which
+always gave the master tone to the discussions.</p>
+
+<p>The first essay read before the Radical Club of which I have any
+distinct recollection was by Rev. John Weiss, and had for its title,
+"The Immanence of God." It was highly speculative in character, and
+appeared to me to suggest many insoluble questions, among others, that
+of the origin of the sensible world.</p>
+
+<p>Lord and Lady Amberley, who were present, expressed to me great
+admiration of the essay. The occasion was rendered memorable by the
+beautiful presence of Lucretia Mott.</p>
+
+<p>Other discourses of John Weiss I remember with greater pleasure, notably
+one on the legend <span class="pagenum"><a id="page284" name="page284"></a>[p. 284]</span> of Prometheus, in which his love for Greece
+had full scope, while his vivid imagination, like a blazing torch,
+illuminated for us the deep significance of that ancient myth.</p>
+
+<p>I remember, at one of these meetings, a rather sharp passage at arms
+between Mr. Weiss and James Freeman Clarke. Mr. Weiss had been
+declaiming against the insincerity which he recognized in ministers who
+continue to use formulas of faith which have ceased to correspond to any
+real conviction. The speaker confessed his own shortcoming in this
+respect.</p>
+
+<p>"All of us," he said,&mdash;"yes, I myself have prayed in the name of Christ,
+when my own feeling did not sanction its use."</p>
+
+<p>On hearing this, Mr. Clarke broke in.</p>
+
+<p>"Let Mr. Weiss answer for himself," he said with some vehemence of
+manner. "If in his pulpit he prayed in the name of Christ, and did not
+believe in what he said, it was John Weiss that lied, and not one of
+us." The dear minister afterwards asked me whether he had shown any heat
+in what he said. I replied, "Yes, but it was good heat."</p>
+
+<p>Another memorable day at the club was that on which the eminent French
+Protestant divine, Athanase Coquerel, spoke of religion and art in their
+relation to each other. After a brief but interesting review of classic,
+Byzantine, and medi�val <span class="pagenum"><a id="page285" name="page285"></a>[p. 285]</span> art, M. Coquerel expressed his dissent
+from the generally received opinion that the Church of Rome had always
+been foremost in the promotion and patronage of the fine arts. The
+greatest of Italian masters, he averred, while standing in the formal
+relations with that church, had often shown opposition to its spirit.
+Michael Angelo's sonnets revealed a state of mind intolerant of
+ecclesiastical as of other tyranny. Raphael, in the execution of a papal
+order, had represented true religion by a portrait figure of Savonarola.
+Holbein and Rembrandt were avowed Protestants. He considered the
+individuality fostered by Protestantism as most favorable to the
+development of originality in art.</p>
+
+<p>With these views Colonel Higginson did not agree. He held that
+Christianity had reached its highest point under the dispensation of the
+Catholic faith, and that the progress of Protestantism marked its
+decline. This assertion called forth an energetic denial from Dr. Hedge,
+Mr. Clarke, and myself.</p>
+
+<p>M. Coquerel paid a second visit to the Radical Club, and spoke again of
+art, but without reference to any question between differing sects. He
+began this discourse by laying down two rules which should be followed
+by one aspiring to become an artist. In the first place, he must make
+sure that he has something to say which can only <span class="pagenum"><a id="page286" name="page286"></a>[p. 286]</span> be said
+through this medium. In the second place, he must make himself master of
+the grammar of the art which he intends to pursue.</p>
+
+<p>While I cannot avoid recognizing the anti-Christian twist which mostly
+prevailed in the Radical Club, I am far from wishing to convey the
+impression that those of us who were otherwise affected were not allowed
+the opportunity of expressing our own individual opinions. The presence
+at the meetings of such men as James Freeman Clarke, Dr. Hedge, William
+Henry Channing, and Wendell Phillips was a sufficient earnest of the
+catholicity of intention which prevailed in the government of the club.
+Only the intellectual bias was so much in the opposite direction that we
+who stood for the pre�minence of Christianity sometimes felt ourselves
+at a disadvantage, and in danger of being set down as ignorant of much
+that our opponents assumed to know.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection I must mention a day on which, under the title of
+"Jonathan Edwards," Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes favored the club with a
+very graphic exposition of old-time New England Calvinism. The brilliant
+doctor's treatment of this difficult topic was appreciative and
+friendly, though by no means acquiescent in the doctrines presented. He
+said, indeed, that "the feeling which naturally arises in contemplating
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page287" name="page287"></a>[p. 287]</span> the character of Jonathan Edwards is that of deep reverence
+for a man who seems to have been anointed from his birth; who lived a
+life pure, laborious, self-denying, occupied with the highest themes,
+and busy in the highest kind of labor."</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, Wendell Phillips thought the paper, on the whole, unjust
+to Edwards, and felt that there must have been in his doctrine another
+side not fully brought forward by the essayist. These and other speakers
+were heard with great interest, and the meeting was one of the best on
+our record.</p>
+
+<p>I have heard it said that Wendell Phillips's orthodoxy was greatly
+valued among the anti-slavery workers, especially as the orthodox
+pulpits of the time gave them little support or comfort. I was told that
+Edmund Quincy, one day, saw Parker and Phillips walking arm in arm, and
+cried out: "Parker, don't dare to pervert that man. We want him as he
+is."</p>
+
+<p>I was thrice invited to read before the Radical Club. The titles of my
+three papers were, "Doubt and Belief," "Limitations," "Representation,
+and How to Secure it."</p>
+
+<p>William Henry Channing was one of the bright lights of the Radical Club,
+a man of fervent nature and of exquisite perceptions, presenting in his
+character the rare combination of deep piety with breadth of view and
+critical acumen. We <span class="pagenum">[p. 288]</span> were indebted to him for a discourse on
+"The Christian Name," in which he vindicated the claim of Christianity
+to the homage of the ages. His words, most welcome to me, came to us
+like reconciling harmony after a succession of discords.</p>
+
+<p>A singular over-appreciation of the value of the spoken as compared with
+the written word led Mr. Channing to speak always or mostly without a
+manuscript. It was much to be regretted that he in this way failed to
+give a permanent literary form to the thoughts which he so eloquently
+expressed, reminding some of his hearers of the costly pearl dissolved
+in wine. The discourse of which I have just spoken, while arousing
+considerable difference of opinion among those who listened to it, did
+nevertheless leave behind it a sweetening and elevating influence, due
+to a fresh outpouring of the divine spirit of charity and peace.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection I may speak of a series of discourses upon questions
+of religion, mostly critical in tone, which were given at Horticultural
+Hall on Sunday afternoons in the palmy days of the Radical Club. I had
+listened with pain to one of these, of which the drift appeared to me
+particularly undevout, and was resting still under the weight of this
+painful impression when I saw William Henry Channing coming towards me,
+and detained him for a moment's speech. "What are we to say to all
+this?" I inquired. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page289" name="page289"></a>[p. 289]</span></p>
+
+<p>"Be of good cheer," said he; "the topic demanded a telescopic rifle, and
+this man has been firing at something ten miles away with a
+blunderbuss."</p>
+
+<p>I was always glad of Mr. Channing's presence on occasions on which
+matters of faith were likely to be called in question. I felt great
+support in the assurance that he would always uphold the right, and in
+the right spirit.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the strength of this assurance that I betook myself to Mrs.
+Sargent's house one evening, to hear Mr. Francis E. Abbot expound his
+peculiar views to a little company of Unitarian ministers. Mr. Abbot, in
+the course of his remarks, exclaimed: "The Christian Church is blind! it
+is blind!" Mr. Wasson replied: "We cannot allow Brother Abbot to think
+that he is the only one who sees." I remember of this evening that I
+came away much impressed with the beautiful patience of the older
+gentlemen.</p>
+
+<p>I must mention one more occasion at the Radical Club. I can remember
+neither the topic nor the reader of the essay, but the discussion
+drifted, as it often did, in the direction of woman suffrage, and John
+Weiss delivered himself of the following utterance: "When man and woman
+shall meet at the polls, and he shall hold out his hand and say to her,
+Give me your quick intuition and accept in return my ratiocination"&mdash;&mdash; A
+ringing laugh <span class="pagenum"><a id="page290" name="page290"></a>[p. 290]</span> here interrupted the speaker. It came from Kate
+Field.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Emerson had a brief connection with the Radical Club; and this may
+be a suitable place in which to give my personal impressions of the
+Prophet of New England. In remembering Mr. Emerson, we should analyze
+his works sufficiently to be able to distinguish the things in which he
+really was a leader and a teacher from other traits peculiar to himself,
+and interesting as elements of his historic character, but not as
+features of the ideal which we are to follow. Mr. Emerson objected
+strongly to newspaper reports of the sittings of the Radical Club. The
+reports sent to the New York "Tribune" by Mrs. Louise Chandler Moulton
+were eagerly sought and read in very distant parts of the country. I
+rejoiced in this. It seemed to me that the uses of the club were thus
+greatly multiplied and extended. It became an agency in the great church
+universal. Mr. Emerson's principal objection to the reports was that
+they interfered with the freedom of the occasion. When this objection
+failed to prevail, he withdrew from the club almost entirely, and was
+never more heard among its speakers.</p>
+
+<p>I remember hearing Mr. Emerson, in his discourse on Henry Thoreau,
+relate that the latter had once determined to manufacture the best lead
+pencil that could possibly be made. Having <span class="pagenum"><a id="page291" name="page291"></a>[p. 291]</span> attained this end,
+parties interested at once besought him to make this excellent article
+attainable in trade. He said, "Why should I do this? I have shown that I
+am able to produce the best pencil that can be made. This was all that I
+cared to do." The selfishness and egotism of this point of view did not
+appear to have entered into Mr. Emerson's thoughts. Upon this principle,
+which of the great discoverers or inventors would have become a
+benefactor to the human race? Theodore Parker once said to me, "I do not
+consider Emerson a philosopher, but a poet lacking the accomplishment of
+rhyme." This may not be altogether true, but it is worth remembering.
+There is something of the <i>vates</i> in Mr. Emerson. The deep intuitions,
+the original and startling combinations, the sometimes whimsical beauty
+of his illustrations,&mdash;all these belong rather to the domain of poetry
+than to that of philosophy. The high level of thought upon which he
+lived and moved and the wonderful harmony of his sympathies are his
+great lesson to the world at large. Despite his rather defective sense
+of rhythm, his poems are divine snatches of melody. I think that, in the
+popular affection, they may outlast his prose.</p>
+
+<p>I was once surprised, in hearing Mr. Emerson talk, to find how
+extensively read he was in what we may term secondary literature.
+Although a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page292" name="page292"></a>[p. 292]</span> graduate of Harvard, his reading of foreign
+literatures, ancient and modern, was mostly in translations. I should
+say that his intellectual <a name="pasture_ground" id="pasture_ground"></a>pasture ground had been largely within the
+domain of belles-lettres proper.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image20.jpg" width="160" height="205" alt="RALPH WALDO EMERSON" >
+<br><span class="caption"><small>RALPH WALDO EMERSON</small><br> <small><i>From a photograph by Black.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>He was a man of angelic nature, pure, exquisite, just, refined, and
+human. All concede him the highest place in our literary heaven. First
+class in genius and in character, he was able to discern the face of the
+times. To him was entrusted not only the silver trump of prophecy, but
+also that sharp and two-edged sword of the Spirit with which the
+legendary archangel Michael overcomes the brute Satan. In the great
+victory of his day, the triumph of freedom over slavery, he has a record
+not to be outdone and never to be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>A lesser light of this time was the Rev. Samuel Longfellow. I remember
+him first as of a somewhat vague and vanishing personality, not much
+noticed when his admired brother was of the company. This was before the
+beginning of his professional career. A little later, I heard of his
+ordination as a Unitarian minister from Rev. Edward Everett Hale, who
+had attended, and possibly taken part in, the services. The poet
+Longfellow had written a lovely hymn for the occasion, beginning with
+this line:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"Christ to the young man said, 'Give me thy heart.'"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page293" name="page293"></a>[p. 293]</span>Mr. Hale spoke of "Sam Longfellow" as a valued friend, and remarked upon
+the modesty and sweetness of his disposition. "I saw him the other day,"
+said Mr. Hale. "He showed me a box of colors which he had long desired
+to possess, and which he had just purchased. Sam said to me, 'I thought
+I might have this now.'" He was fond of sketching from nature.</p>
+
+<p>Years after this time, I heard Mr. Longfellow preach at the Hawes Church
+in South Boston. After the service I invited him to take a Sunday dinner
+with Dr. Howe and myself. He consented, and I remember that in the
+course of our conversation he said, "Theodore Parker has made things
+easier for us young ministers. He has demolished so much which it was
+necessary to remove." The collection entitled "Hymns of the Spirit," and
+published under the joint names of Samuel Longfellow and Samuel Johnson,
+is a valuable one, and the hymns which Mr. Longfellow himself
+contributed to the <i>r�pertoire</i> of the denomination are deeply religious
+in tone; and yet I must think that among Unitarians of thirty or more
+years ago he was held to be something of a skeptic. Thomas G. Appleton
+was speaking of him in my presence one day, and said, "He asked me
+whether I could not get along without the idea of a personal God. I
+replied, 'No, you &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;.'" Appleton shook his fist, and was very
+vehement in his expression; <span class="pagenum"><a id="page294" name="page294"></a>[p. 294]</span> but his indignation had reference
+to Mr. Longfellow's supposed opinions, and not at all to his character,
+which was esteemed of all men.</p>
+
+<p>I myself was present when he read his essay on "Law" before the Radical
+Club. Of this I especially recall a rather elaborate argument against
+the popular notion of a directing and overruling Providence. He
+supported his statement by the imagined story of a shipwreck or railroad
+disaster, in which some would escape injury, while others quite as
+worthy might be killed or maimed for life. "How," he asked, "could we
+call a providence divine which, able to save all of those people, should
+rescue only a part of them, leaving the rest to perish?"</p>
+
+<p>When it became my turn to take part in the discussion of this paper, I
+admitted the logical consistency of Mr. Longfellow's argument. I could
+point out no flaw in it, and yet, I maintained that the faith in an
+overruling Providence lay so deeply in my mind that it still persevered,
+in spite of the ingenious statements to which we had just listened. Mrs.
+Livermore, who was present on this occasion, expressed herself as much
+of my opinion, acknowledging the consistency of the demonstration, but
+declining to abide in the conclusion arrived at.</p>
+
+<p>My last recollection of speech with Mr. Longfellow is of an evening on
+which I lectured at his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page295" name="page295"></a>[p. 295]</span> church in Germantown. He gave me a
+most hospitable reception, and I found it very pleasant to be his guest.</p>
+
+<hr class="small">
+
+<p>To speak of my first impressions of Dr. F. H. Hedge, I must turn back to
+the autumn of 1841, when he delivered his first Phi Beta address at
+Harvard College.</p>
+
+<p>This was the summer already mentioned as having brought my first meeting
+with Dr. Howe. Commencement and Phi Beta in those days were held in the
+early autumn, and my sisters and I were staying at a cottage in
+Dorchester when we received an invitation from Mrs. Farrar, of
+hospitable memory, to pass the day at her house, with other guests,
+among whom Margaret Fuller was mentioned. It was arranged that I should
+go with Margaret to the church in which the morning meeting would be
+held. I had never even heard of Dr. Hedge, but I listened to him with
+close attention, and can still recall the steely ring of his voice, and
+the effect of his clear-cut sentences. The poem was given by Charles
+Sprague; and of this I only remember that in one couplet, speaking of
+the wonderful talents which parents are apt to recognize in their
+children, he asked whence could have come those ordinary men and women
+whom we all know. This question provoked some laughter on the part of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page296" name="page296"></a>[p. 296]</span> the audience. As we left the church, I asked Margaret whether
+she had not found Dr. Hedge's discourse very good. She replied, "Yes; it
+was high ground for middle ground." Many years after this time, I asked
+Dr. Hedge what Margaret could have meant by this saying. His answer was
+that she had hoped to see him take a more pronounced position with
+regard to the vexed questions of the time.</p>
+
+<p>From the church we returned to dine with Mrs. Farrar, on whose pleasant
+piazza I enjoyed a long walk and talk with Margaret. By and by a
+carriage stopped before the door. She said, "It is Mr. Ripley; he has
+come for me. I have promised to visit his wife." In a few words she told
+me about this remarkable woman, who was long spoken of as "the wonderful
+Mrs. Ripley."</p>
+
+<p>It must have been, I think, some twelve years later that I met Dr. Hedge
+for the first time at a friend's house in Providence, R. I. He was at
+this time pastor of the first and only Unitarian church in that city. In
+the course of the evening which I passed in his company, I was
+repeatedly invited to sing, and did so, remarking at last that when I
+began to sing I was like the minister when he began to pray, I never
+knew when to leave off.</p>
+
+<p>Years after this time, I met him walking in Washington Street, Boston,
+with a mutual acquaintance. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page297" name="page297"></a>[p. 297]</span> This person, whose name I cannot
+now recall, stopped me and said, "Here is our friend, Dr. Hedge, who is
+henceforth to be in our neighborhood." I replied that I was glad to hear
+it, and was somewhat taken aback when Dr. Hedge, addressing me, said,
+"No, you are not glad at all. You don't care anything about ministers."</p>
+
+<p>"Why do you say so?" I rejoined. "I belong to James Freeman Clarke's
+congregation, and I do care a great deal about some ministers."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hedge then mischievously reminded me of my speech in Providence,
+which I had entirely forgotten, and with a little mutual pleasantry he
+went on his way and I on mine. Dr. Hedge's irony might have been
+characterized as "a pleasant sour." I think that I felt, in spite of it,
+the weight and value of his character, even when he appeared to treat me
+with little consideration. I heard an excellent sermon from him one day,
+at our own church, and went up after service to thank him for it. I had
+with me three of my young children and, as I showed them, I said, "See
+what a mother in Israel I have become." "It takes something more than a
+large family to make a mother in Israel," said the doctor. I do not
+quite know how it was that I took him, as the French say, into great
+affection, inviting him frequently to my house, and feeling a sort of
+illumi <span class="pagenum"><a id="page298" name="page298"></a>[p. 298]</span> nation in his clear intellect and severe taste. Before
+I had come to know him well, I asked Theodore Parker whether he did not
+consider Dr. Hedge a very learned man. He replied, "Hedge is learned in
+spots."</p>
+
+<p>Parker's idea of learning was of the encyclop�dic kind. He wanted to
+know everything about everything; his reading and research had no limits
+but those of his own strength, and for many years he was able to set
+these at naught. He was wonderfully well informed in many directions,
+and his depth of thought enabled him to make his multifarious knowledge
+available for the great work which was the joy of his life. Yet I
+remember that even he, on one occasion, spoke of the cinnerian matter of
+the brain, usually termed the <i>cineritious</i>. Horace Mann, who was
+present, corrected this, and said, "Parker, that is the first mistake I
+ever heard you make." Parker seemed a little annoyed at this small slip.</p>
+
+<p>I heard a second Phi Beta discourse from Dr. Hedge some time in the
+sixties. I remember of it that he compared the personal and petty
+discipline of Harvard College with the independent r�gime of the German
+universities, which he greatly preferred. He also said, quite
+distinctly, that he considered the study of German literature to-day
+more important than that of the Greek classics. This was a liberal
+theologian's point <span class="pagenum"><a id="page299" name="page299"></a>[p. 299]</span> of view. I agreed to it at the time, but
+have thought differently since I myself have acquired some knowledge of
+the Greek language, and especially since the multiplication of good
+translations has brought the great works of German philosophy and
+literature so well within the reach of those who have not mastered the
+cumbrous and difficult language. Dr. Hedge's last removal was to
+Cambridge, whither he had been called to fill the chair of the German
+professorship. I recall with interest a course of lectures on
+philosophy, which he gave at the university, and which outsiders were
+permitted to attend. I was unwilling to miss any of these; and on one
+occasion, having passed the night without sleeping, on the road between
+New York and Boston, I determined, in spite of my fatigue, to attend the
+lecture appointed for that day. I accordingly went out to Cambridge, and
+took my seat among Dr. Hedge's hearers. From time to time a spasm of
+somnolence would seize me, but the interest of the lecture was so great
+and my desire to hear it so strong that I did not once catch myself
+napping.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hedge was a lover of the drama. When Madame Janauschek first visited
+Boston, he asked me to accompany him in a visit to her. The conversation
+was in German, which the doctor spoke fluently. Madame J. said, among
+other things, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page300" name="page300"></a>[p. 300]</span> that she had intended coming a year earlier, and
+had sent forward at that time her photograph and her biography. The
+doctor once invited me to go with him to the Boston Theatre, which was
+then occupied by a French troupe. This was at some period of our civil
+war. The most important of the plays given was "La Joie fait Peur." As
+it proceeded, Dr. Hedge said to me, "What a wonderful people these
+French are! They have put passion enough into this performance to carry
+our war through to a successful termination."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Hedge had known Margaret Fuller well in her youth and his own. His
+judgment of her was perhaps more generous than hers of him, as indicated
+in her criticism just quoted of his discourse, namely, that it occupied
+"high ground for middle ground." In truth, the two were very unlike.
+Margaret's nature impelled her to rush into "the imminent deadly
+breach," while an element of caution and world-wisdom made the doctor
+averse to all unnecessary antagonism and conflict. She probably
+considered him timid where he felt her to be rash. In after years he
+often spoke of her to me, always with great appreciation. I remarked
+once to him that she had entertained a very good opinion of herself. He
+replied, "Yes, and she was entitled to it." He recalled some passages of
+her life in Cambridge. She once <span class="pagenum"><a id="page301" name="page301"></a>[p. 301]</span> gave a party and invited only
+friends from Boston, leaving out all her Cambridge acquaintances, who,
+in consequence, were much offended, and ceased to make their usual
+calls. A sister of his, Dr. Hedge said, was the only one of those ladies
+who continued to visit her.</p>
+
+<p>He saw Margaret for the last time in Rome, and found her much changed
+and subdued. She was laboring at the time under one of those severe fits
+of depression to which her letters from Rome bear witness. The
+conversation between the two friends was long and intimate. Margaret
+spoke of the terrible night which she had passed alone upon a mountain
+in Scotland. Dr. Hedge more than once said to me, "Margaret experienced
+religion during that night."</p>
+
+<p>When, in process of time, the New England Women's Club celebrated what
+would have been Margaret's sixtieth birthday, Dr. Hedge joined with
+James Freeman Clarke in loving and reverent testimony to her unusual
+talents and noble character.</p>
+
+<p>I had the pleasure of twice hearing Dr. Hedge's admirable essay on
+"Luther," which he first delivered at Arlington Street Church, and
+repeated, some years later, before the Town and Country Club of Newport,
+R. I. But my crowning recollection of him, and perhaps of the crowning
+performance of his life, is of that memorable evening <span class="pagenum"><a id="page302" name="page302"></a>[p. 302]</span> of
+anniversary week in the year 1886, when he made his exhaustive and
+splendid statement of the substance of the Unitarian faith. The occasion
+was a happy one. The Music Hall was filled with the great Unitarian
+audience furnished by Boston and its vicinity. George William Curtis was
+the president of the evening, and introduced the several speakers with
+his accustomed grace. He made some little pun on Dr. Hedge's name, and
+the noble speaker quietly stepped forward, with the fire of unquenchable
+youth in his eyes, with the balance and reserve of power in every word,
+in every gesture. No note nor scrap of paper did he hold in his hand.
+None did he need, for he spoke of that upon which his whole life had
+been founded and built. Every one of his sentences was like a stone,
+fitly squared and perfectly laid. And so he built up before us, with
+crystal clearness, the beautiful fabric of our faith, lifting us, as it
+rose, to a region of the <a name="highest_peace" id="highest_peace"></a>highest peace and contentment. Oh, the joy of
+it! My heart rests upon it still.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image21.jpg" width="153" height="183" alt="FREDERIC HENRY HEDGE">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>FREDERIC HENRY HEDGE<br> <i>From a photograph lent by his daughter, Charlotte A. Hedge.</i></small></span></div>
+
+<p>It is well known that Dr. Hedge received the most important part of his
+education in Germany. He was accordingly one of the first of those who
+helped to turn the fructifying current of German thought upon the
+somewhat arid soil of Puritan New England. This soil had indeed produced
+great things and great men, but the mind of New<span class="pagenum"><a id="page303" name="page303"></a>[p. 303]</span> England was
+still too much dominated by the traditions of scholasticism, embodied in
+the system of Calvin. It needed an infusion of the �sthetic element, and
+the larger outlook of a truly speculative philosophy. The philosophy
+which it had inherited was one of dogmatism, sophistical in that it made
+its own syllogisms the final limit and bound of truth. The few Americans
+who had studied in real earnest in Germany brought back with them the
+wide sweeping besom of the Kantian method, and much besides. This showed
+the positive assumptions of the old school to have no such foundation of
+absolute truth as had been conceded to them. Under their guidance men
+had presumed to measure the infinite by their own petty standard, and to
+impose upon the Almighty the limits and necessities with which they had
+hedged the way of their fellow-men. God could not have mercy in any way
+other than that which they felt bound to prescribe. His wisdom must
+coincide with their conclusions. His charity must be as narrow as their
+own. Those who could not or would not acquiesce in these views were
+ruled outside of the domain of Christendom. Had it not been for
+Channing, Freeman, Buckminster, and a few others in that early day, they
+would have been as sheep without a shepherd. The history is well known.
+I need not repeat it here.<span class="pagenum"><a id="page304" name="page304"></a>[p. 304]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER XIV</h2>
+
+<h2>MEN AND MOVEMENTS IN THE SIXTIES</h2>
+
+
+<p>This decade, 1860-1870, marks a new epoch in my intellectual life. In
+the period already described, I had found my way to recognized
+authorship. In this later time, an even greater enlargement of activity
+was before me, unanticipated until, by gradual steps, I came into it.</p>
+
+<p>The results of my more serious study now began to take form in writings
+of a corresponding scope. I remember to have heard John Weiss use more
+than once this phrase, "the poets and men of expression." The antithesis
+to this, in his view, evidently was, "the philosophers and men of deep
+thought."</p>
+
+<p>I confess that I myself am one of those to whom expression, in some
+form, is natural and even necessary; and yet I think that my best
+studies have been those which have made me most desirous to give to my
+own voice the echo of other voices, and to ascertain by experiment how
+much or how little of my individual persuasion is in accordance with the
+normal direction of human experience. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page305" name="page305"></a>[p. 305]</span></p>
+
+<p>In the days of which I now write, it was borne in upon me (as the
+Friends say) that I had much to say to my day and generation which could
+not and should not be communicated in rhyme, or even in rhythm.</p>
+
+<p>I once spoke to Parker of my wish to be heard, to commend my own
+thoughts with my own voice. He found this not only natural, but also in
+accordance with the spirit of the age, which, he said, "called for the
+living presence and the living utterance." I did not act at once, or
+even very soon, upon this prompting; the difficulties to be overcome
+were many. My husband was himself averse to public appearances. Women
+speakers were few in those days, and were frowned upon by general
+society. He would have been doubly sensitive to such undesirable
+publicity on my account. Meantime, the exigencies of the time were
+calling one woman after another to the platform. Lucy Stone devoted the
+first years of her eloquence to anti-slavery and the temperance reform.
+Anna Dickinson achieved a sudden and brilliant popularity. I did not
+dream of trying my strength with theirs, but I began to weave together
+certain essays which might be read to an invited audience in private
+parlors. I then commissioned certain of my friends to invite certain of
+their friends to my house for an appointed evening, and began, with
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page306" name="page306"></a>[p. 306]</span> some trepidation, my course of parlor lectures. We were
+residing, at this time, in the house in Chestnut Street which was
+afterwards made famous by the sittings of the Radical Club. The parlors
+were very roomy, and were well filled by those who came to hear me.
+Among them was my neighbor, Rev. Dr. Lothrop, who, in speaking of these
+occasions at a later day, once said, "I think that they were the best
+meetings that I ever knew. The conversation that followed the readings
+was started on a high plane." This conversation was only informal talk
+among those who had been listeners. My topics, so far as I can recall
+them, were as follows: "How <i>not</i> to teach Ethics;" "Doubt and Belief,
+the Two Feet of the Mind;" "Moral Triangulation, or the Third Party;"
+"Duality of Character;" "The Fact Accomplished." My audience consisted
+largely of my society friends, but was by no means limited to them. The
+elder Agassiz, Dr. Lothrop, E. P. Whipple, James Freeman Clarke, and
+William R. Alger attended all my readings. After the first one, Mr.
+Clarke said to me, "You have touched too many chords." After hearing my
+thesis on "Duality of Character," he took my hand in his, and said, "Oh!
+you sweet soul!"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Emerson was not among my hearers, but expressed some interest in my
+undertaking, and especially in my lecture on "The Third Party."
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page307" name="page307"></a>[p. 307]</span> Meeting me one day, he said, "You have in this a mathematical
+idea." This was in my opinion the most important lecture of my course.
+It really treated of a third element in all twofold relations,&mdash;between
+married people, the bond to which both alike owed allegiance; between
+States, the compact which originally bound them together. The civil war
+was then in its first stage. The air was full of secession. Many said,
+"If North and South agree to set aside their bonds of union, and to
+become two republics, why should they not do it?" Then the sacredness of
+the bond possessed my mind. "Was an agreement, so solemnly entered into,
+so vital in its obligations, to be so lightly canceled?" I labored with
+all my might to prove that this could not be done. I remember too that
+in one of my lectures I gave my own estimate of Auguste Comte, which
+differed from the general impression concerning him. I am not sure that
+I should take the same ground in these days.</p>
+
+<p>Whether my hearers were the wiser for my efforts I cannot say, but of
+this I am sure, that they brought me much instruction. I learned
+somewhat to avoid anti-climax, and to seek directness and simplicity of
+statement. On the morning of the day on which I was to give my lecture,
+I would read it over, and a curious sense of the audience seemed to
+possess me, a feeling of what it would and of what it would not follow.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page308" name="page308"></a>[p. 308]</span> My last corrections were made in accordance with this feeling.</p>
+
+<p>A general regret was expressed when my little course was ended, and Dr.
+Lothrop wrote me quite an earnest letter, requesting me to prolong it if
+possible. I could not do this at the time; but while the war was at its
+height, I made a second visit to Washington, where through the kindness
+of friends a pleasant place was found in which I repeated these
+lectures, having among my hearers some of the chief notabilities then
+present at the capital. In my journal of this time, never published, I
+find the following account of a day in Washington:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"To the White House, to see Carpenter's picture of the President reading
+the emancipation proclamation to his Cabinet. An interesting subject for
+a picture. The heads of Lincoln, Stanton, and Seward nearly finished,
+and good portraits.</p>
+
+<p>"Dressed for dinner at Mrs. Eames's, where Secretary Chase and Senator
+Sumner were expected. Mr. Chase is a stately man, very fine looking and
+rather imposing. I sat by him at dinner; he was very pleasant. After
+dinner came Mrs. Douglas in her carriage, to take me to my reading.
+Senator Foster and Mr. Chase announced their intention of going to hear
+me. Mr. Chase conducted me to Mrs. Douglas's carriage, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page309" name="page309"></a>[p. 309]</span>
+promising to follow. 'Proteus, or the Secret of Success,' was my topic.
+I had many pleasant greetings after the lecture. Mr. Chase took me in
+his carriage to his house, where his daughter had a party for Teresa
+Carre�o. Here I was introduced to Lord Lyons, British minister, and to
+Judge Harris. Spoke with Bertinatti, the Italian minister. Mr. Chase
+took me in to supper.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Channing brought me into the room, which was well filled. People
+were also standing in the entry and on the stairs. I read my lecture on
+'The Third Party.' The audience proved very attentive, and included many
+people of intelligence. George W. Julian and wife, Solomon Whiting,
+Admiral Davis, Dr. Peter Parker, our former minister to China, Hon.
+Thomas Eliot, Governor Boutwell, Mrs. Southworth, Professor Bache,&mdash;all
+these, and many more, were present. They shook hands with me, very
+cordially, after the lecture."</p>
+
+<p>I had announced "Practical Ethics" as the theme of my lectures, and had
+honestly written them out of my sense of the lapses everywhere
+discernible in the working of society. Having accomplished so much, or
+so little, I desired to go more deeply into the study of philosophy,
+and, having greedily devoured Spinoza, I turned to Kant, whom I knew
+only by name. I fed upon his volumes with ever increasing delight and
+yet <span class="pagenum"><a id="page310" name="page310"></a>[p. 310]</span> endeavored to obey one of his rules, by having a
+philosophy of my own. Among my later productions was an essay entitled
+"Distinctions between Philosophy and Religion." This was suggested by a
+passage in one of Spinoza's letters, in which he says to his
+correspondent, "I thought that we were to correspond upon matters of
+philosophy. I find that instead of these you propose to me questions of
+religion." On reading this sentence I felt that, in the religious
+teaching of our own time, the two were apt to be confounded. It seemed
+to me that even Theodore Parker had not always distinguished the
+boundary line, and I began to reflect seriously upon the difference
+between a religious truth and a philosophical proposition.</p>
+
+<p>I confess that my nearer acquaintance with the philosophers, ancient and
+modern, inspired me at this time with the desire of contributing
+something of my own to the thought of the ages. The names of certain
+essays of mine, composed after the series just mentioned, and never put
+into print, will serve to show the direction in which my efforts were
+tending. Of these, "Polarity" was the first, "Limitation" the second.
+Then followed "The Fact Accomplished," "Man <i>a priori</i> and <i>a
+posteriori</i>," and finally, "Ideal Causation," which marked my last step
+in this progress. These papers were designed to interest the studious
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page311" name="page311"></a>[p. 311]</span> few who appreciate thought for thought's sake.</p>
+
+<p>The paper on "Polarity" was read before the Boston Radical Club. Armed
+with "Man <i>a priori</i>," I encountered an audience of scientists at
+Northampton, where a scientific convention was in progress. Finally,
+being invited to speak before the Parker Fraternity on a certain Sunday,
+and remembering that Parker, in his day, had not feared to let out the
+metaphysical stops of his organ pretty freely, I took with me into the
+pulpit the paper on "Ideal Causation," which had seemed to me the crown
+of my endeavor hitherto.</p>
+
+<p>To my sorrow, I found that it did not greatly interest my hearers, and
+that one who was reported to have wondered "what Mrs. Howe was driving
+at" had spoken the mind of many of those present.</p>
+
+<p>I laid this lesson much to heart, and, becoming convinced that
+metaphysics did not supply the universal solvent for human evils, I
+determined to find a <i>pou sto</i> nearer to the sympathies of the average
+community, from which I might speak for their good and my own.</p>
+
+<p>From my childhood the Bible had been dear and familiar to me, and I now
+began to consider texts and sermons, in place of the transcendental webs
+which I had grown so fond of spinning. The passages of Scripture which
+now occurred to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page312" name="page312"></a>[p. 312]</span> me filled me with a desire to emphasize their
+wisdom by a really spiritual interpretation. From this time on, I became
+more and more interested in the religious ministration of women; and
+though it is looking forward some way in my chronicle, this may be the
+proper place to say that in the spring of the year 1875, I had much to
+do with calling the first convention of women ministers, which was held
+in the Church of the Disciples, in anniversary week. Among those who met
+with us were some plain women from Maine, who told us that they had long
+acted as evangelists in portions of the State in which churches were few
+and far between. Several clergymen of different denominations attended
+our exercises, and one of them, Rev. J. J. Hunting, pronounced ours the
+best meeting of the week. Among the ordained women who took part with us
+were Rev. Ellen Gustin, Mary H. Graves, Lorenza Haynes, and Eliza Tupper
+Wilkes, a fair young mother, who went to her pulpit full of the
+inspiration of her cradle songs.</p>
+
+<p>I would gladly enlarge here, did my limits allow it, upon the theme of
+the woman ministry, but must take up again the thread of my tale.</p>
+
+<p>My husband was greatly moved by the breaking out of the Cretan
+insurrection in 1866. He saw in this event an opportunity of assisting
+his beloved Greece, and at once gathered together a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page313" name="page313"></a>[p. 313]</span> committee
+for collecting funds in aid of this cause. A meeting was held in Boston
+Music Hall, at which Dr. Holmes, Wendell Phillips, Edward Everett Hale,
+and other prominent speakers presented the claims of the Cretans to the
+sympathy of the civilized world.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe's appearance did not indicate his age. His eye was bright, his
+hair abundant, and but slightly touched with gray. When he rose and
+said, "Fifty years ago I was very much interested in the Greek
+Revolution," it seemed almost incredible that he should be speaking of
+himself. The public responded generously to his appeal, and a
+considerable sum of money was raised. The greater part of this was
+devoted to the purchase of provisions and clothing for the families of
+the Cretan combatants, which were known to be in a very destitute
+condition.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1867 Dr. Howe determined to visit Greece, in order to
+have a nearer view of the scene of action. I accompanied him, and with
+us went two of our daughters, Julia Romana, remembered as the wife of
+Michael Anagnos, and Laura, now Mrs. Henry Richards, known as the author
+of "Captain January."</p>
+
+<p>We received gratifying attentions from the wealthy Greeks of London.
+Passing thence to the continent, we were soon in Rome, where I enjoyed
+some happy days with my beloved sister, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page314" name="page314"></a>[p. 314]</span> Louisa, then, after
+some years of widowhood, the wife of Luther Terry. Dr. Howe hastened on
+to Athens, taking with him our eldest daughter. I followed him later,
+bringing the younger one with me.</p>
+
+<p>Arriving at the Pir�us, we were met by a messenger, who told us that Dr.
+Howe had just escaped a serious danger at sea, and was too much fatigued
+to be able to come to meet us. We soon joined him at the H�tel des
+Etrangers, and inquired eagerly regarding the accident which had
+befallen him. He had started in a small steamer lent him by the
+government, intending to visit one of the islands on which were
+congregated a number of Cretan refugees, mostly women and children. The
+steamer had proceeded some way on its course when the machinery gave
+out, leaving them at the mercy of the waves. They were without
+provisions, and were in danger of drifting out to sea, with no power of
+controlling the course of the vessel. After many hours of anxious
+uncertainty, a favorable breeze sprang up, and Dr. Howe tore down the
+canvas canopy which had shielded the deck from the sun. This he managed
+to spread for a sail, and by this the vessel was in time brought within
+reach of the shore. A telegram summoned help from Athens, and the party
+reached the city an hour or so before our arrival. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page315" name="page315"></a>[p. 315]</span></p>
+
+<p>I here insert some passages from a book of travels, in which I recorded
+the impressions of this first visit to Greece. The work was published
+soon after my return to Boston, and was named "From the Oak to the
+Olive."</p>
+
+<p>"Here is the Temple of Victory; within are the bas-reliefs of the
+Victories arriving in the hurry of their glorious errands. Something so
+they tumbled in upon us when Sherman conquered the Carolinas, and
+Sheridan the valley of the Shenandoah, when Lee surrendered, and the
+glad President went to Richmond. One of these Victories is untying her
+sandal, in token of her permanent abiding. Yet all of them have trooped
+away long since, scared by the hideous havoc of barbarians. And the
+bas-reliefs, their marble shadows, have all been battered and mutilated
+into the saddest mockery of their original tradition. The statue of
+Wingless Victory that stood in the little temple has long been absent.
+But the only Victory that the Parthenon now can seize or desire is this
+very Wingless Victory, the triumph of a power that retreats not&mdash;the
+power of Truth....</p>
+
+<p>"Poor Greece, plundered by Roman, Christian, and Mussulman! Hers were
+the lovely statues that grace the halls of the Vatican&mdash;at least, the
+loveliest of them. And Rome shows to this day two colossal groups, of
+which one bears the inscription, 'Opus Praxitel�,' the other that of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page316" name="page316"></a>[p. 316]</span> 'Opus Phidi�.' And Naples has a Greek treasure or two, one
+thinks, besides her wealth of sculptural gems, of which the best are of
+Greek workmanship. And in England those bas-reliefs, which are the
+treasure of art students and the wonder of the world, were pulled from
+the pediment of the Parthenon, like the pearly teeth from a fair mouth,
+the mournful gaps remaining open in the sight of the unforgiving world.
+'Thou art old and decrepit,' said England. 'I am still in strength and
+vigor. All else has gone, as well thy dower as thy earnings. Thou hast
+but these left. I want them, so give them me.'...</p>
+
+<p>"We were ushered into a well-sized room, in which lay heaps of cotton
+underclothing and of calico dresses, most of them in the shape of sacks
+and skirts. These were the contents of one or two boxes recently arrived
+from Boston. Some of them were recognized by me as the work of a hive of
+busy bees who used to gather weekly in my own New England parlor,
+summoned thither by my daughter Florence, now Mrs. David P. Hall. And
+what stress there was at those meetings, and what hurrying! And how the
+little maidens took off their feathery bonnets and dainty gloves,
+wielding the heavy implements of cutting, and eagerly adjusting the arms
+and legs, the gores and gathers! With patient pride the mother trotted
+off to the bakery, that a few buns might <span class="pagenum"><a id="page317" name="page317"></a>[p. 317]</span> sustain these
+strenuous little cutters and sewers, whose tongues, however active over
+the charitable work, talked, we may be sure, no empty nonsense nor
+unkind gossip.</p>
+
+<p>"For charity begins indeed at home, in the heart, and, descending to the
+fingers, rules also the rebellious member whose mischief is often done
+before it is meditated. At the sight of these well-made garments a
+little swelling of the heart seized me, with the love and pride of a
+remembrance so dear. But sooner than we could turn from it to set about
+our business, the Cretans were in presence.</p>
+
+<p>"Here they come, called in order from a list, with names nine syllables
+long, mostly ending in <i>poulos</i>, a term signifying descent, like the
+Russian 'witzch.' Here they come,&mdash;the shapely maiden, the sturdy
+matron, the gray-haired grandmother, with little ones of all small sizes
+and ages. Many of the women carried infants at the breast; many were
+expectant of maternity. Not a few of them were followed by groups of
+boys and girls. Most of them were ill clothed; and many of them appeared
+extremely destitute of attire. A strongly-marked race of people, with
+dark eyes, fine black hair, healthy complexions, and symmetrical
+figures. They bear traces of suffering. Some of the infants have pined,
+but most of them promise to do well. Each mother cherishes and shows her
+little <span class="pagenum"><a id="page318" name="page318"></a>[p. 318]</span> beggar in the approved way. The children are usually
+robust, although showing in their appearance the very limited resources
+of their parents. Some of the women have tolerable gowns; to these we
+give only underclothing. Others have but the rag of a gown&mdash;a few strips
+of stuff over their coarse chemises. These we make haste to cover with
+the beneficent growth of New England factories. They are admitted in
+groups of three or four at a time. As many of us fly to the heaps of
+clothing, and hastily measure them by the length and breadth of the
+individual. A papa, or priest, keeps order among them. He wears his
+black hair uncut, his narrow robe is much patched, and he holds in his
+hand a rosary of beads, which he fingers mechanically.</p>
+
+<p>"The dresses sent did not quite hold out, but sufficed to supply the
+most needy, and, in fact, the greater number. Of the underclothes we
+carried back a portion, having given something to every one. To an old
+papa who came, looking ill and disconsolate, I sent two shirts and a
+good dark woolen jacket. Among all of these only one discontented old
+lady demurred at the gift bestowed. She wanted a gown; but there was not
+one left, so that she was forced to content herself, much against her
+will, with some underclothing. The garments supplied, of which many were
+sent by the Boston Sewing Circle, under <span class="pagenum"><a id="page319" name="page319"></a>[p. 319]</span> the superintendence of
+Miss Abby W. May, proved to be very suitable in pattern and quality. As
+we descended the steps we met with some of the children, already arrayed
+in their little clean shirts, and strutting about with the inspiration
+of fresh clothing, long unfelt by them....</p>
+
+<p>"Despite the velvet flatteries and smiling treasons of diplomacy, the
+present government of Greece is, as every government should be, on its
+good behavior before the people. Wonderfully clever, enterprising, and
+liberal have the French people made the author of the 'Life of Julius
+C�sar.' Wonderfully reformative did the radicals of 1848 make the Pope.
+And the Greek nation, taken in the large, may prove to have some common
+sense to impart to its symbolical head, of whom we can only hope that
+the 'something rotten in the state of Denmark' may not have been taken
+from it to corrupt the state of Greece."</p>
+
+<p>But it was not through one sense alone that I received in Athens the
+delight of a new enchantment. My ear drank in the music of the Greek
+tongue which I constantly heard spoken by those around me. My husband's
+Greek committee held their sessions in our hotel parlors, and I found
+that, by closely listening to their talk, I could make out a word here
+and there. Encouraged by this, I presently purchased a primer and
+devoted myself to the study of its contents. I had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page320" name="page320"></a>[p. 320]</span> in earlier
+life made one or two futile attempts to master the language. Now that it
+became a living tongue to me, I determined to acquire it, and in some
+measure succeeded. From that time to the present I have never ceased the
+serious pursuit of what I then began almost in play.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the fact that a price had been set upon his head by the
+Turkish authorities in Crete, Dr. Howe persisted in his determination to
+visit the island. His stay there was necessarily limited to a few hours,
+but what he was able to observe of the character and disposition of the
+inhabitants led him to anticipate a triumph for their cause.</p>
+
+<p>We returned to Boston in the autumn of the same year, and at once began
+to make arrangements for a fair by which we hoped to raise some money
+for the Cretans. A great part of the winter was devoted to this work,
+and in the early spring a beautiful bazaar was held at Boston Music
+Hall, where the post of president was assigned to me. I was supported by
+a very efficient committee of ladies and gentlemen, and it was in this
+work that I became well acquainted with Miss Abby W. May, whose
+invaluable method and energy had much to do with the success of the
+undertaking. The fair lasted one week, and our sales and entertainments
+realized something more than thirty thousand dollars. But <span class="pagenum"><a id="page321" name="page321"></a>[p. 321]</span>
+alas! the emancipation of Crete was not yet to be.</p>
+
+<p>We passed the summer of 1868 at Stevens Cottage, which was very near the
+town of Newport. I do not exactly remember how it came about that my
+dear friend and pastor, Rev. Charles Brooks, invited me to read some of
+my essays at his church on Sunday afternoons. I had great pleasure in
+doing this. The church was well filled, and the audience excellent in
+character, and a lady among these one day kissed me after my lecture,
+saying, "This is the way I want to hear women speak." Another lady, it
+is true, was offended at some saying of mine. I think that it was to
+this effect. Speaking of the idle lives of some rich women, I said, "If
+God works, Madam, you can afford to work also." At this the person in
+question rose and went away, saying, "I won't listen to such stuff as
+this." I was not at all aware of the occurrence at the time, nor did I
+hear of it until the same lady having sent me cards for a reception at
+her house, I attended it, thereby provoking some comment. I was glad
+afterwards that I had done so, as the lady in question paid me every
+friendly attention, and made me quite sure that she had only yielded to
+a momentary ebullition of temper, to which, indeed, she was too prone.</p>
+
+<p>I read the "Ph�do" of Plato in the original <span class="pagenum"><a id="page322" name="page322"></a>[p. 322]</span> Greek this summer,
+and was somewhat helped in this by an English scholar, a university man,
+who was passing the summer in Newport. He was "coaching" two young men
+who intended to enter one of the English universities, and was obliged
+to pass my house on his way to his lessons. He often paid me a visit,
+and was very willing to help me over a difficult passage.</p>
+
+<p>The report of my parlor readings soon brought me invitations to speak in
+public. The first of these that I remember came from a committee having
+in charge a meditated course of Sunday afternoon lectures on ethical
+subjects, to be given without other exercises, in Horticultural Hall. I
+was heard more than once in this course, and remember that one of my
+themes was "Polarity," on which I had written an essay, of which I
+thought, perhaps, too highly. In the course of the season I was engaged
+in preparing for another reading. Meeting Rev. Phillips Brooks one day
+in my sunset outing, I said to him, "Do you ever, in writing a sermon,
+lose sight of your subject? I have a discourse to prepare and have lost
+sight of mine." "Oh, yes," he replied, "it often happens to me." This
+confession encouraged me to persevere in my work, and I finished my
+lecture, and read it with acceptance.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose that I may have greatly exaggerated in my own mind the value
+of these writings to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page323" name="page323"></a>[p. 323]</span> other people. To me, they brought much
+reflection and unfolding of thought. As I have said in another place, I
+read the two first named to a small circle of friends at my own house,
+and was somewhat disappointed at the result, as none of those present
+seemed willing to assume my point of view. Repeating one of them under
+similar circumstances at the house of a friend, Henry James, the elder,
+called upon me to explain some point which my lecture had brought into
+view. I asked if he could explain the point at issue. He replied that he
+could not. Being somewhat disconcerted, I said to him, "You should not
+ask questions which you yourself cannot answer." I meant by this to say
+that one must not be called upon to explain what is evidently
+inexplicable. Mr. James, however, did not so understand me, but told me
+afterwards that he considered this the most extraordinary statement that
+he had ever heard. He discoursed a good deal after my lecture with much
+color and brilliancy, as was his wont. His views of the Divine were
+highly anthropomorphic, and I remember that he said among other things,
+"My dear Madam, God is working all the time in his shirt-sleeves with
+all his might."</p>
+
+<p>This dear man was a great addition to the thought-power current in
+Boston society. He had lived much abroad, and was for many years
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page324" name="page324"></a>[p. 324]</span> a student of Swedenborg and of Fourier. His cast of mind was
+more metaphysical than logical, and he delighted in paradox. In his
+writings he would sometimes overstate greatly, in order to be sure of
+impressing his meaning upon his readers or hearers. Himself a devout
+Christian, he nevertheless once said, speaking on Sunday in the Church
+of the Disciples, that the moral law and the Christian Church were the
+meanest of inventions. He intended by this phrase to express his sense
+of the exalted moral and religious obligation of the human mind, the
+dignity of which ought to transcend the prescriptions of the Decalogue
+and the discipline of the church. My eldest daughter, then a girl of
+sixteen, said to me as we left the church, "Mamma, I should think that
+Mr. James would wish the little Jameses not to wash their faces for fear
+it should make them suppose that they were clean." Mr. Emerson, to whom
+I repeated this remark, laughed quite heartily at it. In anecdote Mr.
+James was inexhaustible. His temperament was very mercurial, almost
+explosive. I remember a delightful lecture of his on Carlyle. I recall,
+too, a rather metaphysical discourse which he read in John Dwight's
+parlors, to a select audience. When we went below stairs to put on our
+wraps, I asked a witty friend whether she had enjoyed the lecture. She
+replied that she had, but added, "I would give <span class="pagenum"><a id="page325" name="page325"></a>[p. 325]</span> anything at
+this moment for a look at a good fat idiot," which seemed to show that
+the tension of mind produced by the lecture had not been without pain.</p>
+
+<p>I once had a long talk with Mr. James on immortality. I had recently
+lost my youngest child, a beautiful little boy of three years. The
+question of a future life then came to me with an agonized intensity.
+Should I ever meet again the exquisite little creature who had been
+taken from my arms? Mr. James was certain that I should have this
+coveted joy. He illustrated his belief in a singular way. "I lost a
+leg," he said, "in early youth. I have had a consciousness of the limb
+itself all my life. Although buried and out of sight, it has always
+remained a part of me." This reassuring did not appeal to me strongly,
+but his positive faith in a life after death gave me much comfort. Mr.
+James occasionally paid me a visit. As he was sitting in my parlor one
+day my little Maud, some seven or eight years old, passed by the open
+door. Mr. James called out, "Come here, Maud. You are the wickedest
+looking thing I have seen in some time." The little girl came, and Mr.
+James took her up on his knee. Presently, to my horror, she exclaimed,
+"Oh, how ugly you are! You are the ugliest creature I ever saw." This
+freak of the child so impressed my visitor that, meeting some days later
+with a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page326" name="page326"></a>[p. 326]</span> lady friend, he could not help saying to her,
+"Mrs. &mdash;&mdash;, I know that I am ugly, but am I the ugliest person that you
+ever saw? Maud Howe said the other day that she had never seen any one
+so ugly."</p>
+
+<p>My friend was in truth far from ill-looking. His features were
+reasonably good, and his countenance fairly glowed with amiability,
+geniality, and good-will. I found afterwards that my Maud had seriously
+resented the epithet "wicked looking" applied to her, and had simply
+sought to take a childish revenge in accusing Mr. James of ugliness.
+Although Mr. James held much to Swedenborg's point of view, he did not
+belong to the Swedenborgian denomination. I have heard that, on the
+contrary, he was considered by its members as decidedly heterodox. I
+think that he rarely attended any church services. I have heard of his
+holding a communion service with one member of his family. He published
+several works on topics connected with religion.<span class="pagenum"><a id="page327" name="page327"></a>[p. 327]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER XV</h2>
+
+<h2>A WOMAN'S PEACE CRUSADE</h2>
+
+
+<p>I had felt a great opposition to Louis Napoleon from the period of the
+infamous act of treachery and violence which made him emperor. The
+Franco-Prussian war was little understood by the world at large. To us
+in America its objects were entirely unknown. On general principles of
+good-will and sympathy we were as much grieved as surprised at the
+continual defeats sustained by the French. For so brave and soldierly a
+nation to go through such a war without a single victory seemed a
+strange travesty of history. When to the immense war indemnity the
+conquerors added the spoliation of two important provinces, indignation
+added itself to regret. The suspicion at once suggested itself that
+Germany had very willingly given a pretext for the war, having known
+enough of the demoralized condition of France to be sure of an easy
+victory, and intending to make the opportunity serve for the forcible
+annexation of provinces long coveted.</p>
+
+<p>As I was revolving these matters in my mind, while the war was still in
+progress, I was visited <span class="pagenum"><a id="page328" name="page328"></a>[p. 328]</span> by a sudden feeling of the cruel and
+unnecessary character of the contest. It seemed to me a return to
+barbarism, the issue having been one which might easily have been
+settled without bloodshed. The question forced itself upon me, "Why do
+not the mothers of mankind interfere in these matters, to prevent the
+waste of that human life of which they alone bear and know the cost?" I
+had never thought of this before. The august dignity of motherhood and
+its terrible responsibilities now appeared to me in a new aspect, and I
+could think of no better way of expressing my sense of these than that
+of sending forth an appeal to womanhood throughout the world, which I
+then and there composed. I did not dare to make this public without the
+advice of some wise counselor, and sought such an one in the person of
+Rev. Charles T. Brooks of Newport, a beloved friend and esteemed pastor.</p>
+
+<p>The little document which I drew up in the heat of my enthusiasm
+implored women, all the world over, to awake to the knowledge of the
+sacred right vested in them as mothers to protect the human life which
+costs them so many pangs. I did not doubt but that my appeal would find
+a ready response in the hearts of great numbers of women throughout the
+limits of civilization. I invited these imagined helpers to assist me in
+calling and holding a congress of women in London, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page329" name="page329"></a>[p. 329]</span> and at
+once began a wide task of correspondence for the realization of this
+plan. My first act was to have my appeal translated into various
+languages, to wit: French, Spanish, Italian, German, and Swedish, and to
+distribute copies of it as widely as possible. I devoted the next two
+years almost entirely to correspondence with leading women in various
+countries. I also held two important meetings in New York, at which the
+cause of peace and the ability of women to promote it were earnestly
+presented. At the first of these, which took place in the late autumn of
+1870, Mr. Bryant gave me his venerable presence and valuable words. At
+the second, in the spring following, David Dudley Field, an eminent
+member of the <a name="New_York_bar" id="New_York_bar"></a>New York bar, and a lifelong advocate of international
+arbitration, made a very eloquent and convincing address.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image22.jpg" width="158" height="206" alt="SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE
+
+From a photograph by A. Marshall, 1870">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE</small><br><small><i>From a photograph by A. Marshall, 1870, in the possession of the Massachusetts Club.</i></small></span>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In the spring of the year 1872 I visited England, hoping by my personal
+presence to effect the holding of a Woman's Peace Congress in the great
+metropolis of the civilized world. In Liverpool, I called upon Mrs.
+Josephine Butler, whose labors in behalf of her sex were already well
+known in America. Mrs. Butler said to me, "Mrs. Howe, you have come at a
+fortunate moment. The cruel immorality of our army regulations,
+separating so great a number of our men from family life, is much in the
+public mind just at present. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page330" name="page330"></a>[p. 330]</span> This is a good time in which to
+present the merits and the bearings of peace." Mrs. Butler suggested
+that I might easily find opportunities of speaking in various parts of
+England, and added some names to the list of friends of peace with which
+I had already provided myself. Among these were Mr. and Mrs. Stephen
+Winkworth, whose hospitality I enjoyed for some days, on my way to
+London. This couple belonged to the society of Friends, but had much to
+say about the theistic movement in the society. In London Mrs. Winkworth
+went with me, one Sunday, to the morning service of Rev. Charles Voysey.
+The lesson for the day was taken from the writings of Theodore Parker.
+We spoke with Mr. Voysey after the sermon. He said, "I had chosen those
+passages from Parker with great care." After my own copious experiences
+of dissent in various forms, Mr. Voysey's sermon did not present any
+very novel interest.</p>
+
+<p>I had come to London to do everything in my power to found and foster
+what I may call "a Woman's Apostolate of Peace," though I had not then
+hit upon that name. For aid and counsel, I relied much upon the presence
+in London of my friend, Rev. William Henry Channing, a man of almost
+angelic character. I think it must have been through his good offices
+that I was invited both as guest and as speaker to the public banquet
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page331" name="page331"></a>[p. 331]</span> of the Unitarian Association. I confess that it was not
+without trepidation that I heard the toast-master say to the assembled
+company, "I crave your attention for Julia Ward Howe." My heart,
+however, was so full of my theme that I spoke very readily, without
+hesitation, and, if I might judge by the applause which followed, with
+some acceptance. Sir John Bowring now made my acquaintance, and
+complimented me upon my speech. The eloquent French preacher, Athanase
+Coquerel, also spoke with me. The occasion was to me a memorable one.</p>
+
+<p>I had already attended the anniversary meeting of the English Peace
+Society, and had asked permission to speak, which had been denied me on
+the ground that women never had spoken at these meetings. Finding but
+little encouragement for my efforts from existing societies in London, I
+decided to hire a hall of moderate size, where I myself might speak on
+Sunday afternoons. The Freemasons' Tavern presented one just suited to
+my undertaking. With the help of a friend, the meeting was properly
+advertised, and I betook myself thither on the first Sunday afternoon,
+strong in the belief that my effort was of the right sort, but very
+uncertain as to its result. Arriving at Freemasons' Tavern, I asked the
+doorkeeper whether there was any one in the hall. "Oh, yes! a good
+many," he said. I entered <span class="pagenum"><a id="page332" name="page332"></a>[p. 332]</span> and found quite a numerous company.
+My procedure was very simple,&mdash;a prayer, the reading of a hymn, and a
+discourse from a Scripture text. I had prepared this last with
+considerable care, and kept the manuscript of it beside me, but my
+memory enabled me to give the substance of what I had written without
+referring to the paper.</p>
+
+<p>My impression is that I spoke in this way on some five or six Sundays.
+Of all these discourses, I remember only the last one, of which the text
+was, "I am persuaded that neither height nor depth, nor any other
+creature," etc. The attendance was very good throughout, and I cherished
+the hope that I had sown some seed which would bear fruit thereafter. I
+remember that our own poet, Thomas William Parsons, happening to be in
+London at this time, suggested to me a poem of Mrs. Stowe's as very
+suitable to be read at one of my Sunday services. It was the one
+beginning:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"When winds are raging o'er the upper ocean,"</p>
+
+<p><span class="min1em">and I am glad to remember that I did read it as advised.</span></p>
+
+<p>My work in London brought me in contact with a number of prominent
+workers in various departments of public service. My acquaintance with
+Miss Frances Power Cobbe was pleasantly <span class="pagenum"><a id="page333" name="page333"></a>[p. 333]</span> renewed, and I
+remember attending an afternoon reception at her house, at which a
+number of literary notabilities were present, among them the brilliant
+historian, Mr. Froude. I had the pleasure also of meeting Mrs. Peter
+Taylor, founder of a college for working women; she and her husband had
+been very friendly to the Northern side during the civil war.</p>
+
+<p>An important movement had been set on foot just at this time by Mrs.
+Grey and her sister, Miss Sherret. This was the institution of schools
+for girls of the middle class, whose education, up to that time, had
+usually been conducted at home by a governess. Mrs. Grey encountered a
+good deal of opposition in carrying out her plans. She invited me to
+attend a meeting in the Albert Hall, Kensington, where these plans were
+to be fully discussed. The Bishop of Manchester spoke in opposition to
+the proposed schools. He took occasion to make mention of a visit which
+he had recently made to the United States, and to characterize the
+education there given to girls as merely "ambitious." The scheme, in his
+view, involved a confusion of ranks which, in England, would be
+inadmissible. "Lady Wilhelmina from Grosvenor Square," he averred,
+"would never consent to sit beside the grocer's daughter."</p>
+
+<p>I was invited to speak after the bishop, and could not avoid taking him
+up on this point. "In <span class="pagenum">[p. 334]</span> my own country," I said, "the young lady
+who corresponds to the lady from Grosvenor Square does sit beside the
+grocer's daughter, and when the two have enjoyed the same advantages of
+education, it is not always easy to be sure which is which." I had been
+privately requested to say nothing about woman suffrage, to which Mrs.
+Grey had not then given in her adhesion. I did, however, mention the
+opening of the professions to women in my own country. Mrs. Grey thanked
+me for my speech, but said, "Oh, dear Mrs. Howe, why did you speak of
+the women ministers?" Some five or six years after this time I chanced
+to meet Mrs. Grey in Rome. She assured me that the middle-class schools
+had proved a great success, and said that young girls differing much
+from each other in social rank had indeed sat beside each other, without
+difficulty or trouble of any kind. I had heard that Mrs. Grey had become
+a convert to woman suffrage, and asked her if this was true. She
+replied, "Oh, yes; the moment that I began practically to work for
+women, I found the suffrage an absolute necessity."</p>
+
+<p>One of my pleasantest recollections of my visit to England is that of a
+day or two passed in Cambridge, where I enjoyed the hospitality of
+Professor J. R. Seeley, author of "Ecce Homo." I do not now recall the
+circumstances which took me to the great university town, but I remember
+with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page335" name="page335"></a>[p. 335]</span> gratitude the Seeley mansion, as one should do who was
+made at home there. Mr. Seeley lent a kind ear to my plea for a
+combination of women in behalf of a world's peace. I had also the
+pleasure of hearing a lecture from him on Edmund Burke, whose liberalism
+he considered rather sporadic than chronic, an expression of sentiment
+called forth by some exceptional emergency, while the eloquent speaker
+remained a conservative at heart. He did not, as he might have done,
+explain such inconsistencies on the simple ground of Burke's Irish
+blood, which gave him genius but not the logic of consistency. Mrs.
+Seeley was a very amiable and charming woman. I remember that her
+husband read to me Calverley's clever take-off of Browning, and that we
+all laughed heartily over it. A morning ramble made me aware of the
+beauty of the river banks. I attended a Sunday service in King's College
+Chapel, with its wonderful stone roof. Here also I made the acquaintance
+of Miss Clough, sister to the poet. She presided at this time over a
+household composed of young lady students, to whom some of the
+university courses were open, and who were also allowed to profit by
+private lessons from some of the professors of the university. Miss
+Clough was tall and dark-eyed, like her brother, her hair already
+whitening, though she was still in the vigor of middle age. She appeared
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page336" name="page336"></a>[p. 336]</span> to be greatly interested in her charge. I spoke with some of
+her students, and learned that most of them intended to become teachers.</p>
+
+<p>So ends this arduous but pleasant episode of my peace crusade. I will
+only mention one feature more in connection with it. I had desired to
+institute a festival which should be observed as mothers' day, and which
+should be devoted to the advocacy of peace doctrines. I chose for this
+the second day of June, this being a time when flowers are abundant, and
+when the weather usually allows of open-air meetings. I had some success
+in carrying out this plan. In Boston I held the Mothers' Day meeting for
+quite a number of years. The day was also observed in other places, once
+or twice in Constantinople, and often in places nearer home. My heart
+was gladdened, this last year, by learning from a friend that a peace
+association in Philadelphia still celebrates Mothers' Day.</p>
+
+<p>I was very sorry to give up this special work, but in my prosecution of
+it I could not help seeing that many steps were to be taken before one
+could hope to effect any efficient combination among women. The time for
+this was at hand, but had not yet arrived. Insensibly, I came to devote
+my time and strength to the promotion of the women's clubs, which are
+doing so much to constitute a working and united womanhood. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page337" name="page337"></a>[p. 337]</span></p>
+
+<p>During my stay in England, I received many invitations to address
+meetings in various parts of the country. In compliance with these, I
+visited Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Bristol, and Carlisle. In Bristol
+I was the guest of Mary Carpenter, who gave me some friendly advice
+regarding the convention which I hoped to hold in London. She assured me
+that such a meeting could have no following unless the call for it were
+dignified by the name of some prominent member of the English
+aristocracy. In this view, she strongly advised me to write to the
+Duchess of Argyll, requesting an interview at which I might speak to her
+of my plans. I did write the letter, and obtained the interview. The
+Duchess, with whom I had had some acquaintance for many years, invited
+me to luncheon on a certain day. I found her, surrounded by her numerous
+family of daughters, the youngest of whom carried round a dish of fruit
+at dessert. Luncheon being at an end, the Duchess granted me a short
+t�te-�-t�te. "My only objection to a lady's speaking in public," she
+said, "is based upon St. Paul's saying: 'I suffer not a woman to teach,'
+etc." I replied, "Yes; but remember that, in another place, he says that
+a woman may prophesy wearing a veil." She assented to this statement,
+but did not appear to interest herself much in my plan of a Woman's
+Peace Congress. She had always been <span class="pagenum"><a id="page338" name="page338"></a>[p. 338]</span> much interested in Dr.
+Howe's work, and began to ask me about him, and about Charles Sumner,
+for whom she entertained great regard. Messages were presently sent in
+to the effect that the carriage was waiting for the afternoon drive, and
+I took my leave, expecting no help from this very amiable and estimable
+lady.</p>
+
+<p>Before the beginning of my Sunday services, I received a letter from Mr.
+Aaron Powell of New York, asking me to attend a Peace Congress about to
+be held in Paris, as a delegate. I accordingly crossed the Channel, and
+reached Paris in time to attend the principal s�ance of the congress. It
+was not numerously attended. The speakers all read their discourses from
+manuscript. The general tone was timid and subdued. Something was said
+regarding the then recent Franco-Prussian war, and the growing humanity
+shown by both of the contending parties in the mutual arrangements for
+taking care of the wounded. I presented my credentials, and asked leave
+to speak. With some embarrassment, I was told that I might speak to the
+officers of the society, when the public meeting should be adjourned. I
+accordingly met a dozen or more of these gentlemen in a side room, where
+I simply spoke of my endeavors to enlist the sympathies and efforts of
+women in behalf of the world's peace.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to London, I had the privilege of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page339" name="page339"></a>[p. 339]</span> attending as a
+delegate one of the great Prison Reform meetings of our day.</p>
+
+<p>As well as I can remember, each day of the congress had its own
+president, and not the least interesting of these days was that on which
+Cardinal Manning presided. I remember well his domed forehead and pale,
+transparent complexion, telling unmistakably of his ascetic life. He was
+obviously much interested in Prison Reform, and well cognizant of its
+progress. An esteemed friend and fellow country-woman of mine, Mrs.
+Elizabeth B. Chace of Rhode Island, was also accredited as a delegate to
+this congress. At one of its meetings she read a short paper, giving
+some account of her own work in the prisons of her State. At this
+meeting, the question of flogging prisoners came up, and a rather brutal
+jailer of the old school told an anecdote of a refractory prisoner who
+had been easily reduced to obedience by this summary method. His rough
+words stirred my heart within me. I felt that I must speak; and Mrs.
+Chace kindly arose, and said to the presiding officer, "I beg that Mrs.
+Julia Ward Howe of Boston may be heard before this debate is closed."
+Leave being given, I stood up and said my say, arguing earnestly that no
+man could be made better by being degraded. I can only well recall a
+part of my little speech, which was, I need scarcely say, quite
+unpremeditated:&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a id="page340" name="page340"></a>[p. 340]</span></p>
+
+<p>"It is related of the famous Beau Brummel that a gentleman who called
+upon him one morning met a valet carrying away a tray of neckcloths,
+more or less disordered. 'What are these?' asked the visitor; and the
+servant replied, 'These are our failures.' Even thus may society point
+to the criminals whom she dismisses from her presence. Of these men and
+women, whom she has failed to train in the ways of virtue and of
+industry, she may well say: 'These are our failures.'"</p>
+
+<p>My words were much applauded, and I think the vote taken was against the
+punishment in question. The sittings of the congress were mainly held in
+the hall of the Temple, which is enriched with carvings and coats of
+arms. Here, also, a final banquet was held, at which I was invited to
+speak, and did so. Rev. Frederick Wines had an honored place in this
+assembly, and his words were listened to with great attention. Miss
+Carpenter came from Bristol to attend the congress, and I was present
+when she presided over a section especially devoted to women prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>A number of the addresses presented at the congress were in foreign
+languages. A synopsis of these was furnished on the spot by an apt
+translator. I recall the whole occasion as one of great interest.</p>
+
+<p>I must not forget to mention the fact that the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page341" name="page341"></a>[p. 341]</span> only daughter
+of Edward Livingston, author of the criminal code of the State of
+Louisiana, was an honored guest at this congress. The meetings at which
+I spoke in different parts of England were usually presided over by some
+important personage, such as the mayor of the city. On one occasion a
+man of the people, quite popular in his way, expressed his warm approval
+of my peace doctrine, and concluded his remarks by saying, "Mrs. Howe, I
+offer you the hand of the Tyne-side Orator."</p>
+
+<p>All these efforts were intended to lead up to the final meeting which I
+had determined to hold in London, and which I did hold in St. George's
+Hall, a place very suitable for such occasions. At this meeting, Mr. and
+Mrs. Jacob Bright sat with me on the platform, and the venerable Sir
+John Bowring spoke at some length, leaning on his staff as became his
+age. The attendance was very good. The meeting was by no means what I
+had hoped that it might be. The ladies who spoke in public in those days
+mostly confined their labors to the advocacy of woman suffrage, and were
+not much interested in my scheme of a world-wide protest of women
+against the cruelties of war. I found indeed some helpful allies among
+my own sex. Two sisters of John Bright, Mrs. Margaret Lucas and Mrs.
+Maclaren, aided me with various friendly offices, and through their
+instrumentality <span class="pagenum"><a id="page342" name="page342"></a>[p. 342]</span> the money which I had expended in the hire of
+halls was returned to me. I had not in any way suggested or expected
+this, but as I was working entirely at my own cost the assistance was
+very welcome and opportune.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot leave this time without recalling the gracious figure of
+Athanase Coquerel. I had met this remarkable man in London at the
+anniversary banquet of the British Unitarian Association. It was in this
+country, however, that I first heard his eloquent and convincing speech,
+the occasion being a sermon given by him at the Unitarian Church of
+Newport, R. I., in the summer of the year 1873. It happened on this
+Sunday that the poet Bryant, John Dwight, and Parke Godwin were seated
+near me. All of them expressed great admiration of the discourse, and
+one exclaimed, "That French art, how wonderful it is!" The text chosen
+was this: "And greater works than these shall ye do."</p>
+
+<p>"How could this be?" asked the preacher. "How could the work of the
+disciples be greater than that of the Master? In one sense only. It
+could not be greater in spirit or in character. It could be greater in
+extent."</p>
+
+<p>The revolution in France occasioned by the Franco-Prussian war was much
+in the public mind at this time, and the extraordinary crisis of the
+Commune was almost unexplained. As soon <span class="pagenum"><a id="page343" name="page343"></a>[p. 343]</span> as I found an
+opportunity of conversing with Monsieur Coquerel, I besought him to set
+before us the true solution of these matters in the lectures which he
+was about to deliver.</p>
+
+<p>He consented to do so, and in one of his discourses represented the
+Commune as the result of a state of exasperation on the part of the
+people of Paris. They saw their country invaded by hostile armies, their
+sacred city beleaguered. In the desperation of their distress, all
+longed to take active part in some counter movement, and the most brutal
+and ignorant part of the populace were turned, by artful leaders, to
+this work of destruction. The speaker gave a very moving account of the
+hardships of the siege of Paris, the privations endured of food and
+fuel, the sacrifice of costly furniture as fire-wood to keep alive
+children in imminent danger of death. In the midst of the tumults and
+horrors enumerated, he introduced the description of the funeral of an
+eminent scientist. The quiet cort�ge moved on to the cemetery where halt
+was made, and the several speakers of the occasion, as if oblivious of
+the agonies of the hour, bore willing testimony to the merits and good
+work of their departed colleague.</p>
+
+<p>The principal object of Monsieur Coquerel's visit to this country was to
+collect funds for the building of a church in Paris which should grandly
+<span class="pagenum">[p. 344]</span> and truly represent liberal Christianity. I fear that his
+success in this undertaking fell far short of the end which he had hoped
+to attain. His death occurred not long after his return to France, and I
+do not know whether the first stone of his proposed edifice was ever
+laid. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page345" name="page345"></a>[p. 345]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER XVI</h2>
+
+<h2>VISITS TO SANTO DOMINGO</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the year 1872, Dr. Howe was appointed one of three commissioners to
+report upon the advisability of annexing Santo Domingo to the United
+States. The two other commissioners were Hon. Benjamin F. Wade of Ohio,
+and Hon. Andrew D. White. A government steamer was placed at the
+disposal of the commissioners, and a number of newspaper correspondents
+accompanied them. Prominent among these was William Henry Hurlburt, at
+that time identified with the "New York World." Before taking leave of
+his family, Dr. Howe said, "Remember that you cannot hear from us sooner
+than a month under the most favorable circumstances, so do not be
+frightened at our long silence." I have never heard an explanation of
+the motives which led the press in general to speak slightingly of the
+Tennessee, the war steamer upon which the commission embarked for Santo
+Domingo. Scarcely a week after her departure, a sensational account was
+published of a severe storm in the southern seas, and of a large steamer
+seen in unavailing struggle with the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page346" name="page346"></a>[p. 346]</span> waves. "The steamer was
+probably the Tennessee, and it is most likely that she foundered in the
+storm and went down with all on board."</p>
+
+<p>In spite of my husband's warning, I could not but feel great anxiety in
+view of this statement. The days of suspense that followed it were dark
+indeed and hard to live through. In due time, however, came intelligence
+of the safe arrival of the Tennessee, and of the good condition of all
+on board.</p>
+
+<p>It happened that I had gone out for a walk on the morning when this good
+news reached Boston. On my return I found Dr. Dix waiting, his eyes full
+of tears, to tell me that the Tennessee had been heard from. The
+numerous congratulations which I now received showed how general had
+been the fear of the threatened mishap, and how great the public
+interest in Dr. Howe's safety.</p>
+
+<p>In later years, I made the acquaintance of Hon. Andrew D. White and his
+most charming wife. Though scarcely on the verge of middle age, her
+beautiful dark hair had turned completely white, in the unnecessary
+agony which she suffered in the interval between her husband's departure
+and the first authentic news received of the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>It was a year later than this that Dr. Howe was urged by parties
+interested to undertake a second visit to Santo Domingo, with the view
+of furthering <span class="pagenum"><a id="page347" name="page347"></a>[p. 347]</span> the interests of the Samana Bay Company. He had
+been so much impressed with the beauty of the island that he wished me
+to share its enchantments with him. We accordingly set sail in a small
+steamer, the Tybee, in February of the year 1873. Our youngest daughter,
+Maud, went with us, and our party consisted of Maud's friend, Miss
+Derby, now Mrs. Samuel Richard Fuller, my husband's three nieces, and
+Miss Mary C. Paddock, a valued friend. Colonel Fabens, a man much
+interested in the prospects of the island, also embarked with us. The
+voyage was a stormy one, the seas being exceeding rough, and the steamer
+most uneasy in her action. After some weary days and nights, we cast
+anchor in the harbor of Puerta Plata, and my husband came to the door of
+my stateroom crying, "Come out and see the great glory!" I obeyed, and
+beheld a scene which amply justified his exclamation. Before us, sheer
+out of the water, rose Mount Isabel, clothed with tropical verdure. At
+its foot lay the picturesque little town. Small carts, drawn each by a
+single bullock, were already awaiting the unloading of the cargo. We
+were soon on shore, and within the shelter of a tolerable hotel, where
+fresh fruits and black coffee restored our sea-worn spirits. The day was
+Sunday, and I managed to attend a Methodist service held in a commodious
+chapel. The aspect of the little town <span class="pagenum"><a id="page348" name="page348"></a>[p. 348]</span> was very cheerful and
+friendly. Negro women ran about the streets, with red turbaned heads and
+clad in trailing gowns of calico. The prancing little horses delighted
+me with their swift and easy motion. On the day subsequent to our
+landing, we accepted an invitation to breakfast at a sugar plantation,
+not very far from the town. A cart drawn by a bullock furnished the only
+vehicle to be had in the place. Our entertainers were a young Cuban and
+his American wife. They had embarked a good deal of capital in
+machinery; I regretted to learn later that their enterprise had not been
+altogether successful.</p>
+
+<p>The merchants in Puerta Plata were largely Germans and Jews. They were
+at heart much opposed to the success of the Samana Bay enterprise,
+fearing that it would build up Samana at the expense of their own town.
+So, a year later, their money was used to inaugurate a revolution, which
+overthrew President Baez, and installed in his place a man greatly his
+inferior in talent, but one who could be made entirely subservient to
+the views of the Puerta Plata junta.</p>
+
+<p>After a day and a night in Puerta Plata we returned to our steamer,
+which was now bound for Samana Bay, and thence for the capital, Santo
+Domingo. Let me say in passing that it is quite incorrect to speak of
+the island as "San Domingo," This might be done if Domingo were the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page349" name="page349"></a>[p. 349]</span> name of a saint, but Santo Domingo really means "Holy Sunday,"
+and is so named in commemoration of the first landing of Columbus upon
+the island. Of Samana itself I will speak hereafter. After two more days
+of rough sea travel we were very glad to reach the capital, where the
+Palacio Nacional had been assigned as our residence.</p>
+
+<p>This was a spacious building surrounding a rectangular court. A guard of
+soldiers occupied the lower story, and the whole of the second floor was
+placed at our disposal. Furniture there was little or none, but we had
+brought with us a supply of beds, bedding, and articles necessary for
+the table. The town afforded us chairs and tables, and with the help of
+our friend, Miss Paddock, we were soon comfortably installed in our new
+quarters. The fleas at first gave us terrible torment, but a copious
+washing of floors and the use of some native plant, the name of which I
+cannot remember, diminished this inconvenience, to which also we
+gradually became accustomed.</p>
+
+<p>The population of Santo Domingo is much mixed, and I could not see that
+the blacks were looked down upon by the whites, the greater part of whom
+gave evidence of some admixture of African blood. In the harbor of the
+capital, before leaving the steamer, I had had some conversation with
+one Fran�ois, a man of color, who had come on board to secure the
+services of one <span class="pagenum"><a id="page350" name="page350"></a>[p. 350]</span> of our fellow-passengers, an aged clergyman,
+for his church. The old gentleman insisted that he was past preaching,
+on account of his age and infirmities. I began to question Fran�ois
+about his church, and found that it consisted of a small congregation of
+very poor colored people, all Americans by birth or descent. They held
+their services only on Sunday evenings, having neither clothes nor shoes
+fit for appearance in the daytime. Their real minister had died, and an
+elder who had taken his place was too lame to cross the river in order
+to attend the services, so they had to do without preaching. I cannot
+remember just how it came about, but I engaged to hold service for them
+on Sunday evenings during my stay at the capital.</p>
+
+<p>Behold me then, on my first Sunday evening, entering the little wooden
+building with its mud floor. It boasted a mahogany pulpit of some size,
+but I took my seat within the chancel rail and began my ministration. I
+gave out the hymns, and the tattered hymn-books were turned over. I soon
+learned that this was a mere form, few of those present being able to
+read. They knew the hymns by heart and sang them with a will. I had
+prepared my sermon very carefully, being anxious really to interest
+these poor shepherdless sheep. They appeared to listen very thankfully,
+and I continued these services until <span class="pagenum"><a id="page351" name="page351"></a>[p. 351]</span> nearly the time of my
+departure from the island. I had not brought any written sermons with
+me, nor had I that important aid in sermonizing, a concordance. A young
+daughter of Colonel Fabens, a good Bible scholar, used to find my texts
+for me. I remember that, after my first preaching, a young woman called
+upon me and quoted some words from my sermon, very much in the sense of
+the old anecdote about "that blessed word Mesopotamia."</p>
+
+<p>When Good Friday and Easter came my colored people besought me to hold
+extra services, in order that their young folks might understand that
+these sacred days were of as much significance to them as to the
+Catholics, by whom they were surrounded. I naturally complied with their
+request, and arranged to have the poor little place decorated with palms
+and flowers for the Easter service. I have always remembered with
+pleasure one feature of my Easter sermon. In this I tried to describe
+Dante's beautiful vision of a great cross in the heavens, formed of
+clusters of stars, the name of Christ being inscribed on each cluster.
+The thought that the mighty poet of the fourteenth century should have
+had something to impart to these illiterate negroes was very dear to me.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the report of my preaching became noised abroad, the aged
+elder, whose place I had <span class="pagenum"><a id="page352" name="page352"></a>[p. 352]</span> taken, bestirred himself and managed
+to put in an appearance at the little church. He mounted the stairs of
+the mahogany pulpit, and seemed to keep guard over the congregation,
+while I continued to speak from the chancel. I invited him to give out
+the hymns, which he did, mentioning also the page on which they would be
+found. He afterwards told me that his wife, who could read, had taught
+him those hymns. "I never could do nothing with books," he said.</p>
+
+<p>We found but little English spoken at the capital except among the
+colored people. I always recall with amusement a bit of conversation
+which I had with one of the merchants who was fond of speaking our
+language. He had sent his errand boy to us with a message. Meeting him
+later in the day, I said, "I saw your servant this morning." "Yes, ze
+nigger. He mudder fooley in St. Thomas." I made some effort to ascertain
+what were the educational advantages afforded in the capital. I found
+there a school for boys, under the immediate charge of the Catholic
+clergy. Hearing also of a school for girls, founded and administered by
+a young woman of the city, I called one day to find out what I could of
+her and of her work. She was the daughter of a woman physician who had
+much reputation in the place. Her mother had received no technical
+medical education, but <span class="pagenum"><a id="page353" name="page353"></a>[p. 353]</span> had practiced nursing under the best
+doctors, and had also acquired through experience a considerable
+understanding of the uses of herbs. She was a devout Catholic, and
+having once been desperately ill, had vowed her infant daughter to the
+Virgin in case of her recovery. The daughter had not entered a convent,
+but had devoted herself to the training of young girls. She appeared to
+be a very modest and simple person, and was pleased to have me inspect
+the needlework, maps, and copy books of her pupils.</p>
+
+<p>"At any rate, I keep them out of the street," she said. Fran�ois, my
+first colored acquaintance at the capital, had spoken to me of a Bible
+society formed there. It was a secret association, and he told me
+several times that its members earnestly desired to make my
+acquaintance. I finally arranged with him to attend one of their
+meetings, and went, in his company, to a building in which an inner room
+was set apart for their use. I was ushered into this with some ceremony,
+and found a company of natives of various shades of color. On a raised
+platform were seated the presiding officers of the occasion. Presently
+one of these rang his bell and began to address me in a rather
+high-flown style, assuring me that my noble works were well understood
+by those present, and that they greatly desired to hear from me. I was
+much puzzled <span class="pagenum"><a id="page354" name="page354"></a>[p. 354]</span> at this address, feeling almost certain that
+nothing that I had ever done would have been likely to penetrate the
+atmosphere of this isolated spot. The speech was in Spanish and I was
+expected to reply in the same language. This I was not able to do, my
+knowledge of Spanish being limited to a few colloquial phrases. The
+French language answered pretty well, however, and in this I managed to
+express my thanks for the honor done me and my sincere interest in the
+welfare of the island. All present had risen to receive me. There seemed
+to be nothing further for me to do, and I took leave, followed by
+clapping of hands. To this day I have never been able to understand the
+connection of this association with any Bible society, and still less
+the flattering mention made of some supposed merits on my part. Fran�ois
+warned me that this meeting was not to be generally spoken of, and I
+endeavored to preserve a discreet silence regarding it.</p>
+
+<p>On another evening we were all invited to attend the public exercises of
+a debating club of young men. The question to be argued was whether it
+is permissible to do evil in view of a supposed good result. The debate
+was a rather spirited one. The best of the speakers, who had been
+educated in Spain, had much to say of the philosopher Balm�s, whose
+sayings he more than <span class="pagenum"><a id="page355" name="page355"></a>[p. 355]</span> once quoted. The question having been
+decided in the negative, the speaker who had maintained the unethical
+side of the question explained that he had done this only because it was
+required of him, his convictions and sympathies being wholly on the
+other side.</p>
+
+<p>President Baez had received us with great cordiality. He called upon us
+soon after our arrival, having previously sent us a fine basket of
+fruit. He seemed an intelligent man, and my husband's estimate of him
+was much opposed to that conveyed in Mr. Sumner's invective against "a
+traitor who sought to sell his own country." Baez had sense enough to
+recognize the security which annexation to the United States would give
+to his people.</p>
+
+<p>The English are sometimes spoken of as "a nation of shopkeepers." Santo
+Domingo might certainly be called a city of shopkeepers. When we visited
+it, all of the principal families were engaged in trade. When daughters
+were considered of fit age to enter society, they made their d�but
+behind the counter of their father or uncle.</p>
+
+<p>My husband decided, soon after our arrival, to invite the townspeople to
+a dance. In preparation for this festivity, the largest room in the
+palace was swept and garnished with flowers. A native band of musicians
+was engaged, and a merry and motley throng invaded our sober premises.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page356" name="page356"></a>[p. 356]</span> The favorite dances were mostly of the order of the
+"contradanza," which I had seen in Cuba. This is a slow and stately
+measure, suited to the languor of a hot climate. I ventured to introduce
+a Virginia Reel, which was not much enjoyed by the natives. President
+Baez did not honor us with his presence, but his brother Damian and his
+sister Rosita were among our guests. A United States warship was in the
+harbor, and its officers were a welcome reinforcement to our company.
+Among these was Lieutenant De Long, well remembered now as the leader of
+the ill-fated Jeannette expedition.</p>
+
+<p>At two o'clock in the morning my husband showed signs of extreme
+fatigue. I felt that the gayeties must cease, and was obliged to say to
+some of the older guests that Dr. Howe's health would not permit him to
+entertain them longer. It seemed like sending children home from a
+Christmas party, the dancers appeared so much taken aback. They had
+expected to dance until day dawn. Still they departed without objecting.
+The next day those of us who visited the principal street of the city
+saw the beaux of the night before busy in their shops, some of them in
+shirt-sleeves.</p>
+
+<p>Our days passed very quietly. Dr. Howe took his accustomed ride before
+breakfast. One feature of this meal consisted of water-cocoanuts,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page357" name="page357"></a>[p. 357]</span> gathered while the night dew was on them, and of a delicious
+coolness. The water having been poured out, the nuts were thrown into
+the court below, where the soldiers of the guard ate them greedily. The
+rations served out to these men consisted simply of strips of sugar
+cane. Their uniforms were of seersucker, and the homely palm-leaf hat
+completed their costume.</p>
+
+<p>After breakfast I usually sat at my books, often preparing my Sunday
+sermon. A siesta followed the noonday repast, and after this the
+greatest amusement of the day began. The little, fiery steeds were
+brought into the courtyard, and I rode forth, followed by my young
+companions and escorted by the assistant secretary of the treasury.
+Several of the young gentlemen of the town who could command the use of
+a horse would join our cavalcade, as we swept out of the city limits and
+into the beautiful regions beyond. The horses have a peculiarly easy
+gait, and are yet very swift and gentle. As the season advanced, and the
+spring showers began to fall, we were sometimes glad to take refuge
+under a mango tree, its spreading branches and thick foliage sheltering
+us like a tent. Our cavaliers, in view of this emergency, were apt to
+provide themselves with umbrellas, to the opening and shutting of which
+the horses were well accustomed. In case of any chill "a little rum" was
+always recommended. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page358" name="page358"></a>[p. 358]</span> The careless mention of this typical
+beverage amused and almost frightened me, accustomed to hear rum spoken
+of with bated breath, as if unfit even for mention.</p>
+
+<p>The besetting evil of the island seemed to be lockjaw. I was told that
+the smallest wound or scratch, or even a chill, might produce it. I
+distinctly remember having several times felt an unusual stiffness of
+the lower jaw, consequent upon a slight check of perspiration.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot imagine a more delightful winter climate than that of Santo
+Domingo. Dr. Howe used sometimes to come to my study and ask, "Are you
+comfortable?"</p>
+
+<p>"Perfectly comfortable. Why do you ask?"</p>
+
+<p>"Because the thermometer stands at 86� Fahrenheit." A delicious
+sea-breeze blew in at the wide open window, and we who sat in it had no
+feeling of extreme heat.</p>
+
+<p>I remember a little excursion which we made on horseback to a village
+some twelve miles distant from the capital. We started in the very early
+morning, wishing to reach the place of our destination before the
+approach of noon. It was still quite dark when we mounted our horses,
+with a faithful escort of Dominican friends.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Sabrosa ma�ana!</i>" exclaimed the assistant secretary of the treasury,
+who rode beside me.</p>
+
+<p>Our road lay through a beautiful bit of forest <span class="pagenum">[p. 359]</span> land. The dawn
+found us at a pretty and primitive ferry, which we crossed without
+dismounting. The beauty of the scenery was beyond description. The air
+was refreshed by a succession of little mountain streamlets, which
+splashed with a cool sound about our horses' feet. Arriving at the
+village we found a newly erected <i>bohio</i>, or hut of palm-wood strips,
+prepared for us. It was hung with hammocks and furnished with rocking
+chairs, with a clean floor of sand and pebbles. At a neighboring <i>fonda</i>
+luncheon was served to our party. We returned to our <i>bohio</i> for a much
+needed siesta, reserving the afternoon for a ramble. A service was going
+on at the village church. After a late dinner we went to visit the
+priest. His servant woman appeared reluctant to admit us. This we
+understood when the old gentleman came forward to receive us, dressed
+like a peasant, and wearing a handkerchief tied about his head in
+peasant fashion. To me, as the senior lady of the party, he offered a
+cigar.</p>
+
+<p>He took pains to return our visit the next day, but came to our <i>bohio</i>
+in full canonicals. He was anxious to possess a certain Spanish work on
+botany, and offered me a sum of money in prepayment of its price. This I
+declined to receive, feeling that the chances were much against my ever
+being able to fulfill his commission.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after his visit we mounted our <span class="pagenum"><a id="page360" name="page360"></a>[p. 360]</span> steeds and rode
+back to the capital, which we reached after the great gate had been
+closed for the night, a narrow postern opening to admit our party one by
+one.</p>
+
+<p>Before our departure from the island, President Baez invited us to a
+state dinner at his residence. The appointments of the table were
+elegant and tasteful. The repast was a long one, consisting of a great
+variety of Dominican dishes, which appeared and disappeared with great
+celerity. Before the dessert was served, we were requested to leave the
+table and return to the sitting-room. Presently we came back to the
+table, and found it spread with fruits and sweets innumerable.</p>
+
+<p>Two years after this time, my husband's health required a change of
+climate. He decided to visit Santo Domingo once more, and was anxious
+that I should accompany him. I was rather unwilling to do so, being much
+engaged at home. Wishing to offer me the greatest inducement, he said,
+"You shall preach to your colored folks as much as you like." In March
+of 1875, accordingly, we set sail in the same Tybee which had carried us
+on our first voyage to the beautiful island. The political situation
+meantime had greatly changed. The revolution already spoken of had
+expelled President Baez, and had put in his place a man devoted to the
+interests of Puerta Plata, as opposed to the growth of Samana. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page361" name="page361"></a>[p. 361]</span></p>
+
+<p>We landed at the capital, and as we walked up the street to our hotel
+familiar forms emerged from the shops on the right and on the left.
+These friends all accosted us with eager questions:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Addonde estan las muchachas?" (Where are the girls?)</p>
+
+<p>"Addonde esta Maud?"</p>
+
+<p>"Addonde esta Lucia?"</p>
+
+<p>We were obliged to say that they were not with us, and the blank,
+disappointed faces showed that we, the elders, counted for little in the
+absence of "metal more attractive."</p>
+
+<p>After a short stay at the capital, we re�mbarked for Samana, where we
+passed some weeks of delightful quiet in a pretty cottage on the
+outskirts of the little town. On the evening of our taking possession, I
+stood at the door of our new abode, watching the moon rise and overtop
+two stately palms which formed the immediate foreground of our
+landscape. On the left was the pretty crescent-shaped beach, and beyond
+it the lights of the town shone brightly. This was a foretaste of many
+delightful hours in which my soul was fed with the beauty of my
+surroundings.</p>
+
+<p>Our cottage was distant about a mile from the town, which my husband
+liked to visit every morning. It was possible to go thither by the
+beach, but he preferred to take a narrow bridle <span class="pagenum"><a id="page362" name="page362"></a>[p. 362]</span> path on the
+side of a very steep hill. I had never been a bold rider, and I must
+confess that I suffered agonies of fear in following him on these
+expeditions. If I lagged behind, he would cry, "Come on! it's as bad as
+going to a funeral to ride with you." And so, I suppose, it was. I
+remember one day when a great palm branch had fallen across our path. I
+thought that my horse would certainly slip on it, sending me to depths
+below. Fortunately he did not. That very day, while Dr. Howe was taking
+his siesta, I went to the place where this impediment lay, and with a
+great effort threw it over the steep mountain-side. The whole
+neighborhood of Samana is very mountainous, and I sometimes found it
+impossible to obey the word of command. One day my husband spurred his
+horse and made a gallant dash at a very steep ascent, ordering me to
+follow him. I tried my best, but only got far enough to find myself
+awkwardly at a standstill, and unable to go either backward or forward.
+The Doctor was obliged to dismount and to lead my horse down to the
+level ground. This, he assured me, was a severe mortification for him.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Howe desired at this time to make a journey on horseback to a part
+of the interior which he had not visited. He engaged as a guide a man
+familiar with the region and able on foot to keep pace with any ordinary
+horse. I remember <span class="pagenum">[p. 363]</span> that this man asked for a warning of some
+days, in order that he might purchase his <i>combustibles</i>, meaning
+comestibles. This journey, often talked of, was never undertaken. We
+sometimes varied the even tenor of our days in Samana by a sail in the
+pretty steam launch belonging to the Samana Bay Company. On one occasion
+we took a rowboat and went to visit an English carpenter who had built
+himself a hut in the forest not far from the shore. We found his wife
+surrounded by her young family. The cabin was provided with berths for
+sleeping accommodation. The household work was done mostly in the open
+air. On a rude table I found some Greek books. "Whose are those?" I
+asked. "Oh, they belong to my husband. He studies Greek in order to
+understand the New Testament." Yet this man was so illiterate as to
+allow some pupils of his to use a small i for our personal pronoun. In
+spite of my husband's permission, I did not preach very much during this
+visit to Samana. I found there a Methodist church with a settled pastor.
+I did take part in an open-air service one Sunday afternoon. The place
+chosen was well up on the side of a mountain, the assembly consisting
+entirely of colored people. I arrived a little after time and found a
+zealous elder speaking. When he saw me he said, "And now dat de lady hab
+come I will <i>obdunk</i> [abdicate] from de place." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page364" name="page364"></a>[p. 364]</span></p>
+
+<p>A little school kept by the carpenter was not far from this spot. It
+occupied a shed in a region magnificent with palms. I went one day, by
+special arrangement, to speak to the pupils, who were of both sexes. The
+ascent was so steep that I was glad to avail myself of the offer of a
+steer with a straw saddle on his back, led by a youth of the
+neighborhood. From the school I went to the hut of a colored woman, who
+had requested the honor of entertaining me at lunch, and who waited upon
+me with great good-will. While I was still resting in the shade of the
+cabin a man appeared, leading two saddle horses and bearing a missive
+from Dr. Howe, requesting my immediate return. I have elsewhere alluded
+to this and to Dr. Howe's touching words, "Our dear, noble Sumner is no
+more. Come home at once. I am much distressed."</p>
+
+<p>My husband had been greatly chagrined by Mr. Sumner's conduct with
+regard to the proposed annexation of Santo Domingo. The death of his
+lifelong friend seemed to bring back all his old tenderness and he
+grieved deeply over his loss.</p>
+
+<p>Of the longevity of the negro population of Santo Domingo we heard
+wonderful accounts. I myself, while in Samana, saw and spoke with a
+colored woman who was said to have reached the age of one hundred and
+thirty years. She was a <span class="pagenum">[p. 365]</span> native of Maryland, and had become a
+mother and a grandmother before leaving the United States. In Samana she
+married again and had a second set of children and grandchildren. These
+particulars I learned from a daughter of her second marriage, herself a
+woman of forty. The aged mother and grandmother came up to Samana during
+my stay there to make some necessary purchases. Her figure was slender
+and, as the French say, "<i>bien-prise</i>." Her only infirmity appeared to
+be her deafness.</p>
+
+<p>A curious custom in this small community was the consecration of all
+houses as soon as completed. This was usually made the occasion of what
+we term a house-warming. Friends were invited, and were expected to make
+contributions of cake. The priest of the parish offered prayer and
+sprinkled the premises with holy water, after which the festivities
+commenced. The music consisted of a harmonicon and a notched gourd,
+which was scraped with an iron rod to mark the time. Cakes and lemonade
+were handed about in trays. Grandmothers sat patient with their
+grandbabes on their laps while the mothers danced to their hearts'
+content.</p>
+
+<p>It chanced one day that I attended one of these merry-makings. While the
+dance was in progress a superbly handsome man, bronze in complexion and
+very polite in manner, commanded from the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page366" name="page366"></a>[p. 366]</span> musicians, "Una
+polka por Madama Howe." I had neither expected nor desired to dance, but
+felt obliged to accept this invitation.</p>
+
+<p>A large proportion of the Dominicans, be it said in passing, are of
+mixed race, the white element in them being mostly Spanish. This last so
+predominates that the leading negro characteristics are rarely observed
+among them. They are intelligent people, devout in their Catholicism and
+generally very honest. Families of the wealthier class are apt to send
+their sons to Spain for education.</p>
+
+<p>Quite distinct from these are the American blacks, who are the remnant
+and in large part the descendants of an exodus of free negroes from our
+Middle States, which took place in the neighborhood of the year 1840.
+These people are Methodists, but are, for some reason, entirely
+neglected by the denomination, both in England and in America. They are
+anxious to keep their young folks within the pale of Protestantism. Of
+such was composed my little congregation in the city of Santo Domingo.</p>
+
+<p>In the place last named I made the acquaintance of a singular family of
+birds, individuals of which were domesticated in many houses. These
+creatures could be depended upon to give the household warning of the
+approach of a stranger. They also echoed with notes of their own the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page367" name="page367"></a>[p. 367]</span> hourly striking of the city clocks, and zealously destroyed
+all the insects which are generated by the heat of a tropical climate.
+The <i>per contra</i> is that they themselves are rather malodorous.</p>
+
+<p>During my stay in Samana a singular woman attached herself to me. She
+was a mulatto, and her home was on a mountain side in the neighborhood
+of the school of which I have just spoken. Here she was rarely to be
+found; and her husband bewailed her frequent absences and consequent
+neglect of her large family. She had some knowledge of herbs, which she
+occasionally made available in nursing the sick. She one day brought her
+aged mother to visit me, and the elder woman, speaking of her, said,
+"Oh, yes! Rosanna's got edication." Of this "edication" I had a specimen
+in a letter which she wrote me after my departure, and which began thus,
+"Hailyal [hallelujah], Mrs. Howe, here's hopin."</p>
+
+<p>In these days the brilliant scheme of the Samana Bay Company came to its
+final failure. The Dominican government now insisted that the flag of
+the company should be officially withdrawn. The Tybee having departed on
+her homeward voyage, the one warship of the republic made its appearance
+in the harbor, a miserable little schooner, but one that carried a gun.</p>
+
+<p>On the morrow of her arrival, a scene of some interest was enacted. The
+employees of the company, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page368" name="page368"></a>[p. 368]</span> all colored men, marched to the
+building over which the flag was floating. Every man carried a fresh
+rose at the end of his musket. Dr. Howe made a pathetic little speech,
+explanatory of the circumstances, and a military salute was fired as the
+flag was hauled down. A spiteful caricature appeared in a paper
+published, I think, at the capital, representing the transaction just
+mentioned, with Dr. Howe in the foreground in an attitude of deep
+dejection, Mrs. Howe standing near, and saying, "Never mind."</p>
+
+<hr class="small">
+
+<p>From my own memoir of Dr. Howe I quote the following record of his last
+days on earth.</p>
+
+<p>"The mild climate and exercise in the open air had done all that could
+have been expected for Dr. Howe, and he returned from Santo Domingo much
+improved in health. The seeds of disease, however, were still lurking in
+his system, and the change from tropical weather to our own uncertain
+spring brought on a severe attack of rheumatism, by which his strength
+was greatly reduced. He rallied somewhat in the autumn, and was able to
+pass the winter in reasonable comfort and activity.</p>
+
+<p>"The first of May, 1875, found him at his country seat in South
+Portsmouth, R. I., where the planting of his garden and the supervision
+of his poultry afforded him much amusement and occupation. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page369" name="page369"></a>[p. 369]</span> In
+the early summer he was still able to ride the beautiful Santo Domingo
+pony which President Baez had sent him three years before. This
+resource, however, soon failed him, and his exercise became limited to a
+short walk in the neighborhood of his house. His strength constantly
+diminished during the summer, yet he retained his habits of early rising
+and of active occupation, as well as his interest in matters public and
+private. He returned to Boston in the autumn, and seemed at first
+benefited by the change. He felt, however, and we felt, that a change
+was impending.</p>
+
+<p>"On Christmas day he was able to dine with his family, and to converse
+with one or two invited guests. On the first of January he said to an
+intimate friend: 'I have told my people that they will bury me this
+month.' This was merely a passing impression, as in fact he had not so
+spoken to any of us. On January 4th, while up and about as usual, he was
+attacked by sudden and severe convulsions, followed by insensibility;
+and on January 9th he breathed his last, surrounded by his family, and
+apparently without pain or consciousness. Before the end Laura Bridgman
+was brought to his bedside, to touch once more the hand that had
+unlocked the world to her. She did so, weeping bitterly." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page370" name="page370"></a>[p. 370]</span></p>
+
+<p>A great mourning was made for Dr. Howe. Eulogies were pronounced before
+the legislature of Massachusetts, and resolutions of regret and sympathy
+came to us from various beneficent associations. From Greece came back a
+touching echo of our sorrow, and by an order, sent from thence, a floral
+tribute was laid upon the casket of the early friend and champion of
+Greek liberties. A beautiful helmet and sword, all of violets, the
+parting gift of the household, seemed a fitting recognizance for one
+whom Whittier has named "The Modern Bayard."</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after this sad event a public meeting was held in Boston Music
+Hall in commemoration of Dr. Howe's great services to the community. The
+governor of Massachusetts (Hon. Alexander H. Rice) presided, and
+testimonials were offered by many eminent men.</p>
+
+<p>Poems written for the occasion were contributed by Oliver Wendell
+Holmes, William Ellery Channing, and Rev. Charles T. Brooks. Of these
+exercises I will only say that, although my husband's life was well
+known to me, I listened almost with amazement to the summing up of its
+deeds of merit. It seemed almost impossible that so much good could be
+soberly said of any man, and yet I knew that it was all said truthfully
+and in grave earnest.</p>
+
+<p>My husband's beloved pupil, Laura Bridgman, <span class="pagenum">[p. 371]</span> was seated upon
+the platform, where a friend interpreted the proceedings to her in the
+finger language. The music, which was of a high order, was furnished by
+the pupils of the institution for the blind at South Boston.</p>
+
+<p>The occasion was one never to be forgotten. As I review it after an
+interval of many years, I find that the impression made upon me at the
+time does not diminish. I still wonder at the showing of such a solid
+power of work, such untiring industry, such prophetic foresight and
+intuition, so grand a trust in human nature. These gifts were well-nigh
+put out of sight by a singularly modest estimate of self. Truly, this
+was a knight of God's own order. I cannot but doubt whether he left his
+peer on earth. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page372" name="page372"></a>[p. 372]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER XVII</h2>
+
+<h2>THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT</h2>
+
+
+<p>I sometimes feel as if words could not express the comfort and
+instruction which have come to me in the later years of my life from two
+sources. One of these has been the better acquaintance with my own sex;
+the other, the experience of the power resulting from associated action
+in behalf of worthy objects.</p>
+
+<p>During the first two thirds of my life I looked to the masculine ideal
+of character as the only true one. I sought its inspiration, and
+referred my merits and demerits to its judicial verdict. In an
+unexpected hour a new light came to me, showing me a world of thought
+and of character quite beyond the limits within which I had hitherto
+been content to abide. The new domain now made clear to me was that of
+true womanhood,&mdash;woman no longer in her ancillary relation to her
+opposite, man, but in her direct relation to the divine plan and
+purpose, as a free agent, fully sharing with man every human right and
+every human responsibility. This discovery was like the addition of a
+new continent to the map of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page373" name="page373"></a>[p. 373]</span> world, or of a new testament
+to the old ordinances.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, had I earlier known the power, the nobility, the intelligence which
+lie within the range of true womanhood, I had surely lived more wisely
+and to better purpose." Such were my reflections; yet I must think that
+the great Lord of all reserved this new revelation as the crown of a
+wonderful period of the world's emancipation and progress.</p>
+
+<p>It did not come to me all at once. In my attempts at philosophizing I at
+length reached the conclusion that woman must be the moral and spiritual
+equivalent of man. How, otherwise, could she be entrusted with the awful
+and inevitable responsibilities of maternity? The quasi-adoration that
+true lovers feel, was it an illusion partly of sense, partly of
+imagination? or did it symbolize a sacred truth?</p>
+
+<p>While my mind was engaged with these questions, the civil war came to an
+end, leaving the slave not only emancipated, but endowed with the full
+dignity of citizenship. The women of the North had greatly helped to
+open the door which admitted him to freedom and its safeguard, the
+ballot. Was this door to be shut in their face?</p>
+
+<p>While I followed, rather unwillingly, this train of thought, an
+invitation was sent me to attend a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page374" name="page374"></a>[p. 374]</span> parlor meeting to be held
+with the view of forming a woman's club in Boston. I presented myself at
+this meeting, and gave a languid assent to the measures proposed. These
+were to hire a parlor or parlors in some convenient locality, and to
+furnish and keep them open for the convenience of ladies residing in the
+city and its suburbs. Out of this small and modest beginning was
+gradually developed the plan of the New England Woman's Club, a strong
+and stately association destined, I believe, to last for many years, and
+leaving behind it, at this time of my writing, a record of three decades
+of happy and acceptable service.</p>
+
+<p>While our club life was still in its beginning, I was invited and
+induced to attend a meeting in behalf of woman suffrage. Indeed, I had
+given my name to the call for this meeting, relying upon the assurance
+given me by Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson, that it would be
+conducted in a very liberal and friendly spirit, without bitterness or
+extravagance. The place appointed was Horticultural Hall. The morning
+was inclement; and as I strayed into the hall in my rainy-day suit,
+nothing was further from my mind than the thought that I should take any
+part in the day's proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>I had hoped not to be noticed by the officers of the meeting, and was
+rather disconcerted when a message reached me requesting me to come up
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page375" name="page375"></a>[p. 375]</span> and take a seat on the platform. This I did very reluctantly.
+I was now face to face with a new order of things. Here, indeed, were
+some whom I had long known and honored: Garrison, Wendell Phillips,
+Colonel Higginson, and my dear pastor, James Freeman Clarke. But here
+was also Lucy Stone, who had long been the object of one of my imaginary
+dislikes. As I looked into her sweet, womanly face and heard her earnest
+voice, I felt that the object of my distaste had been a mere phantom,
+conjured up by silly and senseless misrepresentations. Here stood the
+true woman, pure, noble, great-hearted, with the light of her good life
+shining in every feature of her face. Here, too, I saw the husband whose
+devotion so ably seconded her life-work.</p>
+
+<p>The arguments to which I now listened were simple, strong, and
+convincing. These champions, who had fought so long and so valiantly for
+the slave, now turned the searchlight of their intelligence upon the
+condition of woman, and demanded for the mothers of the community the
+civil rights which had recently been accorded to the negro. They asked
+for nothing more and nothing less than the administration of that
+impartial justice for which, if for anything, a Republican government
+should stand.</p>
+
+<p>When they requested me to speak, which they did presently, I could only
+say, "I am with you." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page376" name="page376"></a>[p. 376]</span> I have been with them ever since, and
+have never seen any reason to go back from the pledge then given.
+Strangely, as it then seemed to me, the arguments which I had stored up
+in my mind against the political enfranchisement of women were really so
+many reasons in its favor. All that I had felt regarding the sacredness
+and importance of <a name="the_womans_part" id="the_womans_part"></a>the woman's part in private life now appeared to me
+equally applicable to the part which she should bear in public life.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image23.jpg" width="158" height="208" alt="LUCY STONE">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>LUCY STONE</small><br> <small><i>From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the comforts which I found in the new association was the relief
+which it afforded me from a sense of isolation and eccentricity. For
+years past I had felt strongly impelled to lend my voice to the
+convictions of my heart. I had done this in a way, from time to time,
+always with the feeling that my course in so doing was held to call for
+apology and explanation by the men and women with whose opinions I had
+hitherto been familiar. I now found a sphere of action in which this
+mode of expression no longer appeared singular or eccentric, but simple,
+natural, and, under the circumstances, inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>In the little band of workers which I had joined, I was soon called upon
+to perform yeoman's service. I was expected to attend meetings and to
+address audiences, at first in the neighborhood of Boston, afterwards in
+many remote places, Cleveland, Chicago, St. Louis. Among those <span class="pagenum"><a id="page377" name="page377"></a>[p. 377]</span> who led or followed
+the new movement, I naturally encountered some individuals in whom
+vanity and personal ambition were conspicuous. But I found mostly among
+my new associates a great heart of religious conviction and a genuine
+spirit of selfsacrifice.</p>
+
+<p>My own contributions to the work appeared to me less valuable than I had
+hoped to find them. I had at first everything to learn with regard to
+public speaking, and Lucy Stone and Mrs. Livermore were much more at
+home on the platform than I was. I was called upon to preside over
+conventions, having never learned the rules of debate. I was obliged to
+address large audiences, having been accustomed to use my voice only in
+parlors. Gradually all this bettered itself. I became familiar with the
+order of proceedings, and learned to modulate my voice. More important
+even than these things, I learned something of the range of popular
+sympathies, and of the power of apprehension to be found in average
+audiences. All of these experiences, the failures, the effort, and the
+final achievement, were most useful to me.</p>
+
+<p>In years that followed I gave what I could to the cause, but all that I
+gave was repaid to me a thousandfold. I had always had to do with women
+of character and intelligence, but I found in my new friends a clearness
+of insight, a strength <span class="pagenum"><a id="page378" name="page378"></a>[p. 378]</span> and steadfastness of purpose, which
+enabled them to take a position of command, in view of the questions of
+the hour.</p>
+
+<p>Among the manifold interests which now opened up before me, the cause of
+woman suffrage was for a time predominant. The novelty of the topic in
+the mind of the general public brought together large audiences in
+Boston and in the neighboring towns. Lucy Stone's fervent zeal, always
+guided by her faultless feeling of propriety, the earnest pleading of
+her husband, the brilliant eloquence and personal magnetism of Mary A.
+Livermore,&mdash;all these things combined to give to our platform a novel
+and sustained attraction. Noble men, aye, the noblest, stood with us in
+our endeavor,&mdash;some, like Senator Hoar and George S. Hale, to explain
+and illustrate the logical sequence which should lead to the recognition
+of our citizenship; others, like Wendell Phillips, George William
+Curtis, and Henry Ward Beecher, able to overwhelm the crumbling defenses
+of the old order with the storm and flash of their eloquence.</p>
+
+<p>We acted, one and all, under the powerful stimulus of hope. The object
+which we labored to accomplish was so legitimate and rational, so
+directly in the line of our religious belief, of our political
+institutions, that it appeared as if we had only to unfold our new
+banner, bright with the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page379" name="page379"></a>[p. 379]</span> blazon of applied Christianity, and
+march on to victory. The black man had received the vote. Should the
+white woman be less considered than he?</p>
+
+<p>During the recent war the women of our country had been as ministering
+angels to our armies, forsaking homes of ease and luxury to bring succor
+and comfort to the camp-hospital and battlefield. Those who tarried at
+home had labored incessantly to supply the needs of those at the front.
+Should they not be counted among the citizens of the great Republic?
+Moreover, we women had year after year worked to build, maintain, and
+fill the churches throughout the land with a patient industry akin to
+that of coral insects. Surely we should be invited to pass in with our
+brothers to the larger liberty now shown to be our just due.</p>
+
+<p>We often spoke in country towns, where our morning meetings could be but
+poorly attended, for the reason that the women of the place were busy
+with the preparation of the noonday meal. Our evening sessions in such
+places were precious to school-teachers and factory hands.</p>
+
+<p>Ministers opened to us their churches, and the women of their
+congregations worked together to provide for us places of refreshment
+and repose. We met the real people face to face and hand to hand. It was
+a period of awakened thought, of quickened and enlarged sympathy.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page380" name="page380"></a>[p. 380]</span></p>
+
+<p>I recall with pleasure two campaigns which we made in Vermont, where the
+theme of woman suffrage was quite new to the public mind. I started on
+one of these journeys with Mr. Garrison, and enjoyed with him the great
+beauty of the winter landscape in that most lovely State. The evergreen
+forests through which we passed were hung with icicles, which glittered
+like diamonds in the bright winter sun. Lucy Stone, Mr. Blackwell, and
+Mrs. Livermore had preceded us, and when we reached the place of
+destination we found everything in readiness for our meeting. At one
+town in Vermont some opposition to our coming had been manifested
+beforehand. We found, on arriving, that the chairman of our committee of
+arrangements had left town suddenly as if unwilling to befriend us. A
+vulgar and silly ballad had been printed and circulated, in which we
+three ladies were spoken of as three old crows. The prospect for the
+evening was not encouraging. We deliberated for a moment in the anteroom
+of our hall. I said, "Let me come first in the order of exercises, as I
+read from a manuscript, and shall not be disconcerted even if they throw
+chairs at us." As we entered some noise was heard from the gallery. Mr.
+Garrison came forward and asked whether we were to be given a hearing or
+not. Instantly a group of small boys were ejected from their seats by
+some one <span class="pagenum"><a id="page381" name="page381"></a>[p. 381]</span> in authority. Mrs. Livermore now stepped to the front
+and looked the audience through and through. Silence prevailed, and she
+was heard as usual with repeated applause. I read my paper without
+interruption. The honors of the evening belonged to us.</p>
+
+<p>I remember another journey, a nocturnal one, which I undertook alone, in
+order to join the friends mentioned above at a suffrage meeting
+somewhere in New England. As I emerged from the Pullman in the cold
+twilight of an early winter morning, carrying a heavy bag, and feeling
+friendless and forlorn, I met Mrs. Livermore, who had made the journey
+in another car. At sight of her I cried, "Oh, you dear big Livermore!"
+Moved by this appeal, she at once took me under her protection, ordered
+a hotel porter to relieve me of my bag, and saw me comfortably housed
+and provided for. It was fortunate for us that the time of our
+deliverance appeared to us so near, as fortunate perhaps as the
+misinterpretation which led the early Christians to look daily for the
+reappearing on earth of their Master.</p>
+
+<p>Among my most valued recollections are those of the many legislative
+hearings in which I have had the privilege of taking part, and which
+cover a period of more than twenty years. Mr. Garrison, Lucy Stone, and
+Mr. Blackwell long continued to be our most prominent advocates,
+supported <span class="pagenum"><a id="page382" name="page382"></a>[p. 382]</span> at times by Colonel Higginson, Wendell Phillips,
+and James Freeman Clarke. Mrs. Livermore was with us whenever her
+numerous lecture engagements allowed her to be present. Mrs. Cheney,
+Judge Sewall, and several lawyers of our own sex gave us valuable aid.
+These hearings were mostly held in the well-known Green Room of the
+Boston State House, but a gradual <i>crescendo</i> of interest sometimes led
+us to ask for the use of Representatives' Hall, which was often crowded
+with the friends and opponents of our cause. Among the remonstrants who
+spoke at these hearings occasionally appeared some illiterate woman,
+attracted by the opportunity of making a public appearance. I remember
+one of these who, after asking to be heard, began to read from an
+elaborate manuscript which had evidently been written for her. After
+repeatedly substituting the word "communionism" for "communism," she
+abandoned the text and began to abuse the suffragists in language with
+which she was more familiar. When she had finished her diatribe the
+chairman of the legislative committee said to our chairman, Mr.
+Blackwell, "A list of questions has been handed to me which the
+petitioners for woman suffrage are requested to answer. The first on the
+list is the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"If the suffrage should be granted to women, would not the ignorant and
+degraded ones hasten <span class="pagenum">[p. 383]</span> to crowd the polls while those of the
+better sort would stay away from them?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Garrison, rising, said in reply, "Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that
+the question just propounded is answered by the present occasion. Here
+are education, character, intelligence, asking for suffrage, and here
+are ignorance and vulgarity protesting against it." This crushing
+sentence was uttered by Mr. Garrison in a tone of such bland simplicity
+that it did not even appear unkind.</p>
+
+<p>On a later occasion a lady of excellent character and position appeared
+among the remonstrants, and when asked whether she represented any
+association replied rather haughtily, "I think that I represent the
+educated women of Massachusetts," a goodly number of whom were present
+in behalf of the petition.</p>
+
+<p>The remonstrants had hearings of their own, at one of which I happened
+to be present. On this occasion one of their number, after depicting at
+some length the moral turpitude which she considered her sex likely to
+evince under political promise, concluded by saying: "No woman should be
+allowed the right of suffrage until <i>every</i> woman shall be perfectly
+wise, perfectly pure, and perfectly good."</p>
+
+<p>This dictum, pronounced in a most authoritative manner, at once brought
+to my mind the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page384" name="page384"></a>[p. 384]</span> homely proverb, "What is sauce for the goose is
+sauce for the gander;" and I could not help asking permission to suggest
+a single question, upon which a prominent Boston lawyer instantly
+replied: "No, Mrs. Howe, you may not [speak]. We wish to use all our
+time." The chairman of the committee here interposed, saying: "Mr.
+Blank, it does not belong to you to say who shall or shall not be heard
+here." He advised me at the same time to reserve my question until the
+remonstrants should have been fully heard. As no time then remained for
+my question, I will ask it now: "If, as is just, we should apply the
+test proposed by Mrs. W. to the men of the community, how long would it
+be before they could properly claim the privilege of the franchise?"</p>
+
+<p><i>Du reste</i>, the gentleman in question, with whom my relations have
+always been entirely friendly, explained himself to me at the close of
+the hearing by saying: "I treated you as I would have treated a man
+under similar circumstances."</p>
+
+<p>I now considered my occupations as fully equal to the capacity of my
+time and strength. My family, my studies, and my club demanded much
+attention. My elder children were now grown up, and some social
+functions were involved in this fact, such as chaperonage, the giving of
+parties, and much entertainment of college and school friends. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page385" name="page385"></a>[p. 385]</span></p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, a new claimant for my services was about to come upon the
+scene. In the early summer of the year 1868, the Sorosis of New York
+issued a call for a congress of women to be held in that city in the
+autumn of the same year. Many names, some known, others unknown to me,
+were appended to the document first sent forth in this intention. My own
+was asked for. Should I give or withhold it? Among the signatures
+already obtained, I saw that of Maria Mitchell, and this determined me
+to give my own.</p>
+
+<p>Who was Maria Mitchell? A woman from Nantucket, and of Quaker origin,
+who had been brought to public notice by her discovery of a new comet, a
+service which the King of Denmark had offered to reward with a gold
+medal. This prize was secured for her through the intervention of Hon.
+Edward Everett. She had also been appointed Professor of Astronomy at
+Vassar College.</p>
+
+<p>What was Maria Mitchell? A gifted, noble, lovable woman, devoted to
+science, but heartloyal to every social and personal duty. I seemed to
+know this of her when I knew her but slightly.</p>
+
+<p>At the time appointed, the congress assembled, and proved to be an
+occasion of much interest. Mrs. Livermore, Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Isabella
+Beecher Hooker, Lucy Stone, Mrs. Charlotte B. Wilbour were prominent
+among the speakers <span class="pagenum"><a id="page386" name="page386"></a>[p. 386]</span> heard at its sessions. I viewed its
+proceedings a little critically at first, its plan appearing to me
+rather vast and vague. But it had called out the sympathy of many
+earnest women, and the outline of an association presented was a good
+one, although the machinery for filling it up was deficient. Mrs.
+Livermore was elected president, Mrs. Wilbour chairman of executive
+committee, and I was glad to serve on a sub-committee, charged with the
+duty of selecting topics and speakers for the proposed annual congress.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Livermore's presidency lasted but two years, her extraordinary
+success as a lecturer making it impossible for her to give to the new
+undertaking the attention which it required. Mrs. Wilbour would no doubt
+have proved an efficient aid to her chief, but at this juncture a change
+of residence became desirable for her, and she decided to reside abroad
+for some years. Miss Alice Fletcher, now so honorably known as the
+friend and champion of our Indian tribes, was a most efficient
+secretary.</p>
+
+<p>The governing board was further composed of a vice president and
+director from each of the States represented by membership in the
+association. The name had been decided upon from the start. It was the
+<a name="Association_for_the" id="Association_for_the"></a>Association for the Advancement of Women, and its motto was: "Truth,
+Justice, and Honor."</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image24.jpg" width="117" height="177" alt="MARIA MITCHELL">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>MARIA MITCHELL</small><br> <small><i>From a photograph.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page387" name="page387"></a>[p. 387]</span>
+Maria Mitchell succeeded Mrs. Livermore in the office of president. I
+think that the congress held in Philadelphia in the Centennial year was
+the occasion of her first presiding. Her customary manner had in it a
+little of the Quaker shyness, but when she appeared upon the platform
+the power of command, or rather of control, appeared in all that she
+said or did. In figure she was erect and above middle height. Her dress
+was a rich black silk, made after a plain but becoming fashion. The
+contrast between her silver curls and black eyes was striking. Her voice
+was harmonious, her manner at once gracious and decided. The question of
+commencing proceedings with prayer having been raised, Miss Mitchell
+invited those present to unite in a silent prayer, a form of worship
+common among the Friends.</p>
+
+<p>The impression made by our meetings was such that we soon began to
+receive letters from distant parts of the country, inviting us to
+journey hither and thither, and to hold our congresses east, west,
+north, and south. Our year's work was arranged by committees, which had
+reference severally to science, art, education, industrial training,
+reforms, and statistics.</p>
+
+<p>Our association certainly seemed to have answered an existing need.
+Leading women from many States joined us, and we distributed our
+congresses as widely as the limits of our purses <span class="pagenum">[p. 388]</span> would allow.
+Journeys to Utah and California were beyond the means of most of our
+workers, and we regretfully declined invitations received from friends
+in these States. In our earlier years our movements were mainly west and
+east. We soon felt, however, that we must make acquaintance with our
+Southern sisters. In the face of some discouragement, we arranged to
+hold a congress in Baltimore, and had every reason to be satisfied with
+its result. Kentucky followed on our list of Southern States, and the
+progressive women of Louisville accorded us a warm welcome and a three
+days' hearing in one of the finest churches of the city. To Tennessee,
+east and west, we gave two visits, both of which were amply justified by
+the cordial reception given us. In process of time Atlanta and New
+Orleans claimed our presence.</p>
+
+<p>Among the many mind-pictures left by our congresses, let me here outline
+one.</p>
+
+<p>The place is the court-house of Memphis, Tenn., which has been
+temporarily ceded for our use. The time is that of one of our public
+sessions, and the large audience is waiting in silent expectancy, when
+the entrance of a quaint figure attracts all eyes to the platform. It is
+that of a woman of middle height and past middle age, dressed in plain
+black, her nearly white hair cut short, and surmounted by a sort of
+student's cap <span class="pagenum"><a id="page389" name="page389"></a>[p. 389]</span> of her own devising. Her appearance at first
+borders on the grotesque, but is presently seen to be nearer the august.
+She turns her pleasant face toward the audience, takes off her cap, and
+unrolls the manuscript from which she proposes to read. Her eyes beam
+with intelligence and kindly feeling. The spectators applaud her before
+she has opened her lips. Her aspect has taken them captive at once.</p>
+
+<p>Her essay, on some educational theme, is terse, direct, and full of good
+thought. It is heard with close attention and with manifest approbation,
+and whenever, in the proceedings that follow, she rises to say her word,
+she is always greeted with a murmur of applause. This lady is Miss Mary
+Ripley, a public school teacher of Buffalo city, wise in the instruction
+of the young and in the enlightenment of elders. We all rejoice in her
+success, which is eminently that of character and intellect.</p>
+
+<p>I feel myself drawn on to offer another picture, not of our congress,
+but of a scene which grew out of it.</p>
+
+<p>The ladies of our association have been invited to visit a school for
+young girls, of which Miss Conway, one of our members, is the principal.
+After witnessing some interesting exercises, we assemble in the large
+hall, where a novel entertainment has been provided for us. A band of
+<span class="pagenum">[p. 390]</span> twelve young ladies appear upon the platform. They wear the
+colors of "Old Glory," but after a new fashion, four of them being
+arrayed from head to foot in red, four in blue, and four in white. While
+the John Brown tune is heard from the piano, they proceed to act in
+graceful dumb show the stanzas of my Battle Hymn. How they did it I
+cannot tell, but it was a most lovely performance.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1898, for the first time since its first meeting, our
+association issued no call for a congress of women. The reasons for our
+failure to do so may be briefly stated. Some of our most efficient
+members had been removed by death, some by unavoidable circumstances.
+But more than this, the demands made upon the time and strength of women
+by the women's clubs, which are now numerous and universal, had come to
+occupy the attention of many who in other times had leisure to interest
+themselves in our work. The biennial conventions of the general
+federation of women's clubs no doubt appear to many to fill the place
+which we have honorably held, and may in some degree answer the ends
+which we have always had in view. Yet a number of us still hold
+together, united in heart and in hand. Although we have sadly missed our
+departed friends, I have never felt that the interest or value of our
+meetings suffered any decline. <span class="pagenum">[p. 391]</span> The spirit of those dear ones
+has seemed, on the contrary, to abide among us, holding us pledged to
+undertake the greater effort made necessary by their absence. We still
+count among our members many who keep the inspiration under which we
+first took the field. We feel, moreover, that our happy experience of
+many years has brought us lessons too precious to hide or to neglect.</p>
+
+<p>The coming together either of men or of women from regions widely
+separate from each other naturally gives occasion for comparison. So far
+as I have known, the comparisons elicited by our meetings have more and
+more tended to resolve imagined discords into prevailing harmony. The
+sympathy of feeling aroused by our unity of object has always risen
+above the distinctions of section and belonging. Honest differences of
+opinion, honestly and temperately expressed, tend rather to develop good
+feeling than to disturb it. I am glad to be able to say that sectional
+prejudice has appeared very little, if at all, in the long course of our
+congresses, and that self-glorification, whether of State or individual,
+has never had any place with us, while the great instruction of meeting
+with earnest and thoughtful workers from every part of our country's
+vast domain has been greatly appreciated by us and by those who, in
+various places, have met with us.</p>
+
+<p>We have presented at our meetings reports on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page392" name="page392"></a>[p. 392]</span> a variety of
+important topics. Our congress of three days usually concluding on
+Saturday, such of our speakers as are accustomed to the pulpit have
+often been invited to hold forth in one or more of the churches. In
+Knoxville, Tenn., for example, I was cordially bidden to lift up my
+voice in an orthodox Presbyterian church, Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney spoke
+before the Unitarian society, Rev. Antoinette Brown Blackwell preached
+to yet another congregation, and Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott improved
+the Sunday by a very interesting talk on waifs, of which class of
+unfortunates she has had much official and personal knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>An extended account of our many meetings would be out of place in this
+volume, but some points in connection with them may be of interest. It
+often happened that we visited cities in which no associations of women,
+other than the church and temperance societies, existed. After our
+departure, women's clubs almost invariably came into being.</p>
+
+<p>Our eastern congresses have been held in Portland, Providence,
+Springfield, and Boston. In the Empire State, we have visited Buffalo,
+Syracuse, and New York. Denver and Colorado Springs have been our limit
+in the west. Northward, we have met in Toronto and at St. John. In the
+south, as already said, our pilgrimages have reached Atlanta and New
+Orleans. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page393" name="page393"></a>[p. 393]</span></p>
+
+<p>We have sometimes been requested to supplement our annual congress by an
+additional day's session at some place easily reached from the city in
+which the main meeting had been appointed to be held. Of these
+supplementary congresses I will mention a very pleasant one at St. Paul,
+Minn., and a very useful one held by some of our number in Salt Lake
+City.</p>
+
+<p>At the congress held in Boston in the autumn of 1879, I was elected
+president, my predecessor in the office, Mrs. Daggett, declining further
+service.</p>
+
+<p>As the years have gone on, Death has done his usual work upon our
+number. I have already spoken of our second president, Maria Mitchell,
+who continued, after her term of office, to send us valuable statements
+regarding the scientific work of women. Mrs. Kate Newell Daggett, our
+third president, had long been recognized as a leader of social and
+intellectual progress in her adopted city of Chicago. The record in our
+calendar is that of an earnest worker, well fitted to commend the
+woman's cause by her attractive presence and cultivated mind.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Abby W. May was a tower of strength to our association. She
+excelled in judgment, and in the sense of measure and of fitness. Her
+sober taste in dress did not always commend her to our assemblage,
+composed largely of women, but the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page394" name="page394"></a>[p. 394]</span> plainness of her garb was
+redeemed by the beauty of her classic head and by the charm of her voice
+and manner. She was grave in demeanor, but with an undertone of genuine
+humor which showed her to be truly human. She was the worthy cousin of
+Rev. Samuel Joseph May, and is remembered by me as the crown of a family
+of more than common distinction.</p>
+
+<p>The progress of the woman question naturally developed a fresh interest
+in the industrial capacity of the sex. Experts in these matters know
+that the work of woman enters into almost every department of service
+and of manufacture. In order to make this more evident, it seemed
+advisable to ask that a separate place might be assigned at some of the
+great industrial fairs, for the special showing of the inventions and
+handicraft of women. Such a space was conceded to us at one of the
+important fairs held in Boston in 1882, and I was invited to become
+president of this, the first recognized Woman's Department. In this work
+I received valuable aid from Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, who, in the
+capacity of treasurer, was able to exercise a constant supervision over
+the articles consigned to our care.</p>
+
+<p>On the opening day of the fair General Butler, who was then governor of
+Massachusetts, presided. In introducing me, he said, in a playfully
+apologetic manner, "Mrs. Howe may say some <span class="pagenum"><a id="page395" name="page395"></a>[p. 395]</span> things which we
+might not wish to hear, but it is my office to present her to this
+audience." He probably thought that I was about to speak of woman
+suffrage. My address, however, did not touch upon that topic, but upon
+the present new departure, its value and interest. General Butler,
+indeed, sometimes claimed to be a friend of woman suffrage, but one of
+our number said of him in homely phrase: "He only wants to have his dish
+right side up when it rains."</p>
+
+<p>The most noticeable points in our exhibit were, first, the number of
+useful articles invented by women; secondly, a very creditable
+exhibition of scientific work, largely contributed by the lady students
+and graduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; lastly, a
+collection of books composed by women, among which were some volumes of
+quite ancient date.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose that my connection with this undertaking led to my receiving
+and accepting an invitation to assume the presidency of a woman's
+department in a great World's Fair to be held in New Orleans in the late
+autumn and winter of 1883-84. Coupled with this invitation was the
+promise of a sum of money amply sufficient to defray all the expenses
+involved in the management of so extensive a work. My daughter Maud was
+also engaged to take charge of an alcove especially devoted to the
+literary work of women. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page396" name="page396"></a>[p. 396]</span></p>
+
+<p>We arrived in New Orleans in November, and found our affairs at a
+standstill. Our "chief of exposition," as she was called, Mrs. Cloudman,
+had measured and marked off the spaces requisite for the exhibits of the
+several States, but no timber was forthcoming with which to erect the
+necessary stands, partitions, etc. On inquiry, I was told that the funds
+obtained in support of the enterprise had proved insufficient, and that
+some expected contributions had failed. There was naturally some censure
+of the manner in which the resources actually at hand had been employed,
+and some complaining of citizens of New Orleans who had been expected to
+contribute thousands of dollars to the exposition, and who had
+subscribed only a few hundreds.</p>
+
+<p>I proceeded at once to organize a board of direction for the department,
+composed of the lady commissioners in charge of exhibits from their
+several States. One or two of these ladies objected to the separate
+showing of woman's work, and were allowed to place their goods in the
+general exhibit of their States. I had friendly relations with these
+ladies, but they were not under my jurisdiction. Our embarrassing
+deadlock lasted for some time, but at length a benevolent lumber dealer
+endowed us with three thousand feet of pine boards. The management
+furnished no workman for us, but the commanders of two <span class="pagenum">[p. 397]</span> United
+States warships in the harbor lent us the services of their
+ship-carpenters, and in process of time the long gallery set apart for
+our use was partitioned off in pretty alcoves, draped with bright
+colors, and filled with every variety of handiwork.</p>
+
+<p>I was fond of showing, among other novelties, a heavy iron chain, forged
+by a woman-blacksmith, and a set of fine jewelry, entirely made by
+women. The exposition was a very valuable one, and did not fail to
+attract a large concourse of people from all parts of the country. In
+the great multitude of things to be seen, and in the crowded attendance,
+visitors were easily confused, and often failed to find matters which
+might most interest them.</p>
+
+<p>In order to improve the opportunity offered, I bethought me of a series
+of short talks on the different exhibits, to be given either by the
+commissioners in charge of them, or by experts whose services could be
+secured. These twelve o'clock talks, as they were called, became very
+popular, and were continued during the greater part of the season.</p>
+
+<p>In the same gallery with ourselves was the exhibit made by the colored
+people of New Orleans. Of this I remember best a pathetic little art
+gallery, in which was conspicuous a portrait of Governor Andrew. I
+proposed one day to the directors of this exhibit that they should hold
+a meeting in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page398" name="page398"></a>[p. 398]</span> their compartment, and that I should speak to
+them of their great friends at the North, whom I had known familiarly,
+and whose faces they had never seen. They responded joyfully to my
+offer; and on a certain day assembled in their alcove, which they had
+decorated with flowers, surrounding a portrait of Abraham Lincoln. A
+choir of melodious voices sang my Battle Hymn, and all listened while I
+spoke of Garrison, Sumner, Andrew, Phillips, and Dr. Howe. A New Orleans
+lady who was present, Mrs. Merritt, also made a brief address, bidding
+the colored people remember that "they had good friends at the South
+also," which I was glad to hear and believe.</p>
+
+<p>The funds placed at our disposal falling far short of what had been
+promised us at the outset, we found ourselves under the necessity of
+raising money to defray our necessary expenses, among which was that of
+a special police, to prevent pilfering. To this end, a series of
+entertainments was devised, beginning with a lecture of my own, which
+netted over six hundred dollars.</p>
+
+<p>Several other lectures were given, and Colonel Mapleson allowed some of
+his foremost artists to give a concert for the benefit of our
+department, by which something over a thousand dollars was realized. We
+should still have suffered much embarrassment had not Senator Hoar
+managed to secure from Congress an appropriation of ten thousand
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page399" name="page399"></a>[p. 399]</span> dollars, from which our debts were finally paid in full.</p>
+
+<p>The collection over which my daughter presided, of books written by
+women, scientific drawings, magazines, and so on, attracted many
+visitors. Her colleague in this charge was Mrs. Eveline M. Ordway.
+Through their efforts, the authors of these works permitted the
+presentation of them to the Ladies' Art Association of New Orleans. This
+gift was much appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>My management of the woman's department brought upon me some vulgar
+abuse from local papers, which was more than compensated for by the
+great kindness which I received from leading individuals in the society
+of the place. At the exposition I made acquaintance with many delightful
+people, among whom I will mention Captain Pym, who claimed to be the
+oldest Arctic voyager living, President Johnston of Tulane University,
+and Mrs. Townsend, a poet of no mean merit, who had had the honor of
+being chosen as the laureate of the opening exposition.</p>
+
+<p>When my duties as president were at an end, I parted from my late
+associates with sincere regret, and turned my face northward, with
+grateful affection for the friends left behind me. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page400" name="page400"></a>[p. 400]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER XVIII</h2>
+
+<h2>CERTAIN CLUBS</h2>
+
+
+<p>At a tea-party which took place quite early in my club career, Dr.
+Holmes expatiated at some length upon his own unfitness for club
+association of any kind. He then turned to me and said, "Mrs. Howe, I
+consider you eminently <i>clubable</i>." The hostess of the occasion was Mrs.
+Josiah Quincy, Jr., a lady of much mark in her day, interested in all
+matters of public importance, and much given to hospitality.</p>
+
+<p>I shall make the doctor's remark the text for a chapter giving some
+account of various clubs in which I have had membership and office.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these was formed in the early days of my residence in
+Boston. It was purely social in design, and I mention it here only
+because it possessed one feature which I have never seen repeated. It
+consisted of ten or more young women, mostly married, and all well
+acquainted with one another. Our meetings took place fortnightly, and on
+the following plan. Each of us was allowed to invite one or two
+gentlemen friends. The noble pursuit of crochet was then <span class="pagenum"><a id="page401" name="page401"></a>[p. 401]</span> in
+great favor, and the ladies agreed to meet at eight o'clock, to work
+upon a crochet quilt which was to be made in strips and afterwards
+joined. At nine o'clock the gentlemen were admitted. Prior invitations
+had been given simply in the name of the club, and their names were not
+disclosed until they made their appearance. The element of comic mystery
+thus introduced gave some piquancy to our informal gathering. Some light
+refreshments were then served, and the company separated in great good
+humor. This little club was much enjoyed, but it lasted only through one
+season, and the crochet quilt never even approached completion.</p>
+
+<p>My next club experience was much later in date and in quite another
+locality. The summers which I passed in my lovely Newport valley brought
+me many pleasant acquaintances. Though at a considerable distance from
+the town of Newport, I managed to keep up a friendly intercourse with
+those who took the trouble to seek me out in my retirement.</p>
+
+<p>The historian Bancroft and his wife were at this time prominent figures
+in Newport society. Their hospitality was proverbial, and at their
+entertainments one was sure to meet the notabilities who from time to
+time visited the now reviving town.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Ritchie, only daughter of Harrison Gray <span class="pagenum"><a id="page402" name="page402"></a>[p. 402]</span> Otis, of Boston,
+resided on Bellevue Avenue, as did Albert Sumner, a younger brother of
+the senator, a handsome and genial man, much lamented when, with his
+wife and only child, he perished by shipwreck in 1858. Colonel Higginson
+and his brilliant wife, a sad sufferer from chronic rheumatism, had
+taken up their abode at Mrs. Dame's Quaker boarding-house. The elder
+Henry James also came to reside in Newport, attracted thither by the
+presence of his friends, Edmund and Mary Tweedy.</p>
+
+<p>These notices of Newport are intended to introduce the mention of a club
+which has earned for itself some reputation and which still exists. Its
+foundation dates back to a summer which brought Bret Harte and Dr. J. G.
+Holland to Newport, and with them Professors Lane and Goodwin of Harvard
+University. My club-loving mind found sure material for many pleasant
+meetings, and a little band of us combined to improve the beautiful
+summer season by picnics, sailing parties, and household soir�es, in all
+of which these brilliant literary lights took part. Helen Hunt and Kate
+Field were often of our company, and Colonel Higginson was always with
+us. Our usual place of meeting was the house of a hospitable friend who
+resided on the Point. Both house and friend have to do with the phrase
+"a bully piaz," which has erroneously been supposed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page403" name="page403"></a>[p. 403]</span> to be of
+my invention, but which originated in the following manner: Colonel
+Higginson had related to us that at a boarding-house which he had
+recently visited, he found two children of a Boston family of high
+degree, amusing themselves on the broad piazza. The little boy presently
+said to the little girl:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I say, sis, isn't this a bully piaz?"</p>
+
+<p>My friend on the Point had heard this, and when she introduced me to the
+veranda which she had added to her house, she asked me, laughing,
+"whether I did not consider this a bully piaz." The phrase was
+immediately adopted in our confraternity, and our friend was made to
+figure in a club ditty beginning thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem"><span class="min2em">"There was a little woman with a bully piaz,</span><br>
+ <span class="min1em"> Which she loved for to show, for to show."</span></p>
+
+<p>This same house contained a room which the owner set apart for dramatic
+and other performances, and here, with much mock state, we once held a
+"commencement," the Latin programme of which was carefully prepared by
+Professor Lane of Harvard University. I acted as president of the
+occasion, Colonel Higginson as my aid; and we both marched up the aisle
+in Oxford caps and gowns, and took our places on the platform. I opened
+the proceedings by an address in Latin, Greek, and English; and when I
+turned to Colonel Higginson, and called him, "Filie meum <span class="pagenum"><a id="page404" name="page404"></a>[p. 404]</span>
+dilectissime," he wickedly replied with three bows of such comic gravity
+that I almost gave way to unbecoming laughter. Not long before this he
+had published his paper on the Greek goddesses. I therefore assigned as
+his theme the problem, "How to sacrifice an Irish bull to a Greek
+goddess." Colonel Waring, the well-known engineer, being at that time in
+charge of a valuable farm in the neighborhood, was invited to discuss
+"Social small potatoes; how to enlarge the eyes." An essay on rhinosophy
+was given by Fanny Fern, the which I, chalk in hand, illustrated on the
+blackboard by the following equation:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"Nose + nose + nose = proboscis<br>
+<span class="add1em"> Nose - nose - nose = snub."</span></p>
+
+<p>A class was called upon for recitations from Mother Goose in seven
+different languages. At the head of this Professor Goodwin, then and now
+of Harvard, honored us with a Greek version of "The Man in the Moon." A
+recent Harvard graduate recited the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"Heu! iter didulum,<br>
+    <span class="add2em">Felis cum fidulum,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Vacca transiluit lunam,</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">Caniculus ridet</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">Quum talem videt,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Et dish ambulavit cum spoonam."</span></p>
+
+<p>The question being asked whether this last line was in strict accordance
+with grammar, the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page405" name="page405"></a>[p. 405]</span> scholar gave the following rule: "The
+conditions of grammar should always give way to the exigencies of
+rhyme."</p>
+
+<p>A supposed graduate of the department of law coming forward to receive
+her degree, was thus addressed: "Come hither, my dear little lamb, I
+welcome you to a long career at the <i>baa</i>."</p>
+
+<p>As I record these extravagances, I seem to hear faint reverberations of
+the laughter of some who are no longer in life, and of others who will
+never again meet in such lightness of heart.</p>
+
+<p>This brilliant conjunction of stars was now no more in Newport, and the
+delicious fooling of that unique summer was never repeated. Out of it
+came, however, the more serious and permanent association known as the
+Town and Country Club of Newport. Of this I was at once declared
+president, but my great good fortune lay in my having for vice-president
+Professor William B. Rogers, illustrious as the founder of the
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</p>
+
+<p>The rapid <i>crescendo</i> of the fast world which surrounded us at this time
+made sober people a little anxious lest the Newport season should
+entirely evaporate into the shallow pursuit of amusement. This rampant
+gayety offered little or nothing to the more thoughtful members of
+society,&mdash;those who love to <a name="combine_reasonable" id="combine_reasonable"></a>combine reasonable intercourse with work and
+study. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page406" name="page406"></a>[p. 406]</span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image25.jpg" width="364" height="230" alt="THE HOME AT NEWPORT">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>THE HOME AT NEWPORT</small><br> <small><i>From a photograph by Briskham and Davidson.</i></small>
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>I felt the need of upholding the higher social ideals, and of not
+leaving true culture unrepresented, even in a summer watering-place.
+Professor Rogers entered very fully into these views. With his help a
+simple plan of organization was effected, and a small governing board
+was appointed. Colonel Higginson became our treasurer, Miss Juliet R.
+Goodwin, granddaughter of Hon. Asher Robbins, was our secretary. Samuel
+Powel, formerly of Philadelphia, a man much in love with natural
+science, was one of our most valued members. Our membership was limited
+to fifty. Our club fee was two dollars. Our meetings took place once in
+ten days. At each meeting a lecture was given on some topic of history,
+science, or general literature. Tea and conversation followed, and the
+party usually broke up after a session of two hours. Colonel Higginson
+once deigned to say that this club made it possible to be sensible even
+at Newport and during the summer. The names of a few persons show what
+we aimed at, and how far we succeeded. We had scientific lectures from
+Professor Rogers, Professor Alexander Agassiz, Dr. Weir Mitchell, and
+others. Maria Mitchell, professor of astronomy at Vassar College, gave
+us a lecture on Saturn. Miss Kate Hillard spoke to us several times.
+Professor Thomas Davidson unfolded for us the philosophy of Aristotle.
+Rev. George<span class="pagenum"><a id="page407" name="page407"></a>[p. 407]</span> E. Ellis gave us a lecture on the Indians of Rhode
+Island, and another on Bishop Berkeley. Professor Bailey of Providence
+spoke on insectivorous plants, and on one occasion we enjoyed in his
+company a club picnic at Paradise, after which the wild flowers in that
+immediate vicinity were gathered and explained. Colonel Higginson
+ministered to our instruction and entertainment, and once unbent so far
+as to act with me and some others in a set of charades. The historian
+George Bancroft was one of our number, as was also Miss Anna Ticknor,
+founder of the Society for the Encouragement of Studies at Home. Among
+the worthies whom we honor in remembrance I must not omit to mention
+Rev. Charles T. Brooks, the beloved pastor of the Unitarian church. Mr.
+Brooks was a scholar of no mean pretensions, and a man of most
+delightful presence. He had come to Newport immediately after graduating
+at Harvard Divinity School, and here he remained, faithfully at work,
+until the close of his pastoral labors, a period of forty years. He was
+remarkably youthful in aspect, and retained to the last the bloom and
+bright smile of his boyhood. His sermons were full of thought and of
+human interest; but while bestowing much care upon them, he found time
+to give to the world a metrical translation of Goethe's "Faust" and an
+English version of the "Titan" of Jean Paul Richter. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page408" name="page408"></a>[p. 408]</span></p>
+
+<p>Professor Davidson's lecture on Aristotle touched so deeply the chords
+of thought as to impel some of us to pursue the topic further. Dear
+Charles Brooks invited an adjourned meeting of the club to be held in
+his library. At this several learned men were present. Professor Boyesen
+spoke to us of the study of Aristotle in Germany; Professor Botta of its
+treatment in the universities of Italy. The laity asked many questions,
+and the fine library of our host afforded the books of reference needed
+for their enlightenment.</p>
+
+<p>The club proceedings here enumerated cover a period of more than thirty
+years. The world around us meanwhile had reached the height of
+fashionable success. An entertainment, magnificent for those days, was
+given, which was said to have cost ten thousand dollars. Samuel Powel
+prophesied that a collapse must follow such extravagance. A change
+certainly did follow. The old, friendly Newport gradually disappeared.
+The place was given over to the splendid festivities of fashion, which
+is "nothing if not fashionable." Under this influence it still abides.
+The four-in-hand is its climax. Dances can be enjoyed only by those who
+can begin them at eleven o'clock at night, and end in the small hours of
+the morning. If one attends a party, one sees the hall as full of
+lackeys as would be displayed at a London entertainment <span class="pagenum">[p. 409]</span> in
+high life. They are English lackeys, too, and their masters and
+mistresses affect as much of the Anglican mode of doing things as
+Americans can fairly master. The place has all its old beauty, with many
+modern improvements of convenience; but its exquisite social atmosphere,
+half rustic, half cosmopolitan, and wholly free, is found no longer. The
+quiet visitors of moderate fortunes find their tastes better suited
+across the bay, at Jamestown and Narragansett Pier. Thus whole
+generations of the transients have come and gone since the time of my
+early memories. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page410" name="page410"></a>[p. 410]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER XIX</h2>
+
+<h2>ANOTHER EUROPEAN TRIP</h2>
+
+
+<p>In 1877 I went abroad with my daughter Maud, now Mrs. Elliott, and with
+her revisited England, France, and Italy. In London we had the pleasure
+of being entertained by Lord Houghton, whom I had known, thirty or more
+years earlier, as a bachelor. He was now the father of two attractive
+daughters, and of a son who later succeeded to his title. At a breakfast
+at his house I met Mr. Waddington, who was at that time very prominent
+in French politics. At one of Lord Houghton's receptions I witnessed the
+entrance of a rather awkward man, and was told that this was Mr. Irving,
+whose performance of Hamlet was then much talked of. Here I met the
+widow of Barry Cornwall, who was also the mother of the lamented
+Adelaide Procter.</p>
+
+<p>An evening at Devonshire House and a ball at Mr. Goschen's were among
+our gayeties. At the former place I saw Mr. Gladstone for the first
+time, and met Lord Rosebery, whom I had known in America. I had met Mrs.
+Schliemann and had received from her an invitation to attend <span class="pagenum"><a id="page411" name="page411"></a>[p. 411]</span> a
+meeting (I think) of the Royal Geographical Society, at which she was to
+make an address. Her theme was a plea in favor of the modern
+pronunciation of Greek. It was much applauded, and the discussion of the
+views presented by her was opened by Mr. Gladstone himself.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Houghton one day asked whether I should like to go to breakfast
+with Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone. One reply only to such a question was
+possible, and on the morning appointed we drove together to the
+Gladstone mansion. We were a little early, for Mrs. Gladstone complained
+that the flowers ordered from her country seat had but just arrived. A
+daughter of the house proceeded to arrange them. Breakfast was served at
+two round tables, exactly alike.</p>
+
+<p>I was glad to find myself seated between the great man and the Greek
+minister, John Gennadius. The talk ran a good deal upon Hellenics, and I
+spoke of the influence of the Greek in the formation of the Italian
+language, to which Mr. Gladstone did not agree. I know that scholars
+differ on this point, but I still retain the opinion which I then
+expressed. I ventured a timid remark regarding the great number of Greek
+derivatives used in our common English speech. Mr. Gladstone said very
+abruptly, "How? What? English words derived from Greek?" and almost</p>
+
+ <p class="poem">"Frightened Miss Muffet away."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page412" name="page412"></a>[p. 412]</span> <span class="min1em">He was said to be habitually disputatious, and I thought that
+this must certainly be the case; for he surely knew better than most
+people how largely and familiarly we incorporate the words of Plato,
+Aristotle, and Xenophon in our every-day talk.</span></p>
+
+<p>Lord Houghton also took me one evening to a reception at the house of
+Mr. Palgrave. At a dinner given in our honor at Greenwich, I was
+escorted to the table by Mr. Mallock, author of "The New Republic." I
+remember him as a young man of medium height and dark complexion. Of his
+conversation I can recall only his praise of the Church of Rome. William
+Black, the well-known romancer, took tea with me at my lodgings one
+afternoon. Here I also received Mr. Green, author of "A Short History of
+the English People," and Mr. Knowles, editor of the "Nineteenth
+Century."</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Delia Stuart Parnell, whom I had known in America, had given me a
+letter of introduction to her son Charles, who was already conspicuous
+as an advocate of Home Rule for Ireland. He called upon me and appointed
+a day when I should go with him to the House of Commons. He came for me
+in his brougham, and saw me safely deposited in the ladies' gallery. He
+was then at the outset of his stormy career, and his younger sister told
+me that he had in Parliament but one <span class="pagenum"><a id="page413" name="page413"></a>[p. 413]</span> supporter of his views,
+"a man named Biggar." He certainly had admirers elsewhere, for I
+remember having met a disciple of his, O'Connor by name, at a "rout"
+given by Mrs. Justin McCarthy. I asked this lady if her husband agreed
+with Mr. Parnell. She replied with warmth, "Of course; we are all Home
+Rulers here."</p>
+
+<p>We passed some weeks in Paris, where I found many new objects of
+interest. I here made acquaintance with M. Charles Lemonnier, who for
+many years edited a radical paper named "Les Etats Unis d'Europe." He
+was the husband of Elise Lemonnier, the founder of a set of industrial
+schools for women which bore her name, in grateful memory of this great
+service.</p>
+
+<p>I had met M. Desmoulins at a Peace Congress in America, and was indebted
+to him for the pleasure of an evening visit to Victor Hugo at his own
+residence. In "The History of a Crime," which was then just published,
+M. Hugo mentions M. Desmoulins as one who suffered, as he did, from the
+<i>coup d'�tat</i> which made Louis Napoleon emperor.</p>
+
+<p>A congress of <i>gens de lettres</i> was announced in those days, and I
+received a card for the opening meeting, which was held in the large
+Ch�telet Theatre. Victor Hugo presided, and read from a manuscript an
+address of some length, in a clear, firm voice. The Russian novelist,
+Tourgenieff, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page414" name="page414"></a>[p. 414]</span> was also one of the speakers. He was then
+somewhat less than sixty years of age. Victor Hugo was at least fifteen
+years older, but, though his hair was silver white, the fire of his dark
+eyes was undimmed.</p>
+
+<p>I sought to obtain entrance to the subsequent sittings of this congress,
+but was told that no ladies could be admitted. I became acquainted at
+this time with Frederic Passy, the well-known writer on political
+economy. Through his kindness I was enabled to attend a meeting of the
+French Academy, and to see the Immortals in their armchairs, and in
+their costume, a sort of quaint long coat, faced with the traditional
+palms stamped or embroidered on green satin.</p>
+
+<p>The entertainment was a varied one. The principal discourse eulogized
+several deceased members of the august body, and among them the young
+artist, Henri Regnault, whose death was much deplored. This was followed
+by an essay on Raphael's pictures of the Fornarina, and by another on
+the social status of the early Christians, in which it was maintained
+that wealth had been by no means a contraband among them, and that the
+holding of goods in common had been but a temporary feature of the new
+discipline. The exercises concluded with the performance by chorus and
+orchestra of a musical composition, which had for its theme the familiar
+Bible story <span class="pagenum"><a id="page415" name="page415"></a>[p. 415]</span> of "Rebecca at the Well." A noticeable French
+feature of this was the indignation of Laban when he found his sister
+"alone with a man," the same being the messenger sent by Abraham to ask
+the young girl's hand in marriage for his son. The prospect of an
+advantageous matrimonial alliance seemed to set this right, and the
+piece concluded with re�stablished harmony.</p>
+
+<p>My friend M. Frederic Passy asked me one day whether I should like to
+see the crowning of a <i>rosi�re</i> in a suburban town. He explained to me
+that this ceremony was of annual occurrence, and that it usually had
+reference to some meritorious conduct on the part of a young girl who
+was selected to be publicly rewarded as the best girl of her town or
+village. This honor was accompanied by a gift of some hundreds of
+francs, intended to serve as the marriage portion of the young girl. I
+gladly accepted the ticket of admission offered me by M. Passy, the more
+as he was to be the orator of the occasion, fixed for a certain Sunday
+afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>After a brief railroad journey I reached the small town, the name of
+which escapes my memory, and found the notables of the place assembled
+in a convenient hall, the mayor presiding. Soon a band of music was
+heard approaching, and the <i>rosi�re</i>, with her escort, entered and took
+the place assigned her. She was dressed in white <span class="pagenum"><a id="page416" name="page416"></a>[p. 416]</span> silk, with a
+wreath of white roses around her head. A canopy was held over her, and
+at her side walked another young girl, dressed also in white, but of a
+less expensive material. This, they told me, was the <i>rosi�re</i> of the
+year before who, according to custom, waited upon her successor to the
+dignity.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the mayor devolved the duty of officially greeting and
+complimenting the <i>rosi�re</i>. M. Passy's oration followed. His theme was
+religious toleration. As an instance of this he told us how, at the
+funeral of the great Channing in Boston, Archbishop Chevereux caused the
+bells of the cathedral to be tolled, as an homage to the memory of his
+illustrious friend. It appeared to me whimsical that I should come to an
+obscure suburb of Paris to hear of this. At home I had never heard it
+mentioned. Mrs. Eustis, Dr. Channing's daughter, on being questioned,
+assured me that she perfectly remembered the occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>M. Passy presented me with a volume of his essays on questions of
+political economy. Among the topics therein treated was the vexed
+problem, "Does expensive living enrich the community?" I was glad to
+learn that he gave lectures upon his favorite science to classes of
+young women as well as of young men.</p>
+
+<p>Among my pleasant recollections of Paris at this time is that of a visit
+to the studio of Gustave <span class="pagenum">[p. 417]</span> Dor�, which came about on this wise.
+An English clergyman whom we had met in London happened to be in Paris
+at this time, and one day informed us that he had had some
+correspondence with Dor�, and had suggested to the latter a painting of
+the Resurrection from a new point of view. This should represent, not
+the opening grave, but the gates of heaven unclosing to receive the
+ascending form of the Master. The artist had promised to illustrate this
+subject, and our new friend invited us to accompany him to the studio,
+where he hoped to find the picture well advanced. Accordingly, on a day
+appointed, we knocked at the artist's door and were admitted. The
+apartment was vast, well proportioned to the unusual size of many of the
+works of art which hung upon the walls.</p>
+
+<p>Dor� received us with cordiality, and showed Mr. &mdash;&mdash; the picture which
+he had suggested, already nearly completed. He appeared to be about
+forty years of age, in figure above medium height, well set up and
+balanced. His eyes were blue, his hair dark, his facial expression very
+genial. After some conversation with the English visitor, he led the way
+to his latest composition, which represented the van of a traveling
+showman, in front of which stood its proprietor, holding in his arms the
+body of his little child, just dead, in the middle of his performance.
+Beside <span class="pagenum">[p. 418]</span> him stood his wife, in great grief, and at her feet the
+trick dogs, fantastically dressed, showed in their brute countenances
+the sympathy which those animals often evince when made aware of some
+misfortune befalling their master.</p>
+
+<p>Here we also saw a model of the enormous vase which the artist had sent
+to the exposition of that year (1879), and which William W. Story
+contemptuously called "Dor�'s bottle."</p>
+
+<p>The artist professed himself weary of painting for the moment. He seemed
+to have taken much interest in his recent modeling, and called our
+attention to a genius cast in bronze, which he had hoped that the
+municipality would have purchased for the illumination of the "Place de
+l'Op�ra." The head was surrounded by a coronet intended to give forth
+jets of flame, while the wings and body should be outlined by lights of
+another color.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of conversation, I remarked to him that his artistic
+career must have begun early in life. He replied:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed, madam, I was hardly twenty years of age when I produced my
+illustrations of the 'Wandering Jew.'"</p>
+
+<p>I had more than once visited the Dor� Gallery in London, and I spoke to
+him of a study of grasses there exhibited, which, with much else, I had
+found admirable. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page419" name="page419"></a>[p. 419]</span></p>
+
+<p>I believe that Dor�'s works are severely dealt with by art critics, and
+especially by such of them as are themselves artists. Whatever may be
+the defects of his work, I feel sure that he has produced some paintings
+which deserve to live in the public esteem. Among these I would include
+his picture of Christ's Entry into Jerusalem, for the contrast therein
+shown between the popular enthusiasm and the indifference of a group of
+richly dressed women, seated in a balcony, and according no attention
+whatever to the procession passing in the street just below them.</p>
+
+<p>Worthy to be mentioned with this is his painting of Francesca da Rimini
+and her lover, as Dante saw them in his vision of hell. Mrs. Longfellow
+once showed me an engraving of this work, exclaiming, as she pointed to
+Francesca, "What southern passion in that face!"</p>
+
+<p>I was invited several times to speak while in Paris. I chose for the
+theme of my first lecture, "Associations of Women in the United States."
+The chairman of the committee of invitation privately requested me
+beforehand not to speak either of woman suffrage or of the Christian
+religion. He said that the first was dreaded in France because many
+supposed that the woman's vote, if conceded, would bring back the
+dominion of the Catholic priesthood; while the Christian religion, to a
+French audience, would mean simply <span class="pagenum"><a id="page420" name="page420"></a>[p. 420]</span> the Church of Rome. I spoke
+in French and without notes, though not without preparation. No tickets
+were sold for these lectures and no fee was paid. A large salver, laid
+on a table near the entrance of the hall, was intended to receive
+voluntary contributions towards the inevitable expenses of the evening.
+I was congratulated, after the lecture, for having spoken with "<i>tant de
+bonne grace</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving Paris I was invited to take part in a congress of woman's
+rights (<i>congr�s du droit des femmes</i>). It was deemed proper to elect
+two presidents for this occasion, and I had the honor of being chosen as
+one of them, the other being a gentleman well known in public life. My
+co-president addressed me throughout the meeting as "Madame la
+Pr�sidente." The proceedings naturally were carried on in the French
+language. Colonel T. W. Higginson was present, as was Theodore Stanton,
+son of Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Among the lady speakers was one, of
+whom I was told that she possessed every advantage of wealth and social
+position. She was attired like a woman of fashion, and yet she proved to
+be an ardent suffragist. Somewhat in contrast with these sober doings
+was a ball given by the artist Healy at his residence. In accepting the
+invitation to attend this party, I told Mrs. Healy in jest that I should
+insist upon dancing <span class="pagenum"><a id="page421" name="page421"></a>[p. 421]</span> with her husband, whom I had known for
+many years. Soon after my entrance Mrs. Healy said to me, "Mrs. Howe,
+your quadrille is ready for you. See what company you are to have." I
+looked and beheld General Grant and M. Gambetta, who led out Mrs. Grant,
+while her husband had Mrs. Healy for his partner.</p>
+
+<p>At this ball I met Mrs. Evans, wife of the well-known dentist, who, in
+1870, aided the escape of the Empress Eug�nie. Mrs. Evans wore in her
+hair a diamond necklace, said to have been given to her by the Empress.</p>
+
+<p>I found in Paris a number of young women, students of art and medicine,
+who appeared to lead very isolated lives and to have little or no
+acquaintance with one another. The need of a point of social union for
+these young people appearing to me very great, I invited a few of them
+to meet me at my lodgings. After some discussion we succeeded in
+organizing a small club which, I am told, still exists.</p>
+
+<p>Marshal MacMahon was at this time President of the French republic. I
+attended an evening reception given by him in honor of General and Mrs.
+Grant. Our host was supposed to be the head of the Bonapartist faction,
+and I heard some rumors of an intended <i>coup d'�tat</i> which should bring
+back <a name="imperialism" id="imperialism"></a>imperialism and place Plon-Plon<a href="#nickname">[4]</a> the throne. This
+was not to be. The legitimist party held the Imperialists in check, and
+the Republicans were strong enough to hold their own.</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page422" name="page422"></a>[p. 422]</span><p>I remember Marshal MacMahon as a man of medium height, with no very
+distinguishing feature. He was dressed in uniform and wore many
+decorations.</p>
+
+<p>We passed on to Italy. Soon after my arrival in Florence I was asked to
+speak on suffrage at the <i>Circolo Filologico</i>, one of the favorite halls
+of the city. The attendance was very large. I made my argument in
+French, and when it was ended a dear old-fashioned conservative in the
+gallery stood up to speak, and told off all the counter pleas with which
+suffragists are familiar,&mdash;the loss of womanly grace, the neglect of
+house and family, etc. When he had finished speaking a charming Italian
+matron, still young and handsome, sprang forward and took me by the
+hand, saying, "I feel to take the hand of this sister from America."
+Cordial applause followed this and I was glad to hear my new friend
+respond with much grace to our crabbed opponent in the gallery. The
+sympathy of the audience was evidently with us.</p>
+
+<p>A morning visit to the Princess Belgioiosa may deserve a passing
+mention. This lady was originally Princess Ghika, of a noble Roumanian
+family. She had married a Russian&mdash;Count Murherstsky. I never knew the
+origin of the Italian <span class="pagenum"><a id="page423" name="page423"></a>[p. 423]</span> title. My dear friend, Mrs. Ednah D.
+Cheney, went with me to the princess's villa, which was at some distance
+from the city proper. Although the winter was well begun she received us
+in a room without fire. She was wrapped in furs from head to foot while
+we shivered with cold. She appeared to be about sixty years of age, and
+showed no traces of the beauty which I had seen in a portrait of her
+taken in her youth. She spoke English fluently, but with idioms derived
+from other languages, in some of which I should have understood her more
+easily than in my own.</p>
+
+<p>Our first winter abroad was passed in Rome, which I now saw for the
+first time as the capital of a united Italy. The king, "<i>Il Re
+Galantuomo</i>," was personally popular with all save the partisans of the
+Pope's temporal dominion. I met him more than once driving on Monte
+Pinciano. He was of large stature, with a countenance whose extreme
+plainness was redeemed by an expression of candor and of good humor.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of this winter Victor Emmanuel died. The marks of public
+grief at this event were unmistakable. The ransomed land mourned its
+sovereign as with one heart.</p>
+
+<p>I recall vividly the features of the king's funeral procession, which
+was resplendent with wreaths and banners sent from every part of Italy.
+The monarch's remains were borne in a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page424" name="page424"></a>[p. 424]</span> crimson coach of state,
+drawn by six horses. His own favorite war-horse followed, veiled in
+crape. Nobles and servants of noble houses walked before and after the
+coach in brilliant costumes, bareheaded, carrying in their hands lighted
+torches of wax. I stood to see this wonderful sight with my dear friend
+Sarah Clarke, at a window of her apartment opposite to the Barberini
+Palaces. As the cort�ge swept by I dropped my tribute of flowers.</p>
+
+<p>I was also present when King Umberto took the oath of office before the
+Italian Parliament, to whose members in turn the oath of allegiance was
+administered. In a box, in full view, were seated a number of royalties,
+to wit, Queen Margherita, her sister-in-law, the Queen of Portugal, the
+Prince of Wales, and the then Crown Prince of Germany, loved and
+lamented as "<i>unser Fritz</i>." The little Prince of Naples sat with his
+royal mother, and kindly Albert Edward of England lifted him in his arms
+at the crowning moment in order that he might better see what was going
+on.</p>
+
+<p>By a curious chance I had one day the pleasure of taking part with
+Madame Ristori in a reading which made part of an entertainment given in
+aid of a public charity. Madame Ristori had promised to read on this
+occasion the scene from the play of Maria Stuart, in which she meets and
+overcrows her rival, Queen Elizabeth. The friend <span class="pagenum"><a id="page425" name="page425"></a>[p. 425]</span> who should
+have read the part of this latter personage was suddenly disabled by
+illness, and I was pressed into the service. Our last rehearsal was held
+in the anteroom of the hall while the musical part of the entertainment
+was going on. Madame Ristori made me repeat my part several times,
+insisting that my manner was too reserved and would make hers appear
+extravagant. I did my best to conform to her wishes, and the reading was
+duly applauded.</p>
+
+<p>Another historic death followed that of Victor Emmanuel after the
+interval of a month. Pope Pius IX. had reigned too long to be deeply
+mourned by his spiritual subjects, one of whom remarked in answer to my
+condolence, "I should think that he had lived long enough." This same
+friend, however, claimed for Pio the rare merit of having abstained from
+enriching his own family, and said that when the niece of the Pontiff
+was married her uncle bestowed on her nothing save the diamonds which
+had been presented to him by the Sultan of Turkey. Be it also
+remembered, to his eternal credit, that Pio would not allow the last
+sacraments to be denied to the king, who had been his political enemy.
+"He was always a sincere Catholic," said the Pope, "and he shall not die
+without the sacraments."</p>
+
+<p>My dear sister, Mrs. Terry, went with me to attend the consecration of
+the new Pope, which <span class="pagenum"><a id="page426" name="page426"></a>[p. 426]</span> took place in the Sistine Chapel. Leo
+XIII. was brought into the church with the usual pomp, robed in white
+silk, preceded by a brand new pair of barbaric fans, and wearing his
+triple crown. He was attended by a procession of high dignitaries, civil
+and ecclesiastic, the latter resplendent with costly silks, furs, and
+jewels. I think that what interested me most was the chapter of the
+Gospel which the Pope read in Greek, and which I found myself able to
+follow. After the elevation of the host, the new Pontiff retired for a
+brief space of time to partake, it was said, of some slight refreshment.
+As is well known, the celebrant and communicant at the Mass must remain
+in a fasting condition from the midnight preceding the ceremony until
+after its conclusion. For some reason which I have never heard
+explained, Pope Leo, in his receptions, revived some points of ceremony
+which his predecessors had allowed to lapse. In the time of Gregory
+XVI., Protestants had only been expected to make certain genuflections
+on approaching and on leaving the pontifical presence. Pope Leo required
+that all persons presented to him should kneel and kiss his hand. This,
+as a Protestant, I could never consent to do, and so was obliged to
+forego the honor of presentation. It was said in Rome that a brother of
+the Pope, a plain man from the country, called upon him just before or
+after his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page427" name="page427"></a>[p. 427]</span> coronation. He was very stout in person, and
+objected to the inconvenience of kneeling for the ceremonial kiss. The
+Pope, however, insisted, and his relative departed, threatening never to
+return. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page428" name="page428"></a>[p. 428]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterno">CHAPTER XX</h2>
+
+<h2>FRIENDS AND WORTHIES: SOCIAL SUCCESSES</h2>
+
+
+<p>Time would fail me if I should undertake to mention the valued
+friendships which have gladdened my many years in Boston, or to indicate
+the social pleasures which have alternated with my more serious
+pursuits. One or two of these friends I must mention, lest my
+reminiscences should be found lacking in the good savor of gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>I have already spoken of seeing the elder Richard H. Dana from time to
+time during the years of my young ladyhood in New York. He himself was
+surely a transcendental, of an apart and individual school.
+Nevertheless, the transcendentals of Boston did not come within either
+his literary or his social sympathies. I never heard him express any
+admiration for Mr. Emerson. He may, indeed, have done so at a later
+period; for Mr. Emerson in the end won for himself the heart of New
+England, which had long revolted at his novelties of thought and
+expression. Mr. Dana's ideal evidently was Washington Allston, for whom
+his attachment amounted almost to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page429" name="page429"></a>[p. 429]</span> worship. The pair were
+sometimes spoken of in that day as "two old-world men who sat by the
+fire together, and upheld each other in aversion to the then prevailing
+state of things."</p>
+
+<p>I twice had the pleasure of seeing Washington Allston. My first sight of
+him was in my early youth when, being in Boston with my father for a
+brief visit, my dear tutor, Joseph G. Cogswell, undertook to give us
+this pleasure. Mr. Allston's studio was in Cambridgeport. He admitted no
+one within it during his working hours, save occasionally his friend
+Franklin Dexter, who was obliged to announce his presence by a
+particular way of knocking at the door. Mr. Cogswell managed to get
+possession of this secret, and when we drove to the door of the studio
+he made use of the well-known signal. "Dexter, is that you?" cried a
+voice from within. A moment later saw us within the sanctuary.</p>
+
+<p>My father was intending to order a picture from Mr. Allston, and this
+circumstance amply justified Mr. Cogswell, in his own opinion, for the
+stratagem employed to gain us admittance. Mr. Allston was surprised but
+not disconcerted by our entrance, and proceeded to do the honors of the
+rather bare apartment with genial grace. He had not then unrolled his
+painting of Belshazzar's Feast, which, begun many years before that
+time, had long been left in an unfinished condition. <span class="pagenum">[p. 430]</span></p>
+
+<p>As I remember, the great artist had but little to show us. My father was
+especially pleased with a group, one figure of which was a copy of
+Titian's well-known portrait of his daughter, the other being a somewhat
+commonplace representation of a young girl of modern times.</p>
+
+<p>My father afterwards told me that he had thought of purchasing this
+picture. While he was deliberating about it Thomas Cole the landscape
+painter called upon him, bringing the design of four pictures
+illustrating the course of human life. The artist's persuasion induced
+him to give an order for this work, which was not completed until after
+my dear parent's death, when we found it something of a white elephant.
+The pictures were suitable only for a gallery, and as none of us felt
+able to indulge in such a luxury they were afterward sold to some public
+institution, with a considerable loss on our part.</p>
+
+<p>Some years after my marriage I encountered Mr. Allston in Chestnut
+Street, Boston, on a bitter winter day. He had probably been visiting
+his friend Mr. Dana, who resided in that street. The ground was covered
+with snow, and Mr. Allston, with his snowy curls and old-fashioned
+attire, looked like an impersonation of winter, his luminous dark eyes
+suggesting the fire which warms the heart of the cold season. The
+wonderful beauty of the face, intensified by age, impressed <span class="pagenum"><a id="page431" name="page431"></a>[p. 431]</span> me
+deeply. He did not recognize me, having seen me but once, and we passed
+without any salutation; but his living image in my mind takes precedence
+of all the shadowy shapes which his magic placed upon canvas.</p>
+
+<p>Boston should never forget the famous dinner given to Charles Dickens on
+the occasion of his first visit to America in 1842. Among the wits who
+made the feast one to be remembered Allston shone, a bright particular
+star. He was a reader of Dickens, but was much averse to serials, and
+waited always for the publication of the stories in book form. He died
+while one of these was approaching completion, I forget which it was,
+but remember that Felton, commenting upon this, said, "This shows what a
+mistake it is not to read the numbers as they are issued. He has thereby
+lost the whole of this story when he might have enjoyed a part of it."</p>
+
+<p>One other singular figure comes back to me across the wide waste of
+years, and seems to ask some mention at my hands.</p>
+
+<p>The figure is that of Thomas Gold Appleton, a man whom, in his own
+despite, the old Boston dearly cherished. In appearance he was of rather
+more than medium height, and his countenance, which was not handsome,
+bore a curious resemblance to that of his beautiful sister Fanny, the
+beloved wife of the poet Longfellow. He wore <span class="pagenum"><a id="page432" name="page432"></a>[p. 432]</span> his hair in what
+might have been called <a name="elf_locks" id="elf_locks"></a>elf locks, and the expression of his dark blue
+eyes varied from one of intense melancholy to amused observation.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/image26.jpg" width="155" height="207" alt="THOMAS GOLD APPLETON">
+<br><span class="caption"><small>THOMAS GOLD APPLETON</small><br><small><i>From a photograph lent by Mrs. John Murray Forbes.</i></small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Tom Appleton, as he was usually called, was certainly a man of parts and
+of great reputation as a wit, but I should rather have termed him a
+humorist. He cultivated a Byronic distaste for the Puritanic ways of New
+England. In truth, he was always ready for an encounter of arms
+(figuratively speaking) with institutions and with individuals, while
+yet in heart he was most human and humane. Born in affluence, he did not
+embrace either business or profession, but devoted much time to the
+study of painting, for which he had more taste than talent. It was as a
+word artist that he was remarkable; and his graphic felicities of
+expression led Mr. Emerson to quote him as "the first conversationalist
+in America," an eminence which I, for my part, should have been more
+inclined to accord to Dr. Holmes.</p>
+
+<p>He loved European life, and had many friends among the notabilities of
+English society. He was a fellow passenger on the steamer which carried
+Dr. Howe and myself as far as Liverpool on our wedding journey. People
+in our cabin were apt to call for a Welsh rabbit before turning in for
+the night. Apropos of this, he remarked to me, "You eat a rabbit before
+going to bed, and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page433" name="page433"></a>[p. 433]</span> presently you dream that you are a shelf with
+a large cheese resting upon it."
+</p>
+<p>He was much attached to his father, of whom he once said to me, "We
+don't dare to mention anything pathetic at our table. If we did, father
+would be sure to spoil the soup" (with his tears, being understood). The
+elder Appleton belonged to the congregation of the Federal Street
+Church. I asked his son if he ever attended service there. He said, "Oh,
+yes; I sometimes go to hear the minister exhort that assemblage of weary
+ones to forsake the vanities of life. Looking at the choir, I see some
+forlorn women who seem, from the way in which they open their mouths, to
+mistake the congregation for a dentist." He did not care for music. At a
+party devoted to classical performances, he turned to me: "Mrs. Howe,
+are you going to give us something from the symphony in P?"</p>
+
+<p>He was much of an amateur in art, literature, and life, never appearing
+to take serious hold of matters either social or political. Wendell
+Phillips had been his schoolmate, and the two, in company with John
+Lothrop Motley, had fought many battles with wooden swords in the
+Appleton garret. For some unexplained reason, he had but little faith in
+Phillips's philanthropy, and the relations of childhood between the two
+did not extend to their later life. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page434" name="page434"></a>[p. 434]</span></p>
+
+<p>His Atlantic voyages became so frequent that he once said to a friend,
+"I always keep my steamer ticket in my pocket, like a soda-water
+ticket." Indeed, his custom almost carried out this saying. I have heard
+that once, being in New York, he invited friends to breakfast with him
+at his hotel. On arriving they found only a note informing them of his
+departure for Europe on that very morning.</p>
+
+<p>I myself one day invited him to dinner with other friends, among whom
+was his sister, Mrs. Longfellow. We waited long for him, and I at last
+said to Mrs. Longfellow, "What can it be that detains your brother so
+late?"</p>
+
+<p>"I don't know, indeed," was her reply.</p>
+
+<p>"Your brother?" cried one of the guests. "I met him this morning on his
+way to the steamer. He must have sailed some hours since."</p>
+
+<p>A friend once spoke to him of matrimony, of which he said in reply,
+"Marriage? I could never undergo it unless I was held, and took
+chloroform."</p>
+
+<p>Yet those who knew him well supposed that he had had some romance of his
+own. To his praise be it said that he was a man of many friendships, and
+by no means destitute of public spirit.</p>
+
+<p>It was from Mr. Dana that I first heard of John Sullivan Dwight, whom he
+characterized as a man of moderate calibre, who had "set up for an
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page435" name="page435"></a>[p. 435]</span> infidel," and who had dared to speak of the Apostle to the
+Gentiles as Paul, without the prefix of his saintship. In the early
+years of my residence in Boston I sometimes heard of Mr. Dwight as a
+disciple of Fourier, a transcendental of the transcendentals, and a
+prominent member of a socialist club.</p>
+
+<p>I first came to know him well when Madame Sontag was singing in Boston.
+We met often at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Schlesinger-Benzon, a house
+which deserves grateful remembrance from every lover of music who was
+admitted to its friendly and �sthetic interior. Many were the merry and
+musical festivities enjoyed under that hospitable roof. The house was of
+moderate dimensions and in a part of Boylston Street now wholly devoted
+to business. Mrs. Benzon was a sister of the well-known Lehmann artists
+and of the father of the late coach of the Harvard boating crew. She was
+very fond of music, and it was at one of her soir�es that Elise Hensler
+made her first appearance and sang, with fine expression and a beautiful
+fresh voice, the air from "Robert le Diable:"&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p class="poem">"Va, dit-elle, va, mon enfant,<br>
+  <span class="add1em">Dire au fils qui m'a delaiss�e."</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="min1em">These friends, with others, interested themselves in Miss Hensler's
+musical education and enabled her to complete her studies in Paris. As
+is well <span class="pagenum"><a id="page436" name="page436"></a>[p. 436]</span> known, she became a favorite prima donna in light
+opera, and was finally heard of as the morganatic wife of the King
+(consort) Ferdinand of Portugal.</span></p>
+
+<p>Madame Sontag and her husband, Count Rossi, came often to the Benzon
+house. I met them there one day at dinner, when in the course of
+conversation Madame Sontag said that she never acted in private life.
+The count remarked rather rudely, "I saw you enact the part of Zerlina
+quite recently." This was probably intended for a harmless pleasantry,
+but the lady's change of color showed that it did not amuse her.</p>
+
+<p>Before this time Dwight's "Journal of Music" had published a very
+friendly review of my first volume of poems. It did not diminish my
+appreciation of this kind service to learn in later years that it had
+been rendered by Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney, then scarcely an acquaintance of
+mine, to-day an esteemed friend of many years, whom I have found
+excellent in counsel and constant and loyal in regard.</p>
+
+<p>During the many years of my life at South Boston, Mr. Dwight and his
+wife were among the faithful few who would brave the disagreeable little
+trip in the omnibus and across the bridge with the low draw, to enliven
+my fireside. I valued these guests very highly, having had occasion to
+perceive that Bostonians are apt to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page437" name="page437"></a>[p. 437]</span> limit their associations
+to the regions in which they are most at home. Speaking of this once
+with a friend, I said, "In Boston Love crosses the bridge, but
+Friendship stops at the Common."</p>
+
+<p>After the death of his wife Mr. Dwight had many lonely years. He was
+very fond of young people, and as my younger children grew up he became
+strongly attached to them. As editor of the "Journal of Music" he was
+the recipient of tickets for musical entertainments of all sorts. His
+enjoyment of these was heightened by congenial company, and to my
+children, and later to my grandchildren, he was the great dispenser of
+musical delights. He was to us almost as one of the family, and to him
+our doors were never closed. His was a very individual strain of
+character, combining a rather flamboyant imagination with a severe
+taste. He could never accept the Wagner cult, and stood obstinately for
+the limits of classical music, insisting even that the performance of
+Wagner's operas perverted the tone both of strings and brasses, and that
+it took some time for the instruments to recover from this misuse. He
+had much to do with the formation of the Harvard Musical Association,
+and the programmes which he arranged for its concerts are precious in
+remembrance.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Holmes sat near me at Mr. Dwight's funeral, which took place in the
+Harvard rooms, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page438" name="page438"></a>[p. 438]</span> whose presiding genius he had been. The
+services were very simple and genial. Some lovely singing, a poetical
+tribute or so, some heart-warm words spoken by friends, mingled with the
+customary prayer and scripture reading. In the interval of silence
+before these began, Dr. Holmes said to me, in a low tone, "Mrs. Howe, we
+may almost imagine the angels who announced a certain nativity to be
+hovering near these remains."</p>
+
+<p>Otto Dresel, beloved as an artist and dreaded as a critic, was an
+intimate of the Benzon household, and was almost idolized by Mr. Dwight.
+He had the misfortune to be over-critical, but no less so of himself
+than of others. He did much to raise the appreciation of music in
+Boston, possessed as he was with a sense of the dignity and sacredness
+of the art. His compositions, not many in number, had a deep poetical
+charm, as had also his soulful interpretation of Chopin's works. As a
+teacher he was unrivaled. Two of my daughters were indebted to him for a
+very valuable musical education.</p>
+
+<p>Boston has seemed darker to me since the light of this eminent musical
+intelligence has left it. I subjoin a tribute of my affection for him in
+these lines, which were suggested by Mr. Loeffler's rendering of
+Handel's "Largo" at a concert, especially dedicated to the memory of
+this dear friend. I also add a verse descriptive of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page439" name="page439"></a>[p. 439]</span> the effect
+of the funeral march from Beethoven's "Heroica," which made part of the
+programme in question.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><p><b>HANDEL'S LARGO.</b><br>
+
+ <p><i>Boston Music Hall, October 11, 1890.</i><br>
+
+ <p><span class="smcap"> In Memoriam Otto Dresel.</span> <br>
+
+ <p>On every shining stair an angel stood,<br>
+    <span class="add2em">And to our dear one said, "Walk higher, friend."</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Till, rapt from earth, in a celestial mood,</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">He passed from sight to blessings without end;</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">And where his feet had trod, a radiant flood</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">His lofty message of content did send.</span></p>
+
+<p><b>BEETHOVEN'S FUNERAL MARCH.</b><br>
+
+  <p>The heavy steps that 'neath new burdens tread,<br>
+  <span class="add1em">The heavy hearts that wait upon the dead,</span><br>
+ <span class="add1em">The struggling thoughts that single out, through tears,</span><br>
+ <span class="add1em">The happy memories of bygone years,</span><br>
+ <span class="add1em">And on the deaf and silent presence call:</span><br>
+ <span class="add1em">O friend belov'd! O master! is this all?</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">But as the cadence moves, the song flowers fling</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">To us the promise of eternal spring,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">Love that survives the wreck of its delight,</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">And goes, torch bearing, into darksome night.</span><br>
+ <span class="add1em">Trumpet and drum have marked the victor's way,</span><br>
+ <span class="add1em">The seraph voices now their legend say:</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">"O loving friends! refrain your waiting fond;</span><br>
+  <span class="add1em">The gates are passed, and heaven is bright beyond."</span></p></div>
+
+<p>In March, 1885, I had the unspeakable grief of losing my dear eldest
+daughter, Julia Romana, of whose birth in Rome I have made mention. She
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page440" name="page440"></a>[p. 440]</span> was a person of rare endowments and of great originality of
+character, inheriting much of her father's personal shyness, but more of
+his benevolence and public spirit. She was the constant companion and
+faithful ally of that beloved parent. During the years of our residence
+in the city, she would often walk over with him to South Boston before
+breakfast. She delighted in giving lessons to the blind pupils of the
+Institution, and succeeded so well in teaching German to a class of the
+blind teachers that these were enabled, on visiting Germany, to use and
+understand the language. She read extensively, and was gifted with so
+retentive a memory that we were accustomed to refer to her disputed
+dates and other questions in history. A small volume of her verses has
+been printed, with the title of "<a name="Stray_Chords" id="Stray_Chords"></a>Stray Chords." Some of these poems show
+remarkable depth of thought and great felicity of expression.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/image27.jpg" width="144" height="173" alt="JULIA ROMANA ANAGNOS" >
+<br><span class="caption"><small>JULIA ROMANA ANAGNOS</small><br> <small><i>From a photograph.  </i></small>
+</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A new source of delight was opened to her by the summer school of
+philosophy held for some years at Concord, Mass. Here her mind seemed to
+have found its true level, and I cannot think of the sittings of the
+school without a vision of the rapt expression of her face as she sat
+and listened to the various speakers. Something of this pleasure found
+expression in a slender volume named "Philosophi� Qu�stor," in which she
+has preserved some features of the school, now, alas! a<span class="pagenum"><a id="page441" name="page441"></a>[p. 441]</span> thing of
+remote remembrance. The impressions of it also took shape in a club
+which she gathered about her, and to which she gave the name of the
+Metaphysical Club. It was beautiful to see her seated in the midst of
+this thoughtful circle, which she seemed to rule with a staff of lilies.
+The club was one in which diversity of opinion sometimes brought
+individuals into sharp contrast with each other, but her gentle
+government was able to bring harmony out of discord, and to subdue alike
+the crudeness of skepticism and the fierceness of intolerance.</p>
+
+<p>Her interest in her father's pupils was unremitting. A friend said to me
+not long ago, "It was one of the sights of Boston in the days of the
+Harvard musical concerts to see your Julia's radiant face as she would
+come into Music Hall, leading a blind pupil by either hand."</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1869, she became the wife of Michael Anagnos, who was then
+my husband's assistant, and who succeeded him as principal of the
+Institution at South Boston. After fifteen years of happy wedlock, she
+suffered a long and painful illness which terminated fatally. Almost her
+last thought was of her beloved club, and she asked that a valued friend
+might be summoned, that she might consult with him, no doubt, as to its
+future management. To her husband she said, "Be kind to the little blind
+children, for they are <span class="pagenum"><a id="page442" name="page442"></a>[p. 442]</span> papa's children." These parting words
+of hers are inscribed on the wall of the Kindergarten for the Blind at
+Jamaica Plain. Beautiful in life, and most beautiful in death, her
+sainted memory has a glory beyond that of worldly fame.</p>
+
+<hr class="small">
+
+<p>A writer of my own sex, years ago, desiring to do me some pen-service,
+wrote to me asking for particulars of my life, and emphasizing her
+wishes with these words: "I wish to hear not of your literary work, but
+of your social successes." I could not at the time remember that I had
+had any, and so did not respond to her request. But let us ask what are
+social successes? A climb from obscurity to public notice? An abiding
+place on the stage of fashionable life? A wardrobe that newspaper
+correspondents may report? Fine equipages, furniture, and
+entertainments? These things have had small part in my thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>As I take account of my long life, I become well aware of its failures.
+What may I chronicle as its successes? It was a great distinction for me
+when the foremost philanthropist of the age chose me for his wife. It
+was a great success for me when, having been born and bred in New York
+city, I found myself able to enter into the intellectual life of Boston,
+and to appreciate the "high thinking" of its choice spirits. I have sat
+at the feet of the masters of literature, art, and <span class="pagenum">[p. 443]</span> science,
+and have been graciously admitted into their fellowship. I have been the
+chosen poet of several high festivals, to wit, the celebration of
+Bryant's sixtieth birthday, the commemoration of the centenary of his
+birth, and the unveiling of the statue of Columbus in Central Park, New
+York, in the Columbian year, so called. I have been the founder of a
+club of young girls, which has exercised a salutary influence upon the
+growing womanhood of my adopted city, and has won for itself an
+honorable place in the community, serving also as a model for similar
+associations in other cities. I have been for many years the president
+of the New England Woman's Club, and of the Association for the
+Advancement of Women. I have been heard at the great Prison Congress in
+England, at Mrs. Butler's convention <i>de moralit� publique</i> in Geneva,
+Switzerland, and at more than one convention in Paris. I have been
+welcomed in Faneuil Hall, when I have stood there to rehearse the merits
+of public men, and later, to plead the cause of oppressed Greece and
+murdered Armenia. I have written one poem which, although composed in
+the stress and strain of the civil war, is now sung South and North by
+the champions of a free government. I have been accounted worthy to
+listen and to speak at the Boston Radical Club and at the Concord School
+of Philosophy. I have been exalted to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page444" name="page444"></a>[p. 444]</span> occupy the pulpit of my
+own dear church and that of others, without regard to denominational
+limits. Lastly and chiefly, I have had the honor of pleading for the
+slave when he was a slave, of helping to initiate the woman's movement
+in many States of the Union, and of standing with the illustrious
+champions of justice and freedom, for woman suffrage, when to do so was
+a thankless office, involving public ridicule and private avoidance.</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><p>I have made a voyage upon a golden river,<br>
+<span class="add2em">'Neath clouds of opal and of amethyst.</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">Along its banks bright shapes were moving ever,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">And threatening shadows melted into mist.</span></p>
+
+<p>The eye, unpracticed, sometimes lost the current,<br>
+<span class="add2em">When some wild rapid of the tide did whirl,</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">While yet a master hand beyond the torrent</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Freed my frail shallop from the perilous swirl.</span></p>
+
+<p>Music went with me, fairy flute and viol,<br>
+<span class="add2em">The utterance of fancies half expressed,</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">And with these, steadfast, beyond pause or trial,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">The deep, majestic throb of Nature's breast.</span></p>
+
+<p>My journey nears its close&mdash;in some still haven<br>
+<span class="add2em">My bark shall find its anchorage of rest,</span><br>
+<span class="add1em">When the kind hand, which every good has given,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">Opening with wider grace, shall give the best.</span></p></div>
+
+
+<br><br><br><hr>
+
+<p><a href="#of_Rhode_Island">[1]</a><small> <a name="Governor_Samuel" id="Governor_Samuel"></a>Governor Samuel Ward refused to enforce the Stamp Act, and
+also did valuable service as a member of the First and Second
+Continental Congresses. He frequently served as chairman of the
+Committee of the Whole, during the secret sessions of Congress. His
+death, in the spring of 1776, is said to have been due in large measure
+to the fatigue caused by his incessant labors in behalf of his country.
+Although he did not live to sign the Declaration of Independence, he was
+one of the first men to prophesy the separation of the colonies from the
+mother country.</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#to_Dr_Fowler">[2]</a><small> <a name="This_old_woman" id="This_old_woman"></a>This old woman was one of a number of trebly-afflicted
+persons&mdash;deaf, dumb, and blind&mdash;whom Dr. Howe found time to visit on
+this wedding trip, beginning their instruction himself in some cases,
+and interesting persons in the neighborhood in carrying it on. In his
+report of the Institution for the Blind, written after his return from
+Europe in 1844, he gives an account of these cases, closing with an
+eloquent appeal in behalf of these neglected and suffering members of
+the human family.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>"And here the question will recur to you (for I doubt not it has
+occurred a dozen times already), Can nothing be done to disinter this
+human soul? It is late, but perhaps not too late. The whole neighborhood
+would rush to save this woman if she were buried alive by the caving in
+of a pit, and labor with zeal until she were dug out. Now if there were
+one who had as much patience as zeal, and who, having carefully observed
+how a little child learns language, would attempt to lead her gently
+through the same course, he might possibly awaken her to a consciousness
+of her immortal nature. The chance is small indeed; but with a smaller
+chance they would have dug desperately for her in the pit; and is the
+life of the soul of less import than that of the body?</small></p>
+
+<p><small>"It is to be feared that there are many others whose cases are not known
+out of their own families, who are regarded as beyond the reach of help,
+and who are therefore left in their awful desolation.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>"This ought not to be, either for the good of the sufferers, or of those
+about them. It is hardly possible to conceive a case in which some
+improvement could not be effected by patient perseverance; and the
+effort ought to be made in every one of them.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>"The sight of any being, in human shape, left to brutish ignorance, is
+always demoralizing to the beholders. There floats not upon the stream
+of life any wreck of humanity so utterly shattered and crippled that its
+signals of distress should not challenge attention and command
+assistance."</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#young_Whigs">[3]</a><small>In the days here spoken of, the <a name="Cochituate_water" id="Cochituate_water"></a>Cochituate water was first
+brought into Boston. I was asked one day to furnish a toast for a
+temperance festival, and felt moved to send the following: "Free
+soil,&mdash;free water,&mdash;free grace," which was well received.</small></p>
+
+<p><a href="#imperialism">[4]</a><small> The <a name="nickname" id="nickname"></a>nickname for Prince Napoleon.</small></p>
+
+
+<hr>
+
+<span class="pagenum">[p. 447]</span>
+<h2 class="section">INDEX</h2>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+
+ <div class="index"> <p><a name="Abbott" id="Abbott"></a>Abbott, Francis E.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his comparison of Jesus and Socrates, <a href="#page208">208</a>;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">expounds his views, <a href="#page289">289</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Abbott, Rev. Jacob,<br>
+<span class="add2em">stanza to, <a href="#page91">91</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Accademia," an,<br>
+<span class="add2em">in Rome, <a href="#page130">130</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Adams, John Quincy,<br>
+<span class="add2em">on Governor Andrew's staff, <a href="#page266">266</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Adams, Mrs. John (Abigail Smith),<br>
+<span class="add2em">anecdote of, <a href="#page36">36</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Agassiz, Alexander, <a href="#page184">184</a>;<br>
+    <span class="add2em">lectures to the Town and Country Club, <a href="#page406">406</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Agassiz, Louis,<br>
+<span class="add2em">personal appearance, <a href="#page182">182</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> scientific interests, <a href="#page183">183</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, <a href="#page306">306</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Agassiz, Mrs. Louis (Elizabeth Cary),<br>
+<span class="add2em">president of Radcliffe College, <a href="#page183">183</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Albinola,<br>
+<span class="add2em">an Italian patriot, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Alfieri,<br>
+<span class="add2em">dramas of, <a href="#page57">57</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Alger, William R., <br>
+<span class="add2em">attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, <a href="#page306">306</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Allston, Washington,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his studio, <a href="#page429">429</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">at a dinner to Charles Dickens, <a href="#page431">431</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Almack's,<br>
+<span class="add2em">ball at, <a href="#page105">105</a>, <a href="#page106">106</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Anagnos, Michael, <a href="#page313">313</a>;<br>
+   <span class="add2em"> marries Julia Romana Howe, <a href="#page441">441</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p><a name="Anagnos_Mrs_Michael" id="Anagnos_Mrs_Michael"></a>Anagnos, Mrs. Michael,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">born at Rome, <a href="#page128">128</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> accompanies her parents to Europe, <a href="#page313">313</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her death, <a href="#page439">439</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her work and study, <a href="#page440">440</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her Metaphysical Club, and interest in the blind, <a href="#page441">441</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Andrew, John A.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">war governor of Massachusetts, <a href="#page258">258</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his character, <a href="#page259">259</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his genial nature, <a href="#page260">260</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> becomes governor of Massachusetts, <a href="#page261">261</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  pays for the legal defense of John Brown, <a href="#page262">262</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">a Unitarian: broad religious sympathies, <a href="#page263">263</a>, <a href="#page264">264</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his energy in national affairs, <a href="#page265">265</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his trips about the State, <a href="#page266">266</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> supports emancipation, <a href="#page267">267</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> arranges an interview with Lincoln for the Howes, <a href="#page271">271</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his faith in Lincoln, <a href="#page272">272</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Anthon, Charles,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">professor at Columbia College, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Appleton, Thomas G., <br>
+<span class="add2em">of Boston, <a href="#page104">104</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> conversation with Samuel Longfellow, <a href="#page293">293</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his appearance, <a href="#page431">431</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his wit and culture, <a href="#page432">432</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> lack of serious application, <a href="#page433">433</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his voyages to Europe, <a href="#page434">434</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Arconati, Marchese, <br>
+<span class="add2em">his hospitality to the Howes, <a href="#page119">119</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Argyll, Duchess of,<br>
+<span class="add2em">declines to aid the woman's peace crusade plan, <a href="#page338">338</a>.</span></p>
+
+  <p>Armstrong, General John,<br>
+<span class="add2em">father of Mrs. William B. Astor, <a href="#page64">64</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Association for the Advancement of Women, the,<br>
+<span class="add2em">founded, <a href="#page386">386</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> distribution of its congresses, <a href="#page392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Astor, John Jacob, <br>
+<span class="add2em">Washington Irving at the house of, <a href="#page27">27</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> calls on Mrs. Howe's father on New Year's Day, <a href="#page32">32</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">wedding gift of, to his granddaughter, <a href="#page65">65</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> fondness for music, <a href="#page74">74</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> anecdotes of, <a href="#page75">75</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Astor, William B.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his culture and education, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Astor, Mrs. William B. (Margaret Armstrong), <br>
+<span class="add2em">her recollection of Mrs. Howe's mother, <a href="#page5">5</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">describes a wedding, <a href="#page31">31</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">gives a dinner: her good taste, <a href="#page64">64</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Atherstone,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">the Howes at, <a href="#page136">136</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Atlantic Monthly, The," <a href="#page232">232</a>, <a href="#page236">236</a>, <a href="#page280">280</a>;<br>
+    <span class="add2em">first published the "Battle Hymn of the Republic," 275.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Austin, Mrs.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">sings in New York, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Avignon,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> the Howes at, <a href="#page133">133</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+<br><p><a name="Bache" id="Bache"></a>Bache, Prof. A. D.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Baez, <br>
+<span class="add3em">President of Santo Domingo,</span> <br>
+<span class="add2em">calls upon the Howes, <a href="#page355">355</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em"> invites them to a state dinner: is expelled by a revolution, <a href="#page360">360</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Baggs, <br>
+<span class="add3em">Monsignore, Bishop of Pella,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">presents the Howes to the Pope, <a href="#page125">125</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bailey, Prof. J. W.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">lectures on insectivorous plants, <a href="#page407">407</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Balzac, Honor� de,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his works read, <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bancroft, George,<br>
+<span class="add3em">the historian,</span> <br>
+<span class="add2em">his estimate of Hegel, <a href="#page210">210</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">invites Mrs. Howe to write something for the Bryant celebration, <a href="#page277">277</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his part therein, <a href="#page279">279</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his life at Newport, <a href="#page401">401</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> in the Town and Country Club, <a href="#page407">407</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Barbiere di Seviglia,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">given in New York, <a href="#page15">15</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> admired by Charles Sumner, <a href="#page176">176</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bartol, Dr. C. A., <br>
+<span class="add2em">first meeting of the Boston Radical Club held at his house, <a href="#page281">281</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bates, Joshua, <br>
+<span class="add2em">founder of the Boston Public Library, <a href="#page93">93</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Battle Hymn of the Republic," the, <br>
+<span class="add2em">writing of, <a href="#page273">273</a>-<a href="#page275">275</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Baxter, Sally.<br>
+<span class="add2em"> See <a href="#Hampton_Mrs_Frank">Hampton, Mrs. Frank</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bean, Mrs., <br>
+<span class="add2em">stewardess of Cunard steamer, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">   lines to, <a href="#page90">90</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Beecher, Miss Catherine,<br>
+<span class="add2em">her "Cook Book," <a href="#page215">215</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Beecher, Henry Ward, <br>
+<span class="add2em">his letter on Mary Booth's death, <a href="#page242">242</a>;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">    advocates woman's suffrage, <a href="#page378">378</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Beethoven, <br>
+<span class="add2em">symphonies of, in Boston, <a href="#page14">14</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">   appreciation of his work taught, <a href="#page16">16</a>;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> selections from, given at the Wards', <a href="#page49">49</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Belgioiosa, Princess, <br>
+<span class="add2em"> her origin and marriage, <a href="#page422">422</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Benzon, Mr. Schlesinger,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his house a musical centre, <a href="#page435">435</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Berlin,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Dr. Howe imprisoned at, <a href="#page118">118</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Black, William, <br>
+<span class="add2em">the novelist, <a href="#page412">412</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Blackwell, Henry B.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his efforts in the cause of woman suffrage, <a href="#page380">380</a>-<a href="#page382">382</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Blackwell, Rev. Mrs. S. C. (Antoinette Brown),<br>
+<span class="add2em">first woman minister in the United States, <a href="#page166">166</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">preaches, <a href="#page392">392</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Blair's Rhetoric, <a href="#page57">57</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Bloomingdale, <br>
+<span class="add2em">country-seat of Mrs. Howe's father at, <a href="#page10">10</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Boker, George H.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at the Bryant celebration, <a href="#page279">279</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bonaparte, Charles, <a href="#page202">202</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Bonaparte, Joseph,<br>
+<span class="add2em">ex-king of Spain, <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page202">202</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bonaparte, Joseph, <br>
+<span class="add2em">Prince of Musignano, <a href="#page202">202</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Boocock, Mr., <br>
+<span class="add2em">a music teacher, <a href="#page16">16</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Booth, Edwin,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at the Boston Theatre, requests Mrs. Howe to write him a play, <a href="#page237">237</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  his marriage, <a href="#page241">241</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his wife's death, <a href="#page242">242</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p><a name="Booth_Mrs_Edwin" id="Booth_Mrs_Edwin"></a>Booth, Mrs. Edwin (Mary Devlin), <br>
+<span class="add2em">her marriage and death, <a href="#page241">241</a>, <a href="#page242">242</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Booth, Wilkes,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at Mary Booth's funeral, <a href="#page242">242</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Boppard, <br>
+<span class="add2em">water-cure at, <a href="#page189">189</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bordentown, N. J., <br>
+<span class="add2em">residence of Joseph, ex-king of Spain, <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page202">202</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Borsieri, <br>
+<span class="add2em">an Italian patriot, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Boston,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe spends the summer of 1842-43 near, <a href="#page81">81</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  her first years in, <a href="#page144">144</a>-<a href="#page187">187</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> its workers and thinkers, <a href="#page150">150</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  high level of society in, <a href="#page251">251</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Boston Radical Club, <a href="#page208">208</a>;<br>
+<span class="add2em">    founded, <a href="#page281">281</a>;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">    its essayists: subjects discussed, <a href="#page282">282</a>;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">    John Weiss at, <a href="#page283">283</a>, <a href="#page284">284</a>;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">    Athanase Coquerel at, <a href="#page284">284</a>-<a href="#page286">286</a>;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">    Mrs. Howe reads her paper on "Polarity" before, <a href="#page311">311</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bostwick, Professor,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his historical charts, <a href="#page14">14</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Bothie of Tober-na-Fuosich,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">Clough's, <a href="#page184">184</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Botta, Prof.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">speaks on Aristotle, <a href="#page408">408</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Boutwell, Gov. George S.,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bowery Theatre,<br>
+<span class="add2em">fire in, <a href="#page16">16</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Bowling Green, <br>
+<span class="add2em">early recollections of, <a href="#page4">4</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bowring, Sir John, <a href="#page331">331</a>;<br>
+  <span class="add2em">  speaks at woman's peace crusade meeting in London, <a href="#page341">341</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Boyesen, Prof. H. H.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">speaks on Aristotle, <a href="#page408">408</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bracebridge, Charles N., <a href="#page136">136</a>;<br>
+   <span class="add2em"> travels in Egypt with Florence Nightingale, <a href="#page188">188</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bracebridge, Mrs. C. N., <a href="#page136">136</a>;<br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her opinion of Florence Nightingale, <a href="#page137">137</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> travels in Egypt with her, <a href="#page188">188</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Brambilla, <br>
+<span class="add2em">an opera singer, <a href="#page104">104</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Breakfasts <br>
+<span class="add2em">as a form of entertainment, <a href="#page98">98</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bridewell Prison, <a href="#page108">108</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Bridgman, Laura, <br>
+<span class="add2em">first blind deaf mute taught the use of language, <a href="#page81">81</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">referred to in Dickens's "American Notes," <a href="#page87">87</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> mentioned by Thomas Carlyle, <a href="#page95">95</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  by Maria Edgeworth, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> described to the Pope, <a href="#page126">126</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  lives with the Howes, <a href="#page151">151</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  at Dr. Howe's death-bed, <a href="#page369">369</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">   at the memorial meeting to him, <a href="#page370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bright, Mr. and Mrs. Jacob,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at Mrs. Howe's peace meeting in London, <a href="#page341">341</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Brokers, New York Board of,<br>
+<span class="add2em">portrait of John Ward in their rooms, <a href="#page55">55</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Brook Farm, <a href="#page145">145</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Brooks, Rev. Charles T., <br>
+<span class="add2em">invites Mrs. Howe to speak in his church, <a href="#page321">321</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his advice asked with regard to starting the woman's peace crusade, <a href="#page328">328</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> writes a poem for the memorial meeting for Dr. Howe, <a href="#page370">370</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> in the Town and Country Club, <a href="#page407">407</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Brooks, Rev. Phillips, <br>
+<span class="add2em">anecdote of, <a href="#page322">322</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Brooks, Preston Smith, <a href="#page179">179</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Brown, John, <br>
+<span class="add2em">calls on Dr. Howe, <a href="#page254">254</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his attack on Harper's Ferry, <a href="#page255">255</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> in Missouri, <a href="#page256">256</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> anecdote of, <a href="#page257">257</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bruce, Robert,<br>
+<span class="add2em">regalia of, <a href="#page111">111</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bryant, William Cullen, <br>
+<span class="add2em">editor of the "Evening Post," <a href="#page21">21</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">visitor at the Ward home, <a href="#page79">79</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> celebration of his seventieth birthday, <a href="#page277">277</a>-<a href="#page280">280</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  at the meetings for promoting the woman's peace crusade, <a href="#page329">329</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  admires the sermon of Athanase Coquerel at Newport, <a href="#page342">342</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bull Run, <br>
+<span class="add2em">second battle of, <a href="#page258">258</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Buller, Charles, <br>
+<span class="add2em">his appreciation of Carlyle, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Bunsen, Chevalier,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Prussian ambassador to England, <a href="#page118">118</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Burns, Anthony, <a href="#page164">164</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Butler, Benjamin F.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">disinterestedness of his friendship for woman suffrage questioned, <a href="#page395">395</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Butler, Mrs. Josephine, <br>
+<span class="add2em">encourages the woman's peace congress idea, <a href="#page329">329</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Byron, Lord, <br>
+<span class="add2em">at Harrow, <a href="#page22">22</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his works unwillingly allowed in the Ward family, <a href="#page58">58</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his example leads Dr. Howe to Greece, <a href="#page85">85</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> autograph letter of, <a href="#page100">100</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> praise of, unpardonable in London, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+
+  <br><p><a name="Cardini" id="Cardini"></a>Cardini, Signor, <br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's instructor in vocal music, <a href="#page16">16</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his anecdote of the Duke of Wellington, <a href="#page17">17</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Carlisle, Earl of, <br>
+<span class="add2em">dinner given by, <a href="#page106">106</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Carlisle, Countess of,<br>
+<span class="add2em">dinner given by, <a href="#page106">106</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">her good nature: pleasantry about, <a href="#page107">107</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Carlyle, Thomas, <br>
+<span class="add2em">his courtesy to the Howes, <a href="#page96">96</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> appearance, <a href="#page97">97</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Carre�o, Teresa,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> party for, at Secretary Chase's house, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Cass, Lewis, <br>
+<span class="add2em"><i>charg� d'affaires</i> in the Papal States, <a href="#page196">196</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Castiglia, <br>
+<span class="add2em">an Italian patriot, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Castle Garden, <a href="#page4">4</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Cerito, <br>
+<span class="add2em">her dancing, <a href="#page104">104</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Chace, Mrs. Elizabeth B., <br>
+<span class="add2em">at the Prison Reform meetings, <a href="#page339">339</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Channing, William Ellery, <br>
+<span class="add3em">the preacher,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">sermon by, <a href="#page144">144</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> bells tolled in France at the death of, <a href="#page416">416</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Channing, William Ellery, <br>
+<span class="add3em">the poet,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">  writes a poem for the memorial meeting for Dr. Howe, <a href="#page370">370</a>;</span><br>
+
+ <p>Channing, William Henry, <br>
+<span class="add2em">his ministry in Washington in war time, <a href="#page270">270</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  in the Radical Club, <a href="#page286">286</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  his attitude in that organization, <a href="#page287">287</a>-<a href="#page289">289</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> introduces Mrs. Howe at her Washington lecture, <a href="#page309">309</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">aids her woman's peace crusade movement, <a href="#page330">330</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Chapman, Mrs. Maria Weston, <br>
+<span class="add2em">a leading abolitionist, <a href="#page153">153</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">at an abolition meeting, <a href="#page156">156</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">acts as body-guard to Wendell Phillips, <a href="#page157">157</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Charnaud, Monsieur,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his dancing classes, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Chase, Hon. Salmon P., <a href="#page225">225</a>;<br>
+    <span class="add2em">his courtesy to Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page308">308</a>, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Chasles, Philar�te, <br>
+<span class="add2em">his disparaging lecture on American literature, <a href="#page134">134</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Chateaubriand,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his "Atala" and "Ren�," <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Chemistry, <br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. B.'s "Conversations" on, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Cheney, Mrs. Ednah D., <br>
+<span class="add2em">aids the woman suffrage movement, <a href="#page382">382</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> speaks before a Unitarian society, <a href="#page392">392</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">introduces Mrs. Howe to Princess Belgioiosa, <a href="#page423">423</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">her review of Mrs. Howe's first book of poems, <a href="#page436">436</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Child, Mrs. Lydia Maria,<br>
+<span class="add2em">acts as body-guard to Wendell Phillips, <a href="#page157">157</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Christianity, <br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's views on, <a href="#page207">207</a>, <a href="#page208">208</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">attitude of the Boston Radical Club towards, <a href="#page286">286</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Civil War, the, <a href="#page257">257</a>, <a href="#page258">258</a>, <a href="#page265">265</a>;<br>
+   <span class="add2em"> condition of Washington during, <a href="#page270">270</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Clarke, James Freeman, <br>
+<span class="add2em">his meetings at Williams Hall, <a href="#page245">245</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> goes abroad, <a href="#page246">246</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> at Indiana Place Chapel, <a href="#page247">247</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his marriage, <a href="#page249">249</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> always supported by Gov. Andrew, <a href="#page261">261</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> goes to Washington in 1861, <a href="#page269">269</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  visits hospitals, <a href="#page270">270</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his opinion of Abraham Lincoln, <a href="#page272">272</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">opposes Weiss at the Radical Club, <a href="#page284">284</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> upholds the Christian tone of that organization, <a href="#page286">286</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his tribute to Margaret Fuller, <a href="#page301">301</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, <a href="#page306">306</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> in the woman suffrage movement, <a href="#page375">375</a>, <a href="#page382">382</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Clarke, Mrs. J. F., <br>
+<span class="add2em">her character, <a href="#page250">250</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Clarke, Sarah, <a href="#page202">202</a>;<br>
+   <span class="add2em"> at the coronation of King Umberto at Rome, <a href="#page424">424</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Clarke, William, <a href="#page202">202</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Claudius, Matthias,<br>
+<span class="add2em">works of, <a href="#page59">59</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his "Wandsbecker Bote," <a href="#page62">62</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Clay, Henry, <br>
+<span class="add2em">advocates the Missouri Compromise, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Clough, Miss Anne J., <a href="#page335">335</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Clough, Arthur Hugh, <br>
+<span class="add2em">visits the Howes, <a href="#page184">184</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his manner and appearance, <a href="#page185">185</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his repartee, <a href="#page187">187</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Cobbe, Frances Power, <a href="#page332">332</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Cogswell, Dr. Joseph Green,<br>
+<span class="add2em">principal of the Round Hill School, <a href="#page43">43</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> teaches Mrs. Howe German, <a href="#page44">44</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> resides at the Astor mansion, <a href="#page75">75</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> anecdotes of, <a href="#page76">76</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> introduces the Wards to Washington Allston, <a href="#page429">429</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Columbia College, <br>
+<span class="add2em">its situation on Park Place, its conservatism: eminent professors at, <a href="#page23">23</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> Samuel Ward attends, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Combe, George, <a href="#page22">22</a>;<br>
+   <span class="add2em"> in Rome, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his "Constitution of Man," <a href="#page133">133</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Combe, Mrs. George (Cecilia Siddons), <br>
+<span class="add2em">anecdote of, <a href="#page132">132</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Commonwealth, The," <a href="#page252">252</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Comte, Auguste, <br>
+<span class="add2em">his "Philosophie Positive," <a href="#page211">211</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's estimate of, <a href="#page307">307</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Conjugal Love," <br>
+<span class="add2em">Swedenborg's, <a href="#page209">209</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Constantinople, <br>
+<span class="add2em">the fall of, drama upon, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Consuelo," George Sand's, <br>
+<span class="add2em">reveals the author's real character, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Contoit, Jean, <br>
+<span class="add2em">a French cook, <a href="#page30">30</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Conway, Miss, <br>
+<span class="add2em">exercises by her school, <a href="#page389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Copyright, International,<br>
+<span class="add2em">urged by Charles Dickens, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Coquerel, Athanase, <br>
+<span class="add3em">the French Protestant divine,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> at the Radical Club, <a href="#page284">284</a>, <a href="#page285">285</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> sees Mrs. Howe in London, <a href="#page331">331</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his sermon in Newport, <a href="#page342">342</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his explanation of the Paris commune, <a href="#page343">343</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Corporal punishment, <a href="#page109">109</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Coventry, <br>
+<span class="add2em">England, <a href="#page136">136</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Cowper, William,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his "Task" read by Mrs. Howe at school, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Cramer, John Baptist,<br>
+<span class="add2em">a London musician, <a href="#page16">16</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Cranch, Christopher P., <br>
+<span class="add2em">caricatures the transcendentalists, <a href="#page145">145</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his present to Bryant on his seventieth birthday, <a href="#page278">278</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Crawford, F. Marion, the novelist, <a href="#page45">45</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Crawford, Thomas, <br>
+<span class="add3em">the sculptor, </span><br>
+<span class="add2em">his work in the Ward mansion, <a href="#page45">45</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> meets the Howes in Rome: marries Louisa Ward, <a href="#page127">127</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> travels to Rome with Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page190">190</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  his statue of Washington, <a href="#page203">203</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Crawford, Mrs. Thomas.<br>
+<span class="add2em">See <a href="#Ward_Louisa">Ward, Louisa</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Cretan insurrection of 1866, <br>
+<span class="add2em">Dr. Howe's efforts in behalf of, <a href="#page312">312</a>, <a href="#page313">313</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  distribution of clothes to the refugees of, <a href="#page317">317</a>-<a href="#page319">319</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  bazaar in aid of the sufferers, <a href="#page320">320</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Critique of Pure Reason," <br>
+<span class="add2em">Kant's, <a href="#page212">212</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Curtis, George William, <br>
+<span class="add2em">his opinion of "Words for the Hour," <a href="#page230">230</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">writes about Newport, 238;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">presides at the Unitarian anniversary in 1886, <a href="#page302">302</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> advocates woman suffrage, <a href="#page378">378</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Cushing, Caleb, <a href="#page180">180</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Cushman, Miss Charlotte, <a href="#page240">240</a>.<br>
+
+ <p>Cutler, Benjamin Clarke, <br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's grandfather, <a href="#page4">4</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Cutler, Rev. Benjamin Clarke (son of the preceding), <br>
+<span class="add2em">officiates at his sister's wedding, <a href="#page34">34</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Cutler, Mrs. Benjamin Clarke, <br>
+<span class="add3em">Mrs. Howe's grandmother,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">her costume at her daughter Louisa's wedding, <a href="#page34">34</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">her beauty and charm, <a href="#page35">35</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">describes the dress of her younger days, <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Cutler, Eliza. <br>
+<span class="add2em">See <a href="#Francis_Mrs_John_W">Francis, Mrs. John W.</a></span></p>
+
+<p> Cutler, Louisa Cord�. <br>
+<span class="add2em">See <a href="#McAllister_Mrs_Julian">McAllister, Mrs. Julian</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+
+ <br><p><a name="Daggett" id="Daggett"></a>Daggett, Mrs. Kate Newell,<br>
+<span class="add2em">third president of the Association for the Advancement of Women, <a href="#page393">393</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dana, Richard H., the elder,<br>
+<span class="add2em">a visitor at the Ward home, <a href="#page79">79</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">a kind of transcendentalist, <a href="#page428">428</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Danforth, Elizabeth,<br>
+<span class="add2em">describes Louisa Cutler's wedding, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dante,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his works read, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Da Ponte, Lorenzo,<br>
+<span class="add3em">teacher of Italian in New York,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">his earlier career, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Da Ponte, Lorenzo (son of preceding),<br>
+<span class="add2em">teaches Mrs. Howe Italian, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Davenport, E. L.,<br>
+<span class="add3em">manager of the Howard Athen�um,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> declines Mrs. Howe's drama, <a href="#page240">240</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Davidson, Prof. Thomas,<br>
+<span class="add2em">lectures on Aristotle, <a href="#page406">406</a>, <a href="#page408">408</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Davis, Charles Augustus,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his "Downing Letters," <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Davis, Admiral Charles H.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">attends one of Mrs. Howe's lectures, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>De Long, Lieut. G. W.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at the dance given by the Howes in Santo Domingo, <a href="#page356">356</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>De Mesmekir, John, <a href="#page4">4</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Denison, Bishop, <a href="#page140">140</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Desmoulins, M. Benoit C.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his kindness to Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page413">413</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Devlin, Mary.<br>
+<span class="add2em">See <a href="#Booth_Mrs_Edwin">Booth, Mrs. Edwin</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dexter, Franklin,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">a friend of Allston, <a href="#page429">429</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Dial, The,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">Margaret Fuller's paper, <a href="#page145">145</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Diary of an Ennuy�e,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Jameson's, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dickens, Charles,<br>
+<span class="add2em">dinner to, in New York, <a href="#page26">26;</a></span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> at Mr. Rogers's dinner, <a href="#page99">99</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">takes the Howes to Bridewell Prison, <a href="#page108">108</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">gives a dinner for them, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dickinson, Anna, <a href="#page305">305</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Disciples,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">Church of the, <a href="#page256">256</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">Governor Andrew a member of, <a href="#page263">263</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Divine Love and Wisdom,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">Swedenborg's, <a href="#page204">204</a>, <a href="#page209">209</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dix, Dorothea L.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">her work for the insane, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Don Giovanni,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">its libretto, <a href="#page24">24</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">admired by Charles Sumner, <a href="#page176">176</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dor�, Gustave,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the artist,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">his studio and work, <a href="#page416">416</a>-<a href="#page419">419</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Douglas, Stephen A., <a href="#page178">178</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>"Downing Letters,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">those of C. A. Davis, <a href="#page25">25</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dresel, Otto,<br>
+<span class="add2em">musical critic and teacher, <a href="#page438">438</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">tribute to his memory, <a href="#page439">439</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dress,<br>
+<span class="add2em">in the thirties, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">at Mrs. Astor's dinner, <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">at Samuel Ward's wedding, <a href="#page65">65</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">at Lansdowne House, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">at the ball at Almack's, <a href="#page106">106</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dublin,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">the Howes in, <a href="#page112">112</a>-<a href="#page114">114</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Duer, John,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at the Dickens dinner, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Dwight, John S.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">translates Goethe and Schiller, <a href="#page147">147</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">tries to teach Theodore Parker to sing, <a href="#page162">162</a>, <a href="#page163">163</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">Henry James reads a paper at the house of, <a href="#page324">324</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">admires Athanase Coquerel's sermon at Newport, <a href="#page342">342</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Dana's estimate of, <a href="#page435">435</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his "Journal of Music," <a href="#page436">436</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his kindness to Mrs. Howe's children, <a href="#page437">437</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Dr. Holmes's remark at his funeral, <a href="#page438">438</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+
+  <br><p><a name="Eames" id="Eames"></a>Eames, Charles, <a href="#page223">223</a>, <a href="#page224">224</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Eames, Mrs. Charles, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">her kindness to Count Gurowski, <a href="#page223">223</a>-<a href="#page226">226</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> invites Mrs. Howe to dinner, <a href="#page308">308</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Edgeworth, Maria, <br>
+ <span class="add2em"> the Howes' visit to, <a href="#page113">113</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Edinburgh, 121.</p>
+
+<p> Edwards, Jonathan, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">Dr. Holmes's paper on, <a href="#page286">286</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Eliot, Thomas, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">attends a lecture by Mrs. Howe in Washington, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> <a name="Elliott_Mrs" id="Elliott_Mrs"></a>Elliott, Mrs. (Maud Howe), <br>
+ <span class="add2em">her remark to Henry James, the elder, <a href="#page325">325</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> goes to Santo Domingo with her parents, <a href="#page347">347</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> takes charge of the woman's literary work at the New Orleans exposition, <a href="#page395">395</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> goes abroad with her mother, <a href="#page410">410</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ellis, Rev. George E., <br>
+ <span class="add2em">lectures on the Rhode Island Indians, <a href="#page407">407</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Elssler, Fanny, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">a ballet dancer, <a href="#page104">104</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> opinions of Emerson and Margaret Fuller on her dancing, <a href="#page105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Emblee, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">the Nightingales at, <a href="#page138">138</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Emerson, Ralph Waldo, <a href="#page87">87</a>; <br>
+    <span class="add2em"> remark on Fanny Elssler's dancing, <a href="#page105">105</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> begins his work, <a href="#page144">144</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> caricatured by Cranch, <a href="#page145">145</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> avoids woman suffrage, <a href="#page158">158</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">praises "Passion Flowers," <a href="#page228">228</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">at the Bryant celebration, <a href="#page279">279</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">a member of the Radical Club, <a href="#page282">282</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">objects to having its meetings reported: his paper on Thoreau, <a href="#page290">290</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">Theodore Parker's opinion of, <a href="#page291">291</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> character and attainments, <a href="#page292">292</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his interest in Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, <a href="#page307">307</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> England, Bank of, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">visited, <a href="#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Evans, Mrs., <a href="#page421">421</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Everett, C. C., <br>
+ <span class="add2em">a member of the Radical Club, <a href="#page282">282</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Evidences of Christianity," <br>
+ <span class="add2em">Paley's, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+ <p><a name="Fabens" id="Fabens"></a>Fabens, Colonel, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">on the voyage to Santo Domingo, <a href="#page347">347</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Farrar, Mrs., <br>
+ <span class="add2em"> visited by Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page295">295</a>, <a href="#page296">296</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Faucit, Helen, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">the actress, <a href="#page104">104</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Faust," Goethe's, <br>
+ <span class="add2em"> condemned by Mr. Ward, <a href="#page59">59</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Felton, Prof. C. C., <br>
+ <span class="add2em">first known by the Ward family through Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, <a href="#page49">49</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">his friends, <a href="#page169">169</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Female Poets of America," <br>
+ <span class="add2em">Griswold's, <a href="#page5">5</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Fern, Fanny, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">her essay on <i>rhinosophy</i>, <a href="#page404">404</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Field, David Dudley, <br>
+ <span class="add2em"> addresses the second meeting of the woman's peace crusade, <a href="#page329">329</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Field, Mrs. D. D., <a href="#page191">191</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Field, Kate, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">at the Radical Club, <a href="#page290">290</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">at Newport, <a href="#page402">402</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Fields, James T., <a href="#page228">228</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Finotti, Father, <a href="#page263">263</a>, <a href="#page264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Fitzmaurice, Lady Louisa, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">daughter of the Marquis of Lansdowne, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Fletcher, Alice, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">prominent at the woman's congress, <a href="#page386">386</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Follen, Dr. Karl, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Foresti, Felice, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">an Italian patriot, <a href="#page120">120</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> reads Dante with Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Forks,<br>
+<span class="add3em"> three-pronged steel,</span> <br>
+ <span class="add2em">in general use, <a href="#page30">30</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Fornasari, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">an opera singer, <a href="#page104">104</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Forster, John, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">at Charles Dickens's dinner: invites the Howes to dine, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Fowler, Dr. and Mrs., <br>
+  <span class="add2em">their courtesy to the Howes, <a href="#page139">139</a>-<a href="#page141">141</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Francis, Dr. John W., <br>
+ <span class="add2em">accompanies Mrs. Ward to Niagara, <a href="#page8">8</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">becomes a member of the Ward household, <a href="#page12">12</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his appearance, <a href="#page36">36</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his humor, <a href="#page37">37</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his habits, <a href="#page38">38</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his introduction of Edgar Allan Poe, <a href="#page39">39</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p><a name="Francis_Mrs_John_W" id="Francis_Mrs_John_W"></a>Francis, Mrs. John W. (Eliza Cutler), <br>
+ <span class="add2em">takes charge of the Ward family at her sister's death, <a href="#page11">11</a>, <a href="#page12">12</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">dances in "stocking-feet" at her sister's wedding, <a href="#page34">34</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her kindness, <a href="#page38">38</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her hospitality, <a href="#page39">39</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Fran�ois, <br>
+ <span class="add3em">a colored man in Santo Domingo,</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">invites Mrs. Howe to hold religious services, <a href="#page350">350</a>, <a href="#page353">353</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Freeman, Edward, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">the artist, <a href="#page127">127</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">a neighbor of Mrs. Howe in Rome, <a href="#page191">191</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Freeman, Mrs. Edward, <a href="#page192">192</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>"From the Oak to the Olive," <br>
+ <span class="add2em">extracts from, <a href="#page315">315</a>-<a href="#page319">319</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Frothingham, O. B., <br>
+ <span class="add2em">a member of the Radical Club, <a href="#page282">282</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Froude, James Anthony,<br>
+ <span class="add3em">the historian,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> at Miss Cobbe's reception, <a href="#page333">333</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Fuller, Margaret, <br>
+ <span class="add2em">urges Mrs. Howe to publish her earlier poems, <a href="#page61">61</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her remark on Fanny Elssler's dancing, <a href="#page105">105</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> in Cranch's caricature, <a href="#page145">145</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> translates Eckermann's "Conversations with Goethe," <a href="#page147">147</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">  life of, undertaken by Emerson, <a href="#page158">158</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">criticises Dr. Hedge's Phi Beta address, <a href="#page296">296</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> highly esteemed by Dr. Hedge, <a href="#page300">300</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> the sixtieth anniversary of her birth celebrated, <a href="#page301">301</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Fuller, Mrs. Samuel R.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">goes to Santo Domingo with the Howes, <a href="#page347">347</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+ <br><p><a name="Galway" id="Galway"></a>Galway, Lady, <a href="#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Gambetta, M.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at Mr. Healey's ball, <a href="#page421">421</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Garcia, the opera singer, <a href="#page14">14</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Garrison, William Lloyd,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's dislike of, dispelled, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> attacks a statement of hers, <a href="#page236">236</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">joins the woman suffrage movement, <a href="#page375">375</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">his work for that cause, <a href="#page380">380</a>, <a href="#page381">381</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Gennadius, John,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">Greek minister to England, <a href="#page411">411</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>German scholarship,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">its beneficial effect on New England, <a href="#page303">303</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Gibbon, Edward, <a href="#page57">57</a>;<br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," <a href="#page205">205</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Gladstone, William E.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at Devonshire House, <a href="#page410">410</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> breakfast with him, <a href="#page411">411</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Gloucester, Duchess of,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">her appearance, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Godwin, Parke,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">admires Athanase Coquerel's sermon at Newport, <a href="#page342">342</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Goethe,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> his "Faust" and "Wilhelm Meister," <a href="#page59">59</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> Mrs. Howe's essay on his minor poems, <a href="#page60">60</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his motto, <a href="#page205">205</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Gonfalonieri, Count,<br>
+ <span class="add3em">an Italian patriot imprisoned at Spielberg: </span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">his life saved by his wife, <a href="#page119">119</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Goodwin, Juliet R.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">becomes secretary of the Town and Country Club, <a href="#page406">406</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Goodwin, Prof. William W., <a href="#page402">402</a>;<br>
+     <span class="add2em">his Latin version of the "Man in the Moon," <a href="#page404">404</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Graham, Mrs. Elizabeth,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">school of, <a href="#page5">5</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Grant, Gen. U. S.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at the ball at Mr. Healy's, <a href="#page421">421</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Graves, Rev. Mary H.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">takes part in the convention of women ministers, <a href="#page312">312</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Greeks,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">Dr. Howe's labors for, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page313">313</a>, <a href="#page319">319</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> "Green Peace Estate, The," <a href="#page152">152</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Green, J. R.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">the historian, <a href="#page412">412</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Greene, George Washington,<br>
+ <span class="add3em">American consul at Rome,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> helps Dr. Howe, <a href="#page123">123</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">accompanies the Howes to the papal reception, <a href="#page125">125</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Greene, Gen. Nathanael, <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page123">123</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Greene, Mrs. N. R.,<br>
+ <span class="add3em">cousin of Mrs. Howe's father,</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em"> anecdote of, <a href="#page6">6</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Greene, William,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">governor of Rhode Island, <a href="#page4">4</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Greene, Mrs. William (Catharine Ray),<br>
+ <span class="add2em">an ancestress of Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page3">3</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">her connection with Block Island families of service, <a href="#page51">51</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Greene, William B.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">colonel of the First Mass. Heavy Artillery, <a href="#page271">271</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Gregory XVI., Pope,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">receives the Howes, <a href="#page125">125</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">anecdote of, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Grey, Mrs.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">her interest in schools for girls of the middle class, <a href="#page333">333</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Grimes, Brother,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">a colored preacher, <a href="#page263">263</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Grimes, James W.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">senator from Iowa, <a href="#page225">225</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Grimes, Medora.<br>
+ <span class="add2em">See <a href="#Ward_Mrs_Samuel_Medora_Grimes">Ward, Mrs. Samuel</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Grisi,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">sings at Lansdowne House, <a href="#page101">101</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">in "Semiramide," <a href="#page104">104</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Griswold, R. W.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">his "Female Poets of America," <a href="#page5">5</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Grote, George,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">the historian, <a href="#page93">93</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Grote, Mrs. George (Harriet Lewin),<br>
+ <span class="add2em">somewhat <i>grote</i>sque, <a href="#page93">93</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Guizot, M.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">prime minister of France, <a href="#page135">135</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Gurowski, Adam, Count, <a href="#page220">220</a>;<br>
+     <span class="add2em">employed by the State Department: his temper and curiosity, <a href="#page221">221</a>, <a href="#page222">222</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> dismissed by Seward, <a href="#page222">222</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his breach with Sumner, <a href="#page223">223</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">befriended by Mrs. Eames, <a href="#page223">223</a>, <a href="#page224">224</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his death, <a href="#page225">225</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">his family affairs, <a href="#page227">227</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Gurowski, John, <a href="#page227">227</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Gustin, Rev. Ellen,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at the convention of women ministers, <a href="#page312">312</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+  <br><p><a name="Hair" id="Hair"></a>Hair,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">mode of dressing, <a href="#page65">65</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hale, Rev. Edward Everett,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">his opinion of Samuel Longfellow, <a href="#page293">293</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">speaks at the meeting in behalf of the Cretan insurgents, <a href="#page313">313</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hale, George S.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">a friend of woman suffrage, <a href="#page378">378</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p><a name="Hall_Mrs_David_P_Florence_Howe" id="Hall_Mrs_David_P_Florence_Howe"></a>Hall, Mrs. David P. (Florence Howe),<br>
+ <span class="add2em">her interest in sewing for the Cretan refugees, <a href="#page316">316</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hallam, Henry,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">the historian, <a href="#page139">139</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Halleck, Fitz-Greene,<br>
+ <span class="add2em"> his "Marco Bozzaris," <a href="#page22">22</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> frequent visitor at the Astor mansion, <a href="#page77">77</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his remarks on Margaret Fuller's English, <a href="#page146">146</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p><a name="Hampton_Mrs_Frank" id="Hampton_Mrs_Frank"></a>Hampton, Mrs. Frank (Sally Baxter),<br>
+ <span class="add2em">meets the Howes in Havana, <a href="#page234">234</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">invites them to her home in South Carolina, <a href="#page235">235</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Hampton, Wade, his statement with regard to slavery, <a href="#page235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Handel,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">his "Messiah" given in New York, <a href="#page15">15</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> appreciation of his work taught, <a href="#page16">16</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Handel and Haydn Society, <a href="#page14">14</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Harte, Bret,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at Newport, <a href="#page402">402</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Harvard College,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">shunned as a Unitarian institution, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Harvard Divinity School,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">Theodore Parker at, <a href="#page162">162</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hawkes, Rev. Francis L.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">his abuse of Germans and abolitionists, <a href="#page61">61</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Haynes, Rev. Lorenza,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">takes part in the convention of women ministers, <a href="#page312">312</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Healy, G. P. A.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">the artist,</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">ball at his residence, <a href="#page420">420</a>, <a href="#page421">421</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Healy, Mrs., <a href="#page420">420</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Hedge, Dr. F. H.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">his translations, <a href="#page147">147</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> member of the Radical Club, <a href="#page282">282</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">defends Protestant progress, <a href="#page285">285</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his Phi Beta address, <a href="#page295">295</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">pastorates in Providence and Boston, <a href="#page296">296</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> second Phi Beta address, <a href="#page298">298</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">becomes professor of German at Harvard, <a href="#page299">299</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> fondness for the drama, <a href="#page299">299</a>, <a href="#page300">300</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his high opinion of Margaret Fuller, <a href="#page300">300</a>, <a href="#page301">301</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his statement of the Unitarian faith, <a href="#page302">302</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> broadening effect of his studies in Germany, <a href="#page303">303</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Hegel,<br>
+ <span class="add2em"> the German philosopher, <a href="#page209">209</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> estimates of, <a href="#page210">210</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his "Aesthetik" and "Logik," <a href="#page212">212</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hell,<br>
+ <span class="add2em"> ideas of, <a href="#page62">62</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hensler, Miss Elise,<br>
+  <span class="add2em">sings first at Mrs. Benzon's house, <a href="#page435">435</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Herder,<br>
+ <span class="add3em">works of,</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em"> read, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Herne, Colonel,<br>
+ <span class="add2em"> first husband of Mrs. Cutler, Mrs. Howe's grandmother, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Heron, Matilda,<br>
+ <span class="add2em"> in "The World's Own," <a href="#page230">230</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Higginson, Colonel Thomas Wentworth,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at the Shadrach meeting, <a href="#page165">165</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">his paper "Ought Women to learn the Alphabet," <a href="#page232">232</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">his position on Christianity at the Radical Club, <a href="#page285">285</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">at the woman suffrage meeting, <a href="#page375">375</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">aids that cause, <a href="#page382">382</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> at Newport, <a href="#page402">402</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> at a mock "Commencement," <a href="#page403">403</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> becomes treasurer of the Town and Country Club, <a href="#page406">406</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> at the woman's rights congress in Paris, <a href="#page420">420</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hillard, George S.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">his friends and character, <a href="#page169">169</a>, <a href="#page170">170</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Hillard, Kate,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">speaks at the Town and Country Club, <a href="#page406">406</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> "Hippolytus,"<br>
+ <span class="add3em"> Mrs. Howe's drama of,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> proposed by Booth, <a href="#page237">237</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> ultimately declined, <a href="#page240">240</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Hoar, Hon. George Frisbie,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">a friend of woman suffrage, <a href="#page378">378</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">secures an appropriation for the New Orleans Exposition, <a href="#page398">398</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Hoffman, Matilda,<br>
+ <span class="add2em"> engaged to Washington Irving, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Holland, Mrs. Henry (Saba Smith),<br>
+ <span class="add2em">reception at her house, <a href="#page92">92</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Holland, Dr. J. G.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at Newport, <a href="#page402">402</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at the Bryant celebration, <a href="#page277">277</a>-<a href="#page280">280</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">as a traveling companion, <a href="#page277">277</a>, <a href="#page280">280</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his paper at the Radical Club on Jonathan Edwards, <a href="#page286">286</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> speaks at the meeting to help the Cretan insurgents, <a href="#page313">313</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">  writes a poem for the memorial meeting to Dr. Howe, <a href="#page370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hooker, Mrs. Isabella Beecher,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">speaks at the woman's congress, <a href="#page385">385</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Horace, <a href="#page174">174</a>;<br>
+ <span class="add2em">Orelli's edition of, <a href="#page209">209</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> <a name="Houghton_Lord" id="Houghton_Lord"></a>Houghton, Lord (Richard Monckton Milnes),<br>
+ <span class="add3em">the poet,</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe meets, <a href="#page97">97</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> entertains her in 1877, <a href="#page410">410</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> takes her to Mr. Gladstone's, <a href="#page411">411</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Housekeeping,<br>
+ <span class="add2em"> the trials of, <a href="#page213">213</a>-<a href="#page215">215</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">  every girl should learn the art of, <a href="#page216">216</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Howe, Florence.<br>
+ <span class="add2em">See <a href="#Hall_Mrs_David_P_Florence_Howe">Hall, Mrs. David P.</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Howe, Julia Romana.<br>
+ <span class="add2em">See <a href="#Anagnos_Mrs_Michael">Anagnos, Mrs. Michael</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">asked to write her reminiscences, <a href="#page1">1</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> birth and parentage, <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page4">4</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> brothers and sisters, <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page5">5</a>;</span><br>
+     <span class="add2em">early indication of inaptness with tools, <a href="#page7">7</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> travels to Niagara, <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page9">9</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> childish incidents, <a href="#page7">7</a>-<a href="#page10">10</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her mother's death, <a href="#page10">10</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> early education, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> musical training, <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page17">17</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> seclusion of her home, <a href="#page18">18</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> first ball, <a href="#page29">29</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> acquaintance with Mrs. Jameson, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page42">42</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> leaves school: studies German with Dr. Cogswell, <a href="#page43">43</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> reviews Lamartine's "Jocelyn," <a href="#page44">44</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> manner of living at home, <a href="#page47">47</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her social intercourse restricted, <a href="#page48">48</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> feelings on the death of her father, <a href="#page52">52</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> his guidance of, <a href="#page53">53</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> effect of her brother Henry's death, <a href="#page54">54</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her studies, <a href="#page56">56</a>-<a href="#page63">63</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> in chemistry, <a href="#page56">56</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> in French and Italian, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> literary work, dramas and lyrics, <a href="#page57">57</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> reading, <a href="#page58">58</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> German studies, <a href="#page59">59</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> further literary work, essays and poems, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> religious growth, <a href="#page62">62</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> first dinner party, <a href="#page64">64</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her attire: bridesmaid at her brother's wedding, <a href="#page65">65</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> fear of lightning, <a href="#page78">78</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> social opportunities, <a href="#page78">78</a>, <a href="#page79">79</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> spends the summer of 1841 near Boston: visits the Perkins Institution, <a href="#page81">81</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> sees Dr. Howe, <a href="#page82">82</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her memoir of Dr. Howe for the blind, <a href="#page83">83</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> engagement and marriage, <a href="#page88">88</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> voyage to Europe, <a href="#page89">89</a>-<a href="#page91">91</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> entertained in London, <a href="#page92">92</a>-<a href="#page110">110</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> in Scotland, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> in Dublin, <a href="#page112">112</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> visits Miss Edgeworth, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> the poet Wordsworth, <a href="#page115">115</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> at Vienna, <a href="#page118">118</a>;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">at Milan, <a href="#page119">119</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> arrival in Rome, <a href="#page121">121</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> birth of eldest daughter, <a href="#page128">128</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> leaves Rome, <a href="#page133">133</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> returns to England, <a href="#page133">133</a>-<a href="#page135">135</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> visits Atherstone, <a href="#page136">136</a>, <a href="#page137">137</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> sees the Nightingales, <a href="#page138">138</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> goes to Lea Hurst, <a href="#page139">139</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">Salisbury, <a href="#page139">139</a>-<a href="#great_inclination_to_coddle">143</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her travesty of Dr. Howe's letter, <a href="#page142">142</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> attends Theodore Parker's meetings, <a href="#page150">150</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> life in South Boston, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> in Washington, <a href="#page178">178</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> second trip abroad, <a href="#page188">188</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> reaches Rome, <a href="#page191">191</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> returns to America, <a href="#page204">204</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> studious nature, <a href="#page205">205</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> ideas on Christianity, <a href="#page206">206</a>-<a href="#page208">208</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> work in Latin, <a href="#page209">209</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> philosophical studies, <a href="#page210">210</a>-<a href="#page213">213</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> housekeeping trials, <a href="#page214">214</a>-<a href="#page217">217</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> free-soil preferences, <a href="#page219">219</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> at Count Gurowski's death-bed, <a href="#page226">226</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her "Passion Flowers" published, <a href="#page228">228</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her "Words of the Hour" and "The World's Own" published, <a href="#page230">230</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> trip to Cuba, <a href="#page231">231</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> parting with Theodore Parker, <a href="#page233">233</a>, <a href="#page234">234</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her book about the Cuban trip, <a href="#page236">236</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> writes for the "New York Tribune," <a href="#page236">236</a>, <a href="#page237">237</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> requested by Booth to write a play, <a href="#page237">237</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">  disappointed at its nonappearance, <a href="#page240">240</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> attends James Freeman Clarke's meetings, <a href="#page245">245</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> helps Dr. Howe edit "The Commonwealth," <a href="#page253">253</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> sees John Brown, <a href="#page254">254</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> goes on some trips with Gov. and Mrs. Andrew, <a href="#page266">266</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">  visits Washington in 1861, <a href="#page269">269</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> first attempt at public speaking, <a href="#page271">271</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> meets Abraham Lincoln, <a href="#page272">272</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> how she came to write the "Battle Hymn," <a href="#page273">273</a>-<a href="#page275">275</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> takes part in the Bryant celebration, <a href="#page277">277</a>-<a href="#page280">280</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her papers before the Radical Club, <a href="#page287">287</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> pleasantry with Dr. Hedge, <a href="#page297">297</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> increasing desire to write and speak, <a href="#page304">304</a>, <a href="#page305">305</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> gives parlor lectures at her home, <a href="#page306">306</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> repeats the course in Washington, <a href="#page308">308</a>, <a href="#page309">309</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> various philosophical papers and essays, <a href="#page310">310</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> reads a paper on "Polarity" before the Radical Club,</span><br>
+ <span class="add3em">and one on "Ideal Causation" to the Parker Fraternity, <a href="#page311">311</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> interested in calling the first convention of woman ministers, <a href="#page312">312</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> starts for Greece, <a href="#page313">313</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> arrival in Athens, <a href="#page314">314</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> distributes clothes to the Cretan refugees, <a href="#page316">316</a>-<a href="#page318">318</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> returns to Boston: conducts the Cretan Bazaar, <a href="#page320">320</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> lectures in Newport and Boston, <a href="#page321">321</a>, <a href="#page322">322</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> starts a woman's peace crusade, <a href="#page328">328</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> holds meetings to advance the cause in New York, <a href="#page329">329</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> visits England to organize a Woman's Peace Congress, <a href="#page329">329</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">  speaks at the banquet of the Unitarian Association, <a href="#page331">331</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her Sunday afternoon meetings at Freemasons' Tavern, <a href="#page331">331</a>, <a href="#page332">332</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> meets Mrs. Grey, <a href="#page333">333</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> visits Prof. Seeley, <a href="#page335">335</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> is constrained to apply her energy to the woman's club movement, <a href="#page336">336</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her peace addresses in England, where made, <a href="#page337">337</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> asked to attend the Peace Congress in Paris, <a href="#page338">338</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> attends a Prison Reform meeting, <a href="#page339">339</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her speech there, <a href="#page340">340</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> holds a final meeting to further her peace crusade in London, <a href="#page341">341</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> goes to Santo Domingo with Dr. Howe, <a href="#page349">349</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> holds religious services for the negroes there, <a href="#page350">350</a>-<a href="#page352">352</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> visits a girls' school, <a href="#page352">352</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> invited to speak to a secret Bible society, <a href="#page353">353</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> every-day life there, <a href="#page357">357</a>, <a href="#page358">358</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> invited to a state dinner by President Baez, <a href="#page360">360</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her second visit to Santo Domingo, <a href="#page360">360</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her difficulties in riding horseback, <a href="#page362">362</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her interest in the emancipation of woman takes more definite form, <a href="#page372">372</a>, <a href="#page373">373</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> attends the meeting to found the New England Woman's Club, <a href="#page374">374</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> joins the woman suffrage movement, <a href="#page375">375</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her efforts for that cause, <a href="#page376">376</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> gains experience, <a href="#page377">377</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> trips to promote the cause, <a href="#page379">379</a>-<a href="#page381">381</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> at legislative hearings, <a href="#page381">381</a>-<a href="#page384">384</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> attends the woman's congress in 1868, <a href="#page385">385</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> elected fourth president of the Association for the Advancement of Women, <a href="#page393">393</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> directs the woman's department at a Boston fair, <a href="#page394">394</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> at the New Orleans Exposition, <a href="#page395">395</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> difficulties encountered there, <a href="#page396">396</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> speech to the negroes, <a href="#page398">398</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> considered <i>clubable</i> by Dr. Holmes, <a href="#page400">400</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> presides at a mock "Commencement," <a href="#page403">403</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> goes abroad with her daughter Maud in 1877: entertained by Lord Houghton, <a href="#page410">410</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">  breakfasts with Mr. Gladstone, <a href="#page411">411</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> goes to the House of Commons with Charles Parnell, <a href="#page412">412</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> visits Paris, <a href="#page413">413</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> goes to the French Academy, <a href="#page414">414</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> at the crowning of a <i>rosi�re</i>, <a href="#page415">415</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> visits Dor�'s studio, <a href="#page416">416</a>-<a href="#page419">419</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> lectures in Paris, <a href="#page419">419</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> president of a woman's rights congress, <a href="#page420">420</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> at the Healys' ball, <a href="#page421">421</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> speaks on suffrage in Italy, <a href="#page422">422</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> visits Princess Belgioiosa, <a href="#page422">422</a>, <a href="#page423">423</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> sees Umberto crowned, <a href="#page424">424</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> reads with Madame Ristori, <a href="#page424">424</a>, <a href="#page425">425</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> sees Leo XIII. consecrated, <a href="#page426">426</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">  meets Washington Allston, <a href="#page429">429</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">  first acquaintance with John S. Dwight, <a href="#page435">435</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> feeling of loss at Otto Dresel's death, <a href="#page438">438</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> her eldest daughter's death, <a href="#page439">439</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em"> successes and failures of her life, <a href="#page442">442</a>-<a href="#page444">444</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Howe, Maud.<br>
+ <span class="add2em"> See <a href="#Elliott_Mrs">Elliott, Mrs.</a></span></p>
+
+ <p>Howe, Dr. Samuel Gridley,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">first known to the Wards through Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, <a href="#page49">49</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his achievement in Laura Bridgman's case, <a href="#page81">81</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Mr. Sanborn's estimate of, <a href="#page83">83</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his philanthropic efforts, <a href="#page84">84</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">espouses the cause of Greece, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page86">86</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his work for the blind, <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page87">87</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">other activities: marries Julia Ward, <a href="#page88">88</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">goes abroad, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">entertained in London, <a href="#page92">92</a>-<a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href="#page110">110</a>, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">visits London prisons, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">in Scotland, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">in Dublin, <a href="#page112">112</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">visits Miss Edgeworth, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">the poet Wordsworth, <a href="#page115">115</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his connection with the Polish rebellion, <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">excluded from Prussia, <a href="#page118">118</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">tour through Europe to Rome, <a href="#page118">118</a>-<a href="#page121">121</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">arrested in Rome, <a href="#page123">123</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> presented to the Pope, <a href="#page126">126</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">with George Combe, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">leaves Rome, <a href="#page133">133</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">conversation with Florence Nightingale, <a href="#page138">138</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his visit to Rotherhithe workhouse, <a href="#page141">141</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his activity on the Boston School Board, <a href="#page148">148</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">advocates the teaching of speech to deaf-mutes, <a href="#page149">149</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">inability to sing, <a href="#page163">163</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his circle of friends, <a href="#page169">169</a>, <a href="#page170">170</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his interest in prison reforms, <a href="#page173">173</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> commissioner on the annexation of Santo Domingo, <a href="#page181">181</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">visits Europe in 1850, <a href="#page188">188</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">takes the water cure at Boppard, <a href="#page189">189</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his abolition sympathies, <a href="#page218">218</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">trip to Cuba, <a href="#page230">230</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">buys Lawton's Valley at Newport, <a href="#page238">238</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">objects to his children attending the Parker meetings, <a href="#page244">244</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">edits "The Commonwealth," <a href="#page252">252</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his friendship with Gov. Andrew, <a href="#page253">253</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his judgment in military affairs, <a href="#page269">269</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">averse to women speaking in public, <a href="#page305">305</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his interest in the Cretan insurrection, <a href="#page312">312</a>, 313;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">starts for Greece, <a href="#page313">313</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">arrival in Athens: his life endangered, <a href="#page314">314</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">visits Crete: returns to Boston, <a href="#page320">320</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> visits Santo Domingo to report on the advisibility of annexing it, <a href="#page345">345</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> goes to Santo Domingo again, <a href="#page347">347</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> gives a dance for the people, <a href="#page355">355</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">goes to Santo Domingo a third time, <a href="#page360">360</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">hears of Sumner's death, <a href="#page364">364</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> returns to Boston, <a href="#page368">368</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his death, <a href="#page369">369</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> tributes to his memory, <a href="#page370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hudson River, journey up the, <a href="#page8">8</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Hugo, Victor,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> remark on John Brown, <a href="#page256">256</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">at the congress of <i>gens de lettres</i>, <a href="#page413">413</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hunt, Helen,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at Newport, <a href="#page402">402</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Hunting, Rev. J. J.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">commends the exercises of the convention of woman ministers, <a href="#page312">312</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Huntington, Daniel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">paints portrait of Mrs. Howe's father, <a href="#page55">55</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Hymns of the Spirit,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">collected by Samuel Longfellow and Samuel Johnson, <a href="#page293">293</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+ <br><p><a name="Indians" id="Indians"></a>Indians, the,<br>
+<span class="add2em">in New York State, <a href="#page9">9</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Samuel Ward's intercourse with, in California, <a href="#page70">70</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Inglis, Sir Robert Harry, <a href="#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Iron Crown of Lombardy, <a href="#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Irving, Sir Henry, <a href="#page410">410</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Irving, Washington,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his embarrassment in public speaking, <a href="#page25">25</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> at the dinner to Charles Dickens, <a href="#page26">26</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his manners and travels, <a href="#page27">27</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his love affair, <a href="#page28">28</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> frequent visitor at the Astor mansion, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Italy,<br>
+<span class="add2em">emancipation of, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page193">193</a>-<a href="#page196">196</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+ <p><a name="Jackson" id="Jackson"></a>Jackson, Andrew,<br>
+<span class="add2em">ridiculed in the "Downing Letters," <a href="#page25">25</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">crushes the bank of the United States, <a href="#page50">50</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>James, Henry, the elder,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his character and culture, <a href="#page323">323</a>, <a href="#page324">324</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his views on immortality, <a href="#page325">325</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Swedenborgian tendencies, <a href="#page326">326</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">at Newport, <a href="#page402">402</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Jameson, Mrs. (Anna Brownell Murphy),<br>
+<span class="add2em">visits New York: her books and ability, <a href="#page40">40</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">private history and appearance, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's acquaintance with her, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page42">42</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">describes Canada: later books by, <a href="#page42">42</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Janauschek, Madame,<br>
+<span class="add2em">visited by Dr. Hedge and Mrs. Howe in Boston, <a href="#page299">299</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Janin, Jules,<br>
+<span class="add3em">French critic,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> friend of Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, <a href="#page68">68</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Johnson, Samuel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">joint editor of "Hymns of the Spirit," <a href="#page293">293</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Johnston, William P.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">president of Tulane University, <a href="#page399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Julian, George W.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+  <br><p><a name="Kant" id="Kant"></a>Kant, Immanuel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his transcendental philosophy, <a href="#page146">146</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his "Critique of Pure Reason," <a href="#page212">212</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> influence on Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page310">310</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Kemble, Fanny,<br>
+<span class="add2em">story of, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href="#page132">132</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>"Kenilworth,"<br>
+ <span class="add2em">Scott's novel of, play founded on, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Kenyon, John,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his dinner for the Howes, <a href="#page108">108</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>King, Charles,<br>
+<span class="add2em">editor of the "New York American," <a href="#page22">22</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">president of Columbia College, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>King, James,<br>
+<span class="add2em">junior partner of Samuel Ward, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>King, Rufus, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Knowles, James,<br>
+<span class="add2em">editor of the "Nineteenth Century," <a href="#page412">412</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+  <br><p><a name="Lafayette" id="Lafayette"></a>Lafayette, General,<br>
+<span class="add2em">interested in the Polish revolution, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lamartine,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his poems and travels, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Landseer, Sir Edwin,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at the Rogers dinner, <a href="#page99">99</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lane, Prof. George M., <a href="#page402">402</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Lansdowne, Marquis of,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his courtesy to the Howes, <a href="#page100">100</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lansdowne, Marchioness of, <a href="#page100">100</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Lansdowne House,<br>
+<span class="add2em">musical evening at, <a href="#page100">100</a>-<a href="#page102">102</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> dinner at, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lawton's Valley,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the Howes' summer home at Newport, <a href="#page238">238</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lee, Henry,<br>
+<span class="add2em">on Gov. Andrew's staff, <a href="#page266">266</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lemonnier, M. Charles,<br>
+<span class="add2em">editor, <a href="#page413">413</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lemonnier, Mme. Elise,<br>
+<span class="add2em">founder of industrial schools for women, <a href="#page413">413</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Leo XIII.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">consecrated: revives certain points of ceremony, <a href="#page426">426</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lesczinska, Maria,<br>
+<span class="add2em">wife of Louis XV., <a href="#page227">227</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Leveson-Gower, Lady Elizabeth, <a href="#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Leveson-Gower, Lady Evelyn, <a href="#page106">106</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Libby Prison,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the "Battle Hymn of the Republic" sung at, <a href="#page276">276</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Liberator, The," <a href="#page236">236</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>"Liberty Bell, The," <a href="#page154">154</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Lieber, Dr. Francis,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his opinion of Hegel, <a href="#page210">210</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> commends a passage from "Passion Flowers," <a href="#page229">229</a></span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">at the Bryant celebration, <a href="#page278">278</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lincoln, Abraham,<br>
+<span class="add2em">services at his death, <a href="#page248">248</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> Mrs. Howe's interview with, <a href="#page271">271</a>, <a href="#page272">272</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Linda di Chamounix," <a href="#page104">104</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>"Literary Recreations,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">poems by Samuel Ward, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Livermore, Mrs. Mary, <a href="#page158">158</a>, <a href="#page294">294</a>;<br>
+    <span class="add2em">her eloquence and skill, <a href="#page377">377</a>, <a href="#page378">378</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> labors for woman suffrage, <a href="#page380">380</a>-<a href="#page382">382</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> prominent in the woman's congress, <a href="#page385">385</a>, <a href="#page386">386</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Livy,<br>
+<span class="add2em">histories of, <a href="#page209">209</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Llangollen,<br>
+<span class="add2em">story of the two maids of, <a href="#page111">111</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>London,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the Howes in, <a href="#page91">91</a>-<a href="#page111">111</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  Mrs. Howe's work there for the peace crusade, <a href="#page330">330</a>-<a href="#page336">336</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her last stay there, <a href="#page410">410</a>-<a href="#page413">413</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth,<br>
+<span class="add2em">becomes a friend of Mrs. Howe through her brother Samuel, <a href="#page49">49</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his opinion of Samuel Ward, <a href="#page73">73</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> takes Mrs. Howe to the Perkins Institution, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his translations, <a href="#page147">147</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Longfellow, Rev. Samuel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">ordained, <a href="#page292">292</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his character and convictions: hymns, <a href="#page293">293</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his essay on "Law" before the Radical Club, <a href="#page294">294</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Loring, Judge,<br>
+<span class="add2em">denounced by Theodore Parker, <a href="#page164">164</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lothrop, Rev. Samuel K.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, <a href="#page306">306</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  requests her to prolong the course, <a href="#page308">308</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lucas, Mrs. Margaret,<br>
+<span class="add2em">assists Mrs. Howe in her woman's peace movement, <a href="#page341">341</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Lucia di Lammermoor," <a href="#page104">104</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>"Luther,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">Dr. Hedge's essay on, <a href="#page301">301</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lynch, Dominick,<br>
+<span class="add2em">introduces the first opera troupe to New York, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Lyons, Richard, Lord,<br>
+<span class="add2em">British minister at Washington, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+ <p><a name="Machi" id="Machi"></a>Machi, Padre,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> visits the catacombs with the Howes, <a href="#page128">128</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Mackintosh, Robert James,<br>
+<span class="add2em">calls on Mrs. Jameson, <a href="#page42">42</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Maclaren, Mrs.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">assists Mrs. Howe in her peace movement, <a href="#page341">341</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Maclise, Daniel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the painter, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>MacMahon, Marshal,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his reception to Gen. and Mrs. Grant, <a href="#page421">421</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Macready, William Charles,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the actor, <a href="#page104">104</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Mailliard, Adolph, <a href="#page201">201</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Mailliard, Mrs. Adolph (Annie Ward),<br>
+<span class="add2em">sister of Mrs. Howe: accompanies her to Europe, <a href="#page88">88</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> dines with Carlyle at Chelsea, <a href="#page96">96</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her loveliness, <a href="#page137">137</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her husband, <a href="#page201">201</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her toast at the Washington's Birthday dinner in Rome, <a href="#page203">203</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> returns to America with Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page204">204</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Malibran, Madame,<br>
+<span class="add2em">in the r�les of Cenerentola and Rosina, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Mallock, William H.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at a dinner for Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page412">412</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Manchester, Bishop of,<br>
+<span class="add2em">opposes the founding of schools for girls of the middle class, <a href="#page333">333</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Mann, Horace,<br>
+<span class="add2em">uplifts the public schools, <a href="#page88">88</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">goes to Europe, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">visits Carlyle at Chelsea, <a href="#page96">96</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> inspects the London prisons, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> opinion of George Combe, <a href="#page133">133</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> praises Dr. Howe's work in the Boston schools, <a href="#page148">148</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> advocates the teaching of speech to deaf-mutes, <a href="#page149">149</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> shrinks from woman suffrage, <a href="#page157">157</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Mann, Mrs. Horace (Mary Peabody),<br>
+<span class="add2em">goes to Europe with the Howes, <a href="#page89">89</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> visits Thomas Carlyle, <a href="#page96">96</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Manning, Cardinal,<br>
+<span class="add2em">presides at a Prison Reform meeting, <a href="#page339">339</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Marco Bozzaris," <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Margherita, Queen,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at King Umberto's coronation, <a href="#page424">424</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Mario,<br>
+<span class="add2em">sings at Lansdowne House, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Marion, Gen. Francis, <a href="#page4">4</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Martel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">a hair-dresser, <a href="#page65">65</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Martin Chuzzlewit,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">transcendental episode in, <a href="#page139">139</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Martineau, Harriet,<br>
+<span class="add2em">statue of, <a href="#page158">158</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>May, Abby W.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">aids bazaar in behalf of the Cretans, <a href="#page320">320</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  her energy in the Association for the Advancement of Women, <a href="#page393">393</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>May, Rev. Samuel J., <a href="#page394">394</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>McAllister, Julian,<br>
+<span class="add2em">marries Louisa Cutler, <a href="#page33">33</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p><a name="McAllister_Mrs_Julian" id="McAllister_Mrs_Julian"></a>McAllister, Mrs. Julian, <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>McAllister, Judge Matthew H., <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>McCabe, Chaplain,<br>
+<span class="add2em">mentions the singing of the "Battle Hymn" in Libby Prison, <a href="#page276">276</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>McCarthy, Mrs. Justin,<br>
+<span class="add2em">"rout" given by, <a href="#page413">413</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>McVickar, John,<br>
+<span class="add2em">professor of philosophy at Columbia College, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Merchant Princes of Wall Street, The,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">inaccuracy of, <a href="#page52">52</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Merritt, Mrs.,<br>
+<span class="add3em"> a New Orleans lady,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> addresses the colored people, <a href="#page398">398</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Metastasio,<br>
+<span class="add2em">dramas of, read, <a href="#page57">57</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Milan,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> the Howes in, <a href="#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Milnes, Richard Monckton.<br>
+<span class="add2em"> See <a href="#Houghton_Lord">Houghton, Lord</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Milton, John,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his "Paradise Lost" used as a text-book, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Mitchell, Maria,<br>
+<span class="add2em">her character and attainments: signs the call for a congress of women, <a href="#page385">385</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> becomes the president in 1876, <a href="#page387">387</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> lectures to the Town and Country Club, <a href="#page406">406</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Mitchell, Dr. Weir,<br>
+<span class="add2em">lectures to the Town and Country Club, <a href="#page406">406</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Moli�re,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his comedies read, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Monza,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> trip to, <a href="#page119">119</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Moore, Prof.,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> at Columbia College, <a href="#page23">23</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Moral Philosophy,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">William Paley's, <a href="#page13">13</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Morecchini, Monsignore,<br>
+<span class="add2em">minister of public charities at Rome, <a href="#page124">124</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Morpeth, George, Lord (afterwards seventh earl of Carlisle),<br>
+<span class="add2em"> at Lansdowne House, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <a href="#page103">103</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">   Sydney Smith's dream about, <a href="#page107">107</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">   takes the Howes to Pentonville prison, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Motley, John Lothrop,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at school with Tom Applet on, <a href="#page433">433</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Mott, Lucretia, <a href="#page166">166</a>;<br>
+<span class="add2em">at the Radical Club, <a href="#page283">283</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Moulton, Mrs. William U. (Louise Chandler),<br>
+<span class="add2em">reports the Radical Club meetings for the " New York Tribune," <a href="#page290">290</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Mozart,<br>
+<span class="add2em">symphonies of, given in Boston, <a href="#page14">14</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> appreciation of his work taught, <a href="#page16">16</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his work given at the Wards', <a href="#page49">49</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> admired by Sumner, <a href="#page176">176</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Munich,<br>
+<span class="add3em">works of art at,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> described by Mrs. Jameson, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Museum of Fine Arts, The,<br>
+<span class="add2em">in Boston, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Music,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> early efforts for, in Boston and New York, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> effect on youthful nerves considered, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page18">18</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Myst�res de Paris,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">Eug�ne Sue's, <a href="#page204">204</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+<br> <p><a name="Napoleon" id="Napoleon"></a>Napoleon I.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">anecdote of, <a href="#page1">1</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> invasion of Italy by, <a href="#page17">17</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> incidents of that invasion, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Nassau, visit to, <a href="#page232">232</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Newgate prison, visit to, <a href="#page108">108</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Newport,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe spends a summer at the Cliff House there, <a href="#page221">221</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Dr. Howe buys an estate at, <a href="#page238">238</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe writes her play there, <a href="#page239">239</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">people who stayed at, <a href="#page401">401</a>, <a href="#page402">402</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">the Town and Country Club of, formed, <a href="#page405">405</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>New Year's Day,<br>
+<span class="add2em">custom of visiting on, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>New York City,<br>
+<span class="add2em">growth of, shown, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page13">13</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> first musical ventures in, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> its people of culture, <a href="#page21">21</a>-<a href="#page25">25</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">social events in, <a href="#page29">29,</a> <a href="#page66">66</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> Bryant celebration at, <a href="#page277">277</a>-<a href="#page280">280</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> meetings in, to encourage the woman's peace crusade, <a href="#page329">329</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"New York Review,"<br>
+<span class="add2em"> publishes an essay by Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page60">60</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>New York State,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Indians of, <a href="#page9">9</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">in the financial crisis of 1837, <a href="#page51">51</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Niagara,<br>
+<span class="add2em">surprise at the first sight of, <a href="#page8">8</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Nightingale, Florence, <a href="#page136">136</a>;<br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her character: conversation with Dr. Howe, <a href="#page138">138</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> studies nursing, <a href="#page139">139</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> travels abroad: visited by Margaret Fuller, <a href="#page188">188</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Nightingale, Parthenope, <a href="#page138">138</a>, <a href="#page188">188</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Nineteenth century, the,<br>
+<span class="add2em">its mechanical and intellectual achievements, <a href="#page1">1</a>, <a href="#page2">2</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Nordheimer, Dr. Isaac,<br>
+<span class="add2em">teaches Mrs. Howe German, <a href="#page59">59</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"North American Review, The,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">articles by Samuel Ward in, <a href="#page68">68</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Norton, Rev. Andrews,<br>
+<span class="add2em">in Cranch's caricature, <a href="#page145">145</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Norton, Hon. Mrs. (Caroline Sheridan),<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at Lansdowne House: her attire, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Nozze di Figaro, Le,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">libretto of,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">by whom, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+ <br><p><a name="OConnell" id="OConnell"></a>O'Connell, Daniel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the Irish agitator, <a href="#page113">113</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ordway, Mrs. Eveline M.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">with Mrs. Elliott at the New Orleans Exposition, <a href="#page399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>O'Sullivan, John L.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">editor of the "Democratic Review," <a href="#page79">79</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+ <br><p><a name="Paddock" id="Paddock"></a>Paddock, Mary C.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">goes to Santo Domingo with the Howes, <a href="#page347">347</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Paley, William,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his "Moral Philosophy," <a href="#page13">13</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his "Evidences of Christianity," <a href="#page56">56</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Palgrave, F. T.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">reception at his house, <a href="#page412">412</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Paradise Lost,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">used as a text-book, <a href="#page58">58</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">religious interpretation of,<a href="#page62">62</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Paris,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Samuel Ward in: his work descriptive of, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> the Howes arrive in, <a href="#page134">134</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> peace congress at, <a href="#page338">338</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> Mrs. Howe's last visit to, <a href="#page413">413</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Parker, Dr. Peter,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Parker, Theodore, <a href="#page105">105</a>;<br>
+   <span class="add2em"> Mrs. Howe attends his meetings, <a href="#page150">150</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his Sunday evenings, <a href="#page153">153</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his sermon on "The Transient and the Permanent in Christianity," <a href="#page159">159</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his visit to Rome: christens Mrs. Howe's eldest daughter, <a href="#page160">160</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his culture, <a href="#page161">161</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> affection for his wife, <a href="#page162">162</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> musical attainments, <a href="#page163">163</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his great sermons, <a href="#page164">164</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> at the Shadrach meeting, <a href="#page165">165</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> women admitted to his pulpit, <a href="#page166">166</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his personal characteristics, <a href="#page167">167</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  death, <a href="#page168">168</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> compared with Sumner, <a href="#page176">176</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his opinion of Hegel, <a href="#page211">211</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">repeats lines from "Passion Flowers," <a href="#page228">228</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> goes to Cuba accompanied by the Howes, <a href="#page231">231</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> continues to Vera Cruz and Europe, <a href="#page233">233</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his meetings, <a href="#page244">244</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his parting gift to Massachusetts, <a href="#page263">263</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his opinion of Emerson, <a href="#page291">291</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> of Dr. Hedge, <a href="#page298">298</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">sympathizes with Mrs. Howe's desire for expression, <a href="#page305">305</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Parker, Mrs. Theodore, <a href="#page160">160</a>, <a href="#page162">162</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Parnell, Charles S.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">escorts Mrs. Howe to the House of Commons, <a href="#page412">412</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Parnell, Mrs. Delia Stuart,<br>
+<span class="add2em">gives Mrs. Howe a note of introduction to her son, <a href="#page412">412.</a></span></p>
+
+ <p>Parsons, Thomas W.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">his poem on the death of Mary Booth, <a href="#page241">241</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> suggests a poem for Mrs. Howe's Sunday meetings in London, <a href="#page332">332</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Passion Flowers,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's first volume of poems, <a href="#page228">228</a>, <a href="#page229">229</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">reviewed in Dwight's "Journal of Music" by Mrs. E. D. Cheney, <a href="#page436">436</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Passy, Frederic,<br>
+<span class="add2em">takes Mrs. Howe to the French Academy, <a href="#page414">414</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">also to the crowning of a <i>rosi�re</i>, <a href="#page415">415</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">presents her with a volume of his essays, <a href="#page416">416</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Paul, Jean,<br>
+<span class="add2em">works of, read, <a href="#page59">59</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Pegli, <br>
+<span class="add2em"> Samuel Ward dies at, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Peirce, Benjamin,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> a member of the Radical Club, <a href="#page282">282</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Pellico, Silvio,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> an Italian patriot, <a href="#page119">119</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Pentonville prison,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> visited, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Perkins, Col. Thomas H.,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> his recollection of Mrs. Cutler, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Persiani, Mlle.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">an opera singer, <a href="#page104">104</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Ph�do,"<br>
+<span class="add3em"> Plato's,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> read by Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page321">321</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Phillips, Wendell,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> his prophetic quality of mind recognized, <a href="#page84">84</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em"> leader of the abolitionists: his birth and education, <a href="#page154">154</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> at anti-slavery meetings, <a href="#page155">155</a>-<a href="#page157">157</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> an advocate of woman suffrage, <a href="#page157">157</a>, <a href="#page158">158</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">   his death, <a href="#page159">159</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">   compared with Sumner, <a href="#page175">175</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  effect of his presence at the Radical Club, <a href="#page286">286</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his orthodoxy, <a href="#page287">287</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">speaks at the meeting to help the Cretan insurgents, <a href="#page313">313</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">at the woman suffrage meeting, <a href="#page375">375</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">supports that cause, <a href="#page378">378</a>, <a href="#page382">382</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">at school with Tom Appleton, <a href="#page433">433</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Philosophie Positive,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">Comte's, <a href="#page211">211</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Phrenology,<br>
+<span class="add2em">belief in, <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page133">133</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Pius IX.,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> Pope, <a href="#page125">125</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  his weakness, <a href="#page194">194</a>, <a href="#page195">195</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his death, <a href="#page425">425</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Poe, Edgar Allan,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his visit to Dr. Francis, <a href="#page39">39</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Polish insurrection of 1830, the,<br>
+<span class="add2em">connection of Dr. Howe with, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Polish refugees,<br>
+<span class="add2em">ball in aid of, <a href="#page105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Powel, Samuel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his prophecy in regard to Newport, <a href="#page408">408</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Powell, Mr. Aaron,<br>
+<span class="add2em">asks Mrs. Howe to attend the Paris Peace Congress as a delegate, <a href="#page338">338</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Priessnitz, his water cure, <a href="#page189">189</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Prime, Ward &amp; King,<br>
+<span class="add3em">firm of,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> Mrs. Howe's father a member, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">her brother Samuel admitted, <a href="#page69">69</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Prisons,<br>
+<span class="add2em">visited by Dr. Howe, <a href="#page108">108</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Pulszky, Mme. (Theresa von Walther), <a href="#page118">118</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Pym, Capt.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">an Arctic voyager, <a href="#page399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+ <br><p><a name="Quincy" id="Quincy"></a>Quincy, Edmund,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his remark to Theodore Parker, <a href="#page287">287</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Quincy, Jr., Mrs. Josiah,<br>
+<span class="add2em">woman's club started at her house, <a href="#page400">400</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+  <br><p><a name="Rachel" id="Rachel"></a>Rachel, Madame,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> the actress, <a href="#page135">135</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Racine,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">his tragedies read, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Red Jacket,<br>
+<span class="add2em">an Indian Chief, <a href="#page9">9</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Reed, Lucy,<br>
+<span class="add2em">a blind deaf mute, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Regnault, Henri,<br>
+<span class="add2em">eulogized at the French Academy, <a href="#page414">414</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Repeal Measures,<br>
+<span class="add2em">agitation for, in Dublin, <a href="#page112">112</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Rice, A. H.,<br>
+<span class="add3em">governor of Massachusetts,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">presides at the Music Hall meeting in memory of Dr. Howe, <a href="#page370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Richards, Mrs. Henry (Laura Howe),<br>
+<span class="add2em">accompanies her parents to Europe, <a href="#page313">313</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Richmond, Duke of,<br>
+<span class="add2em">visits Bridewell prison with the Howes, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Richmond, Rev. James, <a href="#page210">210</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Richmond, Va.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">theatre in, burned, <a href="#page16">16</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Crawford's statue of Washington for, <a href="#page203">203</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Ripley, George,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his efforts at Brook Farm, <a href="#page145">145</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">reviews "Passion Flowers," <a href="#page228">228</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">sees the Howes and Parkers off for Cuba, <a href="#page231">231</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ripley, Mrs. George (Sophia Dana), <a href="#page296">296</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Ripley, Mary,<br>
+<span class="add2em">speaks at the woman's congress in Memphis, <a href="#page389">389</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ristori, Mme.,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> the actress, <a href="#page264">264</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> reads Marie Stuart in Rome, <a href="#page424">424</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ritchie, Harry,<br>
+<span class="add3em">the handsome,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> on Gov. Andrew's staff, <a href="#page266">266</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ritchie, Mrs.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">daughter of Harrison Gray Otis, <a href="#page401">401</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Rogers, Samuel,<br>
+ <span class="add3em">the poet,</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">  dinner at his house, <a href="#page99">99</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  his economical dinner, <a href="#page141">141</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Rogers, Prof. William B.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">vice-president of the Town and Country Club, <a href="#page405">405</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">lectures to the club, <a href="#page406">406</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Rome,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> the Howes' arrival in, <a href="#page121">121</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  stiffness of society in, <a href="#page123">123</a>, <a href="#page127">127</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em"> Mrs. Howe's second visit to, <a href="#page191">191</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> political condition of, <a href="#page193">193</a>-<a href="#page195">195</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> Mrs. Howe's stay in, on her way to Greece, <a href="#page313">313</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  spends the winter of 1877-78 in, <a href="#page423">423</a>-<a href="#page427">427</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Rosebery, Lord,<br>
+<span class="add2em">a friend of Samuel Ward, <a href="#page72">72</a>;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">    visited by, <a href="#page73">73</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> at Devonshire House, <a href="#page410">410</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Rosebery, Lady, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Rossi, Count,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> at Mrs. Benzon's, <a href="#page436">436</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Rossini,<br>
+<span class="add2em">works of performed in New York, <a href="#page14">14</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  admired by Sumner, <a href="#page176">176</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Round Hill School, <a href="#page5">5</a>;<br>
+    <span class="add2em">its principal, <a href="#page43">43</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel at, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Routs,"<br>
+ <span class="add2em">receptions so called, <a href="#page93">93</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Russell, Mrs. Sarah Shaw,<br>
+<span class="add2em">a friend of Theodore Parker, <a href="#page168">168</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+  <br><p><a name="St_Angelo" id="St_Angelo"></a>St. Angelo,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Castle of, <a href="#page130">130</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>St. Calixtus,<br>
+<span class="add2em">catacombs of, <a href="#page128">128</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>St. Luke,<br>
+<span class="add2em">academy of, <a href="#page124">124</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>St. Peter,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> church of, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page126">126</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Salisbury,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the Howes at, <a href="#page139">139</a>-<a href="#page141">141</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Samana Bay,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the Howes' first visit to, <a href="#page348">348</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> later stay at, <a href="#page361">361</a>-<a href="#page368">368</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> school at, <a href="#page364">364</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Samana Bay Company,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Dr. Howe visits Santo Domingo in its interests, <a href="#page346">346</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">ended by order of the Dominican government, <a href="#page367">367</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> San Francisco,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Samuel Ward at, <a href="#page70">70</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>San Michele,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> industrial school of, <a href="#page124">124</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sanborn, Franklin B.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his biography of Dr. Howe, <a href="#page82">82</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> reviews "Passion Flowers," <a href="#page185">185</a>, <a href="#page228">228</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sand, George,<br>
+<span class="add2em">her works read by Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sands, Julia,<br>
+<span class="add2em">her biography of her brother, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sands, Robert,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the poet, of an old New York family, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Santa Maria Maggiore,<br>
+<span class="add2em">church of, <a href="#page125">125</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Santo Domingo,<br>
+<span class="add2em">annexation of, considered by a commission, <a href="#page180">180</a>, <a href="#page345">345</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">proper way to spell the name, <a href="#page348">348</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> religious meetings for the negroes in the city of, <a href="#page349">349</a>-<a href="#page351">351</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> small amount of English spoken there, <a href="#page352">352</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  secret Bible society in, <a href="#page353">353</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  debating club there, <a href="#page354">354</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  a city of shopkeepers, <a href="#page355">355</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> pleasant winter climate of, <a href="#page358">358</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">longevity of the negroes in, <a href="#page364">364</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> characteristics of the people, <a href="#page366">366</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Sargent, Rev. John T.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">meetings of the Boston Radical Club at his house, <a href="#page281">281</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Satan,<br>
+<span class="add2em">idea of, <a href="#page62">62</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Schiller,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's essay on his minor poems, <a href="#page60">60</a>;</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">   plays read, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Schlesinger, Daniel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's music teacher, stanzas on his death, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Schliemann, Mrs., <a href="#page410">410</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>"Sch�nberg-Cotta family, The," <a href="#page6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Schubert,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his music played at the Ward home, <a href="#page49">49</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Schumann,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the composer, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Schumann, Madame (Clara Wieck),<br>
+<span class="add2em">mentioned by Mrs. Jameson, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Scotland,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> the Howes in, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <a href="#page112">112</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Scott, Sir Walter, <a href="#page28">28</a>;<br>
+    <span class="add2em">his novel "Kenilworth," play founded on, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> grave of, at Abbotsford, <a href="#page111">111</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em"> works lightly esteemed by Charles Sumner, <a href="#page169">169</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Sedgwick, Catharine Maria,<br>
+<span class="add2em">on John Kenyon, <a href="#page108">108</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  her letter of introduction to Count Gonfalonieri, <a href="#page119">119</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> praises a line from "Passion Flowers," <a href="#page228">228</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Sedgwick, Mrs. Theodore (Susan Ridley), <a href="#page90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Seeley, Prof. J. R.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">hospitality and kindness to Mrs. Howe: his lecture on Burke, <a href="#page335">335</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sewall, Judge Samuel E.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">aids the woman suffrage movement, <a href="#page382">382</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Seward, William H.,<br>
+<span class="add3em"> secretary of state,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> stigmatized by Count Gurowski, <a href="#page222">222</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Shaw, Mrs. Quincy A., <a href="#page184">184</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Shelley, Percy Bysshe,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his books prohibited in the Ward family, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sherret, Miss,<br>
+<span class="add2em">her interest in schools for girls of the middle class, <a href="#page333">333</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sherwood, Mrs. (Mary Martha Butt),<br>
+<span class="add2em">her stories, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Siddons, Mrs. William (Sarah Kemble),<br>
+<span class="add2em">fund for her monument, <a href="#page104">104</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her daughter, <a href="#page131">131</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Silliman, Prof. Benjamin,<br>
+<span class="add2em">of Yale College, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Smith, Alfred,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">real estate agent of Newport, <a href="#page238">238</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Smith, Mrs. Seba, <a href="#page166">166</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Smith, Rev. Sydney,<br>
+<span class="add2em">calls on the Howes: his reputation as a wit, <a href="#page91">91</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> appearance, <a href="#page92">92</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> anecdotes of, <a href="#page92">92</a>-<a href="#page95">95</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">pleasantry about Lord Morpeth, <a href="#page107">107</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Smith, Mrs. Sydney,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe calls on, <a href="#page94">94</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Somerville, Mrs. (Mary Fairfax),<br>
+ <span class="add2em">intimate with Mrs. Jameson, <a href="#page42">42</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Sonnambula, La,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">given in New York, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sontag, Mme.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">at Mrs. Benzon's, <a href="#page435">435</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sothern, Edward Askew,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> in "The World's Own," <a href="#page230">230</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Southworth, Mrs. F. H. (Emma D. E. Nevitt),<br>
+<span class="add2em">attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Spielberg,<br>
+<span class="add3em">the Austrian fortress of,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> Italian patriots imprisoned in, <a href="#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page120">120</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Spinoza, <a href="#page212">212</a>, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Stanton, Theodore, <a href="#page420">420</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Steele, Tom,<br>
+<span class="add2em">friend of Daniel O'Connell, <a href="#page113">113</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Stone, Lucy, <a href="#page305">305</a>;<br>
+    <span class="add2em">speaks for woman suffrage in Boston, <a href="#page375">375</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her skill and zeal, <a href="#page377">377</a>, <a href="#page378">378</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  her work for that cause, <a href="#page380">380</a>, <a href="#page381">381</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">prominent at the woman's congress, <a href="#page385">385</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Stonehenge,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Druidical stones at, <a href="#page140">140</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Story, Chief Justice, <a href="#page169">169</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher,<br>
+<span class="add2em">her "Uncle Tom's Cabin," <a href="#page253">253</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Sue, Eug�ne,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his "Myst�res de Paris," <a href="#page204">204</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sumner, Albert,<br>
+<span class="add2em">brother of the senator, <a href="#page402">402</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sumner, Charles,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> first known to the Wards through Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, <a href="#page49">49</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">takes the Wards to the Perkins Institution, <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Thomas Carlyle's estimate of, <a href="#page96">96</a>, <a href="#page97">97</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">inability to sing, <a href="#page163">163</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his first appearance at the Ward home, <a href="#page168">168</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his friends, <a href="#page169">169</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his political opinions, <a href="#page170">170</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his temperament and aspect, <a href="#page171">171</a>-<a href="#page173">173</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> attitude on prison reform, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page174">174</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his eloquence, <a href="#page175">175</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his culture, <a href="#page176">176</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his life in Washington, <a href="#page177">177</a>-<a href="#page180">180</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> opposes the annexation of Santo Domingo, <a href="#page181">181</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his death, <a href="#page182">182</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> defeats Webster for the Senate, <a href="#page218">218</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his breach with Count Gurowski, <a href="#page223">223</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> grieves at Gurowski's death, <a href="#page226">226</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> dines at Mrs. Eames's, <a href="#page308">308</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sumner, Charles Pinckney,<br>
+<span class="add2em">sheriff,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">anecdote of, <a href="#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sumner, Mrs. C. P.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">anecdotes of, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <a href="#page178">178</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sunday,<br>
+<span class="add2em">observance of, in the Ward family, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Sutherland, Duke of, <a href="#page99">99</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Sutherland, Duchess of (Harriet Howard), <a href="#page99">99</a>;<br>
+    <span class="add2em">her attire at Lansdowne House, <a href="#page102">102</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> at the ball at Almack's, <a href="#page106">106</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> at the Countess of Carlisle's dinner, <a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page107">107</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">her relations with the Queen, <a href="#page107">107</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Swedenborg, Emanuel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his "Divine Love and Wisdom," <a href="#page204">204</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his theory of the divine man, <a href="#page208">208</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> works read, <a href="#page209">209</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> "Sylphide, La," <a href="#page135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+  <br><p><a name="Taddei" id="Taddei"></a>Taddei, Rosa, <a href="#page130">130</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Taglioni, Madame,<br>
+ <span class="add2em"><i>danseuse</i>, <a href="#page135">135</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> "Task, The,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">William Cowper's, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Tasso, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Taylor, "Father" (Edward T.),<br>
+<span class="add2em">Boston Methodist city missionary, <a href="#page263">263</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Taylor, Mrs. Peter,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> founds a college for working women, <a href="#page333">333</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Terry, Luther,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">an artist in Rome, <a href="#page127">127</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> married to Mrs. Crawford, <a href="#page312">312</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Terry, Mrs. Luther.<br>
+<span class="add2em"> See <a href="#Ward_Louisa">Ward, Louisa</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Thackeray, William M.,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> his admiration for Mrs. Frank Hampton, <a href="#page234">234</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  depicts her in Ethel Newcome, <a href="#page235">235</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Theatre, the,<br>
+<span class="add2em">frowned down in New York, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page16">16</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Thoreau, Henry D.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Emerson's paper on, <a href="#page290">290</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ticknor, Miss Anna,<br>
+<span class="add2em">in the Town and Country Club, <a href="#page407">407</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Ticknor, George,<br>
+<span class="add3em">letter of introduction from,</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em">to Miss Edgeworth, <a href="#page113">113</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">to Wordsworth, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Tolstoi, Count Lyeff,<br>
+<span class="add2em">his "Kreutzer Sonata" disapproved of, <a href="#page17">17</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Torlonia,<br>
+<span class="add3em">a Roman banker,</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em"> anecdote of, <a href="#page27">27</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">ball given by, <a href="#page123">123</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Torlonia's Palace, <a href="#page122">122</a>, <a href="#page128">128</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>T�rmer,<br>
+<span class="add2em">an artist, <a href="#page127">127</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Tourgenieff,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the Russian novelist, <a href="#page412">412</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Town and Country Club of Newport<br>
+<span class="add2em">founded, <a href="#page405">405</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">its eminent lecturers, <a href="#page406">406</a>, <a href="#page407">407</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Townsend, Mrs. Gideon (Mary A. Van Voorhis),<br>
+<span class="add2em">poet of the opening of the New Orleans Exposition, <a href="#page399">399</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Transcendentalism,<br>
+<span class="add2em">ridiculed by Dickens, <a href="#page139">139</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">by Cranch, <a href="#page145">145</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">a world movement, <a href="#page146">146</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Trip to Cuba," <br>
+<span class="add3em">Mrs. Howe's book,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">extract from, <a href="#page233">233</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> published in the "Atlantic Monthly" and in book form: attacked, <a href="#page236">236</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>T�bingen, University of,<br>
+<span class="add2em">confers a degree on Samuel Ward, Mrs. Howe's brother, <a href="#page68">68</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Turks,<br>
+<span class="add2em">their devastation of Greece, <a href="#page85">85</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Tweedy, Edmund, <a href="#page402">402</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Tweedy, Mary, <a href="#page402">402</a>.</p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+  <br><p><a name="Umberto" id="Umberto"></a>Umberto,<br>
+<span class="add3em"> king of Italy,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">crowned, <a href="#page424">424</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Uncle Tom's Cabin,"<br>
+<span class="add2em"> Mrs. Stowe's, <a href="#page253">253</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>United States, Bank of,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Jackson's refusal to renew charter of, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> English sneer at, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+ <br><p><a name="Van_de_Weyer" id="Van_de_Weyer"></a>Van de Weyer, Mr. Sylvain,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">Belgian minister to England, <a href="#page93">93</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Van de Weyer, Mrs. Sylvain, <a href="#page92">92</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Vatican,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> evening visit to, <a href="#page129">129</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  head of Zeus in, <a href="#page132">132</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Via Felice,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">a poem, <a href="#page200">200</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Victor Emmanuel,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">his popularity and death, <a href="#page423">423</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Victoria,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Queen, <a href="#page93">93</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Vienna,<br>
+<span class="add2em">the Howes at, <a href="#page118">118</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Von Walther, Mme., <a href="#page118">118</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Voysey, Rev. Charles,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> sermon by, <a href="#page330">330</a>.</span></p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+  <br><p><a name="Waddington" id="Waddington"></a>Waddington, W. H., <a href="#page410">410</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Wade, Benjamin F.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">commissioner on the annexation of Santo Domingo, <a href="#page181">181</a>, <a href="#page345">345</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wadsworth, William,<br>
+<span class="add2em">of Geneseo, <a href="#page104">104</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Walcourt, Lord,<br>
+<span class="add2em">visited by the Howes, <a href="#page114">114</a>, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Walcourt, Lady, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Wall Street,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Samuel Ward in, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">John Ward in, <a href="#page55">55</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wallace, Horace Binney,<br>
+<span class="add2em">a delightful companion, <a href="#page198">198</a>, <a href="#page199">199</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> sad death, <a href="#page200">200</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> lines to, <a href="#page200">200</a>, <a href="#page201">201</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> recommends Comte's work, <a href="#page211">211</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Wandsbecker Bote,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">Matthias Claudius's, <a href="#page62">62</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ward, Annie.<br>
+<span class="add2em">See Mailliard, Mrs. Adolph.</span></p>
+
+<p> Ward, Frances Marion,<br>
+<span class="add2em">sent to Round Hill School, <a href="#page5">5</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  at home, <a href="#page45">45</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Ward, Henry,<br>
+<span class="add3em">uncle of Mrs. Howe,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">a lover of music and good cheer, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Ward, Henry,<br>
+<span class="add3em">brother of Mrs. Howe,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">sent to Round Hill School, <a href="#page5">5</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> at home, <a href="#page45">45</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his character, <a href="#page53">53</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> death, <a href="#page54">54</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Ward, John,<br>
+<span class="add2em">uncle of Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page19">19</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  a practical man, <a href="#page20">20</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  notes of his life, <a href="#page54">54</a>-<a href="#page55">55</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  anecdote of, <a href="#page66">66</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p><a name="Ward_Louisa" id="Ward_Louisa"></a>Ward, Louisa,<br>
+<span class="add2em">wife of Thomas Crawford, <a href="#page45">45</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">at Rome, <a href="#page73">73</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her beauty, <a href="#page137">137</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her journey to Rome with Mrs. Ward, <a href="#page190">190</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">established at Villa Negroni, <a href="#page192">192</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> marries Luther Terry: visited in 1867 by Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page313">313</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">goes to the consecration of Leo XIII., <a href="#page425">425</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Ward, Richard, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p> Ward, Gov. Samuel,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">of Rhode Island, <a href="#page3">3</a>, note.</span></p>
+
+<p> Ward, Samuel,<br>
+<span class="add3em">grandfather of Mrs. Howe,</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em"> appearance and manner, <a href="#page19">19</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  her father's grief at his death, <a href="#page50">50</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ward, Samuel,<br>
+<span class="add3em">father of Mrs. Howe,</span><br>
+ <span class="add2em"> his birth and descent, <a href="#page3">3</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  grief at his wife's death, <a href="#page11">11</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em">care for his children, <a href="#page11">11</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">plans for their education, <a href="#page13">13</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> religious views become more stringent, <a href="#page15">15</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> gives up wine, tobacco, and cards, <a href="#page18">18</a>-<a href="#page20">20</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his fine taste, <a href="#page45">45</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  generosity: discussion with his son regarding social intercourse, <a href="#page46">46</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his family habits, <a href="#page47">47</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his observance of Sunday, <a href="#page48">48</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">ideas of propriety; religious faith, <a href="#page49">49</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">business ability, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">carries New York State through the crisis of 1837, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his early experience in Wall St., <a href="#page51">51</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his death, <a href="#page52">52</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his careful restraint of his daughter, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his portrait in the New York Bank of Commerce, <a href="#page55">55</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">condemns Goethe's "Faust," <a href="#page59">59</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">displeased with his son Samuel's work, <a href="#page69">69</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ward, Mrs. Samuel (Julia Rush),<br>
+<span class="add3em">mother of Mrs. Howe:</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">marriage and education: her charm of character, <a href="#page5">5</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">anecdotes of, <a href="#page5">5</a>,<a href="#page6">6</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> her tact, <a href="#page6">6</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> death, <a href="#page10">10</a>,<a href="#page11">11</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ward, Samuel,<br>
+ <span class="add3em">brother of Mrs. Howe,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">sent to Round Hill School, <a href="#page5">5</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">travels in Europe: at home, <a href="#page45">45</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his defense of society,<a href="#page46">46</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">enlivens the austerity of the Ward household, <a href="#page49">49</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> establishes a home of his own, <a href="#page53">53</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">marries Emily Astor, <a href="#page65">65</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his appearance and education, <a href="#page67">67</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> travels abroad, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his lack of interest in business, his second marriage, <a href="#page69">69</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">goes to California, <a href="#page70">70</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Indian adventures, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">life in Washington: becomes "King of the Lobby," <a href="#page72">72</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his friends, <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">his visit to Lord Rosebery: death at Pegli: volume of poems, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ward, Mrs. Samuel (Emily Astor),<br>
+<span class="add2em">her marriage, <a href="#page65">65</a>;</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">her fine voice, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> <a name="Ward_Mrs_Samuel_Medora_Grimes" id="Ward_Mrs_Samuel_Medora_Grimes"></a>Ward, Mrs. Samuel (Medora Grimes),<br>
+<span class="add2em">married, <a href="#page69">69</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Ward, William, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Waring, Col. George E., <a href="#page404">404</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Washington,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Samuel Ward in, <a href="#page72">72</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> Charles Sumner's residence in, <a href="#page180">180</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> Count Gurowski in, <a href="#page221">221</a>-<a href="#page223">223</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> Mrs. Eames's position there, <a href="#page224">224</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> funeral of Gurowski in, <a href="#page226">226</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> condition of, during the civil war, <a href="#page269">269</a>, <a href="#page270">270</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe lectures in, <a href="#page308">308</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Washington, Gen. George, <a href="#page9">9</a>;<br>
+   <span class="add2em"> his attention to Mrs. Cutler, <a href="#page35">35</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> waited on by "Daughters of Liberty," <a href="#page36">36</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> birthday celebrated in Rome, <a href="#page203">203</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wasson, David A.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">a member of the Radical Club, <a href="#page282">282</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em">  his reply to Mr. Abbott, <a href="#page289">289</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Webster, Daniel,<br>
+<span class="add2em">Theodore Parker's sermon on, 164;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">defeated for the senatorship by Sumner, <a href="#page218">218</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wedding ceremonies<br>
+<span class="add2em">described, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page66">66</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Weiss, Rev. John,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at the Boston Radical Club, <a href="#page283">283</a>, <a href="#page284">284</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> on woman suffrage, <a href="#page289">289</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> on poets and philosophers, <a href="#page304">304</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Welles, Gideon,<br>
+<span class="add2em">secretary of the navy, <a href="#page225">225</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of,<br>
+<span class="add2em">anecdote of, <a href="#page17">17</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Wentzler, A. H.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">paints portrait of John Ward, <a href="#page55">55</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Whipple, Edwin P.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">reviews "Passion Flowers," <a href="#page228">228</a>:</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, <a href="#page306">306</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> White, Andrew D.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">commissioner on the annexation of Santo Domingo, <a href="#page181">181</a>, <a href="#page345">345</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>White, Mrs. Andrew D., <a href="#page346">346</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>White, Charlotte,<br>
+<span class="add2em">a "character" in early New York, <a href="#page77">77</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Whiting, Solomon,<br>
+<span class="add2em">attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, <a href="#page309">309</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Whitney, Miss Anne,<br>
+<span class="add2em">her statue of Harriet Martineau, <a href="#page158">158</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Whittier, John G.,<br>
+ <span class="add2em">praises "Passion Flowers," <a href="#page228">228</a>;</span><br>
+  <span class="add2em"> his characterization of Dr. Howe, <a href="#page370">370</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wieck,<br>
+<span class="add3em">the German composer,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em">described by Mrs. Jameson, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wilbour, Mrs. Charlotte B.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">prominent in the woman's congress, <a href="#page385">385</a>, <a href="#page386">386</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p> Wilderness,<br>
+<span class="add2em">battle of, <a href="#page265">265</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Wilhelm Meister,"<br>
+<span class="add3em">Goethe's,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> discussed, <a href="#page59">59</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wilkes, Rev. Eliza Tupper,<br>
+<span class="add2em">takes part in the convention of woman ministers, <a href="#page312">312</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Willis, N. P.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at the Bryant celebration, <a href="#page278">278</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wilson, Henry, <a href="#page178">178</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Wines, Rev. Frederick,<br>
+<span class="add2em">at the Prison Reform meetings, <a href="#page340">340</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Winkworth, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen,<br>
+<span class="add2em">friends of peace, their hospitality, <a href="#page330">330</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T.,<br>
+<span class="add2em">her talk on waifs, <a href="#page392">392</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">helps Mrs. Howe with the woman's department of a fair in Boston in 1882, <a href="#page394">394</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Woman suffrage,<br>
+<span class="add2em">championed by Wendell Phillips, <a href="#page157">157</a>, <a href="#page158">158</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">by John Weiss, <a href="#page289">289</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> meeting in favor of, in Boston,<a href="#page375"> 375</a>;</span><br>
+   <span class="add2em"> other efforts, <a href="#page376">376</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">workers for it, <a href="#page378">378</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">urged in Vermont, <a href="#page380">380</a>;</span><br>
+    <span class="add2em">legislative hearings upon, <a href="#page381">381</a>-<a href="#page384">384</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wood, Mrs.,<br>
+<span class="add2em"> sings in New York: her voice, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Woods, Rev. Leonard,<br>
+<span class="add2em">invites Mrs. Howe to contribute to the "Theological Review," <a href="#page44">44</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"Words for the Hour,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">Mrs. Howe's second publication, <a href="#page230">230</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>Wordsworth, William,<br>
+<span class="add3em"> the poet,</span><br>
+<span class="add2em"> the Howes' visit to, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</span></p>
+
+ <p>"World's Own, The,"<br>
+<span class="add2em">a drama by Mrs. Howe, <a href="#page230">230</a>.</span></p>
+
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+<br><p><a name="Yerrington" id="Yerrington"></a>Yerrington, James B., <a href="#page156">156</a>.</p>
+
+<a href="#Abbott">A</a>  <a href="#Bache">B</a>  <a href="#Cardini">C</a>  <a href="#Daggett">D</a>  <a href="#Eames">E</a>  <a href="#Fabens">F</a>
+ <a href="#Galway">G</a>  <a href="#Hair">H</a>  <a href="#Indians">I</a>  <a href="#Jackson">J</a>  <a href="#Kant">K</a>  <a href="#Lafayette">L</a>
+ <a href="#Machi">M</a>  <a href="#Napoleon">N</a>  <a href="#OConnell">O</a>  <a href="#Paddock">P</a>  <a href="#Quincy">Q</a>  <a href="#Rachel">R</a>
+ <a href="#St_Angelo">S</a>  <a href="#Taddei">T</a>  <a href="#Umberto">U</a>  <a href="#Van_de_Weyer">V</a>  <a href="#Waddington">W</a>
+ <a href="#Yerrington">X</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Y</a>  <a href="#Yerrington">Z</a>
+
+  <br><p>Z�na�de, Princess, <a href="#page202">202</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="tn box">Transcriber's note: Original spelling has been maintained and not
+standardized. Typographical errors that were corrected:
+'<i>an-answered</i>'-->'answered': It was a timid performance upon a slender
+reed, but the great performers in the noble orchestra of writers answered
+to its appeal, which won me a seat in their ranks. '<i>Gary</i>'-->'Cary': The
+story of his life and work is beautifully told in the "Life and
+Correspondence" published soon after his death by his widow, Mrs. Elizabeth
+Cary Agassiz, well known to-day as the president of Radcliffe College.
+'<i>spoken or</i>'-->'spoken of': The young man whom I saw at this time was
+spoken of as much devoted to the turf, and the only saying of his that I
+have ever heard quoted was his question as to how long it took
+Nebuchadnezzar to get into condition after he had been out to grass.
+'<i>sum</i>'-->'summer': spends the summer of 1841 near Boston: visits the
+Perkins Institution. '<i>Verm�chtniss</i>'-->'Verm�chtniss': "Die Zeit ist mein
+Verm�chtniss, mein Acker ist die Zeit." The index entries for <i>William
+Ellery Channing</i>, the preacher, referred to on pp. 144 and 416; and the
+poet, referred to on p. 370, were separated.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Reminiscences, 1819-1899, by Julia Ward Howe
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Reminiscences, 1819-1899, by Julia Ward Howe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Reminiscences, 1819-1899
+
+Author: Julia Ward Howe
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2010 [EBook #32603]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMINISCENCES, 1819-1899 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+Julia Ward Howe.
+
+FROM SUNSET RIDGE: POEMS OLD AND NEW. 12mo, $1.50.
+
+REMINISCENCES. With many Portraits and other Illustrations. Crown 8vo,
+$2.50.
+
+IS POLITE SOCIETY POLITE? AND OTHER ESSAYS. With a Portrait of Mrs.
+Howe. Square 8vo, $1.50.
+
+HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. BOSTON AND NEW YORK.
+
+[Illustration: Photograph of Julia Ward Howe; signature]
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES
+
+1819-1899
+
+
+
+
+BY JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+WITH PORTRAITS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+[Decorative Illustration]
+
+BOSTON AND NEW YORK
+
+HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
+
+The Riverside Press, Cambridge
+
+1899
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                                  PAGE
+
+  I. BIRTH, PARENTAGE, CHILDHOOD                             1
+
+  II. LITERARY NEW YORK                                     21
+
+  III. NEW YORK SOCIETY                                     29
+
+  IV. HOME LIFE: MY FATHER                                  43
+
+  V. MY STUDIES                                             56
+
+  VI. SAMUEL WARD AND THE ASTORS                            64
+
+  VII. MARRIAGE: TOUR IN EUROPE                             81
+
+  VIII. FIRST YEARS IN BOSTON                              144
+
+  IX. SECOND VISIT TO EUROPE                               188
+
+  X. A CHAPTER ABOUT MYSELF                                205
+
+  XI. ANTI-SLAVERY ATTITUDE: LITERARY
+    WORK: TRIP TO CUBA                                     218
+
+  XII. THE CHURCH OF THE DISCIPLES: IN WAR TIME            244
+
+  XIII. THE BOSTON RADICAL CLUB: DR. F. H. HEDGE           281
+
+  XIV. MEN AND MOVEMENTS IN THE SIXTIES                    304
+
+  XV. A WOMAN'S PEACE CRUSADE                              327
+
+  XVI. VISITS TO SANTO DOMINGO                             345
+
+  XVII. THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT                        372
+
+  XVIII. CERTAIN CLUBS                                     400
+
+  XIX. ANOTHER EUROPEAN TRIP                               410
+
+  XX. FRIENDS AND WORTHIES: SOCIAL SUCCESSES               428
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                           PAGE
+
+  JULIA WARD HOWE                               _Frontispiece_
+  _From a photograph by Hardy, 1897._
+
+  SARAH MITCHELL, NIECE OF GENERAL FRANCIS MARION
+  AND GRANDMOTHER OF MRS. HOWE                               4
+  _From a painting by Waldo and Jewett._
+
+  JULIA WARD AND HER BROTHERS, SAMUEL AND HENRY              8
+  _From a miniature by Anne Hall._
+
+  JULIA CUTLER WARD, MOTHER OF MRS. HOWE                    12
+  _From a miniature by Anne Hall._
+
+  SAMUEL WARD, FATHER OF MRS. HOWE                          46
+  _From a miniature by Anne Hall._
+
+  SAMUEL WARD, JR                                           68
+  _From a painting by Baron Vogel._
+
+  FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE                                     138
+  _From a photograph._
+
+  THE SOUTH BOSTON HOME OF MR. AND MRS. HOWE               152
+  _From a painting in the possession of M. Anagnos._
+
+  WENDELL PHILLIPS, AT THE AGE OF 48                       158
+  _From a photograph lent by Francis J. Garrison, Boston._
+
+  THEODORE PARKER                                          166
+  _From a photograph by J. J. Hawes._
+
+  JULIA WARD HOWE                                          176
+  _From a painting (1847) by Joseph Ames._
+
+  SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE, M. D.                               230
+  _From a photograph by Black, about 1859._
+
+  JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE                                     246
+  _From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company._
+
+  JOHN BROWN                                               254
+  _From a photograph (about 1857) lent by Francis J.
+  Garrison, Boston._
+
+  JOHN A. ANDREW                                           262
+  _From a photograph by Black._
+
+  JULIA WARD HOWE                                          270
+  _From a photograph by J. J. Hawes, about 1861._
+
+  FACSIMILE OF THE FIRST DRAFT OF THE BATTLE HYMN
+  OF THE REPUBLIC                                          276
+  _From the original MS. in the possession of Mrs. E. P.
+  Whipple, Boston._
+
+  RALPH WALDO EMERSON                                      292
+  _From a photograph by Black._
+
+  FREDERIC HENRY HEDGE, D. D.                              302
+  _From a photograph lent by his daughter, Charlotte A.
+  Hedge._
+
+  SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE, M. D.                               328
+  _From a photograph by A. Marshall (1870), in the possession
+  of the Massachusetts Club._
+
+  LUCY STONE                                               376
+  _From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company._
+
+  MARIA MITCHELL                                           386
+  _From a photograph._
+
+  THE NEWPORT HOME OF MR. AND MRS. HOWE                    406
+  _From a photograph by Briskham and Davidson._
+
+  THOMAS GOLD APPLETON                                     432
+  _From a photograph lent by Mrs. John Murray Forbes._
+
+  JULIA ROMANA ANAGNOS                                     440
+  _From a photograph._
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+BIRTH, PARENTAGE, CHILDHOOD
+
+
+I have been urgently asked to put together my reminiscences. I could
+wish that I had begun to do so at an earlier period of my life, because
+at this time of writing the lines of the past are somewhat confused in
+my memory. Yet, with God's help, I shall endeavor to do justice to the
+individuals whom I have known, and to the events of which I have had
+some personal knowledge.
+
+Let me say at the very beginning that I esteem this century, now near
+its close, to have eminently deserved a record among those which have
+been great landmarks in human history. It has seen the culmination of
+prophecies, the birth of new hopes, and a marvelous multiplication both
+of the ideas which promote human happiness and of the resources which
+enable man to make himself master of the world. Napoleon is said to have
+forbidden his subordinates to tell him that any order of his was
+impossible of fulfillment. One might think that the genius of this age
+must have uttered a like injunction. To attain instantaneous
+communication with our friends across oceans and through every
+continent; to command locomotion whose swiftness changes the relations
+of space and time; to steal from Nature her deepest secrets, and to make
+disease itself the minister of cure; to compel the sun to keep for us
+the record of scenes and faces, of the great shows and pageants of time,
+of the perishable forms whose charm and beauty deserve to remain in the
+world's possession,--these are some of the achievements of our
+nineteenth century. Even more wonderful than these may we esteem the
+moral progress of the race; the decline of political and religious
+enmities, the growth of good-will and mutual understanding between
+nations, the waning of popular superstition, the spread of civic ideas,
+the recognition of the mutual obligations of classes, the advancement of
+woman to dignity in the household and efficiency in the state. All this
+our century has seen and approved. To the ages following it will hand on
+an inestimable legacy, an imperishable record.
+
+While my heart exults at these grandeurs of which I have seen and known
+something, my contribution to their history can be but of fragmentary
+and fitful interest. On the world's great scene, each of us can only
+play his little part, often with poor comprehension of the mighty drama
+which is going on around him. If any one of us undertakes to set this
+down, he should do it with the utmost truth and simplicity; not as if
+Seneca or Tacitus or St. Paul were speaking, but as he himself, plain
+Hodge or Dominie or Mrs. Grundy, is moved to speak. He should not borrow
+from others the sentiments which he ought to have entertained, but
+relate truthfully how matters appeared to him, as they and he went on.
+Thus much I can promise to do in these pages, and no more.
+
+I was born on May 27, 1819, in the city of New York, in Marketfield
+Street, near the Battery. My father was of Rhode Island birth and
+descent. One of his grandmothers was the beautiful Catharine Ray to whom
+are addressed some of Benjamin Franklin's published letters. His father
+attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the war of the Revolution,
+being himself the son of Governor Samuel Ward, of Rhode Island,[1]
+married to a daughter of Governor Greene, of the same state. My mother
+was grandniece to General Francis Marion, of Huguenot descent, known in
+the Revolution as the Swamp-fox of southern campaigns. Her father was
+Benjamin Clarke Cutler, whose first ancestor in this country was John De
+Mesmekir, of Holland.
+
+[Footnote 1: Governor Samuel Ward refused to enforce the Stamp Act, and
+also did valuable service as a member of the First and Second
+Continental Congresses. He frequently served as chairman of the
+Committee of the Whole, during the secret sessions of Congress. His
+death, in the spring of 1776, is said to have been due in large measure
+to the fatigue caused by his incessant labors in behalf of his country.
+Although he did not live to sign the Declaration of Independence, he was
+one of the first men to prophesy the separation of the colonies from the
+mother country.]
+
+[Illustration: SARAH MITCHELL (MRS. HOWE'S grandmother)
+
+_From a painting by Waldo and Jewett._]
+
+Let me here remark that an expert in chiromancy, after making a recent
+examination of my hand, exclaimed, "You inherit military blood; your
+hand shows it."
+
+My own earliest recollections are of a fine house on the Bowling Green,
+a region of high fashion in those days. In the summer mornings my nurse
+sometimes walked abroad with me, and showed me the young girls of our
+neighborhood, engaged with their skipping ropes. Our favorite resort was
+the Battery, where the flagstaff used in the Revolution was still to be
+seen. The fort at Castle Garden had already been converted into a
+pleasure resort, where fireworks and ices might be enjoyed.
+
+We were six children in all, yet Wordsworth's little maid would have
+reckoned us as seven, as a sister of four years had died shortly before
+my birth, leaving me her name and the dignity of eldest daughter. She
+was always mentioned in the family as the _first little Julia_.
+
+My two eldest brothers, Samuel and Henry Ward, were pupils at Round Hill
+School. The third, Francis Marion, named for the General, was my junior
+by fifteen months, and continued to be my constant playmate until, at
+the proper age, he joined the others at Round Hill School.
+
+A few words regarding my mother may not here be out of place. Married at
+sixteen, she died at the age of twenty-seven, so beloved and mourned by
+all who knew her that my early years were full of the testimony borne by
+surviving friends to the beauty and charm of her character. She had been
+a pupil at the school of Mrs. Elizabeth Graham, of saintly memory, and
+had inherited from her own mother a taste for intellectual pursuits. She
+was especially fond of poetry and a few lovely poems of hers remain to
+show that she was no stranger to its sacred domain. One of these was
+printed in a periodical of her own time, and is preserved in Griswold's
+"Female Poets of America." Another set of verses is addressed to me in
+the days of my babyhood. All of these bear the imprint of her deeply
+religious character.
+
+Mrs. Margaret Armstrong Astor, of whom more will be said in these
+annals, remembered my mother as prominent in the society of her youth,
+and spoke of her as beautiful in countenance. An old lady, resident in
+Bordentown, N. J., where Joseph, ex-king of Spain, made his home for
+many years, had seen my mother arrayed for a dinner at this royal
+residence, in a white dress, probably of embroidered cambric, and a
+lilac turban. Her early death was a lifelong misfortune to her children,
+who, although tenderly bred and carefully watched, have been forced to
+pass their days without the dear refuge of a mother's heart, the wise
+guidance of a mother's inspiration.
+
+A dear old cousin of my father's, who lived to the age of one hundred
+and two years, loved to talk of a visit which she had made in her youth
+to my grandfather Ward, then resident in New York. She had not quite
+forgiven him for not allowing her to attend an assembly on which, being
+only sixteen years of age, she had set her heart. Years after this time,
+when such vanities had quite gone out of her mind, she again visited
+relatives in the city, and came to spend the day with my mother. Of this
+occasion she said to me: "Julia, your mother's tact was remarkable, and
+she showed it on that day, for, knowing me to be a young woman of
+serious character, she presented me on my arrival with a plain linen
+collar which she had made for me. On a table beside her lay Law's
+'Serious Call to the Unconverted.' Don't you see how well she had suited
+matters to my taste?"
+
+This aged relative used to boast that she had never read a novel. She
+desired to make one exception in favor of the story of the
+Schoenberg-Cotta family, but, hearing that it was a work of fiction,
+esteemed it safest to adhere to the rule which she had observed for so
+many years.
+
+Her son, lately deceased, once told me that when she felt called upon to
+chastise him for some childish offense, she would pray over him so long
+that he would cry out: "Mother, it's time to begin whipping."
+
+Her husband was a son of General Nathanael Greene, of Revolutionary
+fame.
+
+The attention bestowed upon impressions of childhood to-day will, I
+hope, justify me in recording some of the earliest points in
+consciousness which I still recall. I remember when a thimble was first
+given to me, some simple bit of work being at the same time placed in my
+hand. Some one said, "Take the needle in this hand." I did so, and,
+placing the thimble on a finger of the other hand, I began to sew
+without its aid, to the amusement of my teacher. This trifle appears to
+me an early indication of a want of perception as to the use of tools
+which has accompanied me through life. I remember also that, being told
+that I must ask pardon for some childish fault, I said to my mother,
+with perfect contentment, "Oh yes, I pardon you," and was surprised to
+hear that in this way I had not made the _amende honorable_.
+
+I encountered great difficulty in acquiring the _th_ sound, when my
+mother tried to teach me to call her by that name. "Muzzer, muzzer," was
+all that I could manage to say. But the dear parent presently said, "If
+you cannot do better than that, you will have to go back and call me
+mamma." The shame of going back moved me to one last effort, and,
+summoning my utmost strength of tongue, I succeeded in saying "mother,"
+an achievement from which I was never obliged to recede.
+
+A journey up the Hudson River was undertaken, when I was very young, for
+the bettering of my mother's health. An older sister of hers went with
+us, as well as a favorite waiting-woman, and a young physician whose
+care had saved my father's life a year or more before my own birth.
+After reaching Albany, we traveled in my father's carriage; the grown
+persons occupying the seats, and I sitting in my little chair at their
+feet. A book of short tales and poems was often resorted to for my
+amusement, and I still remember how the young doctor read to me, "Pity
+the sorrows of a poor old man," and how my tears came, and could not be
+hidden.
+
+[Illustration: JULIA WARD AND HER BROTHERS, SAMUEL AND HENRY
+
+_From a miniature by Anne Hall._]
+
+The sight of Niagara caused me much surprise. Playing on the piazza of
+the hotel, one day, with only the doctor for my companion, I ventured to
+ask him, "Who made that great hole where the water comes down?" He
+replied, "The great Maker of all." "Who is that?" I innocently inquired;
+and he said, "Do you not know? Our Father who art in heaven." I felt
+that I ought to have known, and went away somewhat abashed.
+
+Another day my mother told me that we were going to visit Red Jacket, a
+great Indian chief, and that I must be very polite to him. She gave me a
+twist of tobacco tied with a blue ribbon, which I was to present to him,
+and bade me observe the silver medal which I should see hung on his
+neck, and which, she said, had been given to him by General Washington.
+We drove to the Indian encampment, of which I dimly remember the extent
+and the wigwams. A tall figure advanced to the carriage. As its door was
+opened, I sprang forward, clasped my arms around the neck of the noble
+savage, and was astonished at his cool reception of such a greeting. I
+was surprised and grieved afterwards to learn that I had not done
+exactly the right thing. The Indians, in those days and long after,
+occupied numerous settlements in the western part of the State of New
+York, where one often saw the boys with their bows and arrows, and the
+squaws carrying their papooses on their backs.
+
+The journey here mentioned must have taken place when I was little more
+than four years old. Another year and a half brought me the burden of a
+great sorrow. I recall months of sweet companionship with the first and
+dearest of friends, my mother. The last summer of her life was passed at
+a fine country-seat in Bloomingdale, which was then a picturesque
+country place, about six miles from New York, but is now incorporated in
+the city.
+
+My father was fond of fine horses, and the pets of the stable played no
+unimportant part in our childish affection. The family coach was an
+early institution with us, and in the days of which I now speak, its
+exterior was of a delicate yellow, known as straw-color, while the
+lining and cushions were of bright blue cloth. This combination of color
+was effected to please my dear mother, who was accounted in her time a
+woman of excellent taste.
+
+I remember this summer as a particularly happy period. My younger
+brother and I had our lessons in a lovely green bower. Our French
+teacher came out at intervals in the Bloomingdale stage. My mother often
+took me with her for a walk in the beautiful garden, from which she
+plucked flowers that she arranged with great taste. There was much
+mysterious embroidering of small caps and gowns, the purpose of which I
+little guessed. The autumn came, and with it our return to town. And
+then, one bitter morning, I awoke to hear the words, "Julia, your mother
+is dead." Before this my father had announced to us that a little sister
+had arrived. "And she can open and shut her eyes," he said, smiling.
+
+His grief at the loss of my mother was so intense as to lay him
+prostrate with illness. He told me, years after this time, that he had
+welcomed the physical agony which perforce diverted his thoughts from
+the cause of his mental suffering. The little sister of whose coming he
+had told us so joyfully was for a long time kept from his sight. The
+rest of us were gathered around him, but this feeble little creature was
+not asked for. At last my dear old grandfather came to visit us, and
+learned the state of my father's feelings. The old gentleman went into
+the nursery, took the tiny infant from its nurse, and laid it in my
+father's arms. The little one thenceforth became the object of his most
+tender affection.
+
+He regarded all his children with great solicitude, feeling, as he
+afterward said to one of us, that he must now be mother as well as
+father. My mother's last request had been that her unmarried sister, the
+same one who had accompanied us on the journey to Niagara, should be
+sent for to have charge of us, and this arrangement was speedily
+effected.
+
+This aunt of ours had long been a care-taker in her mother's household,
+where she had had much to do with bringing up her younger sisters and
+brothers. My mother had been accustomed to borrow her from time to time,
+and my aunt had threatened to hang out a sign over the door with the
+inscription, "Cheering done here by the job, by E. Cutler." She was a
+person of rare honesty, entirely conscientious in character, possessed
+of few accomplishments, but endowed with the keenest sense of humor. She
+watched over our early years with incessant care. We little ones were
+kept much in our warm nursery. We were taken out for a drive in fine
+weather, but rarely went out on foot. As a consequence of this
+overcherishing, we were constantly liable to suffer from colds and sore
+throats. The young physician of whom I have already spoken became an
+inmate of our house soon after my mother's death. He was afterward well
+known in New York society as an excellent practitioner, and as a man of
+a certain genius. Those were the days of mighty doses, and the slightest
+indisposition was sure to call down upon us the administration of the
+drugs then in favor with the faculty, but now rarely used.
+
+[Illustration: JULIA CUTLER WARD (MRS. HOWE'S mother)
+
+_From a miniature by Anne Hall._]
+
+My father's affliction was such that a change of scene became necessary
+for him. The beautiful house at the Bowling Green was sold, with the new
+furniture which had been ordered expressly for my mother's pleasure, and
+which we never saw uncovered. We removed to Bond Street, which was then
+at the upper extremity of New York city. My father's friends said to
+him, "Mr. Ward, you are going out of town." And so indeed it seemed at
+that time. We occupied one of three white freestone houses, and saw from
+our windows the gradual building up of the street, which is now in the
+central part of New York. My father had purchased a large lot of land at
+the corner of our street and Broadway. On a part of this he subsequently
+erected a house which was considered one of the finest in the city.
+
+My father was disposed to be extremely careful in the choice of our
+associates, and intended, no doubt, that we should receive our education
+at home. At a later day his plans were changed somewhat, and after some
+experience of governesses and masters I was at last sent to a school in
+the near neighborhood of our house. I was nine years old at this time,
+somewhat precocious for my age, and endowed with a good memory. This
+fact may have led to my being at once placed in a class of girls much
+older than myself, especially occupied with the study of Paley's "Moral
+Philosophy." I managed to commit many pages of this book to memory, in a
+rather listless and perfunctory manner. I was much more interested in
+the study of chemistry, although it was not illustrated by any
+experiments. The system of education followed at that time consisted
+largely in memorizing from the text-books then in use. Removing to
+another school, I had excellent instruction in penmanship, and enjoyed a
+course of lectures on history, aided by the best set of charts that I
+have ever seen, the work of Professor Bostwick. In geometry I made quite
+a brilliant beginning, but soon fell off from my first efforts. The
+study of languages was very congenial to me; I had been accustomed to
+speak French from my earliest years. To this I was enabled to add some
+knowledge of Latin, and afterward of Italian and German.
+
+The routine of my school life was varied now and then by a concert and
+by Handel's oratorios, which were given at long intervals by an
+association whose title I cannot now recall. I eagerly anticipated, and
+yet dreaded, these occasions, for my enjoyment of them was succeeded by
+a reaction of intense melancholy.
+
+The musical "stars" of those days are probably quite out of memory in
+these later times, but I remember some of them with pleasure. It is
+worth noticing that, while the earliest efforts in music in Boston
+produced the Handel and Haydn Society, and led to the occasional
+performance of a symphony of Beethoven or of Mozart, the taste of New
+York inclined more to operatic music. The brief visit of Garcia and his
+troupe had brought the best works of Rossini before the public. These
+performances were followed, at long intervals, by seasons of English
+opera, in which Mrs. Austin was the favorite prima donna. This lady sang
+also in oratorio, and I recall her rendering of the soprano solos in
+Handel's "Messiah" as somewhat mannered, but on the whole quite
+impressive.
+
+A higher grade of talent came to us in the person of Mrs. Wood, famous
+before her marriage as Miss Paton. I heard great things of her
+performance in "La Sonnambula," which I was not allowed to see. I did
+hear her, however, at concerts and in oratorios, and I particularly
+remember her rendering of the famous soprano song, "To mighty kings he
+gave his acts." Her voice was beautiful in quality and of considerable
+extent. It possessed a liquid and fluent flexibility, quite unlike the
+curious staccato and tremolo effects so much in favor to-day.
+
+My father's views of religious duty became much more stringent after my
+mother's death. I had been twice taken to the opera during the Garcia
+performances, when I was scarcely more than seven years of age, and had
+seen and heard the Diva Malibran, then known as Signorina Garcia, in the
+roles of Cenerentola (Cinderella) and Rosina in the "Barbiere di
+Seviglia." Soon after this time the doors were shut, and I knew of
+theatrical matters only by hearsay. The religious people of that period
+had set their faces against the drama in every form. I remember the
+destruction by fire of the first Bowery Theatre, and how this was spoken
+of as a "judgment" upon the wickedness of the stage and of its patrons.
+A well-known theatre in Richmond, Va., took fire while a performance was
+going on, and the result was a deplorable loss of life. The pulpits of
+the time "improved" this event by sermons which reflected severely upon
+the frequenters of such places of amusement, and the "judgment" was long
+spoken of with holy horror.
+
+My musical education, in spite of the limitations of opportunity just
+mentioned, was the best that the time could afford. I had my first
+lessons from a very irritable French artist, of whom I stood in such
+fear that I could remember nothing that he taught me. A second teacher,
+Mr. Boocock, had more patience, and soon brought me forward in my
+studies. He had been a pupil of Cramer, and his taste had been formed by
+hearing the best music in London, which then, as now, commanded all the
+great musical talent of Europe. He gave me lessons for many years, and I
+learned from him to appreciate the works of the great composers,
+Beethoven, Handel, and Mozart. When I grew old enough for the training
+of my voice, Mr. Boocock recommended to my father Signor Cardini, an
+aged Italian, who had been an intimate of the Garcia family, and was
+well acquainted with Garcia's admirable method. Under his care my voice
+improved in character and in compass, and the daily exercises in holding
+long notes gave strength to my lungs. I think that I have felt all my
+life through the benefit of those early lessons. Signor Cardini
+remembered Italy before the invasion of Napoleon I., and sometimes
+entertained me with stories of the escapades of his student life. He had
+resided long in London, and had known the Duke of Wellington. He related
+to me that once, when he was visiting the great soldier at his
+country-seat near the sea, the duke invited him to look through his
+telescope, saying, "Signor Cardini, venez voir comme on travaille les
+Francais." This must have had reference to some manoeuvre of the English
+fleet, I suppose. Mr. Boocock thought that it would be desirable for me
+to take part in concerted pieces, with other instruments. This exercise
+brought me great delight in the performance of certain trios and
+quartettes. The reaction from this pleasure, however, was very painful,
+and induced at times a visitation of morbid melancholy which threatened
+to affect my health.
+
+While I greatly disapprove of the scope and suggestions presented by
+Count Tolstoi in his "Kreutzer Sonata," I yet think that, in the
+training of young persons, some regard should be had to the
+sensitiveness of youthful nerves, and to the overpowering response which
+they often make to the appeals of music. The dry practice of a single
+instrument and the simple drill of choral exercises will not be apt to
+overstimulate the currents of nerve force. On the other hand, the power
+and sweep of great orchestral performances, or even the suggestive charm
+of some beautiful voice, will sometimes so disturb the mental
+equilibrium of the hearer as to induce in him a listless melancholy, or,
+worse still, an unreasoning and unreasonable discontent.
+
+The early years of my youth were passed in the seclusion not only of
+home life, but of a home most carefully and jealously guarded from all
+that might be represented in the orthodox trinity of evil, the world,
+the flesh, and the devil. My father had become deeply imbued with the
+religious ideas of the time. He dreaded for his children the
+dissipations of fashionable society, and even the risks of general
+intercourse with the unsanctified many. He early embraced the cause of
+temperance, and became president of the first temperance society formed
+in this country. As a result, wine was excluded from his table. This
+privation gave me no trouble, but my brothers felt it, especially the
+eldest, who had passed some years in Europe, where the use of wine was,
+as it still is, universal. I was walking with my father one evening when
+we met my two younger brothers, each with a cigar in his mouth. My
+father was much troubled, and said, "Boys, you must give this up, and I
+will give it up, too. From this time I forbid you to smoke, and I will
+join you in relinquishing the habit." I am afraid that this sacrifice on
+my father's part did not have the desired effect, but am quite certain
+that he never witnessed the infringement of his command.
+
+At the time of which I speak, my father's family all lived in our
+immediate neighborhood. He had considerably distanced his brothers in
+fortune, and had built for himself the beautiful house of which I have
+already spoken. In the same street with us lived my music-loving uncle,
+Henry, somewhat given to good cheer, and of a genial disposition. In a
+house nearer to us resided my grandfather, Samuel Ward, with an
+unmarried daughter and three bachelor sons, John, Richard, and William.
+The outings of my young girlhood were confined to this family circle. I
+went to school, indeed, but never to dancing-school, a sober little
+dancing-master giving us lessons at home. I used to hear, with some
+envy, of Monsieur Charnaud's classes and of his "publics," where my
+schoolfellows disported themselves in their best clothes. My grandfather
+was a stately old gentleman, a good deal more than six feet in height,
+very mild in manner, and fond of a game of whist. With us children he
+used to play a very simple game called "Tom, come tickle me." Cards were
+not allowed in my father's house, and my brothers used to resort to the
+grand-paternal mansion when they desired this diversion.
+
+The eldest of my father's unmarried brothers was my uncle John, a man
+more tolerant than my father, and full of kindly forethought for his
+nieces and nephews. In his youth he had sustained an injury which
+deprived him of speech for more than a year. His friends feared that he
+would never speak again, but his mother, trying one day to render him
+some small assistance, did not succeed to her mind, and said, "I am a
+poor, awkward old woman." "No, you are not!" he exclaimed, and at once
+recovered his power of speech. He was anxious that his nieces should be
+well instructed in practical matters, and perhaps he grudged a little
+the extra time which we were accustomed to devote to books and music. He
+was fond of sending materials for dresses to me and my sisters, but
+insisted that we should make them up for ourselves. This we managed to
+do, with a good deal of help from the family seamstress. When I had
+published my first literary venture, uncle John showed me in a newspaper
+a favorable notice of my work, saying, "This is my little girl who knows
+about books, and writes an article and has it printed, but I wish that
+she knew more about housekeeping,"--a sentiment which in after years I
+had occasion to echo with fervor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+LITERARY NEW YORK
+
+
+Although the New York of my youth had little claim to be recognized as a
+literary centre, it yet was a city whose tastes and manners were much
+influenced by people of culture. One of these, Robert Sands, was the
+author of a poem entitled "Yamoyden," its theme being an Indian story or
+legend. His family dated back to the Sands who once owned a considerable
+part of Block Island, and from whom Sands Point takes its name. If I do
+not mistake, these Sands were connected by marriage with one of my
+ancestors, who were also settlers in Block Island. I remember having
+seen the poet Sands in my childhood, a rather awkward, near-sighted man.
+His life was not a long one. A sister of his, Julia Sands, wrote a
+biographical sketch of her brother, and was spoken of as a literary
+woman.
+
+William Cullen Bryant resided in New York many years. He took a
+prominent part in politics, but mingled little in general society, being
+much absorbed in his duties as editor of the "Evening Post," of which he
+was also the founder.
+
+I first heard of Fitz-Greene Halleck as the author of various satirical
+pieces of verse relating to personages and events of nearly eighty years
+ago. He is now best remembered by his "Marco Bozzaris," a noble lyric
+which we have heard quoted in view of recent lamentable encounters
+between Greek and Barbarian.
+
+Among the lecturers who visited New York, I remember Professor Silliman
+of Yale College, Dr. Follen, who spoke of German literature, George
+Combe, and Mr. Charles Lyell.
+
+Charles King, for many years editor of a daily paper entitled "The New
+York American," was a man of much literary taste. He had been a pupil at
+Harrow when Byron was there. He was an appreciative friend of my father,
+although as convivial in his tastes as my father was the reverse. I
+remember that once, when a temperance meeting was going on in one of our
+large parlors, Mr. King called and, finding my father thus engaged,
+began to frolic with us young people. He even dared to say: "How I
+should like to open those folding doors just wide enough to fire off a
+bottle of champagne at those temperance folks!"
+
+He was the patron of my early literary ventures, and kindly allowed my
+fugitive pieces to appear in his paper. He always advocated the
+abolition of slavery, and could never forgive Henry Clay his part in
+effecting the Missouri Compromise. He and his brother James, my father's
+junior partner, were sons of Rufus King, a man eminent in public life. I
+was a child of perhaps eight years when I heard my elders say with
+regret that "old Mr. King was dying."
+
+Quite late in his life, Mr. Charles King became President of Columbia
+College. This institution, with the houses of its officers, occupied the
+greater part of Park Place. Its professors were well known in society.
+The college was very conservative in its management. The professor of
+mathematics was asked one day by one of his class whether the sun did
+not really stand still in answer to the prayer of Joshua. He laughed at
+the question, and was in consequence reprimanded by the faculty.
+
+Professor Anthon, of the college, became known through his school and
+college editions of many Latin classics. Professor Moore, in the
+department of Hellenics, was popular among the undergraduates, partly,
+it was said, on account of his very indulgent method of conducting
+examinations. Professor McVickar, in the chair of Philosophy, was one of
+the early admirers of Ruskin. The families of these gentlemen mingled a
+good deal in the society of the time, and contributed no doubt to impart
+to it a tone of polite culture. I should say that before the forties the
+sons of the best families of New York city were usually sent to Columbia
+College. My own brothers, three in number, were among its graduates. New
+York parents in those days looked upon Harvard as a Unitarian
+institution, and shunned its influence for their sons.
+
+The venerable Lorenzo Da Ponte was for many years a resident of New
+York, and a teacher of the Italian language and literature. When
+Dominick Lynch introduced the first opera troupe to the New York public,
+sometime in the twenties, the audience must surely have comprised some
+of the old man's pupils, well versed in the language of the librettos.
+In earlier life, he had furnished the text of several of Mozart's
+operas, among them "Don Giovanni" and "Le Nozze di Figaro."
+
+Dominick Lynch, whom I have just mentioned, was an enthusiastic lover of
+music. His visits to my father's house were occasions of delight to me.
+He was without a rival as an interpreter of ballads, and especially of
+the songs of Thomas Moore. His voice, though not powerful, was clear and
+musical, and his touch on the pianoforte was perfect. I remember
+creeping under the instrument to hide my tears when I heard him sing the
+ballad of "Lord Ullin's Daughter."
+
+Charles Augustus Davis, the author of the "Letters of J. Downing, Major,
+Downingville Militia, Second Brigade, to his old Friend Mr. Dwight, of
+the New York Daily Advertiser," was a gentleman well known in the New
+York society of my youth. The letters in question contained imaginary
+reports of a tour which the writer professed to have made with General
+Jackson, when the latter was a candidate for reelection to the
+Presidency. They were very popular at the time, but have long passed
+into oblivion. I remember that in one of them, Major Downing describes
+an occasion on which it was important that the general should interlard
+his address with a few Latin quotations. Not possessing any learning of
+that kind, he concluded his speech with: "E pluribus unum, gentlemen,
+sine qua non."
+
+The great literary boast of the city at the time of which I speak was
+undoubtedly Washington Irving. I was still a child in the nursery when I
+heard of his return to America, after a residence of some years in
+Spain. A public dinner was given in honor of this event. One who had
+been present at it told of Mr. Irving's embarrassment when he was called
+upon for a speech. He rose, waved his hand in the air, and could only
+utter a few sentences, which were heard with difficulty.
+
+Many years after this time I was present, with other ladies, at a public
+dinner given in honor of Charles Dickens by prominent citizens of New
+York. We ladies were not bidden to the feast, but were allowed to occupy
+a small anteroom whose open door commanded a view of the tables. When
+the speaking was about to begin, a message came, suggesting that we
+should take possession of some vacant seats at the great table. This we
+were glad to do. Washington Irving was president of the evening, and
+upon him devolved the duty of inaugurating proceedings by an address of
+welcome to the distinguished guest. People who sat near me whispered,
+"He'll break down--he always does." Mr. Irving rose, and uttered a
+sentence or two. His friends interrupted him by applause which was
+intended to encourage him, but which entirely overthrew his
+self-possession. He hesitated, stammered, and sat down, saying, "I
+cannot go on." It was an embarrassing and painful moment, but Mr. John
+Duer, an eminent lawyer, came to his friend's assistance, and with
+suitable remarks proposed the health of Charles Dickens, to which Mr.
+Dickens promptly responded. This he did in his happiest manner, covering
+Mr. Irving's defeat by a glowing eulogy of his literary merits.
+
+"Whose books do I take to bed with me, night after night? Washington
+Irving's! as one who is present can testify." This one was evidently
+Mrs. Dickens, who was seated beside me. Mr. Dickens proceeded to speak
+of international copyright, saying that the prime object of his visit to
+America was the promotion of this important measure. I met Washington
+Irving several times at the house of John Jacob Astor. He was silent in
+general company, and usually fell asleep at the dinner-table. This
+occurrence was indeed so common with him that the guests present only
+noticed it with a smile. After a nap of some ten minutes he would open
+his eyes and take part in the conversation, apparently unconscious of
+having been asleep.
+
+In his youth, Mr. Irving had traveled quite extensively in Europe. While
+in Rome, he had received marked attention from the banker Torlonia, who
+repeatedly invited him to dinner parties, the opera, and so on. He was
+at a loss to account for this until his last visit to the banker, when
+Torlonia, taking him aside, said, "Pray tell me, is it not true that you
+are a grandson of the great Washington?"
+
+Mr. Irving had in early life given offense to the descendants of old
+Dutch families in New York by the publication of "Knickerbocker's
+History of New York," in which he had presented some of their forbears
+in a humorous light. The solid fame which he acquired in later days
+effaced the remembrance of this old-time grievance, and in the days in
+which I had the pleasure of his acquaintance, he held an enviable
+position in the esteem and affection of the community.
+
+He always remained a bachelor, owing, it was said, to an attachment, the
+object of which had been removed by death. I have even heard that the
+lady in question was a beautiful Jewess, the same one whom Walter Scott
+has depicted in his well-known Rebecca. This legend of the beautiful
+Jewess was current in my youth. A later authority informs us that Mr.
+Irving was really engaged to Matilda, daughter of Josiah Ogden Hoffman,
+a noted lawyer of New York, and that the death of the lady prevented the
+intended marriage from taking place. "He could never, to his dying day,
+endure to hear her name mentioned," it is said, "and, nearly thirty
+years after her death, the accidental discovery of a piece of her
+embroidery saddened him so that he could not speak."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+NEW YORK SOCIETY
+
+
+It has been explained that the continued prosperity of France under very
+varying forms of government is due to the fact that the municipal
+administration of the country is not affected by these changes, but
+continues much the same under king, emperor, and republican president.
+
+I find something analogous to this in the perseverance of certain
+underlying tendencies in society despite the continual variations which
+diversify the surface of the domain of Fashion.
+
+The earliest social function which I remember is a ball given by my
+father and mother when I must have been about four years of age. Quite
+late in the evening, I was taken out of bed and arrayed in an
+embroidered cambric slip. Some one tried to fasten a pink rosebud on the
+waist of my dress, but did not succeed to her mind. I was brought into
+our drawing-rooms, which had undergone a surprising transformation. The
+floors were bare, and from the ceiling of either room was suspended a
+circle of wax lights and artificial flowers. The orchestra included a
+double bass. I surveyed the company of the dancers, but soon curled
+myself up on a sofa, where one of the dowagers fed me with ice-cream.
+This entertainment took place at our house on Bowling Green, a
+neighborhood which has long been given up to business.
+
+As a child, I remember silver forks as in use at my father's dinner
+parties. On ordinary occasions, we used the three-pronged steel fork
+which is now rarely seen. My father sometimes admonished my maternal
+grandmother not to put her knife into her mouth. In her youth every one
+used the knife in this way.
+
+Meats were carefully roasted in what was called a tin kitchen, before an
+open fire. Desserts on state occasions consisted of pastry, wine jelly,
+blanc-mange, with pyramids of ice-cream. This last was always supplied
+by a French resident, Jean Contoit by name, whose very modest garden
+long continued to be the principal place from which such a dainty could
+be obtained. It may have been M. Contoit who, speaking to a compatriot
+of his first days in America, said, "Imagine! when I first came to this
+country, people cooked vegetables with water only, _and the calf's head
+was thrown away_!"
+
+Of the dress of that period I remember that ladies wore white cambric
+gowns, finely embroidered, in winter as well as in summer, and walked
+abroad in thin morocco slippers. Pelisses were worn in cold weather,
+often of some bright color, rose pink or blue. I have found in a family
+letter of that time the following description of a bride's toilet: "Miss
+E. was married in a frock of white merino, with a full suit of steel:
+comb, earrings, and so on." I once heard Mrs. William Astor, _nee_
+Armstrong, tell of a pair of brides, twin sisters, who appeared at
+church dressed in pelisses of white merino, trimmed with chinchilla,
+with caps of the same fur. They were much admired at the time.
+
+Among the festivities of old New York, the observance of New Year's Day
+held an important place. In every house of any pretension, the ladies of
+the family sat in their drawing-rooms, arrayed in their best dresses,
+and the gentlemen of their acquaintance made short visits, during which
+wine and rich cakes were offered them. It was allowable to call as early
+as ten o'clock in the morning. The visitor sometimes did little more
+than appear and disappear, hastily muttering something about "the
+compliments of the season." The gentlemen prided themselves upon the
+number of visits paid, the ladies upon the number received. Girls at
+school vexed each other with emulative boasting: "We had fifty calls on
+New Year's Day." "Oh! but _we_ had sixty-five." This perfunctory
+performance grew very tedious by the time the calling hours were ended,
+but apart from this, the day was one on which families were greeted by
+distant relatives rarely seen, while old friends met and revived their
+pleasant memories.
+
+In our house, the rooms were all thrown open. Bright fires burned in the
+grates. My father, after his adoption of temperance principles, forbade
+the offering of wine to visitors, and ordered it to be replaced by hot
+coffee. We were rather chagrined at this prohibition, but his will was
+law.
+
+I recall a New Year's Day early in the thirties, on which a yellow
+chariot stopped before our door. A stout, elderly gentleman descended
+from it, and came in to pay his compliments to my father. This gentleman
+was John Jacob Astor, who was already known to be possessed of great
+wealth.
+
+The pleasant custom just described was said to have originated with the
+Dutch settlers of the olden time. As the city grew in size, it became
+difficult and well-nigh impossible for gentlemen to make the necessary
+number of visits. Finally, a number of young men of the city took it
+upon themselves to call in squads at houses which they had no right to
+molest, consuming the refreshments provided for other guests, and making
+themselves disagreeable in various ways. This offense against good
+manners led to the discontinuance, by common consent, of the New Year's
+receptions.
+
+A younger sister of my mother, named Louisa Corde Cutler, was one of the
+historic beauties of her time. She was a frequent and beloved guest at
+my father's house, but her marriage took place at my grandmother's
+residence in Jamaica Plain. The bridegroom was the only son of Judge
+McAllister, of Savannah, Georgia. One of my aunt's bridesmaids, Miss
+Elizabeth Danforth, a lady much esteemed in the older Boston, once gave
+me the following account of the marriage:--
+
+"Yes, this is my beautiful bride. [My aunt was now about sixty years
+old.] Well do I recall the evening of her marriage. I was to be her
+bridesmaid, you know, and when the time came, I was all dressed and
+ready. But the Dorchester coach was wanted for old Madam Blake's
+funeral, and as there was no other conveyance to be had, I was obliged
+to wait for it. The time seemed endless while I was walking up and down
+the hall in my bridesmaid's dress, my mother from time to time exhorting
+me to have patience, without much effect.
+
+"At last the coach came, and in it I was driven to your grandmother's
+house in Jamaica Plain. As I entered the door I met the bridal party
+coming downstairs. Your mother said to me, 'Oh! Elizabeth, we thought
+you were not coming.' After this all passed off pleasantly. Your
+grandmother was dressed in a lilac silk gown of rather antiquated
+fashion, adorned with frills and furbelows which had passed out of date.
+Your mother, who had come on from New York for the ceremony, said to her
+later in the evening, 'Dear mamma, you must make a present of that gown
+to some theatrical friend. It is only fit for the boards.'"
+
+The officiating clergyman of the occasion was the Reverend Benjamin
+Clarke Cutler, brother of the bride. It was his first service of the
+kind, and the company were somewhat amused when, in absence or confusion
+of mind, he pronounced the nuptial blessing upon _M_ and _N_, the
+letters which stand in the church ritual for the names of the parties
+contracting. Accordingly, at the wedding supper, the first toast was
+drunk "to the health and happiness of M and N," and responded to with
+much merriment.
+
+I have further been told that the bride's elder sister, afterwards known
+as Mrs. Francis, danced "in stocking-feet" with my father's elder
+brother, this having been the ancient rule when the younger children
+were married before the older ones.
+
+In spite of the costume which met with her daughter's disapproval, my
+maternal grandmother was not indifferent to dress. She used to lament
+the ugliness of modern fashions, and to extol those of her youth, in
+which she was one of the _elegantes_ of Southern society. She remembered
+with pleasure that General Washington once crossed a ball-room to speak
+with her. This was probably when she was the wife or widow of Colonel
+Herne, to whom she was married at the age of fourteen (when her dolls,
+she told me, were taken away from her), and whose death occurred before
+she had attained legal majority. She had received a good musical
+education for those times, and Colonel Perkins of Boston once told me
+that he remembered her as a fascinating young widow with a lovely voice.
+It must have been during her visit to Boston that she met my grandfather
+Cutler, who straightway fell in love with and married her. When past her
+sixtieth year she would sometimes sing an old-time duet with my father.
+She had a great love of good literature. Here is what she told me about
+the fashions of her youth:
+
+"We wore our hair short, and _creped_ all over in short curls, which
+were kept in place by a spangled ribbon, bound around the head. Powder
+was universally worn. The _Marechale_ powder was most becoming to the
+complexion, having a slight yellowish tinge. We wore trains, but had a
+set of cords by which we pulled them up in festoons, when we went to
+dance. Brocades were much worn. I wanted one, but could not find one at
+the time, so I embroidered a pretty yellow silk dress of mine, and made
+a brocade of it."
+
+She once mentioned having known, in days long distant, of a company of
+ladies who had banded themselves together for some new departure of a
+patriotic intent, and who had waited upon General Washington in a body.
+I have since ascertained that they called themselves "Daughters of
+Liberty." A kindred association had been formed of "Sons of Liberty."
+Perhaps these ladies were of the mind of Mrs. John Adams, who, when
+congratulating her husband upon the liberties assured to American men by
+the then new Constitution of the United States, thought it "a pity that
+the legislators had not also done something for the ladies."
+
+Among the familiar figures of my early life is that of Dr. John
+Wakefield Francis. I wish it were in my power to give any adequate
+description of this remarkable man, who was certainly one of the
+worthies of his time. As already said, he was my uncle by marriage, and
+for many years a resident in my father's house. He was of German origin,
+florid in complexion and mercurial in temperament. His fine head was
+crowned with an abundance of silken curly hair. He always wore
+gold-bowed glasses, being very near-sighted, was a born humorist, and
+delighted in jest and hyperbole. He was an omnivorous reader, and was so
+constituted that four hours of sleep nightly sufficed to keep him in
+health. This was fortunate for him, as he had an extensive practice, and
+was liable to be called out at all hours of the night. A candle always
+stood on a table beside his pillow, and with it a pile of books and
+papers, which he habitually perused long before the coming of daylight.
+It so happened, however, that he waked one morning at about four of the
+clock, and saw his wife, wrapped in shawls, sitting near the fire,
+reading something by candlelight. The following conversation ensued:--
+
+"Eliza, what book is that you are reading?"
+
+"'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' dear."
+
+"Is it? I don't need to know anything more about it--it must be the
+greatest book of the age."
+
+His humor was extravagant. I once heard him exclaim, "How brilliant is
+the light which streams through the fissure of a cracked brain!" Again
+he spoke of "a fellow who couldn't go straight in a ropewalk." His
+anecdotes of things encountered in the exercise of his profession were
+most amusing.
+
+He found us seated in the drawing-room, one evening, to receive a visit
+from a very shy professor of Brown University. The doctor, surveying the
+group, seized this poor man, lifted him from the floor, and carried him
+round the circle, to express his pleasure at seeing an old friend. The
+countenance of the guest meanwhile showed an agony of embarrassment and
+terror.
+
+The doctor was very temperate in everything except tea, which he drank
+in the green variety, in strong and copious libations. Indeed, he had no
+need of wine or other alcoholic stimulants, his temperament being almost
+incandescent. Overflowing as he was with geniality, he yet accommodated
+himself easily to the requirements of a sick room, and showed himself
+tender, vigilant, and most sympathetic. He attended many people who
+could not, and some who would not, pay for his visits. One of these
+last, having been brought by him through an attack of cholera, was so
+much impressed with the kindness and skill of the doctor that he at once
+and for the first time sent him a check in recognition of services that
+money could not repay.
+
+After many years of residence with us, my uncle and aunt Francis
+removed, first to lodgings, and later to a house of their own. Here my
+aunt busied herself much with the needs of rich and poor. Ladies often
+came to her seeking good servants, her recommendation being considered
+an all-sufficient security. Women out of place came to her seeking
+employment, which she often found for them. These acts of kindness,
+often involving a considerable expenditure of time and trouble, the dear
+lady performed with no thought of recompense other than the assurance
+that she had been helpful to those who needed her assistance in manifold
+ways. In her new abode Auntie lived with careful economy, dispensing her
+simple hospitality with a generous hand. She was famous among her
+friends for delicious coffee and for excellent tea, which she always
+made herself, on the table.
+
+She sometimes invited friends for an evening party, but made it a point
+to invite those who were not her favorites for a separate occasion, not
+wishing to dilute her enjoyment of the chosen few, and, on the other
+hand, desiring not to hurt the feelings of any of her acquaintance by
+wholly leaving them out. When Edgar Allan Poe first became known in New
+York, Dr. Francis invited him to the house. It was on one of Auntie's
+good evenings, and her room was filled with company. The poet arrived
+just at a moment when the doctor was obliged to answer the call of a
+patient. He accordingly opened the parlor door, and pushed Mr. Poe into
+the room, saying, "Eliza, my dear, the Raven!" after which he
+immediately withdrew. Auntie had not heard of the poem, and was entirely
+at a loss to understand this introduction of the new-comer.
+
+It was always a pleasure to welcome distinguished strangers to New York.
+Mrs. Jameson's visit to the United States, in the year 1835, gave me the
+opportunity of making acquaintance with that very accomplished lady and
+author. I was then a girl of sixteen summers, but I had read the "Diary
+of an Ennuyee," which first brought Mrs. Jameson into literary
+prominence. I read afterwards with avidity the two later volumes in
+which she gives so good an account of modern art work in Europe. In
+these she speaks with enthusiasm of certain frescoes in Munich which I
+was sorry, many years later, to be obliged to consider less beautiful
+than her description of them would have warranted one in believing. When
+I perused these works, having myself no practical knowledge of art,
+their graphic style seemed to give me clear vision of the things
+described. The beautiful Pinakothek and Glyptothek of Munich became to
+me as if I actually saw them, and when it was my good fortune to visit
+them I seemed, especially in the case of the marbles, to meet with old
+friends. Mrs. Jameson's connoisseurship was not limited to pictorial and
+sculptural art. Of music also she was passionately fond. In the book
+just spoken of she describes an evening passed with the composer Wieck
+in his German home. In this she speaks of his daughter Clara, and of her
+lover, young Schumann. Clara Wieck, afterwards Madame Schumann, became
+well known in Europe as a pianist of eminence, and of Schumann as a
+composer it needs not now to speak. There were various legends regarding
+Mrs. Jameson's private history. It was said that her husband, marrying
+her against his will, parted from her at the church door, and thereafter
+left England for Canada, where he was residing at the time of her visit.
+I first met her at an evening party at the house of a friend. I was
+invited to make some music, and sang, among other things, a brilliant
+bravura air from "Semiramide." When I would have left the piano, Mrs.
+Jameson came to me and said, "_Altra cosa_, my dear." My voice had been
+cultivated with care, and though not of great power was considered
+pleasing in quality, and was certainly very flexible. I met Mrs. Jameson
+at several other entertainments devised in her honor. She was of middle
+height, her hair red blond in color. Her face was not handsome, but
+sensitive and sympathetic in expression. The elegant dames of New York
+were somewhat scandalized at her want of taste in dress. I actually
+heard one of them say, "How like the devil she does look!"
+
+After a winter passed in Canada, Mrs. Jameson again visited New York, on
+her way to England. She called upon me one day with a friend, and asked
+to see my father's pictures. Two of these, portraits of Charles First
+and his queen, were supposed to be by Vandyke. Mrs. Jameson doubted
+this. She spoke of her intimacy with the celebrated Mrs. Somerville, and
+said, "I think of her as a dear little woman who is very fond of
+drawing." When I went to return her visit, I found her engaged in
+earnest conversation with a son of Sir James Mackintosh. When he had
+taken leave, she said to me, "Mr. Mackintosh and I were almost at
+daggers drawing." So far as I could learn, their dispute related to
+democratic forms of government, and the society therefrom resulting,
+which he viewed with favor and she with bitter dislike. I inquired about
+her winter in Canada. She replied, "As the Irishman said, I had
+everything that a pig could want." A volume from her hand appeared soon
+after this time, entitled "Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada."
+Her work on "Sacred and Legendary Art" and her "Legends of the Madonna"
+were published some years later.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+HOME LIFE: MY FATHER
+
+
+I left school at the age of sixteen, and began thereafter to study in
+good earnest. Until that time a certain over-romantic and imaginative
+turn of mind had interfered much with the progress of my studies. I
+indulged in day-dreams which appeared to me far higher in tone than the
+humdrum of my school recitations. When these were at an end, I began to
+feel the necessity of more strenuous application, and at once arranged
+for myself hours of study, relieved by the practice of vocal and
+instrumental music.
+
+At this juncture, a much esteemed friend of my father came to pass some
+months with us. This was Joseph Green Cogswell, founder and principal of
+Round Hill School, at which my three brothers had been among his pupils.
+The school, a famous one in its day, was now finally closed. Our new
+guest was an accomplished linguist, and possessed an admirable power of
+imparting knowledge. With his aid, I resumed the German studies which I
+had already begun, but in which I had made but little progress. Under
+his tuition, I soon found myself able to read with ease the masterpieces
+of Goethe and Schiller.
+
+Rev. Leonard Woods, son of a well-known pastor of that name, was a
+familiar guest at my father's house. He took some interest in my
+studies, and at length proposed that I should become a contributor to
+the "Theological Review," of which he was editor at that time. I
+undertook to furnish a review of Lamartine's "Jocelyn," which had
+recently appeared. When I had done my best with this, Dr. Cogswell went
+over the pages with me very carefully, pointing out defects of style and
+arrangement. The paper attracted a good deal of attention, and some
+comments on it gave occasion to the admonition which my dear uncle
+thought fit to administer to me, as already mentioned.
+
+The house of my young ladyhood (I use this term, as it was the one in
+use at the time of which I write) was situated at the corner of Bond
+Street and Broadway. When my father built it, the fashion of the city
+had not proceeded so far up town. The model of the house was a noble
+one. Three spacious rooms and a small study occupied the first floor.
+These were furnished with curtains of blue, yellow, and red silk. The
+red room was that in which we took our meals. The blue room was the one
+in which we received visits, and passed the evenings. The yellow room
+was thrown open only on high occasions, but my desk and grand piano were
+placed in it, and I was allowed to occupy it at will. This and the blue
+room were adorned by beautiful sculptured mantelpieces, the work of
+Thomas Crawford, afterwards known as a sculptor of great merit. Many
+years after this time he became the husband of the sister next me in
+age, and the father of F. Marion Crawford, the now celebrated novelist.
+
+Our family was patriarchal in its dimensions, including my aunt and
+uncle Francis, whose children were all born in my father's house, and
+were very dear to him. My maternal grandmother also passed much time
+with us. My two younger brothers, Henry and Marion, were at home with us
+after a term of years at Round Hill School. My eldest brother, Samuel
+(afterwards the Sam. Ward of the Lobby), a most accomplished and
+agreeable young man, had recently returned from Europe, bringing with
+him a fine library. My father, having already added to his large house a
+spacious art gallery, now built a study, whose walls were entirely
+occupied by my brother's books. I had free access to these, and did not
+neglect to profit by it.
+
+From what I have just said, it may rightly be inferred that my father
+was a man of fine tastes, inclined to generous and even lavish
+expenditure. He desired to give us the best educational opportunities,
+the best and most expensive masters. He filled his art gallery with the
+finest pictures that money could command in the New York of that day. He
+gave largely to public undertakings, was one of the founders of the New
+York University, and was one of the foremost promoters of church
+building in the then distant West. He demurred only at expenses
+connected with dress and fashionable entertainment, for he always
+disliked and distrusted the great world. My dear eldest brother held
+many arguments with him on this theme. He saw, as we did, that our
+father was disposed to ignore the value of ordinary social intercourse.
+On one occasion the dispute between them became quite animated.
+
+"Sir," said my brother, "you do not keep in view the importance of the
+social tie."
+
+"The social what?" asked my father.
+
+"The social tie, sir."
+
+"I make small account of that," said the elder gentleman.
+
+"I will die in defense of it!" impetuously rejoined the younger. My
+father was so much amused at this sally that he spoke of it to an
+intimate friend: "He will die in defense of the social tie, indeed!"
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL WARD (MRS. HOWE'S father)
+
+_From a miniature by Anne Hall._]
+
+Our way of living was simple. The table was abundant, but not with the
+richest food. For many years, as I have said, no alcoholic stimulant
+appeared on it. My father gave away by dozens the bottles of costly wine
+stored in his cellar, but neither tasted their contents nor allowed us
+to do so. He was for a great part of his life a martyr to rheumatic
+gout, and a witty friend of his once said: "Ward, it must be the poor
+man's gout that you have, as you drink only water."
+
+We breakfasted at eight in winter, at half past seven in summer. My
+father read prayers before breakfast and before bedtime. If my brothers
+lingered over the morning meal, he would come in, hatted and booted for
+the day, and would say: "Young gentlemen, I am glad that you can afford
+to take life so easily. I am old and must work for my living," a speech
+which usually broke up our morning coterie. Dinner was served at four
+o'clock, a light lunch abbreviating the fast for those at home. At half
+past seven we sat down to tea, a meal of which toast, preserves, and
+cake formed the staple. In the evening we usually sat together with
+books and needlework, often with an interlude of music. An occasional
+lecture, concert, or evening party varied this routine. My brothers went
+much into fashionable society, but my own participation in its doings
+came only after my father's death, and after the two years' mourning
+which, according to the usage of those days, followed it.
+
+My father retained the Puritan feeling with regard to Saturday evening.
+He would remark that it was not a proper evening for company, regarding
+it as a time of preparation for the exercises of the day following, the
+order of which was very strict. We were indeed indulged on Sunday
+morning with coffee and muffins at breakfast, but, besides the morning
+and afternoon services at church, we young folks were expected to attend
+the two meetings of the Sunday-school. We were supposed to read only
+Sunday books, and I must here acknowledge my indebtedness to Mrs.
+Sherwood, an English writer now almost forgotten, whose religious
+stories and romances were supposed to come under this head. In the
+evening, we sang hymns, and sometimes received a quiet visitor.
+
+My readers, if I have any, may ask whether this restricted routine
+satisfied my mind, and whether I was at all sensible of the privileges
+which I really enjoyed, or ought to have enjoyed. I must answer that,
+after my school-days, I greatly coveted an enlargement of intercourse
+with the world. I did not desire to be counted among "fashionables," but
+I did aspire to much greater freedom of association than was allowed me.
+I lived, indeed, much in my books, and my sphere of thought was a good
+deal enlarged by the foreign literatures, German, French, and Italian,
+with which I became familiar. Yet I seemed to myself like a young damsel
+of olden time, shut up within an enchanted castle. And I must say that
+my dear father, with all his noble generosity and overweening affection,
+sometimes appeared to me as my jailer.
+
+My brother's return from Europe and subsequent marriage opened the door
+a little for me. It was through his intervention that Mr. Longfellow
+first visited us, to become a valued and lasting friend. Through him in
+turn we became acquainted with Professor Felton, Charles Sumner, and Dr.
+Howe. My brother was very fond of music, of which he had heard the best
+in Paris and in Germany. He often arranged musical parties at our house,
+at which trios of Beethoven, Mozart, and Schubert were given. His wit,
+social talent, and literary taste opened a new world to me, and enabled
+me to share some of the best results of his long residence in Europe.
+
+My father's jealous care of us was by no means the result of a
+disposition tending to social exclusiveness. It proceeded, on the
+contrary, from an over-anxiety as to the moral and religious influences
+to which his children might become subjected. His ideas of propriety
+were very strict. He was, moreover, not only a strenuous Protestant, but
+also an ardent "Evangelical," or Low Churchman, holding the Calvinistic
+views which then characterized that portion of the American Episcopal
+church. I remember that he once spoke to me of the anguish he had felt
+at the death of his own father, of the orthodoxy of whose religious
+opinions he had had no sufficient assurance. My grandfather, indeed, was
+supposed, in the family, to be of a rather skeptical and philosophizing
+turn of mind. He fell a victim to the first visitation of the cholera in
+1832.
+
+Despite a certain austerity of character, my father was much beloved and
+honored in the business world. He did much to give to the firm of Prime,
+Ward and King the high position which it attained and retained during
+his lifetime. He told me once that when he first entered the office, he
+found it, like many others, a place where gossip circulated freely. He
+determined to put an end to this, and did so. Among the foreign
+correspondents of his firm were the Barings of London, and Hottinguer et
+Cie. of Paris.
+
+In the great financial troubles which followed Andrew Jackson's refusal
+to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States, several States
+became bankrupt, and repudiated the obligations incurred by their bonds,
+to the great indignation of business people in both hemispheres. The
+State of New York was at one time on the verge of pursuing this course,
+which my father strenuously opposed. He called meeting after meeting,
+and was unwearied in his efforts to induce the financiers of the State
+to hold out. When this appeared well-nigh impossible, he undertook that
+his firm should negotiate with English correspondents a loan to carry
+the State over the period of doubt and difficulty. This he was able to
+effect. My eldest brother came home one day and said to me:--
+
+"As I walked up from Wall Street to-day, I saw a dray loaded with kegs
+on which were inscribed the letters, 'P. W. & K.' Those kegs contained
+the gold just sent to the firm from England to help our State through
+this crisis."
+
+My father once gave me some account of his early experiences in Wall
+Street. He had been sent, almost a boy, to New York, to try his fortune.
+His connection with Block Island families through his grandmother,
+Catharine Ray Greene, had probably aided in securing for him a clerk's
+place in the banking house of Prime and Sands, afterwards Prime, Ward
+and King. He soon ascertained that the Spanish dollars brought to the
+port by foreign trading vessels could be sold in Wall Street at a
+profit. He accordingly employed his leisure hours in the purchase of
+these coins, which he carried to Wall Street and there sold. This was
+the beginning of his fortune.
+
+A work published a score or more of years since, entitled "The Merchant
+Princes of Wall Street," concluded some account of my father by the
+statement that he died without fortune. This was far from true. His
+death came indeed at a very critical moment, when, having made extensive
+investments in real estate, his skill was requisite to carry this
+extremely valuable property over a time of great financial disturbance.
+His brother, our uncle, who became the guardian of our interests, was
+familiar with the stock market, but little versed in real estate
+transactions. By untimely sales, much of my father's valuable estate was
+scattered; yet it gave to each of his six children a fair inheritance
+for that time; for the millionaire fever did not break out until long
+afterwards.
+
+The death of this dear and noble parent took place when I was a little
+more than twenty years of age. Six months later I attained the period of
+legal responsibility, but before this a new sense of the import of life
+had begun to alter the current of my thoughts. With my father's death
+came to me a sense of my want of appreciation of his great kindness, and
+of my ingratitude for the many comforts and advantages which his
+affection had secured to me. He had given me the most delightful home,
+the most careful training, the best masters and books. He had even, as I
+have said, built a picture gallery for my especial instruction and
+enjoyment. All this I had taken, as a matter of course, and as my
+natural right. He had done his best to keep me out of frivolous society,
+and had been extremely strict about the visits of young men to the
+house. Once, when I expostulated with him upon these points, he told me
+that he had early recognized in me a temperament and imagination
+over-sensitive to impressions from without, and that his wish had been
+to guard me from exciting influences until I should appear to him fully
+able to guard and guide myself. It was hardly to be expected that a girl
+in her teens, or just out of them, should acquiesce in this restrictive
+guardianship, tender and benevolent as was its intention. My little acts
+of rebellion were met with some severity, but I now recall my father's
+admonitions as
+
+  "Soft rebukes with blessings ended."
+
+I cannot, even now, bear to dwell upon the desolate hush which fell upon
+our house when its stately head lay, silent and cold, in the midst of
+weeping friends and children. Six of us were made orphans, three sons
+and three daughters. We had had our little disagreements and
+dissensions, but the blow which now fell upon us drew us together with
+the bond of a common sorrow. My eldest brother had recently gone to
+reside in a house of his own. The second one, Henry by name, became at
+this time my great intimate. He was a high-strung youth, very chivalrous
+in disposition, full of fun and humor, but with a deep vein of thought.
+He was already betrothed to one whom I held dear, and I looked forward
+to many years brightened by his happiness, but alas! an attack of
+typhoid fever took him from us in the bloom of his youth. I was with him
+day and night during his illness, and when he closed his eyes, I would
+gladly, oh, so gladly, have died with him! The great anguish of this
+loss told heavily upon me, and I remember the time as one without light
+or comfort. I sought these indeed. A great religious revival was going
+on in New York, and a zealous young friend persuaded me to attend some
+of the meetings held in a neighboring church. I had never taken very
+seriously the doctrines of the religious body in which I had been
+reared. They now came home to me with terrible force, and a season of
+depression and melancholy followed, during which I remained in a measure
+cut off from the wholesome influences which reconcile us to life, even
+when it must be embittered by a sense of irreparable loss.
+
+At the time of my father's death, my dear bachelor uncle John, already
+mentioned, left his own house and came to live with us. When our
+paternal mansion was sold, some years later, he removed with us to the
+house of my eldest brother, who was already a widower. After my marriage
+my uncle again occupied a house of his own, in which for many years he
+made us all at home, even with our later incumbrances of children and
+nurses. He was, in short, the best and kindest of uncles. In business he
+was more adventurous than his rather deliberate manner would have led
+one to suppose. It was said that, in the course of his life, he had made
+and lost several fortunes. In the end he left a very fair estate, which
+was divided among the several sets of his nieces and nephews.
+
+Long before this he had become one of the worthies of Wall Street, and
+was universally spoken of as "Uncle John." Shortly after his retirement
+from active business, the Board of Brokers of New York requested him to
+sit to A. H. Wenzler for a portrait, to be hung in their place of
+meeting. The portrait was executed with entire success. I ought to
+mention in this connection that the directors of the New York Bank of
+Commerce, of which my father was the founder and first president,
+ordered a portrait of him from the well-known artist, Huntington.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+MY STUDIES
+
+
+As a love of study has been a leading influence in my life, I will here
+employ a little time, at the risk of some repetition, in tracing the way
+in which my thoughts had mostly tended up to the period when, after two
+years of deep depression, I suddenly turned to practical life with an
+eager desire to profit by its opportunities.
+
+From early days my dear mother noticed in me an introspective tendency,
+which led her to complain that when I went with her to friends' houses I
+appeared dreamy and little concerned with what was going on around me.
+My early education, received at home, interested me more than most of my
+school work. While one person devoted time and attention to me, I repaid
+the effort to my best ability. In the classes of my school-days, the
+contact between teacher and pupil was less immediate. I shall always
+remember with pleasure Mrs. B.'s "Conversations" on Chemistry, which I
+studied with great pleasure, albeit that I never saw one of the
+experiments therein described. I remember that Paley's "Evidences of
+Christianity" interested me more than his "Philosophy," and that Blair's
+"Rhetoric," with its many quotations from the poets, was a delight to
+me. As I have before said, I was not inapt at algebra and geometry, but
+was too indolent to acquire any mastery in mathematics. The French
+language was somehow _burnt_ into my mind by a cruel French teacher, who
+made my lessons as unpleasant as possible. My fear of him was so great
+that I really exerted myself seriously to meet his requirements. I have
+profited in later life by his severity, having been able not only to
+speak French fluently but also to write it with ease.
+
+I was fourteen years of age when I besought my father to allow me to
+have some lessons in Italian. These were given me by Professor Lorenzo
+Da Ponte, son of the veteran of whom I have already spoken. With him I
+read the dramas of Metastasio and of Alfieri.
+
+Through all these years there went with me the vision of some great work
+or works which I myself should give to the world. I should write the
+novel or play of the age. This, I need not say, I never did. I made
+indeed some progress in a drama founded upon Scott's novel of
+"Kenilworth," but presently relinquished this to begin a play suggested
+by Gibbon's account of the fall of Constantinople. Such successes as I
+did manage to achieve were in quite a different line, that of lyric
+poetry. A beloved music-master, Daniel Schlesinger, falling ill and
+dying, I attended his funeral and wrote some stanzas descriptive of the
+scene, which were printed in various papers, attracting some notice. I
+set them to music of my own, and sang them often, to the accompaniment
+of a guitar.
+
+Although the reading of Byron was sparingly conceded to us, and that of
+Shelley forbidden, the morbid discontent which characterized these poets
+made itself felt in our community as well as in England. Here, as
+elsewhere, it brought into fashion a certain romantic melancholy. It is
+true that at school we read Cowper's "Task," and did our parsing on
+Milton's "Paradise Lost," but what were these in comparison with:--
+
+  "The cold in clime are cold in blood,"
+
+or:--
+
+  "I loved her, Father, nay, adored."
+
+After my brother's return from Europe, I read such works of George Sand
+and Balzac as he would allow me to choose from his library. Of the two
+writers, George Sand appeared to me by far the superior, though I then
+knew of her works only "Les Sept Cordes de la Lyre," "Spiridion,"
+"Jacques," and "Andre." It was at least ten years after this time that
+"Consuelo" revealed to the world the real George Sand, and thereby made
+her peace with the society which she had defied and scandalized. Of my
+German studies I have already made mention. I began them with a class of
+ladies under the tuition of Dr. Nordheimer. But it was with the later
+aid of Dr. Cogswell that I really mastered the difficulties of the
+language. It was while I was thus engaged that my eldest brother
+returned from Germany. In conversing with him, I acquired the use of
+colloquial German. Having, as I have said, the command of his fine
+library, I was soon deep in Goethe's "Faust" and "Wilhelm Meister,"
+reading also the works of Jean Paul, Matthias Claudius, and Herder.
+
+Thus was a new influence introduced into the life of one who had been
+brought up after the strictest rule of New England Puritanism. I derived
+from these studies a sense of intellectual freedom so new to me that it
+was half delightful, half alarming. My father undertook one day to read
+an English translation of "Faust." He presently came to me and said,--
+
+"My daughter, I hope that you have not read this wicked book!"
+
+I must say, even after an interval of sixty years, that I do not
+consider "Wilhelm Meister" altogether good reading for the youth of our
+country. Its great author introduces into his recital scenes and
+personages calculated to awaken strange discords in a mind ignorant of
+any greater wrong than the small sins of a well-ordered household.
+Although disapproving greatly of Goethe, my father took a certain pride
+in my literary accomplishments, and was much pleased, I think, at the
+commendation which followed some of my early efforts. One of these, a
+brief essay on the minor poems of Goethe and Schiller, was published in
+the "New York Review," perhaps in 1848, and was spoken of in the "North
+American" of that time as "a charming paper, said to have been written
+by a lady."
+
+I have already said that a vision of some important literary work which
+I should accomplish was present with me in my early life, and had much
+to do with habits of study acquired by me in youth, and never wholly
+relinquished. At this late day, I find it difficult to account for a
+sense of literary responsibility which never left me, and which I must
+consider to have formed a part of my spiritual make-up. My earliest
+efforts in prose, two review articles, were probably more remarked at
+the time of their publication than their merit would have warranted. But
+women writers were by no means as numerous sixty years ago as they are
+to-day. Neither was it possible for a girl student in those days to find
+that help and guidance toward a literary career which may easily be
+commanded to-day.
+
+The death, within one year, of my father and most dearly loved brother
+touched within me a deeper train of thought than I had yet known. The
+anguish which I then experienced sought relief in expression, and took
+form in a small collection of poems, which Margaret Fuller urged me to
+publish, but which have never seen the light, and never will.
+
+Among the friends who frequented my father's house was the Rev. Francis
+L. Hawkes, long the pastor of a very prominent and fashionable Episcopal
+church in New York. I remember that on one occasion he began to abuse my
+Germans in good earnest for their irreligion and infidelity, of which I,
+indeed, knew nothing. I inquired whether he had read any of the authors
+whom he so unsparingly condemned. He was forced to confess that he had
+not, but presently turned upon me, quite indignant that I should have
+asked such a question. I recall another occasion on which the
+anti-slavery agitation was spoken of. Dr. Hawkes condemned it very
+severely, and said: "If I could get hold of one of those men who are
+trying to stir up the slaves of the South to cut their masters' throats,
+I would hang him to that lamp-post." An uncle of mine who was present
+said: "Doctor, I honor you!" but I felt much offended at the doctor's
+violence. With these exceptions his society was a welcome addition to
+our family circle. He was a man of genial temperament and commanding
+character, widely read in English literature, and esteemed very eloquent
+as a preacher.
+
+I remember moments in which the enlargement of my horizon of thought and
+of faith became strongly sensible to me, in the quiet of my reading, in
+my own room. A certain essay in the "Wandsbecker Bote" of Matthias
+Claudius ends thus: "And is he not also the God of the Japanese?"
+Foolish as it may appear, it had never struck me before that the God
+whom I had been taught to worship was the God of any peoples outside the
+limits of Judaism and Christendom. The suggestion shocked me at first,
+but, later on, gave me much satisfaction. Another such moment I recall
+when, having carefully read "Paradise Lost" to the very end, I saw
+presented before me the picture of an eternal evil, of Satan and his
+ministers subjugated indeed by God, but not conquered, and able to
+maintain against Him an opposition as eternal as his goodness. This
+appeared to me impossible, and I threw away, once and forever, the
+thought of the terrible hell which till then had always formed part of
+my belief. In its place, I cherished the persuasion that the victory of
+goodness must consist in making everything good, and that Satan himself
+could have no shield strong enough to resist permanently the divine
+power of the divine spirit.
+
+This was a great emancipation for me, and I soon welcomed with joy every
+evidence in literature which tended to show that religion has never been
+confined to the experience of a particular race or nation, but has shown
+itself at all times, and under every variety of form, as a seeking for
+the divine and a reverence for the things unseen.
+
+So much for study!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+SAMUEL WARD AND THE ASTORS
+
+
+My first peep at the great world in grown-up days was at a dinner party
+given by a daughter of General Armstrong, married to the eldest son of
+the first John Jacob Astor. Mrs. Astor was a person of very elegant
+taste. She had received a part of her education in Paris, at the time
+when her father represented our government at the Court of France. Her
+notions of propriety in dress were very strict. According to these,
+jewels were not to be worn in the daytime. Glaring colors and striking
+contrasts were to be avoided. Much that is in favor to-day would have
+been ruled out by her as inadmissible. At the dinner of which I speak
+the ladies were in evening dress, which in those days did not transcend
+modest limits. One very pretty married lady wore a white turban, which
+was much admired. Another lady was adorned with a coronet of fine stone
+cameos,--which has recently been presented to the Boston Art Museum by a
+surviving member of her family.
+
+My head was dressed for this occasion by Martel, a dainty half Spanish
+or French octoroon, endowed with exquisite taste, a ready wit, and a
+saucy tongue. He was the Figaro of the time, and his droll sayings were
+often quoted among his lady customers. The hair was then worn low at the
+back of the head, woven into elaborate braids and darkened with French
+_pomade_, while an ornament called a _feroniere_ was usually worn upon
+the forehead or just above it. This was sometimes a string of pearls
+with a diamond star in the middle, oftener a gold chain or band
+ornamented with a jewel. The fashion, while it prevailed, was so general
+that evening dress was scarcely considered complete without it.
+
+Not long after the dinner party just mentioned, my eldest brother
+married the eldest daughter of the Astor family. I officiated at the
+wedding as first bridesmaid, a sister of the bride and one of my own
+completing the number. The bride wore a dress of rich white silk, and
+was coiffed with a scarf of some precious lace, in lieu of a veil. On
+her forehead shone a diamond star, the gift of her grandfather, Mr. John
+Jacob Astor. The bridesmaids' dresses were of white _moire_, then a
+material of the newest fashion. I had begged my father to give me a
+_feroniere_ for this occasion, and he had presented me with a very
+pretty string of pearls, having a pearl pansy and drop in the centre.
+This fashion, I afterwards learned, was very ill suited to the contour
+of my face. At the time, however, I had the comfort of supposing that I
+looked uncommonly well. The ceremony took place in the evening at the
+house of the bride's parents. A very elaborate supper was afterwards
+served, at which the first groomsman proposed the health of the bride
+and groom, which was drunk without response. A wedding journey was not a
+_sine qua non_ in those days, but a wedding reception was usual. In this
+instance it took the form of a brilliant ball, every guest being in turn
+presented to the bride. On the floor of the ball-room a floral design
+had been traced in colored chalks. The evening was at its height when my
+father gravely admonished me that it was time to go home. Paternal
+authority was without appeal in those days.
+
+In my character of bridesmaid, I was allowed to attend one or two of the
+entertainments given in honor of this marriage. The gayeties of New York
+were then limited to balls, dinners, and evening parties. The afternoon
+tea was not invented until a much later period. One or two extra
+_elegantes_ received on stated afternoons. My dear uncle John, taking up
+a card left for me, with the inscription, "Mrs. S. at home on Thursday
+afternoon," remarked, "At home on Thursday afternoon? I am glad to learn
+that she is so domestic." This lady, who was a leading personage in the
+social world, used also to receive privileged friends on one evening in
+the week, giving only a cup of chocolate and some cakes or biscuits.
+
+My eldest brother, Samuel Ward, the fourth of the same name, has been so
+well known, both in public and in private life, that my reminiscences
+would not be complete without some special characterization of him. In
+my childhood he was my ideal and my idol. A handsome youth, quick of wit
+and tender of heart, brilliant in promise, and with a great and
+versatile power of work in him, I doubt whether Round Hill School ever
+turned out a more remarkable pupil.
+
+From Round Hill my brother passed to Columbia College, graduating
+therefrom after a four years' course. His mathematical attainments were
+considered remarkable, and my father, desiring to give him the best
+opportunity of extending his studies, sent him to Europe before he had
+attained his majority, with a letter of credit whose amount the banker,
+Hottinguer, thought it best not to impart to the young student, so much
+did he consider it beyond his needs.
+
+My brother's career in Europe, where he spent some years at this time,
+was not altogether in accordance with the promise of his early devotion
+to mathematical science. He saw much of German student life, and studied
+enough to obtain a degree from the University of Tuebingen. Before his
+departure from America he had written two articles for the "North
+American Review." One of these was on Locke's "Essay on the Human
+Understanding," the other on Euler's works. In Paris, he became the
+intimate friend of the famous critic, Jules Janin, and made acquaintance
+with other literary men of the time. He returned to America in 1835,
+speaking French like a Parisian and German as fluently as if that had
+been his native language. He had purchased a great part of the
+scientific library of La Grange, and an admirable collection of French
+and German works. At this period, he desired to make literature, rather
+than science, the leading pursuit of his life. He devoted much time to
+the composition of a work descriptive of Paris. He wrote many chapters
+of this in French, and I was proud to be allowed to render them into
+English. He brought into the Puritanic limits of our family circle a
+flavor of European life and culture which greatly delighted me.
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL WARD JR. _From a painting by Baron Vogel._]
+
+My brother had spent a great deal of money while in Europe, and my
+father, who had done so much for him, began to think it time that this
+darling of fortune should take steps to earn his own support. The
+easiest way for him to accomplish this was to accept a post in the
+banking house of Prime, Ward and King, with the prospect of partnership
+later. He decided, with some reluctance, to pursue this course. His
+first day's performance at the office was so faulty that my father, on
+reviewing it, exclaimed, "You will play the very devil with the
+check-book, sir, if you use it in this way." He, however, applied
+himself diligently to his office work, and soon mastered its
+difficulties, but without developing a taste for business pursuits.
+Literature was still his ruling passion, and he devoted such leisure as
+he could command to study and to the composition of several lectures,
+which he delivered with some success.
+
+I have already spoken of his marriage with a daughter of Mr. William B.
+Astor. This union, a very happy one, was not of long duration. After a
+few years of married life, he was left a widower, with a daughter still
+in infancy, who became the especial charge and darling of my sister
+Louisa.
+
+After an interval of some years, my brother married Miss Grimes of New
+Orleans, a lady of uncommon beauty and talent. In the mean time we had
+to mourn the death of our beloved father, whose sober judgment and
+strong will had exercised a most salutary influence upon my brother's
+sanguine temperament. He now became anxious to increase his income; and
+this anxiety led him to embark in various speculations, which were not
+always fortunate. He left the firm of Prime, Ward and King, and was one
+of the first who went to California after its cession to the United
+States.
+
+The Indians were then in near proximity to San Francisco, and Uncle Sam,
+as he came to be called, went much among them, and became so well versed
+in their diverse dialects as to be able to act as interpreter between
+tribes unacquainted with each other's forms of speech. He once wrote out
+and sent me some tenses of an Indian verb which had impressed him with
+its resemblance to corresponding parts of the Greek language. I showed
+this to Theodore Parker, who considered it remarkable, and at once
+caused my brother to be elected as a member of some learned association
+devoted to philological research.
+
+An anecdote of his experience with the Indians may be briefly narrated
+here. He had been passing some time at a mining camp in the neighborhood
+of an Indian settlement, and had entered into friendly relations with
+the principal chief of the tribe. Thinking that a trip to San Francisco
+would greatly amuse this noble savage, he with some difficulty persuaded
+the elders of the tribe to allow their leader to accompany him to the
+city, where they had no sooner landed than the chief slipped out of
+sight and could not be found. Several days passed without any news of
+him, although advertisements were soon posted and a liberal reward
+offered to any one who should discover his whereabouts. My brother and
+his party were finally obliged to return to camp without him. This they
+did very unwillingly, knowing that the chief's prolonged absence would
+arouse the suspicions of his followers that he had met with
+ill-treatment.
+
+And so indeed it proved. Soon after their arrival at the settlement they
+were told that the Indians were becoming much excited, and that a
+council and war-dance were in preparation. The whites, a handful of men,
+armed themselves, and were preparing to sell their lives dearly, when
+suddenly the chief himself appeared among them. The Indians were
+pacified and the whites were overjoyed. The fugitive gave the following
+explanation of his strange conduct. He had been much alarmed by the
+noises heard on board the steamer, which he seemed to have mistaken for
+a living creature. "He must be sick, he groans so!" was his expression.
+Resolving that he would not return by that means of conveyance, he had
+found for himself a hiding-place on a hill commanding a view of the
+harbor. From this height of vantage he was able to observe the movements
+of the party which had brought him to the city. When he saw the men
+reembark on the steamer, he felt himself secure from recapture, and
+managed to steal a horse and to find his way back to his own people. If
+his misunderstanding of the nature of the boat should seem improbable,
+we must remember the Highlander who picked up a watch on some
+battlefield, and the next day sold it for a trifle, averring that "the
+creature had died in the night."
+
+During the period of the civil war, my brother resided in Washington,
+where his social gifts were highly valued. His sympathies were with the
+Democratic party, but his friendships went far beyond the limits of
+partisanship. He had an unusual power of reconciling people who were at
+variance with each other, and the dinners at which he presided furnished
+occasions to bring face to face political opponents accustomed to avoid
+each other, but unable to resist the _bonhomie_ which sought to make
+them better friends. He became known as King of the Lobby, but much more
+as the prince of entertainers. Although careful in his diet, he was well
+versed in gastronomics, and his menus were wholly original and
+excellent. He had friendly relations with the diplomats who were
+prominent in the society of the capital. Lord Rosebery and the Duke of
+Devonshire were among his friends, as were also the late Senator Bayard
+and President Garfield.
+
+Quite late in life, he enjoyed a turn of good fortune, and was most
+generous in his use of the wealth suddenly acquired, and alas! as
+suddenly lost. His last visit to Europe was in 1882-83, when, after
+passing some months with Lord and Lady Rosebery, he proceeded to Rome to
+finish the winter with our sister, Mrs. Terry. In his travels he had
+contracted a fatal disease, and his checkered and brilliant career came
+to an end at Pegli, near Genoa, in the spring of 1884. Of his oft
+contemplated literary work there remains a volume of poems entitled
+"Literary Recreations." The poet Longfellow, my brother's lifelong
+friend and intimate, esteemed these productions of his as true poetry,
+and more than once said to me of their author, "He is the most lovable
+man that I have ever known." I certainly never knew one who took so much
+delight in giving pleasure to others, or whose life was so full of
+natural, overflowing geniality and beneficence.
+
+Shortly after his first marriage my brother and his bride came to reside
+with us. In their company I often visited the Astor mansion, which was
+made delightful by good taste, good manners, and hospitable
+entertainment.
+
+Mr. William B. Astor, the head of the family, was a rather shy and
+silent man. He had received the best education that a German university
+could offer. The Chevalier Bunsen had been his tutor, and Schopenhauer,
+then a student at the same university, had been his friend. He had a
+love for letters, and might perhaps have followed this natural leading
+to advantage, had he not become his father's man of business, and thus
+been forced to devote much of his life to the management of the great
+Astor estate. At the time of which I speak, he resided on the
+unfashionable side of Broadway, not far below Canal Street.
+
+At this time I was often invited to the house of his father, Mr. John
+Jacob Astor. This house, which the old gentleman had built for himself,
+was situated on Broadway, between Prince and Spring streets. Adjoining
+it was one which he had built for a favorite granddaughter, Mrs. Boreel.
+He was very fond of music, and sometimes engaged the services of a
+professional pianist. I remember that he was much pleased at
+recognizing, one evening, the strains of a brilliant waltz, of which he
+said: "I heard it at a fair in Switzerland years ago. The Swiss women
+were whirling round in their red petticoats." On another occasion, we
+sang the well-known song, "Am Rhein;" and Mr. Astor, who was very stout
+and infirm of person, rose and stood beside the piano, joining with the
+singers. "Am Rhein, am Rhein, da wachset suesses Leben," he sang, instead
+of "Da wachsen unsere Reben."
+
+My sister-in-law, Emily Astor Ward, was endowed with a voice whose
+unusual power and beauty had been enhanced by careful training. We
+sometimes sang together or separately at old Mr. Astor's musical
+parties, and at one of these he said to us, as we stood together: "You
+are my singing birds." Of our two _repertoires_, mine was the most
+varied, as it included French and German songs, while she sang mostly
+operatic music. The rich volume of her voice, however, carried her
+hearers quite away. Her figure and carriage were fine, and in her
+countenance beauty of expression lent a great charm to features which in
+themselves were not handsome.
+
+Although the elder Astor had led a life mainly devoted to business
+interests, he had great pleasure in the society of literary men.
+Fitz-Greene Halleck and Washington Irving were familiar visitors at his
+house, and he conceived so great a regard for Dr. Joseph Green Cogswell
+as to insist upon his becoming an inmate of his family. He finally went
+to reside with Mr. Astor, attracted partly by the latter's promise to
+endow a public library in the city of New York. This was accomplished
+after some delay, and the doctor was for many years director of the
+Astor Library.
+
+He used to relate some humorous anecdotes of excursions which he made
+with Mr. Astor. In the course of one of these, the two gentlemen took
+supper together at a hotel recently opened. Mr. Astor remarked: "This
+man will never succeed."
+
+"Why not?" inquired the other.
+
+"Don't you see what large lumps of sugar he puts in the sugar bowl?"
+
+Once, as they were walking slowly to a pilot-boat which the old
+gentleman had chartered for a trip down the harbor, Dr. Cogswell said:
+"Mr. Astor, I have just been calculating that this boat costs you
+twenty-five cents a minute." Mr. Astor at once hastened his pace,
+reluctant to waste so much money.
+
+In his own country Mr. Astor had been a member of the German Lutheran
+Church. He once mentioned this fact to a clergyman who called upon him
+in the interest of some charity. The visitor congratulated Mr. Astor
+upon the increased ability to do good, which his great fortune gave him.
+"Ah!" said Mr. Astor, "the disposition to do good does not always
+increase with the means." In the last years of his life he was afflicted
+with insomnia. Dr. Cogswell often sat with him through a great part of
+the night, the coachman, William, being also in attendance. In these
+sleepless nights, his mind appeared to be much exercised with regard to
+a future state. On one of these occasions, when Dr. Cogswell had done
+his best to expound the theme of immortality, Mr. Astor suddenly said to
+his servant: "William, where do you expect to go when you die?" The man
+replied: "Why, sir, I always expected to go where the other people
+went."
+
+Young as my native city was in my youth, it still retained some fossils
+of an earlier period. Conspicuous among these were two sisters, of whom
+the elder had been a recognized beauty and belle at the time of the War
+of Independence.
+
+Miss Charlotte White was what was called "a character" in those days.
+She was tall and of commanding figure, attired after an ancient fashion,
+but with great care. I remember her calling upon my aunt one morning, in
+company with a lady friend much inclined to _embonpoint_. The lady's
+name was Euphemia, and Miss White addressed her thus: "Feme, thou female
+Falstaff." She took some notice of me, and began to talk of the gayeties
+of her youth, and especially of a ball given at Newport during the war,
+at which she had received especial attention.
+
+On returning the visit we found the sisters in the quaintest little
+sitting-room imaginable, the floor covered with a green Brussels carpet,
+woven in one piece, with a medallion of flowers in the centre, evidently
+manufactured to order. The furniture was of enameled white wood. We were
+entertained with cake and wine.
+
+The younger of the sisters was much afraid of lightning, and had devised
+a curious little refuge to which she always betook herself when a
+thunderstorm appeared imminent. This was a wooden platform standing on
+glass feet, with a seat and a silken canopy, which the good lady drew
+closely around her, remaining thus enveloped until the dreaded danger
+was past.
+
+My father sometimes endeavored to overcome my fear of lightning by
+taking me up to the cupola of our house, and bidding me admire the
+beauty of the storm. Wishing to impress upon me the absurdity of giving
+way to fear, he told me of a lady whom he had known in his youth who,
+being overtaken by a thunderstorm at a place of public resort, so lost
+her head that she seized the wig of a gentleman standing near her, and
+waved it wildly in the air, to his great wrath and discomfiture. I am
+sorry to say that this dreadful warning provoked my laughter, but did
+not increase my courage.
+
+The years of mourning for my father and beloved brother being at an end,
+and the sister next to me being now of an age to make her debut in
+society, I began with her a season of visiting, dancing, and so on. My
+sister was very handsome, and we were both welcome guests at fashionable
+entertainments.
+
+I was passionately fond of music, and scarcely less so of dancing, and
+the history of the next two winters would, if written, chronicle a
+series of balls, concerts, and dinners.
+
+I did not, even in these years of social routine, abandon either my
+studies or my hope of contributing to the literature of my generation.
+Hours were not then unreasonably late. Dancing parties usually broke up
+soon after one o'clock, and left me fresh enough to enjoy the next day's
+study.
+
+We saw many literary people and some of the scientists with whom my
+brother had become acquainted while in Europe. Among the first was John
+L. O'Sullivan, the accomplished editor of the "Democratic Review." When
+the poet Dana visited our city, he always called upon us, and we
+sometimes had the pleasure of seeing with him his intimate friend,
+William Cullen Bryant, who very rarely appeared in general society.
+
+Among our scientific guests I especially remember an English gentleman
+who was in those days a distinguished mathematician, and who has since
+become very eminent. He was of the Hebrew race, and had fallen violently
+in love with a beautiful Jewish heiress, well known in New York. His
+wooing was not fortunate, and the extravagance of his indignation at its
+result was both pathetic and laughable. He once confided to me his
+intention of paying his addresses to the lady's young niece. "And Miss
+---- shall become our Aunt Hannah!" he said, with extreme bitterness.
+
+I exhorted him to calm himself by devotion to his scientific pursuits,
+but he replied: "Something better than mathematics has waked up here!"
+pointing to his heart. He wrote many verses, which he read aloud to our
+sympathizing circle. I recall from one of these a distich of some merit.
+Speaking of his fancied wrongs, and warning his fair antagonist to
+beware of the revenge which he might take, he wrote:--
+
+  "Wine gushes from the trampled grape,
+  Iron's branded into steel."
+
+In the end he returned to the science which had been his first love, and
+which rewarded his devotion with a wide reputation.
+
+These years glided by with fairy-like swiftness. They were passed by my
+sisters and myself under my brother's roof, where the beloved uncle also
+made his home with us so long as we remained together.
+
+I have dwelt a good deal on the circumstances and surroundings of my
+early life in my native city. If this state of things here described had
+continued, I should probably have remained a frequenter of fashionable
+society, a musical amateur, and a _dilettante_ in literature.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+MARRIAGE: TOUR IN EUROPE
+
+
+Quite other experiences were in store for me. I chanced to pass the
+summer of 1841 at a cottage in the neighborhood of Boston, with my
+sisters and a young friend much endeared to us as the betrothed of the
+dearly loved brother Henry, whose recent death had greatly grieved us.
+
+Longfellow and Sumner often visited us in our retirement. The latter
+once made mention of Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe's wonderful achievement in
+the case of Laura Bridgman, the first blind deaf mute who had ever been
+taught the use of language. He also brought us some of the reports which
+gave an account of the progress of her education. It was proposed that
+we should drive over to the Perkins Institution on a given day. Mr.
+Longfellow came for me in a buggy, while Mr. Sumner conducted my two
+sisters and our friend.
+
+We found Laura, then a child of ten years, seated at her little desk,
+and beside her another girl of the same age, also a blind deaf mute. The
+name of this last was Lucy Reed, and we learned that, until brought to
+the Institution, she had been accustomed to cover her head and face with
+a cotton bag of her own manufacture. Her complexion was very delicate
+and her countenance altogether pleasing. While the two children were
+holding converse through the medium of the finger alphabet, Lucy's face
+was suddenly lit up by a smile so beautiful as to call forth from us an
+involuntary exclamation. Unfortunately, this young girl was soon taken
+away by her parents, and I have never had any further knowledge
+concerning her.
+
+Dr. Howe was absent when we arrived at the Institution, but before we
+took leave of it, Mr. Sumner, looking out of a window, said, "Oh! here
+comes Howe on his black horse." I looked out also, and beheld a noble
+rider on a noble steed. The doctor dismounted, and presently came to
+make our acquaintance. One of our party proposed to give Laura some
+trinket which she wore, but Dr. Howe forbade this rather sternly. He
+made upon us an impression of unusual force and reserve. Only when I was
+seated beside Longfellow for the homeward drive, he mischievously
+remarked, "Longfellow, I see that your horse has been down," at which
+the poet seemed a little discomfited.
+
+Mr. Sanborn, in the preface to his biography of Dr. Howe, says:--
+
+"It has fallen to my lot to know, both in youth and in age, several of
+the most romantic characters of our century; and among them one of the
+most romantic was certainly the hero of these pages. That he was indeed
+a hero, the events of his life sufficiently declare."
+
+This writer, in his interesting memoir, often quotes passages from one
+prepared by myself shortly after my husband's death. In executing this
+work, I was forced to keep within certain limits, as my volume was
+primarily intended for the use of the blind, a circumstance which
+necessitated the printing of it in raised letters. As this process is
+expensive, and its results very cumbersome, economy of space becomes an
+important condition in its execution.
+
+Mr. Sanborn, not having suffered this limitation, and having had many
+documents at his disposal, has been able to add much interesting matter
+to what I was only able to give in outline. An even fuller biography
+than his will be published ere many years, by our children, but the best
+record of the great philanthropist's life remains in the new influences
+which he brought to bear on the community. Traces of these may be found
+in the improved condition of the several classes of unfortunates whose
+interests he espoused and vindicated, often to the great indignation of
+parties less enlightened. He himself had, what he was glad to recognize
+in Wendell Phillips, a prophetic quality of mind. His sanguine
+temperament, his knowledge of principles and reliance upon them,
+combined to lead him in advance of his own time. Experts in reforms and
+in charities acknowledge the indebtedness of both to his unremitting
+labors. What the general public should most prize and hold fast is the
+conviction, so clearly expressed by him, that humanity has a claim to be
+honored and aided, even where its traits appear most abnormal and
+degraded. He demanded for the blind an education which would render them
+self-supporting; for the idiot, the training of his poor and maimed
+capabilities; for the insane and the criminal, the watchful and
+redemptive tutelage of society. In the world as he would have had it,
+there should have been neither paupers nor outcasts. He did all that one
+man could do to advance the coming of this millennial consummation.
+
+My husband, Dr. Howe, was my senior by nearly a score of years. If I
+mention this discrepancy in our ages, it is that I may acknowledge in
+him the superiority of experience which so many years of the most noble
+activity had naturally given him. My own true life had been that of a
+student and of a dreamer. Dr. Howe had read and thought much, but he had
+also acquired the practical knowledge which is rarely attained in the
+closet or at the desk. His career from the outset had been characterized
+by energy and perseverance. In his college days, this energy had found
+much of its vent in undertakings of boyish mischief. When he came to
+man's estate, a new inspiration took possession of him. The devotion to
+ideas and principles, the zeal for the rights of others which go to make
+up the men of public spirit--those leading traits now appeared in him,
+and at once gave him a place among the champions of human freedom.
+
+The love of adventure and the example of Lord Byron had, no doubt, some
+part in his determination to cast in his lot with the Greeks in the
+memorable struggle which restored to them their national life. But the
+solidity and value of the services which he rendered to that oppressed
+people showed in time that he was endowed, not only with the generous
+impulses of youth, but with the forethought of mature manhood.
+
+After some years of gallant service, in which he shared all the
+privations of the little army, accustoming himself to the bivouac by
+night, to hunger, hard fare, and constant fighting by day, he became
+convinced that the Greeks were in danger of being reduced to submission
+by absolute starvation. All the able-bodied men of the nation were in
+the field. The Turks had devastated the land, and there were no hands to
+till it. He therefore returned to America, and there preached so
+effectual a crusade in behalf of the Greeks that a considerable sum of
+money was contributed for their relief. These funds were expended by Dr.
+Howe in shiploads of clothing and provisions, of which he himself
+superintended the distribution, thus enabling the Greeks to hold out
+until a sudden turn in political affairs induced the diplomacy of
+western Europe to espouse their cause.
+
+When the liberation of Greece had become an assured fact, Dr. Howe
+returned to America to find and take up his life-work. The education of
+the blind presented a worthy field for his tireless activity. He
+founded, built up, and directed the first institution for their benefit
+known in this country. This was a work of great difficulty, and one for
+which the means at hand appeared utterly inadequate. Beginning with the
+training of three little blind children in his father's house, he
+succeeded so well in enlisting the sympathies of the public in behalf of
+the class which they represented that funds soon flowed in from various
+sources. The present well-known institution, with its flourishing
+workshop, printing establishment, and other dependencies, stands to
+attest his work, and the support given to it by the community.
+
+A new lustre was added to his name by the wonderful series of
+experiments which brought the gifts of human speech and knowledge to a
+blind deaf mute. The story of Laura Bridgman is too well known to need
+repetition in these pages. As related by Charles Dickens in his
+"American Notes," it carried Dr. Howe's fame to the civilized world.
+When he visited Europe with this deed of merit put upon his record, it
+was as one whom high and low should delight to honor.
+
+Mr. Emerson somewhere speaks of the romance of some special
+philanthropy. Dr. Howe's life became an embodiment of this romance. Like
+all inspired men, he brought into the enterprises of his day new ideas
+and a new spirit. Deep in his heart lay a sense of the dignity and
+ability of human nature, which forced him to reject the pauperizing
+methods then employed in regard to various classes of unfortunates. The
+blind must not only be fed and housed and cared for; they must learn to
+make their lives useful to the community; they must be taught and
+trained to earn their own support. Years of patient effort enabled him
+to accomplish this; and the present condition of the blind in American
+communities attests the general acceptance of their claim to the
+benefits of education and the dignity of useful labor.
+
+Dr. Howe's public services, however, were by no means limited to the
+duties of his especial charge. With keen power of analysis, he explored
+the most crying evils of society, seeking to discover, even in their
+sources, the secret of their prevention and cure. His masterly report on
+idiocy led to the establishment of a school for feeble-minded children,
+in which numbers of these were trained to useful industries, and
+redeemed from brutal ignorance and inertia. He aided Dorothea Dix in her
+heroic efforts to improve the condition of the insane. He worked with
+Horace Mann for the uplifting of the public schools. He stood with the
+heroic few who dared to advocate the abolition of slavery. In these and
+many other departments of work his influence was felt, and it is worthy
+of remark that, although employing his power in so many directions, his
+use of it was wonderfully free from waste. He indulged in no vaporous
+visions, in no redundancy of phrases. The documents in which he gave to
+the public the results of his experience are models of statement, terse,
+simple, and direct.
+
+I became engaged to Dr. Howe during a visit to Boston in the winter of
+1842-43, and was married to him on the 23d of April of the latter year.
+A week later we sailed for Europe in one of the small Cunard steamers of
+that time, taking with us my youngest sister, Annie Ward, whose state of
+health gave us some uneasiness. My husband's great friend, Horace Mann,
+and his bride, Mary Peabody, sailed with us. During the first two days
+of the voyage I was stupefied by sea-sickness, and even forgot that my
+sister was on board the steamer. On the evening of the second day I
+remembered her, and managed with the help of a very stout stewardess to
+visit her in her stateroom, where she had for her roommate a cousin of
+the poet Longfellow. We bewailed our common miseries a little, but the
+next morning brought a different state of things. As soon as I was
+awake, my husband came to me bringing a small dose of brandy with
+cracked ice. "Drink this," he said, "and ask Mrs. Bean [the stewardess]
+to help you get on your clothes, for you must go up on deck; we shall be
+at Halifax in a few hours." Magnetized by the stronger will, I struggled
+with my weakness, and was presently clothed and carried up on deck.
+"Now, I am going for Annie," said Dr. Howe, leaving me comfortably
+propped up in a safe seat. He soon returned with my dear sister, as
+helpless as myself. The fresh air revived us so much that we were able
+to take our breakfast, the first meal we ate on board, in the saloon
+with the other passengers. We went on shore, however, for a walk at
+Halifax, and from that time forth were quite able-bodied sea-goers.
+
+On the last day before that of our landing, an unusually good dinner was
+served, and, according to the custom of the time, champagne was
+furnished gratis, in order that all who dined together might drink the
+Queen's health. This favorite toast was accordingly proposed and
+responded to by a number of rather flat speeches. The health of the
+captain of our steamer was also proposed, and some others which I cannot
+now recall. This proceeding amused me so much that I busied myself the
+next day with preparing for a mock celebration in the ladies' cabin. The
+meeting was well attended. I opened with a song in honor of Mrs. Bean,
+our kind and efficient stewardess.
+
+  "God save our Mrs. Bean,
+  Best woman ever seen,
+  God save Mrs. Bean.
+  God bless her gown and cap,
+  Pour guineas in her lap,
+  Keep her from all mishap,
+  God save Mrs. Bean."
+
+The company were invited to join in singing these lines, which were, of
+course, a take-off on "God save our gracious Queen." I can still see in
+my mind's eye dear old Madam Sedgwick, mother of the well-known jurist,
+Theodore of that name, lifting her quavering, high voice to aid in the
+singing.
+
+Mrs. Bean was rather taken aback by the unexpected homage rendered her.
+We all called out: "Speech! speech!" whereupon she curtsied and said:
+"Good ladies makes good stewardesses; that's all I can say," which was
+very well in its way.
+
+Rev. Jacob Abbott was one of our fellow passengers, and had been much in
+our cabin, where he busied himself in compounding various "soft drinks"
+for convalescent lady friends. His health was accordingly proposed with
+the following stanza:--
+
+  "Dr. Abbott in our cabin,
+  Mixing of a soda-powder,
+  How he ground it,
+  How did pound it,
+  While the tempest threatened louder."
+
+I next gave the cow's health, whereupon a lady passenger, with a Scotch
+accent, demurred: "I don't want to drink her health at a'. I think she
+is the poorest _coo_ I ever heard of."
+
+Arriving in London, we found comfortable lodgings in Upper Baker Street,
+and busied ourselves with the delivery of our many letters of
+introduction.
+
+The Rev. Sydney Smith was one of the first to honor our introduction
+with a call. His reputation as a wit was already world-wide, and he was
+certainly one of the idols of London society. In appearance he was
+hardly prepossessing. He was short and squat of figure, with a rubicund
+countenance, redeemed by a pair of twinkling eyes. When we first saw
+him, my husband was suffering from the result of a trifling accident.
+Mr. Smith said, "Dr. Howe, I must send you my gouty crutches."
+
+My husband demurred at this, and begged Mr. Smith not to give himself
+that trouble. He insisted, however, and the crutches were sent. Dr. Howe
+had really no need of them, and I laughed with him at their
+disproportion to his height, which would in any case have made it
+impossible for him to use them. The loan was presently returned with
+thanks, but scarcely soon enough; for Sydney Smith, who had lost heavily
+by American investments, published in one of the London papers a letter
+reflecting severely upon the failure of some of our Western States to
+pay their debts. The letter concluded with these words: "And now an
+American, present at this time in London, has deprived me of my last
+means of support." One questioned a little whether the loan had not been
+made for the sake of the pleasantry.
+
+In the course of the visit already referred to, Mr. Smith promised that
+we should receive cards for an entertainment which his daughter, Mrs.
+Holland, was about to give. The cards were received, and we presented
+ourselves at the party. Among the persons there introduced to us was
+Mme. Van de Weyer, wife of the Belgian minister, and daughter of Joshua
+Bates, formerly of Massachusetts, and in after years the founder of the
+Public Library of Boston, in which one hall bears his name. Mr. Van de
+Weyer, we were told, was on very friendly terms with the Prince Consort,
+and his wife was often invited by the Queen.
+
+The historian Grote and his wife also made our acquaintance. I
+especially remember her appearance because it was, and was allowed to
+be, somewhat _grote_sque. She was very tall and stout in proportion, and
+was dressed on this occasion in a dark green or blue silk, with a
+necklace of pearls about her throat. I gathered from what I heard that
+hers was one of the marked personalities of that time in London society.
+
+At this party Sydney Smith was constantly the centre of a group of
+admiring friends. When we first entered the rooms, he said to us, "I am
+so busy to-night that I can do nothing for you."
+
+Later in the evening he found time to seek me out. "Mrs. Howe," said he,
+"this is a rout. I like routs. Do you have routs in America?"
+
+"We have parties like this in America," I replied, "but we do not call
+them routs."
+
+"What do you call them there?"
+
+"We call them receptions."
+
+This seemed to amuse him, and he said to some one who stood near us:--
+
+"Mrs. Howe says that in America they call routs re-cep-tions."
+
+He asked what I had seen in London so far. I replied that I had recently
+visited the House of Lords, whereupon he remarked:--
+
+"Mrs. Howe, your English is excellent. I have only heard you make one
+mispronunciation. You have just said 'House of Lords.' We say 'House of
+Lards.'" Some one near by said, "Oh, yes! the house is always addressed
+as 'my luds and gentlemen.'"
+
+When I repeated this to Horace Mann, it so vexed his gentle spirit as to
+cause him to exclaim, "House of Lords? You ought to have said 'House of
+Devils.'"
+
+I have made several visits in London since that time, one quite
+recently, and I have observed that people now speak of receptions, and
+not of routs. I think, also, that the pronunciation insisted upon by
+Sydney Smith has become a thing of the past.
+
+I think that Mrs. Sydney Smith must have called or have left a card at
+our lodgings, for I distinctly remember a morning call which I made at
+her house. The great wit was at home on this occasion, as was also his
+only surviving son. An elder son had been born to him, who probably
+inherited something of his character and ability, and whose death he
+laments in one or more of his published letters. The young man whom I
+saw at this time was spoken of as much devoted to the turf, and the only
+saying of his that I have ever heard quoted was his question as to how
+long it took Nebuchadnezzar to get into condition after he had been out
+to grass.
+
+Mrs. Smith received me very pleasantly. She seemed a grave and silent
+woman, presenting in this respect a striking contrast to her husband. I
+knew very little of the political opinions of the latter, and innocently
+inquired whether he and Mrs. Smith went sometimes to court. The question
+amused him. He said to his wife, "My dear, Mrs. Howe wishes to know
+whether you and I go to court." To me he said, "No, madam. That is a
+luxury which I deny myself."
+
+I last saw Sydney Smith at an evening party at which, as usual, he was
+surrounded by friends. A very amiable young American was present,
+apropos of whom I heard Mr. Smith say:--
+
+"I think I shall go over to America and settle in Boston. Perkins here
+says that he'll patronize me."
+
+Thomas Carlyle was also one of our earliest visitors. Some time before
+leaving home, Dr. Howe had received from him a letter expressing his
+great interest in the story of Laura Bridgman as narrated by Charles
+Dickens. In this letter he mentioned Laura's childish question, "Do
+horses sit up late?" In the course of his conversation he said, laughing
+heartily: "Laura Bridgman, dear child! Her question, Do horses sit up
+late?"
+
+Before taking leave of us he invited us to take tea with him on the
+following Sunday. When the day arrived, my husband was kept at home by a
+severe headache, but Mr. and Mrs. Mann, my sister, and myself drove out
+to Chelsea, where Mr. Carlyle resided at that time. In receiving us he
+apologized for his wife, who was also suffering from headache and could
+not appear.
+
+In her absence I was requested to pour tea. Our host partook of it
+copiously, in all the strength of the teapot. As I filled and refilled
+his cup, I thought that his chronic dyspepsia was not to be wondered at.
+The repast was a simple one. It consisted of a plate of toast and two
+small dishes of stewed fruit, which he offered us with the words,
+"Perhaps ye can eat some of this. I never eat these things myself."
+
+The conversation was mostly a monologue. Mr. Carlyle spoke with a strong
+Scotch accent, and his talk sounded to me like pages of his writings. He
+had recently been annoyed by some movement tending to the
+disestablishment of the Scottish Church. Apropos of this he said, "That
+auld Kirk of Scotland! To think that a man like Johnny Graham should be
+able to wipe it out with a flirt of his pen!" Charles Sumner was spoken
+of, and Mr. Carlyle said, "Oh yes; Mr. Sumner was a vera dull man, but
+he did not offend people, and he got on in society here."
+
+Carlyle's hair was dark, shaggy, and rather unkempt; his complexion was
+sallow, with a slight glow of red on the cheek; his eye was full of
+fire. As we drove back to town, Mr. Mann expressed great disappointment
+with our visit. He did not feel, he said, that we had seen the real
+Carlyle at all. I insisted that we had.
+
+Soon after our arrival in London a gentleman called upon us whom the
+servant announced as Mr. Mills. It happened that I did not examine the
+card which was brought in at the same time. Dr. Howe was not within, and
+in his absence I entertained the unknown guest to the best of my
+ability. He spoke of Longfellow's volume of poems on slavery, then a
+recent publication, saying that he admired them.
+
+Our talk turning upon poetry in general, I remarked that Wordsworth
+appeared to be the only poet of eminence left in England. Before taking
+leave of me the visitor named a certain day on which he requested that
+we would come to breakfast at his house. Forgetful of the card, I asked
+"Where?" He said, "You will find my address on my card. I am Mr.
+Milnes." On looking at the card I found that this was Richard Monckton
+Milnes, afterward known as Lord Houghton. I was somewhat chagrined at
+remembering the remark I had made in connection with Wordsworth. He
+probably supposed that I was ignorant of his literary rank, which I was
+not, as his poems, though never very popular, were already well known in
+America.
+
+The breakfast to which Mr. Milnes had invited us proved most pleasant.
+Our host had recently traveled in the East, and had brought home a
+prayer carpet, which we admired. His sister, Lady Galway, presided at
+table with much grace.
+
+The breakfast was at this time a favorite mode of entertainment, and we
+enjoyed many of these occasions. I remember one at the house of Sir
+Robert Harry Inglis, long a leading Conservative member of the House of
+Commons. Punch once said of him:--
+
+  "The Inglis thinks the world grows worse,
+  And always wears a rose."
+
+And this flower, which always adorned his buttonhole, seemed to match
+well with his benevolent and somewhat rubicund countenance. At the
+breakfast of which I speak, he cut the loaf with his own hands, saying
+to each guest, "Will you have a slice or a hunch?" and cutting a slice
+from one end or a hunch from the other, according to the preference
+expressed.
+
+These breakfasts were not luncheons in disguise. They were given at ten,
+or even at half past nine o'clock. The meal usually consisted of fish,
+cutlets, eggs, cold bread and toast, with tea and coffee. At Samuel
+Rogers's I remember that plover's eggs were served.
+
+We also dined one evening with Mr. Rogers, and met among the guests Mr.
+Dickens and Lady B., one of the beautiful Sheridan sisters. A gentleman
+sat next me at table, whose name I did not catch. I had heard much of
+the works of art to be seen in Mr. Rogers's house, and so took occasion
+to ask him whether he knew anything about pictures. He smiled, and
+answered, "Well, yes." I then begged him to explain to me some of those
+which hung upon the walls, which he did with much good-nature. Presently
+some one at the table addressed him as "Mr. Landseer," and I became
+aware that I was sitting next to the celebrated painter of animals. His
+fine face had already attracted me. I apologized for the question which
+I had asked, and which had somewhat amused him.
+
+I had recently seen at Stafford House a picture of his, representing two
+daughters of the Duke of Sutherland playing with a dog. He said that he
+did not care much for that picture, that the Duchess had herself chosen
+the subject, etc. Mr. Rogers, indeed, possessed some paintings of great
+value, one a genuine Raphael, if I mistake not. He had also many objects
+of _virtu_. I think it was after a breakfast at his house that he showed
+us some Etruscan potteries. Dr. Howe took up one of these rather
+carelessly. It was a cup, and the handle became separated from it. My
+husband appeared so much disconcerted at this that I could not help
+laughing a little at the expression of his countenance. Mr. Rogers
+afterwards said to an American friend, "Mrs. Howe was quite cruel to
+laugh at the doctor's embarrassment." On one occasion he showed us some
+autograph letters of Lord Byron, with whom he had been well acquainted.
+He read a passage from one of these, in which Lord Byron, after speaking
+of the ancient custom of the Doge wedding the Adriatic, wrote: "I wish
+the Adriatic would take my wife."
+
+In after years I was sometimes questioned as to what had most impressed
+me during my first visit in London. I replied unhesitatingly, "The
+clever people collected there." The moment, indeed, was fortunate. We
+had come well provided with letters of introduction. Besides this, my
+husband was at the time a first-class lion, and this merit avails more
+in England than any other, and more there than elsewhere.
+
+Mr. Sumner had given us a letter to the Marquis of Lansdowne, which the
+latter honored by a call, and further by sending us cards for a musical
+evening at Lansdowne House. Lord Lansdowne was a gracious host. His lady
+was more formal in manner. Their music-room was oblong in shape, and the
+guests were seated along the wall on either side. Before the performance
+began I noticed a movement among those present, the cause of which
+became evident when the Duchess of Gloucester appeared, leaning on the
+arm of the master of the house. She was attired, or, as newspapers put
+it, "gowned," in black, wearing white plumes in her headdress, and with
+bare neck and arms, according to the imperative fashion of the time. She
+was well advanced in years, and had probably never been remarked for
+good looks, but was said to be beloved by the Queen and by many friends.
+
+The programme of the entertainment was one which to-day would seem
+rather commonplace, though the performers were not so. A handsome young
+man, of slender figure, opened the concert by singing the serenade from
+the opera of "Don Pasquale." I felt at once that this must be Mario, but
+that name cannot suggest to one who never heard him either the beauty of
+his voice or the refinement of his intonation. I still feel a sort of
+intoxication when I recall his rendering of "Com' e gentil." Grisi sang
+several times. She was then in what some one has termed, "the insolence
+of her youth and beauty." Mlle. Persiani, also of the grand opera, gave
+an air by Gluck, which I myself had studied, "Pago fui, fui lieto un
+di." Lord Lansdowne told me that this lady was the most obliging of
+artists. I afterwards heard her in "Linda di Chamounix," which was then
+in its first favor. The concert ended with the prayer from Rossini's
+"Mose in Egitto," sung by the artists already named with the addition of
+the great Lablache.
+
+At the conclusion of it we adjourned to the supper-room, which afforded
+us a better opportunity of observing the distinguished company. My
+husband was presently engaged in conversation with the Hon. Mrs. Norton,
+who was then very handsome. Her hair, which was decidedly black, was
+arranged in flat bandeaux, according to the fashion of the time. A
+diamond chain, formed of large links, encircled her fine head. Her eyes
+were dark and full of expression. Her dress was unusually _decolletee_,
+but most of the ladies present would in America have been considered
+extreme in this respect. Court mourning had recently been ordered for
+the Duke of Sussex, uncle to the Queen, and many black dresses were
+worn. My memory, nevertheless, tells me that the great Duchess of
+Sutherland wore a dress of pink _moire_, and that her head was adorned
+with a wreath of velvet leaves interspersed with diamonds. Her brother,
+Lord Morpeth, was also present. I heard a lady say to him, "Are you
+worthy of music?" He replied, "Oh, yes; very worthy." I heard the same
+phrase repeated by others, and, on inquiring as to its meaning, was told
+that it was a way of asking whether one was fond of music. The formula
+has long since gone out of fashion.
+
+Somewhat later in the season we were invited to dine at Lansdowne House.
+Among the guests present I remember Lord Morpeth. I had some
+conversation with the daughter of the house, Lady Louisa Fitzmaurice,
+who was pleasing, but not pretty, and wore a dress of light blue silk,
+with a necklace around her throat formed of many strands of fine gold
+chain. I was asked at this dinner whether I should object to sitting
+next to a colored person in, for example, a box at the opera. Were I
+asked this question to-day, I should reply that this would depend upon
+the character and cleanliness of the colored person, much as one would
+say in the case of a white man or woman. I remember that Lord Lansdowne
+wore a blue ribbon across his breast, and on it a flat star of silver.
+
+Among the well-remembered glories of that summer, the new delight of the
+drama holds an important place. I had been denied this pleasure in my
+girlhood, and my enjoyment of it at this time was fresh and intense.
+Among the attentions lavished upon us during that London season were
+frequent offers of a box at Covent Garden or "Her Majesty's." These were
+never declined. Of especial interest to me was a performance of Macready
+as Claude Melnotte in Bulwer's "Lady of Lyons." The part of Pauline was
+played by Helen Faucit. Both of these artists were then at their best.
+Thomas Appleton, of Boston, and William Wadsworth, of Geneseo, were with
+us in our box. The pathetic moments of the play moved me to tears, which
+I tried to hide. I soon saw that all my companions were affected in the
+same way, and were making the same effort. I saw Miss Faucit again at an
+entertainment given in aid of the fund for a monument to Mrs. Siddons.
+She recited an ode written for the occasion, of which I still recall the
+closing line:--
+
+  "And measure what we owe by what she gave."
+
+I saw Grisi in the great role of Semiramide, and with her Brambilla, a
+famous contralto, and Fornasari, a basso whom I had longed to hear in
+the operas given in New York. I also saw Mlle. Persiani in "Linda di
+Chamounix" and "Lucia di Lammermoor." All of these occasions gave me
+unmitigated delight, but the crowning ecstasy of all I found in the
+ballet. Fanny Elssler and Cerito were both upon the stage. The former
+had lost a little of her prestige, but Cerito, an Italian, was then in
+her first bloom and wonderfully graceful. Of her performance my sister
+said to me, "It seems to make us better to see anything so beautiful."
+This remark recalls the oft-quoted dialogue between Margaret Fuller and
+Emerson apropos of Fanny Elssler's dancing:--
+
+"Margaret, this is poetry."
+
+"Waldo, this is religion."
+
+I remember, years after this time, a talk with Theodore Parker, in which
+I suggested that the best stage dancing gives us the classic in a fluent
+form, with the illumination of life and personality. I cannot recall, in
+the dances which I saw during that season, anything which appeared to me
+sensual or even sensuous. It was rather the very ecstasy and embodiment
+of grace.
+
+A ball at Almack's certainly deserves mention in these pages, the place
+itself belonging to the history of the London world of fashion. The one
+of which I now speak was given in aid of the Polish refugees who were
+then in London. The price of admission to this sacred precinct would
+have been extravagant for us, but cards for it were sent us by some
+hospitable friend. The same attention was shown to Mr. and Mrs. Mann,
+who with us presented themselves at the rooms on the appointed evening.
+
+We found them spacious enough, but with no splendor or beauty of
+decoration. A space at the upper end of the ball-room was marked off by
+rail or ribbon--I cannot remember which. While we were wondering what
+this should mean, a brilliant procession made its appearance, led by the
+Duchess of Sutherland in some historic costume. She was followed by a
+number of persons of high rank, among whom I recognized her lovely
+daughters, Lady Elizabeth Leveson-Gower and Lady Evelyn. These young
+ladies and several others were attired in Polish costume, to wit,
+polonaises of light blue silk, and short white skirts which showed the
+prettiest little red boots imaginable. This high and mighty company took
+possession of the space mentioned above, where they proceeded to dance a
+quadrille in rather solemn state.
+
+The company outside this limit stood and looked on. Among the groups
+taking part in this state quadrille was one characterized by the dress
+worn at court presentations: the ladies in pink and blue brocades, with
+plumes and lappets; the gentlemen in small-clothes, with swords,--and
+all with powdered hair.
+
+I first met the Duchess of Sutherland at a dinner given in our honor by
+Lord Morpeth's parents, the Earl and Countess of Carlisle. The Great
+Duchess, as the Duchess of Sutherland was often called, was still very
+handsome, though already the mother of grown-up children. She wore a
+dress of brown gauze or barege over light blue satin, with a wreath of
+brown velvet leaves and blue forget-me-nots in her hair, and on her arm,
+among other jewels, a miniature of the Queen set in diamonds. At one
+time she was Mistress of the Robes, but I am not sure whether she held
+this office at the time of which I speak. Her relations with the palace
+were said to be very intimate and friendly. In the picture of the
+Queen's Coronation, so well known to us by engravings, hers is one of
+the most striking figures.
+
+We did, indeed, hear that on one occasion the Duchess had kept the Queen
+waiting, and that the sovereign said to her on her arrival, "Duchess,
+you must allow me to present you with my watch, yours evidently does not
+keep good time." The eyes of the proud Duchess filled with tears, and,
+on returning home, she sent to the palace a letter resigning her post in
+the royal service. The Queen was, however, very fond of her, and the
+little difficulty was soon amicably settled.
+
+I recall a pleasantry about Lady Carlisle that was current in London
+society in the season of which I write. Sydney Smith pretended to have
+dreamed that Lord Morpeth had brought back a black wife from America,
+and that his mother, on seeing her, had said, "She is not so very
+black." Lady Carlisle was proverbial for her kindliness and good temper,
+and it was upon this point that the humor of the story turned.
+
+I will also mention a dinner given in our honor by John Kenyon, well
+known as a Maecenas of that period. Miss Sedgwick, in her book of
+travels, speaks of him as a distinguished conversationalist, much given
+to hospitality. He is also remembered as a cousin of Elizabeth Barrett
+Browning.
+
+The scenes just described still remain quite vivid in my memory, but it
+would be difficult for me to recount the visits made in those days by my
+husband and Horace Mann to public institutions of all kinds. I did
+indeed accompany the two philanthropists in some of their excursions,
+which included schools, workhouses, prisons, and asylums for the insane.
+
+We went one day, in company with Charles Dickens and his wife, to visit
+the old prison of Bridewell. We found the treadmill in operation. Every
+now and then a man would give out, and would be allowed to leave the
+ungrateful work. The midday meal, bread and soup, was served to the
+prisoners while we were still in attendance. To one or two, as a
+punishment for some misdemeanor, bread alone was given. Charles Dickens
+looked on, and presently said to Doctor Howe, "My God! if a woman thinks
+her son may come to this, I don't blame her if she strangles him in
+infancy."
+
+At Newgate prison we were shown the fetters of Jack Sheppard and those
+of Dick Turpin. While we were on the premises the van arrived with fresh
+prisoners, and one of the officials appeared to jest with a young woman
+who had just been brought in, and who, it seemed, was already well known
+to the officers of justice. Dr. Howe did not fail to notice this with
+disapprobation.
+
+At one of the charity schools which we visited, Mr. Mann asked whether
+corporal punishment was used. "Commonly, only this," said the master,
+calling up a little girl, and snapping a bit of india rubber upon her
+neck in a manner which caused her to cry out. I need not say that the
+two gentlemen were indignant at this unprovoked infliction.
+
+In strong contrast to old-time Bridewell appeared the model prison of
+Pentonville, which we visited one day in company with Lord Morpeth and
+the Duke of Richmond. The system there was one of solitary confinement,
+much approved, if I remember rightly, by "my lord duke," who interested
+himself in showing us how perfectly it was carried out. Neither at meals
+nor at prayers could any prisoner see or be seen by a fellow prisoner.
+The open yard was divided by brick walls into compartments, in each of
+which a single felon, hooded, took his melancholy exercise. The prison
+was extremely neat. Dr. Howe at the time approved of the solitary
+discipline. I am not sure whether he ever came to think differently
+about it.
+
+At a dinner at Charles Dickens's we met his intimate friend, John
+Forster, a lawyer of some note, later known as the author of a biography
+of Dickens. When we arrived, Mr. Forster was amusing himself with a
+small spaniel which had been sent to Mr. Dickens by an admiring friend,
+who desired that the dog might bear the name of Boz. Somewhat impatient
+of such tributes, Mr. Dickens had named it Snittel Timbury. Of the
+dinner, I only remember that it was of the best so far as concerns food,
+and that later in the evening we listened to some comic songs, of one of
+which I recall the refrain; it ran thus:--
+
+  "Tiddy hi, tiddy ho, tiddy hi hum,
+  Thus was it when Barbara Popkins was young."
+
+Mr. Forster invited us to dine at his chambers in the Inns of Court. Mr.
+and Mrs. Dickens were of the party, and also the painter Maclise, whose
+work was then highly spoken of. After dinner, while we were taking
+coffee in the sitting-room, I had occasion to speak to my husband, and
+addressed him as "darling." Thereupon Dickens slid down to the floor,
+and, lying on his back, held up one of his small feet, quivering with
+pretended emotion. "Did she call him 'darling'?" he cried.
+
+I was sorry indeed when the time came for us to leave London, and the
+more as one of the pleasures there promised us had been that of a
+breakfast with Charles Buller. Mr. Buller was the only person who at
+that time spoke to me of Thomas Carlyle, already so great a celebrity in
+America. He expressed great regard for Carlyle, who, he said, had
+formerly been his tutor. I was sorry to find in papers of Carlyle's,
+recently published, a rather ungracious mention of this brilliant young
+man, whose early death was much regretted in English society.
+
+From England we passed on to Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In the inn at
+Llangollen we saw an engraving representing two aged ladies sitting
+opposite to each other, engaged in some friendly game. These were the
+once famous maids whose romantic elopement and companionship of many
+years gave the place some celebrity. In the burying-ground of the parish
+church we were shown their tomb, bearing an inscription not only
+commemorating the ladies themselves, but making mention also of the
+lifelong service of a faithful female attendant.
+
+Of my visit to Scotland, never repeated, I recall with interest Holyrood
+Palace, where the blood stain of Rizzio's murder was still shown on the
+wooden floor, the grave of Sir Walter Scott at Abbotsford, and Stirling
+Castle, where, if I mistake not, the regalia of Robert Bruce was shown
+us. Among the articles composing it was a cameo of great beauty,
+surrounded by diamonds, and a crown set with large turquoises and
+sapphires.
+
+We passed a Sunday at Melrose, and attended an open-air service in the
+ruins of the ancient abbey. We saw little of Edinburgh besides its
+buildings, the society people of the place being mostly in
+_villeggiatura_. Mr. Sumner had given us letters to two of the law
+lords. One of these invited us to a seaside dinner at some little
+distance from town. The other entertained us at his city residence.
+
+Of greater interest was our tour in Ireland. Lord Morpeth had given us
+some introductions to friends in Dublin. At the same time he had written
+Mr. Sumner that he hoped Dr. Howe would not in any way become
+conspicuous as a friend to the Repeal measures which were then much in
+the public mind. This Repeal portended nothing less than the disruption
+of the existing political union between Ireland and England. The Dublin
+Corn Exchange was the place in which Repeal meetings were usually held.
+We attended one of these. My sister and I had seats in the gallery,
+which was reserved for ladies. Dr. Howe remained on the floor. This
+meeting had for one of its objects the acknowledgment of funds recently
+sent from America. The women who sat near us in the gallery found out,
+somehow, that we were Americans, and that an American gentleman had
+accompanied us to the meeting. They insisted upon making this known, and
+only forbore to do so at our earnest request.
+
+These friends were vehement in their praise of O'Connell, who was the
+principal speaker of the occasion. "He's the best man, the most
+religious!" they said; "he communes so often." I remember his appearance
+well, but can recall nothing of his address. He was tall, blond, and
+florid, with remarkable vivacity of speech and of expression. His
+popularity was certainly very great. While he was speaking, a gentleman
+entered and approached him. "How d'ye do, Tom Steele?" said O'Connell,
+shaking hands with the new-comer. The audience applauded loudly, Steele
+being an intimate friend and ally of O'Connell, and, like him, an
+earnest partisan of Repeal.
+
+Mr. George Ticknor, of Boston, had given us a letter to Miss Edgeworth,
+who resided at some distance from the city of Dublin. From her we soon
+received an invitation to luncheon, of which we gladly availed
+ourselves. Our hostess met us with a warm welcome. She had had some
+correspondence with Dr. Howe, and seemed much pleased to make his
+acquaintance. I remember her as a little old lady, with an old-fashioned
+cap and curls. She was very vivacious, and had much to say to Dr. Howe
+about Laura Bridgman. He in turn asked what she thought of the Repeal
+movement. She said in reply, "I don't understand what O'Connell really
+means."
+
+Some one present casually mentioned the new substitution of lard oil for
+whale oil for use in lamps. Miss Edgeworth said, "I hear that, in
+consequence of this new fashion, the whale cannot bear the sight of a
+pig." We met on this occasion a half-brother and a half-sister of Miss
+Edgeworth, much younger than herself. I think that they must have been
+twins, so closely did they resemble each other in appearance. At parting
+Miss Edgeworth gave each of us an etching of Irish peasants, the work of
+a friend of hers. On the one which she gave to my husband she wrote,
+"From a lover of truth to a lover of truth."
+
+After leaving Dublin we traveled north as far as the Giant's Causeway.
+The state of the country was very forlorn. The peasantry lived in
+wretched hovels of one or two rooms, the floor of mud, the pig taking
+his ease within doors, and the chickens roosting above the fireplace.
+Beggars were seen everywhere, and of the most persistent sort. In most
+places where we stopped for the night, accommodations were far from
+satisfactory. The safest dishes to order were stirabout and potatoes.
+
+My husband had received an urgent invitation from an Irish nobleman,
+Lord Walcourt, to visit him at his estate, which was in the south of
+Ireland. We found Lord Walcourt living very simply, with two young
+daughters and a baby son. He told my husband that when he first read a
+book of Fourier, he instantly went over to France to make the
+acquaintance of the author, whom he greatly admired. "If I had only read
+on to the end of the book," he said, "I should have seen that Fourier
+was already dead."
+
+He told us that Lady Walcourt spent much time in London or on the
+Continent, from which we gathered that country life in Ireland was not
+much to her taste. Dr. Howe and our host had a good deal of talk
+together concerning socialistic and other reforms. My sister and I found
+his housekeeping rather meagre. He was evidently a whole-souled man, but
+we learned later on that he was considered very eccentric.
+
+A visit to the poet Wordsworth was one of the brilliant visions that
+floated before my eyes at this time. Mr. Ticknor had kindly furnished us
+with an introduction to the great man, who was then at the height of his
+popularity. To criticise Wordsworth and to praise Byron were matters
+equally unpardonable in the London of that time, when London was, what
+it has ceased to be, the very heart and centre of the literary world. Of
+our journey to the lake country I can now recall little, save that its
+last stage, a drive of ten or more miles from the railway station to the
+poet's village, was rendered very comfortless by constant showers, and
+by an ill-broken horse which more than once threatened mischief. Arrived
+at the inn, my husband called at the Wordsworth residence, and left
+there his card and the letter of introduction. In return a note was soon
+sent, inviting us to take tea that evening with Mr. and Mrs. Wordsworth.
+
+Our visit was a very disappointing one. The widowed daughter of our host
+had lost heavily by the failure of certain American securities. These
+losses formed the sole topic of conversation not only between Wordsworth
+and Dr. Howe, but also between the ladies of the family, my sister, and
+myself. The tea to which we had been bidden was simply a cup of tea,
+served without a table. We bore the harassing conversation as long as we
+could. The only remark of Wordsworth's which I brought away was this:
+"The misfortune of Ireland is that it was only a partially conquered
+country." When we took leave, the poet expressed his willingness to
+serve us during our stay in his neighborhood. We left it, however, on
+the following morning, without seeing him or his again.
+
+A little akin to this experience was that of a visit to the Bank of
+England, made at the invitation of one of its officers whom I had known
+and entertained in America. Another of the functionaries of the bank
+volunteered his services as a cicerone. He showed us among other things
+the treasure recently received from the Chinese government, in payment
+of a war indemnity. It was all in little blocks, parallelograms and
+horseshoes of gold and silver. An ingenious little machine was also
+shown us for the detection of light weight sovereigns. We paid for his
+attention by listening to many uncivil pleasantries regarding the
+financial condition of our own country. I still remember the insolent
+sneer with which this gentleman said, "By the bye, have you sold the
+Bank of the United States yet?" He was presumably ignorant of the real
+history of the bank, which had long ceased to be a government
+institution, President Jackson having annulled its charter and removed
+the government deposits.
+
+I mention these incidents because they were the only exceptions to the
+uniform kindness with which we were generally received, and to the
+homage paid to my husband as one of the most illustrious of modern
+philanthropists.
+
+Berlin would have been the next important stop in our journey but for an
+impediment which we had hardly anticipated. In the days of the French
+revolution of 1830, the Poles had made one of their oft-repeated
+struggles to regain national independence. General Lafayette was much
+interested in this movement, and at his request Dr. Howe undertook to
+convey to some of the Polish chiefs funds sent for their aid by parties
+in the United States. He succeeded in accomplishing this errand, but was
+arrested on the very night of his arrival in Berlin, and was only
+released by the intervention of our government, after a tedious
+imprisonment _au secret_. He was then sent with a military escort to the
+confines of Prussia with the warning to return no more.
+
+Thirteen years had elapsed since these events took place. Dr. Howe had
+meantime acquired a world-wide reputation as a philanthropist. The Poles
+had long been subdued, and Europe seemed to be free from all
+revolutionary threatenings. Through the intervention of Chevalier
+Bunsen, who was then Prussian ambassador at the Court of St. James, Dr.
+Howe applied for permission to revisit the kingdom of Prussia, but this
+was refused him. Some years after this time, Dr. Howe received from the
+Prussian government a gold medal in acknowledgment of his services to
+the blind. On weighing it, he found that the value of the gold was equal
+to the amount of money which he had been required to pay for his board
+in the prison at Berlin. In spite of the prohibition, we managed to see
+something of the Rhine, and journeyed through Switzerland and the
+Austrian Tyrol to Vienna, where we remained for some weeks. We here made
+the acquaintance of Madame von Walther and her daughter Theresa,
+afterward known as Madame Pulszky, the wife of one of Louis Kossuth's
+most valued friends.
+
+Arriving in Milan, we presented a letter of introduction from Miss
+Catharine Sedgwick to Count Confalonieri, after Silvio Pellico the most
+distinguished of the Italian patriots who underwent imprisonment in the
+Austrian fortress of Spielberg. His life had been spared only through
+the passionate pleading of his wife, who traveled day and night to throw
+herself at the feet of the Empress, imploring the commutation of the
+death sentence passed upon her husband. This heroic woman did not long
+survive the granting of her prayer. She died while her husband was still
+in prison; but the men who had been his companions in misfortune so
+revered her memory as always to lift their hats when they passed near
+her grave. Years had elapsed since the events of which I speak, and the
+count had married a second wife, a lively and attractive person, from
+whom, as from the count, we received many kind attentions.
+
+Dr. Howe was at this time called to Paris by some special business, and
+I remained a month in Milan with my sister. We greatly enjoyed the
+beauty of the cathedral and the hospitality of our new friends. Among
+these were the Marchese Arconati and his wife, a lady of much
+distinction, and in after years a friend of Margaret Fuller.
+
+Some delightful entertainments were given us by these and other friends,
+and I remember with pleasure an expedition to Monza, where the iron
+crown of the Lombard kingdom is still shown. Napoleon is said to have
+placed it on his head while he was still First Consul. Apropos of this,
+we saw in one of the Milanese mansions a seat on which Napoleon had once
+sat, and which, in commemoration of this, bore the inscription, "Egli ci
+ha dato l'unione" (He gave us unity). Alas! this precious boon was only
+secured to Italy many years later, and after much shedding of blood.
+
+Several of the former captives of Spielberg were living in Milan at this
+time. Of these I may mention Castiglia and the advocate Borsieri. Two
+others, Foresti and Albinola, I had often seen in New York, where they
+lived for many years, beloved and respected. In all of them, a perfectly
+childish delight in living seemed to make amends for the long and dreary
+years passed in prison. Every pulse-beat of freedom was a joy to them.
+Yet the iron had entered deeply into their souls. Natural leaders and
+men of promise, they had been taken out of the world of active life in
+the very flower of their youth and strength. The fortress in which they
+were confined was gloomy and desolate. For many months no books were
+allowed them, and in the end only books of religion, so called. They had
+begged for employment, and were given wool to knit stockings, and dirty
+linen rags to scrape for lint, with the sarcastic remark that to people
+of their benevolent disposition such work as this last should be most
+congenial. The time, they said, seemed endless in passing, but little
+when past, no events having diversified its dull blankness.
+
+When I listened to the conversation of these men, and saw Italy so bound
+hand and foot by Austrian and other tyrants, I felt only the hopeless
+chaos of the political outlook. Where should freedom come from? The
+logical bond of imprisonment seemed complete. It was sealed with four
+impregnable fortresses, and the great spiritual tyranny sat enthroned in
+the centre, and had its response in every other despotic centre of the
+globe. I almost ask to-day, "By what miracle was the great structure
+overthrown?" But the remembrance of this miracle forbids me to despair
+of any great deliverance, however desired and delayed. He who maketh the
+wrath of man to serve Him can make liberty blossom out of the very rod
+that the tyrant wields.
+
+The emotions with which people in general approach the historic sites of
+the world have been so often described as to make it needless for me to
+dwell upon my own. But I will mention the thrill of wonder which
+overcame me as we drove over the Campagna and caught the first glimpse
+of St. Peter's dome. Was it possible? Had I lived to come within sight
+of the great city, Mistress of the World? Like much else in my
+journeying, this appeared to me like something seen in a dream, scarcely
+to be apprehended by the bodily senses.
+
+The Rome that I then saw was mediaeval in its aspect. A great gloom and
+silence hung over it. Coming to establish ourselves for the winter, we
+felt the pressure of many discomforts, especially that of the imperfect
+heating of houses. Our first quarters were in Torlonia's palace on the
+Piazza di Spagna. My husband found these gloomy and sunless, and was
+soon attracted by a small but comfortable apartment in Via San Nicola da
+Tolentino, where we passed a part of the winter. There my husband
+undertook one day to make a real Christmas fire. In doing so he dragged
+the logs too far forward on the unsubstantial hearth, setting fire to
+the crossbeams which supported the floor. This was fortunately
+discovered before the danger became imminent, and the mischief was soon
+remedied. I was not allowed to hear about it until long afterwards.
+
+Dr. Howe went out early one morning, and did not return until late in
+the evening. Had I known at the time the reason of his absence, I should
+have felt great anxiety. He had gone to the post-office, but in doing so
+had passed some spot at which a sentry was stationed. He happened to be
+absorbed in his own thoughts, and did not notice the warning given. The
+sentry seized him, and Dr. Howe began to beat him over the head. A crowd
+soon gathered, and my husband was arrested and taken to the guard-house.
+The situation was a grave one, but the doctor immediately sent for the
+American consul, George Washington Greene. With the aid of this friendly
+official the necessary explanations were made and accepted, and the
+prisoner was liberated.
+
+The consul just mentioned was a cousin of my father and a grandson of
+the famous General Nathanael Greene of the Revolution. He was much at
+home in Roman society, and through him we had access to the principal
+houses in which were given the great entertainments of the season. The
+first of these that I attended appeared to me a melancholy failure,
+judging by our American ideas of a pleasant evening party. The great
+ladies sat very quietly in the salon of reception, and the gentlemen
+spoke to them in an undertone. There was none of the joyous effusion
+with which even a "few friends" meet on similar occasions in Boston or
+New York. Exceeding stiffness was obviously the "good form" of the
+occasion.
+
+A ball given by the banker prince, Torlonia, presented a more animated
+scene. The beautiful princess of the house, then in the bloom of her
+youth, was conspicuous among the dancers. Her fair head was encircled by
+a fine tiara of diamonds. She was by birth a Colonna. The attraction of
+the great fortune was said to have led to her alliance with the prince,
+who was equally her superior in age and her inferior in rank. I was told
+that he had presented his bride with the pearls formerly belonging to
+the shrine of the Madonna of Loretto, and I remember to have seen her
+once in evening dress, adorned with pearls of enormous size, which were
+probably those in question. I thought her quite as beautiful on another
+occasion, when she wore a simple gown of _ecru_ silk, with a necklace of
+carved coral beads. This was at a reception given at the charity school
+of San Michele, where a play was performed by the pupils of the
+institution. The theme of the drama was the worship of the golden calf
+by the Israelites and the overthrow of the idol by Moses.
+
+The industrial school of San Michele, like every other institution in
+the Rome of that time, was entirely under ecclesiastical control. If I
+remember rightly, Monsignore Morecchini had to do with its management.
+This interesting man stood at the time at the head of the administration
+of public charities. He called one day at our lodgings, and I had the
+pleasure of listening to a long conversation between him and my husband,
+regarding chiefly the theme in which both gentlemen were most deeply
+interested, the education of the working classes. I was present, some
+time later, at a meeting of the Academy of St. Luke, at which the same
+monsignore made an address of some length, and with his own hands
+presented the medals awarded to successful artists. One of these was
+given to an Italian lady, who appeared in the black costume and lace
+veil which are still _de rigueur_ at all functions of the papal court. I
+remember that the monsignore delivered his address with a sort of
+rhythmic intoning, not unlike the singsong of the Quaker preaching of
+fifty years ago.
+
+Of the matter of his discourse I can recall only one sentence, in which
+he mentioned as one of the boasts of Rome the fact that she possessed
+_la maggiore basilica del mondo_, "the largest basilica in the world."
+The Church of St. Peter, like that of Santa Maria Maggiore, is indeed
+modeled after the design of the basilicas or courts of justice of
+ancient Rome, and Italians are apt to speak of it as "la basilica di san
+Pietro." To another monsignore, Baggs by name, and Bishop of Pella, we
+owed our presentation to Pope Gregory Sixteenth, the immediate
+predecessor of Pope Pius Ninth. Our cousin the consul, George W. Greene,
+went with us to the reception accorded us. Papal etiquette was not
+rigorous in those days. It only required that we should make three
+genuflections, simply bows, as we approached the spot where the Pope
+stood, and three more in retiring, as from a royal presence, without
+turning our backs. Monsignore Baggs, after presenting my husband, said
+to him, "Dr. Howe, you should tell his Holiness about the little blind
+girl [Laura Bridgman] whom you educated." The Pope remarked that he had
+been assured that the blind were able to distinguish colors by the
+touch. Dr. Howe said that he did not believe this. His opinion was that
+if a blind person could distinguish a stuff of any particular color, it
+must be through some effect of the dye upon the texture of the cloth.
+
+The Pope said that he had heard there had been few Americans in Europe
+during the past season, and had been told that they had been kept at
+home by the want of money, for which he made the familiar sign with his
+thumb and forefinger. Apropos of I forget what, he remarked, "Chi mi
+sente dare la benedizione del balcone di san Pietro intende ch'io non
+sono un giovinotto," "Whoever hears me give the benediction from the
+balcony of St. Peter's will understand that I am not a youth." The
+audience concluded, the Pope obligingly turned his back upon us, as if
+to examine something lying on the table which stood behind him, and thus
+spared us the inconvenience of bowing, curtsying, and retiring backward.
+
+I remember to have heard of a great floral festival held not long after
+this time at some village near Rome. Among other exhibits appeared a
+medallion of his Holiness all done in flowers, the nose being made
+rather bright with carnations. The Pope visited the show, and on seeing
+the medallion exclaimed, laughing, "Son brutto da vero, manon cosi", "I
+am ugly indeed, but not like this."
+
+The experience of our winter in Rome could not be repeated at this day
+of the world. The Rome of fifty-five years ago was altogether mediaeval
+in its aspect. The great inclosure within its walls was but sparsely
+inhabited. Convent gardens and villas of the nobility occupied much
+space. The city attracted mostly students and lovers of art. The studios
+of painters and sculptors were much visited, and wealthy patrons of the
+arts gave orders for many costly works. Such glimpses as were afforded
+of Roman society had no great attraction other than that of novelty for
+persons accustomed to reasonable society elsewhere. The strangeness of
+titles, the glitter of jewels, amused for a time the traveler, who was
+nevertheless glad to return to a world in which ceremony was less
+dominant and absolute.
+
+Among the frequent visitors at our rooms were the sculptor Crawford,
+Luther Terry, and Freeman, well known then and since as painters of
+merit. Between the first named of these and the elder of my two sisters
+an attachment sprang up, which culminated in marriage. Another artist of
+repute, Toermer by name, often passed the evening with us. He was
+somewhat deformed, and our man-servant always announced him as "Quel
+gobbetto, signor," "That hunchback, sir."
+
+The months slipped away very rapidly, and the early spring brought the
+dear gift of another life to gladden and enlarge our own. My dearest,
+eldest child was born at Palazzetto Torlonia, on the 12th of March,
+1844. At my request, the name of Julia Romana was given to her. As an
+infant she possessed remarkable beauty, and her radiant little face
+appeared to me to reflect the lovely forms and faces which I had so
+earnestly contemplated before her birth.
+
+Of the months preceding this event I cannot at this date give any very
+connected account. The experience was at once a dream and a revelation.
+My mind had been able to anticipate something of the achievements of
+human thought, but of the patient work of the artist I had not had the
+smallest conception.
+
+We visited, one day, the catacombs of St. Calixtus with a party of
+friends, among whom was the then celebrated Padre Machi, an ecclesiastic
+who was considered a supreme authority in this department of historic
+research. Acting as our guide, he pointed out to us the burial-places of
+martyrs, distinguished by the outline of a palm rudely impressed on the
+tufa out of which the various graves have been hollowed. We explored
+with him the little chapels which bear witness to the ancient holding of
+religious services in this dark underground city of the dead. In these
+chapels the pictured emblem of the fish is often met with. Scholars do
+not need to be reminded that the Greek word [Greek: ichthus] was adopted
+by the early Christians as an anagram of the name and title of their
+leader. Each of us carried a lighted taper, and we were careful to keep
+well together, mindful of the danger of losing ourselves in the depths
+of these vast caverns. A story was told us of a party which was thus
+lost, and could never be found again, although a band of music was sent
+after them in the hope of bringing them into safety. While we were
+giving heed to the instructive discourse of Padre Machi, a mischievous
+youth of the company came near to me and said in a low voice, "Has it
+occurred to you that if our guide should suddenly die here of apoplexy,
+we should never be able to find our way out?" This thought was dreadful
+indeed, and I confess that I was very thankful when at last we emerged
+from the depths into the blessed daylight.
+
+Among the wonderful sights of that winter, I recall an evening visit to
+the sculpture gallery of the Vatican, where the statues were shown us by
+torchlight. I had not as yet made acquaintance with those marble shapes,
+which were rendered so lifelike by the artful illumination that when I
+saw them afterward in the daylight, it seemed to me that they had died.
+
+My husband visited one day the Castle of St. Angelo, which was then not
+only a fortress but also a prison for political offenders. As he passed
+through one of the corridors, a young man from an inner room or cell
+rushed out and addressed him, apparently in great distress of mind. He
+cried, "For the love of God, sir, try to help me! I was taken from my
+home a fortnight since, I know not why, and was brought here, where I am
+detained, utterly ignorant of the grounds of my arrest and
+imprisonment." This incident disturbed my husband very much. Of course,
+he could do nothing to aid the unfortunate man.
+
+We were invited, one evening, to attend what the Romans still call an
+"accademia," _i. e._ a sort of literary club or association. It was held
+in what appeared to be a public hall, with a platform on which were
+seated those about to take part in the exercises of the evening. Among
+these were two cardinals, one of whom read aloud some Greek verses, the
+other a Latin discourse, both of which were applauded. After or before
+these, I cannot remember which, came a recitation from a once famous
+improvisatrice, Rosa Taddei. She is mentioned by Sismondi in one of his
+works as a young person, most wonderful in her performance. She was now
+a woman of middle age, wearing a sober gown and cap. The poem which she
+read was on the happiness to be derived from a family of adopted
+children. I remember its conclusion. He who should give himself to the
+care of other people's children would be entitled to say:--
+
+  "Formai questa famiglia
+  Sol colla mia virtu."
+
+  "I built myself this family
+  solely by my own merit."
+
+The performances concluded with a satirical poem given by a layman, and
+describing the indignation of an elegant ecclesiastic at the visit of a
+man in poor and shabby clothes. His complaint is answered by a friend,
+who remarks:--
+
+          "La vostra eccellenza
+  Vorrebbe tutti i poverelli ricchi."
+
+          "Your Excellency
+  would have every poor fellow rich."
+
+The presence of the celebrated phrenologist, George Combe, in Rome at
+this time added much to Dr. Howe's enjoyment of the winter, and to mine.
+His wife was a daughter of the great actress, Mrs. Siddons, and was a
+person of excellent mind and manners. Observing that she always appeared
+in black, I asked one day whether she was in mourning for a near
+relative. She replied, rather apologetically, that she adopted this
+dress on account of its convenience, and that English ladies, in
+traveling, often did so.
+
+I remember that Fanny Kemble, who was a cousin of Mrs. Combe, once
+related the following anecdote to Dr. Howe and myself: "Cecilia [Mrs.
+Combe] had grown up in her mother's shadow, for Mrs. Siddons was to the
+last such a social idol as to absorb the notice of people wherever she
+went, leaving little attention to be bestowed upon her daughter. This
+was rather calculated to sour the daughter's disposition, and naturally
+had that effect." Mrs. Kemble then spoke of a visit which she had made
+at her cousin's house after her marriage to Mr. Combe. In taking leave,
+she could not refrain from exclaiming, "Oh, Cecilia, how you have
+improved!" to which Mrs. Combe replied, "Who could help improving when
+living with perfection?"
+
+Dr. Howe and Mr. Combe sometimes visited the galleries in company,
+viewing the works therein contained in the light of their favorite
+theory. I remember having gone with them through the great sculpture
+hall of the Vatican, listening with edification to their instructive
+conversation. They stood for some time before the well-known head of
+Zeus, the contour and features of which appeared to them quite orthodox,
+according to the standard of phrenology.
+
+In this last my husband was rather an enthusiastic believer. He was apt,
+in judging new acquaintances, to note closely the shape of the head, and
+at one time was unwilling even to allow a woman servant to be engaged
+until, at his request, she had removed her bonnet, giving him an
+opportunity to form his estimate of her character or, at least, of her
+natural proclivities. In common with Horace Mann, he held Mr. Combe to
+be one of the first intelligences of the age, and esteemed his work on
+"The Constitution of Man" as one of the greatest of human productions.
+
+When, in the spring of 1844, I left Rome, in company with my husband, my
+sisters, and my baby, it seemed like returning to the living world after
+a long separation from it. In spite of all its attractions, I was glad
+to stand once more face to face with the belongings of my own time.
+
+We journeyed first to Naples, which I saw with delight, thence by
+steamer to Marseilles, and by river boat and diligence to Paris.
+
+My husband's love of the unusual must, I think, have prompted him to
+secure passage for our party on board the little steamer which carried
+us well on our way to Paris. Its small cabin was without sleeping
+accommodations of any kind. As the boat always remained in some port
+overnight, Dr. Howe found it possible to hire mattresses for us, which,
+alas, were taken away at daybreak, when our journey was resumed.
+
+Of the places visited on our way I will mention only Avignon, a city of
+great historic interest, retaining little in the present day to remind
+the traveler of its former importance. My husband here found a bricabrac
+shop, containing much curious furniture of ancient date. Among its
+contents were two cabinets of carved wood, which so fascinated him that,
+finding himself unable to decide in favor of either, he concluded to
+purchase both of them. The dealer of whom he bought them promised to
+have them packed so solidly that they might be thrown out of an upper
+window without sustaining any injury, adding, "Et de plus, j'ecrirai la
+dessus 'tres fragile'" (And in addition, I will mark it "very fragile"),
+which amused my husband. He had justified this purchase to me by
+reminding me that we should presently have our house to furnish. Indeed,
+the two cabinets proved an excellent investment, and are as handsome as
+ever, after much wear and tear of other household goods.
+
+We made some stay in Paris, of which city I have chronicled elsewhere my
+first impressions. Among these was the pain of hearing a lecture from
+Philarete Chasles, in which he spoke most disparagingly of American
+literature, and of our country in general. He said that we had
+contributed nothing of value to the world of letters. Yet we had already
+given it the writings of Irving, Hawthorne, Emerson, Longfellow, Bryant,
+and Poe. It is true that these authors were little, if at all, known in
+France at that time; but the speaker, proposing to instruct the public,
+ought to have informed himself concerning that whereof he assumed to
+speak with knowledge.
+
+Dr. Howe attended one of the official receptions of M. Guizot, who was
+prime minister at this time. I tried to persuade him to wear the
+decorations given him by the Greek government in recognition of his
+services in the Greek revolution, but he refused to do so, thinking such
+ornaments unfitting a republican. I had the pleasure of witnessing one
+of the last performances of the celebrated _danseuse_, Madame Taglioni.
+She it was of whom one of the same profession said, "Nous autres, nous
+sautons et nous tombons, mais elle monte et elle descend." The ballet
+was "La Sylphide," in which she had achieved one of her earliest
+triumphs. Remembering this, Dr. Howe found her somewhat changed for the
+worse. I admired her very much, and her dancing appeared to me
+characterized by a perfection and finish which placed her beyond
+competition with more recent favorites.
+
+I was fortunate also in seeing Mademoiselle Rachel in "La Czarina," a
+part which did not give full scope for her great talent. The demerits of
+the play, however, could not wholly overcloud the splendor of her unique
+personality, which at moments electrified the audience.
+
+Our second visit to England, in the autumn of the year 1844, on the way
+back to our own country, was less brilliant and novel than our first,
+but scarcely less in interest. We had received several invitations to
+visit friends at their country residences, and these opened to us the
+most delightful aspect of English hospitality. The English are nowhere
+so much at home as in the country, and they willingly make their
+visitors at home also.
+
+Our first visit was at Atherstone, then the residence of Charles Nolte
+Bracebridge, one of the best specimens of an English country gentleman
+of the old school. His wife was a very accomplished gentlewoman,
+skillful alike with pencil and with needle, and possessed of much
+literary culture. We met here, among other guests, Mr. Henry Reeve, well
+known in the literary society of that time. Mrs. Bracebridge told us
+much of Florence Nightingale, then about twenty-four years old, already
+considered a person of remarkable character. Our hosts had visited
+Athens, and sympathized with my husband in his views regarding the
+Greeks. They were also familiar with the farther East, and had brought
+cedars from Mount Lebanon and Arab horses from I know not where.
+
+Atherstone was not far from Coventry. Mr. Bracebridge claimed descent
+from Lady Godiva, and informed me that a descendant of Peeping Tom of
+Coventry was still to be found in that place. He himself was lord of the
+manor, but had neither son nor daughter to succeed him. He told me some
+rather weird stories, one of which was that he had once waked in the
+night to see a female figure seated by his fireside. I think that the
+ghost was that of an old retainer of the family, or possibly an
+ancestress. An old prophecy also had been fulfilled with regard to his
+property. This was that when a certain piece of land should pass from
+the possession of the family, a small island on the estate would cease
+to exist. The property was sold, and the island somehow became attached
+to the mainland, and as an island ceased to exist.
+
+My two sisters accompanied Dr. Howe and myself in the round of visits
+which I am now recording. They were young women of great personal
+attraction, the elder of the two an unquestioned beauty, the younger
+gifted with an individual charm of loveliness. They were much admired
+among our new friends. Thomas Appleton followed us at one of the houses
+in which we stayed. He told me, long afterwards, that he was asked at
+this time whether there were many young ladies in America as charming as
+the Misses Ward.
+
+Mrs. Bracebridge in speaking to me of Florence Nightingale as a young
+person likely to make an exceptional record, told me that her mother
+rather feared this, and would have preferred the usual conventional life
+for her daughter. The father was a pronounced Liberal, and a Unitarian.
+While we were still at Atherstone, we received an invitation to pass a
+few days with the Nightingale family at Emblee, and betook ourselves
+thither. We found a fine mansion of Elizabethan architecture, and a
+cordial reception. The family consisted of father and mother and two
+daughters, both born during their parents' residence in Italy, and
+respectively christened Parthenope and Florence, one having first seen
+the light in the city whose name she bore, the other in Naples.
+
+[Illustration: FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
+
+_From a photograph._]
+
+Of the two, Parthenope was the elder; she was not handsome, but was
+_piquante_ and entertaining. Florence, the younger sister, was rather
+elegant than beautiful; she was tall and graceful of figure, her
+countenance mobile and expressive, her conversation most interesting.
+Having heard much of Dr. Howe as a philanthropist, she resolved to
+consult him upon a matter which she already had at heart. She
+accordingly requested him one day to meet her on the following morning,
+before the hour for the family breakfast. He did so, and she opened the
+way to the desired conference by saying, "Dr. Howe, if I should
+determine to study nursing, and to devote my life to that profession, do
+you think it would be a dreadful thing?"
+
+"By no means," replied my husband. "I think that it would be a very good
+thing."
+
+So much and no more of the conversation Dr. Howe repeated to me. We soon
+heard that Miss Florence was devoting herself to the study of her
+predilection; and when, years after this time, the Crimean war broke
+out, we were among the few who were not astonished at the undertaking
+which made her name world famous.
+
+Just before our final embarkation for America, we passed a few days with
+the same friends at Lea Hurst, a pretty country seat near Malvern. There
+we met the well-known historian, Henry Hallam, celebrated also as the
+father of Tennyson's lamented Arthur. "Martin Chuzzlewit" had recently
+appeared, and I remember that Mr. Hallam read aloud with much amusement
+the famous transcendental episode beginning, "To be introduced to a
+Pogram by a Hominy." Mr. Hallam asked me whether talk of this sort was
+ever heard in transcendental circles in America. I was obliged to
+confess that the caricature was not altogether without foundation.
+
+Soon after reaching London for the second time, we were invited to visit
+Dr. and Mrs. Fowler at Salisbury. The doctor was much interested in
+anthropology and kindred topics, and my husband found in him a congenial
+friend. The house was a modest one, but the housekeeping was generous
+and tasteful. As Salisbury was a cathedral town, the prominent people of
+the place naturally belonged to the Anglican Church. At the Fowlers'
+hospitable board we met the bishop, the dean, the rector, and the
+curate.
+
+I attended several services in the beautiful cathedral, and enjoyed very
+much a visit to Stonehenge, which we made in company with our hosts, in
+a carriage drawn by two small mules. I inquired why they used mules in
+preference to horses, and was told that it was to avoid the tax imposed
+upon the latter. Stonehenge was in the district of Old Sarum, once a
+rotten borough, as certain places in England were termed which, with
+little or no population, had yet the right to be represented in
+Parliament. Dr. Fowler was familiar with the ancient history of the
+place, which, as we saw it, contained nothing but an area of desolate
+sand. The wonderful Druidical stones of Stonehenge commanded our
+attention. They are too well known to need description. Our host could
+throw no light upon their history, which belongs, one must suppose, with
+that of kindred constructions in Brittany.
+
+Bishop Denison, at the time of our visit, was still saddened by the loss
+of a beloved wife. He invited us to a dinner at which his sister, Miss
+Denison, presided. The dean and his wife were present, the Fowlers, and
+one or two other guests. To my surprise, the bishop gave me his arm and
+conducted me to the table, where he seated me on his right. Mrs. Fowler
+afterwards remarked to me, "How charming it was of the bishop to take
+you in to dinner. As an American you have no rank, and are therefore
+exempt from all questions of precedence."
+
+Mrs. Fowler once described to me an intimate little dinner with the poet
+Rogers, for which he had promised to provide just enough, and no more.
+Each dish exactly matched the three convives. Half of a chicken sufficed
+for the roast. As his usual style of entertainment was very elegant, he
+probably derived some amusement from this unnecessary economy.
+
+We left Salisbury with regret, Dr. Fowler giving Dr. Howe a parting
+injunction to visit Rotherhithe workhouse, where he himself had seen an
+old woman who was blind, deaf, and crippled. My husband made this visit,
+and wrote an account of it to Dr. Fowler.[2] He read this to me before
+sending it. In the mischief of which I was then full to overflowing, I
+wrote a humorous travesty of Dr. Howe's letter in rhyme, but when I
+showed it to him, I was grieved to see how much he seemed pained at my
+frivolity.
+
+[Footnote 2: This old woman was one of a number of trebly-afflicted
+persons--deaf, dumb, and blind--whom Dr. Howe found time to visit on
+this wedding trip, beginning their instruction himself in some cases,
+and interesting persons in the neighborhood in carrying it on. In his
+report of the Institution for the Blind, written after his return from
+Europe in 1844, he gives an account of these cases, closing with an
+eloquent appeal in behalf of these neglected and suffering members of
+the human family.
+
+"And here the question will recur to you (for I doubt not it has
+occurred a dozen times already), Can nothing be done to disinter this
+human soul? It is late, but perhaps not too late. The whole neighborhood
+would rush to save this woman if she were buried alive by the caving in
+of a pit, and labor with zeal until she were dug out. Now if there were
+one who had as much patience as zeal, and who, having carefully observed
+how a little child learns language, would attempt to lead her gently
+through the same course, he might possibly awaken her to a consciousness
+of her immortal nature. The chance is small indeed; but with a smaller
+chance they would have dug desperately for her in the pit; and is the
+life of the soul of less import than that of the body?
+
+"It is to be feared that there are many others whose cases are not known
+out of their own families, who are regarded as beyond the reach of help,
+and who are therefore left in their awful desolation.
+
+"This ought not to be, either for the good of the sufferers, or of those
+about them. It is hardly possible to conceive a case in which some
+improvement could not be effected by patient perseverance; and the
+effort ought to be made in every one of them.
+
+"The sight of any being, in human shape, left to brutish ignorance, is
+always demoralizing to the beholders. There floats not upon the stream
+of life any wreck of humanity so utterly shattered and crippled that its
+signals of distress should not challenge attention and command
+assistance."]
+
+      Dear Sir, I went south
+      As far as Portsmouth,
+  And found a most charming old woman,
+      Delightfully void
+      Of all that's enjoyed
+  By the animal vaguely called human.
+
+      She has but one jaw,
+      Has teeth like a saw,
+  Her ears and her eyes I delight in:
+      The one could not hear
+      Tho' a cannon were near,
+  The others are holes with no sight in.
+
+      Her cinciput lies
+      Just over her eyes,
+  Not far from the bone parietal;
+      The crown of her head,
+      Be it vulgarly said,
+  Is shaped like the back of a beetle.
+
+      Destructiveness great
+      Combines with conceit
+  In the form of this wonderful noddle,
+      But benev'lence, you know,
+      And a large _philopro_
+  Give a great inclination to coddle.
+
+And so on.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+FIRST YEARS IN BOSTON
+
+
+In the autumn of 1844 we returned from our wedding journey, and took up
+our abode in the near neighborhood of the city of Boston, of which at
+intervals I had already enjoyed some glimpses. These had shown me
+Margaret Fuller, holding high communion with her friends in her
+well-remembered conversations; Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was then
+breaking ground in the field of his subsequent great reputation; and
+many another who has since been widely heard of. I count it as one of my
+privileges to have listened to a single sermon from Dr. Channing, with
+whom I had some personal acquaintance. I can remember only a few
+passages. Its theme must have been the divine love; for Dr. Channing
+said that God loved black men as well as white men, poor men as well as
+rich men, and bad men as well as good men. This doctrine was quite new
+to me, but I received it gladly.
+
+The time was one in which the Boston community, small as it then was,
+exhibited great differences of opinion, especially regarding the new
+transcendentalism and the anti-slavery agitation, which were both held
+much in question by the public at large. While George Ripley, moved by a
+fresh interpretation of religious duty, was endeavoring to institute a
+phalanstery at Brook Farm, the caricatures of Christopher Cranch gave
+great amusement to those who were privileged to see them. One of these
+represented Margaret Fuller driving a winged team attached to a chariot
+on which was inscribed the name of her new periodical, "The Dial," while
+the Rev. Andrews Norton regarded her with holy horror. Another
+illustrated a passage from Mr. Emerson's essay on Nature--"I play upon
+myself. I am my own music"--by depicting an individual with a nose of
+preternatural length, pierced with holes like a flageolet, upon which
+his fingers sought the intervals. Yet Mr. Cranch belonged by taste and
+persuasion among the transcendentalists.
+
+As my earliest relations in Boston were with its recognized society, I
+naturally gave some heed to the views therein held regarding the
+transcendental people. What I liked least in these last, when I met
+them, was a sort of jargon which characterized their speech. I had been
+taught to speak plain and careful English, and though always a student
+of foreign languages, I had never thought fit to mix their idioms with
+those of my native tongue. Apropos of this, I remember that the poet
+Fitz-Greene Halleck once said to me of Margaret Fuller, "That young lady
+does not speak the same language that I do,--I cannot understand her."
+Mr. Emerson's English was as new to me as that of any of his
+contemporaries; but in his case I soon felt that the thought was as
+novel as the language, and that both marked an epoch in literary
+history. The grandiloquence which was common at that time now appears to
+me to have been the natural expression of an exhilaration of mind which
+carried the speaker or writer beyond the bounds of commonplace speech.
+The intellect of the time had outgrown the limits of Puritan belief. The
+narrow literalism, the material and positive view of matters highly
+spiritual, abstract, and indeterminate, which had been handed down from
+previous generations, had become irreligious to the foremost minds of
+that day. They had no choice but to enter the arena as champions of the
+new interpretation of life which the cause of truth imperatively
+demanded.
+
+I speak now of the transcendental movement as I had opportunity to
+observe it in Boston. Let us not ignore the fact that it was a world
+movement. The name seems to have been borrowed from the German
+phraseology, in which the philosophy of Kant was termed "the
+transcendental philosophy." More than this, the breath which kindled
+among us this new flame of hope and aspiration came from the same
+source. For this was the period of Germany's true glory. Her
+intellectual radiance outshone and outlived the military meteor which
+for a brief moment obscured all else to human vision. The great vitality
+of the German nation, the indefatigable research of its learned men, its
+wholesome balance of sense and spirit, all made themselves widely felt,
+and infused fresh blood into veins impoverished by ascetic views of
+life. Its philosophers were apostles of freedom, its poets sang the joy
+of living, not the bitterness of sin and death.
+
+These good things were brought to us piecemeal, by translations, by
+disciples. Dr. Hedge published an English rendering of some of the
+masterpieces of German prose. Longfellow gave us lovely versions of many
+poets. John S. Dwight produced his ever precious volume of translations
+of the minor poems of Goethe and Schiller. Margaret Fuller translated
+Eckermann's "Conversations with Goethe." Carlyle wrote his wonderful
+essays, inspired by the new thought, and adding to it daring novelty of
+his own. The whole is matter of history now, quite beyond the domain of
+personal reminiscence.
+
+I have spoken of the transcendentalists and the abolitionists as if they
+had been quite distinct bodies of believers. Reflecting more deeply, I
+feel that both were features of the new movement. In the
+transcendentalists the enthusiasm of emancipated thought was paramount,
+while the abolitionists followed the vision of emancipated humanity. The
+lightning flash which illuminated the heaven of the poets and
+philosophers fell also on the fetters of the slave, and showed them to
+the thinking world as a disgrace no longer to be tolerated by civilized
+peoples.
+
+I recall my first years of life in Boston as nearly touched by the sense
+of the unresolved discords which existed in its society. My husband was
+much concerned in some of the changes of front which took place at this
+time. An ardent friend both of Horace Mann and of Charles Sumner, he
+shared the educational views of the first and the political convictions
+of the second. In the year 1845, having been elected to serve on the
+Boston School Board, Dr. Howe instituted so drastic a research into the
+condition of the public schools as to draw upon himself much
+animadversion and some ill-will. Horace Mann, on the other hand,
+characterized this work as "one which only Sam Howe or an angel could
+have done."
+
+Dr. Howe and Mr. Mann, during their travels in Europe, had become much
+interested in the system of training, new at that time, by which
+deaf-mutes were enabled to use vocal speech, and to read on the lips the
+words of those who addressed them. Soon after his return from Europe,
+Mr. Mann published a report in which he dwelt much on the great benefit
+of this new departure in the education of deaf-mutes, and advocated the
+introduction of the system into our own schools. Dr. Howe expressed the
+same views, and the two gentlemen were held up to the public as
+disturbers of its peace. My husband disapproved of the use of signs,
+which, up to that time, had figured largely in the instruction of
+American deaf-mutes, and in their intercourse with each other. He felt
+that the use of language was an important condition of definite thought,
+and hailed the new powers conferred by the European system as a
+liberation of its pupils from the greatest of their disabilities, the
+privation of direct intercourse with their fellow creatures. His advice,
+privately sought and given, induced a number of parents to undertake
+themselves the education of their deaf children, or, at least, to have
+that education conducted at home, and under their own supervision. In
+after years such parents and children were forward in expressing their
+gratitude for the advice given and followed. The Horace Mann school in
+Boston, and the Clarke school in Northampton, attest the perseverance of
+the advocates of the new method of instruction, and their ultimate
+success.
+
+I had formerly seen Boston as a petted visitor from another city would
+be apt to see it. I had found it altogether hospitable, and rather eager
+to entertain a novelty. It was another matter to see it with its
+consideration cap on, pondering whether to like or mislike a new
+claimant to its citizenship. I had known what we may term the Boston of
+the Forty, if New York may be called the city of the Four Hundred. I was
+now to make acquaintance with quite another city,--with the Boston of
+the teachers, of the reformers, of the cranks, and also--of the
+apostles. Wondering and floundering among these new surroundings, I was
+often at a loss to determine what I should follow, what relinquish. I
+endeavored to enter reasonably into the functions and amusements of
+general society, and at the same time to profit by the new resources of
+intellectual life which opened out before me. One offense against
+fashion I would commit: I would go to hear Theodore Parker preach. My
+society friends shook their heads.
+
+"What is Julia Howe trying to find at Parker's meeting?" asked one of
+these one day in my presence.
+
+"Atheism," replied the lady thus addressed.
+
+I said, "Not atheism, but a theism."
+
+The change had already been great, from my position as a family idol and
+"the superior young lady" of an admiring circle to that of a wife
+overshadowed for the time by the splendor of her husband's reputation.
+This I had accepted willingly. But the change from my life of easy
+circumstances and brilliant surroundings to that of the mistress of a
+suite of rooms in the Institution for the Blind at South Boston was much
+greater. The building was two miles distant from the city proper, the
+only public conveyance being an omnibus which ran but once in two hours.
+My friends were residents of Boston, or of places still more remote from
+my dwelling-place, and South Boston was then, as it has continued to be,
+a distinctly unfashionable suburb. My husband did not desire that I
+should undertake any work in connection with the Institution under his
+charge. I found its teachers pleasant neighbors, and was glad to have
+Laura Bridgman continue to be a member of the household.
+
+Dr. Howe had a great fancy for a piece of property which lay very near
+the Institution. In due time he purchased it. We found an ancient
+cottage on the place, and made it habitable by the addition of one or
+two rooms. Our new domain comprised several acres of land, and my
+husband took great pleasure in laying out an extensive fruit and flower
+garden, and in building a fine hothouse. We removed to this abode on a
+lovely summer day; and as I entered the grounds I involuntarily
+exclaimed, "This is green peace!" Somehow, the nickname, jocosely given,
+remained in use. The estate still stands on legal records as "The Green
+Peace Estate." Friends would sometimes ask us, "How are you getting on
+at Green Beans--is that the name?" My husband was so much attached to
+this place that when, after a residence of many years in the city, he
+returned thither to spend the last years of his life, he spoke of it as
+"Paradise Regained."
+
+It partly amuses, and partly saddens me to recall, at this advanced
+period of my life, the altogether mistaken views which I once held
+regarding certain sets of people in Boston, of whom I really knew little
+or nothing. The veil of prejudgment through which I saw them was not,
+indeed, of my own weaving, but I was content to dislike them at a
+distance, until circumstances compelled a nearer and a truer view.
+
+I had supposed the abolitionists to be men and women of rather coarse
+fibre, abounding in cheap and easy denunciation, and seeking to lay rash
+hands on the complex machinery of government and of society. My husband,
+who largely shared their opinions, had no great sympathy with some of
+their methods. Theodore Parker held them in great esteem, and it was
+through him that one of my strongest imaginary dislikes vanished as
+though it had never been. The object of this dislike was William Lloyd
+Garrison, whom I had never seen, but of whose malignity of disposition I
+entertained not the smallest doubt.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOME AT SOUTH BOSTON
+
+_From a painting in the possession of M. Anagnos._]
+
+It happened that I met him at one of Parker's Sunday evenings at home. I
+soon felt that this was not the man for whom I had cherished so great a
+distaste. Gentle and unassuming in manner, with a pleasant voice, a
+benevolent countenance, and a sort of glory of sincerity in his ways and
+words, I could only wonder at the falsehoods that I had heard and
+believed concerning him.
+
+The Parkers had then recently received the gift of a piano from members
+of their congregation. A friend began to play hymn tunes upon it, and
+those of us who could sing gathered in little groups to read from the
+few hymn-books which were within reach. Dr. Howe presently looked up and
+saw me singing from the same book with Mr. Garrison. He told me
+afterward that few things in the course of his life had surprised him
+more. From this time forth the imaginary Garrison ceased to exist for
+me. I learned to respect and honor the real one more and more, though as
+yet little foreseeing how glad I should be one day to work with and
+under him. The persons most frequently named as prominent abolitionists,
+in connection with Mr. Garrison, were Maria Weston Chapman and Wendell
+Phillips.
+
+Mrs. Chapman presided with much energy and grace over the anti-slavery
+bazaars which were held annually in Boston through a long space of
+years. For this labor of love she was somewhat decried, and the
+_sobriquet_ of "Captain Chapman" was given her in derision. She was
+handsome and rather commanding in person, endowed also with an excellent
+taste in dress. I cannot remember that she ever spoke in public, but her
+presence often adorned the platform at anti-slavery meetings. She was
+the editor of the "Liberty Bell," and was a valued friend and ally of
+Wendell Phillips.
+
+Of Mr. Phillips I must say that I at first regarded him through the same
+veil of prejudice which had caused me so greatly to misconceive the
+character of Mr. Garrison. I was a little softened by hearing that at
+one of the bazaars he had purchased a copy of my first volume of poems,
+with the remark, "She doesn't like me, but I like her poetry." This
+naturally led me to suppose that he must have some redeeming traits of
+character. I had not then heard him speak, and I did not wish to hear
+him; but I met him, also, at one of the Parker Sunday evenings, and,
+after a pleasant episode of conversation, I found myself constrained to
+take him out of my chamber of dislikes.
+
+Mr. Phillips was entitled, by birth and education, to an unquestioned
+position in Boston society. His family name was of the best. He was a
+graduate both of Harvard College and of its Law School. No ungentlemanly
+act had ever tarnished his fame. His offense was that, at a critical
+moment, he had espoused an unpopular cause,--one which was destined, in
+less than a score of years, so to divide the feeling of our community as
+to threaten the very continuance of our national life. Oh, to have been
+in Faneuil Hall on that memorable day when the pentecostal flame first
+visited him; when he leaped to the platform, all untrained for such an
+encounter, and his eloquent soul uttered itself in protest against a low
+and sordid acquiescence in the claims of oppression and tyranny! In that
+hour he was sealed as an apostle of the higher law, to whose advocacy he
+sacrificed his professional and social interests. The low-browed,
+chain-bound slave had now the best orator in America to plead his cause.
+It was the beginning of the end. Mr. Phillips, without doubt, sometimes
+used intemperate language. I myself have at times dissented quite
+sharply from some of his statements. Nevertheless, a man who rendered
+such great service to the community as he did has a right to be judged
+by his best, not by his least meritorious performance. He was for years
+an unwelcome prophet of evil to come. Society at large took little heed
+of his warning; but when the evil days did come, he became a counselor
+"good at need."
+
+I recall now a scene in Tremont Temple just before the breaking out of
+our civil war. An anti-slavery meeting had been announced, and a scheme
+had been devised to break it up. As I entered I met Mrs. Chapman, who
+said, "These are times in which anti-slavery people must stand by each
+other." On the platform were seated a number of the prominent
+abolitionists. Mr. Phillips was to be the second speaker, but when he
+stepped forward to address the meeting a perfect hubbub arose in the
+gallery. Shrieks, howls, and catcalls resounded. Again and again the
+great orator essayed to speak. Again and again his voice was drowned by
+the general uproar. I sat near enough to hear him say, with a smile,
+"Those boys in the gallery will soon tire themselves out." And so,
+indeed, it befell. After a delay which appeared to some of us endless,
+the noise subsided, and Wendell Phillips, still in the glory of his
+strength and manly beauty, stood up before the house, and soon held all
+present spellbound by the magic of his speech. The clear silver ring of
+his voice carried conviction with it. From head to foot, he seemed
+aflame with the passion of his convictions. He used the simplest
+English, and spoke with such distinctness that his lowest tones, almost
+a whisper, could be heard throughout the large hall. Yerrinton, the only
+man who could report Wendell Phillips's speeches, once told my husband
+that it was like reporting chain lightning.
+
+On the occasion of which I speak, the unruly element was quieted once
+for all, and the further proceedings of the meeting suffered no
+interruption. The mob, however, did not at once abandon its intention of
+doing violence to the great advocate. Soon after the time just mentioned
+Dr. Howe attended an evening meeting, at the close of which a crowd of
+rough men gathered outside the public entrance, waiting for Phillips to
+appear, with ugly threats of the treatment which he should receive at
+their hands. The doors presently opened, and Phillips came forth,
+walking calmly between Mrs. Chapman and Lydia Maria Child. Not a hand
+was raised, not a threat was uttered. The crowd gave way in silence, and
+the two brave women parted from Phillips at the door of his own house.
+My husband spoke of this as one of the most impressive sights that he
+had ever witnessed. His report of it moved me to send word to Mr.
+Phillips that, in case of any recurrence of such a disturbance, I should
+be proud to join his body-guard.
+
+Mr. Phillips was one of the early advocates of woman suffrage. I
+remember that I was sitting in Theodore Parker's reception room
+conversing with him when Wendell Phillips, quite glowing with
+enthusiasm, came in to report regarding the then recent woman's rights
+convention at Worcester. Of the doings there he spoke in warm eulogy. He
+complained that Horace Mann had written a non-committal letter, in reply
+to the invitation sent him to take part in the convention. Ralph Waldo
+Emerson, he said, had excused himself from attendance on the ground that
+he was occupied in writing a life of Margaret Fuller, which, he hoped,
+would be considered as a service in the line of the objects of the
+meeting.
+
+This convention was held in October of the year 1850, before the claims
+of women to political efficiency had begun to occupy the attention and
+divide the feeling of the American public. When, after the close of the
+civil war, the question was again brought forward, with a new zeal and
+determination, Mr. Phillips gave it the great support of his eloquence,
+and continued through a long course of years to be one of its most
+earnest advocates.
+
+[Illustration: WENDELL PHILLIPS
+
+At the age of 48
+
+_From a photograph lent by Francis J. Garrison, Boston._]
+
+The last time that I heard Wendell Phillips speak in public was in
+December, 1883, at the unveiling of Miss Whitney's statue of Harriet
+Martineau, in the Old South Meeting-House. Mrs. Livermore was one of the
+speakers of the occasion. When the stated exercises were at an end, she
+said to me, "Let us thank Mr. Phillips for what he has just said. We
+shall not have him with us long." I expressed surprise at this, and she
+said further, "He has heart disease, and is far from well." Soon after
+this followed his death, and the splendid public testimonial given in
+his honor. I was one of those admitted to the funeral exercises, in
+which friends spoke of him most lovingly. I also saw his remains lying
+in state in Faneuil Hall, on the very platform where, in his ardent
+youth, he had uttered his first scathing denunciation of the slave power
+and its defenders. The mournful and reverent crowd which gathered for
+one last look at his beloved countenance told, better than words could
+tell, of the tireless services which, in the interval, had won for him
+the heart of the community. It was a sight never to be forgotten.
+
+I first heard of Theodore Parker as the author of the sermon on "The
+Transient and the Permanent in Christianity." At the time of its
+publication I was still within the fold of the Episcopal Church, and,
+judging by hearsay, was prepared to find the discourse a tissue of
+impious and sacrilegious statements. Yet I ventured to peruse a copy of
+it which fell into my hands. I was surprised to find it reverent and
+appreciative in spirit, although somewhat startling in its conclusions.
+At that time the remembrance of Mr. Emerson's Phi Beta address was fresh
+in my mind. This discourse of Parker's was a second glimpse of a system
+of thought very different from that in which I had been reared.
+
+Not long after my marriage, being in Rome with my husband, I was
+interested to hear of Parker's arrival there. As Dr. Howe had some
+slight acquaintance with him, we soon invited him to dine with us. He
+was already quite bald, and this untimely blemish appeared in strange
+contrast with the youthful energy of his facial expression. He was
+accompanied by his wife, whose mild countenance, compared with his,
+suggested even more than the usual contrast between husband and wife.
+One might have said of her that she came near being very handsome. Her
+complexion was fair, her features were regular, and the expression of
+her face was very naif and gentle. A certain want of physical maturity
+seemed to have prevented her from blossoming into full beauty. It was a
+great grief both to her and to her husband that their union was
+childless.
+
+Theodore Parker's reputation had already reached Rome, and there as
+elsewhere brought him many attentions from scholars, and even from
+dignitaries of the Catholic Church. He remained in the Eternal City, as
+we did, through the winter, and we saw him frequently.
+
+When, in the spring, my eldest child was born, I desired that she should
+be christened by Parker. This caused some uneasiness to my sisters, who
+were with me at the time. One of them took occasion to call upon Parker
+at his lodgings, and to inquire how the infant was to be christened, in
+what name. Our friend replied that he had never heard of any baptismal
+formula other than the usual one, "in the name of the Father, Son, and
+Holy Ghost." My sister was much relieved, and the baptism was altogether
+satisfactory.
+
+This was the beginning of a family intimacy which lasted many years,
+ending only with Parker's life. After our return to America my husband
+went often to the Melodeon, where Parker preached until he took
+possession of the Music Hall. The interest which my husband showed in
+these services led me in time to attend them, and I remember as among
+the great opportunities of my life the years in which I listened to
+Theodore Parker.
+
+Those who knew Parker only in the pulpit did not half know him. Apart
+from the field of theological controversy, he was one of the most
+sympathetic and delightful of men. I have rarely met any one whose
+conversation had such a ready and varied charm. His idea of culture was
+encyclopaedic, and his reading, as might have been inferred from the size
+of his library, was enormous. The purchase of books was his single
+extravagance. One whole floor was given up to them, and in spite of this
+they overflowed into hall and drawing-room. He was very generous in
+lending them, and I often profited by his kindness in this respect.
+
+His affection for his wife was very great. From a natural love of
+paradox, he was accustomed to style this mild creature "Bear," and he
+delighted to carry out this pleasantry by adorning his _etagere_ with
+miniature bears, in wood-carving, porcelain, and so on. His gold shirt
+stud bore the impress of a bear. At one Christmas time he showed me a
+breakfast cup upon which a bear had been painted, by his express order,
+as a gift for his wife. At another he granted me a view of a fine silver
+candlestick in the shape of a bear and staff, which was also intended
+for her.
+
+To my husband Parker often spoke of the excellence of his wife's
+discernment of character. He would say, "My quiet little wife, with her
+simple intuition, understands people more readily than I do. I sometimes
+invite a stranger to my house, and tell her that she will find him as
+pleasant as I have found him. It may turn out so; but if my wife says,
+'Theodore, I don't like that man; there's something wrong about him,' I
+always find in the end that I have been mistaken,--that her judgment was
+correct."
+
+Parker's ideal of culture included a knowledge of music. His endeavors
+to attain this were praiseworthy, but unsuccessful. I have heard the
+late John S. Dwight relate that when he was a student in Harvard
+Divinity School, Parker, who was then his fellow student, desired to be
+taught to sing the notes of the musical scale. Dwight volunteered to
+give him lessons, and began, as is usual, by striking the dominant _do_
+and directing Parker to imitate the sound. Parker responded, and found
+himself able to sing this one note; but when Dwight passed on to the
+second and the third, Parker could only repeat the note already sung. He
+had no ear for music, and his friend advised him to give up the hopeless
+attempt to cultivate his voice. In like manner, at an earlier date, Dr.
+Howe and Charles Sumner joined a singing class, but both evincing the
+same defect were dismissed as hopeless cases. Parker attended sedulously
+the concerts of classical music given in Boston, and no doubt enjoyed
+them, after a fashion. I remember that I once tried to explain to him
+the difference between having an ear for music and not having one. I
+failed, however, to convince him of any such distinction.
+
+The years during which I heard him most frequently were momentous in the
+history of our country and of our race. They presaged and preceded grave
+crises on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe was going on the ferment
+of ideas and theories which led to the revolutions of 1848 and the
+temporary upturning of states and of governments. In the United States,
+the seed of thought sown by prophetic minds was ripening in the great
+field of public opinion. Slavery and all that it involved became not
+only hateful but intolerable to men of right mind, and the policy which
+aimed at its indefinite extension was judged and condemned.
+
+Parker at this time had need in truth of the two-edged sword of the
+Spirit. On the one hand he encountered the foes of religious freedom, on
+the other the advocates and instruments of political oppression. His
+sermons on theism belonged to one of these domains, those which treated
+of public men and measures to the other. Among these last, I remember
+best that on Daniel Webster, and the terrible "Lesson for the Day" which
+denounced Judge Loring for the part he had taken in the rendition of
+Anthony Burns.
+
+The discourse which treated of Webster was indeed memorable. I remember
+well the solemnity of its opening sentences, and the earnest desire
+shown throughout to do justice to the great gifts of the great man,
+while no one of his public misdeeds was allowed to escape notice. The
+whole performance, painful as it was in parts, was very uplifting, as
+the exhibition of true mastery must always be. Its unusual length caused
+me to miss the omnibus which should have brought me to South Boston in
+good time for our Sunday dinner. As I entered the house and found the
+family somewhat impatient of the unwonted delay, I cried, "Let no one
+find fault! I have heard the greatest thing that I shall ever hear!"
+
+At the time of the attempted rendition of the fugitive slave Shadrach a
+meeting was held in the Melodeon, at which various speakers gave
+utterance to the indignation which aroused the whole community. Parker
+had been the prime mover in calling this meeting. He had written for it
+some verses to be sung to the tune of "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled,"
+and he made the closing and most important address. It was on this
+occasion that I first saw Colonel Higginson, who was then known as the
+Rev. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, pastor of a religious society in
+Worcester, Mass. The part assigned to him in the exercises was to read
+portions of Scripture appropriate to the day. This he did with excellent
+effect. Parker, in the course of his address, held up a torn coat, and
+said, "This is the coat of our brother Shadrach," reverting in his mind
+to the Bible story of the torn coat of Joseph over which his father
+grieved so sorely. As I left the hall I heard some mischievous urchins
+commenting upon this. "Nonsense!" cried one of them, "that wasn't
+Shadrach's coat at all. That was Theodore's coat." Parker was amused
+when I told him of this.
+
+From time to time Parker would speak in his sermons of the position
+which woman should hold in a civilized community. The question of
+suffrage had not then been brought into prominence, and, as I remember,
+he insisted most upon the claim of the sex to equality of education and
+of opportunity. On one occasion he invited Lucretia Mott to his pulpit.
+On another its privileges were accorded to Mrs. Seba Smith. I was
+present one Sunday when he announced to his congregation that the Rev.
+Antoinette L. Brown would address them on the Sunday following. As he
+pronounced the word "Reverend," I detected an unmistakable and probably
+unconscious curl of his lip. The lady was, I believe, the first woman
+minister regularly ordained in the United States. She was a graduate of
+Oberlin, in that day the only college in our country which received
+among its pupils women and negroes. She was ordained as pastor by an
+Orthodox Congregational society, and has since become better known as
+Antoinette Brown Blackwell, a strenuous advocate of the rights of her
+sex, an earnest student of religious philosophy, and the author of some
+valuable works on this and kindred topics.
+
+[Illustration: THEODORE PARKER
+
+_From a photograph by J. J. Hawes._]
+
+I am almost certain that Parker was the first minister who in public
+prayer to God addressed him as "Father and Mother of us all." I can
+truly say that no rite of public worship, not even the splendid Easter
+service in St. Peter's at Rome, ever impressed me as deeply as did
+Theodore Parker's prayers. The volume of them which has been published
+preserves many of his sentences, but cannot convey any sense of the
+sublime attitude of humility with which he rose and stood, his arms
+extended, his features lit up with the glory of his high office. Truly,
+he talked with God, and took us with him into the divine presence.
+
+I cannot remember that the interest of his sermons ever varied for me.
+It was all one intense delight. The luminous clearness of his mind, his
+admirable talent for popularizing the procedures and conclusions of
+philosophy, his keen wit and poetic sense of beauty,--all these combined
+to make him appear to me one of the oracles of God. Add to these his
+fearlessness and his power of denunciation, exercised in a community a
+great part of which seemed bound in a moral sleep. His voice was like
+the archangel's trump, summoning the wicked to repentance and bidding
+the just take heart. It was hard to go out from his presence, all aglow
+with the enthusiasm which he felt and inspired, and to hear him spoken
+of as a teacher of irreligion, a pest to the community.
+
+As all know, this glorious career came too soon to an end. While still
+in the fullness of his powers, and at the moment when he was most
+needed, the taint of hereditary disease penetrated his pure and
+blameless life. He came to my husband's office one day, and said, "Howe,
+that venomous cat which has destroyed so many of my people has fixed her
+claws here," pointing to his chest. The progress of the fatal disease
+was slow but sure. He had agreed with Dr. Howe that they should visit
+South America together in 1860, when he should have attained his
+fiftieth year. Alas! in place of that adventurous voyage and journey, a
+sad exodus to the West Indies and thence to Europe was appointed, an
+exile from which he never returned.
+
+Many years after this time I visited the public cemetery in Florence,
+and stood before the simple granite cross which marks the resting-place
+of this great apostle of freedom. I found it adorned with plants and
+vines which had evidently been brought from his native land. A dear
+friend of his, Mrs. Sarah Shaw Russell, had said to me of this spot, "It
+looks like a piece of New England." And I thought how this piece of New
+England belonged to the world.
+
+One of the most imposing figures in my gallery of remembrance is that of
+Charles Sumner, senator and martyr. When I first saw him I was still a
+girl in my father's house, from which the father had then but recently
+passed. My eldest brother, Samuel Ward, had made Mr. Sumner's
+acquaintance through a letter of introduction given to the latter by Mr.
+Longfellow. At his suggestion we invited Mr. Sumner to pass a quiet
+evening at our house, promising him a little music. Our guest had but
+recently returned from England, where letters from Chief Justice Story
+had given him access both to literary and to aristocratic circles. His
+appearance was at that time rather singular. He was very tall and erect,
+and the full suit of black which he wore added to the effect of his
+height and slenderness of figure. Of his conversation, I remember
+chiefly that he held the novels of Walter Scott in very light esteem,
+and that he quoted with approbation Sir Adam Ferguson as having said
+that Manzoni's "Promessi Sposi" was worth more than all of Sir Walter's
+romances put together.
+
+Mr. Sumner was at this time one of a little group of friends which an
+ironical lady had christened "the Mutual Admiration Society." The other
+members were the poet Longfellow, George S. Hillard, Cornelius Felton,
+professor of Greek at Harvard College, of which at a later day he became
+president, and Dr. Howe. These gentlemen were indeed bound together by
+ties of intimate friendship, but the humorous designation just quoted
+was not fairly applicable to them. They rejoiced in one another's
+successes, and Sumner on one occasion wrote to Dr. Howe, apropos of some
+new poem of Mr. Longfellow's, "What a club we are! I like to indulge in
+a little _mutual_." The developments of later years made some changes in
+these relations. When the Boston public became strongly divided on the
+slavery question, Hillard and Felton were less pronounced in their views
+than the others, while Longfellow, Sumner, and Dr. Howe remained united
+in opinion and in feeling. Hillard, who possessed more scholarship and
+literary taste than Sumner, could never understand the reason of the
+high position which the latter in time attained. He remained a Webster
+Whig, to use the language of those days, while Sumner was elected to
+Webster's seat in the Senate. Felton was a man of very genial
+temperament, devoted to the duties of his Greek professorship and to
+kindred studies. He was by nature averse to strife, and the encounters
+of the political arena had little attraction for him. The five always
+remained friends and well-wishers. They became much absorbed in the
+cares and business of public and private life, and the club as such
+ceased to be spoken of.
+
+In the days of their great intimacy, a certain grotesqueness of taste in
+Sumner made him the object of some good-natured banter on the part of
+the other "Mutuals." It was related that on a certain Fourth of July he
+had given his office boy, Ben, a small gratuity, and had advised him to
+pass the day at Mount Auburn, where he would be able to enjoy quiet and
+profitable meditation. Felton was especially merry over this incident;
+but he, in turn, furnished occasion for laughter when on a visit to New
+York, in company with the same friends. A man-servant whom they had
+brought with them was ordered to carry Felton's valise to the Astor
+House. This was before the days of the baggage express. The man arrived
+late in the day, breathless with fatigue, and when questioned replied,
+"Faith! I went to all the _oyster_ houses in Broadway before I could
+find yees."
+
+I little thought when I first knew Mr. Sumner that his most intimate
+friend was destined to become my own companion for life. Charles Sumner
+was a man of great qualities and of small defects. His blemishes, which
+were easily discerned, were temperamental rather than moral. He had not
+the sort of imagination which enables a man to enter easily into the
+feelings of others, and this deficiency on his part sometimes resulted
+in unnecessary rudeness.
+
+His father, Sheriff Sumner, had been accounted the most polite Bostonian
+of his day. It was related of him that once, being present at the
+execution of a criminal, and having trodden upon the foot of the
+condemned man, the sheriff took off his hat and apologized for the
+accident. Whereupon the criminal exclaimed, "Sheriff Sumner, you are the
+politest man I ever knew, and if I am to be hanged, I had rather be
+hanged by you than by any one else." It was sometimes remarked that the
+sheriff's mantle did not seem to have fallen upon his son.
+
+Charles Sumner's appearance was curiously metamorphosed by a severe
+attack of typhoid fever, which he suffered, I think, in 1843 or 1844.
+After his recovery he gained much in flesh, and entirely lost that
+ungainliness of aspect which once led a friend to compare him to a
+geometrical line, "length without breadth or thickness." He now became a
+man of strikingly fine presence, his great height being offset by a
+corresponding fullness of figure. His countenance was strongly marked
+and very individual,--the features not handsome in themselves, but the
+whole effect very pleasingly impressive.
+
+He had but little sense of humor, and was not at home in the small
+cut-and-thrust skirmishes of general society. He was made for serious
+issues and for great contests, which then lay unguessed before him. Of
+his literalness some amusing anecdotes have been told. At an official
+ball in Washington, he remarked to a young lady who stood beside him,
+"We are fortunate in having these places; for, standing here, we shall
+see the first entrance of the new English and French ministers into
+Washington society."
+
+The young girl replied, "I am glad to hear it. I like to see lions break
+the ice."
+
+Sumner was silent for a few minutes, but presently said, "Miss ----, in
+the country where lions live there is no ice."
+
+During the illness of which I have spoken, he was at times delirious,
+and his mother one day, going into his room, found that he was
+endeavoring to put on a change of linen. She begged him to desist,
+knowing him to be very weak. He said in reply, "Mother, I am not doing
+it for myself, but for some one else."
+
+Some debates on prison discipline, held in Boston in the year 1845,
+attracted a good deal of attention. Dr. Howe had become much
+dissatisfied with the management of prisons in Massachusetts, and
+desired to see the adoption of the Pennsylvania system of solitary
+confinement. Mr. Sumner entered warmly into his views. The matter was
+brought before the Boston public, and the arguments for and against the
+proposed change were very fully stated and discussed. Mr. Sumner spoke
+several times in favor of the solitary system, and on each occasion
+carried off the honors of the meeting. The secretary of the prison
+discipline association at that time, a noted conservative, opposed very
+strenuously the introduction of the Pennsylvania system. In the course
+of the debates, Mr. Sumner turned upon him in a sudden and unexpected
+manner, with these words: "In what I am about to say, I shall endeavor
+to imitate the secretary's candor, but not his temper." Now the
+secretary was one of the magnates of Boston, accustomed to be treated
+with great consideration. The start that he gave on being thus
+interpellated was so comic that it has impressed itself upon my memory.
+The speaker proceeded to apply to this gentleman a well-known line of
+Horace, descriptive of the character of Achilles:--
+
+  "Impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer."
+
+I confess that to me this direct attack appeared uncalled for, and I
+thought that the cause could have been as well advocated without
+recourse to personalities.
+
+I once invited Mr. Sumner to meet a distinguished guest at my house. He
+replied, "I do not know that I wish to meet your friend. I have outlived
+the interest in individuals." In my diary of the day I recorded the
+somewhat ungracious utterance, with this comment: "God Almighty, by the
+latest accounts, has not got so far as this." Mr. Sumner was told of
+this, in my presence, though not by me. He said at once, "What a strange
+sort of book your diary must be! You ought to strike that out
+immediately."
+
+Sumner was often robbed in the street or at a railroad station; his tall
+figure attracting attention, and his mind, occupied with things far
+away, giving little heed to what went on in his immediate presence.
+Members of his family were wont to say, "It is about time now for
+Charles to have his pocket picked again." The fact often followed the
+prediction.
+
+Mr. Sumner's eloquence differed much in character from that of Wendell
+Phillips. The two men, although workers in a common cause, were very
+dissimilar in their natural endowments. Phillips had a temperament of
+fire, while that of Sumner was cold and sluggish. Phillips had a great
+gift of simplicity, and always made a bee line for the central point of
+interest in the theme which he undertook to present. Sumner was
+recondite in language and elaborate in style. He was much of a student,
+and abounded in quotations. In his senatorial days, I once heard a
+satirical lady mention him as "the moral flummery member from
+Massachusetts, quoting Tibullus!"
+
+The first political speech which I heard from Mr. Sumner was delivered,
+if I mistake not, at a schoolhouse in the neighborhood of Boston. I
+found his oratory somewhat overloud and emphatic for the small hall and
+limited attendance. He had not at that time found his proper audience.
+When he was heard, later on, in Faneuil Hall or Tremont Temple, the
+ringing roll of his voice was very effective. His gestures were forcible
+rather than graceful. In argument he would go over the same ground
+several times, always with new amplifications and illustrations of his
+subject. There was a dead weight of honesty and conviction in what he
+said, and it was this, perhaps, that chiefly gave him his command over
+an audience. He had also in a remarkable degree the trait of mastery,
+and the ability to present his topic in a large way.
+
+I am not sure whether Sumner's idea of culture was as encyclopaedic as
+that of Theodore Parker, but he certainly aspired to be what is now
+called "an all-round man," and especially desired to attain
+connoisseurship in art. He had not the many-sided power of appreciation
+which distinguished Parker, yet a reverence for the beautiful, rather
+moral than aesthetic, led him to study with interest the works of the
+great masters. In his later years, he never went abroad without bringing
+back pictures, engravings, or rare missals. He had little natural
+apprehension of music, but used to express his admiration of some
+favorite operas, among them Mozart's "Don Giovanni" and Rossini's
+"Barbiere di Seviglia." In the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, of
+which he was chairman for many years, his acquaintance with foreign
+languages was much valued. I remember a line of Tasso which he sometimes
+quoted when beautiful hands were spoken of:--
+
+  "Dove ne nodo appar, ne vena eccede."
+
+On the other hand, I have heard him say that mathematics always remained
+a sealed book to him; and that his professor at Harvard once exclaimed,
+"Sumner, I can't whittle a mathematical idea small enough to get it into
+your brain."
+
+[Illustration: JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+_From a painting by Joseph Ames in 1847._]
+
+The period between 1851 and the beginning of the civil war found Mr.
+Sumner at his post in the Senate of the United States. His position was
+from the outset a difficult one. His election had displaced a popular
+idol. His views regarding the heated question of the time, the extension
+of slavery to the territories, were far in advance of those held by the
+majority of the senatorial body or by the community at large. His
+uncompromising method of attack, his fiery utterances, contrasting
+strangely with the unusual mildness of his disposition, exasperated the
+defenders of slavery. These, perhaps, seeing that he was no fighting
+man, may have supposed him deficient in personal courage. He, however,
+knew very well the risks to which he exposed himself. His friends
+advised him to carry arms, and my husband once told old Mrs. Sumner, his
+mother, that Charles ought to be provided with a pistol. "Oh, doctor,"
+said the old lady, "he would only shoot himself with it."
+
+In the most trying days of the civil war, this same old lady came to Dr.
+Howe's office, anxious to learn his opinion concerning the progress of
+the contest. Dr. Howe in reply referred her to her own son for the
+desired information, saying, "Dear Madam Sumner, Charles knows more
+about public affairs than I do. Why don't you ask him about them?"
+
+"Oh, doctor, if I ask Charles, he only says, 'Mother, don't trouble
+yourself about such things.'"
+
+I was in Washington with Dr. Howe early in the spring of 1856. I
+remember being present in the senate chamber when a rather stormy debate
+took place between Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, and Henry Wilson, of
+Massachusetts. Charles Sumner looked up and, seeing me in the gallery,
+greeted me with a smile of recognition. I shall never forget the beauty
+of that smile. It seemed to me to illuminate the whole precinct with a
+silvery radiance. There was in it all the innocence of his sweet and
+noble nature.
+
+I asked my husband to invite Sumner to dine with us at Willard's Hotel,
+where we were staying. "No, no," he said, "Sumner would consider it
+_infra dig._ to dine with us at the hotel." He did, however, call upon
+us. In the course of conversation he said to me, "I shall soon deliver a
+speech in the Senate which will occasion a good deal of excitement. It
+will not surprise me if people leave their seats and show signs of
+unusual disturbance."
+
+The speech was delivered soon after this time. It was a direct and
+forcible arraignment of the slave power, which was then endeavoring to
+change the free Territory of Kansas into a slave State. The disturbance
+which Mr. Sumner had anticipated did not fail to follow, but in a manner
+which neither he nor any of his friends had foreseen.
+
+At the hotel I had remarked a handsome man, evidently a Southerner, with
+what appeared to me an evil expression of countenance. This was Brooks
+of South Carolina, the man who, not long after this time, attacked
+Charles Sumner in his seat in the senate chamber, choosing a moment when
+the personal friends of his victim were not present, and inflicting upon
+him injuries which destroyed his health and endangered his life. I will
+not enlarge here upon the pain and distress which this event caused to
+us and to the community at large. For several weeks our senator's life
+hung in the balance. For a very much longer time his vacant seat in the
+senate chamber told of the severe suffering which incapacitated him for
+public work. This time of great trial had some compensation in the
+general sympathy which it called forth. Sumner had won the crown of
+martyrdom, and his person thenceforth became sacred, even to his
+enemies.
+
+It was after a residence of many years in Washington that Mr. Sumner
+decided to build and occupy a house of his own. The spot chosen by him
+was immediately adjoining the well-known Arlington Hotel. The house was
+handsome and well appointed, adorned also with pictures and fine
+bronzes, in both of which he took great delight. Dr. Howe and I were
+invited to visit him there one evening, with other guests. Among these
+was Caleb Cushing, with whom Mr. Sumner soon became engaged in an
+animated discussion, probably regarding some question of the day. So
+absorbed were the two gentlemen in their argument that each of them
+frequently interrupted the other. The one interrupted would expostulate,
+saying, "I have not finished what I have to say;" at which the other
+would bow and apologize, but would presently offend again, in the same
+way.
+
+At my own house in Boston, Mr. Sumner called one evening when we were
+expecting other company. The invited guests presently arrived, and he
+abruptly left the room without any parting word or gesture. I afterwards
+spoke of this to Dr. Howe, who said, "That is Sumner's idea of taking
+French leave." Whereupon our dear eldest said, "Why, mamma, Mr. Sumner's
+way of taking French leave is as if the elephant should undertake to
+walk incognito down Broadway."
+
+The last important act of Mr. Sumner's public life was the elaborate
+argument by which he defeated the proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
+to the United States. This question presented itself during the first
+term of General Grant's administration. The proposal for annexation was
+made by the President of the Dominican Republic. General Grant, with the
+forethought of a military commander, desired that the United States
+should possess a foothold in the West Indies. A commission of three was
+accordingly appointed to investigate and report upon the condition of
+the island. The three were Hon. Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio, Andrew D.
+White, at that time president of Cornell University, and Dr. Howe. A
+thorough visitation of the territory was made by these gentlemen, and a
+report favorable to the scheme of annexation was presented by them on
+their return. Dr. Howe was greatly interested for the Dominicans, who
+had achieved political independence and separation from Hayti by a
+severe struggle, which was always liable to be renewed on the part of
+their former masters. Mr. Sumner, on the other hand, espoused the cause
+of the Haytian government so warmly that he would not wait for the
+report of the commission to be presented, but hastened to forestall
+public opinion by a speech in which he displayed all his powers of
+oratory, but showed something less than his usual acquaintance with
+facts. His eloquence carried the day, and the plan of annexation was
+defeated and abandoned, to the great regret of the commissioners and of
+the Dominicans themselves.
+
+I shall speak elsewhere of my visiting Santo Domingo in company with Dr.
+Howe. Our second visit there was made in the spring of the year 1874. I
+had gone one day to inspect a school high on the mountains of Samana,
+when a messenger came after me in haste, bearing this written message
+from my husband: "Please come home at once. Our dear, noble Sumner is no
+more." The monthly steamer, at that time the only one that ran to Santo
+Domingo, had just brought the news, deplored by many, to my husband
+inexpressibly sad.
+
+In the winter of 1846-47 I one day heard Dr. Holmes speak of Agassiz,
+who had then recently arrived in America. He described him as a man of
+great talent and reputation, who added to his mental gifts the endowment
+of a superb physique. Soon after this time I had the pleasure of making
+the acquaintance of the eminent naturalist, and of attending the first
+series of lectures which he gave at the Lowell Institute.
+
+The great personal attraction of Agassiz, joined to his admirable power
+of presenting the results of scientific investigation in a popular form,
+made a vivid impression upon the Boston public. All his lecture courses
+were largely attended. These and his continued presence among us gave a
+new impetus to the study of natural science. In his hands the record of
+the bones and fossils became a living language, and the common thought
+was enriched by the revelation of the wonders of the visible universe.
+Agassiz's was an expansive nature, and his great delight lay in
+imparting to others the discoveries in which he had found such intense
+pleasure. This sympathetic trait relieved his discourse of all dryness
+and dullness. In his college days he had employed his hour of
+intermission at noon in explaining the laws of botany to a class of
+little children. When required to furnish a thesis at the close of his
+university course, he chose for his theme the proper education of women,
+and insisted that it ought not to be inferior to that given to men.
+
+I need hardly relate how a most happy marriage in later life made him
+one of us, nor how this opened the way to the establishment in his house
+of a school whose girl pupils, in addition to other valuable
+instruction, enjoyed daily the privilege of listening to his clear and
+lucid exposition of the facts and laws of his favorite science.
+
+His memory is still bright among us. The story of his life and work is
+beautifully told in the "Life and Correspondence" published soon after
+his death by his widow, Mrs. Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, well known to-day
+as the president of Radcliffe College. His children and grandchildren
+are among our most valued citizens. His son, Professor Alexander
+Agassiz, inherits his father's devotion to science, while his daughter,
+Mrs. Quincy Shaw, has shown her public spirit in her great services to
+the cause of education. An enduring monument to his fame is the
+Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zooelogy, and I am but one of many still
+surviving who recall with gratitude the enlargement of intellectual
+interest which he brought to our own and other communities.
+
+Women who wish well to their own sex should never forget that, on the
+occasion of his first lectures delivered in the capital of Brazil, he
+earnestly requested the emperor that ladies might be allowed to be
+present,--a privilege till then denied them on grounds of etiquette. The
+request was granted, and the sacred domain of science for the first time
+was thrown open to the women of South America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I cannot remember just when it was that an English visitor, who brought
+a letter of introduction to my husband, spoke to me of the "Bothie of
+Tober-na-Fuosich" and its author, Arthur Hugh Clough. The gentleman was
+a graduate of Oxford or of Cambridge. He came to our house several
+times, and I consulted him with regard to the classic rhythms, in which
+he was well versed. I had it in mind at this time to write a poem in
+classic rhythm. It was printed in my first volume, "Passion Flowers;"
+and Mr. Sanborn, in an otherwise very friendly review of my work,
+characterized as "pitiable hexameters" the lines which were really not
+hexameters at all, nor intended to pass for such. They were pentameters
+constructed according to my own ideas; I did not have in view any
+special school or rule.
+
+I soon had the pleasure of reading the "Bothie," which I greatly
+admired. While it was fresh in my mind Mr. Clough arrived in Boston,
+furnished with excellent letters of introduction both for that city and
+for the dignitaries of Cambridge. My husband at once invited him to pass
+some days at our house, and I was very glad to welcome him there. In
+appearance I thought him rather striking. He was tall, tending a little
+to stoutness, with a beautifully ruddy complexion and dark eyes which
+twinkled with suppressed humor. His sweet, cheery manner at once
+attracted my young children to him, and I was amused, on passing near
+the open door of his room, to see him engaged in conversation with my
+little son, then some five or six years of age. In Dr. Howe's daily
+absences I tried to keep our guest company a little, but I found him
+very shy. I remember that I said to him, when we had made some
+acquaintance, that I had often wished to meet Thackeray, and to give him
+two buffets, saying, "This one is for your Becky Sharp and this one for
+Blanche Amory,"--regarding both as slanders upon my sex. Mr. Clough
+suggested that in the great world of London such characters were not out
+of place. The device of Blanche Amory's book, "Mes Larmes," seemed to
+have afforded him much amusement.
+
+It happened that, while he was with us, I dined one day with a German
+friend, who served us with quite a wonderful repast. The feast had been
+a merry one, and at the dessert two such sumptuous dishes were presented
+to us that I, having tasted of one of them, said to a friend across the
+table, "Anna, this is poetry!" She was occupied with the opposite dish,
+and, mindful of the old pleasantry to which I alluded, replied, "Julia,
+this is religion." At breakfast, the next morning, I endeavored to
+entertain those present with some account of the great dinner. As I
+enlarged a little upon the excellence of the details, Mr. Clough said,
+"Mrs. Howe, you seem to have a great appreciation of these matters." I
+disclaimed this; whereupon he rejoined, "Mrs. Howe, you are modest."
+
+Some months later I met Mr. Clough at a friend's house, where some
+informal charades were about to be attempted. Being requested to take
+part in one, I declined; and when urged, I replied, "No, no, I am
+modest,--Mr. Clough once said so." He looked at me in some pretended
+surprise, and said, "It must have been at a very early period in our
+acquaintance." This "give and take" was all in great good humor, and Mr.
+Clough was a delightful guest in all societies. Sorry indeed were we
+when, having become quite at home among us, he returned to England,
+there to marry and abide. I remember that he told me of one winter which
+he had passed at his university without fire in his quarters. When I
+heard of his illness and untimely death, it occurred to me that the
+seeds of the fatal disease might have been sown during that season of
+privation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+SECOND VISIT TO EUROPE
+
+
+In June, 1850, after a seven years' residence in and near Boston, during
+which I labored at study and literary composition, I enjoyed an interval
+of rest and recreation in Europe. With me went Dr. Howe and our two
+youngest children, one of them an infant in arms. We passed some weeks
+in London, and went thence to renew our acquaintance with the
+Nightingale family, at their summer residence in Derbyshire. Florence
+Nightingale had been traveling in Egypt, and was still abroad. Her
+sister, Parthenope, read us some of her letters, which, as may be
+imagined, were full of interest.
+
+Florence and her companions, Mr. and Mrs. Bracebridge, had made some
+stay in Rome, on their way to Egypt. Margaret Fuller called one day at
+their lodgings. Florence herself opened the door, and said to the
+visitor, "Mr. and Mrs. Bracebridge are not at home." Margaret replied,
+"My visit is intended for Miss Florence Nightingale;" and she was
+admitted to a tete-a-tete of which one would be glad to know something.
+It was during this visit that I learned the sad news of Margaret's
+shipwreck and death.
+
+Dr. Howe, with all his energy of body and of mind, was somewhat of a
+valetudinarian. The traces of a severe malarial fever, contracted by him
+in the Greek campaign of his youth, went with him through life. He was
+subject to frightful headaches, and these and other ailments caused him
+to take great interest in theories of hygiene, and among these in the
+then new system of hydropathy, as formulated by Priessnitz. At the time
+now spoken of he arranged to pass a period at Boppard on the Rhine,
+where a water-cure had recently been established. He became an outside
+patient of this institution, and seemed to enjoy thoroughly the routine
+of bathing, douching, packing, etc. Beyond the limits of the water-cure
+the little town presented few features of interest. Wandering about its
+purlieus one day, I came upon a sort of open cave or recess in the rocks
+in which I found two rude cradles, each occupied by a silent and stolid
+baby. Presently two rough-looking women, who had been carrying stones
+from the riverside, came in from their work. The little ones now broke
+out into dismal wailing. "Why do they cry so?" I asked. "They ought to
+be glad to see you." "Oh, madam, they cry because they know how soon we
+must leave them again."
+
+Tom Appleton disposed of the water-cure theory in the following fashion:
+"Water-cure? Oh yes, very fine. Priessnitz forgot one day to wash his
+face, and so he died."
+
+My husband's leave of absence was for six months only, and we parted
+company at Heidelberg; he to turn his face homewards, I to proceed with
+my two sisters to Rome, where it had been arranged that I should pass
+the winter.
+
+Our party occupied two thirds of the diligence in which we made a part
+of the journey. My sister L. had with her two little daughters, my
+youngest sister had one. These, with my two babies and the respective
+nurses, filled the _rotonde_ of the vehicle. The three mammas occupied
+the _coupe_, while my brother-in-law, Thomas Crawford, took refuge in
+the _banquette_. The custom-house officer at one place approached with
+his lantern, to ascertain the contents of the diligence. Looking into
+the _rotonde_, he remarked, "Baby baggage," and inquired no further.
+
+Dr. Howe had charged me to provide myself with a watch when I should
+pass through Geneva, and had given me the address of a friend who, he
+said, would advise me where best to make the purchase. Following his
+instructions, I wrote Dr. G. a letter in my best French; and he, calling
+at our hotel, expressed his surprise at finding that I was not a
+Frenchwoman. He found us all at breakfast, and, after the first
+compliments, began a voluble tirade in favor of the use of emetics,
+which was scarcely in place at the moment. From this he went on to speak
+of the management of children.
+
+"When my son was born," he said, "and showed the first symptoms of
+hunger, I would not allow him to be fed. If his cries had met with an
+immediate response he would have said to himself, 'I have a servant.' I
+made him wait for his food until he was obliged to say, 'I have a
+master.'" I thought of my own dear nurslings and shook my head. Learning
+that Mr. Crawford was a sculptor, he said, "I, too, in my youth desired
+to exercise that art, and modeled a bust, in which I made concave the
+muscle which should have been convex. A friend recommended to me the
+study of anatomy, and following it I became a physician."
+
+We reached Rome late in October. A comfortable apartment was found for
+me in the street named Capo le Case. A donkey brought my winter's supply
+of firewood, and I made haste to hire a grand piano. The artist Edward
+Freeman occupied the suite of rooms above my own. In the apartment
+below, Mrs. David Dudley Field and her children were settled for the
+winter. Our little colony was very harmonious. When Mrs. Field
+entertained company, she was wont to borrow my large lamp; when I
+received, she lent me her teacups. Mrs. Freeman, on the floor above, was
+a most friendly little person, partly Italian by birth, but wholly
+English in education. She willingly became the companion and guide of my
+walks about Rome, which were long and many.
+
+I had begun the study of Hebrew in America, and was glad to find a
+learned rabbi from the Ghetto who was willing to give me lessons for a
+moderate compensation.
+
+My sister, Mrs. Crawford, was at that time established at Villa Negroni,
+an old-time papal residence. This was surrounded by extensive gardens,
+and within the inclosure were an artificial fish pond and a lodge which
+my brother-in-law converted into a studio. My days in Rome passed very
+quietly. The time, which flew by rapidly, was divided between study
+within doors, the care and companionship of my little children, and the
+exploration of the wonderful old city. I dined regularly at two o'clock,
+having with me at table my little son and my baby secured in her high
+chair. I shared with my sisters the few dissipations of the season,--an
+occasional ball, a box at the opera, a drive on the Campagna. On Sunday
+mornings my youngest sister usually came to breakfast with me, and
+afterward accompanied me to the Ara Coeli Church, where a military mass
+was celebrated, the music being supplied by the band of a French
+regiment. The time, I need scarcely say, was that of the early years of
+the French occupation of the city, to which France made it her boast
+that she had brought back the Pope.
+
+As I chronicle these small personal adventures of mine, I am constrained
+to blush at their insufficiency. I write as if I had forgotten the
+wonderful series of events which had come to pass between my first visit
+to Rome and this second tarrying within its walls. In the interval, the
+days of 1848 had come and gone. France had dismissed her citizen king,
+and had established a republic in place of the monarchy. The Pope of
+Rome, for centuries the representative and upholder of absolute rule,
+had stood before the world as the head of the Christianity which
+liberalizes both institutions and ideas. In Germany the party of
+progress was triumphant. Europe had trembled with the birth-pangs of
+freedom. A new and glorious confederacy of states seemed to be promised
+in the near future. The tyrannies of the earth were surely about to meet
+their doom.
+
+My own dear eldest son was given to me in the spring of this terrible
+and splendid year of 1848. When his father wrote "_Dieu donne_" under
+the boy's name in the family Bible, he added to the welcome record the
+new device, "_Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite_." The first Napoleon had
+overthrown rulers and dynasties. A greater power than his now came upon
+the stage,--the power of individual conviction backed by popular
+enthusiasm.
+
+My husband, who had fought for Greek freedom in his youth, who had
+risked and suffered imprisonment in behalf of Poland in his early
+manhood, and who had devoted his mature life to the service of humanity,
+welcomed the new state of things with all the enthusiasm of his generous
+nature. To him, as to many, the final emancipation and unification of
+the human race, the millennium of universal peace and good-will, seemed
+near at hand. Alas! the great promise brought only a greater failure.
+The time for its fulfillment had not yet arrived. Freedom could not be
+attained by striking an attitude, nor secured by the issuing of a
+document. The prophet could see the plan of the new Jerusalem coming
+down from heaven, but the fact remained that the city of God must be
+built by patient day's work. Such builders Europe could not bring to the
+front. The Pope retreated before the logical sequence of his own
+initiative. France elected for her chief a born despot of the meaner
+order, whose first act was to overthrow the Roman Republic. Germany had
+dreamed of freedom, but had not dreamed of the way to secure it.
+Reaction everywhere asserted itself. The light of the great hope died
+down.
+
+Coming to Rome while these events were still fresh in men's minds, I
+could see no trace of them in the popular life. The waters were still as
+death; the wrecks did not appear above the surface. I met occasionally
+Italians who could talk calmly of what had happened. Of such an one I
+asked, "Why did Pio Nono so suddenly forsake his liberal policy?" "Oh,
+the Pope was a puppet moved from without. He never rightly understood
+the import of his first departure. When the natural result of this came
+about, he fled from it in terror." These things were spoken of only in
+the secrecy of very private interviews. In general intercourse they were
+not mentioned. Now and then, a servant, lamenting the dearness of
+necessaries, the paper money, etc., would say, "And this has been
+brought about by blessed [_benedetto_] Pio Nono!" People of higher
+condition eulogized thus the pontiff's predecessor: "Gregorio was at
+least a man of decided views. He knew what he wanted and how to obtain
+it." Once only, in a village not far distant from Rome, I heard an
+Italian peasant woman say to a prince, "We [her family] are
+Republicans." Victor Emmanuel, Cavour, Garibaldi, your time was not yet
+come.
+
+The French were not beloved in Rome. I was told that the mass of the
+people would not endure the license of their conquerors in the matter of
+sex, and that assassinations in consequence were frequent. In high
+society it was said that a French officer had endeavored to compel one
+of the Roman princes to invite to his ball a lady of doubtful
+reputation, by threatening to send a challenge in case of refusal. The
+invitation was nevertheless withheld, and the challenge, if sent, was
+never accepted. In the English and American circles which I frequented,
+I sometimes felt called upon to fight for the claim of Italy to freedom
+and self-government. At a dinner party, at which the altercation had
+been rather lively, I was invited to entertain the company with some
+music. Seating myself at the piano, I made it ring out the Marseillaise
+with a will. But I was myself too much disconcerted by the recent
+failure to find in my thoughts any promise of better things. My friends
+said, "The Italians are not fit for self-government." I may ask fifty
+years later, "Who is?"
+
+The progress of ideas is not indeed always visible to superficial
+observers. I was engaged one day in making a small purchase at a shop,
+when the proprietor leaned across the counter and asked, almost in a
+whisper, for the loan of a Bible. He had heard of the book, he said, and
+wished very much to see a copy of it. Our _charge d'affaires_, Mr. Cass,
+mentioned to me the fact that an entire edition of Deodati's Italian
+translation of the New Testament had recently been seized and burned by
+order of the papal government.
+
+But to return to matters purely personal. As the Christmas of 1850 drew
+near, my sister L., ever intent on hospitality, determined to have a
+party and a Christmas tree at Villa Negroni. This last was then a
+novelty unheard of in Rome. I was to dine with her, and had offered to
+furnish the music for an informal dance.
+
+On Christmas Eve I went with a party of friends to the church of Santa
+Maria Maggiore, where the Pope, according to the custom of those days,
+was to appear in state, bearing in his arms the cradle supposed to be
+that of the infant Jesus, which was usually kept at St. Peter's. We were
+a little late in starting, and were soon obliged to retire from the
+highway, as the whole papal _cortege_ came sweeping by,--the state
+coaches of crimson and gold, and the _Guardia Nobile_ with their
+glittering helmets, white cloaks, and high boots. Their course was
+illuminated by pans of burning oil, supported by iron staves, the spiked
+ends of which were stuck in the ground. When the rapid procession had
+passed on we hastened to overtake it, but arrived too late to witness
+either the arrival of the Pope or his progress to the high altar with
+the cradle in his arms.
+
+On Christmas Day I attended high mass at St. Peter's. Although the
+weather was of the pleasantest, an aguish chill disturbed my enjoyment
+of the service. This discomfort so increased in the course of the day
+that, as I sat at dinner, I could with difficulty carry a morsel from my
+plate to my lips.
+
+"This is a chill," said my sister. "You ought to go to bed at once."
+
+I insisted upon remaining to play for the promised dance, and argued
+that the fever would presently succeed the chill, and that I should then
+be warm enough. I passed the evening in great bodily discomfort, but
+managed to play quadrilles, waltzes, and the endless Virginia Reel. When
+at last I reached home and my bed, the fever did come with a will. I was
+fortunate enough to recover very quickly from this indisposition, and
+did not forget the warning which it gave me of the dangers of the Roman
+climate. The shivering evening left me a happier recollection. Among my
+sister's guests was Horace Binney Wallace, of Philadelphia, whom I had
+once met in his own city. He had angered me at that time by his ridicule
+of Boston society, of which he really knew little or nothing. He was now
+in a less aggressive frame of mind, and this second meeting with him was
+the beginning of a much-valued friendship. We visited together many
+points of historic interest in the city,--the Pantheon, the Tarpeian
+Rock, the bridge of Horatius Cocles. He had some fanciful theories about
+the traits of character usually found in conjunction with red hair. As
+he and I were both distinguished by this feature, I was much pleased to
+learn from him that "the highest effort of nature is to produce a
+_rosso_." He was a devoted student of the works of Auguste Comte, and
+had recently held some conversation with that remarkable man. In the
+course of this, he told me, he asked the great Positivist how he could
+account for the general religious instinct of the human race, so
+contrary to the doctrines of his philosophy. Comte replied, "Que
+voulez-vous, monsieur? Anormalite cerebrale." My new friend was good
+enough to interest himself in my literary pursuits. He advised me to
+study the most important of Comte's works, but by no means to become a
+convert to his doctrines. In due time I availed myself of his counsel,
+and read with great interest the volumes prescribed by him.
+
+Horace Wallace was an exhilarating companion. I have never forgotten the
+silvery _timbre_ of his rather high voice, nor the glee with which he
+would occasionally inform me that he had discovered a new and most
+remarkable _rosso_. This was sometimes a picture, but oftener a living
+individual. If he found himself disappointed in the latter case, he
+would account for it by saying that he had at first sight mistaken the
+color of the hair, which shaded too much upon the yellow. Despite his
+vivacity of temperament, he was subject to fits of severe depression.
+Some years after this time, finding himself in Paris, he happened to
+visit a friend whose mental powers had been impaired by severe illness.
+He himself had been haunted for some time by the fear of becoming
+insane, and the sad condition of his friend so impressed him with the
+fear of suffering a similar disaster that he made haste to avoid the
+dreaded fate by taking his own life.
+
+The following lines, written not long after this melancholy event, bear
+witness to my grateful and tender remembrance of him:--
+
+  VIA FELICE
+
+  'Twas in the Via Felice
+    My friend his dwelling made,
+  The Roman Via Felice,
+    Half sunshine, half in shade.
+
+  But I lodged near the convent
+    Whose bells did hallow noon,
+  And all the lesser hours,
+    With sweet recurrent tune.
+
+  They lent their solemn cadence
+    To all the thoughtless day;
+  The heart, so oft it heard them,
+    Was lifted up to pray.
+
+  And where the lamp was lighted
+    At twilight, on the wall,
+  Serenely sat Madonna,
+    And smiled to bless us all.
+
+  I see him from the window
+    That ne'er my heart forgets;
+  He buys from yonder maiden
+    My morning violets.
+
+  Not ill he chose these flowers
+    With mild, reproving eyes,
+  Emblems of tender chiding,
+    And love divinely wise.
+
+  For his were generous learning
+    And reconciling art;
+  Oh, not with fleeting presence
+    My friend and I could part.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Oh, not where he is lying
+    With dear ancestral dust,
+  Not where his household traces
+    Grow sad and dim with rust;
+
+  But in the ancient city
+    And from the quaint old door,
+  I'm watching, at my window,
+    His coming evermore.
+
+  For Death's eternal city
+    Has yet some happy street;
+  'Tis in the Via Felice
+    My friend and I shall meet.
+
+Adolph Mailliard, the husband of my youngest sister, had been an
+intimate friend of Joseph Bonaparte, Prince of Musignano. My sister was
+in consequence invited more than once to the Bonaparte palace. The
+father of the family was Prince Charles Bonaparte, who married his
+cousin, Princess Zenaide. She had passed some years at the Bonaparte
+villa in Bordentown, N. J., the American residence of her father, Joseph
+Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain. This princess, who was _tant soit peu
+gourmande_ said one day to my sister, "What good things they have for
+breakfast in America! I still remember those hot cakes." The
+conversation was reported to me, and I managed, with the assistance of
+the helper brought from home, to send the princess a very excellent
+bannock of Indian meal, of which she afterwards said, "It was so good
+that we ate what was left of it on the second day." This reminds me of a
+familiar couplet:--
+
+  "And what they could not eat that night
+  The queen next morning fried."
+
+Among the friends of that winter were Sarah and William Clarke, sister
+and brother of the Rev. James Freeman Clarke. It was in their company
+that Margaret Fuller made the journey recorded in her "Summer on the
+Lakes." Both were devoted to her memory. I afterwards learned that
+William Clarke considered her the good genius of his life, her counsel
+and encouragement having come to his aid in a season of melancholy
+depression and self-depreciation. Miss Clarke was characterized by an
+exquisite refinement of feeling and of manner. She was also an artist of
+considerable merit. This was the first of many winters passed by her in
+Rome.
+
+I will further mention only a dinner given by American residents in Rome
+on Washington's birthday, at which I was present. Mrs. Ann S. Stephens,
+the well-known writer, was also one of the guests. She had composed for
+the occasion a poem, of which I recall the opening line,--
+
+  "We are met in the clime where the wild flowers abound,"
+
+and the closing ones,--
+
+  "To the halo that circles our Washington's head
+  Let us pour a libation the gods never knew."
+
+Among many toasts, my sister Annie proposed this one, "Washington's clay
+in Crawford's hand," which was appropriate, as Thomas Crawford was known
+at the time to be engaged in modeling the equestrian statue of
+Washington which crowns his Richmond monument.
+
+My Roman holiday came to an end in the summer of the year 1851, and my
+return to my home and friends became imperative. As the time of my
+departure approached, I felt how deeply the subtle fascination of Roman
+life had entered into my very being. Pain, amounting almost to anguish,
+seized me at the thought that I might never again behold those ancient
+monuments, those stately churches, or take part in the society which had
+charmed me principally through its unlikeness to any that I had known
+elsewhere. I have indeed seen Rome and its wonders more than once since
+that time, but never as I saw them then.
+
+I made the homeward voyage with my sister Annie and her husband in an
+old-fashioned Havre packet. We were a month at sea, and after the first
+days of discomfort I managed to fill the hours of the long summer days
+with systematic occupation. In the mornings I perused Swedenborg's
+"Divine Love and Wisdom." In the afternoon I read, for the first and
+only time, Eugene Sue's "Mysteres de Paris," which the ship's surgeon
+borrowed for me from a steerage passenger. In the evening we played
+whist; and when others had retired for the night, I often sat alone in
+the cabin, meditating upon the events and lessons of the last six
+months. These lucubrations took form in a number of poems, which were
+written with no thought of publication, but which saw the light a year
+or two later.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+A CHAPTER ABOUT MYSELF
+
+
+If I may sum up in one term the leading bent of my life, I will simply
+call myself a student. Dr. Howe used to say of me: "Mrs. Howe is not a
+great reader, but she always studies."
+
+Albeit my intellectual pursuits have always been such as to task my
+mind, I cannot boast that I have acquired much in the way of technical
+erudition. I have only drawn from history and philosophy some
+understanding of human life, some lessons in the value of thought for
+thought's sake, and, above all, a sense of the dignity of character
+above every other dignity. Goethe chose well for his motto the words:--
+
+"Die Zeit ist mein Vermaechtniss, mein Acker ist die Zeit." "Time is my
+inheritance; time is my estate."
+
+But I may choose this for mine:--
+
+"I have followed the great masters with my heart."
+
+The first writer of importance with whom I made acquaintance after
+leaving school was Gibbon, whose "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"
+occupied me during one entire winter. I have already mentioned my early
+familiarity with the French and Italian languages. In these respective
+literatures I read the works which in those days were usually commended
+to young women. These were, in French, Lamartine's poems and travels,
+Chateaubriand's "Atala" and "Rene," Racine's tragedies, Moliere's
+comedies; in Italian, Metastasio, Tasso, Alfieri's dramas and
+autobiography. Under dear Dr. Cogswell's tuition, I read Schiller's
+plays and prose writings with delight. In later years, Goethe, Herder,
+Jean Paul Richter, were added to my repertory. I read Dante with Felice
+Foresti, and such works of Sand and Balzac as were allowed within my
+reach. I had early acquired some knowledge of Latin, and in later life
+found great pleasure in reading the essays and Tusculan dissertations of
+Cicero. The view of ethics represented in these writings sometimes
+appeared to me of higher tone than the current morality of Christendom,
+and I rejoiced in the thought that, even in the Rome of the
+pre-Christian Caesars, God had not left himself without a witness.
+
+This enlarged notion of the ethical history of mankind might easily lead
+one in life's novitiate to underestimate the comparative value of the
+usually accepted traditions. I confess that I, personally, did not
+escape this error, which I have seen largely prevalent among studious
+people of my own time.
+
+Who can say what joy there is in the rehabilitation of human nature,
+which is one essential condition of the liberal Christian faith? I had
+been trained to think that all mankind were by nature low, vile, and
+wicked. Only a chosen few, by a rare and difficult spiritual operation,
+could be rescued from the doom of a perpetual dwelling with the enemies
+of God, a perpetual participation in the torments "prepared for them
+from the beginning of the world." The rapture of this new freedom, of
+this enlarged brotherhood, which made all men akin to the Divine Father
+of all, every religion, however ignorant, the expression of a sincere
+and availing worship, might well produce in a neophyte an exhilaration
+bordering upon ecstasy. The exclusive doctrine which had made
+Christianity, and special forms of it, the only way of spiritual
+redemption, now appeared to me to commend itself as little to human
+reason as to human affection. I felt that we could not rightly honor our
+dear Christ by immolating at his shrine the souls of myriads of our
+fellows born under the widely diverse influences which could not be
+thought of as existing unwilled by the supreme Providence.
+
+Antichrist was once a term of consummate reproach, often applied by
+zealous Protestants to their arch enemy, the Pope of Rome. As will be
+imagined, I intend a different use of it, and have chosen the term to
+express the opposition which has sprung up within the Christian church,
+not only to the worship of the son as a divine being, but even to the
+notion of his long undisputed preeminence in wisdom, goodness, and
+power. And here, as I once said that I had taken German in the natural
+way, with no preconceived notion of the import and importance of German
+literature, so I may say that I first received Christianity in the way
+natural to one of my birth and education. I have since been called upon
+to confront the topic in many ways. Swedenborg's theory of the divine
+man, Parker's preaching, the Boston Radical Club, Frank Abbot's
+depreciating comparison of Jesus with Socrates,--after following
+unfoldings of this wonderful panorama, I must say that the earliest view
+is that which I hold to most, that, namely, of the heavenly Being whose
+presence was beneficence, whose word was judgment, whose brief career on
+earth ended in a sacrifice, whose purity and pathos have had much to do
+with the redemption of the human race from barbarism and the rule of the
+animal passions.
+
+During the first score of years of my married life, I resided for the
+most part at South Boston. This remoteness from city life insured to me
+a good deal of quiet leisure, much of which I devoted to my favorite
+pursuits. It was in these days that I turned to my almost forgotten
+Latin, and read the "Aeneid" and the histories of Livy and Tacitus. At a
+later date my brother gave me Orelli's edition of Horace, and I soon
+came to delight much in that quasi-Hellenic Roman. I remember especially
+the odes which my brother pointed out to me as his favorites. These
+were: "Maecenas atavis edite regibus;" "Quis desiderio sit pudor aut
+modus;" "O fons Bandusiae;" and, above all, "Exegi monumentum aere
+perennius."
+
+With no pretensions to correct scholarship, I yet enjoyed these Latin
+studies quite intensely. They were so much in my mind that, when we sat
+down to our two o'clock dinner, my husband would sometimes ask: "Have
+you got those elephants over the river yet?" alluding to Hannibal and
+the Punic war.
+
+Prior to these Latin studies, I read a good deal in Swedenborg, and was
+much fascinated by his theories of spiritual life. I remember "Heaven
+and Hell," "Divine Love and Wisdom," and "Conjugal Love" as the writings
+which interested me most; but the cumbrous symbolism of his Bible
+interpretation finally shut my mind against further entertainment of so
+fanciful a guest. Hegel was for some time my study among the German
+philosophers. After some severe struggling with his extraordinary
+diction, I became convinced that the obscurity of his style was
+intentional, and left him in some indignation. The deep things of
+philosophy are difficult enough when treated by one who desires to make
+them clear. Where the intention is rather to mask than to unfold the
+meaning which is in the master's mind, interpretation is difficult and
+hazardous. Hegel's own saying about his lectures is well known: "One
+only of my pupils understood me, and he misunderstood me."
+
+George Bancroft, the historian, spoke of Hegel as a man of weak
+character, and Dr. Francis Lieber, who had been under his instruction,
+had the same opinion of him. In the days of the Napoleonic invasion of
+Germany, Lieber had gone into the field, with other young men of the
+university. When, recovered from a severe wound, he took his place again
+among the students of philosophy, Hegel before beginning the day's
+lecture cried: "Let all those fools who went out against the French
+depart from this class."
+
+I think that I must have had by nature an especial sensitiveness to
+language, as the following trifling narration will show. I was perhaps
+twelve years old when Rev. James Richmond, who had studied in Germany,
+dining at my father's house, spoke of one of his German professors who
+was wont, as the prelude to his exercise, to exclaim: "Aus, aus, ihr
+Fremden." These words meant nothing to me then, but when, eight years
+later, I mastered the German tongue, I recalled them perfectly, and
+understood their meaning.
+
+One of my first efforts, after my return from Europe in 1851, was to
+acquaint myself with the "Philosophie Positive" of Auguste Comte. This
+was in accordance with the advice of my friend, Horace Wallace, who,
+indeed, lent me the first volume of the work. The synoptical view of the
+sciences therein presented revealed to me an entirely new aspect of
+thought.
+
+I did not, for a moment, adopt Comte's views of religion, neither did I
+at all agree in his wholesale condemnation of metaphysics, which
+appeared to me self-contradictory, his own system involving metaphysical
+distinctions as much, perhaps, as any other. On the other hand, the
+objectivism of his point of view brought a new element into my too
+concentrated habit of thought. I deemed myself already too old, being
+about thirty years of age, to conquer the difficulties of the higher
+mathematics, and of the several sciences in which these play so
+important a part. But I had had a bird's-eye view of this wonderful
+region of the natural sciences, and this, I think, never passed quite
+out of my mind. I used to talk about the books with Parker, who read
+everything worth reading. They had not greatly appealed to him. I also,
+at this time, read Hegel's "Aesthetik," and endeavored to read his
+"Logik," which I borrowed from Parker, and which he pronounced "so
+crabbed as to be scarcely worth enucleating."
+
+I cannot remember what it was which, soon after this time, led me to the
+study of Spinoza. I followed this with great interest, and became for a
+time almost intoxicated with the originality and beauty of his thoughts.
+While still under his influence I spoke of him to Mr. Bancroft as "der
+unentbehrliche," the indispensable Spinoza. He demurred at this,
+acknowledged Spinoza's analysis of the passions to be admirable, but
+assured me that Kant alone deserved to be called "indispensable;" and
+this dictum of his made me resolve to become at once a student of the
+"Critique of Pure Reason."
+
+I found this at first rather dry, after the glowing and daring flights
+of Spinoza, but I soon learned to hold the philosopher of Koenigsberg in
+great affection and esteem. I have read extensively in his writings,
+even in his minor treatises, and having attained some conception of his
+system, was inclined to say with Romeo: "Here I set up my everlasting
+rest."
+
+I devoted some of the best years of my life to these studies, and to the
+writings which grew out of them. I remember one summer at my Valley near
+Newport, in which I felt that I had read and written quite as much as
+was profitable. "I must go outside of my own thoughts, I must do
+something for some one," I said to myself. Just then the teacher of my
+sister's children broke out with malarial fever. She was staying with my
+sister at a farmhouse near by. The call to assist in nursing her was
+very welcome, and when I was thanked for my services I could truly say
+that I had been glad of the opportunity of rendering them for my own
+sake.
+
+The Kantian volumes occupied me for many months, even years. In fact, I
+have never gone beyond them. A new philosophy has sometimes appeared to
+me like a new disease. If we have found our master, and are satisfied
+with him, what need have we of starting again, to make the same journey
+with a new guide. Once we have got there, it seems better to abide.
+
+The early years of my married life interposed a barrier between my
+literary dreams and their realization. Those years brought me much to
+learn and much to do.
+
+The burden of housekeeping was new to me, a sister of mine, highly
+gifted in this respect, having charged herself with its duties so long
+as we were "girls together." I accordingly found myself lamentably
+deficient in household skill and knowledge. I endeavored to apply myself
+to the remedying of these defects, but with indifferent success. I was
+by nature far from observant, and often passed through a room without
+much notion of its condition or contents, my thoughts being intent on
+other matters. The period, too, was one of transition as regards
+household service. The old-time American servants were no longer to be
+obtained. The Irish girls who supplied their place were for the most
+part ignorant and untrained, their performance calling for a discipline
+and instruction which I, never having received, was quite unable to give
+them.
+
+During the first years of my residence at the Institution for the Blind,
+Dr. Howe delighted in inviting his friends to weekly dinners, which cost
+me many unhappy hours. My want of training and of forethought often
+caused me to forget some very important item of the repast. My husband's
+eldest sister, who lived with us, and who had held the reins of the
+housekeeping until my arrival, was averse to company, and usually
+absented herself on the days of the dinner parties. In her absence, I
+often did not know where to look for various articles which were
+requisite and necessary. I remember one dinner for which I had relied
+upon a form of ice as the principal feature of the dessert. The company
+was of the best, and I desired that the feast should correspond with it.
+The ice, which had been ordered from town, did not appear. I did my best
+to conceal my chagrin, but was scarcely consoled when the missing
+refreshment was found, the next morning, in a snowbank near our door,
+where the messenger had deposited it without word or comment. The same
+mischance might, indeed does sometimes happen at this later date. I
+should laugh at it now, but then I almost wept over it. Our kitchen and
+dining-room were on one floor, and a convenient slide allowed dishes to
+be passed from one room to the other. On a certain occasion, my sister
+being with me, I asked her whether my dinner had gone off well enough.
+"Oh yes," she replied; "only the slide was left open, and through it I
+saw the cook buttering the venison."
+
+I especially remember one summer which I resolved to devote to the study
+of cookery, for which there was then no school, and no teacher to be had
+at will. Having purchased Miss Catherine Beecher's Cook-book, I devoted
+some weeks to an experimental following of its recipes, with no
+satisfactory result. A little later, my husband secured the services of
+a very competent housekeeper, and my distresses and responsibilities
+were much diminished. After some years of this indulgence, I felt bound
+to make a second and more strenuous effort at housekeeping, and
+succeeded much better than before, having by this time managed to learn
+something of the nature and needs of household machinery.
+
+As I now regard these matters, I would say to every young girl, rich or
+poor, gifted or dull: "Learn to make a home, and learn this in the days
+in which learning is easy. Cultivate a habit of vigilance and
+forethought. With a reasonable amount of intelligence, a woman should be
+able to carry on the management of a household, and should yet have time
+for art and literature in some sort."
+
+In more recent years, having been called upon to take part in a public
+discussion regarding the compatibility of domestic with literary
+occupation, I endeavored to formulate the results of my own experience
+as follows:--
+
+"If you have at your command three hours _per diem_, you may study art,
+literature, and philosophy, not as they are studied professionally, but
+in the degree involved in general culture.
+
+"If you have but one hour in every day, read philosophy, or learn
+foreign languages, living or dead.
+
+"If you can command only fifteen or twenty minutes, read the Bible with
+the best commentaries, and daily a verse or two of the best poetry."
+
+As I write this, I recall the piteous image of two wrecks of women,
+Americans and wives of Americans, who severally poured out their sorrows
+to me, saying that the preparation of "three square meals a day," the
+washing, baking, sewing, and child-bearing, had filled the measure of
+their days and exceeded that of their strength: "And yet," each said, "I
+wanted the Greek and Latin and college course as much as any one could
+wish for it."
+
+But surely, no love of intellectual pursuits should lead any of us to
+disparage and neglect the household gifts and graces. A house is a
+kingdom in little, and its queen, if she is faithful, gentle, and wise,
+is a sovereign indeed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+ANTI-SLAVERY ATTITUDE: LITERARY WORK: TRIP TO CUBA
+
+
+Returning to Boston in 1851, I found the division of public sentiment
+more strongly marked than ever. The Fugitive Slave Law was much in the
+public mind. The anti-slavery people attacked it with might and main,
+while the class of wealthy conservatives and their followers strongly
+deprecated all opposition to its enactments. During my absence Charles
+Sumner had been elected to the Senate of the United States, in place of
+Daniel Webster, who had hitherto been the political idol of the
+Massachusetts aristocracy. Mr. Sumner's course had warmly commended him
+to a large and ever increasing constituency, but had brought down upon
+him the anger of Mr. Webster's political supporters. My husband's
+sympathies were entirely with the class then derided as "a band of
+disturbers of the public peace, enemies of law and order." I deeply
+regretted the discords of the time, and would have had all people good
+friends, however diverse in political persuasion. As this could not be,
+I felt constrained to cast in my lot with those who protested against
+the new assumptions of the slave power. The social ostracism which
+visited Charles Sumner never fell upon Dr. Howe. This may have been
+because the active life of the latter lay without the domain of
+politics, but also, I must think, because the services which he
+continually rendered to the community compelled from all who knew him,
+not only respect, but also cordial good-will.
+
+I did not then, or at any time, make any willful breach with the society
+to which I was naturally related. It did, however, much annoy me to hear
+those spoken of with contempt and invective who, I was persuaded, were
+only far in advance of the conscience of the time. I suppose that I
+sometimes repelled the attacks made upon them with a certain heat of
+temper, to avoid which I ought to have remembered Talleyrand's famous
+admonition, "Surtout point de zele." Better, perhaps, would it have been
+to rest in the happy prophecy which assures us that "Wisdom is justified
+of all her children." Ordinary society is apt to class the varieties of
+individuals under certain stereotyped heads, and I have no doubt that it
+held me at this time to be a seeker after novelties, and one disposed to
+offer a premium for heresies of every kind. Yet I must say that I was
+never made painfully aware of the existence of such a feeling. There was
+always a leaven of good sense and good sentiment even in the worldly
+world of Boston, and as time went on I became the recipient of much
+kindness, and the happy possessor of a circle of substantial friends.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Shortly after my return to Boston, my husband spoke to me of a new
+acquaintance,--a Polish nobleman, Adam Gurowski by name,--concerning
+whom he related the following circumstances. Count Gurowski had been
+implicated in one of the later Polish insurrections. In order to keep
+his large estates from confiscation he had made them over to his younger
+brother, upon the explicit condition that a sufficient remittance should
+be regularly sent him, to enable him to live wherever his lot should
+thenceforth be cast. He came to this country, but the remittances failed
+to follow him, and he presently found himself without funds in a foreign
+land. Being a man of much erudition, he had made friends with some of
+the professors of Harvard University. They offered him assistance, which
+he declined, and it soon appeared that he was working in the gardens of
+Hovey & Co., in or near Cambridge. His new friends remonstrated with
+him, pleading that this work was unsuitable for a man of his rank and
+condition. He replied, "I am Gurowski; labor cannot degrade me." This
+independence of his position commended him much to the esteem of my
+husband, and he was more than once invited to our house. Some literary
+employment was found for him, and finally, through influence exerted at
+Washington, a position as translator was secured for him in the State
+Department. He was at Newport during the summer that we passed at the
+Cliff House, and he it was who gave it the title of Hotel Rambouillet.
+His proved to be a character of remarkable contradictions, in which
+really noble and generous impulses contrasted with an undisciplined
+temper and an insatiable curiosity. While inveighing constantly against
+the rudeness of American manners, he himself was often guilty of great
+impoliteness. To give an example: At his boarding-house in Newport a
+child at table gave a little trouble, upon which the count animadverted
+with great severity. The mother, waxing impatient, said, "I think,
+count, that you have no right to say so much about table manners; for
+you yesterday broke the crust of the chicken pie with your fist, and
+pulled the meat out with your fingers!"
+
+His curiosity, as I have said, was unbounded. Meeting a lady of his
+acquaintance at her door, and seeing a basket on her arm, he asked,
+"Where are you going, Mrs. ----, so early, with that basket?" She
+declined to answer the question, on the ground that the questioner had
+no concern in her errand. On the evening of the same day he again met
+the lady, and said to her, "I know now where you were going this morning
+with that basket." If friends on whom he called were said to be engaged
+or not at home, he was at great pains to find out how they were engaged,
+or whether they were really at home in spite of the message to the
+contrary. One gentleman in Newport, not desiring to receive the count's
+visit, and knowing that he would not be safe anywhere in his own house,
+took refuge in the loft of his barn and drew the ladder up after him.
+
+And yet Adam Gurowski was a true-hearted man, loyal to every good cause
+and devoted to his few friends. His life continued to the last to be a
+very checkered one. When the civil war broke out, his disapprobation of
+men and measures took expression in vehement and indignant protest
+against what appeared to him a willful mismanagement of public business.
+William H. Seward was then at the head of the Department of State, and
+against his policy the count fulminated in public and in private. He was
+warned by friends, and at last officially told that he could not be
+retained in the department if he persisted in stigmatizing its chief as
+a fool, a timeserver, no matter what. He persevered, and was dismissed
+from his place. He had been on friendly terms with Charles Sumner, to
+whom he probably owed his appointment. He tormented this gentleman to
+such a degree as to terminate all relations between the two. Of this
+breach Mr. Sumner gave the following account: "The count would come to
+my rooms at all hours. When I left my sleeping-chamber in the morning, I
+often found him in my study, seated at my table, perusing my morning
+paper and probably any other matter which might excite his curiosity. If
+he happened to come in while a foreign minister was visiting me, he
+would stay through the visit. I bore with this for a long time. At last
+the annoyance became insupportable. One evening, after a long sitting in
+my room, he took leave, but presently returned for a fresh _seance_,
+although it was already very late. I said to him, 'Count, you must go
+now, and you must never return.' 'How is this, my dear friend?'
+exclaimed the count. 'There is no explanation,' said I, 'only you must
+not come to my room again.'" This ended the acquaintance! The count
+after this spoke very bitterly of Mr. Sumner, whose procedure did seem
+to me a little severe.
+
+Unfortunately the lesson was quite lost upon Gurowski, and he continued
+to make enemies of those with whom he had to do, until nearly every door
+in Washington was closed to him. There was one exception. Mrs. Charles
+Eames, wife of a well-known lawyer, was one of the notabilities of
+Washington. Hers was one of those central characters which are able to
+attract and harmonize the most diverse social elements. Her house had
+long been a resort of the worthies of the capital. Men of mark and of
+intelligence gathered about her, regardless of party divisions. No one
+understood Washington society better than she did, and no one in it was
+more highly esteemed or less liable to be misrepresented. Mrs. Eames
+well knew how provoking and tormenting Count Gurowski was apt to be, but
+she knew, too, the remarkable qualities which went far to redeem his
+troublesome traits of character. And so, when the count seemed to be
+entirely discredited, she stood up for him, warning her friends that if
+they came to her house they would always be likely to meet this
+unacceptable man. He, on his part, was warmly sensible of the value of
+her friendship, and showed his gratitude by a sincere interest in all
+that concerned her. The courageous position which she had assumed in his
+behalf was not without effect upon the society of the place, and people
+in general felt obliged to show some respect to a person whom Mrs. Eames
+honored with her friendship.
+
+I myself have reason to remember with gratitude Mrs. Eames's
+hospitality. I made more than one visit at her house, and I well recall
+the distinguished company that I met there. The house was simple in its
+appointments, for the hosts were not in affluent circumstances, but its
+atmosphere of cordiality and of good sense was delightful. At one of her
+dinner parties I remember meeting Hon. Salmon P. Chase, afterwards Chief
+Justice of the United States, Secretary Welles of the Navy, and Senator
+Grimes of Iowa. I had seen that morning a life-size painting
+representing President Lincoln surrounded by the members of his Cabinet.
+Mr. Chase, I think, asked what I thought of the picture. I replied that
+I thought Mr. Lincoln's attitude rather awkward, and his legs out of
+proportion in their length. Mr. Chase laughed, and said, "Mr. Lincoln's
+legs are so long that it would be difficult to exaggerate them."
+
+I came to Washington soon after the conclusion of the war, and heard
+that Count Gurowski was seriously ill at the home of his good friend. I
+hastened thither to inquire concerning him, and learned that his life
+was almost despaired of. Mr. Eames told me this, and said that his wife
+and a lady friend of hers were incessant in their care of him. He
+promised that I should see him as soon as a change for the better should
+appear. Instead of this I received one day a message from Mrs. Eames,
+saying that the count was now given up by his physician, and that I
+might come, if I wished to see him alive once more. I went to the house
+at once, and found Mrs. Eames and her friend at the bedside of the dying
+man. He was already unconscious, and soon breathed his last. At Mr.
+Eames's request I now gave up my room at the hotel and came to stay with
+Mrs. Eames, who was prostrated with the fatigue of nursing the sick man
+and with grief for his loss. While I sat and talked with her Mr. Eames
+entered the room, and said, "Mrs. Howe, my wife has always had a
+menagerie here in Washington, and now she has lost her faithful old
+grizzly."
+
+I was intrusted with some of the arrangements for the funeral. Mrs.
+Eames said to me that, as the count had been a man of no religious
+belief, she thought it would be best to invite a Unitarian minister to
+officiate at his funeral. I should add that her grief prevented her from
+perceiving the humor of the suggestion. I accordingly secured the
+services of the Rev. John Pierpont, who happened to be in Washington at
+the time. Charles Sumner came to the house before the funeral, and
+actually shed tears as he looked on the face of his former friend. He
+remarked upon the beauty of the countenance, saying in his rather
+oratorical way, "There is a beauty of life, and there is a beauty of
+death." The count's good looks had been spoiled in early life by the
+loss of one eye, which had been destroyed, it was said, in a duel. After
+death, however, this blemish did not appear, and the distinction of the
+features was remarkable.
+
+Among his few effects was a printed volume containing the genealogy of
+his family, which had thrice intermarried with royal houses, once in the
+family of Maria Lesczinska, wife of Louis XV. of France. Within this
+book he had inclosed one or two cast-off trifles belonging to Mrs.
+Eames, with a few words of deep and grateful affection. So ended this
+troublous life. The Russian minister at Washington called upon Mrs.
+Eames soon after the funeral, and spoke with respect of the count, who,
+he said, could have held a brilliant position in Russia, had it not been
+for his quarrelsome disposition. Despite his skepticism, and in all his
+poverty, he caused a mass to be said every year for the soul of his
+mother, who had been a devout Catholic. To the brother whose want of
+faith added the distresses of poverty to the woes of exile, Gurowski
+once addressed a letter in the following form: "To John Gurowski, the
+greatest scoundrel in Europe." A younger brother of his, a man of great
+beauty of person, enticed one of the infantas of Spain from the school
+or convent in which she was pursuing her education. This adventure made
+much noise at the time. Mrs. Eames once read me part of a letter from
+this lady, in which she spoke of "the fatal Gurowski beauty."
+
+It was in the early years of this decade (1850-1860) that I definitively
+came before the world as an author. My first volume of poems, entitled
+"Passion Flowers," was published by Ticknor and Fields, without my name.
+In the choice and arrangement of the poems James T. Fields had been very
+helpful to me. My lack of experience had led me to suppose that my
+incognito might easily be maintained, but in this my expectations were
+disappointed. The authorship of the book was at once traced to me. It
+was much praised, much blamed, and much called in question. From the
+highest literary authorities of the time it received encouraging
+commendation. Mr. Emerson acknowledged the copy sent him, in a very kind
+letter. Mr. Whittier did likewise. He wrote, "I dare say thy volume has
+faults enough." For all this, he spoke warmly of its merits. Prescott,
+the beloved historian, made me happy with his good opinion. George
+Ripley, in the "New York Tribune," Edwin Whipple and Frank Sanborn in
+Boston, reviewed the volume in a very genial and appreciative spirit. I
+think that my joy reached its height when I heard Theodore Parker repeat
+some of my lines from the pulpit. Miss Catharine Sedgwick, in speaking
+of the poems to a mutual friend, quoted with praise a line from my long
+poem on Rome. Speaking of my first hearing of the nightingale, it
+says:--
+
+                                  "A note
+  Fell as a star falls, trailing sound for light."
+
+Dr. Francis Lieber quoted the following passage as having a
+Shakespearean ring:--
+
+                  "But, as none can tell
+  Among the sunbeams which unconscious one
+  Comes weaponed with celestial will, to strike
+  The stroke of Freedom on the fettered floods,
+  Giving the spring his watchword--even so
+  Rome knew not she had spoke the word of Fate
+  That should, from out its sluggishness, compel
+  The frost-bound vastness of barbaric life,
+  Till, with an ominous sound, the torrent rose
+  And rushed upon her with terrific brow,
+  Sweeping her back, through all her haughty ways,
+  To her own gates, a piteous fugitive."
+
+I make mention of these things because the volume has long been out of
+print. It was a timid performance upon a slender reed, but the great
+performers in the noble orchestra of writers answered to its appeal,
+which won me a seat in their ranks.
+
+The work, such as it was, dealt partly with the stirring questions of
+the time, partly with things near and familiar. The events of 1848 were
+still in fresh remembrance: the heroic efforts of Italian patriots to
+deliver their country from foreign oppression, the struggle of Hungary
+to maintain her ancient immunities. The most important among my "Passion
+Flowers" were devoted to these themes. The wrongs and sufferings of the
+slave had their part in the volume. A second publication, following two
+years later, and styled "Words for the Hour," was esteemed by some
+critics as better than the first. George William Curtis, at that time
+editor of "Putnam's Magazine," wrote me, "It is a better book than its
+predecessor, but will probably not meet with the same success." And so,
+indeed, it proved.
+
+I had always contemplated writing for the stage, and was now emboldened
+to compose a drama entitled, "The World's Own," which was produced at
+Wallack's Theatre in New York. The principal characters were sustained
+by Matilda Heron, then in the height of her popularity, and Mr. Sothern,
+afterwards so famous in the role of Lord Dundreary. The play was
+performed several times in New York and once in Boston. It was
+pronounced by one critic "full of literary merits and of dramatic
+defects." It did not, as they say, "keep the stage."
+
+My next literary venture was a series of papers descriptive of a visit
+made to the island of Cuba in 1859, under the following circumstances.
+
+Theodore Parker had long intended to make this year one of foreign
+travel. He had planned a journey in South America, and Dr. Howe had
+promised to accompany him. The sudden failure of Parker's health at this
+time was thought to render a change of climate imperative, and in the
+month of February a voyage to Cuba was prescribed for him. In this, Dr.
+Howe willingly consented to accompany him, deciding also that I must be
+of the party.
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE
+
+_From a photograph about 1859._]
+
+Our departure was in rough weather. George Ripley, formerly of Brook
+Farm and then of the "New York Tribune," an early friend of Parker, came
+to see us off. My husband insisted somewhat strenuously upon my coming
+to table at the first meal served on board, as this would secure me a
+place for the entire voyage. I felt very ill, and Parker, who was seated
+at the same table, looked at my husband and said, "_Natura duce_," for
+which I was very grateful. Presently the captain, who was carving a
+roast of beef, asked some one whether a slice of fat was likewise
+desired. At this I fled to my cabin without waiting for permission.
+Parker also took refuge in his berth, and we did not meet again for some
+time. We had encountered a head wind in the Gulf Stream, and were rolled
+and tossed about in great discomfort. I persisted in being carried on
+deck every day. My stewardess once said to the stout steward who
+rendered me this service, "This lady has a great deal of energy and _no
+power_." My bearer, seeking, no doubt, to comfort me, growled in my ear,
+"Well now, I expect this sea-sickness is a dreadful thing." Soon a
+brighter day dawned upon us, and Parker appeared on deck, limp and
+helpless, and glad to lie upon a mattress. We had sad tales to tell of
+what we had suffered. A pretty lady passenger, who sat with us, held up
+a number of the "Atlantic Monthly" containing Colonel Higginson's
+well-remembered paper, "Ought Women to learn the Alphabet?" "Yes," cried
+her husband, "for they have got to teach it." By this time we had
+reached the southern seas, and I had entirely recovered from my
+sea-sickness. When I made my appearance, standing erect, and in my right
+clothes and mind, people did not recognize me, and asked, "Where did
+that lady come from?"
+
+On our way to Havana we stopped for a day at Nassau. Here we were
+entertained at luncheon by a physician of the island. Among the articles
+served to us was the tropical breadfruit, which might really be mistaken
+for a loaf fresh from the baker's oven. Before this we attended a
+morning drill of soldiers at the fort. In the book which I published
+afterwards, I spoke of the presiding officer as a lean Don Quixote on a
+leaner Rosinante. The colonel, for such was his rank, sent me word that
+he did not resent my mention of himself, but thought that I might have
+spoken more admiringly of his horse, of which he was very proud. A drive
+in the environs and an evening service at the church completed my
+experience of the friendly little island. When we reembarked for Cuba a
+gay party of young people accompanied us, all in light summer wear,
+fluttering with frills and ribbons. The rough sea soon sent them all
+below, to reappear only when we neared the end of our journey.
+
+The voyage had been of small service to our friend Parker, who was a
+wretched sailor. Arrived in Havana, he was able to go about somewhat
+with Dr. Howe. He had, however, a longer voyage before him, and my
+husband and I went with him to the Spanish steamer which was to carry
+him to Vera Cruz, whence he sailed for Europe, never to return. Our
+parting was a sad one. Parker embraced us both, probably feeling, as we
+did, that he might never see us again. I still carry in my mind the
+picture of his serious face, crowned with gray locks and a soft gray
+hat, as he looked over the side of the vessel and waved us a last
+farewell.
+
+The following extract from my "Trip to Cuba" preserves the record of our
+mutual leave-taking.
+
+"A pleasant row brought us to the side of the steamer. It was dusk
+already as we ascended her steep gangway, and from that to darkness
+there is at this season but the interval of a breath. Dusk too were our
+thoughts at parting from Can Grande, the mighty, the vehement, the great
+fighter. How were we to miss his deep music, here and at home! With his
+assistance we had made a very respectable band; now we were to be only a
+wandering drum and fife,--the fife particularly shrill and the drum
+particularly solemn.
+
+"And now came silence and tears and last embraces; we slipped down the
+gangway into our little craft and, looking up, saw bending above us,
+between the slouched hat and the silver beard, the eyes that we can
+never forget, that seemed to drop back in the darkness with the
+solemnity of a last farewell. We went home, and the drum hung himself
+gloomily on his peg, and the little fife _shut up_ for the remainder of
+the evening."
+
+To our hotel in Havana came, one day, a lovely lady, with pathetic dark
+eyes and a look of ill health. She was accompanied by her husband and
+little son. This was Mrs. Frank Hampton, formerly Miss Sally Baxter, a
+great belle in her time, and much admired by Mr. Thackeray. When we were
+introduced to each other, I asked, "Are you _the_ Mrs. Hampton?" She
+asked, "Are you _the_ Mrs. Howe?" We became friends at once. The
+Hamptons went with us to Matanzas, where we passed a few pleasant days.
+Dr. Howe was very helpful to the beautiful invalid. Something in the
+expression of her face reminded him of a relative known to him in early
+life, and on inquiry he found that Mrs. Hampton's father was a distant
+cousin of his own. Mrs. Hampton talked much of Thackeray, who had been,
+while in this country, a familiar visitor at her father's house. She
+told me that she recognized bits of her own conversation in some of the
+sayings of Ethel Newcome, and I have little doubt that in depicting the
+beautiful and noble though wayward girl he had in mind something of the
+aspect and character of the lovely Sally Baxter. In his correspondence
+with the family he was sometimes very playful, as when he wrote to Mrs.
+Baxter thanking her for the "wickled palnuts and pandy breaches," which
+she had lately sent him.
+
+When we left Havana our new friends went with us to Charleston, and
+invited us to visit them at their home in Columbia, S. C. This we were
+glad to do. The house at which the Hamptons received us belonged to an
+elder brother, Wade Hampton, whose family were at this time traveling in
+Europe. Wade Hampton called upon Dr. Howe, and soon introduced a topic
+which we would gladly have avoided, namely, the strained relations
+between the North and the South. "We mean to fight for it," said Wade
+Hampton. But Dr. Howe afterwards said to me: "They cannot be in earnest
+about meaning to fight. It would be too insane, too fatal to their own
+interests." So indeed it proved, but they then knew us as little as we
+knew them. They thought that we could not fight, and we thought that
+they would not. Both parties were soon made wiser by sad experience.
+
+My account of this trip, after publication in the "Atlantic Monthly,"
+was issued in book form by Ticknor and Fields. Years after this time, a
+friend of mine landed in Cuba with a copy of the book in her hand
+luggage. It was at once taken from her by the custom-house officers, and
+she never saw it again. This little work was favorably spoken of and
+well received, but it did not please everybody. In one of its chapters,
+speaking of the natural indolence of the negroes in tropical countries,
+I had ventured to express the opinion that compulsory employment is
+better than none. Good Mr. Garrison seized upon this sentence, and
+impaled it in a column of "The Liberator" headed, "The Refuge of
+Oppression." I certainly did not intend it as an argument in favor of
+negro slavery. As an abstract proposition, and without reference to
+color, I still think it true.
+
+The publication of my Cuban notes brought me an invitation to chronicle
+the events of the season at Newport for the "New York Tribune." This was
+the beginning of a correspondence with that paper which lasted well into
+the time of the civil war. My letters dealt somewhat with social doings
+in Newport and in Boston, but more with the great events of the time. To
+me the experience was valuable in that I found myself brought nearer in
+sympathy to the general public, and helped to a better understanding of
+its needs and demands.
+
+It was in the days now spoken of that I first saw Edwin Booth. Dr. Howe
+and I betook ourselves to the Boston Theatre one rainy evening,
+expecting to see nothing more than an ordinary performance. The play was
+"Richelieu," and we had seen but little of Mr. Booth's part in it before
+we turned to each other and said, "This is the real thing." In every
+word, in every gesture, the touch of genius made itself felt. A little
+later I saw him in "Hamlet," and was even more astonished and delighted.
+While he was still completing this his first engagement in Boston, I
+received a letter from his manager, proposing that I should write a play
+for Mr. Booth. My first drama, though not a success, had made me
+somewhat known to theatrical people. I had been made painfully aware of
+its defects, and desired nothing more than to profit by the lesson of
+experience in producing something that should deserve entire
+approbation. It was therefore with a good hope of success that I
+undertook to write the play. Mr. Booth himself called upon me, in
+pursuance of his request. The favorable impression which he had made
+upon me was not lessened by a nearer view. I found him modest,
+intelligent, and above all genuine,--the man as worthy of admiration as
+the artist. Although I had seen Mr. Booth in a variety of characters, I
+could only think of representing him as Hippolytus, a beautiful youth,
+of heroic type, enamored of a high ideal. This was the part which I
+desired to create for him. I undertook the composition without much
+delay, and devoted to it the months of one summer's sojourn at Lawton's
+Valley.
+
+This lovely little estate had come to us almost fortuitously. George
+William Curtis, writing of the Newport of forty years ago, gives a
+character sketch of one Alfred Smith, a well-known real estate agent,
+who managed to entrap strangers in his gig, and drove about with them,
+often succeeding in making them purchasers of some bit of property in
+the sale of which he had a personal interest. In the summer of 1852 my
+husband became one of his victims. I say this because Dr. Howe made the
+purchase without much deliberation. In fact, he could hardly have told
+any one why he made it. The farm was a very poor one, and the farmhouse
+very small. Some necessary repairs rendered it habitable for our family
+of little children and ourselves. I did not desire the purchase, but I
+soon became much attached to the valley, which my husband's care greatly
+beautified. This was a wooded gorge, perhaps an eighth of a mile from
+the house, and extending some distance between high rocky banks. We
+found it a wilderness of brambles, with a brook which ran much out of
+its proper course. Dr. Howe converted it into a most charming
+out-of-door _salon_. A firm green sod took the place of the briers, the
+brook was restrained within its proper limits, and some fine trees
+replaced as many decayed stumps. An old, disused mill added to the
+picturesqueness of the scene. Below it rushed a small waterfall. Here I
+have passed many happy hours with my books and my babies, but it was not
+in this enchanting spot that I wrote my play.
+
+I had at this time and for many years afterward a superstition about a
+north light. My eyes had given me some trouble, and I felt obliged to
+follow my literary work under circumstances most favorable for their
+use. The exposure of our little farmhouse was south and west, and its
+only north light was derived from a window at the top of the attic
+stairs. Here was a platform just large enough to give room for a table
+two feet square. The stairs were shut off from the rest of the house by
+a stout door. And here, through the summer heats, and in spite of many
+wasps, I wrote my five-act drama, dreaming of the fine emphasis which
+Mr. Booth would give to its best passages and of the beautiful
+appearance he would make in classic costume. He, meanwhile, was growing
+into great fame and favor with the public, and was called hither and
+thither by numerous engagements. The period of his courtship and
+marriage intervened, and a number of years elapsed between the
+completion of the play and his first reading of it.
+
+At last there came a time in which the production of the play seemed
+possible. Charlotte Cushman and Edwin Booth were both in Boston
+performing, as I remember, but not at the same theatre. They agreed to
+act in my play. E. L. Davenport, manager of the Howard Athenaeum,
+undertook to produce it, and my dream was very near becoming a reality.
+But lo! on a sudden, the manager bethought him that the time was rather
+late in the season; that the play would require new scenery; and, more
+than all, that his wife, who was also an actress, was not pleased with a
+secondary part assigned to her. A polite note informed me of his change
+of mind. This was, I think, the greatest "let down" that I ever
+experienced. It affected me seriously for some days, after which I
+determined to attempt nothing more for the stage.
+
+In truth, there appeared to be little reason for this action on the part
+of the manager. Miss Cushman, speaking of it, said to me, "My dear, if
+Edwin Booth and I had done nothing more than to stand upon the stage and
+say 'good evening' to each other, the house would have been filled."
+
+Mr. Booth, in the course of these years, experienced great happiness and
+great sorrow. On the occasion of our first meeting he had spoken to me
+of "little Mary Devlin" as an actress of much promise, who had recently
+been admired in "several _heavy_ parts." In process of time he became
+engaged to this young girl. Before the announcement of this fact he
+appeared with her several times before the Boston public. Few that saw
+it will ever forget a performance of Romeo and Juliet in which the two
+true lovers were at their best, ideally young, beautiful, and identified
+with their parts. I soon became well acquainted with this exquisite
+little woman, of whose untimely death the poet Parsons wrote:--
+
+  "What shall we do now, Mary being dead,
+    Or say or write that shall express the half?
+  What can we do but pillow that fair head,
+    And let the spring-time write her epitaph?--
+
+  "As it will soon, in snowdrop, violet,
+    Windflower and columbine and maiden's tear;
+  Each letter of that pretty alphabet
+    That spells in flowers the pageant of the year.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  "She hath fulfilled her promise and hath passed;
+    Set her down gently at the iron door!
+  Eyes look on that loved image for the last:
+    Now cover it in earth,--her earth no more."
+
+These lines recall to me the scene of Mary Booth's funeral, which took
+place in wintry weather, the service being held at the chapel in Mount
+Auburn. Hers was a most pathetic figure as she lay, serene and lovely,
+surrounded with flowers. As Edwin Booth followed the casket, his eyes
+heavy with grief, I could not but remember how often I had seen him
+enact the part of Hamlet at the stage burial of Ophelia. Beside or
+behind him walked a young man of remarkable beauty, to be sadly known at
+a later date as Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Lincoln and the victim of
+his own crime. Henry Ward Beecher, meeting Mary Booth one day at dinner
+at my house, was so much impressed with her peculiar charm that, on the
+occasion of her death, he wrote a very sympathetic letter to Mr. Booth,
+and became thenceforth one of his most esteemed friends.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The years between 1850 and 1857, eventful as they were, appear to me
+almost a period of play when compared with the time of trial which was
+to follow. It might have been likened to the tuning of instruments
+before some great musical solemnity. The theme was already suggested,
+but of its wild and terrible development who could have had any
+foreknowledge? Parker, indeed, writing to Dr. Howe from Italy, said,
+"What a pity that the map of our magnificent country should be destined
+to be so soon torn in two on account of the negro, that poorest of human
+creatures, satisfied, even in slavery, with sugar cane and a banjo." On
+reading this prediction, I remarked to my husband: "This is poor, dear
+Parker's foible. He always thinks that he knows what will come to pass.
+How absurd is this forecast of his!"
+
+"I don't know about that," replied Dr. Howe.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE CHURCH OF THE DISCIPLES: IN WAR TIME
+
+
+I must here ask leave to turn back a little in the order of my
+reminiscences, my narrative having led me to pass by certain points
+which I desire to mention.
+
+The great comfort which I had in Parker's preaching came to an end when
+my children attained an age at which it appeared desirable that they
+should attend public worship. Concerning this my husband argued as
+follows:--
+
+"The children [our two eldest girls] are now of an age at which they
+should receive impressions of reverence. They should, therefore, see
+nothing at the Sunday service which would militate against that feeling.
+At Parker's meeting individuals read the newspapers before the exercises
+begin. A good many persons come in after the prayer, and some go out
+before the conclusion of the sermon. These irregularities offend my
+sense of decorum, and appear to me undesirable in the religious
+education of the family."
+
+It was a grievous thing for me to comply with my husband's wishes in
+this matter. I said of it to his friend, Horace Mann, that to give up
+Parker's ministry for any other would be like going to the synagogue
+when Paul was preaching near at hand. Parker was soon made aware of Dr.
+Howe's views, but no estrangement ensued between the two friends. He
+did, however, write to my husband a letter, in which he laid great
+stress upon the depth and strength of his own concern in religion.
+
+My husband cherished an old predilection for King's Chapel, and would
+have been pleased if I had chosen to attend service there. My mind,
+however, was otherwise disposed. Having heard Parker, at the close of
+one of his discourses, speak in warm commendation of James Freeman
+Clarke, announcing at the same time that Mr. Clarke was about to begin a
+new series of services at Williams Hall, I determined to attend these.
+
+With Mr. Clarke I had indeed some slight acquaintance, having once heard
+him preach at Freeman Place Chapel, and having met him on divers
+occasions. It is well known that this, his first pastorate in Boston,
+was nearly lost to him in consequence of his inviting Theodore Parker on
+one occasion to occupy his pulpit. The feeling against the latter was
+then so strong as to cause an influential part of the congregation to
+withdraw from the society, which therefore threatened to fail for want
+of funds. Some years later Mr. Clarke resigned his charge and went
+abroad for a prolonged stay, possibly with indefinite ideas as to the
+future employment of his life. He was possessed of much literary and
+artistic taste, and might easily have added one to the number of those
+who, like George Bancroft, Jared Sparks, and others, had entered the
+Unitarian ministry, to leave it, after a few years, for fields of labor
+in which they were destined to achieve greater success.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE
+
+_From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company._]
+
+Fortunately, the suggestion of such a course, if entertained by him at
+all, did not prevail. Mr. Clarke's interest in the Christian ministry
+was too deeply grounded to be easily overcome. Returning from a restful
+and profitable sojourn in Europe, he sought to gather again those of his
+flock who had held to him and to each other. He found them ready to
+welcome him back with unabated love and trust. It was at this juncture
+that I heard Theodore Parker make the mention of him which brought him
+to my remembrance, bringing me also very reluctantly to his new place of
+worship.
+
+The hall itself was unattractive, and the aspect of its occupants
+decidedly unfashionable. Indeed, a witty friend of mine once said to me
+that the bonnets seen there were of so singular a description, as
+constantly to distract her attention from the minister's sermon.
+
+This absence of fashion rather commended the place to me; for I had had
+in my life enough and too much of that church-going in which the
+bonnets, the pews, and the doctrine appear to rest on one dead level of
+conventionalism.
+
+Mr. Clarke's preaching was as unlike as possible to that of Theodore
+Parker. While not wanting in the critical spirit, and characterized by
+very definite views of the questions which at that time were foremost in
+the mind of the community, there ran through the whole course of his
+ministrations an exquisite tone of charity and good-will. He had not the
+philosophic and militant genius of Parker, but he had a genius of his
+own, poetical, harmonizing. In after years I esteemed myself fortunate
+in having passed from the drastic discipline of the one to the tender
+and reconciling ministry of the other. The members of the congregation
+were mostly strangers to me, yet I felt from the first a respect for
+them. In process of time I came to know something of their antecedents,
+and to make friends among them.
+
+After some years of attendance at Williams Hall, our society, somewhat
+increased in numbers, removed to Indiana Place Chapel, where we remained
+until we were able to erect for ourselves the commodious and homelike
+building which we occupy to-day.
+
+Our minister was a man of much impulse, but of more judgment. In his
+character were blended the best traits of the conservative and of the
+liberal. His ardent temperament and sanguine disposition bred in him
+that natural hopefulness which is so important an element in all
+attempted reform. His sound mind, well disciplined by culture, held fast
+to the inherited treasures of society, while a fortunate power of
+apprehending principles rendered him very steadfast, both in advance and
+in reserve. In the agitated period which preceded the civil war and in
+that which followed it, he in his modest pulpit became one of the
+leaders, not of his own flock alone, but of the community to which he
+belonged. I can imagine few things more instructive and desirable than
+was his preaching in those troublous times, so full of unanswered
+question and unreconciled discord. His church was like an organ, with
+deep undertones and lofty, aspiring treble,--the master hand pressing
+the keys, the heart of the congregation responding with a full melody.
+Festivals of sorrow were held in Indiana Place Chapel, and many of
+them,--James Buchanan's hollow fast, a day of mourning for John Brown,
+and, saddest and greatest of all, a solemn service following the
+assassination of Abraham Lincoln. We were led through these shadows of
+death by the radiant light of a truly Christian faith, which our pastor
+ever held before us. Among the many who stood by him in his labors of
+love was a lady possessed of rare taste in the disposition of floral and
+other decorations. We came at last to confer on her the title of the
+Flower Saint. On the occasion last mentioned, when we entered the
+building, full of hopeless sorrow, we saw pulpit and altar adorned with
+a rich violet pall, on which, at intervals, hung wreaths of white
+lilies. So something of the pomp of victory was mingled with our bitter
+sense of loss. The nation's chief was gone, but with the noble army of
+martyrs we now beheld him, crowned with the unfading glory of his work.
+
+Mr. Clarke's life possesses an especial interest from the fact of its
+having been one of those rare lives which start in youth with an ideal,
+and follow it through manhood to old age; parting from it only at the
+last breath, and bequeathing it to posterity in its full growth and
+beauty. This ideal appeared to him in the guise of a free church, whose
+pews should not be sold, whose seats should be open to all, with no
+cumbrous encounter of cross-interests,--a church of true worship and
+earnest interpretation, which should be held together by the bond of
+veritable sympathy. This living church he built out of his own devout
+and tender heart. A dream at first, he saw it take shape and grow, and
+when he flitted from its sphere he felt that it would stand and endure.
+
+In marriage Mr. Clarke had been most fortunate. He became attached early
+in life to a young lady of rare beauty, and of character not less
+uncommon, to whom he once wrote some charming lines, beginning,--
+
+  "When shall we meet again, dearest and best?
+  Thou going eastward, and I to the west?"
+
+This attachment probably dated from the period of his theological
+studies at Meadville, Pa. In due course of time the two lives became
+united in a most happy and helpful partnership. Mrs. Clarke truly
+attained the dignity of a mother in Israel. She went hand-in-hand with
+her husband in all his church work. She made his home simple in
+adornment but exquisite in comfort. She was less social in disposition
+than he, less excitable, indeed, so calm of nature that her husband, in
+giving her a copy of my first volume of poems, wrote on the fly-leaf,
+"To the passionless, 'Passion Flowers,'" and in the lines that followed
+compared her to the Jungfrau with its silvery light. This calmness,
+which was not coldness, sometimes enabled her to render a service which
+might have been difficult to many. I remember that a young minister, a
+fresh convert from Calvinistic doctrine, preached one Sunday a rather
+crude sermon, in Mr. Clarke's absence. After the close of the service
+Mrs. Clarke went up to the speaker, who was expected to preach that
+evening at a well-known church in the city, and said, "Mr. ----, if you
+intend to give the sermon we have just heard at the ---- church this
+evening, you will do well to omit certain things in it." She proceeded
+to mention the changes which appeared to her desirable. Her advice, most
+kindly given, was no doubt appreciated.
+
+Let me here record my belief that society rarely attains anywhere a
+higher level than that which all must recognize in the Boston of the
+last forty years. The religious philosophy of the Unitarian pulpit; the
+intercourse with the learned men of Harvard College, more frequent
+formerly than at present; the inheritance of solid and earnest
+character, most precious of estates; the nobility of thought developed
+in Margaret Fuller's pupils; the cordial piety of such leaders as
+Phillips Brooks, James Freeman Clarke, and Edward Everett Hale; the
+presence of leading authors,--Holmes, Longfellow, Emerson, and
+Lowell,--all these circumstances combined have given to Massachusetts a
+halo of glory which time should not soon have power to dim.
+
+Massachusetts, as I understand her, asks for no false leadership, for no
+illusory and transient notoriety. Where Truth and Justice command, her
+sons and daughters will follow; and if she should sometimes be found
+first in the ranks, it will not be because her ambition has displaced
+others, but because the strength of her convictions has carried her
+beyond the ranks of the doubting and deliberate.
+
+The decade preceding the civil war was indeed a period of much
+agitation. The anomalous position of a slave system in a democratic
+republic was beginning to make itself keenly felt. The political
+preponderance of the slaveholding States, fostered and upheld by the
+immense money power of the North, had led their inhabitants to believe
+that they needed to endure no limits. Recent legislation, devised and
+accomplished by their leaders, had succeeded in enforcing upon Northern
+communities a tame compliance with their most extravagant demands. The
+extension of the slave system to the new territories, soon to constitute
+new States, became the avowed purpose of Southern politicians. The
+conscience of the North, lulled by financial prosperity, awoke but
+slowly to an understanding of the situation. To enlighten this
+conscience was evidently the most important task of public-spirited men.
+Among other devices to this end, a newspaper was started in Boston with
+the name of "The Commonwealth." Its immediate object was to reach and
+convince that important portion of the body politic which distrusts
+rhetoric and oratory, but which sooner or later gives heed to
+dispassionate argument and the advocacy of plain issues.
+
+My husband took an active interest in the management of this paper, and
+indeed assumed its editorship for one entire winter. In this task I had
+great pleasure in assisting him. We began our work together every
+morning,--he supervising and supplying the political department of the
+paper, I doing what I could in the way of social and literary criticism.
+Among my contributions to the work were a series of notices of Dr.
+Holmes's Lowell lectures on the English poets, and a paper on Mrs. Stowe
+and George Sand. "The Commonwealth" did good service in the battle of
+opinion which unexpectedly proved a prelude to the most important event
+in our history as a nation.
+
+The reading public hardly needs to-day to be reminded that Mrs. Stowe's
+story of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" played an important part in the change of
+base, which in time became evident in the North. The torch of her
+sympathy, held before the lurid pictures of slave life, set two
+continents on fire with loathing and indignation against abuses so
+little in accordance with civil progress and Christian illumination.
+Europeans reproached us with this enthroned and persevering barbarism.
+"Why is it endured?" they asked, and we could only answer: "It has a
+legal right to exist."
+
+Some time in the fifties, my husband spoke to me of a very remarkable
+man, of whom, he said, I should be sure to hear sooner or later. This
+man, Dr. Howe said, seemed to intend to devote his life to the
+redemption of the colored race from slavery, even as Christ had
+willingly offered his life for the salvation of mankind. It was enjoined
+upon me that I should not mention to any one this confidential
+communication; and to make sure that I should not, I allowed the whole
+matter to pass out of my thoughts. It may have been a year or more later
+that Dr. Howe said to me: "Do you remember that man of whom I spoke to
+you,--the one who wished to be a saviour for the negro race?" I replied
+in the affirmative. "That man," said the doctor, "will call here this
+afternoon. You will receive him. His name is John Brown." Thus
+admonished, I watched for the visitor, and prepared to admit him myself
+when he should ring at the door.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN BROWN
+
+_From a photograph about 1857._]
+
+This took place at our house in South Boston, where it was not at all
+_infra dig._ for me to open my own door. At the expected time I heard
+the bell ring, and, on answering it, beheld a middle-aged, middle-sized
+man, with hair and beard of amber color, streaked with gray. He looked a
+Puritan of the Puritans, forceful, concentrated, and self-contained. We
+had a brief interview, of which I only remember my great gratification
+at meeting one of whom I had heard so good an account. I saw him once
+again at Dr. Howe's office, and then heard no more of him for some time.
+
+I cannot tell how long after this it was that I took up the "Transcript"
+one evening, and read of an attack made by a small body of men on the
+arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Dr. Howe presently came in, and I told him
+what I had just read. "Brown has got to work," he said. I had already
+arrived at the same conclusion. The rest of the story is matter of
+history: the failure of the slaves to support the movement initiated for
+their emancipation, the brief contest, the inevitable defeat and
+surrender, the death of the rash, brave man upon the scaffold. All this
+is known, and need not be repeated here. In speaking of it, my husband
+assured me that John Brown's plan had not been so impossible of
+realization as it appeared to have been after its failure. Brown had
+been led to hope that, upon a certain signal, the slaves from many
+plantations would come to him in such numbers that he and they would
+become masters of the situation with little or no bloodshed. Neither he
+nor those who were concerned with him had it at all in mind to stir up
+the slaves to acts of cruelty and revenge. The plan was simply to
+combine them in large numbers, and in a position so strong that the
+question of their freedom would be decided then and there, possibly
+without even a battle.
+
+I confess that the whole scheme appeared to me wild and chimerical. Of
+its details I knew nothing, and have never learned more. None of us
+could exactly approve an act so revolutionary in its character, yet the
+great-hearted attempt enlisted our sympathies very strongly. The weeks
+of John Brown's imprisonment were very sad ones, and the day of his
+death was one of general mourning in New England. Even there, however,
+people were not all of the same mind. I heard a friend say that John
+Brown was a pig-headed old fool. In the Church of the Disciples, on the
+other hand, a special service was held on the day of the execution, and
+the pastor took for his text the saying of Christ, "It is enough for the
+disciple that he be as his master." Victor Hugo had already said that
+the death of John Brown would thenceforth hallow the scaffold, even as
+the death of Christ had hallowed the cross.
+
+The record of John Brown's life has been fully written, and by a
+friendly hand. I will only mention here that he had much to do with the
+successful contest which kept slavery out of the territory of Kansas. He
+was a leading chief in the border warfare which swept back the
+pro-slavery immigration attempted by some of the wild spirits of
+Missouri. In this struggle, he one day saw two of his own sons shot by
+the Border Ruffians (as the Missourians of the border were then called),
+without trial or mercy. Some people thought that this dreadful sight had
+maddened his brain, as well it might.
+
+I recall one humorous anecdote about him, related to me by my husband.
+On one occasion, during the border war, he had taken several prisoners,
+and among them a certain judge. Brown was always a man of prayer. On
+this occasion, feeling quite uncertain as to whether he ought to spare
+the lives of the prisoners, he retired into a thicket near at hand, and
+besought the Lord long and fervently to inspire him with the right
+determination. The judge, overhearing this petition, was so much amused
+at it that, in spite of the gravity of his own position, he laughed
+aloud. "Judge ----," cried John Brown, "if you mock at my prayers, I
+shall know what to do with you without asking the Almighty."
+
+I remember now that I saw John Brown's wife on her way to visit her
+husband in prison and to see the last of him. She seemed a strong,
+earnest woman, plain in manners and in speech.
+
+This brings me to the period of the civil war. What can I say of it that
+has not already been said? Its cruel fangs fastened upon the very heart
+of Boston, and took from us our best and bravest. From many a stately
+mansion father or son went forth, followed by weeping, to be brought
+back for bitterer sorrow. The work of the women in providing comforts
+for the soldiers was unremitting. In organizing and conducting the great
+bazaars, which were held in furtherance of this object, many of these
+women found a new scope for their activities, and developed abilities
+hitherto unsuspected by themselves.
+
+Even in gay Newport there were sad reverberations of the strife; and I
+shall never forget an afternoon on which I drove into town with my son,
+by this time a lad of fourteen, and found the main street lined with
+carriages, and the carriages filled with white-faced people, intent on I
+knew not what. Meeting a friend, I asked, "Why are these people here?
+What are they waiting for, and why do they look as they do?"
+
+"They are waiting for the mail. Don't you know that we have had a
+dreadful reverse?" Alas! this was the second battle of Bull Run. I have
+made some record of it in a poem entitled "The Flag," which I dare
+mention here because Mr. Emerson, on hearing it, said to me, "I like the
+architecture of that poem."
+
+Prominent among the helpers called out by the war was our noble war
+governor, John Albion Andrew. My first acquaintance with him was formed
+in the early days of the Free-Soil Party, of which he and my husband
+were leading members. This organization, if I remember rightly, grew out
+of an earlier one which marked the very beginning of a new movement. Its
+members were spoken of as "young Whigs," and its principles were
+friendship for the negro and opposition to war, which at that time was
+particularly directed against the Mexican war. It was as a young Whig
+that Dr. Howe consented to become a candidate for a seat in the Congress
+of the United States. The development of a pro-slavery policy on the
+part of our government, and the intention made evident of not only
+maintaining but also extending the area of slavery, soon gave to the new
+party a very serious _raison d'etre_, and under its influence the young
+Whigs became Free Soilers.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: In the days here spoken of, the Cochituate water was first
+brought into Boston. I was asked one day to furnish a toast for a
+temperance festival, and felt moved to send the following: "Free
+soil,--free water,--free grace," which was well received.]
+
+Some of these gentlemen came often to our house, and among them I soon
+learned to distinguish Mr. Andrew. As time went on, he became a familiar
+friend in our household. Our mutual interest in the Church of the
+Disciples, and our regard for its pastor were bonds which drew us
+together. He was, indeed, a typical American of the best sort. Most
+happy in temperament, with great vitality and enjoyment of life, he
+united in his make-up the gifts of quick perception and calm
+deliberation. His judgments were broad, sound, and charitable, his
+disposition full of good-will, his tastes at once simple and
+comprehensive. He was at home in high society, and not less so among the
+lowly. He was very social in disposition, and much "given to
+hospitality," but without show or pretense. He had been one of the
+original members of the Church of the Disciples, and had certainly been
+drawn toward Mr. Clarke by a deep and genuine religious sympathy.
+Although a man of most serious convictions, he was able to enter
+heartily into the spirit of every social occasion. He was with us
+sometimes at our rural retreat on Newport Island, far from the scenes of
+fashionable life. I once had the honor of entertaining in this place the
+members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. While we were all
+busy with preparations for the reception of these eminent persons, Mr.
+Andrew--he was not as yet governor--offered to compound for the company
+a pleasing beverage. He took off his coat, and went to work with lemons,
+sugar, and other ingredients, and was very near being found in his
+shirt-sleeves by those of the scientists who were first upon the ground.
+
+At another time we were arranging some tableaux for one of my children's
+parties, and had chosen the subjects from Thackeray's fairy tale of the
+"Rose and the Ring." I came to our friend in some perplexity, and said,
+"Dear Mr. Andrew, in the tableaux this evening Dr. Howe is to personate
+Kutasoff Hedzoff; would you be willing to pose as Prince Bulbo?" "By all
+means," was the response. I brought the book, and Mr. Andrew studied and
+imitated the costume of the prince, even to the necktie and the rose in
+his buttonhole.
+
+In the years that followed, he as well as we had little time for
+merry-making. While the political sky was darkening and the thunder of
+war was faintly rumbling in the air, Dr. Howe said to me one day,
+"Andrew is going to be governor of Massachusetts." My first recollection
+of him in war time concerns the attack made upon the United States
+troops as they were passing through Baltimore. The telegram sent by him
+to the mayor of that city seemed to give an earnest of what we might
+expect from him. He requested that the bodies of our soldiers who had
+fallen in the streets should be tenderly cared for, and sent to their
+State, Massachusetts. We were present when these bodies were received at
+King's Chapel burial-ground, and could easily see how deeply the
+governor was moved at the sad sight of the coffins draped with the
+national flag. This occasion drew from me the poem beginning,--
+
+  "Weave no more silks, ye Lyons looms,
+    To deck our girls for gay delights:
+  The crimson flower of battle blooms,
+    And solemn marches fill the nights."
+
+When James Freeman Clarke's exchanging pulpits with Theodore Parker
+alienated from him a part of his congregation, Governor Andrew strongly
+opposed the views of the seceders, and at a meeting called in connection
+with the movement made so eloquent a plea against the separation as to
+move his hearers to tears.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN A. ANDREW
+
+_From a photograph by Black._]
+
+Very generous was his conduct in the case of John Brown, when the latter
+lay in a Southern prison, about to be tried for his life, without
+counsel and without money. Mr. Andrew, on becoming acquainted with his
+condition, telegraphed to eminent lawyers in Washington to engage them
+for the defense of the prisoner, and made himself responsible for the
+legal expenses of the case, amounting to thirteen hundred dollars. He
+was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1860, and his forethought and
+sagacity were soon shown in the course of action instituted by him to
+prepare the State for immediate and active participation in the military
+movements which he felt to be near at hand. The measures then taken by
+him were much derided; but, when the crisis came, the heart of the
+public went out to him in gratitude, for every emergency had been
+thought out and provided for.
+
+The governor now became a very busy man. Who can number the hurried
+journeys which he made between Boston and Washington, when his counsel
+was imperatively demanded in the one place and no less needed in the
+other? These exhausting labors, which continued throughout the war,
+never disturbed the serenity of his countenance, always luminous with
+cheerfulness. They were, no doubt, undermining his bodily vigor; but his
+devotion to public duty was such that he was well content to spend and
+be spent in its fulfillment.
+
+I was present at the State House when Governor Andrew presented to the
+legislature of Massachusetts the parting gift of Theodore Parker,--the
+gun which his grandfather had carried at the battle of Lexington. After
+a brief but very appropriate address, the governor pressed the gun to
+his lips before giving it into the keeping of the official guardian of
+such treasures. This scene was caricatured in one of the public prints
+of the time. I remember it as most impressive.
+
+The governor was an earnest Unitarian, and as already said a charter
+member of the Church of the Disciples. His religious sympathies,
+however, outwent all sectarian limits. He prized and upheld the truly
+devout spirits, wherever found, and delighted in the Methodism of Father
+Taylor. He used to say, "When I want to enjoy a good warm time, I go to
+Brother Grimes's colored church."
+
+Although himself a Protestant of the Protestants, he entertained a
+sincere esteem for individuals among the Catholic clergy. Among these I
+remember Father Finotti as one of whom he often spoke, and who was
+sometimes a guest at his table. When Madame Ristori made her first visit
+to this country, Father Finotti entertained her one day at dinner,
+inviting also Governor and Mrs. Andrew. The governor told me afterward
+that he enjoyed this meeting very much, and described some song or
+recitation which the great actress gave at table, and which the aged
+priest heard with emotion, recalling the days of his youth and the dear
+land of his birth.
+
+Once, when Governor Andrew was with us at our summer home, my husband
+suddenly proposed that we should hold a Sunday service in the shade of
+our beautiful valley. This was on the Sunday morning itself, and the
+time admitted of no preparation. I had with me neither hymnal nor book
+of sermons, and was rather at a loss how to carry out my husband's
+design. The governor at once came to my assistance. He gave the
+Scripture lessons from memory, and deaconed out the lines of a favorite
+hymn,--
+
+  "The dove let loose in eastern skies,
+  Returning fondly home."
+
+This we sang to the best of our ability. The governor had in memory some
+writing of his own appropriate to the occasion; and, all joining in the
+Lord's prayer, the simple and beautiful rite was accomplished.
+
+The record of our State during the war was a proud one. The repeated
+calls for men and for money were always promptly and generously
+answered. And this promptness was greatly forwarded by the energy and
+patriotic vigilance of the governor. I heard much of this at the time,
+especially from my husband, who was greatly attached to the governor,
+and who himself took an intense interest in all the operations of the
+war.
+
+I am glad to remember that our house was one of the places in which
+Governor Andrew used to take refuge, when the need of rest became
+imperative. Having, perhaps, passed much of the night at the State
+House, receiving telegrams and issuing orders, he would sometimes lie
+down on a sofa in my drawing-room, and snatch a brief nap before dinner
+would be announced.
+
+I seemed to live in and along with the war, while it was in progress,
+and to follow all its ups and downs, its good and ill fortune with these
+two brave men, Dr. Howe and Governor Andrew. Neither of them for a
+moment doubted the final result of the struggle, but both they and I
+were often very sad and much discouraged. Andrew was especially
+distressed at the disastrous retreat in the Wilderness, when medicines,
+stores, and even wounded soldiers were necessarily left behind. He said
+of this, "When I read the accounts of it I thought that the bottom had
+dropped out of everything." He was not alone in feeling thus.
+
+While Governor Andrew held himself at the command of the government, and
+was ready to answer every call from the White House with his presence,
+he was no less persistent in the visitations required in his own State.
+Of some of these I can speak from personal experience, having often had
+the pleasure of accompanying him and Mrs. Andrew in such excursions. I
+went twice with the gubernatorial party to attend the Agricultural Fair
+at Barnstable. The first time we were the guests of Mr. Phinney, the
+veteran editor of a Barnstable paper. On another occasion we visited
+Berkshire, and were entertained at Greenfield, North Adams, and
+Stockbridge. Dress parades were usually held at these times. How well I
+have in mind the governor's appearance as, in his military cloak,
+wearing scrupulously white kid gloves, he walked from rank to rank,
+receiving the salute of the men and returning it with great good humor!
+He evidently enjoyed these meetings very much. His staff consisted of
+several young men of high position in the community, who were most
+agreeable companions,--John Quincy Adams, Henry Lee, handsome Harry
+Ritchie, and one or two others whose names I do not recall. In the
+jollity of these outings the governor did not forget to visit the public
+institutions, prisons, reform schools, insane asylums, etc. His presence
+carried cheer and sunshine into the most dreary places, and his deep
+interest in humanity made itself felt everywhere.
+
+From an early period in the war he saw that the emancipation of the
+negroes of the South was imperatively demanded to insure the success of
+the North. It had always been a moral obligation. It had now become a
+military necessity. When the act was consummated, he not only rejoiced
+in it, but bent all his energies upon the support of the President in an
+act so daring and so likely to be deprecated by the half-hearted. His
+efforts to this end were not confined to his own State. He did much to
+promote unity of opinion and concert in action among the governors of
+other States. He strongly advocated the organization of colored
+regiments, and the first of these that reached the field of battle came
+from his State.
+
+All of us, I suppose, have met with people who are democratic in theory,
+but who in practical life prefer to remain in relation mostly with
+individuals of their own or a superior class. Our great governor's
+democracy was not founded on intellectual conviction alone. It was a
+democracy of taste and of feeling. I say of taste, because he discerned
+the beauty of life which is often found among the lowly, the
+faithfulness of servants, the good ambition of working people to do
+their best with hammer and saw, with needle and thread. He earnestly
+desired that people of all degrees, high and low, rich and poor, should
+enjoy the blessings of civilization, should have their position of use
+and honor in the great human brotherhood. And it was this sweet and
+sincere humanity of heart which gave him so wide and varied a sphere of
+influence. He could confer with the cook in her kitchen, with the
+artisan at his task, with the convict in his cell, and always leave
+behind him an impression of kindness and sympathy. I have often in my
+mind compared society to a vast orchestra, which, properly led, gives
+forth a heavenly music, and which, ill conducted, utters only harsh and
+discordant sounds. The true leader of the orchestra has the music in his
+mind. He can read the intricate scroll which is set up before him; and
+so the army of melody responds to his tap, and instrument after
+instrument wakes at his bidding and is silent at his command.
+
+I cannot help thinking of Governor Andrew as such a leader. In his heart
+was written the music of the law of love. Before his eyes was the scroll
+of the great designs of Providence. And so, being at peace in himself,
+he promoted peace and harmony among those with whom he had to do;
+unanimity of action during the war, unanimity of consent and of
+rejoicing when peace came.
+
+So beneficent a presence has rarely shown itself among us. I trust that
+something of its radiance will continue to enlighten our national
+counsels and to cheer our hearts with the great hope which made him
+great.
+
+During the years of the war, Washington naturally became the great
+centre of interest. Politicians of every grade, adventurers of either
+sex, inventors of all sorts of military appliances, and simple citizens,
+good and bad, flocked thither in great numbers. My own first visit to it
+was in the late autumn of 1861, and was made in company with Rev. James
+Freeman Clarke, Governor Andrew, and my husband. Dr. Howe had already
+passed beyond the age of military service, but was enabled to render
+valuable aid as an officer of the Sanitary Commission, and also on the
+commission which had in charge the condition and interests of the newly
+freed slaves.
+
+Although Dr. Howe had won his spurs many years before this time, in the
+guerrilla contests of the Greek struggle for national life, his
+understanding of military operations continued to be remarkable.
+Throughout the course of the war, I never remember him to have been
+deceived by an illusory report of victory. He would carefully consider
+the plan of the battle, and when he would say, "This looks to me like a
+defeat," the later reports were sure to justify his surmises.
+
+[Illustration: JULIA WARD HOWE
+
+_From a photograph by J. J. Hawes, about 1861._]
+
+As we approached the city, I saw from time to time small groups of armed
+men seated on the ground near a fire. Dr. Howe explained to me that
+these were the pickets detailed to guard the railroad. The main body of
+the enemy's troops was then stationed in the near neighborhood of
+Washington, and the capture of the national capital would have been of
+great strategic advantage to their cause. In order to render this
+impossible, the great Army of the Potomac was encamped around the city,
+with General McClellan in command. Within the city limits mounted
+officers and orderlies galloped to and fro. Ambulances, drawn by four
+horses, drove through the streets, stopping sometimes before Willard's
+Hotel, where we had all found quarters. From my window I saw the office
+of the "New York Herald," and near it the ghastly advertisement of an
+agency for embalming and forwarding the bodies of those who had fallen
+in the fight or who had perished by fever. William Henry Channing,
+nephew of the great Channing, and heir to his spiritual distinction, had
+left his Liverpool pulpit, deeply stirred by love of his country and
+enthusiasm in a noble cause. On Sundays, his voice rang out, clear and
+musical as a bell, within the walls of the Unitarian church. I went more
+than once with him and Mr. Clarke to visit camps and hospitals. It was
+on the occasion of one of these visits that I made my very first attempt
+at public speaking. I had joined the rest of my party in a reconnoitring
+expedition, the last stage of which was the headquarters of Colonel
+William B. Greene, of the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Our
+friend received us with a warm welcome, and presently said to me, "Mrs.
+Howe, you must speak to my men." Feeling my utter inability to do this,
+I ran away and tried to hide myself in one of the hospital tents.
+Colonel Greene twice found me and brought me back to his piazza, where
+at last I stood, and told as well as I could how glad I was to meet the
+brave defenders of our cause, and how constantly they were in my
+thoughts.
+
+Among my recollections of this period I especially cherish that of an
+interview with President Abraham Lincoln, arranged for us by our kind
+friend, Governor Andrew. The President was laboring at this time under a
+terrible pressure of doubt and anxiety. He received us in one of the
+drawing-rooms of the White House, where we were invited to take seats,
+in full view of Stuart's portrait of Washington. The conversation took
+place mostly between the President and Governor Andrew. I remember well
+the sad expression of Mr. Lincoln's deep blue eyes, the only feature of
+his face which could be called other than plain. Mrs. Andrew, being of
+the company, inquired when we could have the pleasure of seeing Mrs.
+Lincoln, and Mr. Lincoln named to us the day of her reception. He said
+to Governor Andrew, apropos of I know not what, "I once heerd George
+Sumner tell a story." The unusual pronunciation fixed in my memory this
+one unimportant sentence. The talk, indeed, ran mostly on indifferent
+topics.
+
+When we had taken leave, and were out of hearing, Mr. Clarke said of Mr.
+Lincoln, "We have seen it in his face; hopeless honesty; that is all."
+He said it as if he felt that it was far from enough.
+
+None of us knew then--how could we have known?--how deeply God's wisdom
+had touched and inspired that devout and patient soul. At the moment few
+people praised or trusted him. "Why did he not do this, or that, or the
+other? He a President, indeed! Look at this war, dragging on so slowly!
+Look at our many defeats and rare victories!" Such was the talk that one
+constantly heard regarding him. The most charitable held that he meant
+well. Governor Andrew was one of the few whose faith in him never
+wavered.
+
+Meanwhile, through evil and good report, he was listening for the
+mandate which comes to one alone, bringing with it the decision of a
+mind convinced and of a conscience resolved. When the right moment came,
+he issued the proclamation of emancipation to the slaves. He sent his
+generals into the enemy's country. He lived to welcome them back as
+victors, to electrify the civilized world with his simple, sincere
+speech, to fall by the hand of an assassin, to bequeath to his country
+the most tragical and sacred of her memories.
+
+It would be impossible for me to say how many times I have been called
+upon to rehearse the circumstances under which I wrote the "Battle Hymn
+of the Republic." I have also had occasion more than once to state the
+simple story in writing. As this oft-told tale has no unimportant part
+in the story of my life, I will briefly add it to these records. I
+distinctly remember that a feeling of discouragement came over me as I
+drew near the city of Washington at the time already mentioned. I
+thought of the women of my acquaintance whose sons or husbands were
+fighting our great battle; the women themselves serving in the
+hospitals, or busying themselves with the work of the Sanitary
+Commission. My husband, as already said, was beyond the age of military
+service, my eldest son but a stripling; my youngest was a child of not
+more than two years. I could not leave my nursery to follow the march of
+our armies, neither had I the practical deftness which the preparing and
+packing of sanitary stores demanded. Something seemed to say to me, "You
+would be glad to serve, but you cannot help any one; you have nothing to
+give, and there is nothing for you to do." Yet, because of my sincere
+desire, a word was given me to say, which did strengthen the hearts of
+those who fought in the field and of those who languished in the prison.
+
+We were invited, one day, to attend a review of troops at some distance
+from the town. While we were engaged in watching the manoeuvres, a
+sudden movement of the enemy necessitated immediate action. The review
+was discontinued, and we saw a detachment of soldiers gallop to the
+assistance of a small body of our men who were in imminent danger of
+being surrounded and cut off from retreat. The regiments remaining on
+the field were ordered to march to their cantonments. We returned to the
+city very slowly, of necessity, for the troops nearly filled the road.
+My dear minister was in the carriage with me, as were several other
+friends. To beguile the rather tedious drive, we sang from time to time
+snatches of the army songs so popular at that time, concluding, I think,
+with
+
+  "John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the ground;
+     His soul is marching on."
+
+The soldiers seemed to like this, and answered back, "Good for you!" Mr.
+Clarke said, "Mrs. Howe, why do you not write some good words for that
+stirring tune?" I replied that I had often wished to do this, but had
+not as yet found in my mind any leading toward it.
+
+I went to bed that night as usual, and slept, according to my wont,
+quite soundly. I awoke in the gray of the morning twilight; and as I lay
+waiting for the dawn, the long lines of the desired poem began to twine
+themselves in my mind. Having thought out all the stanzas, I said to
+myself, "I must get up and write these verses down, lest I fall asleep
+again and forget them." So, with a sudden effort, I sprang out of bed,
+and found in the dimness an old stump of a pen which I remembered to
+have used the day before. I scrawled the verses almost without looking
+at the paper. I had learned to do this when, on previous occasions,
+attacks of versification had visited me in the night, and I feared to
+have recourse to a light lest I should wake the baby, who slept near me.
+I was always obliged to decipher my scrawl before another night should
+intervene, as it was only legible while the matter was fresh in my mind.
+At this time, having completed my writing, I returned to bed and fell
+asleep, saying to myself, "I like this better than most things that I
+have written."
+
+The poem, which was soon after published in the "Atlantic Monthly," was
+somewhat praised on its appearance, but the vicissitudes of the war so
+engrossed public attention that small heed was taken of literary
+matters. I knew, and was content to know, that the poem soon found its
+way to the camps, as I heard from time to time of its being sung in
+chorus by the soldiers.
+
+As the war went on, it came to pass that Chaplain McCabe, newly released
+from Libby Prison, gave a public lecture in Washington, and recounted
+some of his recent experiences. Among them was the following: He and the
+other Union prisoners occupied one large, comfortless room, in which the
+floor was their only bed. An official in charge of them told them, one
+evening, that the Union arms had just sustained a terrible defeat. While
+they sat together in great sorrow, the negro who waited upon them
+whispered to one man that the officer had given them false information,
+and that the Union soldiers had, on the contrary, achieved an important
+victory. At this good news they all rejoiced, and presently made the
+walls ring with my Battle Hymn, which they sang in chorus, Chaplain
+McCabe leading. The lecturer recited the poem with such effect that
+those present began to inquire, "Who wrote this Battle Hymn?" It now
+became one of the leading lyrics of the war. In view of its success, one
+of my good friends said, "Mrs. Howe ought to die now, for she has done
+the best that she will ever do." I was not of this opinion, feeling
+myself still "full of days' works," although I did not guess at the new
+experiences which then lay before me.
+
+While the war was still at its height, I received a kind letter from
+Hon. George Bancroft, conveying an invitation to attend a celebration of
+the poet Bryant's seventieth birthday, to be given by the New York
+Century Club, of which Mr. Bancroft was the newly-elected president. He
+also expressed the hope that I would bring with me something in verse or
+in prose, to add to the tributes of the occasion.
+
+Having accepted the invitation and made ready my tribute, I repaired to
+the station on the day appointed, to take the train for New York. Dr.
+Holmes presently appeared, bound on the same errand. As we seated
+ourselves in the car, he said to me, "Mrs. Howe, I will sit beside you,
+but you must not expect me to talk, as I must spare my voice for this
+evening, when I am to read a poem at the Bryant celebration." "By all
+means let us keep silent," I replied. "I also have a poem to read at the
+Bryant celebration." The dear Doctor, always my friend, overestimated
+his power of abstinence from the interchange of thought which was so
+congenial to him. He at once launched forth in his ever brilliant vein,
+and we were within a few miles of our destination when we suddenly
+remembered that we had not taken time to eat our luncheon. I find in my
+diary of the time this record: "Dr. Holmes was my companion. His
+ethereal talk made the journey short and brilliant."
+
+The journal further says: "Arriving in New York, Mr. Bancroft met us at
+the station, intent upon escorting Dr. Holmes, who was to be his guest.
+He was good enough to wait upon me also; carried my trunk, which was a
+small one, and lent me his carriage. He inquired about my poem, and
+informed me of its place in the order of exercises....
+
+"At 8.15 drove to the Century Building, which was fast filling with
+well-dressed men and women. Was conducted to the reception room, where I
+waited with those who were to take part in the performances of the
+evening."
+
+I will add here that I saw, among others, N. P. Willis, already infirm
+in health, and looking like the ghost of his former self. There also was
+Dr. Francis Lieber, who said to me in a low voice: "_Nur verwegen!_"
+(Only be audacious.) "Presently a double line was formed to pass into
+the hall. Mr. Bancroft, Mr. Bryant, and I brought up the rear, Mr.
+Bryant giving me his arm. On the platform were three armchairs, which
+were taken by the two gentlemen and myself."
+
+The assemblage was indeed a notable one. The fashion of New York was
+well represented, but its foremost artists, publicists, and literary men
+were also present. Mr. Emerson had come on from Concord. Christopher
+Cranch united with other artists in presenting to the venerable poet a
+portfolio of original drawings, to which each had contributed some work
+of his own. I afterwards learned that T. Buchanan Read had arrived from
+Washington, having in his pocket his newly composed poem on "Sheridan's
+Ride," which he would gladly have read aloud had the committee found
+room for it on their programme. A letter was received from the elder R.
+H. Dana, in which he excused his absence on account of his seventy-seven
+years and consequent inability to travel. Dr. Holmes read his verses
+very effectively. Mr. Emerson spoke rather vaguely. For my part in the
+evening's proceedings, I will once more quote from the diary:--
+
+"Mr. Bryant, in his graceful reply to Mr. Bancroft's address of
+congratulation, spoke of me as 'she who has written the most stirring
+lyric of the war.' After Mr. Emerson's remarks my poem was announced. I
+stepped to the middle of the platform, and read it well, I think, as
+every one heard me, and the large room was crammed. The last two verses
+were applauded. George H. Boker, of Philadelphia, followed me, and Dr.
+Holmes followed him. This was, I suppose, the greatest public honor of
+my life. I record it here for my grandchildren."
+
+The existence of these grandchildren lay then in the problematic future.
+I was requested to leave my poem in the hands of the committee for
+publication in a volume which would contain the other tributes of the
+evening. Dr. Holmes told me that he had declined to do this, and said in
+explanation, "I want my _honorarium_ from the 'Atlantic Monthly.'" We
+returned to Boston twenty-four hours later, by night train. Eschewing
+the indulgence of the sleeper, we talked through the dark hours. The
+Doctor gave me the nickname of "_Madame Comment_" (Mrs. Howe), and I
+told him that he was the most perfect of traveling companions.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE BOSTON RADICAL CLUB: DR. F. H. HEDGE
+
+
+The Boston Radical Club appears to me one of the social developments
+most worthy of remembrance in the third quarter of the nineteenth
+century. From a published record of its meetings I gather that the first
+of them was held at the residence of Dr. Bartol in the autumn of the
+year 1867. I felt a little grieved and aggrieved at the time, in that no
+invitation had been sent me to be present on this occasion, but was soon
+consoled by a letter offering me membership in the new association,
+which, it may be supposed, I did not decline. The government of the club
+was of the simplest. Its meetings were held on the first Monday of every
+month, and most frequently at the house of Rev. John T. Sargent, though
+occasionally at that of Dr. Bartol. The master of the house usually
+presided, but Mrs. Sargent was always present and aided much in
+suggesting the names of the persons who should be called upon to discuss
+the essay of the day. The proceedings were limited to the reading and
+discussion of a paper, which rarely exceeded an hour in length. On
+looking over the list of essayists, I find that it includes the most
+eminent thinkers of the day, in so far as Massachusetts is concerned.
+Among the speakers mentioned are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Dr. Hedge, David
+A. Wasson, O. B. Frothingham, John Weiss, Colonel Higginson, Benjamin
+Peirce, William Henry Channing, C. C. Everett, and James Freeman Clarke.
+It was a glad surprise to me when I was first invited to read a paper
+before this august assemblage. This honor I enjoyed more than once, but
+I appreciated even more the privilege of listening and of taking part in
+the discussions which, after the lapse of many years, are still
+remembered by me as truly admirable and instructive.
+
+I did indeed hear at these meetings much that pained and even irritated
+me. The disposition to seek outside the limits of Christianity for all
+that is noble and inspiring in religious culture, and to recognize
+especially within these limits the superstition and intolerance which
+have been the bane of all religions--this disposition, which was
+frequently manifested both in the essays presented and in their
+discussion, offended not only my affections, but also my sense of
+justice. I had indeed been led to transcend the limits of the old
+tradition; I had also devoted much time to studies of philosophy, and
+had become conversant with the works of Auguste Comte, Hegel, Spinoza,
+Kant, and Swedenborg. Nothing of what I had heard or read had shaken my
+faith in the leadership of Christ in the religion which makes each man
+the brother of all, and God the beneficent father of each and all,--the
+religion of humanity. Neither did this my conviction suffer any
+disturbance through the views presented by speakers at the Radical Club.
+
+Setting this one point aside, I can but speak of the club as a high
+congress of souls, in which many noble thoughts were uttered. Nobler
+than any special view or presentation was the general sense of the
+dignity of human character and of its affinity with things divine, which
+always gave the master tone to the discussions.
+
+The first essay read before the Radical Club of which I have any
+distinct recollection was by Rev. John Weiss, and had for its title,
+"The Immanence of God." It was highly speculative in character, and
+appeared to me to suggest many insoluble questions, among others, that
+of the origin of the sensible world.
+
+Lord and Lady Amberley, who were present, expressed to me great
+admiration of the essay. The occasion was rendered memorable by the
+beautiful presence of Lucretia Mott.
+
+Other discourses of John Weiss I remember with greater pleasure, notably
+one on the legend of Prometheus, in which his love for Greece had full
+scope, while his vivid imagination, like a blazing torch, illuminated
+for us the deep significance of that ancient myth.
+
+I remember, at one of these meetings, a rather sharp passage at arms
+between Mr. Weiss and James Freeman Clarke. Mr. Weiss had been
+declaiming against the insincerity which he recognized in ministers who
+continue to use formulas of faith which have ceased to correspond to any
+real conviction. The speaker confessed his own shortcoming in this
+respect.
+
+"All of us," he said,--"yes, I myself have prayed in the name of Christ,
+when my own feeling did not sanction its use."
+
+On hearing this, Mr. Clarke broke in.
+
+"Let Mr. Weiss answer for himself," he said with some vehemence of
+manner. "If in his pulpit he prayed in the name of Christ, and did not
+believe in what he said, it was John Weiss that lied, and not one of
+us." The dear minister afterwards asked me whether he had shown any heat
+in what he said. I replied, "Yes, but it was good heat."
+
+Another memorable day at the club was that on which the eminent French
+Protestant divine, Athanase Coquerel, spoke of religion and art in their
+relation to each other. After a brief but interesting review of classic,
+Byzantine, and mediaeval art, M. Coquerel expressed his dissent from the
+generally received opinion that the Church of Rome had always been
+foremost in the promotion and patronage of the fine arts. The greatest
+of Italian masters, he averred, while standing in the formal relations
+with that church, had often shown opposition to its spirit. Michael
+Angelo's sonnets revealed a state of mind intolerant of ecclesiastical
+as of other tyranny. Raphael, in the execution of a papal order, had
+represented true religion by a portrait figure of Savonarola. Holbein
+and Rembrandt were avowed Protestants. He considered the individuality
+fostered by Protestantism as most favorable to the development of
+originality in art.
+
+With these views Colonel Higginson did not agree. He held that
+Christianity had reached its highest point under the dispensation of the
+Catholic faith, and that the progress of Protestantism marked its
+decline. This assertion called forth an energetic denial from Dr. Hedge,
+Mr. Clarke, and myself.
+
+M. Coquerel paid a second visit to the Radical Club, and spoke again of
+art, but without reference to any question between differing sects. He
+began this discourse by laying down two rules which should be followed
+by one aspiring to become an artist. In the first place, he must make
+sure that he has something to say which can only be said through this
+medium. In the second place, he must make himself master of the grammar
+of the art which he intends to pursue.
+
+While I cannot avoid recognizing the anti-Christian twist which mostly
+prevailed in the Radical Club, I am far from wishing to convey the
+impression that those of us who were otherwise affected were not allowed
+the opportunity of expressing our own individual opinions. The presence
+at the meetings of such men as James Freeman Clarke, Dr. Hedge, William
+Henry Channing, and Wendell Phillips was a sufficient earnest of the
+catholicity of intention which prevailed in the government of the club.
+Only the intellectual bias was so much in the opposite direction that we
+who stood for the preeminence of Christianity sometimes felt ourselves
+at a disadvantage, and in danger of being set down as ignorant of much
+that our opponents assumed to know.
+
+In this connection I must mention a day on which, under the title of
+"Jonathan Edwards," Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes favored the club with a
+very graphic exposition of old-time New England Calvinism. The brilliant
+doctor's treatment of this difficult topic was appreciative and
+friendly, though by no means acquiescent in the doctrines presented. He
+said, indeed, that "the feeling which naturally arises in contemplating
+the character of Jonathan Edwards is that of deep reverence for a man
+who seems to have been anointed from his birth; who lived a life pure,
+laborious, self-denying, occupied with the highest themes, and busy in
+the highest kind of labor."
+
+Nevertheless, Wendell Phillips thought the paper, on the whole, unjust
+to Edwards, and felt that there must have been in his doctrine another
+side not fully brought forward by the essayist. These and other speakers
+were heard with great interest, and the meeting was one of the best on
+our record.
+
+I have heard it said that Wendell Phillips's orthodoxy was greatly
+valued among the anti-slavery workers, especially as the orthodox
+pulpits of the time gave them little support or comfort. I was told that
+Edmund Quincy, one day, saw Parker and Phillips walking arm in arm, and
+cried out: "Parker, don't dare to pervert that man. We want him as he
+is."
+
+I was thrice invited to read before the Radical Club. The titles of my
+three papers were, "Doubt and Belief," "Limitations," "Representation,
+and How to Secure it."
+
+William Henry Channing was one of the bright lights of the Radical Club,
+a man of fervent nature and of exquisite perceptions, presenting in his
+character the rare combination of deep piety with breadth of view and
+critical acumen. We were indebted to him for a discourse on "The
+Christian Name," in which he vindicated the claim of Christianity to the
+homage of the ages. His words, most welcome to me, came to us like
+reconciling harmony after a succession of discords.
+
+A singular over-appreciation of the value of the spoken as compared with
+the written word led Mr. Channing to speak always or mostly without a
+manuscript. It was much to be regretted that he in this way failed to
+give a permanent literary form to the thoughts which he so eloquently
+expressed, reminding some of his hearers of the costly pearl dissolved
+in wine. The discourse of which I have just spoken, while arousing
+considerable difference of opinion among those who listened to it, did
+nevertheless leave behind it a sweetening and elevating influence, due
+to a fresh outpouring of the divine spirit of charity and peace.
+
+In this connection I may speak of a series of discourses upon questions
+of religion, mostly critical in tone, which were given at Horticultural
+Hall on Sunday afternoons in the palmy days of the Radical Club. I had
+listened with pain to one of these, of which the drift appeared to me
+particularly undevout, and was resting still under the weight of this
+painful impression when I saw William Henry Channing coming towards me,
+and detained him for a moment's speech. "What are we to say to all
+this?" I inquired.
+
+"Be of good cheer," said he; "the topic demanded a telescopic rifle, and
+this man has been firing at something ten miles away with a
+blunderbuss."
+
+I was always glad of Mr. Channing's presence on occasions on which
+matters of faith were likely to be called in question. I felt great
+support in the assurance that he would always uphold the right, and in
+the right spirit.
+
+It was in the strength of this assurance that I betook myself to Mrs.
+Sargent's house one evening, to hear Mr. Francis E. Abbot expound his
+peculiar views to a little company of Unitarian ministers. Mr. Abbot, in
+the course of his remarks, exclaimed: "The Christian Church is blind! it
+is blind!" Mr. Wasson replied: "We cannot allow Brother Abbot to think
+that he is the only one who sees." I remember of this evening that I
+came away much impressed with the beautiful patience of the older
+gentlemen.
+
+I must mention one more occasion at the Radical Club. I can remember
+neither the topic nor the reader of the essay, but the discussion
+drifted, as it often did, in the direction of woman suffrage, and John
+Weiss delivered himself of the following utterance: "When man and woman
+shall meet at the polls, and he shall hold out his hand and say to her,
+Give me your quick intuition and accept in return my ratiocination"----A
+ringing laugh here interrupted the speaker. It came from Kate Field.
+
+Mr. Emerson had a brief connection with the Radical Club; and this may
+be a suitable place in which to give my personal impressions of the
+Prophet of New England. In remembering Mr. Emerson, we should analyze
+his works sufficiently to be able to distinguish the things in which he
+really was a leader and a teacher from other traits peculiar to himself,
+and interesting as elements of his historic character, but not as
+features of the ideal which we are to follow. Mr. Emerson objected
+strongly to newspaper reports of the sittings of the Radical Club. The
+reports sent to the New York "Tribune" by Mrs. Louise Chandler Moulton
+were eagerly sought and read in very distant parts of the country. I
+rejoiced in this. It seemed to me that the uses of the club were thus
+greatly multiplied and extended. It became an agency in the great church
+universal. Mr. Emerson's principal objection to the reports was that
+they interfered with the freedom of the occasion. When this objection
+failed to prevail, he withdrew from the club almost entirely, and was
+never more heard among its speakers.
+
+I remember hearing Mr. Emerson, in his discourse on Henry Thoreau,
+relate that the latter had once determined to manufacture the best lead
+pencil that could possibly be made. Having attained this end, parties
+interested at once besought him to make this excellent article
+attainable in trade. He said, "Why should I do this? I have shown that I
+am able to produce the best pencil that can be made. This was all that I
+cared to do." The selfishness and egotism of this point of view did not
+appear to have entered into Mr. Emerson's thoughts. Upon this principle,
+which of the great discoverers or inventors would have become a
+benefactor to the human race? Theodore Parker once said to me, "I do not
+consider Emerson a philosopher, but a poet lacking the accomplishment of
+rhyme." This may not be altogether true, but it is worth remembering.
+There is something of the _vates_ in Mr. Emerson. The deep intuitions,
+the original and startling combinations, the sometimes whimsical beauty
+of his illustrations,--all these belong rather to the domain of poetry
+than to that of philosophy. The high level of thought upon which he
+lived and moved and the wonderful harmony of his sympathies are his
+great lesson to the world at large. Despite his rather defective sense
+of rhythm, his poems are divine snatches of melody. I think that, in the
+popular affection, they may outlast his prose.
+
+I was once surprised, in hearing Mr. Emerson talk, to find how
+extensively read he was in what we may term secondary literature.
+Although a graduate of Harvard, his reading of foreign literatures,
+ancient and modern, was mostly in translations. I should say that his
+intellectual pasture ground had been largely within the domain of
+belles-lettres proper.
+
+[Illustration: RALPH WALDO EMERSON
+
+_From a photograph by Black._]
+
+He was a man of angelic nature, pure, exquisite, just, refined, and
+human. All concede him the highest place in our literary heaven. First
+class in genius and in character, he was able to discern the face of the
+times. To him was entrusted not only the silver trump of prophecy, but
+also that sharp and two-edged sword of the Spirit with which the
+legendary archangel Michael overcomes the brute Satan. In the great
+victory of his day, the triumph of freedom over slavery, he has a record
+not to be outdone and never to be forgotten.
+
+A lesser light of this time was the Rev. Samuel Longfellow. I remember
+him first as of a somewhat vague and vanishing personality, not much
+noticed when his admired brother was of the company. This was before the
+beginning of his professional career. A little later, I heard of his
+ordination as a Unitarian minister from Rev. Edward Everett Hale, who
+had attended, and possibly taken part in, the services. The poet
+Longfellow had written a lovely hymn for the occasion, beginning with
+this line:--
+
+  "Christ to the young man said, 'Give me thy heart.'"
+
+Mr. Hale spoke of "Sam Longfellow" as a valued friend, and remarked upon
+the modesty and sweetness of his disposition. "I saw him the other day,"
+said Mr. Hale. "He showed me a box of colors which he had long desired
+to possess, and which he had just purchased. Sam said to me, 'I thought
+I might have this now.'" He was fond of sketching from nature.
+
+Years after this time, I heard Mr. Longfellow preach at the Hawes Church
+in South Boston. After the service I invited him to take a Sunday dinner
+with Dr. Howe and myself. He consented, and I remember that in the
+course of our conversation he said, "Theodore Parker has made things
+easier for us young ministers. He has demolished so much which it was
+necessary to remove." The collection entitled "Hymns of the Spirit," and
+published under the joint names of Samuel Longfellow and Samuel Johnson,
+is a valuable one, and the hymns which Mr. Longfellow himself
+contributed to the _repertoire_ of the denomination are deeply religious
+in tone; and yet I must think that among Unitarians of thirty or more
+years ago he was held to be something of a skeptic. Thomas G. Appleton
+was speaking of him in my presence one day, and said, "He asked me
+whether I could not get along without the idea of a personal God. I
+replied, 'No, you ---- ----.'" Appleton shook his fist, and was very
+vehement in his expression; but his indignation had reference to Mr.
+Longfellow's supposed opinions, and not at all to his character, which
+was esteemed of all men.
+
+I myself was present when he read his essay on "Law" before the Radical
+Club. Of this I especially recall a rather elaborate argument against
+the popular notion of a directing and overruling Providence. He
+supported his statement by the imagined story of a shipwreck or railroad
+disaster, in which some would escape injury, while others quite as
+worthy might be killed or maimed for life. "How," he asked, "could we
+call a providence divine which, able to save all of those people, should
+rescue only a part of them, leaving the rest to perish?"
+
+When it became my turn to take part in the discussion of this paper, I
+admitted the logical consistency of Mr. Longfellow's argument. I could
+point out no flaw in it, and yet, I maintained that the faith in an
+overruling Providence lay so deeply in my mind that it still persevered,
+in spite of the ingenious statements to which we had just listened. Mrs.
+Livermore, who was present on this occasion, expressed herself as much
+of my opinion, acknowledging the consistency of the demonstration, but
+declining to abide in the conclusion arrived at.
+
+My last recollection of speech with Mr. Longfellow is of an evening on
+which I lectured at his church in Germantown. He gave me a most
+hospitable reception, and I found it very pleasant to be his guest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To speak of my first impressions of Dr. F. H. Hedge, I must turn back to
+the autumn of 1841, when he delivered his first Phi Beta address at
+Harvard College.
+
+This was the summer already mentioned as having brought my first meeting
+with Dr. Howe. Commencement and Phi Beta in those days were held in the
+early autumn, and my sisters and I were staying at a cottage in
+Dorchester when we received an invitation from Mrs. Farrar, of
+hospitable memory, to pass the day at her house, with other guests,
+among whom Margaret Fuller was mentioned. It was arranged that I should
+go with Margaret to the church in which the morning meeting would be
+held. I had never even heard of Dr. Hedge, but I listened to him with
+close attention, and can still recall the steely ring of his voice, and
+the effect of his clear-cut sentences. The poem was given by Charles
+Sprague; and of this I only remember that in one couplet, speaking of
+the wonderful talents which parents are apt to recognize in their
+children, he asked whence could have come those ordinary men and women
+whom we all know. This question provoked some laughter on the part of
+the audience. As we left the church, I asked Margaret whether she had
+not found Dr. Hedge's discourse very good. She replied, "Yes; it was
+high ground for middle ground." Many years after this time, I asked Dr.
+Hedge what Margaret could have meant by this saying. His answer was that
+she had hoped to see him take a more pronounced position with regard to
+the vexed questions of the time.
+
+From the church we returned to dine with Mrs. Farrar, on whose pleasant
+piazza I enjoyed a long walk and talk with Margaret. By and by a
+carriage stopped before the door. She said, "It is Mr. Ripley; he has
+come for me. I have promised to visit his wife." In a few words she told
+me about this remarkable woman, who was long spoken of as "the wonderful
+Mrs. Ripley."
+
+It must have been, I think, some twelve years later that I met Dr. Hedge
+for the first time at a friend's house in Providence, R. I. He was at
+this time pastor of the first and only Unitarian church in that city. In
+the course of the evening which I passed in his company, I was
+repeatedly invited to sing, and did so, remarking at last that when I
+began to sing I was like the minister when he began to pray, I never
+knew when to leave off.
+
+Years after this time, I met him walking in Washington Street, Boston,
+with a mutual acquaintance. This person, whose name I cannot now recall,
+stopped me and said, "Here is our friend, Dr. Hedge, who is henceforth
+to be in our neighborhood." I replied that I was glad to hear it, and
+was somewhat taken aback when Dr. Hedge, addressing me, said, "No, you
+are not glad at all. You don't care anything about ministers."
+
+"Why do you say so?" I rejoined. "I belong to James Freeman Clarke's
+congregation, and I do care a great deal about some ministers."
+
+Dr. Hedge then mischievously reminded me of my speech in Providence,
+which I had entirely forgotten, and with a little mutual pleasantry he
+went on his way and I on mine. Dr. Hedge's irony might have been
+characterized as "a pleasant sour." I think that I felt, in spite of it,
+the weight and value of his character, even when he appeared to treat me
+with little consideration. I heard an excellent sermon from him one day,
+at our own church, and went up after service to thank him for it. I had
+with me three of my young children and, as I showed them, I said, "See
+what a mother in Israel I have become." "It takes something more than a
+large family to make a mother in Israel," said the doctor. I do not
+quite know how it was that I took him, as the French say, into great
+affection, inviting him frequently to my house, and feeling a sort of
+illumination in his clear intellect and severe taste. Before I had come
+to know him well, I asked Theodore Parker whether he did not consider
+Dr. Hedge a very learned man. He replied, "Hedge is learned in spots."
+
+Parker's idea of learning was of the encyclopaedic kind. He wanted to
+know everything about everything; his reading and research had no limits
+but those of his own strength, and for many years he was able to set
+these at naught. He was wonderfully well informed in many directions,
+and his depth of thought enabled him to make his multifarious knowledge
+available for the great work which was the joy of his life. Yet I
+remember that even he, on one occasion, spoke of the cinnerian matter of
+the brain, usually termed the _cineritious_. Horace Mann, who was
+present, corrected this, and said, "Parker, that is the first mistake I
+ever heard you make." Parker seemed a little annoyed at this small slip.
+
+I heard a second Phi Beta discourse from Dr. Hedge some time in the
+sixties. I remember of it that he compared the personal and petty
+discipline of Harvard College with the independent regime of the German
+universities, which he greatly preferred. He also said, quite
+distinctly, that he considered the study of German literature to-day
+more important than that of the Greek classics. This was a liberal
+theologian's point of view. I agreed to it at the time, but have thought
+differently since I myself have acquired some knowledge of the Greek
+language, and especially since the multiplication of good translations
+has brought the great works of German philosophy and literature so well
+within the reach of those who have not mastered the cumbrous and
+difficult language. Dr. Hedge's last removal was to Cambridge, whither
+he had been called to fill the chair of the German professorship. I
+recall with interest a course of lectures on philosophy, which he gave
+at the university, and which outsiders were permitted to attend. I was
+unwilling to miss any of these; and on one occasion, having passed the
+night without sleeping, on the road between New York and Boston, I
+determined, in spite of my fatigue, to attend the lecture appointed for
+that day. I accordingly went out to Cambridge, and took my seat among
+Dr. Hedge's hearers. From time to time a spasm of somnolence would seize
+me, but the interest of the lecture was so great and my desire to hear
+it so strong that I did not once catch myself napping.
+
+Dr. Hedge was a lover of the drama. When Madame Janauschek first visited
+Boston, he asked me to accompany him in a visit to her. The conversation
+was in German, which the doctor spoke fluently. Madame J. said, among
+other things, that she had intended coming a year earlier, and had sent
+forward at that time her photograph and her biography. The doctor once
+invited me to go with him to the Boston Theatre, which was then occupied
+by a French troupe. This was at some period of our civil war. The most
+important of the plays given was "La Joie fait Peur." As it proceeded,
+Dr. Hedge said to me, "What a wonderful people these French are! They
+have put passion enough into this performance to carry our war through
+to a successful termination."
+
+Dr. Hedge had known Margaret Fuller well in her youth and his own. His
+judgment of her was perhaps more generous than hers of him, as indicated
+in her criticism just quoted of his discourse, namely, that it occupied
+"high ground for middle ground." In truth, the two were very unlike.
+Margaret's nature impelled her to rush into "the imminent deadly
+breach," while an element of caution and world-wisdom made the doctor
+averse to all unnecessary antagonism and conflict. She probably
+considered him timid where he felt her to be rash. In after years he
+often spoke of her to me, always with great appreciation. I remarked
+once to him that she had entertained a very good opinion of herself. He
+replied, "Yes, and she was entitled to it." He recalled some passages of
+her life in Cambridge. She once gave a party and invited only friends
+from Boston, leaving out all her Cambridge acquaintances, who, in
+consequence, were much offended, and ceased to make their usual calls. A
+sister of his, Dr. Hedge said, was the only one of those ladies who
+continued to visit her.
+
+He saw Margaret for the last time in Rome, and found her much changed
+and subdued. She was laboring at the time under one of those severe fits
+of depression to which her letters from Rome bear witness. The
+conversation between the two friends was long and intimate. Margaret
+spoke of the terrible night which she had passed alone upon a mountain
+in Scotland. Dr. Hedge more than once said to me, "Margaret experienced
+religion during that night."
+
+When, in process of time, the New England Women's Club celebrated what
+would have been Margaret's sixtieth birthday, Dr. Hedge joined with
+James Freeman Clarke in loving and reverent testimony to her unusual
+talents and noble character.
+
+I had the pleasure of twice hearing Dr. Hedge's admirable essay on
+"Luther," which he first delivered at Arlington Street Church, and
+repeated, some years later, before the Town and Country Club of Newport,
+R. I. But my crowning recollection of him, and perhaps of the crowning
+performance of his life, is of that memorable evening of anniversary
+week in the year 1886, when he made his exhaustive and splendid
+statement of the substance of the Unitarian faith. The occasion was a
+happy one. The Music Hall was filled with the great Unitarian audience
+furnished by Boston and its vicinity. George William Curtis was the
+president of the evening, and introduced the several speakers with his
+accustomed grace. He made some little pun on Dr. Hedge's name, and the
+noble speaker quietly stepped forward, with the fire of unquenchable
+youth in his eyes, with the balance and reserve of power in every word,
+in every gesture. No note nor scrap of paper did he hold in his hand.
+None did he need, for he spoke of that upon which his whole life had
+been founded and built. Every one of his sentences was like a stone,
+fitly squared and perfectly laid. And so he built up before us, with
+crystal clearness, the beautiful fabric of our faith, lifting us, as it
+rose, to a region of the highest peace and contentment. Oh, the joy of
+it! My heart rests upon it still.
+
+[Illustration: FREDERIC HENRY HEDGE
+
+_From a photograph lent by his daughter, Charlotte A. Hedge._]
+
+It is well known that Dr. Hedge received the most important part of his
+education in Germany. He was accordingly one of the first of those who
+helped to turn the fructifying current of German thought upon the
+somewhat arid soil of Puritan New England. This soil had indeed produced
+great things and great men, but the mind of New England was still too
+much dominated by the traditions of scholasticism, embodied in the
+system of Calvin. It needed an infusion of the aesthetic element, and the
+larger outlook of a truly speculative philosophy. The philosophy which
+it had inherited was one of dogmatism, sophistical in that it made its
+own syllogisms the final limit and bound of truth. The few Americans who
+had studied in real earnest in Germany brought back with them the wide
+sweeping besom of the Kantian method, and much besides. This showed the
+positive assumptions of the old school to have no such foundation of
+absolute truth as had been conceded to them. Under their guidance men
+had presumed to measure the infinite by their own petty standard, and to
+impose upon the Almighty the limits and necessities with which they had
+hedged the way of their fellow-men. God could not have mercy in any way
+other than that which they felt bound to prescribe. His wisdom must
+coincide with their conclusions. His charity must be as narrow as their
+own. Those who could not or would not acquiesce in these views were
+ruled outside of the domain of Christendom. Had it not been for
+Channing, Freeman, Buckminster, and a few others in that early day, they
+would have been as sheep without a shepherd. The history is well known.
+I need not repeat it here.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+MEN AND MOVEMENTS IN THE SIXTIES
+
+
+This decade, 1860-1870, marks a new epoch in my intellectual life. In
+the period already described, I had found my way to recognized
+authorship. In this later time, an even greater enlargement of activity
+was before me, unanticipated until, by gradual steps, I came into it.
+
+The results of my more serious study now began to take form in writings
+of a corresponding scope. I remember to have heard John Weiss use more
+than once this phrase, "the poets and men of expression." The antithesis
+to this, in his view, evidently was, "the philosophers and men of deep
+thought."
+
+I confess that I myself am one of those to whom expression, in some
+form, is natural and even necessary; and yet I think that my best
+studies have been those which have made me most desirous to give to my
+own voice the echo of other voices, and to ascertain by experiment how
+much or how little of my individual persuasion is in accordance with the
+normal direction of human experience.
+
+In the days of which I now write, it was borne in upon me (as the
+Friends say) that I had much to say to my day and generation which could
+not and should not be communicated in rhyme, or even in rhythm.
+
+I once spoke to Parker of my wish to be heard, to commend my own
+thoughts with my own voice. He found this not only natural, but also in
+accordance with the spirit of the age, which, he said, "called for the
+living presence and the living utterance." I did not act at once, or
+even very soon, upon this prompting; the difficulties to be overcome
+were many. My husband was himself averse to public appearances. Women
+speakers were few in those days, and were frowned upon by general
+society. He would have been doubly sensitive to such undesirable
+publicity on my account. Meantime, the exigencies of the time were
+calling one woman after another to the platform. Lucy Stone devoted the
+first years of her eloquence to anti-slavery and the temperance reform.
+Anna Dickinson achieved a sudden and brilliant popularity. I did not
+dream of trying my strength with theirs, but I began to weave together
+certain essays which might be read to an invited audience in private
+parlors. I then commissioned certain of my friends to invite certain of
+their friends to my house for an appointed evening, and began, with some
+trepidation, my course of parlor lectures. We were residing, at this
+time, in the house in Chestnut Street which was afterwards made famous
+by the sittings of the Radical Club. The parlors were very roomy, and
+were well filled by those who came to hear me. Among them was my
+neighbor, Rev. Dr. Lothrop, who, in speaking of these occasions at a
+later day, once said, "I think that they were the best meetings that I
+ever knew. The conversation that followed the readings was started on a
+high plane." This conversation was only informal talk among those who
+had been listeners. My topics, so far as I can recall them, were as
+follows: "How _not_ to teach Ethics;" "Doubt and Belief, the Two Feet of
+the Mind;" "Moral Triangulation, or the Third Party;" "Duality of
+Character;" "The Fact Accomplished." My audience consisted largely of my
+society friends, but was by no means limited to them. The elder Agassiz,
+Dr. Lothrop, E. P. Whipple, James Freeman Clarke, and William R. Alger
+attended all my readings. After the first one, Mr. Clarke said to me,
+"You have touched too many chords." After hearing my thesis on "Duality
+of Character," he took my hand in his, and said, "Oh! you sweet soul!"
+
+Mr. Emerson was not among my hearers, but expressed some interest in my
+undertaking, and especially in my lecture on "The Third Party." Meeting
+me one day, he said, "You have in this a mathematical idea." This was in
+my opinion the most important lecture of my course. It really treated of
+a third element in all twofold relations,--between married people, the
+bond to which both alike owed allegiance; between States, the compact
+which originally bound them together. The civil war was then in its
+first stage. The air was full of secession. Many said, "If North and
+South agree to set aside their bonds of union, and to become two
+republics, why should they not do it?" Then the sacredness of the bond
+possessed my mind. "Was an agreement, so solemnly entered into, so vital
+in its obligations, to be so lightly canceled?" I labored with all my
+might to prove that this could not be done. I remember too that in one
+of my lectures I gave my own estimate of Auguste Comte, which differed
+from the general impression concerning him. I am not sure that I should
+take the same ground in these days.
+
+Whether my hearers were the wiser for my efforts I cannot say, but of
+this I am sure, that they brought me much instruction. I learned
+somewhat to avoid anti-climax, and to seek directness and simplicity of
+statement. On the morning of the day on which I was to give my lecture,
+I would read it over, and a curious sense of the audience seemed to
+possess me, a feeling of what it would and of what it would not follow.
+My last corrections were made in accordance with this feeling.
+
+A general regret was expressed when my little course was ended, and Dr.
+Lothrop wrote me quite an earnest letter, requesting me to prolong it if
+possible. I could not do this at the time; but while the war was at its
+height, I made a second visit to Washington, where through the kindness
+of friends a pleasant place was found in which I repeated these
+lectures, having among my hearers some of the chief notabilities then
+present at the capital. In my journal of this time, never published, I
+find the following account of a day in Washington:--
+
+"To the White House, to see Carpenter's picture of the President reading
+the emancipation proclamation to his Cabinet. An interesting subject for
+a picture. The heads of Lincoln, Stanton, and Seward nearly finished,
+and good portraits.
+
+"Dressed for dinner at Mrs. Eames's, where Secretary Chase and Senator
+Sumner were expected. Mr. Chase is a stately man, very fine looking and
+rather imposing. I sat by him at dinner; he was very pleasant. After
+dinner came Mrs. Douglas in her carriage, to take me to my reading.
+Senator Foster and Mr. Chase announced their intention of going to hear
+me. Mr. Chase conducted me to Mrs. Douglas's carriage, promising to
+follow. 'Proteus, or the Secret of Success,' was my topic. I had many
+pleasant greetings after the lecture. Mr. Chase took me in his carriage
+to his house, where his daughter had a party for Teresa Carreno. Here I
+was introduced to Lord Lyons, British minister, and to Judge Harris.
+Spoke with Bertinatti, the Italian minister. Mr. Chase took me in to
+supper.
+
+"Mr. Channing brought me into the room, which was well filled. People
+were also standing in the entry and on the stairs. I read my lecture on
+'The Third Party.' The audience proved very attentive, and included many
+people of intelligence. George W. Julian and wife, Solomon Whiting,
+Admiral Davis, Dr. Peter Parker, our former minister to China, Hon.
+Thomas Eliot, Governor Boutwell, Mrs. Southworth, Professor Bache,--all
+these, and many more, were present. They shook hands with me, very
+cordially, after the lecture."
+
+I had announced "Practical Ethics" as the theme of my lectures, and had
+honestly written them out of my sense of the lapses everywhere
+discernible in the working of society. Having accomplished so much, or
+so little, I desired to go more deeply into the study of philosophy,
+and, having greedily devoured Spinoza, I turned to Kant, whom I knew
+only by name. I fed upon his volumes with ever increasing delight and
+yet endeavored to obey one of his rules, by having a philosophy of my
+own. Among my later productions was an essay entitled "Distinctions
+between Philosophy and Religion." This was suggested by a passage in one
+of Spinoza's letters, in which he says to his correspondent, "I thought
+that we were to correspond upon matters of philosophy. I find that
+instead of these you propose to me questions of religion." On reading
+this sentence I felt that, in the religious teaching of our own time,
+the two were apt to be confounded. It seemed to me that even Theodore
+Parker had not always distinguished the boundary line, and I began to
+reflect seriously upon the difference between a religious truth and a
+philosophical proposition.
+
+I confess that my nearer acquaintance with the philosophers, ancient and
+modern, inspired me at this time with the desire of contributing
+something of my own to the thought of the ages. The names of certain
+essays of mine, composed after the series just mentioned, and never put
+into print, will serve to show the direction in which my efforts were
+tending. Of these, "Polarity" was the first, "Limitation" the second.
+Then followed "The Fact Accomplished," "Man _a priori_ and _a
+posteriori_," and finally, "Ideal Causation," which marked my last step
+in this progress. These papers were designed to interest the studious
+few who appreciate thought for thought's sake.
+
+The paper on "Polarity" was read before the Boston Radical Club. Armed
+with "Man _a priori_," I encountered an audience of scientists at
+Northampton, where a scientific convention was in progress. Finally,
+being invited to speak before the Parker Fraternity on a certain Sunday,
+and remembering that Parker, in his day, had not feared to let out the
+metaphysical stops of his organ pretty freely, I took with me into the
+pulpit the paper on "Ideal Causation," which had seemed to me the crown
+of my endeavor hitherto.
+
+To my sorrow, I found that it did not greatly interest my hearers, and
+that one who was reported to have wondered "what Mrs. Howe was driving
+at" had spoken the mind of many of those present.
+
+I laid this lesson much to heart, and, becoming convinced that
+metaphysics did not supply the universal solvent for human evils, I
+determined to find a _pou sto_ nearer to the sympathies of the average
+community, from which I might speak for their good and my own.
+
+From my childhood the Bible had been dear and familiar to me, and I now
+began to consider texts and sermons, in place of the transcendental webs
+which I had grown so fond of spinning. The passages of Scripture which
+now occurred to me filled me with a desire to emphasize their wisdom by
+a really spiritual interpretation. From this time on, I became more and
+more interested in the religious ministration of women; and though it is
+looking forward some way in my chronicle, this may be the proper place
+to say that in the spring of the year 1875, I had much to do with
+calling the first convention of women ministers, which was held in the
+Church of the Disciples, in anniversary week. Among those who met with
+us were some plain women from Maine, who told us that they had long
+acted as evangelists in portions of the State in which churches were few
+and far between. Several clergymen of different denominations attended
+our exercises, and one of them, Rev. J. J. Hunting, pronounced ours the
+best meeting of the week. Among the ordained women who took part with us
+were Rev. Ellen Gustin, Mary H. Graves, Lorenza Haynes, and Eliza Tupper
+Wilkes, a fair young mother, who went to her pulpit full of the
+inspiration of her cradle songs.
+
+I would gladly enlarge here, did my limits allow it, upon the theme of
+the woman ministry, but must take up again the thread of my tale.
+
+My husband was greatly moved by the breaking out of the Cretan
+insurrection in 1866. He saw in this event an opportunity of assisting
+his beloved Greece, and at once gathered together a committee for
+collecting funds in aid of this cause. A meeting was held in Boston
+Music Hall, at which Dr. Holmes, Wendell Phillips, Edward Everett Hale,
+and other prominent speakers presented the claims of the Cretans to the
+sympathy of the civilized world.
+
+Dr. Howe's appearance did not indicate his age. His eye was bright, his
+hair abundant, and but slightly touched with gray. When he rose and
+said, "Fifty years ago I was very much interested in the Greek
+Revolution," it seemed almost incredible that he should be speaking of
+himself. The public responded generously to his appeal, and a
+considerable sum of money was raised. The greater part of this was
+devoted to the purchase of provisions and clothing for the families of
+the Cretan combatants, which were known to be in a very destitute
+condition.
+
+In the spring of 1867 Dr. Howe determined to visit Greece, in order to
+have a nearer view of the scene of action. I accompanied him, and with
+us went two of our daughters, Julia Romana, remembered as the wife of
+Michael Anagnos, and Laura, now Mrs. Henry Richards, known as the author
+of "Captain January."
+
+We received gratifying attentions from the wealthy Greeks of London.
+Passing thence to the continent, we were soon in Rome, where I enjoyed
+some happy days with my beloved sister, Louisa, then, after some years
+of widowhood, the wife of Luther Terry. Dr. Howe hastened on to Athens,
+taking with him our eldest daughter. I followed him later, bringing the
+younger one with me.
+
+Arriving at the Piraeus, we were met by a messenger, who told us that Dr.
+Howe had just escaped a serious danger at sea, and was too much fatigued
+to be able to come to meet us. We soon joined him at the Hotel des
+Etrangers, and inquired eagerly regarding the accident which had
+befallen him. He had started in a small steamer lent him by the
+government, intending to visit one of the islands on which were
+congregated a number of Cretan refugees, mostly women and children. The
+steamer had proceeded some way on its course when the machinery gave
+out, leaving them at the mercy of the waves. They were without
+provisions, and were in danger of drifting out to sea, with no power of
+controlling the course of the vessel. After many hours of anxious
+uncertainty, a favorable breeze sprang up, and Dr. Howe tore down the
+canvas canopy which had shielded the deck from the sun. This he managed
+to spread for a sail, and by this the vessel was in time brought within
+reach of the shore. A telegram summoned help from Athens, and the party
+reached the city an hour or so before our arrival.
+
+I here insert some passages from a book of travels, in which I recorded
+the impressions of this first visit to Greece. The work was published
+soon after my return to Boston, and was named "From the Oak to the
+Olive."
+
+"Here is the Temple of Victory; within are the bas-reliefs of the
+Victories arriving in the hurry of their glorious errands. Something so
+they tumbled in upon us when Sherman conquered the Carolinas, and
+Sheridan the valley of the Shenandoah, when Lee surrendered, and the
+glad President went to Richmond. One of these Victories is untying her
+sandal, in token of her permanent abiding. Yet all of them have trooped
+away long since, scared by the hideous havoc of barbarians. And the
+bas-reliefs, their marble shadows, have all been battered and mutilated
+into the saddest mockery of their original tradition. The statue of
+Wingless Victory that stood in the little temple has long been absent.
+But the only Victory that the Parthenon now can seize or desire is this
+very Wingless Victory, the triumph of a power that retreats not--the
+power of Truth....
+
+"Poor Greece, plundered by Roman, Christian, and Mussulman! Hers were
+the lovely statues that grace the halls of the Vatican--at least, the
+loveliest of them. And Rome shows to this day two colossal groups, of
+which one bears the inscription, 'Opus Praxitelae,' the other that of
+'Opus Phidiae.' And Naples has a Greek treasure or two, one thinks,
+besides her wealth of sculptural gems, of which the best are of Greek
+workmanship. And in England those bas-reliefs, which are the treasure of
+art students and the wonder of the world, were pulled from the pediment
+of the Parthenon, like the pearly teeth from a fair mouth, the mournful
+gaps remaining open in the sight of the unforgiving world. 'Thou art old
+and decrepit,' said England. 'I am still in strength and vigor. All else
+has gone, as well thy dower as thy earnings. Thou hast but these left. I
+want them, so give them me.'...
+
+"We were ushered into a well-sized room, in which lay heaps of cotton
+underclothing and of calico dresses, most of them in the shape of sacks
+and skirts. These were the contents of one or two boxes recently arrived
+from Boston. Some of them were recognized by me as the work of a hive of
+busy bees who used to gather weekly in my own New England parlor,
+summoned thither by my daughter Florence, now Mrs. David P. Hall. And
+what stress there was at those meetings, and what hurrying! And how the
+little maidens took off their feathery bonnets and dainty gloves,
+wielding the heavy implements of cutting, and eagerly adjusting the arms
+and legs, the gores and gathers! With patient pride the mother trotted
+off to the bakery, that a few buns might sustain these strenuous little
+cutters and sewers, whose tongues, however active over the charitable
+work, talked, we may be sure, no empty nonsense nor unkind gossip.
+
+"For charity begins indeed at home, in the heart, and, descending to the
+fingers, rules also the rebellious member whose mischief is often done
+before it is meditated. At the sight of these well-made garments a
+little swelling of the heart seized me, with the love and pride of a
+remembrance so dear. But sooner than we could turn from it to set about
+our business, the Cretans were in presence.
+
+"Here they come, called in order from a list, with names nine syllables
+long, mostly ending in _poulos_, a term signifying descent, like the
+Russian 'witzch.' Here they come,--the shapely maiden, the sturdy
+matron, the gray-haired grandmother, with little ones of all small sizes
+and ages. Many of the women carried infants at the breast; many were
+expectant of maternity. Not a few of them were followed by groups of
+boys and girls. Most of them were ill clothed; and many of them appeared
+extremely destitute of attire. A strongly-marked race of people, with
+dark eyes, fine black hair, healthy complexions, and symmetrical
+figures. They bear traces of suffering. Some of the infants have pined,
+but most of them promise to do well. Each mother cherishes and shows her
+little beggar in the approved way. The children are usually robust,
+although showing in their appearance the very limited resources of their
+parents. Some of the women have tolerable gowns; to these we give only
+underclothing. Others have but the rag of a gown--a few strips of stuff
+over their coarse chemises. These we make haste to cover with the
+beneficent growth of New England factories. They are admitted in groups
+of three or four at a time. As many of us fly to the heaps of clothing,
+and hastily measure them by the length and breadth of the individual. A
+papa, or priest, keeps order among them. He wears his black hair uncut,
+his narrow robe is much patched, and he holds in his hand a rosary of
+beads, which he fingers mechanically.
+
+"The dresses sent did not quite hold out, but sufficed to supply the
+most needy, and, in fact, the greater number. Of the underclothes we
+carried back a portion, having given something to every one. To an old
+papa who came, looking ill and disconsolate, I sent two shirts and a
+good dark woolen jacket. Among all of these only one discontented old
+lady demurred at the gift bestowed. She wanted a gown; but there was not
+one left, so that she was forced to content herself, much against her
+will, with some underclothing. The garments supplied, of which many were
+sent by the Boston Sewing Circle, under the superintendence of Miss Abby
+W. May, proved to be very suitable in pattern and quality. As we
+descended the steps we met with some of the children, already arrayed in
+their little clean shirts, and strutting about with the inspiration of
+fresh clothing, long unfelt by them....
+
+"Despite the velvet flatteries and smiling treasons of diplomacy, the
+present government of Greece is, as every government should be, on its
+good behavior before the people. Wonderfully clever, enterprising, and
+liberal have the French people made the author of the 'Life of Julius
+Caesar.' Wonderfully reformative did the radicals of 1848 make the Pope.
+And the Greek nation, taken in the large, may prove to have some common
+sense to impart to its symbolical head, of whom we can only hope that
+the 'something rotten in the state of Denmark' may not have been taken
+from it to corrupt the state of Greece."
+
+But it was not through one sense alone that I received in Athens the
+delight of a new enchantment. My ear drank in the music of the Greek
+tongue which I constantly heard spoken by those around me. My husband's
+Greek committee held their sessions in our hotel parlors, and I found
+that, by closely listening to their talk, I could make out a word here
+and there. Encouraged by this, I presently purchased a primer and
+devoted myself to the study of its contents. I had in earlier life made
+one or two futile attempts to master the language. Now that it became a
+living tongue to me, I determined to acquire it, and in some measure
+succeeded. From that time to the present I have never ceased the serious
+pursuit of what I then began almost in play.
+
+In spite of the fact that a price had been set upon his head by the
+Turkish authorities in Crete, Dr. Howe persisted in his determination to
+visit the island. His stay there was necessarily limited to a few hours,
+but what he was able to observe of the character and disposition of the
+inhabitants led him to anticipate a triumph for their cause.
+
+We returned to Boston in the autumn of the same year, and at once began
+to make arrangements for a fair by which we hoped to raise some money
+for the Cretans. A great part of the winter was devoted to this work,
+and in the early spring a beautiful bazaar was held at Boston Music
+Hall, where the post of president was assigned to me. I was supported by
+a very efficient committee of ladies and gentlemen, and it was in this
+work that I became well acquainted with Miss Abby W. May, whose
+invaluable method and energy had much to do with the success of the
+undertaking. The fair lasted one week, and our sales and entertainments
+realized something more than thirty thousand dollars. But alas! the
+emancipation of Crete was not yet to be.
+
+We passed the summer of 1868 at Stevens Cottage, which was very near the
+town of Newport. I do not exactly remember how it came about that my
+dear friend and pastor, Rev. Charles Brooks, invited me to read some of
+my essays at his church on Sunday afternoons. I had great pleasure in
+doing this. The church was well filled, and the audience excellent in
+character, and a lady among these one day kissed me after my lecture,
+saying, "This is the way I want to hear women speak." Another lady, it
+is true, was offended at some saying of mine. I think that it was to
+this effect. Speaking of the idle lives of some rich women, I said, "If
+God works, Madam, you can afford to work also." At this the person in
+question rose and went away, saying, "I won't listen to such stuff as
+this." I was not at all aware of the occurrence at the time, nor did I
+hear of it until the same lady having sent me cards for a reception at
+her house, I attended it, thereby provoking some comment. I was glad
+afterwards that I had done so, as the lady in question paid me every
+friendly attention, and made me quite sure that she had only yielded to
+a momentary ebullition of temper, to which, indeed, she was too prone.
+
+I read the "Phaedo" of Plato in the original Greek this summer, and was
+somewhat helped in this by an English scholar, a university man, who was
+passing the summer in Newport. He was "coaching" two young men who
+intended to enter one of the English universities, and was obliged to
+pass my house on his way to his lessons. He often paid me a visit, and
+was very willing to help me over a difficult passage.
+
+The report of my parlor readings soon brought me invitations to speak in
+public. The first of these that I remember came from a committee having
+in charge a meditated course of Sunday afternoon lectures on ethical
+subjects, to be given without other exercises, in Horticultural Hall. I
+was heard more than once in this course, and remember that one of my
+themes was "Polarity," on which I had written an essay, of which I
+thought, perhaps, too highly. In the course of the season I was engaged
+in preparing for another reading. Meeting Rev. Phillips Brooks one day
+in my sunset outing, I said to him, "Do you ever, in writing a sermon,
+lose sight of your subject? I have a discourse to prepare and have lost
+sight of mine." "Oh, yes," he replied, "it often happens to me." This
+confession encouraged me to persevere in my work, and I finished my
+lecture, and read it with acceptance.
+
+I suppose that I may have greatly exaggerated in my own mind the value
+of these writings to other people. To me, they brought much reflection
+and unfolding of thought. As I have said in another place, I read the
+two first named to a small circle of friends at my own house, and was
+somewhat disappointed at the result, as none of those present seemed
+willing to assume my point of view. Repeating one of them under similar
+circumstances at the house of a friend, Henry James, the elder, called
+upon me to explain some point which my lecture had brought into view. I
+asked if he could explain the point at issue. He replied that he could
+not. Being somewhat disconcerted, I said to him, "You should not ask
+questions which you yourself cannot answer." I meant by this to say that
+one must not be called upon to explain what is evidently inexplicable.
+Mr. James, however, did not so understand me, but told me afterwards
+that he considered this the most extraordinary statement that he had
+ever heard. He discoursed a good deal after my lecture with much color
+and brilliancy, as was his wont. His views of the Divine were highly
+anthropomorphic, and I remember that he said among other things, "My
+dear Madam, God is working all the time in his shirt-sleeves with all
+his might."
+
+This dear man was a great addition to the thought-power current in
+Boston society. He had lived much abroad, and was for many years a
+student of Swedenborg and of Fourier. His cast of mind was more
+metaphysical than logical, and he delighted in paradox. In his writings
+he would sometimes overstate greatly, in order to be sure of impressing
+his meaning upon his readers or hearers. Himself a devout Christian, he
+nevertheless once said, speaking on Sunday in the Church of the
+Disciples, that the moral law and the Christian Church were the meanest
+of inventions. He intended by this phrase to express his sense of the
+exalted moral and religious obligation of the human mind, the dignity of
+which ought to transcend the prescriptions of the Decalogue and the
+discipline of the church. My eldest daughter, then a girl of sixteen,
+said to me as we left the church, "Mamma, I should think that Mr. James
+would wish the little Jameses not to wash their faces for fear it should
+make them suppose that they were clean." Mr. Emerson, to whom I repeated
+this remark, laughed quite heartily at it. In anecdote Mr. James was
+inexhaustible. His temperament was very mercurial, almost explosive. I
+remember a delightful lecture of his on Carlyle. I recall, too, a rather
+metaphysical discourse which he read in John Dwight's parlors, to a
+select audience. When we went below stairs to put on our wraps, I asked
+a witty friend whether she had enjoyed the lecture. She replied that she
+had, but added, "I would give anything at this moment for a look at a
+good fat idiot," which seemed to show that the tension of mind produced
+by the lecture had not been without pain.
+
+I once had a long talk with Mr. James on immortality. I had recently
+lost my youngest child, a beautiful little boy of three years. The
+question of a future life then came to me with an agonized intensity.
+Should I ever meet again the exquisite little creature who had been
+taken from my arms? Mr. James was certain that I should have this
+coveted joy. He illustrated his belief in a singular way. "I lost a
+leg," he said, "in early youth. I have had a consciousness of the limb
+itself all my life. Although buried and out of sight, it has always
+remained a part of me." This reassuring did not appeal to me strongly,
+but his positive faith in a life after death gave me much comfort. Mr.
+James occasionally paid me a visit. As he was sitting in my parlor one
+day my little Maud, some seven or eight years old, passed by the open
+door. Mr. James called out, "Come here, Maud. You are the wickedest
+looking thing I have seen in some time." The little girl came, and Mr.
+James took her up on his knee. Presently, to my horror, she exclaimed,
+"Oh, how ugly you are! You are the ugliest creature I ever saw." This
+freak of the child so impressed my visitor that, meeting some days later
+with a lady friend, he could not help saying to her, "Mrs. ----, I know
+that I am ugly, but am I the ugliest person that you ever saw? Maud Howe
+said the other day that she had never seen any one so ugly."
+
+My friend was in truth far from ill-looking. His features were
+reasonably good, and his countenance fairly glowed with amiability,
+geniality, and good-will. I found afterwards that my Maud had seriously
+resented the epithet "wicked looking" applied to her, and had simply
+sought to take a childish revenge in accusing Mr. James of ugliness.
+Although Mr. James held much to Swedenborg's point of view, he did not
+belong to the Swedenborgian denomination. I have heard that, on the
+contrary, he was considered by its members as decidedly heterodox. I
+think that he rarely attended any church services. I have heard of his
+holding a communion service with one member of his family. He published
+several works on topics connected with religion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+A WOMAN'S PEACE CRUSADE
+
+
+I had felt a great opposition to Louis Napoleon from the period of the
+infamous act of treachery and violence which made him emperor. The
+Franco-Prussian war was little understood by the world at large. To us
+in America its objects were entirely unknown. On general principles of
+good-will and sympathy we were as much grieved as surprised at the
+continual defeats sustained by the French. For so brave and soldierly a
+nation to go through such a war without a single victory seemed a
+strange travesty of history. When to the immense war indemnity the
+conquerors added the spoliation of two important provinces, indignation
+added itself to regret. The suspicion at once suggested itself that
+Germany had very willingly given a pretext for the war, having known
+enough of the demoralized condition of France to be sure of an easy
+victory, and intending to make the opportunity serve for the forcible
+annexation of provinces long coveted.
+
+As I was revolving these matters in my mind, while the war was still in
+progress, I was visited by a sudden feeling of the cruel and unnecessary
+character of the contest. It seemed to me a return to barbarism, the
+issue having been one which might easily have been settled without
+bloodshed. The question forced itself upon me, "Why do not the mothers
+of mankind interfere in these matters, to prevent the waste of that
+human life of which they alone bear and know the cost?" I had never
+thought of this before. The august dignity of motherhood and its
+terrible responsibilities now appeared to me in a new aspect, and I
+could think of no better way of expressing my sense of these than that
+of sending forth an appeal to womanhood throughout the world, which I
+then and there composed. I did not dare to make this public without the
+advice of some wise counselor, and sought such an one in the person of
+Rev. Charles T. Brooks of Newport, a beloved friend and esteemed pastor.
+
+The little document which I drew up in the heat of my enthusiasm
+implored women, all the world over, to awake to the knowledge of the
+sacred right vested in them as mothers to protect the human life which
+costs them so many pangs. I did not doubt but that my appeal would find
+a ready response in the hearts of great numbers of women throughout the
+limits of civilization. I invited these imagined helpers to assist me in
+calling and holding a congress of women in London, and at once began a
+wide task of correspondence for the realization of this plan. My first
+act was to have my appeal translated into various languages, to wit:
+French, Spanish, Italian, German, and Swedish, and to distribute copies
+of it as widely as possible. I devoted the next two years almost
+entirely to correspondence with leading women in various countries. I
+also held two important meetings in New York, at which the cause of
+peace and the ability of women to promote it were earnestly presented.
+At the first of these, which took place in the late autumn of 1870, Mr.
+Bryant gave me his venerable presence and valuable words. At the second,
+in the spring following, David Dudley Field, an eminent member of the
+New York bar, and a lifelong advocate of international arbitration, made
+a very eloquent and convincing address.
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE
+
+_From a photograph by A. Marshall, 1870, in the
+possession of the Massachusetts Club._]
+
+In the spring of the year 1872 I visited England, hoping by my personal
+presence to effect the holding of a Woman's Peace Congress in the great
+metropolis of the civilized world. In Liverpool, I called upon Mrs.
+Josephine Butler, whose labors in behalf of her sex were already well
+known in America. Mrs. Butler said to me, "Mrs. Howe, you have come at a
+fortunate moment. The cruel immorality of our army regulations,
+separating so great a number of our men from family life, is much in the
+public mind just at present. This is a good time in which to present the
+merits and the bearings of peace." Mrs. Butler suggested that I might
+easily find opportunities of speaking in various parts of England, and
+added some names to the list of friends of peace with which I had
+already provided myself. Among these were Mr. and Mrs. Stephen
+Winkworth, whose hospitality I enjoyed for some days, on my way to
+London. This couple belonged to the society of Friends, but had much to
+say about the theistic movement in the society. In London Mrs. Winkworth
+went with me, one Sunday, to the morning service of Rev. Charles Voysey.
+The lesson for the day was taken from the writings of Theodore Parker.
+We spoke with Mr. Voysey after the sermon. He said, "I had chosen those
+passages from Parker with great care." After my own copious experiences
+of dissent in various forms, Mr. Voysey's sermon did not present any
+very novel interest.
+
+I had come to London to do everything in my power to found and foster
+what I may call "a Woman's Apostolate of Peace," though I had not then
+hit upon that name. For aid and counsel, I relied much upon the presence
+in London of my friend, Rev. William Henry Channing, a man of almost
+angelic character. I think it must have been through his good offices
+that I was invited both as guest and as speaker to the public banquet of
+the Unitarian Association. I confess that it was not without trepidation
+that I heard the toast-master say to the assembled company, "I crave
+your attention for Julia Ward Howe." My heart, however, was so full of
+my theme that I spoke very readily, without hesitation, and, if I might
+judge by the applause which followed, with some acceptance. Sir John
+Bowring now made my acquaintance, and complimented me upon my speech.
+The eloquent French preacher, Athanase Coquerel, also spoke with me. The
+occasion was to me a memorable one.
+
+I had already attended the anniversary meeting of the English Peace
+Society, and had asked permission to speak, which had been denied me on
+the ground that women never had spoken at these meetings. Finding but
+little encouragement for my efforts from existing societies in London, I
+decided to hire a hall of moderate size, where I myself might speak on
+Sunday afternoons. The Freemasons' Tavern presented one just suited to
+my undertaking. With the help of a friend, the meeting was properly
+advertised, and I betook myself thither on the first Sunday afternoon,
+strong in the belief that my effort was of the right sort, but very
+uncertain as to its result. Arriving at Freemasons' Tavern, I asked the
+doorkeeper whether there was any one in the hall. "Oh, yes! a good
+many," he said. I entered and found quite a numerous company. My
+procedure was very simple,--a prayer, the reading of a hymn, and a
+discourse from a Scripture text. I had prepared this last with
+considerable care, and kept the manuscript of it beside me, but my
+memory enabled me to give the substance of what I had written without
+referring to the paper.
+
+My impression is that I spoke in this way on some five or six Sundays.
+Of all these discourses, I remember only the last one, of which the text
+was, "I am persuaded that neither height nor depth, nor any other
+creature," etc. The attendance was very good throughout, and I cherished
+the hope that I had sown some seed which would bear fruit thereafter. I
+remember that our own poet, Thomas William Parsons, happening to be in
+London at this time, suggested to me a poem of Mrs. Stowe's as very
+suitable to be read at one of my Sunday services. It was the one
+beginning:--
+
+  "When winds are raging o'er the upper ocean,"
+
+and I am glad to remember that I did read it as advised.
+
+My work in London brought me in contact with a number of prominent
+workers in various departments of public service. My acquaintance with
+Miss Frances Power Cobbe was pleasantly renewed, and I remember
+attending an afternoon reception at her house, at which a number of
+literary notabilities were present, among them the brilliant historian,
+Mr. Froude. I had the pleasure also of meeting Mrs. Peter Taylor,
+founder of a college for working women; she and her husband had been
+very friendly to the Northern side during the civil war.
+
+An important movement had been set on foot just at this time by Mrs.
+Grey and her sister, Miss Sherret. This was the institution of schools
+for girls of the middle class, whose education, up to that time, had
+usually been conducted at home by a governess. Mrs. Grey encountered a
+good deal of opposition in carrying out her plans. She invited me to
+attend a meeting in the Albert Hall, Kensington, where these plans were
+to be fully discussed. The Bishop of Manchester spoke in opposition to
+the proposed schools. He took occasion to make mention of a visit which
+he had recently made to the United States, and to characterize the
+education there given to girls as merely "ambitious." The scheme, in his
+view, involved a confusion of ranks which, in England, would be
+inadmissible. "Lady Wilhelmina from Grosvenor Square," he averred,
+"would never consent to sit beside the grocer's daughter."
+
+I was invited to speak after the bishop, and could not avoid taking him
+up on this point. "In my own country," I said, "the young lady who
+corresponds to the lady from Grosvenor Square does sit beside the
+grocer's daughter, and when the two have enjoyed the same advantages of
+education, it is not always easy to be sure which is which." I had been
+privately requested to say nothing about woman suffrage, to which Mrs.
+Grey had not then given in her adhesion. I did, however, mention the
+opening of the professions to women in my own country. Mrs. Grey thanked
+me for my speech, but said, "Oh, dear Mrs. Howe, why did you speak of
+the women ministers?" Some five or six years after this time I chanced
+to meet Mrs. Grey in Rome. She assured me that the middle-class schools
+had proved a great success, and said that young girls differing much
+from each other in social rank had indeed sat beside each other, without
+difficulty or trouble of any kind. I had heard that Mrs. Grey had become
+a convert to woman suffrage, and asked her if this was true. She
+replied, "Oh, yes; the moment that I began practically to work for
+women, I found the suffrage an absolute necessity."
+
+One of my pleasantest recollections of my visit to England is that of a
+day or two passed in Cambridge, where I enjoyed the hospitality of
+Professor J. R. Seeley, author of "Ecce Homo." I do not now recall the
+circumstances which took me to the great university town, but I remember
+with gratitude the Seeley mansion, as one should do who was made at home
+there. Mr. Seeley lent a kind ear to my plea for a combination of women
+in behalf of a world's peace. I had also the pleasure of hearing a
+lecture from him on Edmund Burke, whose liberalism he considered rather
+sporadic than chronic, an expression of sentiment called forth by some
+exceptional emergency, while the eloquent speaker remained a
+conservative at heart. He did not, as he might have done, explain such
+inconsistencies on the simple ground of Burke's Irish blood, which gave
+him genius but not the logic of consistency. Mrs. Seeley was a very
+amiable and charming woman. I remember that her husband read to me
+Calverley's clever take-off of Browning, and that we all laughed
+heartily over it. A morning ramble made me aware of the beauty of the
+river banks. I attended a Sunday service in King's College Chapel, with
+its wonderful stone roof. Here also I made the acquaintance of Miss
+Clough, sister to the poet. She presided at this time over a household
+composed of young lady students, to whom some of the university courses
+were open, and who were also allowed to profit by private lessons from
+some of the professors of the university. Miss Clough was tall and
+dark-eyed, like her brother, her hair already whitening, though she was
+still in the vigor of middle age. She appeared to be greatly interested
+in her charge. I spoke with some of her students, and learned that most
+of them intended to become teachers.
+
+So ends this arduous but pleasant episode of my peace crusade. I will
+only mention one feature more in connection with it. I had desired to
+institute a festival which should be observed as mothers' day, and which
+should be devoted to the advocacy of peace doctrines. I chose for this
+the second day of June, this being a time when flowers are abundant, and
+when the weather usually allows of open-air meetings. I had some success
+in carrying out this plan. In Boston I held the Mothers' Day meeting for
+quite a number of years. The day was also observed in other places, once
+or twice in Constantinople, and often in places nearer home. My heart
+was gladdened, this last year, by learning from a friend that a peace
+association in Philadelphia still celebrates Mothers' Day.
+
+I was very sorry to give up this special work, but in my prosecution of
+it I could not help seeing that many steps were to be taken before one
+could hope to effect any efficient combination among women. The time for
+this was at hand, but had not yet arrived. Insensibly, I came to devote
+my time and strength to the promotion of the women's clubs, which are
+doing so much to constitute a working and united womanhood.
+
+During my stay in England, I received many invitations to address
+meetings in various parts of the country. In compliance with these, I
+visited Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Bristol, and Carlisle. In Bristol
+I was the guest of Mary Carpenter, who gave me some friendly advice
+regarding the convention which I hoped to hold in London. She assured me
+that such a meeting could have no following unless the call for it were
+dignified by the name of some prominent member of the English
+aristocracy. In this view, she strongly advised me to write to the
+Duchess of Argyll, requesting an interview at which I might speak to her
+of my plans. I did write the letter, and obtained the interview. The
+Duchess, with whom I had had some acquaintance for many years, invited
+me to luncheon on a certain day. I found her, surrounded by her numerous
+family of daughters, the youngest of whom carried round a dish of fruit
+at dessert. Luncheon being at an end, the Duchess granted me a short
+tete-a-tete. "My only objection to a lady's speaking in public," she
+said, "is based upon St. Paul's saying: 'I suffer not a woman to teach,'
+etc." I replied, "Yes; but remember that, in another place, he says that
+a woman may prophesy wearing a veil." She assented to this statement,
+but did not appear to interest herself much in my plan of a Woman's
+Peace Congress. She had always been much interested in Dr. Howe's work,
+and began to ask me about him, and about Charles Sumner, for whom she
+entertained great regard. Messages were presently sent in to the effect
+that the carriage was waiting for the afternoon drive, and I took my
+leave, expecting no help from this very amiable and estimable lady.
+
+Before the beginning of my Sunday services, I received a letter from Mr.
+Aaron Powell of New York, asking me to attend a Peace Congress about to
+be held in Paris, as a delegate. I accordingly crossed the Channel, and
+reached Paris in time to attend the principal seance of the congress. It
+was not numerously attended. The speakers all read their discourses from
+manuscript. The general tone was timid and subdued. Something was said
+regarding the then recent Franco-Prussian war, and the growing humanity
+shown by both of the contending parties in the mutual arrangements for
+taking care of the wounded. I presented my credentials, and asked leave
+to speak. With some embarrassment, I was told that I might speak to the
+officers of the society, when the public meeting should be adjourned. I
+accordingly met a dozen or more of these gentlemen in a side room, where
+I simply spoke of my endeavors to enlist the sympathies and efforts of
+women in behalf of the world's peace.
+
+Returning to London, I had the privilege of attending as a delegate one
+of the great Prison Reform meetings of our day.
+
+As well as I can remember, each day of the congress had its own
+president, and not the least interesting of these days was that on which
+Cardinal Manning presided. I remember well his domed forehead and pale,
+transparent complexion, telling unmistakably of his ascetic life. He was
+obviously much interested in Prison Reform, and well cognizant of its
+progress. An esteemed friend and fellow country-woman of mine, Mrs.
+Elizabeth B. Chace of Rhode Island, was also accredited as a delegate to
+this congress. At one of its meetings she read a short paper, giving
+some account of her own work in the prisons of her State. At this
+meeting, the question of flogging prisoners came up, and a rather brutal
+jailer of the old school told an anecdote of a refractory prisoner who
+had been easily reduced to obedience by this summary method. His rough
+words stirred my heart within me. I felt that I must speak; and Mrs.
+Chace kindly arose, and said to the presiding officer, "I beg that Mrs.
+Julia Ward Howe of Boston may be heard before this debate is closed."
+Leave being given, I stood up and said my say, arguing earnestly that no
+man could be made better by being degraded. I can only well recall a
+part of my little speech, which was, I need scarcely say, quite
+unpremeditated:--
+
+"It is related of the famous Beau Brummel that a gentleman who called
+upon him one morning met a valet carrying away a tray of neckcloths,
+more or less disordered. 'What are these?' asked the visitor; and the
+servant replied, 'These are our failures.' Even thus may society point
+to the criminals whom she dismisses from her presence. Of these men and
+women, whom she has failed to train in the ways of virtue and of
+industry, she may well say: 'These are our failures.'"
+
+My words were much applauded, and I think the vote taken was against the
+punishment in question. The sittings of the congress were mainly held in
+the hall of the Temple, which is enriched with carvings and coats of
+arms. Here, also, a final banquet was held, at which I was invited to
+speak, and did so. Rev. Frederick Wines had an honored place in this
+assembly, and his words were listened to with great attention. Miss
+Carpenter came from Bristol to attend the congress, and I was present
+when she presided over a section especially devoted to women prisoners.
+
+A number of the addresses presented at the congress were in foreign
+languages. A synopsis of these was furnished on the spot by an apt
+translator. I recall the whole occasion as one of great interest.
+
+I must not forget to mention the fact that the only daughter of Edward
+Livingston, author of the criminal code of the State of Louisiana, was
+an honored guest at this congress. The meetings at which I spoke in
+different parts of England were usually presided over by some important
+personage, such as the mayor of the city. On one occasion a man of the
+people, quite popular in his way, expressed his warm approval of my
+peace doctrine, and concluded his remarks by saying, "Mrs. Howe, I offer
+you the hand of the Tyne-side Orator."
+
+All these efforts were intended to lead up to the final meeting which I
+had determined to hold in London, and which I did hold in St. George's
+Hall, a place very suitable for such occasions. At this meeting, Mr. and
+Mrs. Jacob Bright sat with me on the platform, and the venerable Sir
+John Bowring spoke at some length, leaning on his staff as became his
+age. The attendance was very good. The meeting was by no means what I
+had hoped that it might be. The ladies who spoke in public in those days
+mostly confined their labors to the advocacy of woman suffrage, and were
+not much interested in my scheme of a world-wide protest of women
+against the cruelties of war. I found indeed some helpful allies among
+my own sex. Two sisters of John Bright, Mrs. Margaret Lucas and Mrs.
+Maclaren, aided me with various friendly offices, and through their
+instrumentality the money which I had expended in the hire of halls was
+returned to me. I had not in any way suggested or expected this, but as
+I was working entirely at my own cost the assistance was very welcome
+and opportune.
+
+I cannot leave this time without recalling the gracious figure of
+Athanase Coquerel. I had met this remarkable man in London at the
+anniversary banquet of the British Unitarian Association. It was in this
+country, however, that I first heard his eloquent and convincing speech,
+the occasion being a sermon given by him at the Unitarian Church of
+Newport, R. I., in the summer of the year 1873. It happened on this
+Sunday that the poet Bryant, John Dwight, and Parke Godwin were seated
+near me. All of them expressed great admiration of the discourse, and
+one exclaimed, "That French art, how wonderful it is!" The text chosen
+was this: "And greater works than these shall ye do."
+
+"How could this be?" asked the preacher. "How could the work of the
+disciples be greater than that of the Master? In one sense only. It
+could not be greater in spirit or in character. It could be greater in
+extent."
+
+The revolution in France occasioned by the Franco-Prussian war was much
+in the public mind at this time, and the extraordinary crisis of the
+Commune was almost unexplained. As soon as I found an opportunity of
+conversing with Monsieur Coquerel, I besought him to set before us the
+true solution of these matters in the lectures which he was about to
+deliver.
+
+He consented to do so, and in one of his discourses represented the
+Commune as the result of a state of exasperation on the part of the
+people of Paris. They saw their country invaded by hostile armies, their
+sacred city beleaguered. In the desperation of their distress, all
+longed to take active part in some counter movement, and the most brutal
+and ignorant part of the populace were turned, by artful leaders, to
+this work of destruction. The speaker gave a very moving account of the
+hardships of the siege of Paris, the privations endured of food and
+fuel, the sacrifice of costly furniture as fire-wood to keep alive
+children in imminent danger of death. In the midst of the tumults and
+horrors enumerated, he introduced the description of the funeral of an
+eminent scientist. The quiet cortege moved on to the cemetery where halt
+was made, and the several speakers of the occasion, as if oblivious of
+the agonies of the hour, bore willing testimony to the merits and good
+work of their departed colleague.
+
+The principal object of Monsieur Coquerel's visit to this country was to
+collect funds for the building of a church in Paris which should grandly
+and truly represent liberal Christianity. I fear that his success in
+this undertaking fell far short of the end which he had hoped to attain.
+His death occurred not long after his return to France, and I do not
+know whether the first stone of his proposed edifice was ever laid.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+VISITS TO SANTO DOMINGO
+
+
+In the year 1872, Dr. Howe was appointed one of three commissioners to
+report upon the advisability of annexing Santo Domingo to the United
+States. The two other commissioners were Hon. Benjamin F. Wade of Ohio,
+and Hon. Andrew D. White. A government steamer was placed at the
+disposal of the commissioners, and a number of newspaper correspondents
+accompanied them. Prominent among these was William Henry Hurlburt, at
+that time identified with the "New York World." Before taking leave of
+his family, Dr. Howe said, "Remember that you cannot hear from us sooner
+than a month under the most favorable circumstances, so do not be
+frightened at our long silence." I have never heard an explanation of
+the motives which led the press in general to speak slightingly of the
+Tennessee, the war steamer upon which the commission embarked for Santo
+Domingo. Scarcely a week after her departure, a sensational account was
+published of a severe storm in the southern seas, and of a large steamer
+seen in unavailing struggle with the waves. "The steamer was probably
+the Tennessee, and it is most likely that she foundered in the storm and
+went down with all on board."
+
+In spite of my husband's warning, I could not but feel great anxiety in
+view of this statement. The days of suspense that followed it were dark
+indeed and hard to live through. In due time, however, came intelligence
+of the safe arrival of the Tennessee, and of the good condition of all
+on board.
+
+It happened that I had gone out for a walk on the morning when this good
+news reached Boston. On my return I found Dr. Dix waiting, his eyes full
+of tears, to tell me that the Tennessee had been heard from. The
+numerous congratulations which I now received showed how general had
+been the fear of the threatened mishap, and how great the public
+interest in Dr. Howe's safety.
+
+In later years, I made the acquaintance of Hon. Andrew D. White and his
+most charming wife. Though scarcely on the verge of middle age, her
+beautiful dark hair had turned completely white, in the unnecessary
+agony which she suffered in the interval between her husband's departure
+and the first authentic news received of the expedition.
+
+It was a year later than this that Dr. Howe was urged by parties
+interested to undertake a second visit to Santo Domingo, with the view
+of furthering the interests of the Samana Bay Company. He had been so
+much impressed with the beauty of the island that he wished me to share
+its enchantments with him. We accordingly set sail in a small steamer,
+the Tybee, in February of the year 1873. Our youngest daughter, Maud,
+went with us, and our party consisted of Maud's friend, Miss Derby, now
+Mrs. Samuel Richard Fuller, my husband's three nieces, and Miss Mary C.
+Paddock, a valued friend. Colonel Fabens, a man much interested in the
+prospects of the island, also embarked with us. The voyage was a stormy
+one, the seas being exceeding rough, and the steamer most uneasy in her
+action. After some weary days and nights, we cast anchor in the harbor
+of Puerta Plata, and my husband came to the door of my stateroom
+crying, "Come out and see the great glory!" I obeyed, and beheld a scene
+which amply justified his exclamation. Before us, sheer out of the
+water, rose Mount Isabel, clothed with tropical verdure. At its foot lay
+the picturesque little town. Small carts, drawn each by a single
+bullock, were already awaiting the unloading of the cargo. We were soon
+on shore, and within the shelter of a tolerable hotel, where fresh
+fruits and black coffee restored our sea-worn spirits. The day was
+Sunday, and I managed to attend a Methodist service held in a commodious
+chapel. The aspect of the little town was very cheerful and friendly.
+Negro women ran about the streets, with red turbaned heads and clad in
+trailing gowns of calico. The prancing little horses delighted me with
+their swift and easy motion. On the day subsequent to our landing, we
+accepted an invitation to breakfast at a sugar plantation, not very far
+from the town. A cart drawn by a bullock furnished the only vehicle to
+be had in the place. Our entertainers were a young Cuban and his
+American wife. They had embarked a good deal of capital in machinery; I
+regretted to learn later that their enterprise had not been altogether
+successful.
+
+The merchants in Puerta Plata were largely Germans and Jews. They were
+at heart much opposed to the success of the Samana Bay enterprise,
+fearing that it would build up Samana at the expense of their own town.
+So, a year later, their money was used to inaugurate a revolution, which
+overthrew President Baez, and installed in his place a man greatly his
+inferior in talent, but one who could be made entirely subservient to
+the views of the Puerta Plata junta.
+
+After a day and a night in Puerta Plata we returned to our steamer,
+which was now bound for Samana Bay, and thence for the capital, Santo
+Domingo. Let me say in passing that it is quite incorrect to speak of
+the island as "San Domingo," This might be done if Domingo were the name
+of a saint, but Santo Domingo really means "Holy Sunday," and is so
+named in commemoration of the first landing of Columbus upon the island.
+Of Samana itself I will speak hereafter. After two more days of rough
+sea travel we were very glad to reach the capital, where the Palacio
+Nacional had been assigned as our residence.
+
+This was a spacious building surrounding a rectangular court. A guard of
+soldiers occupied the lower story, and the whole of the second floor was
+placed at our disposal. Furniture there was little or none, but we had
+brought with us a supply of beds, bedding, and articles necessary for
+the table. The town afforded us chairs and tables, and with the help of
+our friend, Miss Paddock, we were soon comfortably installed in our new
+quarters. The fleas at first gave us terrible torment, but a copious
+washing of floors and the use of some native plant, the name of which I
+cannot remember, diminished this inconvenience, to which also we
+gradually became accustomed.
+
+The population of Santo Domingo is much mixed, and I could not see that
+the blacks were looked down upon by the whites, the greater part of whom
+gave evidence of some admixture of African blood. In the harbor of the
+capital, before leaving the steamer, I had had some conversation with
+one Francois, a man of color, who had come on board to secure the
+services of one of our fellow-passengers, an aged clergyman, for his
+church. The old gentleman insisted that he was past preaching, on
+account of his age and infirmities. I began to question Francois about
+his church, and found that it consisted of a small congregation of very
+poor colored people, all Americans by birth or descent. They held their
+services only on Sunday evenings, having neither clothes nor shoes fit
+for appearance in the daytime. Their real minister had died, and an
+elder who had taken his place was too lame to cross the river in order
+to attend the services, so they had to do without preaching. I cannot
+remember just how it came about, but I engaged to hold service for them
+on Sunday evenings during my stay at the capital.
+
+Behold me then, on my first Sunday evening, entering the little wooden
+building with its mud floor. It boasted a mahogany pulpit of some size,
+but I took my seat within the chancel rail and began my ministration. I
+gave out the hymns, and the tattered hymn-books were turned over. I soon
+learned that this was a mere form, few of those present being able to
+read. They knew the hymns by heart and sang them with a will. I had
+prepared my sermon very carefully, being anxious really to interest
+these poor shepherdless sheep. They appeared to listen very thankfully,
+and I continued these services until nearly the time of my departure
+from the island. I had not brought any written sermons with me, nor had
+I that important aid in sermonizing, a concordance. A young daughter of
+Colonel Fabens, a good Bible scholar, used to find my texts for me. I
+remember that, after my first preaching, a young woman called upon me
+and quoted some words from my sermon, very much in the sense of the old
+anecdote about "that blessed word Mesopotamia."
+
+When Good Friday and Easter came my colored people besought me to hold
+extra services, in order that their young folks might understand that
+these sacred days were of as much significance to them as to the
+Catholics, by whom they were surrounded. I naturally complied with their
+request, and arranged to have the poor little place decorated with palms
+and flowers for the Easter service. I have always remembered with
+pleasure one feature of my Easter sermon. In this I tried to describe
+Dante's beautiful vision of a great cross in the heavens, formed of
+clusters of stars, the name of Christ being inscribed on each cluster.
+The thought that the mighty poet of the fourteenth century should have
+had something to impart to these illiterate negroes was very dear to me.
+
+As soon as the report of my preaching became noised abroad, the aged
+elder, whose place I had taken, bestirred himself and managed to put in
+an appearance at the little church. He mounted the stairs of the
+mahogany pulpit, and seemed to keep guard over the congregation, while I
+continued to speak from the chancel. I invited him to give out the
+hymns, which he did, mentioning also the page on which they would be
+found. He afterwards told me that his wife, who could read, had taught
+him those hymns. "I never could do nothing with books," he said.
+
+We found but little English spoken at the capital except among the
+colored people. I always recall with amusement a bit of conversation
+which I had with one of the merchants who was fond of speaking our
+language. He had sent his errand boy to us with a message. Meeting him
+later in the day, I said, "I saw your servant this morning." "Yes, ze
+nigger. He mudder fooley in St. Thomas." I made some effort to ascertain
+what were the educational advantages afforded in the capital. I found
+there a school for boys, under the immediate charge of the Catholic
+clergy. Hearing also of a school for girls, founded and administered by
+a young woman of the city, I called one day to find out what I could of
+her and of her work. She was the daughter of a woman physician who had
+much reputation in the place. Her mother had received no technical
+medical education, but had practiced nursing under the best doctors, and
+had also acquired through experience a considerable understanding of the
+uses of herbs. She was a devout Catholic, and having once been
+desperately ill, had vowed her infant daughter to the Virgin in case of
+her recovery. The daughter had not entered a convent, but had devoted
+herself to the training of young girls. She appeared to be a very modest
+and simple person, and was pleased to have me inspect the needlework,
+maps, and copy books of her pupils.
+
+"At any rate, I keep them out of the street," she said. Francois, my
+first colored acquaintance at the capital, had spoken to me of a Bible
+society formed there. It was a secret association, and he told me
+several times that its members earnestly desired to make my
+acquaintance. I finally arranged with him to attend one of their
+meetings, and went, in his company, to a building in which an inner room
+was set apart for their use. I was ushered into this with some ceremony,
+and found a company of natives of various shades of color. On a raised
+platform were seated the presiding officers of the occasion. Presently
+one of these rang his bell and began to address me in a rather
+high-flown style, assuring me that my noble works were well understood
+by those present, and that they greatly desired to hear from me. I was
+much puzzled at this address, feeling almost certain that nothing that I
+had ever done would have been likely to penetrate the atmosphere of this
+isolated spot. The speech was in Spanish and I was expected to reply in
+the same language. This I was not able to do, my knowledge of Spanish
+being limited to a few colloquial phrases. The French language answered
+pretty well, however, and in this I managed to express my thanks for the
+honor done me and my sincere interest in the welfare of the island. All
+present had risen to receive me. There seemed to be nothing further for
+me to do, and I took leave, followed by clapping of hands. To this day I
+have never been able to understand the connection of this association
+with any Bible society, and still less the flattering mention made of
+some supposed merits on my part. Francois warned me that this meeting
+was not to be generally spoken of, and I endeavored to preserve a
+discreet silence regarding it.
+
+On another evening we were all invited to attend the public exercises of
+a debating club of young men. The question to be argued was whether it
+is permissible to do evil in view of a supposed good result. The debate
+was a rather spirited one. The best of the speakers, who had been
+educated in Spain, had much to say of the philosopher Balmes, whose
+sayings he more than once quoted. The question having been decided in
+the negative, the speaker who had maintained the unethical side of the
+question explained that he had done this only because it was required of
+him, his convictions and sympathies being wholly on the other side.
+
+President Baez had received us with great cordiality. He called upon us
+soon after our arrival, having previously sent us a fine basket of
+fruit. He seemed an intelligent man, and my husband's estimate of him
+was much opposed to that conveyed in Mr. Sumner's invective against "a
+traitor who sought to sell his own country." Baez had sense enough to
+recognize the security which annexation to the United States would give
+to his people.
+
+The English are sometimes spoken of as "a nation of shopkeepers." Santo
+Domingo might certainly be called a city of shopkeepers. When we visited
+it, all of the principal families were engaged in trade. When daughters
+were considered of fit age to enter society, they made their debut
+behind the counter of their father or uncle.
+
+My husband decided, soon after our arrival, to invite the townspeople to
+a dance. In preparation for this festivity, the largest room in the
+palace was swept and garnished with flowers. A native band of musicians
+was engaged, and a merry and motley throng invaded our sober premises.
+The favorite dances were mostly of the order of the "contradanza," which
+I had seen in Cuba. This is a slow and stately measure, suited to the
+languor of a hot climate. I ventured to introduce a Virginia Reel, which
+was not much enjoyed by the natives. President Baez did not honor us
+with his presence, but his brother Damian and his sister Rosita were
+among our guests. A United States warship was in the harbor, and its
+officers were a welcome reinforcement to our company. Among these was
+Lieutenant De Long, well remembered now as the leader of the ill-fated
+Jeannette expedition.
+
+At two o'clock in the morning my husband showed signs of extreme
+fatigue. I felt that the gayeties must cease, and was obliged to say to
+some of the older guests that Dr. Howe's health would not permit him to
+entertain them longer. It seemed like sending children home from a
+Christmas party, the dancers appeared so much taken aback. They had
+expected to dance until day dawn. Still they departed without objecting.
+The next day those of us who visited the principal street of the city
+saw the beaux of the night before busy in their shops, some of them in
+shirt-sleeves.
+
+Our days passed very quietly. Dr. Howe took his accustomed ride before
+breakfast. One feature of this meal consisted of water-cocoanuts,
+gathered while the night dew was on them, and of a delicious coolness.
+The water having been poured out, the nuts were thrown into the court
+below, where the soldiers of the guard ate them greedily. The rations
+served out to these men consisted simply of strips of sugar cane. Their
+uniforms were of seersucker, and the homely palm-leaf hat completed
+their costume.
+
+After breakfast I usually sat at my books, often preparing my Sunday
+sermon. A siesta followed the noonday repast, and after this the
+greatest amusement of the day began. The little, fiery steeds were
+brought into the courtyard, and I rode forth, followed by my young
+companions and escorted by the assistant secretary of the treasury.
+Several of the young gentlemen of the town who could command the use of
+a horse would join our cavalcade, as we swept out of the city limits and
+into the beautiful regions beyond. The horses have a peculiarly easy
+gait, and are yet very swift and gentle. As the season advanced, and the
+spring showers began to fall, we were sometimes glad to take refuge
+under a mango tree, its spreading branches and thick foliage sheltering
+us like a tent. Our cavaliers, in view of this emergency, were apt to
+provide themselves with umbrellas, to the opening and shutting of which
+the horses were well accustomed. In case of any chill "a little rum" was
+always recommended. The careless mention of this typical beverage amused
+and almost frightened me, accustomed to hear rum spoken of with bated
+breath, as if unfit even for mention.
+
+The besetting evil of the island seemed to be lockjaw. I was told that
+the smallest wound or scratch, or even a chill, might produce it. I
+distinctly remember having several times felt an unusual stiffness of
+the lower jaw, consequent upon a slight check of perspiration.
+
+I cannot imagine a more delightful winter climate than that of Santo
+Domingo. Dr. Howe used sometimes to come to my study and ask, "Are you
+comfortable?"
+
+"Perfectly comfortable. Why do you ask?"
+
+"Because the thermometer stands at 86 deg. Fahrenheit." A delicious
+sea-breeze blew in at the wide open window, and we who sat in it had no
+feeling of extreme heat.
+
+I remember a little excursion which we made on horseback to a village
+some twelve miles distant from the capital. We started in the very early
+morning, wishing to reach the place of our destination before the
+approach of noon. It was still quite dark when we mounted our horses,
+with a faithful escort of Dominican friends.
+
+"_Sabrosa manana!_" exclaimed the assistant secretary of the treasury,
+who rode beside me.
+
+Our road lay through a beautiful bit of forest land. The dawn found us
+at a pretty and primitive ferry, which we crossed without dismounting.
+The beauty of the scenery was beyond description. The air was refreshed
+by a succession of little mountain streamlets, which splashed with a
+cool sound about our horses' feet. Arriving at the village we found a
+newly erected _bohio_, or hut of palm-wood strips, prepared for us. It
+was hung with hammocks and furnished with rockingchairs, with a clean
+floor of sand and pebbles. At a neighboring _fonda_ luncheon was served
+to our party. We returned to our _bohio_ for a much needed siesta,
+reserving the afternoon for a ramble. A service was going on at the
+village church. After a late dinner we went to visit the priest. His
+servant woman appeared reluctant to admit us. This we understood when
+the old gentleman came forward to receive us, dressed like a peasant,
+and wearing a handkerchief tied about his head in peasant fashion. To
+me, as the senior lady of the party, he offered a cigar.
+
+He took pains to return our visit the next day, but came to our _bohio_
+in full canonicals. He was anxious to possess a certain Spanish work on
+botany, and offered me a sum of money in prepayment of its price. This I
+declined to receive, feeling that the chances were much against my ever
+being able to fulfill his commission.
+
+Immediately after his visit we mounted our steeds and rode back to the
+capital, which we reached after the great gate had been closed for the
+night, a narrow postern opening to admit our party one by one.
+
+Before our departure from the island, President Baez invited us to a
+state dinner at his residence. The appointments of the table were
+elegant and tasteful. The repast was a long one, consisting of a great
+variety of Dominican dishes, which appeared and disappeared with great
+celerity. Before the dessert was served, we were requested to leave the
+table and return to the sitting-room. Presently we came back to the
+table, and found it spread with fruits and sweets innumerable.
+
+Two years after this time, my husband's health required a change of
+climate. He decided to visit Santo Domingo once more, and was anxious
+that I should accompany him. I was rather unwilling to do so, being much
+engaged at home. Wishing to offer me the greatest inducement, he said,
+"You shall preach to your colored folks as much as you like." In March
+of 1875, accordingly, we set sail in the same Tybee which had carried us
+on our first voyage to the beautiful island. The political situation
+meantime had greatly changed. The revolution already spoken of had
+expelled President Baez, and had put in his place a man devoted to the
+interests of Puerta Plata, as opposed to the growth of Samana.
+
+We landed at the capital, and as we walked up the street to our hotel
+familiar forms emerged from the shops on the right and on the left.
+These friends all accosted us with eager questions:--
+
+"Addonde estan las muchachas?" (Where are the girls?)
+
+"Addonde esta Maud?"
+
+"Addonde esta Lucia?"
+
+We were obliged to say that they were not with us, and the blank,
+disappointed faces showed that we, the elders, counted for little in the
+absence of "metal more attractive."
+
+After a short stay at the capital, we reembarked for Samana, where we
+passed some weeks of delightful quiet in a pretty cottage on the
+outskirts of the little town. On the evening of our taking possession, I
+stood at the door of our new abode, watching the moon rise and overtop
+two stately palms which formed the immediate foreground of our
+landscape. On the left was the pretty crescent-shaped beach, and beyond
+it the lights of the town shone brightly. This was a foretaste of many
+delightful hours in which my soul was fed with the beauty of my
+surroundings.
+
+Our cottage was distant about a mile from the town, which my husband
+liked to visit every morning. It was possible to go thither by the
+beach, but he preferred to take a narrow bridle path on the side of a
+very steep hill. I had never been a bold rider, and I must confess that
+I suffered agonies of fear in following him on these expeditions. If I
+lagged behind, he would cry, "Come on! it's as bad as going to a funeral
+to ride with you." And so, I suppose, it was. I remember one day when a
+great palm branch had fallen across our path. I thought that my horse
+would certainly slip on it, sending me to depths below. Fortunately he
+did not. That very day, while Dr. Howe was taking his siesta, I went to
+the place where this impediment lay, and with a great effort threw it
+over the steep mountain-side. The whole neighborhood of Samana is very
+mountainous, and I sometimes found it impossible to obey the word of
+command. One day my husband spurred his horse and made a gallant dash at
+a very steep ascent, ordering me to follow him. I tried my best, but
+only got far enough to find myself awkwardly at a standstill, and unable
+to go either backward or forward. The Doctor was obliged to dismount and
+to lead my horse down to the level ground. This, he assured me, was a
+severe mortification for him.
+
+Dr. Howe desired at this time to make a journey on horseback to a part
+of the interior which he had not visited. He engaged as a guide a man
+familiar with the region and able on foot to keep pace with any ordinary
+horse. I remember that this man asked for a warning of some days, in
+order that he might purchase his _combustibles_, meaning comestibles.
+This journey, often talked of, was never undertaken. We sometimes varied
+the even tenor of our days in Samana by a sail in the pretty steam
+launch belonging to the Samana Bay Company. On one occasion we took a
+rowboat and went to visit an English carpenter who had built himself a
+hut in the forest not far from the shore. We found his wife surrounded
+by her young family. The cabin was provided with berths for sleeping
+accommodation. The household work was done mostly in the open air. On a
+rude table I found some Greek books. "Whose are those?" I asked. "Oh,
+they belong to my husband. He studies Greek in order to understand the
+New Testament." Yet this man was so illiterate as to allow some pupils
+of his to use a small i for our personal pronoun. In spite of my
+husband's permission, I did not preach very much during this visit to
+Samana. I found there a Methodist church with a settled pastor. I did
+take part in an open-air service one Sunday afternoon. The place chosen
+was well up on the side of a mountain, the assembly consisting entirely
+of colored people. I arrived a little after time and found a zealous
+elder speaking. When he saw me he said, "And now dat de lady hab come I
+will _obdunk_ [abdicate] from de place."
+
+A little school kept by the carpenter was not far from this spot. It
+occupied a shed in a region magnificent with palms. I went one day, by
+special arrangement, to speak to the pupils, who were of both sexes. The
+ascent was so steep that I was glad to avail myself of the offer of a
+steer with a straw saddle on his back, led by a youth of the
+neighborhood. From the school I went to the hut of a colored woman, who
+had requested the honor of entertaining me at lunch, and who waited upon
+me with great good-will. While I was still resting in the shade of the
+cabin a man appeared, leading two saddle horses and bearing a missive
+from Dr. Howe, requesting my immediate return. I have elsewhere alluded
+to this and to Dr. Howe's touching words, "Our dear, noble Sumner is no
+more. Come home at once. I am much distressed."
+
+My husband had been greatly chagrined by Mr. Sumner's conduct with
+regard to the proposed annexation of Santo Domingo. The death of his
+lifelong friend seemed to bring back all his old tenderness and he
+grieved deeply over his loss.
+
+Of the longevity of the negro population of Santo Domingo we heard
+wonderful accounts. I myself, while in Samana, saw and spoke with a
+colored woman who was said to have reached the age of one hundred and
+thirty years. She was a native of Maryland, and had become a mother and
+a grandmother before leaving the United States. In Samana she married
+again and had a second set of children and grandchildren. These
+particulars I learned from a daughter of her second marriage, herself a
+woman of forty. The aged mother and grandmother came up to Samana during
+my stay there to make some necessary purchases. Her figure was slender
+and, as the French say, "_bien-prise_." Her only infirmity appeared to
+be her deafness.
+
+A curious custom in this small community was the consecration of all
+houses as soon as completed. This was usually made the occasion of what
+we term a house-warming. Friends were invited, and were expected to make
+contributions of cake. The priest of the parish offered prayer and
+sprinkled the premises with holy water, after which the festivities
+commenced. The music consisted of a harmonicon and a notched gourd,
+which was scraped with an iron rod to mark the time. Cakes and lemonade
+were handed about in trays. Grandmothers sat patient with their
+grandbabes on their laps while the mothers danced to their hearts'
+content.
+
+It chanced one day that I attended one of these merry-makings. While the
+dance was in progress a superbly handsome man, bronze in complexion and
+very polite in manner, commanded from the musicians, "Una polka por
+Madama Howe." I had neither expected nor desired to dance, but felt
+obliged to accept this invitation.
+
+A large proportion of the Dominicans, be it said in passing, are of
+mixed race, the white element in them being mostly Spanish. This last so
+predominates that the leading negro characteristics are rarely observed
+among them. They are intelligent people, devout in their Catholicism and
+generally very honest. Families of the wealthier class are apt to send
+their sons to Spain for education.
+
+Quite distinct from these are the American blacks, who are the remnant
+and in large part the descendants of an exodus of free negroes from our
+Middle States, which took place in the neighborhood of the year 1840.
+These people are Methodists, but are, for some reason, entirely
+neglected by the denomination, both in England and in America. They are
+anxious to keep their young folks within the pale of Protestantism. Of
+such was composed my little congregation in the city of Santo Domingo.
+
+In the place last named I made the acquaintance of a singular family of
+birds, individuals of which were domesticated in many houses. These
+creatures could be depended upon to give the household warning of the
+approach of a stranger. They also echoed with notes of their own the
+hourly striking of the city clocks, and zealously destroyed all the
+insects which are generated by the heat of a tropical climate. The _per
+contra_ is that they themselves are rather malodorous.
+
+During my stay in Samana a singular woman attached herself to me. She
+was a mulatto, and her home was on a mountain side in the neighborhood
+of the school of which I have just spoken. Here she was rarely to be
+found; and her husband bewailed her frequent absences and consequent
+neglect of her large family. She had some knowledge of herbs, which she
+occasionally made available in nursing the sick. She one day brought her
+aged mother to visit me, and the elder woman, speaking of her, said,
+"Oh, yes! Rosanna's got edication." Of this "edication" I had a specimen
+in a letter which she wrote me after my departure, and which began thus,
+"Hailyal [hallelujah], Mrs. Howe, here's hopin."
+
+In these days the brilliant scheme of the Samana Bay Company came to its
+final failure. The Dominican government now insisted that the flag of
+the company should be officially withdrawn. The Tybee having departed on
+her homeward voyage, the one warship of the republic made its appearance
+in the harbor, a miserable little schooner, but one that carried a gun.
+
+On the morrow of her arrival, a scene of some interest was enacted. The
+employees of the company, all colored men, marched to the building over
+which the flag was floating. Every man carried a fresh rose at the end
+of his musket. Dr. Howe made a pathetic little speech, explanatory of
+the circumstances, and a military salute was fired as the flag was
+hauled down. A spiteful caricature appeared in a paper published, I
+think, at the capital, representing the transaction just mentioned, with
+Dr. Howe in the foreground in an attitude of deep dejection, Mrs. Howe
+standing near, and saying, "Never mind."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From my own memoir of Dr. Howe I quote the following record of his last
+days on earth.
+
+"The mild climate and exercise in the open air had done all that could
+have been expected for Dr. Howe, and he returned from Santo Domingo much
+improved in health. The seeds of disease, however, were still lurking in
+his system, and the change from tropical weather to our own uncertain
+spring brought on a severe attack of rheumatism, by which his strength
+was greatly reduced. He rallied somewhat in the autumn, and was able to
+pass the winter in reasonable comfort and activity.
+
+"The first of May, 1875, found him at his country seat in South
+Portsmouth, R. I., where the planting of his garden and the supervision
+of his poultry afforded him much amusement and occupation. In the early
+summer he was still able to ride the beautiful Santo Domingo pony which
+President Baez had sent him three years before. This resource, however,
+soon failed him, and his exercise became limited to a short walk in the
+neighborhood of his house. His strength constantly diminished during the
+summer, yet he retained his habits of early rising and of active
+occupation, as well as his interest in matters public and private. He
+returned to Boston in the autumn, and seemed at first benefited by the
+change. He felt, however, and we felt, that a change was impending.
+
+"On Christmas day he was able to dine with his family, and to converse
+with one or two invited guests. On the first of January he said to an
+intimate friend: 'I have told my people that they will bury me this
+month.' This was merely a passing impression, as in fact he had not so
+spoken to any of us. On January 4th, while up and about as usual, he was
+attacked by sudden and severe convulsions, followed by insensibility;
+and on January 9th he breathed his last, surrounded by his family, and
+apparently without pain or consciousness. Before the end Laura Bridgman
+was brought to his bedside, to touch once more the hand that had
+unlocked the world to her. She did so, weeping bitterly."
+
+A great mourning was made for Dr. Howe. Eulogies were pronounced before
+the legislature of Massachusetts, and resolutions of regret and sympathy
+came to us from various beneficent associations. From Greece came back a
+touching echo of our sorrow, and by an order, sent from thence, a floral
+tribute was laid upon the casket of the early friend and champion of
+Greek liberties. A beautiful helmet and sword, all of violets, the
+parting gift of the household, seemed a fitting recognizance for one
+whom Whittier has named "The Modern Bayard."
+
+Shortly after this sad event a public meeting was held in Boston Music
+Hall in commemoration of Dr. Howe's great services to the community. The
+governor of Massachusetts (Hon. Alexander H. Rice) presided, and
+testimonials were offered by many eminent men.
+
+Poems written for the occasion were contributed by Oliver Wendell
+Holmes, William Ellery Channing, and Rev. Charles T. Brooks. Of these
+exercises I will only say that, although my husband's life was well
+known to me, I listened almost with amazement to the summing up of its
+deeds of merit. It seemed almost impossible that so much good could be
+soberly said of any man, and yet I knew that it was all said truthfully
+and in grave earnest.
+
+My husband's beloved pupil, Laura Bridgman, was seated upon the
+platform, where a friend interpreted the proceedings to her in the
+finger language. The music, which was of a high order, was furnished by
+the pupils of the institution for the blind at South Boston.
+
+The occasion was one never to be forgotten. As I review it after an
+interval of many years, I find that the impression made upon me at the
+time does not diminish. I still wonder at the showing of such a solid
+power of work, such untiring industry, such prophetic foresight and
+intuition, so grand a trust in human nature. These gifts were well-nigh
+put out of sight by a singularly modest estimate of self. Truly, this
+was a knight of God's own order. I cannot but doubt whether he left his
+peer on earth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE WOMAN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT
+
+
+I sometimes feel as if words could not express the comfort and
+instruction which have come to me in the later years of my life from two
+sources. One of these has been the better acquaintance with my own sex;
+the other, the experience of the power resulting from associated action
+in behalf of worthy objects.
+
+During the first two thirds of my life I looked to the masculine ideal
+of character as the only true one. I sought its inspiration, and
+referred my merits and demerits to its judicial verdict. In an
+unexpected hour a new light came to me, showing me a world of thought
+and of character quite beyond the limits within which I had hitherto
+been content to abide. The new domain now made clear to me was that of
+true womanhood,--woman no longer in her ancillary relation to her
+opposite, man, but in her direct relation to the divine plan and
+purpose, as a free agent, fully sharing with man every human right and
+every human responsibility. This discovery was like the addition of a
+new continent to the map of the world, or of a new testament to the old
+ordinances.
+
+"Oh, had I earlier known the power, the nobility, the intelligence which
+lie within the range of true womanhood, I had surely lived more wisely
+and to better purpose." Such were my reflections; yet I must think that
+the great Lord of all reserved this new revelation as the crown of a
+wonderful period of the world's emancipation and progress.
+
+It did not come to me all at once. In my attempts at philosophizing I at
+length reached the conclusion that woman must be the moral and spiritual
+equivalent of man. How, otherwise, could she be entrusted with the awful
+and inevitable responsibilities of maternity? The quasi-adoration that
+true lovers feel, was it an illusion partly of sense, partly of
+imagination? or did it symbolize a sacred truth?
+
+While my mind was engaged with these questions, the civil war came to an
+end, leaving the slave not only emancipated, but endowed with the full
+dignity of citizenship. The women of the North had greatly helped to
+open the door which admitted him to freedom and its safeguard, the
+ballot. Was this door to be shut in their face?
+
+While I followed, rather unwillingly, this train of thought, an
+invitation was sent me to attend a parlor meeting to be held with the
+view of forming a woman's club in Boston. I presented myself at this
+meeting, and gave a languid assent to the measures proposed. These were
+to hire a parlor or parlors in some convenient locality, and to furnish
+and keep them open for the convenience of ladies residing in the city
+and its suburbs. Out of this small and modest beginning was gradually
+developed the plan of the New England Woman's Club, a strong and stately
+association destined, I believe, to last for many years, and leaving
+behind it, at this time of my writing, a record of three decades of
+happy and acceptable service.
+
+While our club life was still in its beginning, I was invited and
+induced to attend a meeting in behalf of woman suffrage. Indeed, I had
+given my name to the call for this meeting, relying upon the assurance
+given me by Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson, that it would be
+conducted in a very liberal and friendly spirit, without bitterness or
+extravagance. The place appointed was Horticultural Hall. The morning
+was inclement; and as I strayed into the hall in my rainy-day suit,
+nothing was further from my mind than the thought that I should take any
+part in the day's proceedings.
+
+I had hoped not to be noticed by the officers of the meeting, and was
+rather disconcerted when a message reached me requesting me to come up
+and take a seat on the platform. This I did very reluctantly. I was now
+face to face with a new order of things. Here, indeed, were some whom I
+had long known and honored: Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Colonel
+Higginson, and my dear pastor, James Freeman Clarke. But here was also
+Lucy Stone, who had long been the object of one of my imaginary
+dislikes. As I looked into her sweet, womanly face and heard her earnest
+voice, I felt that the object of my distaste had been a mere phantom,
+conjured up by silly and senseless misrepresentations. Here stood the
+true woman, pure, noble, great-hearted, with the light of her good life
+shining in every feature of her face. Here, too, I saw the husband whose
+devotion so ably seconded her life-work.
+
+The arguments to which I now listened were simple, strong, and
+convincing. These champions, who had fought so long and so valiantly for
+the slave, now turned the searchlight of their intelligence upon the
+condition of woman, and demanded for the mothers of the community the
+civil rights which had recently been accorded to the negro. They asked
+for nothing more and nothing less than the administration of that
+impartial justice for which, if for anything, a Republican government
+should stand.
+
+When they requested me to speak, which they did presently, I could only
+say, "I am with you." I have been with them ever since, and have never
+seen any reason to go back from the pledge then given. Strangely, as it
+then seemed to me, the arguments which I had stored up in my mind
+against the political enfranchisement of women were really so many
+reasons in its favor. All that I had felt regarding the sacredness and
+importance of the woman's part in private life now appeared to me
+equally applicable to the part which she should bear in public life.
+
+[Illustration: LUCY STONE
+
+_From a photograph by the Notman Photographic Company._]
+
+One of the comforts which I found in the new association was the relief
+which it afforded me from a sense of isolation and eccentricity. For
+years past I had felt strongly impelled to lend my voice to the
+convictions of my heart. I had done this in a way, from time to time,
+always with the feeling that my course in so doing was held to call for
+apology and explanation by the men and women with whose opinions I had
+hitherto been familiar. I now found a sphere of action in which this
+mode of expression no longer appeared singular or eccentric, but simple,
+natural, and, under the circumstances, inevitable.
+
+In the little band of workers which I had joined, I was soon called upon
+to perform yeoman's service. I was expected to attend meetings and to
+address audiences, at first in the neighborhood of Boston, afterwards in
+many remote places, Cleveland, Chicago, St. Louis. Among those who led
+or followed the new movement, I naturally encountered some individuals
+in whom vanity and personal ambition were conspicuous. But I found
+mostly among my new associates a great heart of religious conviction and
+a genuine spirit of selfsacrifice.
+
+My own contributions to the work appeared to me less valuable than I had
+hoped to find them. I had at first everything to learn with regard to
+public speaking, and Lucy Stone and Mrs. Livermore were much more at
+home on the platform than I was. I was called upon to preside over
+conventions, having never learned the rules of debate. I was obliged to
+address large audiences, having been accustomed to use my voice only in
+parlors. Gradually all this bettered itself. I became familiar with the
+order of proceedings, and learned to modulate my voice. More important
+even than these things, I learned something of the range of popular
+sympathies, and of the power of apprehension to be found in average
+audiences. All of these experiences, the failures, the effort, and the
+final achievement, were most useful to me.
+
+In years that followed I gave what I could to the cause, but all that I
+gave was repaid to me a thousandfold. I had always had to do with women
+of character and intelligence, but I found in my new friends a clearness
+of insight, a strength and steadfastness of purpose, which enabled them
+to take a position of command, in view of the questions of the hour.
+
+Among the manifold interests which now opened up before me, the cause of
+woman suffrage was for a time predominant. The novelty of the topic in
+the mind of the general public brought together large audiences in
+Boston and in the neighboring towns. Lucy Stone's fervent zeal, always
+guided by her faultless feeling of propriety, the earnest pleading of
+her husband, the brilliant eloquence and personal magnetism of Mary A.
+Livermore,--all these things combined to give to our platform a novel
+and sustained attraction. Noble men, aye, the noblest, stood with us in
+our endeavor,--some, like Senator Hoar and George S. Hale, to explain
+and illustrate the logical sequence which should lead to the recognition
+of our citizenship; others, like Wendell Phillips, George William
+Curtis, and Henry Ward Beecher, able to overwhelm the crumbling defenses
+of the old order with the storm and flash of their eloquence.
+
+We acted, one and all, under the powerful stimulus of hope. The object
+which we labored to accomplish was so legitimate and rational, so
+directly in the line of our religious belief, of our political
+institutions, that it appeared as if we had only to unfold our new
+banner, bright with the blazon of applied Christianity, and march on to
+victory. The black man had received the vote. Should the white woman be
+less considered than he?
+
+During the recent war the women of our country had been as ministering
+angels to our armies, forsaking homes of ease and luxury to bring succor
+and comfort to the camp-hospital and battlefield. Those who tarried at
+home had labored incessantly to supply the needs of those at the front.
+Should they not be counted among the citizens of the great Republic?
+Moreover, we women had year after year worked to build, maintain, and
+fill the churches throughout the land with a patient industry akin to
+that of coral insects. Surely we should be invited to pass in with our
+brothers to the larger liberty now shown to be our just due.
+
+We often spoke in country towns, where our morning meetings could be but
+poorly attended, for the reason that the women of the place were busy
+with the preparation of the noonday meal. Our evening sessions in such
+places were precious to school-teachers and factory hands.
+
+Ministers opened to us their churches, and the women of their
+congregations worked together to provide for us places of refreshment
+and repose. We met the real people face to face and hand to hand. It was
+a period of awakened thought, of quickened and enlarged sympathy.
+
+I recall with pleasure two campaigns which we made in Vermont, where the
+theme of woman suffrage was quite new to the public mind. I started on
+one of these journeys with Mr. Garrison, and enjoyed with him the great
+beauty of the winter landscape in that most lovely State. The evergreen
+forests through which we passed were hung with icicles, which glittered
+like diamonds in the bright winter sun. Lucy Stone, Mr. Blackwell, and
+Mrs. Livermore had preceded us, and when we reached the place of
+destination we found everything in readiness for our meeting. At one
+town in Vermont some opposition to our coming had been manifested
+beforehand. We found, on arriving, that the chairman of our committee of
+arrangements had left town suddenly as if unwilling to befriend us. A
+vulgar and silly ballad had been printed and circulated, in which we
+three ladies were spoken of as three old crows. The prospect for the
+evening was not encouraging. We deliberated for a moment in the anteroom
+of our hall. I said, "Let me come first in the order of exercises, as I
+read from a manuscript, and shall not be disconcerted even if they throw
+chairs at us." As we entered some noise was heard from the gallery. Mr.
+Garrison came forward and asked whether we were to be given a hearing or
+not. Instantly a group of small boys were ejected from their seats by
+some one in authority. Mrs. Livermore now stepped to the front and
+looked the audience through and through. Silence prevailed, and she was
+heard as usual with repeated applause. I read my paper without
+interruption. The honors of the evening belonged to us.
+
+I remember another journey, a nocturnal one, which I undertook alone, in
+order to join the friends mentioned above at a suffrage meeting
+somewhere in New England. As I emerged from the Pullman in the cold
+twilight of an early winter morning, carrying a heavy bag, and feeling
+friendless and forlorn, I met Mrs. Livermore, who had made the journey
+in another car. At sight of her I cried, "Oh, you dear big Livermore!"
+Moved by this appeal, she at once took me under her protection, ordered
+a hotel porter to relieve me of my bag, and saw me comfortably housed
+and provided for. It was fortunate for us that the time of our
+deliverance appeared to us so near, as fortunate perhaps as the
+misinterpretation which led the early Christians to look daily for the
+reappearing on earth of their Master.
+
+Among my most valued recollections are those of the many legislative
+hearings in which I have had the privilege of taking part, and which
+cover a period of more than twenty years. Mr. Garrison, Lucy Stone, and
+Mr. Blackwell long continued to be our most prominent advocates,
+supported at times by Colonel Higginson, Wendell Phillips, and James
+Freeman Clarke. Mrs. Livermore was with us whenever her numerous lecture
+engagements allowed her to be present. Mrs. Cheney, Judge Sewall, and
+several lawyers of our own sex gave us valuable aid. These hearings were
+mostly held in the well-known Green Room of the Boston State House, but
+a gradual _crescendo_ of interest sometimes led us to ask for the use of
+Representatives' Hall, which was often crowded with the friends and
+opponents of our cause. Among the remonstrants who spoke at these
+hearings occasionally appeared some illiterate woman, attracted by the
+opportunity of making a public appearance. I remember one of these who,
+after asking to be heard, began to read from an elaborate manuscript
+which had evidently been written for her. After repeatedly substituting
+the word "communionism" for "communism," she abandoned the text and
+began to abuse the suffragists in language with which she was more
+familiar. When she had finished her diatribe the chairman of the
+legislative committee said to our chairman, Mr. Blackwell, "A list of
+questions has been handed to me which the petitioners for woman suffrage
+are requested to answer. The first on the list is the following:--
+
+"If the suffrage should be granted to women, would not the ignorant and
+degraded ones hasten to crowd the polls while those of the better sort
+would stay away from them?"
+
+Mr. Garrison, rising, said in reply, "Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that
+the question just propounded is answered by the present occasion. Here
+are education, character, intelligence, asking for suffrage, and here
+are ignorance and vulgarity protesting against it." This crushing
+sentence was uttered by Mr. Garrison in a tone of such bland simplicity
+that it did not even appear unkind.
+
+On a later occasion a lady of excellent character and position appeared
+among the remonstrants, and when asked whether she represented any
+association replied rather haughtily, "I think that I represent the
+educated women of Massachusetts," a goodly number of whom were present
+in behalf of the petition.
+
+The remonstrants had hearings of their own, at one of which I happened
+to be present. On this occasion one of their number, after depicting at
+some length the moral turpitude which she considered her sex likely to
+evince under political promise, concluded by saying: "No woman should be
+allowed the right of suffrage until _every_ woman shall be perfectly
+wise, perfectly pure, and perfectly good."
+
+This dictum, pronounced in a most authoritative manner, at once brought
+to my mind the homely proverb, "What is sauce for the goose is sauce for
+the gander;" and I could not help asking permission to suggest a single
+question, upon which a prominent Boston lawyer instantly replied: "No,
+Mrs. Howe, you may not [speak]. We wish to use all our time." The
+chairman of the committee here interposed, saying: "Mr. Blank, it does
+not belong to you to say who shall or shall not be heard here." He
+advised me at the same time to reserve my question until the
+remonstrants should have been fully heard. As no time then remained for
+my question, I will ask it now: "If, as is just, we should apply the
+test proposed by Mrs. W. to the men of the community, how long would it
+be before they could properly claim the privilege of the franchise?"
+
+_Du reste_, the gentleman in question, with whom my relations have
+always been entirely friendly, explained himself to me at the close of
+the hearing by saying: "I treated you as I would have treated a man
+under similar circumstances."
+
+I now considered my occupations as fully equal to the capacity of my
+time and strength. My family, my studies, and my club demanded much
+attention. My elder children were now grown up, and some social
+functions were involved in this fact, such as chaperonage, the giving of
+parties, and much entertainment of college and school friends.
+
+Nevertheless, a new claimant for my services was about to come upon the
+scene. In the early summer of the year 1868, the Sorosis of New York
+issued a call for a congress of women to be held in that city in the
+autumn of the same year. Many names, some known, others unknown to me,
+were appended to the document first sent forth in this intention. My own
+was asked for. Should I give or withhold it? Among the signatures
+already obtained, I saw that of Maria Mitchell, and this determined me
+to give my own.
+
+Who was Maria Mitchell? A woman from Nantucket, and of Quaker origin,
+who had been brought to public notice by her discovery of a new comet, a
+service which the King of Denmark had offered to reward with a gold
+medal. This prize was secured for her through the intervention of Hon.
+Edward Everett. She had also been appointed Professor of Astronomy at
+Vassar College.
+
+What was Maria Mitchell? A gifted, noble, lovable woman, devoted to
+science, but heartloyal to every social and personal duty. I seemed to
+know this of her when I knew her but slightly.
+
+At the time appointed, the congress assembled, and proved to be an
+occasion of much interest. Mrs. Livermore, Mrs. Stanton, Mrs. Isabella
+Beecher Hooker, Lucy Stone, Mrs. Charlotte B. Wilbour were prominent
+among the speakers heard at its sessions. I viewed its proceedings a
+little critically at first, its plan appearing to me rather vast and
+vague. But it had called out the sympathy of many earnest women, and the
+outline of an association presented was a good one, although the
+machinery for filling it up was deficient. Mrs. Livermore was elected
+president, Mrs. Wilbour chairman of executive committee, and I was glad
+to serve on a sub-committee, charged with the duty of selecting topics
+and speakers for the proposed annual congress.
+
+Mrs. Livermore's presidency lasted but two years, her extraordinary
+success as a lecturer making it impossible for her to give to the new
+undertaking the attention which it required. Mrs. Wilbour would no doubt
+have proved an efficient aid to her chief, but at this juncture a change
+of residence became desirable for her, and she decided to reside abroad
+for some years. Miss Alice Fletcher, now so honorably known as the
+friend and champion of our Indian tribes, was a most efficient
+secretary.
+
+The governing board was further composed of a vice president and
+director from each of the States represented by membership in the
+association. The name had been decided upon from the start. It was the
+Association for the Advancement of Women, and its motto was: "Truth,
+Justice, and Honor."
+
+[Illustration: MARIA MITCHELL
+
+_From a photograph._]
+
+Maria Mitchell succeeded Mrs. Livermore in the office of president. I
+think that the congress held in Philadelphia in the Centennial year was
+the occasion of her first presiding. Her customary manner had in it a
+little of the Quaker shyness, but when she appeared upon the platform
+the power of command, or rather of control, appeared in all that she
+said or did. In figure she was erect and above middle height. Her dress
+was a rich black silk, made after a plain but becoming fashion. The
+contrast between her silver curls and black eyes was striking. Her voice
+was harmonious, her manner at once gracious and decided. The question of
+commencing proceedings with prayer having been raised, Miss Mitchell
+invited those present to unite in a silent prayer, a form of worship
+common among the Friends.
+
+The impression made by our meetings was such that we soon began to
+receive letters from distant parts of the country, inviting us to
+journey hither and thither, and to hold our congresses east, west,
+north, and south. Our year's work was arranged by committees, which had
+reference severally to science, art, education, industrial training,
+reforms, and statistics.
+
+Our association certainly seemed to have answered an existing need.
+Leading women from many States joined us, and we distributed our
+congresses as widely as the limits of our purses would allow. Journeys
+to Utah and California were beyond the means of most of our workers, and
+we regretfully declined invitations received from friends in these
+States. In our earlier years our movements were mainly west and east. We
+soon felt, however, that we must make acquaintance with our Southern
+sisters. In the face of some discouragement, we arranged to hold a
+congress in Baltimore, and had every reason to be satisfied with its
+result. Kentucky followed on our list of Southern States, and the
+progressive women of Louisville accorded us a warm welcome and a three
+days' hearing in one of the finest churches of the city. To Tennessee,
+east and west, we gave two visits, both of which were amply justified by
+the cordial reception given us. In process of time Atlanta and New
+Orleans claimed our presence.
+
+Among the many mind-pictures left by our congresses, let me here outline
+one.
+
+The place is the court-house of Memphis, Tenn., which has been
+temporarily ceded for our use. The time is that of one of our public
+sessions, and the large audience is waiting in silent expectancy, when
+the entrance of a quaint figure attracts all eyes to the platform. It is
+that of a woman of middle height and past middle age, dressed in plain
+black, her nearly white hair cut short, and surmounted by a sort of
+student's cap of her own devising. Her appearance at first borders on
+the grotesque, but is presently seen to be nearer the august. She turns
+her pleasant face toward the audience, takes off her cap, and unrolls
+the manuscript from which she proposes to read. Her eyes beam with
+intelligence and kindly feeling. The spectators applaud her before she
+has opened her lips. Her aspect has taken them captive at once.
+
+Her essay, on some educational theme, is terse, direct, and full of good
+thought. It is heard with close attention and with manifest approbation,
+and whenever, in the proceedings that follow, she rises to say her word,
+she is always greeted with a murmur of applause. This lady is Miss Mary
+Ripley, a public school teacher of Buffalo city, wise in the instruction
+of the young and in the enlightenment of elders. We all rejoice in her
+success, which is eminently that of character and intellect.
+
+I feel myself drawn on to offer another picture, not of our congress,
+but of a scene which grew out of it.
+
+The ladies of our association have been invited to visit a school for
+young girls, of which Miss Conway, one of our members, is the principal.
+After witnessing some interesting exercises, we assemble in the large
+hall, where a novel entertainment has been provided for us. A band of
+twelve young ladies appear upon the platform. They wear the colors of
+"Old Glory," but after a new fashion, four of them being arrayed from
+head to foot in red, four in blue, and four in white. While the John
+Brown tune is heard from the piano, they proceed to act in graceful dumb
+show the stanzas of my Battle Hymn. How they did it I cannot tell, but
+it was a most lovely performance.
+
+In the year 1898, for the first time since its first meeting, our
+association issued no call for a congress of women. The reasons for our
+failure to do so may be briefly stated. Some of our most efficient
+members had been removed by death, some by unavoidable circumstances.
+But more than this, the demands made upon the time and strength of women
+by the women's clubs, which are now numerous and universal, had come to
+occupy the attention of many who in other times had leisure to interest
+themselves in our work. The biennial conventions of the general
+federation of women's clubs no doubt appear to many to fill the place
+which we have honorably held, and may in some degree answer the ends
+which we have always had in view. Yet a number of us still hold
+together, united in heart and in hand. Although we have sadly missed our
+departed friends, I have never felt that the interest or value of our
+meetings suffered any decline. The spirit of those dear ones has seemed,
+on the contrary, to abide among us, holding us pledged to undertake the
+greater effort made necessary by their absence. We still count among our
+members many who keep the inspiration under which we first took the
+field. We feel, moreover, that our happy experience of many years has
+brought us lessons too precious to hide or to neglect.
+
+The coming together either of men or of women from regions widely
+separate from each other naturally gives occasion for comparison. So far
+as I have known, the comparisons elicited by our meetings have more and
+more tended to resolve imagined discords into prevailing harmony. The
+sympathy of feeling aroused by our unity of object has always risen
+above the distinctions of section and belonging. Honest differences of
+opinion, honestly and temperately expressed, tend rather to develop good
+feeling than to disturb it. I am glad to be able to say that sectional
+prejudice has appeared very little, if at all, in the long course of our
+congresses, and that self-glorification, whether of State or individual,
+has never had any place with us, while the great instruction of meeting
+with earnest and thoughtful workers from every part of our country's
+vast domain has been greatly appreciated by us and by those who, in
+various places, have met with us.
+
+We have presented at our meetings reports on a variety of important
+topics. Our congress of three days usually concluding on Saturday, such
+of our speakers as are accustomed to the pulpit have often been invited
+to hold forth in one or more of the churches. In Knoxville, Tenn., for
+example, I was cordially bidden to lift up my voice in an orthodox
+Presbyterian church, Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney spoke before the Unitarian
+society, Rev. Antoinette Brown Blackwell preached to yet another
+congregation, and Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott improved the Sunday by a
+very interesting talk on waifs, of which class of unfortunates she has
+had much official and personal knowledge.
+
+An extended account of our many meetings would be out of place in this
+volume, but some points in connection with them may be of interest. It
+often happened that we visited cities in which no associations of women,
+other than the church and temperance societies, existed. After our
+departure, women's clubs almost invariably came into being.
+
+Our eastern congresses have been held in Portland, Providence,
+Springfield, and Boston. In the Empire State, we have visited Buffalo,
+Syracuse, and New York. Denver and Colorado Springs have been our limit
+in the west. Northward, we have met in Toronto and at St. John. In the
+south, as already said, our pilgrimages have reached Atlanta and New
+Orleans.
+
+We have sometimes been requested to supplement our annual congress by an
+additional day's session at some place easily reached from the city in
+which the main meeting had been appointed to be held. Of these
+supplementary congresses I will mention a very pleasant one at St. Paul,
+Minn., and a very useful one held by some of our number in Salt Lake
+City.
+
+At the congress held in Boston in the autumn of 1879, I was elected
+president, my predecessor in the office, Mrs. Daggett, declining further
+service.
+
+As the years have gone on, Death has done his usual work upon our
+number. I have already spoken of our second president, Maria Mitchell,
+who continued, after her term of office, to send us valuable statements
+regarding the scientific work of women. Mrs. Kate Newell Daggett, our
+third president, had long been recognized as a leader of social and
+intellectual progress in her adopted city of Chicago. The record in our
+calendar is that of an earnest worker, well fitted to commend the
+woman's cause by her attractive presence and cultivated mind.
+
+Miss Abby W. May was a tower of strength to our association. She
+excelled in judgment, and in the sense of measure and of fitness. Her
+sober taste in dress did not always commend her to our assemblage,
+composed largely of women, but the plainness of her garb was redeemed by
+the beauty of her classic head and by the charm of her voice and manner.
+She was grave in demeanor, but with an undertone of genuine humor which
+showed her to be truly human. She was the worthy cousin of Rev. Samuel
+Joseph May, and is remembered by me as the crown of a family of more
+than common distinction.
+
+The progress of the woman question naturally developed a fresh interest
+in the industrial capacity of the sex. Experts in these matters know
+that the work of woman enters into almost every department of service
+and of manufacture. In order to make this more evident, it seemed
+advisable to ask that a separate place might be assigned at some of the
+great industrial fairs, for the special showing of the inventions and
+handicraft of women. Such a space was conceded to us at one of the
+important fairs held in Boston in 1882, and I was invited to become
+president of this, the first recognized Woman's Department. In this work
+I received valuable aid from Mrs. Henrietta L. T. Wolcott, who, in the
+capacity of treasurer, was able to exercise a constant supervision over
+the articles consigned to our care.
+
+On the opening day of the fair General Butler, who was then governor of
+Massachusetts, presided. In introducing me, he said, in a playfully
+apologetic manner, "Mrs. Howe may say some things which we might not
+wish to hear, but it is my office to present her to this audience." He
+probably thought that I was about to speak of woman suffrage. My
+address, however, did not touch upon that topic, but upon the present
+new departure, its value and interest. General Butler, indeed, sometimes
+claimed to be a friend of woman suffrage, but one of our number said of
+him in homely phrase: "He only wants to have his dish right side up when
+it rains."
+
+The most noticeable points in our exhibit were, first, the number of
+useful articles invented by women; secondly, a very creditable
+exhibition of scientific work, largely contributed by the lady students
+and graduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; lastly, a
+collection of books composed by women, among which were some volumes of
+quite ancient date.
+
+I suppose that my connection with this undertaking led to my receiving
+and accepting an invitation to assume the presidency of a woman's
+department in a great World's Fair to be held in New Orleans in the late
+autumn and winter of 1883-84. Coupled with this invitation was the
+promise of a sum of money amply sufficient to defray all the expenses
+involved in the management of so extensive a work. My daughter Maud was
+also engaged to take charge of an alcove especially devoted to the
+literary work of women.
+
+We arrived in New Orleans in November, and found our affairs at a
+standstill. Our "chief of exposition," as she was called, Mrs. Cloudman,
+had measured and marked off the spaces requisite for the exhibits of the
+several States, but no timber was forthcoming with which to erect the
+necessary stands, partitions, etc. On inquiry, I was told that the funds
+obtained in support of the enterprise had proved insufficient, and that
+some expected contributions had failed. There was naturally some censure
+of the manner in which the resources actually at hand had been employed,
+and some complaining of citizens of New Orleans who had been expected to
+contribute thousands of dollars to the exposition, and who had
+subscribed only a few hundreds.
+
+I proceeded at once to organize a board of direction for the department,
+composed of the lady commissioners in charge of exhibits from their
+several States. One or two of these ladies objected to the separate
+showing of woman's work, and were allowed to place their goods in the
+general exhibit of their States. I had friendly relations with these
+ladies, but they were not under my jurisdiction. Our embarrassing
+deadlock lasted for some time, but at length a benevolent lumber dealer
+endowed us with three thousand feet of pine boards. The management
+furnished no workman for us, but the commanders of two United States
+warships in the harbor lent us the services of their ship-carpenters,
+and in process of time the long gallery set apart for our use was
+partitioned off in pretty alcoves, draped with bright colors, and filled
+with every variety of handiwork.
+
+I was fond of showing, among other novelties, a heavy iron chain, forged
+by a woman-blacksmith, and a set of fine jewelry, entirely made by
+women. The exposition was a very valuable one, and did not fail to
+attract a large concourse of people from all parts of the country. In
+the great multitude of things to be seen, and in the crowded attendance,
+visitors were easily confused, and often failed to find matters which
+might most interest them.
+
+In order to improve the opportunity offered, I bethought me of a series
+of short talks on the different exhibits, to be given either by the
+commissioners in charge of them, or by experts whose services could be
+secured. These twelve o'clock talks, as they were called, became very
+popular, and were continued during the greater part of the season.
+
+In the same gallery with ourselves was the exhibit made by the colored
+people of New Orleans. Of this I remember best a pathetic little art
+gallery, in which was conspicuous a portrait of Governor Andrew. I
+proposed one day to the directors of this exhibit that they should hold
+a meeting in their compartment, and that I should speak to them of their
+great friends at the North, whom I had known familiarly, and whose faces
+they had never seen. They responded joyfully to my offer; and on a
+certain day assembled in their alcove, which they had decorated with
+flowers, surrounding a portrait of Abraham Lincoln. A choir of melodious
+voices sang my Battle Hymn, and all listened while I spoke of Garrison,
+Sumner, Andrew, Phillips, and Dr. Howe. A New Orleans lady who was
+present, Mrs. Merritt, also made a brief address, bidding the colored
+people remember that "they had good friends at the South also," which I
+was glad to hear and believe.
+
+The funds placed at our disposal falling far short of what had been
+promised us at the outset, we found ourselves under the necessity of
+raising money to defray our necessary expenses, among which was that of
+a special police, to prevent pilfering. To this end, a series of
+entertainments was devised, beginning with a lecture of my own, which
+netted over six hundred dollars.
+
+Several other lectures were given, and Colonel Mapleson allowed some of
+his foremost artists to give a concert for the benefit of our
+department, by which something over a thousand dollars was realized. We
+should still have suffered much embarrassment had not Senator Hoar
+managed to secure from Congress an appropriation of ten thousand
+dollars, from which our debts were finally paid in full.
+
+The collection over which my daughter presided, of books written by
+women, scientific drawings, magazines, and so on, attracted many
+visitors. Her colleague in this charge was Mrs. Eveline M. Ordway.
+Through their efforts, the authors of these works permitted the
+presentation of them to the Ladies' Art Association of New Orleans. This
+gift was much appreciated.
+
+My management of the woman's department brought upon me some vulgar
+abuse from local papers, which was more than compensated for by the
+great kindness which I received from leading individuals in the society
+of the place. At the exposition I made acquaintance with many delightful
+people, among whom I will mention Captain Pym, who claimed to be the
+oldest Arctic voyager living, President Johnston of Tulane University,
+and Mrs. Townsend, a poet of no mean merit, who had had the honor of
+being chosen as the laureate of the opening exposition.
+
+When my duties as president were at an end, I parted from my late
+associates with sincere regret, and turned my face northward, with
+grateful affection for the friends left behind me.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+CERTAIN CLUBS
+
+
+At a tea-party which took place quite early in my club career, Dr.
+Holmes expatiated at some length upon his own unfitness for club
+association of any kind. He then turned to me and said, "Mrs. Howe, I
+consider you eminently _clubable_." The hostess of the occasion was Mrs.
+Josiah Quincy, Jr., a lady of much mark in her day, interested in all
+matters of public importance, and much given to hospitality.
+
+I shall make the doctor's remark the text for a chapter giving some
+account of various clubs in which I have had membership and office.
+
+The first of these was formed in the early days of my residence in
+Boston. It was purely social in design, and I mention it here only
+because it possessed one feature which I have never seen repeated. It
+consisted of ten or more young women, mostly married, and all well
+acquainted with one another. Our meetings took place fortnightly, and on
+the following plan. Each of us was allowed to invite one or two
+gentlemen friends. The noble pursuit of crochet was then in great favor,
+and the ladies agreed to meet at eight o'clock, to work upon a crochet
+quilt which was to be made in strips and afterwards joined. At nine
+o'clock the gentlemen were admitted. Prior invitations had been given
+simply in the name of the club, and their names were not disclosed until
+they made their appearance. The element of comic mystery thus introduced
+gave some piquancy to our informal gathering. Some light refreshments
+were then served, and the company separated in great good humor. This
+little club was much enjoyed, but it lasted only through one season, and
+the crochet quilt never even approached completion.
+
+My next club experience was much later in date and in quite another
+locality. The summers which I passed in my lovely Newport valley brought
+me many pleasant acquaintances. Though at a considerable distance from
+the town of Newport, I managed to keep up a friendly intercourse with
+those who took the trouble to seek me out in my retirement.
+
+The historian Bancroft and his wife were at this time prominent figures
+in Newport society. Their hospitality was proverbial, and at their
+entertainments one was sure to meet the notabilities who from time to
+time visited the now reviving town.
+
+Mrs. Ritchie, only daughter of Harrison Gray Otis, of Boston, resided on
+Bellevue Avenue, as did Albert Sumner, a younger brother of the senator,
+a handsome and genial man, much lamented when, with his wife and only
+child, he perished by shipwreck in 1858. Colonel Higginson and his
+brilliant wife, a sad sufferer from chronic rheumatism, had taken up
+their abode at Mrs. Dame's Quaker boarding-house. The elder Henry James
+also came to reside in Newport, attracted thither by the presence of his
+friends, Edmund and Mary Tweedy.
+
+These notices of Newport are intended to introduce the mention of a club
+which has earned for itself some reputation and which still exists. Its
+foundation dates back to a summer which brought Bret Harte and Dr. J. G.
+Holland to Newport, and with them Professors Lane and Goodwin of Harvard
+University. My club-loving mind found sure material for many pleasant
+meetings, and a little band of us combined to improve the beautiful
+summer season by picnics, sailing parties, and household soirees, in all
+of which these brilliant literary lights took part. Helen Hunt and Kate
+Field were often of our company, and Colonel Higginson was always with
+us. Our usual place of meeting was the house of a hospitable friend who
+resided on the Point. Both house and friend have to do with the phrase
+"a bully piaz," which has erroneously been supposed to be of my
+invention, but which originated in the following manner: Colonel
+Higginson had related to us that at a boarding-house which he had
+recently visited, he found two children of a Boston family of high
+degree, amusing themselves on the broad piazza. The little boy presently
+said to the little girl:--
+
+"I say, sis, isn't this a bully piaz?"
+
+My friend on the Point had heard this, and when she introduced me to the
+veranda which she had added to her house, she asked me, laughing,
+"whether I did not consider this a bully piaz." The phrase was
+immediately adopted in our confraternity, and our friend was made to
+figure in a club ditty beginning thus:--
+
+  "There was a little woman with a bully piaz,
+   Which she loved for to show, for to show."
+
+This same house contained a room which the owner set apart for dramatic
+and other performances, and here, with much mock state, we once held a
+"commencement," the Latin programme of which was carefully prepared by
+Professor Lane of Harvard University. I acted as president of the
+occasion, Colonel Higginson as my aid; and we both marched up the aisle
+in Oxford caps and gowns, and took our places on the platform. I opened
+the proceedings by an address in Latin, Greek, and English; and when I
+turned to Colonel Higginson, and called him, "Filie meum dilectissime,"
+he wickedly replied with three bows of such comic gravity that I almost
+gave way to unbecoming laughter. Not long before this he had published
+his paper on the Greek goddesses. I therefore assigned as his theme the
+problem, "How to sacrifice an Irish bull to a Greek goddess." Colonel
+Waring, the well-known engineer, being at that time in charge of a
+valuable farm in the neighborhood, was invited to discuss "Social small
+potatoes; how to enlarge the eyes." An essay on rhinosophy was given by
+Fanny Fern, the which I, chalk in hand, illustrated on the blackboard by
+the following equation:--
+
+  "Nose + nose + nose = proboscis
+   Nose - nose - nose = snub."
+
+A class was called upon for recitations from Mother Goose in seven
+different languages. At the head of this Professor Goodwin, then and now
+of Harvard, honored us with a Greek version of "The Man in the Moon." A
+recent Harvard graduate recited the following:--
+
+  "Heu! iter didulum,
+    Felis cum fidulum,
+  Vacca transiluit lunam,
+    Caniculus ridet
+    Quum talem videt,
+  Et dish ambulavit cum spoonam."
+
+The question being asked whether this last line was in strict accordance
+with grammar, the scholar gave the following rule: "The conditions of
+grammar should always give way to the exigencies of rhyme."
+
+A supposed graduate of the department of law coming forward to receive
+her degree, was thus addressed: "Come hither, my dear little lamb, I
+welcome you to a long career at the _baa_."
+
+As I record these extravagances, I seem to hear faint reverberations of
+the laughter of some who are no longer in life, and of others who will
+never again meet in such lightness of heart.
+
+This brilliant conjunction of stars was now no more in Newport, and the
+delicious fooling of that unique summer was never repeated. Out of it
+came, however, the more serious and permanent association known as the
+Town and Country Club of Newport. Of this I was at once declared
+president, but my great good fortune lay in my having for vice-president
+Professor William B. Rogers, illustrious as the founder of the
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
+
+The rapid _crescendo_ of the fast world which surrounded us at this time
+made sober people a little anxious lest the Newport season should
+entirely evaporate into the shallow pursuit of amusement. This rampant
+gayety offered little or nothing to the more thoughtful members of
+society,--those who love to combine reasonable intercourse with work and
+study.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOME AT NEWPORT
+
+_From a photograph by Briskham and Davidson._]
+
+I felt the need of upholding the higher social ideals, and of not
+leaving true culture unrepresented, even in a summer watering-place.
+Professor Rogers entered very fully into these views. With his help a
+simple plan of organization was effected, and a small governing board
+was appointed. Colonel Higginson became our treasurer, Miss Juliet R.
+Goodwin, granddaughter of Hon. Asher Robbins, was our secretary. Samuel
+Powel, formerly of Philadelphia, a man much in love with natural
+science, was one of our most valued members. Our membership was limited
+to fifty. Our club fee was two dollars. Our meetings took place once in
+ten days. At each meeting a lecture was given on some topic of history,
+science, or general literature. Tea and conversation followed, and the
+party usually broke up after a session of two hours. Colonel Higginson
+once deigned to say that this club made it possible to be sensible even
+at Newport and during the summer. The names of a few persons show what
+we aimed at, and how far we succeeded. We had scientific lectures from
+Professor Rogers, Professor Alexander Agassiz, Dr. Weir Mitchell, and
+others. Maria Mitchell, professor of astronomy at Vassar College, gave
+us a lecture on Saturn. Miss Kate Hillard spoke to us several times.
+Professor Thomas Davidson unfolded for us the philosophy of Aristotle.
+Rev. George E. Ellis gave us a lecture on the Indians of Rhode Island,
+and another on Bishop Berkeley. Professor Bailey of Providence spoke on
+insectivorous plants, and on one occasion we enjoyed in his company a
+club picnic at Paradise, after which the wild flowers in that immediate
+vicinity were gathered and explained. Colonel Higginson ministered to
+our instruction and entertainment, and once unbent so far as to act with
+me and some others in a set of charades. The historian George Bancroft
+was one of our number, as was also Miss Anna Ticknor, founder of the
+Society for the Encouragement of Studies at Home. Among the worthies
+whom we honor in remembrance I must not omit to mention Rev. Charles T.
+Brooks, the beloved pastor of the Unitarian church. Mr. Brooks was a
+scholar of no mean pretensions, and a man of most delightful presence.
+He had come to Newport immediately after graduating at Harvard Divinity
+School, and here he remained, faithfully at work, until the close of his
+pastoral labors, a period of forty years. He was remarkably youthful in
+aspect, and retained to the last the bloom and bright smile of his
+boyhood. His sermons were full of thought and of human interest; but
+while bestowing much care upon them, he found time to give to the world
+a metrical translation of Goethe's "Faust" and an English version of the
+"Titan" of Jean Paul Richter.
+
+Professor Davidson's lecture on Aristotle touched so deeply the chords
+of thought as to impel some of us to pursue the topic further. Dear
+Charles Brooks invited an adjourned meeting of the club to be held in
+his library. At this several learned men were present. Professor Boyesen
+spoke to us of the study of Aristotle in Germany; Professor Botta of its
+treatment in the universities of Italy. The laity asked many questions,
+and the fine library of our host afforded the books of reference needed
+for their enlightenment.
+
+The club proceedings here enumerated cover a period of more than thirty
+years. The world around us meanwhile had reached the height of
+fashionable success. An entertainment, magnificent for those days, was
+given, which was said to have cost ten thousand dollars. Samuel Powel
+prophesied that a collapse must follow such extravagance. A change
+certainly did follow. The old, friendly Newport gradually disappeared.
+The place was given over to the splendid festivities of fashion, which
+is "nothing if not fashionable." Under this influence it still abides.
+The four-in-hand is its climax. Dances can be enjoyed only by those who
+can begin them at eleven o'clock at night, and end in the small hours of
+the morning. If one attends a party, one sees the hall as full of
+lackeys as would be displayed at a London entertainment in high life.
+They are English lackeys, too, and their masters and mistresses affect
+as much of the Anglican mode of doing things as Americans can fairly
+master. The place has all its old beauty, with many modern improvements
+of convenience; but its exquisite social atmosphere, half rustic, half
+cosmopolitan, and wholly free, is found no longer. The quiet visitors of
+moderate fortunes find their tastes better suited across the bay, at
+Jamestown and Narragansett Pier. Thus whole generations of the
+transients have come and gone since the time of my early memories.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+ANOTHER EUROPEAN TRIP
+
+
+In 1877 I went abroad with my daughter Maud, now Mrs. Elliott, and with
+her revisited England, France, and Italy. In London we had the pleasure
+of being entertained by Lord Houghton, whom I had known, thirty or more
+years earlier, as a bachelor. He was now the father of two attractive
+daughters, and of a son who later succeeded to his title. At a breakfast
+at his house I met Mr. Waddington, who was at that time very prominent
+in French politics. At one of Lord Houghton's receptions I witnessed the
+entrance of a rather awkward man, and was told that this was Mr. Irving,
+whose performance of Hamlet was then much talked of. Here I met the
+widow of Barry Cornwall, who was also the mother of the lamented
+Adelaide Procter.
+
+An evening at Devonshire House and a ball at Mr. Goschen's were among
+our gayeties. At the former place I saw Mr. Gladstone for the first
+time, and met Lord Rosebery, whom I had known in America. I had met Mrs.
+Schliemann and had received from her an invitation to attend a meeting
+(I think) of the Royal Geographical Society, at which she was to make an
+address. Her theme was a plea in favor of the modern pronunciation of
+Greek. It was much applauded, and the discussion of the views presented
+by her was opened by Mr. Gladstone himself.
+
+Lord Houghton one day asked whether I should like to go to breakfast
+with Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone. One reply only to such a question was
+possible, and on the morning appointed we drove together to the
+Gladstone mansion. We were a little early, for Mrs. Gladstone complained
+that the flowers ordered from her country seat had but just arrived. A
+daughter of the house proceeded to arrange them. Breakfast was served at
+two round tables, exactly alike.
+
+I was glad to find myself seated between the great man and the Greek
+minister, John Gennadius. The talk ran a good deal upon Hellenics, and I
+spoke of the influence of the Greek in the formation of the Italian
+language, to which Mr. Gladstone did not agree. I know that scholars
+differ on this point, but I still retain the opinion which I then
+expressed. I ventured a timid remark regarding the great number of Greek
+derivatives used in our common English speech. Mr. Gladstone said very
+abruptly, "How? What? English words derived from Greek?" and almost
+
+  "Frightened Miss Muffet away."
+
+He was said to be habitually disputatious, and I thought that this must
+certainly be the case; for he surely knew better than most people how
+largely and familiarly we incorporate the words of Plato, Aristotle, and
+Xenophon in our every-day talk.
+
+Lord Houghton also took me one evening to a reception at the house of
+Mr. Palgrave. At a dinner given in our honor at Greenwich, I was
+escorted to the table by Mr. Mallock, author of "The New Republic." I
+remember him as a young man of medium height and dark complexion. Of his
+conversation I can recall only his praise of the Church of Rome. William
+Black, the well-known romancer, took tea with me at my lodgings one
+afternoon. Here I also received Mr. Green, author of "A Short History of
+the English People," and Mr. Knowles, editor of the "Nineteenth
+Century."
+
+Mrs. Delia Stuart Parnell, whom I had known in America, had given me a
+letter of introduction to her son Charles, who was already conspicuous
+as an advocate of Home Rule for Ireland. He called upon me and appointed
+a day when I should go with him to the House of Commons. He came for me
+in his brougham, and saw me safely deposited in the ladies' gallery. He
+was then at the outset of his stormy career, and his younger sister told
+me that he had in Parliament but one supporter of his views, "a man
+named Biggar." He certainly had admirers elsewhere, for I remember
+having met a disciple of his, O'Connor by name, at a "rout" given by
+Mrs. Justin McCarthy. I asked this lady if her husband agreed with Mr.
+Parnell. She replied with warmth, "Of course; we are all Home Rulers
+here."
+
+We passed some weeks in Paris, where I found many new objects of
+interest. I here made acquaintance with M. Charles Lemonnier, who for
+many years edited a radical paper named "Les Etats Unis d'Europe." He
+was the husband of Elise Lemonnier, the founder of a set of industrial
+schools for women which bore her name, in grateful memory of this great
+service.
+
+I had met M. Desmoulins at a Peace Congress in America, and was indebted
+to him for the pleasure of an evening visit to Victor Hugo at his own
+residence. In "The History of a Crime," which was then just published,
+M. Hugo mentions M. Desmoulins as one who suffered, as he did, from the
+_coup d'etat_ which made Louis Napoleon emperor.
+
+A congress of _gens de lettres_ was announced in those days, and I
+received a card for the opening meeting, which was held in the large
+Chatelet Theatre. Victor Hugo presided, and read from a manuscript an
+address of some length, in a clear, firm voice. The Russian novelist,
+Tourgenieff, was also one of the speakers. He was then somewhat less
+than sixty years of age. Victor Hugo was at least fifteen years older,
+but, though his hair was silver white, the fire of his dark eyes was
+undimmed.
+
+I sought to obtain entrance to the subsequent sittings of this congress,
+but was told that no ladies could be admitted. I became acquainted at
+this time with Frederic Passy, the well-known writer on political
+economy. Through his kindness I was enabled to attend a meeting of the
+French Academy, and to see the Immortals in their armchairs, and in
+their costume, a sort of quaint long coat, faced with the traditional
+palms stamped or embroidered on green satin.
+
+The entertainment was a varied one. The principal discourse eulogized
+several deceased members of the august body, and among them the young
+artist, Henri Regnault, whose death was much deplored. This was followed
+by an essay on Raphael's pictures of the Fornarina, and by another on
+the social status of the early Christians, in which it was maintained
+that wealth had been by no means a contraband among them, and that the
+holding of goods in common had been but a temporary feature of the new
+discipline. The exercises concluded with the performance by chorus and
+orchestra of a musical composition, which had for its theme the familiar
+Bible story of "Rebecca at the Well." A noticeable French feature of
+this was the indignation of Laban when he found his sister "alone with a
+man," the same being the messenger sent by Abraham to ask the young
+girl's hand in marriage for his son. The prospect of an advantageous
+matrimonial alliance seemed to set this right, and the piece concluded
+with reestablished harmony.
+
+My friend M. Frederic Passy asked me one day whether I should like to
+see the crowning of a _rosiere_ in a suburban town. He explained to me
+that this ceremony was of annual occurrence, and that it usually had
+reference to some meritorious conduct on the part of a young girl who
+was selected to be publicly rewarded as the best girl of her town or
+village. This honor was accompanied by a gift of some hundreds of
+francs, intended to serve as the marriage portion of the young girl. I
+gladly accepted the ticket of admission offered me by M. Passy, the more
+as he was to be the orator of the occasion, fixed for a certain Sunday
+afternoon.
+
+After a brief railroad journey I reached the small town, the name of
+which escapes my memory, and found the notables of the place assembled
+in a convenient hall, the mayor presiding. Soon a band of music was
+heard approaching, and the _rosiere_, with her escort, entered and took
+the place assigned her. She was dressed in white silk, with a wreath of
+white roses around her head. A canopy was held over her, and at her side
+walked another young girl, dressed also in white, but of a less
+expensive material. This, they told me, was the _rosiere_ of the year
+before who, according to custom, waited upon her successor to the
+dignity.
+
+Upon the mayor devolved the duty of officially greeting and
+complimenting the _rosiere_. M. Passy's oration followed. His theme was
+religious toleration. As an instance of this he told us how, at the
+funeral of the great Channing in Boston, Archbishop Chevereux caused the
+bells of the cathedral to be tolled, as an homage to the memory of his
+illustrious friend. It appeared to me whimsical that I should come to an
+obscure suburb of Paris to hear of this. At home I had never heard it
+mentioned. Mrs. Eustis, Dr. Channing's daughter, on being questioned,
+assured me that she perfectly remembered the occurrence.
+M. Passy presented me with a volume of his essays on questions of
+political economy. Among the topics therein treated was the vexed
+problem, "Does expensive living enrich the community?" I was glad to
+learn that he gave lectures upon his favorite science to classes of
+young women as well as of young men.
+
+Among my pleasant recollections of Paris at this time is that of a visit
+to the studio of Gustave Dore, which came about on this wise. An English
+clergyman whom we had met in London happened to be in Paris at this
+time, and one day informed us that he had had some correspondence with
+Dore, and had suggested to the latter a painting of the Resurrection
+from a new point of view. This should represent, not the opening grave,
+but the gates of heaven unclosing to receive the ascending form of the
+Master. The artist had promised to illustrate this subject, and our new
+friend invited us to accompany him to the studio, where he hoped to find
+the picture well advanced. Accordingly, on a day appointed, we knocked
+at the artist's door and were admitted. The apartment was vast, well
+proportioned to the unusual size of many of the works of art which hung
+upon the walls.
+
+Dore received us with cordiality, and showed Mr. ---- the picture which
+he had suggested, already nearly completed. He appeared to be about
+forty years of age, in figure above medium height, well set up and
+balanced. His eyes were blue, his hair dark, his facial expression very
+genial. After some conversation with the English visitor, he led the way
+to his latest composition, which represented the van of a traveling
+showman, in front of which stood its proprietor, holding in his arms the
+body of his little child, just dead, in the middle of his performance.
+Beside him stood his wife, in great grief, and at her feet the trick
+dogs, fantastically dressed, showed in their brute countenances the
+sympathy which those animals often evince when made aware of some
+misfortune befalling their master.
+
+Here we also saw a model of the enormous vase which the artist had sent
+to the exposition of that year (1879), and which William W. Story
+contemptuously called "Dore's bottle."
+
+The artist professed himself weary of painting for the moment. He seemed
+to have taken much interest in his recent modeling, and called our
+attention to a genius cast in bronze, which he had hoped that the
+municipality would have purchased for the illumination of the "Place de
+l'Opera." The head was surrounded by a coronet intended to give forth
+jets of flame, while the wings and body should be outlined by lights of
+another color.
+
+In the course of conversation, I remarked to him that his artistic
+career must have begun early in life. He replied:--
+
+"Indeed, madam, I was hardly twenty years of age when I produced my
+illustrations of the 'Wandering Jew.'"
+
+I had more than once visited the Dore Gallery in London, and I spoke to
+him of a study of grasses there exhibited, which, with much else, I had
+found admirable.
+
+I believe that Dore's works are severely dealt with by art critics, and
+especially by such of them as are themselves artists. Whatever may be
+the defects of his work, I feel sure that he has produced some paintings
+which deserve to live in the public esteem. Among these I would include
+his picture of Christ's Entry into Jerusalem, for the contrast therein
+shown between the popular enthusiasm and the indifference of a group of
+richly dressed women, seated in a balcony, and according no attention
+whatever to the procession passing in the street just below them.
+
+Worthy to be mentioned with this is his painting of Francesca da Rimini
+and her lover, as Dante saw them in his vision of hell. Mrs. Longfellow
+once showed me an engraving of this work, exclaiming, as she pointed to
+Francesca, "What southern passion in that face!"
+
+I was invited several times to speak while in Paris. I chose for the
+theme of my first lecture, "Associations of Women in the United States."
+The chairman of the committee of invitation privately requested me
+beforehand not to speak either of woman suffrage or of the Christian
+religion. He said that the first was dreaded in France because many
+supposed that the woman's vote, if conceded, would bring back the
+dominion of the Catholic priesthood; while the Christian religion, to a
+French audience, would mean simply the Church of Rome. I spoke in French
+and without notes, though not without preparation. No tickets were sold
+for these lectures and no fee was paid. A large salver, laid on a table
+near the entrance of the hall, was intended to receive voluntary
+contributions towards the inevitable expenses of the evening. I was
+congratulated, after the lecture, for having spoken with "_tant de bonne
+grace_."
+
+Before leaving Paris I was invited to take part in a congress of woman's
+rights (_congres du droit des femmes_). It was deemed proper to elect
+two presidents for this occasion, and I had the honor of being chosen as
+one of them, the other being a gentleman well known in public life. My
+co-president addressed me throughout the meeting as "Madame la
+Presidente." The proceedings naturally were carried on in the French
+language. Colonel T. W. Higginson was present, as was Theodore Stanton,
+son of Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Among the lady speakers was one, of
+whom I was told that she possessed every advantage of wealth and social
+position. She was attired like a woman of fashion, and yet she proved to
+be an ardent suffragist. Somewhat in contrast with these sober doings
+was a ball given by the artist Healy at his residence. In accepting the
+invitation to attend this party, I told Mrs. Healy in jest that I should
+insist upon dancing with her husband, whom I had known for many years.
+Soon after my entrance Mrs. Healy said to me, "Mrs. Howe, your quadrille
+is ready for you. See what company you are to have." I looked and beheld
+General Grant and M. Gambetta, who led out Mrs. Grant, while her husband
+had Mrs. Healy for his partner.
+
+At this ball I met Mrs. Evans, wife of the well-known dentist, who, in
+1870, aided the escape of the Empress Eugenie. Mrs. Evans wore in her
+hair a diamond necklace, said to have been given to her by the Empress.
+
+I found in Paris a number of young women, students of art and medicine,
+who appeared to lead very isolated lives and to have little or no
+acquaintance with one another. The need of a point of social union for
+these young people appearing to me very great, I invited a few of them
+to meet me at my lodgings. After some discussion we succeeded in
+organizing a small club which, I am told, still exists.
+
+Marshal MacMahon was at this time President of the French republic. I
+attended an evening reception given by him in honor of General and Mrs.
+Grant. Our host was supposed to be the head of the Bonapartist faction,
+and I heard some rumors of an intended _coup d'etat_ which should bring
+back imperialism and place Plon-Plon[4] on the throne. This was not to
+be. The legitimist party held the Imperialists in check, and the
+Republicans were strong enough to hold their own.
+
+[Footnote 4: The nickname for Prince Napoleon.]
+
+I remember Marshal MacMahon as a man of medium height, with no very
+distinguishing feature. He was dressed in uniform and wore many
+decorations.
+
+We passed on to Italy. Soon after my arrival in Florence I was asked to
+speak on suffrage at the _Circolo Filologico_, one of the favorite halls
+of the city. The attendance was very large. I made my argument in
+French, and when it was ended a dear old-fashioned conservative in the
+gallery stood up to speak, and told off all the counter pleas with which
+suffragists are familiar,--the loss of womanly grace, the neglect of
+house and family, etc. When he had finished speaking a charming Italian
+matron, still young and handsome, sprang forward and took me by the
+hand, saying, "I feel to take the hand of this sister from America."
+Cordial applause followed this and I was glad to hear my new friend
+respond with much grace to our crabbed opponent in the gallery. The
+sympathy of the audience was evidently with us.
+
+A morning visit to the Princess Belgioiosa may deserve a passing
+mention. This lady was originally Princess Ghika, of a noble Roumanian
+family. She had married a Russian--Count Murherstsky. I never knew the
+origin of the Italian title. My dear friend, Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney, went
+with me to the princess's villa, which was at some distance from the
+city proper. Although the winter was well begun she received us in a
+room without fire. She was wrapped in furs from head to foot while we
+shivered with cold. She appeared to be about sixty years of age, and
+showed no traces of the beauty which I had seen in a portrait of her
+taken in her youth. She spoke English fluently, but with idioms derived
+from other languages, in some of which I should have understood her more
+easily than in my own.
+
+Our first winter abroad was passed in Rome, which I now saw for the
+first time as the capital of a united Italy. The king, "_Il Re
+Galantuomo_," was personally popular with all save the partisans of the
+Pope's temporal dominion. I met him more than once driving on Monte
+Pinciano. He was of large stature, with a countenance whose extreme
+plainness was redeemed by an expression of candor and of good humor.
+
+In the course of this winter Victor Emmanuel died. The marks of public
+grief at this event were unmistakable. The ransomed land mourned its
+sovereign as with one heart.
+
+I recall vividly the features of the king's funeral procession, which
+was resplendent with wreaths and banners sent from every part of Italy.
+The monarch's remains were borne in a crimson coach of state, drawn by
+six horses. His own favorite war-horse followed, veiled in crape. Nobles
+and servants of noble houses walked before and after the coach in
+brilliant costumes, bareheaded, carrying in their hands lighted torches
+of wax. I stood to see this wonderful sight with my dear friend Sarah
+Clarke, at a window of her apartment opposite to the Barberini Palaces.
+As the cortege swept by I dropped my tribute of flowers.
+
+I was also present when King Umberto took the oath of office before the
+Italian Parliament, to whose members in turn the oath of allegiance was
+administered. In a box, in full view, were seated a number of royalties,
+to wit, Queen Margherita, her sister-in-law, the Queen of Portugal, the
+Prince of Wales, and the then Crown Prince of Germany, loved and
+lamented as "_unser Fritz_." The little Prince of Naples sat with his
+royal mother, and kindly Albert Edward of England lifted him in his arms
+at the crowning moment in order that he might better see what was going
+on.
+
+By a curious chance I had one day the pleasure of taking part with
+Madame Ristori in a reading which made part of an entertainment given in
+aid of a public charity. Madame Ristori had promised to read on this
+occasion the scene from the play of Maria Stuart, in which she meets and
+overcrows her rival, Queen Elizabeth. The friend who should have read
+the part of this latter personage was suddenly disabled by illness, and
+I was pressed into the service. Our last rehearsal was held in the
+anteroom of the hall while the musical part of the entertainment was
+going on. Madame Ristori made me repeat my part several times, insisting
+that my manner was too reserved and would make hers appear extravagant.
+I did my best to conform to her wishes, and the reading was duly
+applauded.
+
+Another historic death followed that of Victor Emmanuel after the
+interval of a month. Pope Pius IX. had reigned too long to be deeply
+mourned by his spiritual subjects, one of whom remarked in answer to my
+condolence, "I should think that he had lived long enough." This same
+friend, however, claimed for Pio the rare merit of having abstained from
+enriching his own family, and said that when the niece of the Pontiff
+was married her uncle bestowed on her nothing save the diamonds which
+had been presented to him by the Sultan of Turkey. Be it also
+remembered, to his eternal credit, that Pio would not allow the last
+sacraments to be denied to the king, who had been his political enemy.
+"He was always a sincere Catholic," said the Pope, "and he shall not die
+without the sacraments."
+
+My dear sister, Mrs. Terry, went with me to attend the consecration of
+the new Pope, which took place in the Sistine Chapel. Leo XIII. was
+brought into the church with the usual pomp, robed in white silk,
+preceded by a brand new pair of barbaric fans, and wearing his triple
+crown. He was attended by a procession of high dignitaries, civil and
+ecclesiastic, the latter resplendent with costly silks, furs, and
+jewels. I think that what interested me most was the chapter of the
+Gospel which the Pope read in Greek, and which I found myself able to
+follow. After the elevation of the host, the new Pontiff retired for a
+brief space of time to partake, it was said, of some slight refreshment.
+As is well known, the celebrant and communicant at the Mass must remain
+in a fasting condition from the midnight preceding the ceremony until
+after its conclusion. For some reason which I have never heard
+explained, Pope Leo, in his receptions, revived some points of ceremony
+which his predecessors had allowed to lapse. In the time of Gregory
+XVI., Protestants had only been expected to make certain genuflections
+on approaching and on leaving the pontifical presence. Pope Leo required
+that all persons presented to him should kneel and kiss his hand. This,
+as a Protestant, I could never consent to do, and so was obliged to
+forego the honor of presentation. It was said in Rome that a brother of
+the Pope, a plain man from the country, called upon him just before or
+after his coronation. He was very stout in person, and objected to the
+inconvenience of kneeling for the ceremonial kiss. The Pope, however,
+insisted, and his relative departed, threatening never to return.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+FRIENDS AND WORTHIES: SOCIAL SUCCESSES
+
+
+Time would fail me if I should undertake to mention the valued
+friendships which have gladdened my many years in Boston, or to indicate
+the social pleasures which have alternated with my more serious
+pursuits. One or two of these friends I must mention, lest my
+reminiscences should be found lacking in the good savor of gratitude.
+
+I have already spoken of seeing the elder Richard H. Dana from time to
+time during the years of my young ladyhood in New York. He himself was
+surely a transcendental, of an apart and individual school.
+Nevertheless, the transcendentals of Boston did not come within either
+his literary or his social sympathies. I never heard him express any
+admiration for Mr. Emerson. He may, indeed, have done so at a later
+period; for Mr. Emerson in the end won for himself the heart of New
+England, which had long revolted at his novelties of thought and
+expression. Mr. Dana's ideal evidently was Washington Allston, for whom
+his attachment amounted almost to worship. The pair were sometimes
+spoken of in that day as "two old-world men who sat by the fire
+together, and upheld each other in aversion to the then prevailing state
+of things."
+
+I twice had the pleasure of seeing Washington Allston. My first sight of
+him was in my early youth when, being in Boston with my father for a
+brief visit, my dear tutor, Joseph G. Cogswell, undertook to give us
+this pleasure. Mr. Allston's studio was in Cambridgeport. He admitted no
+one within it during his working hours, save occasionally his friend
+Franklin Dexter, who was obliged to announce his presence by a
+particular way of knocking at the door. Mr. Cogswell managed to get
+possession of this secret, and when we drove to the door of the studio
+he made use of the well-known signal. "Dexter, is that you?" cried a
+voice from within. A moment later saw us within the sanctuary.
+
+My father was intending to order a picture from Mr. Allston, and this
+circumstance amply justified Mr. Cogswell, in his own opinion, for the
+stratagem employed to gain us admittance. Mr. Allston was surprised but
+not disconcerted by our entrance, and proceeded to do the honors of the
+rather bare apartment with genial grace. He had not then unrolled his
+painting of Belshazzar's Feast, which, begun many years before that
+time, had long been left in an unfinished condition.
+
+As I remember, the great artist had but little to show us. My father was
+especially pleased with a group, one figure of which was a copy of
+Titian's well-known portrait of his daughter, the other being a somewhat
+commonplace representation of a young girl of modern times.
+
+My father afterwards told me that he had thought of purchasing this
+picture. While he was deliberating about it Thomas Cole the landscape
+painter called upon him, bringing the design of four pictures
+illustrating the course of human life. The artist's persuasion induced
+him to give an order for this work, which was not completed until after
+my dear parent's death, when we found it something of a white elephant.
+The pictures were suitable only for a gallery, and as none of us felt
+able to indulge in such a luxury they were afterward sold to some public
+institution, with a considerable loss on our part.
+
+Some years after my marriage I encountered Mr. Allston in Chestnut
+Street, Boston, on a bitter winter day. He had probably been visiting
+his friend Mr. Dana, who resided in that street. The ground was covered
+with snow, and Mr. Allston, with his snowy curls and old-fashioned
+attire, looked like an impersonation of winter, his luminous dark eyes
+suggesting the fire which warms the heart of the cold season. The
+wonderful beauty of the face, intensified by age, impressed me deeply.
+He did not recognize me, having seen me but once, and we passed without
+any salutation; but his living image in my mind takes precedence of all
+the shadowy shapes which his magic placed upon canvas.
+
+Boston should never forget the famous dinner given to Charles Dickens on
+the occasion of his first visit to America in 1842. Among the wits who
+made the feast one to be remembered Allston shone, a bright particular
+star. He was a reader of Dickens, but was much averse to serials, and
+waited always for the publication of the stories in book form. He died
+while one of these was approaching completion, I forget which it was,
+but remember that Felton, commenting upon this, said, "This shows what a
+mistake it is not to read the numbers as they are issued. He has thereby
+lost the whole of this story when he might have enjoyed a part of it."
+
+One other singular figure comes back to me across the wide waste of
+years, and seems to ask some mention at my hands.
+
+The figure is that of Thomas Gold Appleton, a man whom, in his own
+despite, the old Boston dearly cherished. In appearance he was of rather
+more than medium height, and his countenance, which was not handsome,
+bore a curious resemblance to that of his beautiful sister Fanny, the
+beloved wife of the poet Longfellow. He wore his hair in what might have
+been called elf locks, and the expression of his dark blue eyes varied
+from one of intense melancholy to amused observation.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS GOLD APPLETON
+
+_From a photograph lent by Mrs. John Murray Forbes._]
+
+Tom Appleton, as he was usually called, was certainly a man of parts and
+of great reputation as a wit, but I should rather have termed him a
+humorist. He cultivated a Byronic distaste for the Puritanic ways of New
+England. In truth, he was always ready for an encounter of arms
+(figuratively speaking) with institutions and with individuals, while
+yet in heart he was most human and humane. Born in affluence, he did not
+embrace either business or profession, but devoted much time to the
+study of painting, for which he had more taste than talent. It was as a
+word artist that he was remarkable; and his graphic felicities of
+expression led Mr. Emerson to quote him as "the first conversationalist
+in America," an eminence which I, for my part, should have been more
+inclined to accord to Dr. Holmes.
+
+He loved European life, and had many friends among the notabilities of
+English society. He was a fellow passenger on the steamer which carried
+Dr. Howe and myself as far as Liverpool on our wedding journey. People
+in our cabin were apt to call for a Welsh rabbit before turning in for
+the night. Apropos of this, he remarked to me, "You eat a rabbit before
+going to bed, and presently you dream that you are a shelf with a large
+cheese resting upon it."
+
+He was much attached to his father, of whom he once said to me, "We
+don't dare to mention anything pathetic at our table. If we did, father
+would be sure to spoil the soup" (with his tears, being understood). The
+elder Appleton belonged to the congregation of the Federal Street
+Church. I asked his son if he ever attended service there. He said, "Oh,
+yes; I sometimes go to hear the minister exhort that assemblage of weary
+ones to forsake the vanities of life. Looking at the choir, I see some
+forlorn women who seem, from the way in which they open their mouths, to
+mistake the congregation for a dentist." He did not care for music. At a
+party devoted to classical performances, he turned to me: "Mrs. Howe,
+are you going to give us something from the symphony in P?"
+
+He was much of an amateur in art, literature, and life, never appearing
+to take serious hold of matters either social or political. Wendell
+Phillips had been his schoolmate, and the two, in company with John
+Lothrop Motley, had fought many battles with wooden swords in the
+Appleton garret. For some unexplained reason, he had but little faith in
+Phillips's philanthropy, and the relations of childhood between the two
+did not extend to their later life.
+
+His Atlantic voyages became so frequent that he once said to a friend,
+"I always keep my steamer ticket in my pocket, like a soda-water
+ticket." Indeed, his custom almost carried out this saying. I have heard
+that once, being in New York, he invited friends to breakfast with him
+at his hotel. On arriving they found only a note informing them of his
+departure for Europe on that very morning.
+
+I myself one day invited him to dinner with other friends, among whom
+was his sister, Mrs. Longfellow. We waited long for him, and I at last
+said to Mrs. Longfellow, "What can it be that detains your brother so
+late?"
+
+"I don't know, indeed," was her reply.
+
+"Your brother?" cried one of the guests. "I met him this morning on his
+way to the steamer. He must have sailed some hours since."
+
+A friend once spoke to him of matrimony, of which he said in reply,
+"Marriage? I could never undergo it unless I was held, and took
+chloroform."
+
+Yet those who knew him well supposed that he had had some romance of his
+own. To his praise be it said that he was a man of many friendships, and
+by no means destitute of public spirit.
+
+It was from Mr. Dana that I first heard of John Sullivan Dwight, whom he
+characterized as a man of moderate calibre, who had "set up for an
+infidel," and who had dared to speak of the Apostle to the Gentiles as
+Paul, without the prefix of his saintship. In the early years of my
+residence in Boston I sometimes heard of Mr. Dwight as a disciple of
+Fourier, a transcendental of the transcendentals, and a prominent member
+of a socialist club.
+
+I first came to know him well when Madame Sontag was singing in Boston.
+We met often at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Schlesinger-Benzon, a house
+which deserves grateful remembrance from every lover of music who was
+admitted to its friendly and aesthetic interior. Many were the merry and
+musical festivities enjoyed under that hospitable roof. The house was of
+moderate dimensions and in a part of Boylston Street now wholly devoted
+to business. Mrs. Benzon was a sister of the well-known Lehmann artists
+and of the father of the late coach of the Harvard boating crew. She was
+very fond of music, and it was at one of her soirees that Elise Hensler
+made her first appearance and sang, with fine expression and a beautiful
+fresh voice, the air from "Robert le Diable:"--
+
+  "Va, dit-elle, va, mon enfant,
+   Dire au fils qui m'a delaissee."
+
+These friends, with others, interested themselves in Miss Hensler's
+musical education and enabled her to complete her studies in Paris. As
+is well known, she became a favorite prima donna in light opera, and was
+finally heard of as the morganatic wife of the King (consort) Ferdinand
+of Portugal.
+
+Madame Sontag and her husband, Count Rossi, came often to the Benzon
+house. I met them there one day at dinner, when in the course of
+conversation Madame Sontag said that she never acted in private life.
+The count remarked rather rudely, "I saw you enact the part of Zerlina
+quite recently." This was probably intended for a harmless pleasantry,
+but the lady's change of color showed that it did not amuse her.
+
+Before this time Dwight's "Journal of Music" had published a very
+friendly review of my first volume of poems. It did not diminish my
+appreciation of this kind service to learn in later years that it had
+been rendered by Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney, then scarcely an acquaintance of
+mine, to-day an esteemed friend of many years, whom I have found
+excellent in counsel and constant and loyal in regard.
+
+During the many years of my life at South Boston, Mr. Dwight and his
+wife were among the faithful few who would brave the disagreeable little
+trip in the omnibus and across the bridge with the low draw, to enliven
+my fireside. I valued these guests very highly, having had occasion to
+perceive that Bostonians are apt to limit their associations to the
+regions in which they are most at home. Speaking of this once with a
+friend, I said, "In Boston Love crosses the bridge, but Friendship stops
+at the Common."
+
+After the death of his wife Mr. Dwight had many lonely years. He was
+very fond of young people, and as my younger children grew up he became
+strongly attached to them. As editor of the "Journal of Music" he was
+the recipient of tickets for musical entertainments of all sorts. His
+enjoyment of these was heightened by congenial company, and to my
+children, and later to my grandchildren, he was the great dispenser of
+musical delights. He was to us almost as one of the family, and to him
+our doors were never closed. His was a very individual strain of
+character, combining a rather flamboyant imagination with a severe
+taste. He could never accept the Wagner cult, and stood obstinately for
+the limits of classical music, insisting even that the performance of
+Wagner's operas perverted the tone both of strings and brasses, and that
+it took some time for the instruments to recover from this misuse. He
+had much to do with the formation of the Harvard Musical Association,
+and the programmes which he arranged for its concerts are precious in
+remembrance.
+
+Dr. Holmes sat near me at Mr. Dwight's funeral, which took place in the
+Harvard rooms, whose presiding genius he had been. The services were
+very simple and genial. Some lovely singing, a poetical tribute or so,
+some heart-warm words spoken by friends, mingled with the customary
+prayer and scripture reading. In the interval of silence before these
+began, Dr. Holmes said to me, in a low tone, "Mrs. Howe, we may almost
+imagine the angels who announced a certain nativity to be hovering near
+these remains."
+
+Otto Dresel, beloved as an artist and dreaded as a critic, was an
+intimate of the Benzon household, and was almost idolized by Mr. Dwight.
+He had the misfortune to be over-critical, but no less so of himself
+than of others. He did much to raise the appreciation of music in
+Boston, possessed as he was with a sense of the dignity and sacredness
+of the art. His compositions, not many in number, had a deep poetical
+charm, as had also his soulful interpretation of Chopin's works. As a
+teacher he was unrivaled. Two of my daughters were indebted to him for a
+very valuable musical education.
+
+Boston has seemed darker to me since the light of this eminent musical
+intelligence has left it. I subjoin a tribute of my affection for him in
+these lines, which were suggested by Mr. Loeffler's rendering of
+Handel's "Largo" at a concert, especially dedicated to the memory of
+this dear friend. I also add a verse descriptive of the effect of the
+funeral march from Beethoven's "Heroica," which made part of the
+programme in question.
+
+  HANDEL'S LARGO.
+
+    _Boston Music Hall, October 11, 1890._
+
+    IN MEMORIAM OTTO DRESEL.
+
+  On every shining stair an angel stood,
+    And to our dear one said, "Walk higher, friend."
+  Till, rapt from earth, in a celestial mood,
+    He passed from sight to blessings without end;
+  And where his feet had trod, a radiant flood
+    His lofty message of content did send.
+
+  BEETHOVEN'S FUNERAL MARCH.
+
+  The heavy steps that 'neath new burdens tread,
+  The heavy hearts that wait upon the dead,
+  The struggling thoughts that single out, through tears,
+  The happy memories of bygone years,
+  And on the deaf and silent presence call:
+  O friend belov'd! O master! is this all?
+  But as the cadence moves, the song flowers fling
+  To us the promise of eternal spring,
+  Love that survives the wreck of its delight,
+  And goes, torch bearing, into darksome night.
+  Trumpet and drum have marked the victor's way,
+  The seraph voices now their legend say:
+  "O loving friends! refrain your waiting fond;
+  The gates are passed, and heaven is bright beyond."
+
+In March, 1885, I had the unspeakable grief of losing my dear eldest
+daughter, Julia Romana, of whose birth in Rome I have made mention. She
+was a person of rare endowments and of great originality of character,
+inheriting much of her father's personal shyness, but more of his
+benevolence and public spirit. She was the constant companion and
+faithful ally of that beloved parent. During the years of our residence
+in the city, she would often walk over with him to South Boston before
+breakfast. She delighted in giving lessons to the blind pupils of the
+Institution, and succeeded so well in teaching German to a class of the
+blind teachers that these were enabled, on visiting Germany, to use and
+understand the language. She read extensively, and was gifted with so
+retentive a memory that we were accustomed to refer to her disputed
+dates and other questions in history. A small volume of her verses has
+been printed, with the title of "Stray Chords." Some of these poems show
+remarkable depth of thought and great felicity of expression.
+
+[Illustration: JULIA ROMANA ANAGNOS
+
+_From a photograph._]
+
+A new source of delight was opened to her by the summer school of
+philosophy held for some years at Concord, Mass. Here her mind seemed to
+have found its true level, and I cannot think of the sittings of the
+school without a vision of the rapt expression of her face as she sat
+and listened to the various speakers. Something of this pleasure found
+expression in a slender volume named "Philosophiae Quaestor," in which she
+has preserved some features of the school, now, alas! a thing of remote
+remembrance. The impressions of it also took shape in a club which she
+gathered about her, and to which she gave the name of the Metaphysical
+Club. It was beautiful to see her seated in the midst of this thoughtful
+circle, which she seemed to rule with a staff of lilies. The club was
+one in which diversity of opinion sometimes brought individuals into
+sharp contrast with each other, but her gentle government was able to
+bring harmony out of discord, and to subdue alike the crudeness of
+skepticism and the fierceness of intolerance.
+
+Her interest in her father's pupils was unremitting. A friend said to me
+not long ago, "It was one of the sights of Boston in the days of the
+Harvard musical concerts to see your Julia's radiant face as she would
+come into Music Hall, leading a blind pupil by either hand."
+
+In December, 1869, she became the wife of Michael Anagnos, who was then
+my husband's assistant, and who succeeded him as principal of the
+Institution at South Boston. After fifteen years of happy wedlock, she
+suffered a long and painful illness which terminated fatally. Almost her
+last thought was of her beloved club, and she asked that a valued friend
+might be summoned, that she might consult with him, no doubt, as to its
+future management. To her husband she said, "Be kind to the little blind
+children, for they are papa's children." These parting words of hers are
+inscribed on the wall of the Kindergarten for the Blind at Jamaica
+Plain. Beautiful in life, and most beautiful in death, her sainted
+memory has a glory beyond that of worldly fame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A writer of my own sex, years ago, desiring to do me some pen-service,
+wrote to me asking for particulars of my life, and emphasizing her
+wishes with these words: "I wish to hear not of your literary work, but
+of your social successes." I could not at the time remember that I had
+had any, and so did not respond to her request. But let us ask what are
+social successes? A climb from obscurity to public notice? An abiding
+place on the stage of fashionable life? A wardrobe that newspaper
+correspondents may report? Fine equipages, furniture, and
+entertainments? These things have had small part in my thoughts.
+
+As I take account of my long life, I become well aware of its failures.
+What may I chronicle as its successes? It was a great distinction for me
+when the foremost philanthropist of the age chose me for his wife. It
+was a great success for me when, having been born and bred in New York
+city, I found myself able to enter into the intellectual life of Boston,
+and to appreciate the "high thinking" of its choice spirits. I have sat
+at the feet of the masters of literature, art, and science, and have
+been graciously admitted into their fellowship. I have been the chosen
+poet of several high festivals, to wit, the celebration of Bryant's
+sixtieth birthday, the commemoration of the centenary of his birth, and
+the unveiling of the statue of Columbus in Central Park, New York, in
+the Columbian year, so called. I have been the founder of a club of
+young girls, which has exercised a salutary influence upon the growing
+womanhood of my adopted city, and has won for itself an honorable place
+in the community, serving also as a model for similar associations in
+other cities. I have been for many years the president of the New
+England Woman's Club, and of the Association for the Advancement of
+Women. I have been heard at the great Prison Congress in England, at
+Mrs. Butler's convention _de moralite publique_ in Geneva, Switzerland,
+and at more than one convention in Paris. I have been welcomed in
+Faneuil Hall, when I have stood there to rehearse the merits of public
+men, and later, to plead the cause of oppressed Greece and murdered
+Armenia. I have written one poem which, although composed in the stress
+and strain of the civil war, is now sung South and North by the
+champions of a free government. I have been accounted worthy to listen
+and to speak at the Boston Radical Club and at the Concord School of
+Philosophy. I have been exalted to occupy the pulpit of my own dear
+church and that of others, without regard to denominational limits.
+Lastly and chiefly, I have had the honor of pleading for the slave when
+he was a slave, of helping to initiate the woman's movement in many
+States of the Union, and of standing with the illustrious champions of
+justice and freedom, for woman suffrage, when to do so was a thankless
+office, involving public ridicule and private avoidance.
+
+  I have made a voyage upon a golden river,
+    'Neath clouds of opal and of amethyst.
+  Along its banks bright shapes were moving ever,
+    And threatening shadows melted into mist.
+
+  The eye, unpracticed, sometimes lost the current,
+    When some wild rapid of the tide did whirl,
+  While yet a master hand beyond the torrent
+    Freed my frail shallop from the perilous swirl.
+
+  Music went with me, fairy flute and viol,
+    The utterance of fancies half expressed,
+  And with these, steadfast, beyond pause or trial,
+    The deep, majestic throb of Nature's breast.
+
+  My journey nears its close--in some still haven
+    My bark shall find its anchorage of rest,
+  When the kind hand, which every good has given,
+    Opening with wider grace, shall give the best.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abbott, Francis E.,
+    his comparison of Jesus and Socrates, 208;
+    expounds his views, 289.
+
+  Abbott, Rev. Jacob,
+    stanza to, 91.
+
+  "Accademia," an,
+    in Rome, 130.
+
+  Adams, John Quincy,
+    on Governor Andrew's staff, 266.
+
+  Adams, Mrs. John (Abigail Smith),
+    anecdote of, 36.
+
+  Agassiz, Alexander, 184;
+    lectures to the Town and Country Club, 406.
+
+  Agassiz, Louis,
+    personal appearance, 182;
+    scientific interests, 183;
+    attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 306.
+
+  Agassiz, Mrs. Louis (Elizabeth Cary),
+    president of Radcliffe College, 183.
+
+  Albinola,
+    an Italian patriot, 120.
+
+  Alfieri,
+    dramas of, 57, 206.
+
+  Alger, William R.,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 306.
+
+  Allston, Washington,
+    his studio, 429;
+    at a dinner to Charles Dickens, 431.
+
+  Almack's,
+    ball at, 105, 106.
+
+  Anagnos, Michael, 313;
+    marries Julia Romana Howe, 441.
+
+  Anagnos, Mrs. Michael,
+    born at Rome, 128;
+    accompanies her parents to Europe, 313;
+    her death, 439;
+    her work and study, 440;
+    her Metaphysical Club, and interest in the blind, 441.
+
+  Andrew, John A.,
+    war governor of Massachusetts, 258;
+    his character, 259;
+    his genial nature, 260;
+    becomes governor of Massachusetts, 261;
+    pays for the legal defense of John Brown, 262;
+    a Unitarian: broad religious sympathies, 263, 264;
+    his energy in national affairs, 265;
+    his trips about the State, 266;
+    supports emancipation, 267;
+    arranges an interview with Lincoln for the Howes, 271;
+    his faith in Lincoln, 272.
+
+  Anthon, Charles,
+    professor at Columbia College, 23.
+
+  Appleton, Thomas G.,
+    of Boston, 104;
+    conversation with Samuel Longfellow, 293;
+    his appearance, 431;
+    his wit and culture, 432;
+    lack of serious application, 433;
+    his voyages to Europe, 434.
+
+  Arconati, Marchese,
+    his hospitality to the Howes, 119.
+
+  Argyll, Duchess of,
+    declines to aid the woman's peace crusade plan, 338.
+
+  Armstrong, General John,
+    father of Mrs. William B. Astor, 64.
+
+  Association for the Advancement of Women, the,
+    founded, 386;
+    distribution of its congresses, 392.
+
+  Astor, John Jacob,
+    Washington Irving at the house of, 27;
+    calls on Mrs. Howe's father on New Year's Day, 32;
+    wedding gift of, to his granddaughter, 65;
+    fondness for music, 74;
+    anecdotes of, 75, 76.
+
+  Astor, William B.,
+    his culture and education, 73.
+
+  Astor, Mrs. William B. (Margaret Armstrong),
+    her recollection of Mrs. Howe's mother, 5;
+    describes a wedding, 31;
+    gives a dinner: her good taste, 64.
+
+  Atherstone,
+    the Howes at, 136.
+
+  "Atlantic Monthly, The," 232, 236, 280;
+    first published the "Battle Hymn of the Republic," 275.
+
+  Austin, Mrs.,
+    sings in New York, 15.
+
+  Avignon,
+    the Howes at, 133.
+
+
+  Bache, Prof. A. D.,
+    at Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+  Baez,
+      President of Santo Domingo,
+    calls upon the Howes, 355;
+    invites them to a state dinner: is expelled by a revolution, 360.
+
+  Baggs,
+      Monsignore, Bishop of Pella,
+    presents the Howes to the Pope, 125.
+
+  Bailey, Prof. J. W.,
+    lectures on insectivorous plants, 407.
+
+  Balzac, Honore de,
+    his works read, 58, 206.
+
+  Bancroft, George,
+      the historian,
+    his estimate of Hegel, 210;
+    invites Mrs. Howe to write something for the Bryant celebration, 277;
+    his part therein, 279;
+    his life at Newport, 401;
+    in the Town and Country Club, 407.
+
+  "Barbiere di Seviglia,"
+    given in New York, 15;
+    admired by Charles Sumner, 176.
+
+  Bartol, Dr. C. A.,
+    first meeting of the Boston Radical Club held at his house, 281.
+
+  Bates, Joshua,
+    founder of the Boston Public Library, 93.
+
+  "Battle Hymn of the Republic," the,
+    writing of, 273-275.
+
+  Baxter, Sally.
+    See Hampton, Mrs. Frank.
+
+  Bean, Mrs.,
+    stewardess of Cunard steamer, 89;
+    lines to, 90.
+
+  Beecher, Miss Catherine,
+    her "Cook Book," 215.
+
+  Beecher, Henry Ward,
+    his letter on Mary Booth's death, 242;
+    advocates woman's suffrage, 378.
+
+  Beethoven,
+    symphonies of, in Boston, 14;
+    appreciation of his work taught, 16;
+    selections from, given at the Wards', 49.
+
+  Belgioiosa, Princess,
+    her origin and marriage, 422.
+
+  Benzon, Mr. Schlesinger,
+    his house a musical centre, 435.
+
+  Berlin,
+    Dr. Howe imprisoned at, 118.
+
+  Black, William,
+    the novelist, 412.
+
+  Blackwell, Henry B.,
+    his efforts in the cause of woman suffrage, 380-382.
+
+  Blackwell, Rev. Mrs. S. C. (Antoinette Brown),
+    first woman minister in the United States, 166;
+    preaches, 392.
+
+  Blair's Rhetoric, 57.
+
+  Bloomingdale,
+    country-seat of Mrs. Howe's father at, 10.
+
+  Boker, George H.,
+    at the Bryant celebration, 279.
+
+  Bonaparte, Charles, 202.
+
+  Bonaparte, Joseph,
+    ex-king of Spain, 5, 202.
+
+  Bonaparte, Joseph,
+    Prince of Musignano, 202.
+
+  Boocock, Mr.,
+    a music teacher, 16.
+
+  Booth, Edwin,
+    at the Boston Theatre, requests Mrs. Howe to write him a play, 237;
+    his marriage, 241;
+    his wife's death, 242.
+
+  Booth, Mrs. Edwin (Mary Devlin),
+    her marriage and death, 241, 242.
+
+  Booth, Wilkes,
+    at Mary Booth's funeral, 242.
+
+  Boppard,
+    water-cure at, 189.
+
+  Bordentown, N. J.,
+    residence of Joseph, ex-king of Spain, 5, 202.
+
+  Borsieri,
+    an Italian patriot, 120.
+
+  Boston,
+    Mrs. Howe spends the summer of 1842-43 near, 81;
+    her first years in, 144-187;
+    its workers and thinkers, 150;
+    high level of society in, 251.
+
+  Boston Radical Club, 208;
+    founded, 281;
+    its essayists: subjects discussed, 282;
+    John Weiss at, 283, 284;
+    Athanase Coquerel at, 284-286;
+    Mrs. Howe reads her paper on "Polarity" before, 311.
+
+  Bostwick, Professor,
+    his historical charts, 14.
+
+  "Bothie of Tober-na-Fuosich,"
+    Clough's, 184.
+
+  Botta, Prof.,
+    speaks on Aristotle, 408.
+
+  Boutwell, Gov. George S.,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+  Bowery Theatre,
+    fire in, 16.
+
+  Bowling Green,
+    early recollections of, 4.
+
+  Bowring, Sir John, 331;
+    speaks at woman's peace crusade meeting in London, 341.
+
+  Boyesen, Prof. H. H.,
+    speaks on Aristotle, 408.
+
+  Bracebridge, Charles N., 136;
+    travels in Egypt with Florence Nightingale, 188.
+
+  Bracebridge, Mrs. C. N., 136;
+    her opinion of Florence Nightingale, 137;
+    travels in Egypt with her, 188.
+
+  Brambilla,
+    an opera singer, 104.
+
+  Breakfasts
+    as a form of entertainment, 98.
+
+  Bridewell Prison, 108.
+
+  Bridgman, Laura,
+    first blind deaf mute taught the use of language, 81;
+    referred to in Dickens's "American Notes," 87;
+    mentioned by Thomas Carlyle, 95;
+    by Maria Edgeworth, 113;
+    described to the Pope, 126;
+    lives with the Howes, 151;
+    at Dr. Howe's death-bed, 369;
+    at the memorial meeting to him, 370.
+
+  Bright, Mr. and Mrs. Jacob,
+    at Mrs. Howe's peace meeting in London, 341.
+
+  Brokers, New York Board of,
+    portrait of John Ward in their rooms, 55.
+
+  Brook Farm, 145.
+
+  Brooks, Rev. Charles T.,
+    invites Mrs. Howe to speak in his church, 321;
+    his advice asked with regard to starting the woman's
+      peace crusade, 328;
+    writes a poem for the memorial meeting for Dr. Howe, 370;
+    in the Town and Country Club, 407.
+
+  Brooks, Rev. Phillips,
+    anecdote of, 322.
+
+  Brooks, Preston Smith, 179.
+
+  Brown, John,
+    calls on Dr. Howe, 254;
+    his attack on Harper's Ferry, 255;
+    in Missouri, 256;
+    anecdote of, 257.
+
+  Bruce, Robert,
+    regalia of, 111.
+
+  Bryant, William Cullen,
+    editor of the "Evening Post," 21;
+    visitor at the Ward home, 79;
+    celebration of his seventieth birthday, 277-280;
+    at the meetings for promoting the woman's peace crusade, 329;
+    admires the sermon of Athanase Coquerel at Newport, 342.
+
+  Bull Run,
+    second battle of, 258.
+
+  Buller, Charles,
+    his appreciation of Carlyle, 110.
+
+  Bunsen, Chevalier,
+    Prussian ambassador to England, 118.
+
+  Burns, Anthony, 164.
+
+  Butler, Benjamin F.,
+    disinterestedness of his friendship for
+      woman suffrage questioned, 395.
+
+  Butler, Mrs. Josephine,
+    encourages the woman's peace congress idea, 329.
+
+  Byron, Lord,
+    at Harrow, 22;
+    his works unwillingly allowed in the Ward family, 58;
+    his example leads Dr. Howe to Greece, 85;
+    autograph letter of, 100;
+    praise of, unpardonable in London, 115.
+
+
+  Cardini, Signor,
+    Mrs. Howe's instructor in vocal music, 16;
+    his anecdote of the Duke of Wellington, 17.
+
+  Carlisle, Earl of,
+    dinner given by, 106.
+
+  Carlisle, Countess of,
+    dinner given by, 106;
+    her good nature: pleasantry about, 107.
+
+  Carlyle, Thomas,
+    his courtesy to the Howes, 96;
+    appearance, 97.
+
+  Carreno, Teresa,
+    party for, at Secretary Chase's house, 309.
+
+  Cass, Lewis,
+    _charge d'affaires_ in the Papal States, 196.
+
+  Castiglia,
+    an Italian patriot, 120.
+
+  Castle Garden, 4.
+
+  Cerito,
+    her dancing, 104.
+
+  Chace, Mrs. Elizabeth B.,
+    at the Prison Reform meetings, 339.
+
+  Channing, William Ellery,
+      the preacher,
+    sermon by, 144;
+    bells tolled in France at the death of, 416.
+
+  Channing, William Ellery,
+      the poet,
+    writes a poem for the memorial meeting for Dr. Howe, 370;
+
+  Channing, William Henry,
+    his ministry in Washington in war time, 270;
+    in the Radical Club, 286;
+    his attitude in that organization, 287-289;
+    introduces Mrs. Howe at her Washington lecture, 309;
+    aids her woman's peace crusade movement, 330.
+
+  Chapman, Mrs. Maria Weston,
+    a leading abolitionist, 153;
+    at an abolition meeting, 156;
+    acts as body-guard to Wendell Phillips, 157.
+
+  Charnaud, Monsieur,
+    his dancing classes, 19.
+
+  Chase, Hon. Salmon P., 225;
+    his courtesy to Mrs. Howe, 308, 309.
+
+  Chasles, Philarete,
+    his disparaging lecture on American literature, 134.
+
+  Chateaubriand,
+    his "Atala" and "Rene," 206.
+
+  Chemistry,
+    Mrs. B.'s "Conversations" on, 56.
+
+  Cheney, Mrs. Ednah D.,
+    aids the woman suffrage movement, 382;
+    speaks before a Unitarian society, 392;
+    introduces Mrs. Howe to Princess Belgioiosa, 423;
+    her review of Mrs. Howe's first book of poems, 436.
+
+  Child, Mrs. Lydia Maria,
+    acts as body-guard to Wendell Phillips, 157.
+
+  Christianity,
+    Mrs. Howe's views on, 207, 208;
+    attitude of the Boston Radical Club towards, 286.
+
+  Civil War, the, 257, 258, 265;
+    condition of Washington during, 270.
+
+  Clarke, James Freeman,
+    his meetings at Williams Hall, 245;
+    goes abroad, 246;
+    at Indiana Place Chapel, 247;
+    his marriage, 249;
+    always supported by Gov. Andrew, 261;
+    goes to Washington in 1861, 269;
+    visits hospitals, 270;
+    his opinion of Abraham Lincoln, 272;
+    opposes Weiss at the Radical Club, 284;
+    upholds the Christian tone of that organization, 286;
+    his tribute to Margaret Fuller, 301;
+    attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 306;
+    in the woman suffrage movement, 375, 382.
+
+  Clarke, Mrs. J. F.,
+    her character, 250.
+
+  Clarke, Sarah, 202;
+    at the coronation of King Umberto at Rome, 424.
+
+  Clarke, William, 202.
+
+  Claudius, Matthias,
+    works of, 59;
+    his "Wandsbecker Bote," 62.
+
+  Clay, Henry,
+    advocates the Missouri Compromise, 22.
+
+  Clough, Miss Anne J., 335.
+
+  Clough, Arthur Hugh,
+    visits the Howes, 184;
+    his manner and appearance, 185;
+    his repartee, 187.
+
+  Cobbe, Frances Power, 332.
+
+  Cogswell, Dr. Joseph Green,
+    principal of the Round Hill School, 43;
+    teaches Mrs. Howe German, 44, 59, 206;
+    resides at the Astor mansion, 75;
+    anecdotes of, 76;
+    introduces the Wards to Washington Allston, 429.
+
+  Columbia College,
+    its situation on Park Place, its
+      conservatism: eminent professors at, 23;
+    Samuel Ward attends, 67.
+
+  Combe, George, 22;
+    in Rome, 131, 132;
+    his "Constitution of Man," 133.
+
+  Combe, Mrs. George (Cecilia Siddons),
+    anecdote of, 132.
+
+  "Commonwealth, The," 252.
+
+  Comte, Auguste,
+    his "Philosophie Positive," 211;
+    Mrs. Howe's estimate of, 307.
+
+  "Conjugal Love,"
+    Swedenborg's, 209.
+
+  Constantinople,
+    the fall of, drama upon, 57.
+
+  "Consuelo," George Sand's,
+    reveals the author's real character, 58.
+
+  Contoit, Jean,
+    a French cook, 30.
+
+  Conway, Miss,
+    exercises by her school, 389.
+
+  Copyright, International,
+    urged by Charles Dickens, 26.
+
+  Coquerel, Athanase,
+      the French Protestant divine,
+    at the Radical Club, 284, 285;
+    sees Mrs. Howe in London, 331;
+    his sermon in Newport, 342;
+    his explanation of the Paris commune, 343.
+
+  Corporal punishment, 109.
+
+  Coventry, England, 136.
+
+  Cowper, William,
+    his "Task" read by Mrs. Howe at school, 58.
+
+  Cramer, John Baptist,
+    a London musician, 16.
+
+  Cranch, Christopher P.,
+    caricatures the transcendentalists, 145;
+    his present to Bryant on his seventieth birthday, 278.
+
+  Crawford, F. Marion,
+    the novelist, 45.
+
+  Crawford, Thomas,
+      the sculptor,
+    his work in the Ward mansion, 45;
+    meets the Howes in Rome: marries Louisa Ward, 127;
+    travels to Rome with Mrs. Howe, 190;
+    his statue of Washington, 203.
+
+  Crawford, Mrs. Thomas.     See Ward, Louisa.
+
+  Cretan insurrection of 1866,
+    Dr. Howe's efforts in behalf of, 312, 313;
+    distribution of clothes to the refugees of, 317-319;
+    bazaar in aid of the sufferers, 320.
+
+  "Critique of Pure Reason,"
+    Kant's, 212.
+
+  Curtis, George William,
+    his opinion of "Words for the Hour," 230;
+    writes about Newport, 238;
+    presides at the Unitarian anniversary in 1886, 302;
+    advocates woman suffrage, 378.
+
+  Cushing, Caleb, 180.
+
+  Cushman, Miss Charlotte, 240.
+
+  Cutler, Benjamin Clarke,
+    Mrs. Howe's grandfather, 4.
+
+  Cutler, Rev. Benjamin Clarke (son of the preceding),
+    officiates at his sister's wedding, 34.
+
+  Cutler, Mrs. Benjamin Clarke,
+      Mrs. Howe's grandmother,
+    her costume at her daughter Louisa's wedding, 34;
+    her beauty and charm, 35;
+    describes the dress of her younger days, 35, 36.
+
+  Cutler, Eliza.
+    See Francis, Mrs. John W.
+
+  Cutler, Louisa Corde.
+    See McAllister, Mrs. Julian.
+
+
+  Daggett, Mrs. Kate Newell,
+    third president of the Association for the Advancement of Women, 393.
+
+  Dana, Richard H., the elder,
+    a visitor at the Ward home, 79;
+    a kind of transcendentalist, 428.
+
+  Danforth, Elizabeth,
+    describes Louisa Cutler's wedding, 33, 34.
+
+  Dante,
+    his works read, 206.
+
+  Da Ponte, Lorenzo,
+      teacher of Italian in New York,
+    his earlier career, 24.
+
+  Da Ponte, Lorenzo (son of preceding),
+    teaches Mrs. Howe Italian, 57.
+
+  Davenport, E. L.,
+      manager of the Howard Athenaeum,
+    declines Mrs. Howe's drama, 240.
+
+  Davidson, Prof. Thomas,
+    lectures on Aristotle, 406, 408.
+
+  Davis, Charles Augustus,
+    his "Downing Letters," 24, 25.
+
+  Davis, Admiral Charles H.,
+    attends one of Mrs. Howe's lectures, 309.
+
+  De Long, Lieut. G. W.,
+    at the dance given by the Howes in Santo Domingo, 356.
+
+  De Mesmekir, John, 4.
+
+  Denison, Bishop, 140.
+
+  Desmoulins, M. Benoit C.,
+    his kindness to Mrs. Howe, 413.
+
+  Devlin, Mary.
+    See Booth, Mrs. Edwin.
+
+  Dexter, Franklin,
+    a friend of Allston, 429.
+
+  "Dial, The,"
+    Margaret Fuller's paper, 145.
+
+  "Diary of an Ennuyee,"
+    Mrs. Jameson's, 40.
+
+  Dickens, Charles,
+    dinner to, in New York, 26;
+    at Mr. Rogers's dinner, 99;
+    takes the Howes to Bridewell Prison, 108;
+    gives a dinner for them, 110.
+
+  Dickinson, Anna, 305.
+
+  Disciples, Church of the, 256;
+    Governor Andrew a member of, 263.
+
+  "Divine Love and Wisdom,"
+    Swedenborg's, 204, 209.
+
+  Dix, Dorothea L.,
+    her work for the insane, 88.
+
+  "Don Giovanni,"
+    its libretto, 24;
+    admired by Charles Sumner, 176.
+
+  Dore, Gustave, the artist,
+    his studio and work, 416-419.
+
+  Douglas, Stephen A., 178.
+
+  "Downing Letters,"
+    those of C. A. Davis, 25.
+
+  Dresel, Otto,
+    musical critic and teacher, 438;
+    tribute to his memory, 439.
+
+  Dress,
+    in the thirties, 30, 31;
+    at Mrs. Astor's dinner, 64, 65;
+    at Samuel Ward's wedding, 65;
+    at Lansdowne House, 102, 103;
+    at the ball at Almack's, 106.
+
+  Dublin,
+    the Howes in, 112-114.
+
+  Duer, John,
+    at the Dickens dinner, 26.
+
+  Dwight, John S.,
+    translates Goethe and Schiller, 147;
+    tries to teach Theodore Parker to sing, 162, 163;
+    Henry James reads a paper at the house of, 324;
+    admires Athanase Coquerel's sermon at Newport, 342;
+    Dana's estimate of, 435;
+    his "Journal of Music," 436;
+    his kindness to Mrs. Howe's children, 437;
+    Dr. Holmes's remark at his funeral, 438.
+
+
+  Eames, Charles, 223, 224.
+
+  Eames, Mrs. Charles,
+    her kindness to Count Gurowski, 223-226;
+    invites Mrs. Howe to dinner, 308.
+
+  Edgeworth, Maria,
+    the Howes' visit to, 113.
+
+  Edinburgh, 121.
+
+  Edwards, Jonathan,
+    Dr. Holmes's paper on, 286.
+
+  Eliot, Thomas,
+    attends a lecture by Mrs. Howe in Washington, 309.
+
+  Elliott, Mrs. (Maud Howe),
+    her remark to Henry James, the elder, 325;
+    goes to Santo Domingo with her parents, 347;
+    takes charge of the woman's literary work
+      at the New Orleans exposition, 395;
+    goes abroad with her mother, 410.
+
+  Ellis, Rev. George E.,
+    lectures on the Rhode Island Indians, 407.
+
+  Elssler, Fanny,
+    a ballet dancer, 104;
+    opinions of Emerson and Margaret Fuller on her dancing, 105.
+
+  Emblee,
+    the Nightingales at, 138.
+
+  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 87;
+    remark on Fanny Elssler's dancing, 105;
+    begins his work, 144;
+    caricatured by Cranch, 145;
+    avoids woman suffrage, 158;
+    praises "Passion Flowers," 228;
+    at the Bryant celebration, 279;
+    a member of the Radical Club, 282;
+    objects to having its meetings reported: his paper
+      on Thoreau, 290;
+    Theodore Parker's opinion of, 291;
+    character and attainments, 292;
+    his interest in Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 307.
+
+  England, Bank of,
+    visited, 116, 117.
+
+  Evans, Mrs., 421.
+
+  Everett, C. C.,
+    a member of the Radical Club, 282.
+
+  "Evidences of Christianity,"
+    Paley's, 56.
+
+
+  Fabens, Colonel,
+    on the voyage to Santo Domingo, 347.
+
+  Farrar, Mrs.,
+    visited by Mrs. Howe, 295, 296.
+
+  Faucit, Helen,
+    the actress, 104.
+
+  "Faust," Goethe's,
+    condemned by Mr. Ward, 59.
+
+  Felton, Prof. C. C.,
+    first known by the Ward family through
+      Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, 49;
+    his friends, 169.
+
+  "Female Poets of America,"
+    Griswold's, 5.
+
+  Fern, Fanny,
+    her essay on _rhinosophy_, 404.
+
+  Field, David Dudley,
+    addresses the second meeting of the woman's peace
+      crusade, 329.
+
+  Field, Mrs. D. D., 191.
+
+  Field, Kate,
+    at the Radical Club, 290;
+    at Newport, 402.
+
+  Fields, James T., 228.
+
+  Finotti, Father, 263, 264.
+
+  Fitzmaurice, Lady Louisa,
+    daughter of the Marquis of Lansdowne, 103.
+
+  Fletcher, Alice,
+    prominent at the woman's congress, 386.
+
+  Follen, Dr. Karl, 22.
+
+  Foresti, Felice,
+    an Italian patriot, 120;
+    reads Dante with Mrs. Howe, 206.
+
+  Forks,
+      three-pronged steel,
+    in general use, 30.
+
+  Fornasari,
+    an opera singer, 104.
+
+  Forster, John,
+    at Charles Dickens's dinner: invites the Howes
+      to dine, 110.
+
+  Fowler, Dr. and Mrs.,
+    their courtesy to the Howes, 139-141.
+
+  Francis, Dr. John W.,
+    accompanies Mrs. Ward to Niagara, 8;
+    becomes a member of the Ward household, 12;
+    his appearance, 36;
+    his humor, 37;
+    his habits, 38;
+    his introduction of Edgar Allan Poe, 39.
+
+  Francis, Mrs. John W. (Eliza Cutler),
+    takes charge of the Ward family at her sister's death, 11, 12;
+    dances in "stocking-feet" at her sister's wedding, 34;
+    her kindness, 38;
+    her hospitality, 39.
+
+  Francois,
+      a colored man in Santo Domingo,
+    invites Mrs. Howe to hold religious services, 350, 353.
+
+  Freeman, Edward,
+    the artist, 127;
+    a neighbor of Mrs. Howe in Rome, 191.
+
+  Freeman, Mrs. Edward, 192.
+
+  "From the Oak to the Olive,"
+    extracts from, 315-319.
+
+  Frothingham, O. B.,
+    a member of the Radical Club, 282.
+
+  Froude, James Anthony,
+      the historian,
+    at Miss Cobbe's reception, 333.
+
+  Fuller, Margaret,
+    urges Mrs. Howe to publish her earlier poems, 61;
+    her remark on Fanny Elssler's dancing, 105;
+    in Cranch's caricature, 145;
+    translates Eckermann's "Conversations with Goethe," 147;
+    life of, undertaken by Emerson, 158;
+    criticises Dr. Hedge's Phi Beta address, 296;
+    highly esteemed by Dr. Hedge, 300;
+    the sixtieth anniversary of her birth celebrated, 301.
+
+  Fuller, Mrs. Samuel R.,
+    goes to Santo Domingo with the Howes, 347.
+
+
+  Galway, Lady, 98.
+
+  Gambetta, M.,
+    at Mr. Healey's ball, 421.
+
+  Garcia,
+    the opera singer, 14.
+
+  Garrison, William Lloyd,
+    Mrs. Howe's dislike of, dispelled, 152, 153;
+    attacks a statement of hers, 236;
+    joins the woman suffrage movement, 375;
+    his work for that cause, 380, 381.
+
+  Gennadius, John,
+    Greek minister to England, 411.
+
+  German scholarship,
+    its beneficial effect on New England, 303.
+
+  Gibbon, Edward, 57;
+    his "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," 205.
+
+  Gladstone, William E.,
+    at Devonshire House, 410;
+    breakfast with him, 411.
+
+  Gloucester, Duchess of,
+    her appearance, 101.
+
+  Godwin, Parke,
+    admires Athanase Coquerel's sermon at Newport, 342.
+
+  Goethe,
+    his "Faust" and "Wilhelm Meister," 59;
+    Mrs. Howe's essay on his minor poems, 60;
+    his motto, 205.
+
+  Gonfalonieri, Count,
+      an Italian patriot imprisoned at Spielberg:
+    his life saved by his wife, 119.
+
+  Goodwin, Juliet R.,
+    becomes secretary of the Town and Country Club, 406.
+
+  Goodwin, Prof. William W., 402;
+    his Latin version of the "Man in the Moon," 404.
+
+  Graham, Mrs. Elizabeth,
+    school of, 5.
+
+  Grant, Gen. U. S.,
+    at the ball at Mr. Healy's, 421.
+
+  Graves, Rev. Mary H.,
+    takes part in the convention of women ministers, 312.
+
+  Greeks,
+    Dr. Howe's labors for, 85, 86, 313, 319.
+
+  "Green Peace Estate, The," 152.
+
+  Green, J. R.,
+    the historian, 412.
+
+  Greene, George Washington,
+      American consul at Rome,
+    helps Dr. Howe, 123;
+    accompanies the Howes to the papal reception, 125.
+
+  Greene, Gen. Nathanael, 7, 123.
+
+  Greene, Mrs. N. R.,
+      cousin of Mrs. Howe's father,
+    anecdote of, 6.
+
+  Greene, William,
+    governor of Rhode Island, 4.
+
+  Greene, Mrs. William (Catharine Ray),
+    an ancestress of Mrs. Howe, 3;
+    her connection with Block Island families of service, 51.
+
+  Greene, William B.,
+    colonel of the First Mass. Heavy Artillery, 271.
+
+  Gregory XVI., Pope,
+    receives the Howes, 125;
+    anecdote of, 126, 127.
+
+  Grey, Mrs.,
+    her interest in schools for girls of the middle class, 333.
+
+  Grimes, Brother,
+    a colored preacher, 263.
+
+  Grimes, James W.,
+    senator from Iowa, 225.
+
+  Grimes, Medora.
+    See Ward, Mrs. Samuel.
+
+  Grisi,
+    sings at Lansdowne House, 101;
+    in "Semiramide," 104.
+
+  Griswold, R. W.,
+    his "Female Poets of America," 5.
+
+  Grote, George,
+    the historian, 93.
+
+  Grote, Mrs. George (Harriet Lewin),
+    somewhat _grote_sque, 93.
+
+  Guizot, M.,
+    prime minister of France, 135.
+
+  Gurowski, Adam,
+    Count, 220;
+    employed by the State Department: his temper and
+      curiosity, 221, 222;
+    dismissed by Seward, 222;
+    his breach with Sumner, 223;
+    befriended by Mrs. Eames, 223, 224;
+    his death, 225;
+    his family affairs, 227.
+
+  Gurowski, John, 227.
+
+  Gustin, Rev. Ellen,
+    at the convention of women ministers, 312.
+
+
+  Hair,
+    mode of dressing, 65.
+
+  Hale, Rev. Edward Everett,
+    his opinion of Samuel Longfellow, 293;
+    speaks at the meeting in behalf of the Cretan insurgents, 313.
+
+  Hale, George S.,
+    a friend of woman suffrage, 378.
+
+  Hall, Mrs. David P. (Florence Howe),
+    her interest in sewing for the Cretan refugees, 316.
+
+  Hallam, Henry,
+    the historian, 139.
+
+  Halleck, Fitz-Greene,
+    his "Marco Bozzaris," 22;
+    frequent visitor at the Astor mansion, 77;
+    his remarks on Margaret Fuller's English, 146.
+
+  Hampton, Mrs. Frank (Sally Baxter),
+    meets the Howes in Havana, 234;
+    invites them to her home in South Carolina, 235.
+
+  Hampton, Wade,
+    his statement with regard to slavery, 235.
+
+  Handel,
+    his "Messiah" given in New York, 15;
+    appreciation of his work taught, 16.
+
+  Handel and Haydn Society, 14.
+
+  Harte, Bret,
+    at Newport, 402.
+
+  Harvard College,
+    shunned as a Unitarian institution, 24.
+
+  Harvard Divinity School,
+    Theodore Parker at, 162.
+
+  Hawkes, Rev. Francis L.,
+    his abuse of Germans and abolitionists, 61.
+
+  Haynes, Rev. Lorenza,
+    takes part in the convention of women ministers, 312.
+
+  Healy, G. P. A.,
+    the artist, ball at his residence, 420, 421.
+
+  Healy, Mrs., 420.
+
+  Hedge, Dr. F. H.,
+    his translations, 147;
+    member of the Radical Club, 282;
+    defends Protestant progress, 285;
+    his Phi Beta address, 295;
+    pastorates in Providence and Boston, 296, 297;
+    second Phi Beta address, 298;
+    becomes professor of German at Harvard, 299;
+    fondness for the drama, 299, 300;
+    his high opinion of Margaret Fuller, 300, 301;
+    his statement of the Unitarian faith, 302;
+    broadening effect of his studies in Germany, 303.
+
+  Hegel,
+    the German philosopher, 209;
+    estimates of, 210;
+    his "Aesthetik" and "Logik," 212.
+
+  Hell,
+    ideas of, 62.
+
+  Hensler, Miss Elise,
+    sings first at Mrs. Benzon's house, 435.
+
+  Herder,
+      works of,
+    read, 59, 206.
+
+  Herne, Colonel,
+    first husband of Mrs. Cutler, Mrs. Howe's grandmother, 35.
+
+  Heron, Matilda,
+    in "The World's Own," 230.
+
+  Higginson, Colonel Thomas Wentworth,
+    at the Shadrach meeting, 165;
+    his paper "Ought Women to learn the Alphabet," 232;
+    his position on Christianity at the Radical Club, 285;
+    at the woman suffrage meeting, 375;
+    aids that cause, 382;
+    at Newport, 402;
+    at a mock "Commencement," 403;
+    becomes treasurer of the Town and Country Club, 406;
+    at the woman's rights congress in Paris, 420.
+
+  Hillard, George S.,
+    his friends and character, 169, 170.
+
+  Hillard, Kate,
+    speaks at the Town and Country Club, 406.
+
+  "Hippolytus,"
+      Mrs. Howe's drama of,
+    proposed by Booth, 237;
+    ultimately declined, 240.
+
+  Hoar, Hon. George Frisbie,
+    a friend of woman suffrage, 378;
+    secures an appropriation for the New Orleans Exposition, 398.
+
+  Hoffman, Matilda,
+    engaged to Washington Irving, 28.
+
+  Holland, Mrs. Henry (Saba Smith),
+    reception at her house, 92.
+
+  Holland, Dr. J. G.,
+    at Newport, 402.
+
+  Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell,
+    at the Bryant celebration, 277-280;
+    as a traveling companion, 277, 280;
+    his paper at the Radical Club on Jonathan Edwards, 286;
+    speaks at the meeting to help the Cretan insurgents, 313;
+    writes a poem for the memorial meeting to Dr. Howe, 370.
+
+  Hooker, Mrs. Isabella Beecher,
+    speaks at the woman's congress, 385.
+
+  Horace, 174;
+    Orelli's edition of, 209.
+
+  Houghton, Lord (Richard Monckton Milnes),
+      the poet,
+    Mrs. Howe meets, 97;
+    entertains her in 1877, 410;
+    takes her to Mr. Gladstone's, 411.
+
+  Housekeeping,
+    the trials of, 213-215;
+    every girl should learn the art of, 216.
+
+  Howe, Florence.
+    See Hall, Mrs. David P.
+
+  Howe, Julia Romana.
+    See Anagnos, Mrs. Michael.
+
+  Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward,
+    asked to write her reminiscences, 1;
+    birth and parentage, 3, 4;
+    brothers and sisters, 4, 5;
+    early indication of inaptness with tools, 7;
+    travels to Niagara, 8, 9;
+    childish incidents, 7-10;
+    her mother's death, 10;
+    early education, 13, 14;
+    musical training, 16, 17;
+    seclusion of her home, 18;
+    first ball, 29;
+    acquaintance with Mrs. Jameson, 41, 42;
+    leaves school: studies German with Dr. Cogswell, 43;
+    reviews Lamartine's "Jocelyn," 44;
+    manner of living at home, 47;
+    her social intercourse restricted, 48;
+    feelings on the death of her father, 52;
+    his guidance of, 53;
+    effect of her brother Henry's death, 54;
+    her studies, 56-63;
+    in chemistry, 56;
+    in French and Italian, 57;
+    literary work, dramas and lyrics, 57, 58;
+    reading, 58;
+    German studies, 59;
+    further literary work, essays and poems, 60, 61;
+    religious growth, 62;
+    first dinner party, 64;
+    her attire: bridesmaid at her brother's wedding, 65;
+    fear of lightning, 78;
+    social opportunities, 78, 79;
+    spends the summer of 1841 near Boston: visits
+      the Perkins Institution, 81;
+    sees Dr. Howe, 82;
+    her memoir of Dr. Howe for the blind, 83;
+    engagement and marriage, 88;
+    voyage to Europe, 89-91;
+    entertained in London, 92-110;
+    in Scotland, 111;
+    in Dublin, 112;
+    visits Miss Edgeworth, 113;
+    the poet Wordsworth, 115;
+    at Vienna, 118;
+    at Milan, 119;
+    arrival in Rome, 121;
+    birth of eldest daughter, 128;
+    leaves Rome, 133;
+    returns to England, 133-135;
+    visits Atherstone, 136, 137;
+    sees the Nightingales, 138;
+    goes to Lea Hurst, 139;
+    Salisbury, 139-143;
+    her travesty of Dr. Howe's letter, 142;
+    attends Theodore Parker's meetings, 150;
+    life in South Boston, 151, 152;
+    in Washington, 178;
+    second trip abroad, 188;
+    reaches Rome, 191;
+    returns to America, 204;
+    studious nature, 205;
+    ideas on Christianity, 206-208;
+    work in Latin, 209;
+    philosophical studies, 210-213;
+    housekeeping trials, 214-217;
+    free-soil preferences, 219;
+    at Count Gurowski's death-bed, 226;
+    her "Passion Flowers" published, 228;
+    her "Words of the Hour"
+      and "The World's Own" published, 230;
+    trip to Cuba, 231;
+    parting with Theodore Parker, 233, 234;
+    her book about the Cuban trip, 236;
+    writes for the "New York Tribune," 236, 237;
+    requested by Booth to write a play, 237;
+    disappointed at its nonappearance, 240;
+    attends James Freeman Clarke's meetings, 245;
+    helps Dr. Howe edit "The Commonwealth," 253;
+    sees John Brown, 254;
+    goes on some trips with Gov. and Mrs. Andrew, 266;
+    visits Washington in 1861, 269;
+    first attempt at public speaking, 271;
+    meets Abraham Lincoln, 272;
+    how she came to write the "Battle Hymn," 273-275;
+    takes part in the Bryant celebration, 277-280;
+    her papers before the Radical Club, 287;
+    pleasantry with Dr. Hedge, 297;
+    increasing desire to write and speak, 304, 305;
+    gives parlor lectures at her home, 306;
+    repeats the course in Washington, 308, 309;
+    various philosophical papers and essays, 310;
+    reads a paper on "Polarity" before the Radical Club,
+      and one on "Ideal Causation" to the Parker Fraternity, 311;
+    interested in calling the first convention of woman ministers, 312;
+    starts for Greece, 313;
+    arrival in Athens, 314;
+    distributes clothes to the Cretan refugees, 316-318;
+    returns to Boston: conducts the Cretan Bazaar, 320;
+    lectures in Newport and Boston, 321, 322;
+    starts a woman's peace crusade, 328;
+    holds meetings to advance the cause in New York, 329;
+    visits England to organize a Woman's Peace Congress, 329;
+    speaks at the banquet of the Unitarian Association, 331;
+    her Sunday afternoon meetings at Freemasons' Tavern, 331, 332;
+    meets Mrs. Grey, 333;
+    visits Prof. Seeley, 335;
+    is constrained to apply her energy to the woman's club movement, 336;
+    her peace addresses in England, where made, 337;
+    asked to attend the Peace Congress in Paris, 338;
+    attends a Prison Reform meeting, 339;
+    her speech there, 340;
+    holds a final meeting to further her peace crusade in London, 341;
+    goes to Santo Domingo with Dr. Howe, 349;
+    holds religious services for the negroes there, 350-352;
+    visits a girls' school, 352;
+    invited to speak to a secret Bible society, 353;
+    every-day life there, 357, 358;
+    invited to a state dinner by President Baez, 360;
+    her second visit to Santo Domingo, 360;
+    her difficulties in riding horseback, 362;
+    her interest in the emancipation of woman takes more
+      definite form, 372, 373;
+    attends the meeting to found the New England Woman's Club, 374;
+    joins the woman suffrage movement, 375;
+    her efforts for that cause, 376;
+    gains experience, 377;
+    trips to promote the cause, 379-381;
+    at legislative hearings, 381-384;
+    attends the woman's congress in 1868, 385;
+    elected fourth president of the Association
+      for the Advancement of Women, 393;
+    directs the woman's department at a Boston fair, 394;
+    at the New Orleans Exposition, 395;
+    difficulties encountered there, 396;
+    speech to the negroes, 398;
+    considered _clubable_ by Dr. Holmes, 400;
+    presides at a mock "Commencement," 403;
+    goes abroad with her daughter Maud in 1877:
+      entertained by Lord Houghton, 410;
+    breakfasts with Mr. Gladstone, 411;
+    goes to the House of Commons with Charles Parnell, 412;
+    visits Paris, 413;
+    goes to the French Academy, 414;
+    at the crowning of a _rosiere_, 415;
+    visits Dore's studio, 416-419;
+    lectures in Paris, 419;
+    president of a woman's rights congress, 420;
+    at the Healys' ball, 421;
+    speaks on suffrage in Italy, 422;
+    visits Princess Belgioiosa, 422, 423;
+    sees Umberto crowned, 424;
+    reads with Madame Ristori, 424, 425;
+    sees Leo XIII. consecrated, 426;
+    meets Washington Allston, 429;
+    first acquaintance with John S. Dwight, 435;
+    feeling of loss at Otto Dresel's death, 438;
+    her eldest daughter's death, 439;
+    successes and failures of her life, 442-444.
+
+  Howe, Maud.
+    See Elliott, Mrs.
+
+  Howe, Dr. Samuel Gridley,
+    first known to the Wards through Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, 49;
+    his achievement in Laura Bridgman's case, 81;
+    Mr. Sanborn's estimate of, 83;
+    his philanthropic efforts, 84;
+    espouses the cause of Greece, 85, 86;
+    his work for the blind, 86, 87;
+    other activities: marries Julia Ward, 88;
+    goes abroad, 89;
+    entertained in London, 92-107, 110, 111;
+    visits London prisons, 108, 109;
+    in Scotland, 111;
+    in Dublin, 112;
+    visits Miss Edgeworth, 113;
+    the poet Wordsworth, 115;
+    his connection with the Polish rebellion, 117, 118;
+    excluded from Prussia, 118;
+    tour through Europe to Rome, 118-121;
+    arrested in Rome, 123;
+    presented to the Pope, 126;
+    with George Combe, 131, 132;
+    leaves Rome, 133;
+    conversation with Florence Nightingale, 138;
+    his visit to Rotherhithe workhouse, 141;
+    his activity on the Boston School Board, 148;
+    advocates the teaching of speech to deaf-mutes, 149;
+    inability to sing, 163;
+    his circle of friends, 169, 170;
+    his interest in prison reforms, 173;
+    commissioner on the annexation of Santo Domingo, 181;
+    visits Europe in 1850, 188;
+    takes the water cure at Boppard, 189;
+    his abolition sympathies, 218;
+    trip to Cuba, 230;
+    buys Lawton's Valley at Newport, 238;
+    objects to his children attending the Parker meetings, 244;
+    edits "The Commonwealth," 252;
+    his friendship with Gov. Andrew, 253;
+    his judgment in military affairs, 269;
+    averse to women speaking in public, 305;
+    his interest in the Cretan insurrection, 312, 313;
+    starts for Greece, 313;
+    arrival in Athens: his life endangered, 314;
+    visits Crete: returns to Boston, 320;
+    visits Santo Domingo to report on the advisibility
+      of annexing it, 345;
+    goes to Santo Domingo again, 347;
+    gives a dance for the people, 355;
+    goes to Santo Domingo a third time, 360;
+    hears of Sumner's death, 364;
+    returns to Boston, 368;
+    his death, 369;
+    tributes to his memory, 370.
+
+  Hudson River,
+    journey up the, 8.
+
+  Hugo, Victor,
+    remark on John Brown, 256;
+    at the congress of _gens de lettres_, 413.
+
+  Hunt, Helen,
+    at Newport, 402.
+
+  Hunting, Rev. J. J.,
+    commends the exercises of the convention of woman ministers, 312.
+
+  Huntington, Daniel,
+    paints portrait of Mrs. Howe's father, 55.
+
+  "Hymns of the Spirit,"
+    collected by Samuel Longfellow and Samuel Johnson, 293.
+
+
+  Indians, the,
+    in New York State, 9;
+    Samuel Ward's intercourse with, in California, 70.
+
+  Inglis, Sir Robert Harry, 98.
+
+  Iron Crown of Lombardy, 119, 120.
+
+  Irving, Sir Henry, 410.
+
+  Irving, Washington,
+    his embarrassment in public speaking, 25;
+    at the dinner to Charles Dickens, 26;
+    his manners and travels, 27;
+    his love affair, 28;
+    frequent visitor at the Astor mansion, 75.
+
+  Italy,
+    emancipation of, 121, 193-196.
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew,
+    ridiculed in the "Downing Letters," 25;
+    crushes the bank of the United States, 50.
+
+  James, Henry, the elder,
+    his character and culture, 323, 324;
+    his views on immortality, 325;
+    Swedenborgian tendencies, 326;
+    at Newport, 402.
+
+  Jameson, Mrs. (Anna Brownell Murphy),
+    visits New York: her books and ability, 40;
+    private history and appearance, 41;
+    Mrs. Howe's acquaintance with her, 41, 42;
+    describes Canada: later books by, 42.
+
+  Janauschek, Madame,
+    visited by Dr. Hedge and Mrs. Howe in Boston, 299.
+
+  Janin, Jules,
+      French critic,
+    friend of Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, 68.
+
+  Johnson, Samuel,
+    joint editor of "Hymns of the Spirit," 293.
+
+  Johnston, William P.,
+    president of Tulane University, 399.
+
+  Julian, George W.,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+
+  Kant, Immanuel,
+    his transcendental philosophy, 146;
+    his "Critique of Pure Reason," 212;
+    influence on Mrs. Howe, 310.
+
+  Kemble, Fanny,
+    story of, 131, 132.
+
+  "Kenilworth,"
+    Scott's novel of, play founded on, 57.
+
+  Kenyon, John,
+    his dinner for the Howes, 108.
+
+  King, Charles,
+    editor of the "New York American," 22;
+    president of Columbia College, 23.
+
+  King, James,
+    junior partner of Samuel Ward, 23.
+
+  King, Rufus, 23.
+
+  Knowles, James,
+    editor of the "Nineteenth Century," 412.
+
+
+  Lafayette, General,
+    interested in the Polish revolution, 117.
+
+  Lamartine,
+    his poems and travels, 206.
+
+  Landseer, Sir Edwin,
+    at the Rogers dinner, 99.
+
+  Lane, Prof. George M., 402.
+
+  Lansdowne, Marquis of,
+    his courtesy to the Howes, 100, 101.
+
+  Lansdowne, Marchioness of, 100.
+
+  Lansdowne House,
+    musical evening at, 100-102;
+    dinner at, 103.
+
+  Lawton's Valley,
+    the Howes' summer home at Newport, 238.
+
+  Lee, Henry,
+    on Gov. Andrew's staff, 266.
+
+  Lemonnier, M. Charles,
+    editor, 413.
+
+  Lemonnier, Mme. Elise,
+    founder of industrial schools for women, 413.
+
+  Leo XIII.,
+    consecrated: revives certain points of ceremony, 426.
+
+  Lesczinska, Maria,
+    wife of Louis XV., 227.
+
+  Leveson-Gower, Lady Elizabeth, 106.
+
+  Leveson-Gower, Lady Evelyn, 106.
+
+  Libby Prison,
+    the "Battle Hymn of the Republic" sung at, 276.
+
+  "Liberator, The," 236.
+
+  "Liberty Bell, The," 154.
+
+  Lieber, Dr. Francis,
+    his opinion of Hegel, 210;
+    commends a passage from "Passion Flowers," 229;
+    at the Bryant celebration, 278.
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham,
+    services at his death, 248;
+    Mrs. Howe's interview with, 271, 272.
+
+  "Linda di Chamounix," 104.
+
+  "Literary Recreations,"
+    poems by Samuel Ward, 73.
+
+  Livermore, Mrs. Mary, 158, 294;
+    her eloquence and skill, 377, 378;
+    labors for woman suffrage, 380-382;
+    prominent in the woman's congress, 385, 386.
+
+  Livy,
+    histories of, 209.
+
+  Llangollen,
+    story of the two maids of, 111.
+
+  London,
+    the Howes in, 91-111;
+    Mrs. Howe's work there for the peace crusade, 330-336;
+    her last stay there, 410-413.
+
+  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth,
+    becomes a friend of Mrs. Howe through her brother Samuel, 49;
+    his opinion of Samuel Ward, 73;
+    takes Mrs. Howe to the Perkins Institution, 81, 82;
+    his translations, 147.
+
+  Longfellow, Rev. Samuel,
+    ordained, 292;
+    his character and convictions: hymns, 293;
+    his essay on "Law" before the Radical Club, 294.
+
+  Loring, Judge,
+    denounced by Theodore Parker, 164.
+
+  Lothrop, Rev. Samuel K.,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 306;
+    requests her to prolong the course, 308.
+
+  Lucas, Mrs. Margaret,
+    assists Mrs. Howe in her woman's peace movement, 341.
+
+  "Lucia di Lammermoor," 104.
+
+  "Luther,"
+    Dr. Hedge's essay on, 301.
+
+  Lynch, Dominick,
+    introduces the first opera troupe to New York, 24.
+
+  Lyons, Richard, Lord,
+    British minister at Washington, 309.
+
+
+  Machi, Padre,
+    visits the catacombs with the Howes, 128.
+
+  Mackintosh, Robert James,
+    calls on Mrs. Jameson, 42.
+
+  Maclaren, Mrs.,
+    assists Mrs. Howe in her peace movement, 341.
+
+  Maclise, Daniel,
+    the painter, 110.
+
+  MacMahon, Marshal,
+    his reception to Gen. and Mrs. Grant, 421.
+
+  Macready, William Charles,
+    the actor, 104.
+
+  Mailliard, Adolph, 201.
+
+  Mailliard, Mrs. Adolph (Annie Ward),
+    sister of Mrs. Howe: accompanies her to Europe, 88;
+    dines with Carlyle at Chelsea, 96;
+    her loveliness, 137;
+    her husband, 201;
+    her toast at the Washington's Birthday dinner in Rome, 203;
+    returns to America with Mrs. Howe, 204.
+
+  Malibran, Madame,
+    in the roles of Cenerentola and Rosina, 15.
+
+  Mallock, William H.,
+    at a dinner for Mrs. Howe, 412.
+
+  Manchester, Bishop of,
+    opposes the founding of schools for girls of the middle class, 333.
+
+  Mann, Horace,
+    uplifts the public schools, 88;
+    goes to Europe, 89;
+    visits Carlyle at Chelsea, 96;
+    inspects the London prisons, 108, 109;
+    opinion of George Combe, 133;
+    praises Dr. Howe's work in the Boston schools, 148;
+    advocates the teaching of speech to deaf-mutes, 149;
+    shrinks from woman suffrage, 157.
+
+  Mann, Mrs. Horace (Mary Peabody),
+    goes to Europe with the Howes, 89;
+    visits Thomas Carlyle, 96.
+
+  Manning, Cardinal,
+    presides at a Prison Reform meeting, 339.
+
+  "Marco Bozzaris," 22.
+
+  Margherita, Queen,
+    at King Umberto's coronation, 424.
+
+  Mario,
+    sings at Lansdowne House, 101.
+
+  Marion, Gen. Francis, 4.
+
+  Martel,
+    a hair-dresser, 65.
+
+  "Martin Chuzzlewit,"
+    transcendental episode in, 139.
+
+  Martineau, Harriet,
+    statue of, 158.
+
+  May, Abby W.,
+    aids bazaar in behalf of the Cretans, 320;
+    her energy in the Association for the Advancement of Women, 393.
+
+  May, Rev. Samuel J., 394.
+
+  McAllister, Julian,
+    marries Louisa Cutler, 33.
+
+  McAllister, Mrs. Julian, 33.
+
+  McAllister, Judge Matthew H., 33.
+
+  McCabe, Chaplain,
+    mentions the singing of the "Battle Hymn" in Libby Prison, 276.
+
+  McCarthy, Mrs. Justin,
+    "rout" given by, 413.
+
+  McVickar, John,
+    professor of philosophy at Columbia College, 23.
+
+  "Merchant Princes of Wall Street, The,"
+    inaccuracy of, 52.
+
+  Merritt, Mrs.,
+      a New Orleans lady,
+    addresses the colored people, 398.
+
+  Metastasio, dramas of,
+    read, 57, 206.
+
+  Milan,
+    the Howes in, 119, 120.
+
+  Milnes, Richard Monckton.
+    See Houghton, Lord.
+
+  Milton, John,
+    his "Paradise Lost" used as a text-book, 58.
+
+  Mitchell, Maria,
+      her character and attainments:
+    signs the call for a congress of women, 385;
+    becomes the president in 1876, 387;
+    lectures to the Town and Country Club, 406.
+
+  Mitchell, Dr. Weir,
+    lectures to the Town and Country Club, 406.
+
+  Moliere,
+    his comedies read, 206.
+
+  Monza,
+    trip to, 119.
+
+  Moore, Prof.,
+    at Columbia College, 23.
+
+  "Moral Philosophy,"
+    William Paley's, 13.
+
+  Morecchini, Monsignore,
+    minister of public charities at Rome, 124.
+
+  Morpeth, George, Lord
+      (afterwards seventh earl of Carlisle),
+    at Lansdowne House, 102, 103;
+    Sydney Smith's dream about, 107;
+    takes the Howes to Pentonville prison, 109.
+
+  Motley, John Lothrop,
+    at school with Tom Applet on, 433.
+
+  Mott, Lucretia, 166;
+    at the Radical Club, 283.
+
+  Moulton, Mrs. William U. (Louise Chandler),
+    reports the Radical Club meetings for the
+      "New York Tribune," 290.
+
+  Mozart,
+    symphonies of, given in Boston, 14;
+    appreciation of his work taught, 16;
+    his work given at the Wards', 49;
+    admired by Sumner, 176.
+
+  Munich,
+      works of art at,
+    described by Mrs. Jameson, 40.
+
+  Museum of Fine Arts, The,
+    in Boston, 44.
+
+  Music,
+    early efforts for, in Boston and New York, 14, 15;
+    effect on youthful nerves considered, 17, 18.
+
+  "Mysteres de Paris,"
+    Eugene Sue's, 204.
+
+
+  Napoleon I.,
+    anecdote of, 1;
+    invasion of Italy by, 17;
+    incidents of that invasion, 120.
+
+  Nassau,
+    visit to, 232.
+
+  Newgate prison,
+    visit to, 108.
+
+  Newport,
+    Mrs. Howe spends a summer at the Cliff House there, 221;
+    Dr. Howe buys an estate at, 238;
+    Mrs. Howe writes her play there, 239;
+    people who stayed at, 401, 402;
+    the Town and Country Club of, formed, 405.
+
+  New Year's Day,
+    custom of visiting on, 31, 32.
+
+  New York City,
+    growth of, shown, 12, 13;
+    first musical ventures in, 14, 15;
+    its people of culture, 21-25;
+    social events in, 29, 66;
+    Bryant celebration at, 277-280;
+    meetings in, to encourage the woman's peace crusade, 329.
+
+  "New York Review,"
+    publishes an essay by Mrs. Howe, 60.
+
+  New York State,
+    Indians of, 9;
+    in the financial crisis of 1837, 51.
+
+  Niagara,
+    surprise at the first sight of, 8.
+
+  Nightingale, Florence, 136;
+    her character: conversation with Dr. Howe, 138;
+    studies nursing, 139;
+    travels abroad: visited by Margaret Fuller, 188.
+
+  Nightingale, Parthenope, 138, 188.
+
+  Nineteenth century, the,
+    its mechanical and intellectual achievements, 1, 2.
+
+  Nordheimer, Dr. Isaac,
+    teaches Mrs. Howe German, 59.
+
+  "North American Review, The,"
+    articles by Samuel Ward in, 68.
+
+  Norton, Rev. Andrews,
+    in Cranch's caricature, 145.
+
+  Norton, Hon. Mrs. (Caroline Sheridan),
+    at Lansdowne House: her attire, 102.
+
+  "Nozze di Figaro, Le,"
+    libretto of, by whom, 24.
+
+
+  O'Connell, Daniel,
+    the Irish agitator, 113.
+
+  Ordway, Mrs. Eveline M.,
+    with Mrs. Elliott at the New Orleans Exposition, 399.
+
+  O'Sullivan, John L.,
+    editor of the "Democratic Review," 79.
+
+
+  Paddock, Mary C.,
+    goes to Santo Domingo with the Howes, 347.
+
+  Paley, William,
+    his "Moral Philosophy," 13;
+    his "Evidences of Christianity," 56.
+
+  Palgrave, F. T.,
+    reception at his house, 412.
+
+  "Paradise Lost,"
+    used as a text-book, 58;
+    religious interpretation of, 62.
+
+  Paris,
+    Samuel Ward in: his work descriptive of, 68;
+    the Howes arrive in, 134;
+    peace congress at, 338;
+    Mrs. Howe's last visit to, 413.
+
+  Parker, Dr. Peter,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+  Parker, Theodore, 105;
+    Mrs. Howe attends his meetings, 150;
+    his Sunday evenings, 153;
+    his sermon on "The Transient and the Permanent in Christianity," 159;
+    his visit to Rome: christens Mrs. Howe's eldest daughter, 160;
+    his culture, 161;
+    affection for his wife, 162;
+    musical attainments, 163;
+    his great sermons, 164;
+    at the Shadrach meeting, 165;
+    women admitted to his pulpit, 166;
+    his personal characteristics, 167;
+    death, 168;
+    compared with Sumner, 176;
+    his opinion of Hegel, 211;
+    repeats lines from "Passion Flowers," 228;
+    goes to Cuba accompanied by the Howes, 231;
+    continues to Vera Cruz and Europe, 233;
+    his meetings, 244;
+    his parting gift to Massachusetts, 263;
+    his opinion of Emerson, 291;
+    of Dr. Hedge, 298;
+    sympathizes with Mrs. Howe's desire for expression, 305.
+
+  Parker, Mrs. Theodore, 160, 162.
+
+  Parnell, Charles S.,
+    escorts Mrs. Howe to the House of Commons, 412.
+
+  Parnell, Mrs. Delia Stuart,
+    gives Mrs. Howe a note of introduction to her son, 412.
+
+  Parsons, Thomas W.,
+    his poem on the death of Mary Booth, 241;
+    suggests a poem for Mrs. Howe's Sunday meetings in London, 332.
+
+  "Passion Flowers,"
+    Mrs. Howe's first volume of poems, 228, 229;
+    reviewed in Dwight's "Journal of Music" by Mrs. E. D. Cheney, 436.
+
+  Passy, Frederic,
+    takes Mrs. Howe to the French Academy, 414;
+    also to the crowning of a _rosiere_, 415;
+    presents her with a volume of his essays, 416.
+
+  Paul, Jean,
+    works of, read, 59.
+
+  Pegli,
+    Samuel Ward dies at, 73.
+
+  Peirce, Benjamin,
+    a member of the Radical Club, 282.
+
+  Pellico, Silvio,
+    an Italian patriot, 119.
+
+  Pentonville prison,
+    visited, 109.
+
+  Perkins, Col. Thomas H.,
+    his recollection of Mrs. Cutler, 35.
+
+  Persiani, Mlle.,
+    an opera singer, 104.
+
+  "Phaedo,"
+      Plato's,
+    read by Mrs. Howe, 321.
+
+  Phillips, Wendell,
+    his prophetic quality of mind recognized, 84;
+    leader of the abolitionists: his birth and education, 154;
+    at anti-slavery meetings, 155-157;
+    an advocate of woman suffrage, 157, 158;
+    his death, 159;
+    compared with Sumner, 175;
+    effect of his presence at the Radical Club, 286;
+    his orthodoxy, 287;
+    speaks at the meeting to help the Cretan insurgents, 313;
+    at the woman suffrage meeting, 375;
+    supports that cause, 378, 382;
+    at school with Tom Appleton, 433.
+
+  "Philosophie Positive,"
+    Comte's, 211.
+
+  Phrenology,
+    belief in, 132, 133.
+
+  Pius IX.,
+    Pope, 125;
+    his weakness, 194, 195;
+    his death, 425.
+
+  Poe, Edgar Allan,
+    his visit to Dr. Francis, 39.
+
+  Polish insurrection of 1830, the,
+    connection of Dr. Howe with, 117.
+
+  Polish refugees,
+    ball in aid of, 105.
+
+  Powel, Samuel,
+    his prophecy in regard to Newport, 408.
+
+  Powell, Mr. Aaron,
+    asks Mrs. Howe to attend the Paris Peace Congress as a delegate, 338.
+
+  Priessnitz,
+    his water cure, 189.
+
+  Prime, Ward & King,
+      firm of,
+    Mrs. Howe's father a member, 50, 51;
+    her brother Samuel admitted, 69.
+
+  Prisons,
+    visited by Dr. Howe, 108, 109.
+
+  Pulszky, Mme. (Theresa von Walther), 118.
+
+  Pym, Capt.,
+    an Arctic voyager, 399.
+
+
+  Quincy, Edmund,
+    his remark to Theodore Parker, 287.
+
+  Quincy, Jr., Mrs. Josiah,
+    woman's club started at her house, 400.
+
+
+  Rachel, Madame,
+    the actress, 135.
+
+  Racine,
+    his tragedies read, 206.
+
+  Red Jacket,
+    an Indian Chief, 9.
+
+  Reed, Lucy,
+    a blind deaf mute, 81, 82.
+
+  Regnault, Henri,
+    eulogized at the French Academy, 414.
+
+  Repeal Measures,
+    agitation for, in Dublin, 112.
+
+  Rice, A. H.,
+      governor of Massachusetts,
+    presides at the Music Hall meeting in memory of Dr. Howe, 370.
+
+  Richards, Mrs. Henry (Laura Howe),
+    accompanies her parents to Europe, 313.
+
+  Richmond, Duke of,
+    visits Bridewell prison with the Howes, 109.
+
+  Richmond, Rev. James, 210.
+
+  Richmond, Va.,
+    theatre in, burned, 16;
+    Crawford's statue of Washington for, 203.
+
+  Ripley, George,
+    his efforts at Brook Farm, 145;
+    reviews "Passion Flowers," 228;
+    sees the Howes and Parkers off for Cuba, 231.
+
+  Ripley, Mrs. George (Sophia Dana), 296.
+
+  Ripley, Mary,
+    speaks at the woman's congress in Memphis, 389.
+
+  Ristori, Mme.,
+    the actress, 264;
+    reads Marie Stuart in Rome, 424.
+
+  Ritchie, Harry,
+      the handsome,
+    on Gov. Andrew's staff, 266.
+
+  Ritchie, Mrs.,
+    daughter of Harrison Gray Otis, 401.
+
+  Rogers, Samuel,
+      the poet,
+    dinner at his house, 99, 100;
+    his economical dinner, 141.
+
+  Rogers, Prof. William B.,
+    vice-president of the Town and Country Club, 405;
+    lectures to the club, 406.
+
+  Rome,
+    the Howes' arrival in, 121;
+    stiffness of society in, 123, 127;
+    Mrs. Howe's second visit to, 191;
+    political condition of, 193-195;
+    Mrs. Howe's stay in, on her way to Greece, 313;
+    spends the winter of 1877-78 in, 423-427.
+
+  Rosebery, Lord,
+    a friend of Samuel Ward, 72;
+    visited by, 73;
+    at Devonshire House, 410.
+
+  Rosebery, Lady, 73.
+
+  Rossi, Count,
+    at Mrs. Benzon's, 436.
+
+  Rossini,
+    works of performed in New York, 14;
+    admired by Sumner, 176.
+
+  Round Hill School, 5;
+    its principal, 43;
+    Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel at, 67.
+
+  "Routs,"
+    receptions so called, 93.
+
+  Russell, Mrs. Sarah Shaw,
+    a friend of Theodore Parker, 168.
+
+
+  St. Angelo,
+    Castle of, 130.
+
+  St. Calixtus,
+    catacombs of, 128.
+
+  St. Luke,
+    academy of, 124.
+
+  St. Peter,
+    church of, 121, 125, 126.
+
+  Salisbury,
+    the Howes at, 139-141.
+
+  Samana Bay,
+    the Howes' first visit to, 348;
+    later stay at, 361-368;
+    school at, 364.
+
+  Samana Bay Company,
+    Dr. Howe visits Santo Domingo in its interests, 346;
+    ended by order of the Dominican government, 367.
+
+  San Francisco,
+    Samuel Ward at, 70.
+
+  San Michele,
+    industrial school of, 124.
+
+  Sanborn, Franklin B.,
+    his biography of Dr. Howe, 82;
+    reviews "Passion Flowers," 185, 228.
+
+  Sand, George,
+    her works read by Mrs. Howe, 58, 206.
+
+  Sands, Julia,
+    her biography of her brother, 21.
+
+  Sands, Robert,
+      the poet,
+    of an old New York family, 21.
+
+  Santa Maria Maggiore,
+    church of, 125.
+
+  Santo Domingo,
+    annexation of, considered by a commission, 180, 345;
+    proper way to spell the name, 348;
+    religious meetings for the negroes in the city of, 349-351;
+    small amount of English spoken there, 352;
+    secret Bible society in, 353;
+    debating club there, 354;
+    a city of shopkeepers, 355;
+    pleasant winter climate of, 358;
+    longevity of the negroes in, 364;
+    characteristics of the people, 366.
+
+  Sargent, Rev. John T.,
+    meetings of the Boston Radical Club at his house, 281.
+
+  Satan,
+    idea of, 62.
+
+  Schiller,
+    Mrs. Howe's essay on his minor poems, 60;
+    plays read, 206.
+
+  Schlesinger, Daniel,
+      Mrs. Howe's music teacher,
+    stanzas on his death, 58.
+
+  Schliemann, Mrs., 410.
+
+  "Schoenberg-Cotta family, The," 6.
+
+  Schubert,
+    his music played at the Ward home, 49.
+
+  Schumann,
+    the composer, 40.
+
+  Schumann, Madame (Clara Wieck),
+    mentioned by Mrs. Jameson, 40.
+
+  Scotland,
+    the Howes in, 111, 112.
+
+  Scott, Sir Walter, 28;
+    his novel "Kenilworth," play founded on, 57;
+    grave of, at Abbotsford, 111;
+    works lightly esteemed by Charles Sumner, 169.
+
+  Sedgwick, Catharine Maria,
+    on John Kenyon, 108;
+    her letter of introduction to Count Gonfalonieri, 119;
+    praises a line from "Passion Flowers," 228.
+
+  Sedgwick, Mrs. Theodore (Susan Ridley), 90.
+
+  Seeley, Prof. J. R.,
+      hospitality and kindness to Mrs. Howe: his lecture on Burke, 335.
+
+  Sewall, Judge Samuel E.,
+    aids the woman suffrage movement, 382.
+
+  Seward, William H.,
+      secretary of state,
+    stigmatized by Count Gurowski, 222.
+
+  Shaw, Mrs. Quincy A., 184.
+
+  Shelley, Percy Bysshe,
+    his books prohibited in the Ward family, 58.
+
+  Sherret, Miss,
+    her interest in schools for girls of the middle class, 333.
+
+  Sherwood, Mrs. (Mary Martha Butt),
+    her stories, 48.
+
+  Siddons, Mrs. William (Sarah Kemble),
+    fund for her monument, 104;
+    her daughter, 131.
+
+  Silliman, Prof. Benjamin,
+    of Yale College, 22.
+
+  Smith, Alfred,
+    real estate agent of Newport, 238.
+
+  Smith, Mrs. Seba, 166.
+
+  Smith, Rev. Sydney,
+    calls on the Howes: his reputation as a wit, 91;
+    appearance, 92;
+    anecdotes of, 92-95;
+    pleasantry about Lord Morpeth, 107.
+
+  Smith, Mrs. Sydney,
+    Mrs. Howe calls on, 94.
+
+  Somerville, Mrs. (Mary Fairfax),
+    intimate with Mrs. Jameson, 42.
+
+  "Sonnambula, La,"
+    given in New York, 15.
+
+  Sontag, Mme.,
+    at Mrs. Benzon's, 435.
+
+  Sothern, Edward Askew,
+    in "The World's Own," 230.
+
+  Southworth, Mrs. F. H. (Emma D. E. Nevitt),
+    attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+  Spielberg,
+      the Austrian fortress of,
+    Italian patriots imprisoned in, 119, 120.
+
+  Spinoza, 212, 309.
+
+  Stanton, Theodore, 420.
+
+  Steele, Tom,
+    friend of Daniel O'Connell, 113.
+
+  Stone, Lucy, 305;
+    speaks for woman suffrage in Boston, 375;
+    her skill and zeal, 377, 378;
+    her work for that cause, 380, 381;
+    prominent at the woman's congress, 385.
+
+  Stonehenge, Druidical stones at, 140.
+
+  Story, Chief Justice, 169.
+
+  Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher,
+    her "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 253.
+
+  Sue, Eugene,
+    his "Mysteres de Paris," 204.
+
+  Sumner, Albert,
+    brother of the senator, 402.
+
+  Sumner, Charles,
+    first known to the Wards through Mrs. Howe's brother Samuel, 49;
+    takes the Wards to the Perkins Institution, 81, 82;
+    Thomas Carlyle's estimate of, 96, 97;
+    inability to sing, 163;
+    his first appearance at the Ward home, 168;
+    his friends, 169;
+    his political opinions, 170;
+    his temperament and aspect, 171-173;
+    attitude on prison reform, 173, 174;
+    his eloquence, 175;
+    his culture, 176;
+    his life in Washington, 177-180;
+    opposes the annexation of Santo Domingo, 181;
+    his death, 182;
+    defeats Webster for the Senate, 218;
+    his breach with Count Gurowski, 223;
+    grieves at Gurowski's death, 226;
+    dines at Mrs. Eames's, 308.
+
+  Sumner, Charles Pinckney,
+    sheriff, anecdote of, 171, 172.
+
+  Sumner, Mrs. C. P.,
+    anecdotes of, 177, 178.
+
+  Sunday,
+    observance of, in the Ward family, 48.
+
+  Sutherland, Duke of, 99.
+
+  Sutherland, Duchess of (Harriet Howard), 99;
+    her attire at Lansdowne House, 102;
+    at the ball at Almack's, 106;
+    at the Countess of Carlisle's dinner, 106, 107;
+    her relations with the Queen, 107.
+
+  Swedenborg, Emanuel,
+    his "Divine Love and Wisdom," 204;
+    his theory of the divine man, 208;
+    works read, 209.
+
+  "Sylphide, La," 135.
+
+
+  Taddei, Rosa, 130.
+
+  Taglioni, Madame,
+    _danseuse_, 135.
+
+  "Task, The,"
+    William Cowper's, 58.
+
+  Tasso, 176, 206.
+
+  Taylor, "Father" (Edward T.),
+    Boston Methodist city missionary, 263.
+
+  Taylor, Mrs. Peter,
+    founds a college for working women, 333.
+
+  Terry, Luther,
+    an artist in Rome, 127;
+    married to Mrs. Crawford, 312.
+
+  Terry, Mrs. Luther.
+    See Ward, Louisa.
+
+  Thackeray, William M.,
+    his admiration for Mrs. Frank Hampton, 234;
+    depicts her in Ethel Newcome, 235.
+
+  Theatre, the,
+    frowned down in New York, 15, 16.
+
+  Thoreau, Henry D.,
+    Emerson's paper on, 290.
+
+  Ticknor, Miss Anna,
+    in the Town and Country Club, 407.
+
+  Ticknor, George,
+      letter of introduction from,
+    to Miss Edgeworth, 113;
+    to Wordsworth, 115.
+
+  Tolstoi, Count Lyeff,
+    his "Kreutzer Sonata" disapproved of, 17.
+
+  Torlonia,
+      a Roman banker,
+    anecdote of, 27;
+    ball given by, 123.
+
+  Torlonia's Palace, 122, 128.
+
+  Toermer,
+    an artist, 127.
+
+  Tourgenieff,
+    the Russian novelist, 412.
+
+  Town and Country Club of Newport
+    founded, 405;
+    its eminent lecturers, 406, 407.
+
+  Townsend, Mrs. Gideon (Mary A. Van Voorhis),
+    poet of the opening of the New Orleans Exposition, 399.
+
+  Transcendentalism,
+    ridiculed by Dickens, 139;
+    by Cranch, 145;
+    a world movement, 146, 147.
+
+  "Trip to Cuba,"
+      Mrs. Howe's book,
+    extract from, 233;
+    published in the "Atlantic Monthly" and in book form: attacked, 236.
+
+  Tuebingen, University of,
+    confers a degree on Samuel Ward, Mrs. Howe's brother, 68.
+
+  Turks,
+    their devastation of Greece, 85.
+
+  Tweedy, Edmund, 402.
+
+  Tweedy, Mary, 402.
+
+
+  Umberto,
+      king of Italy,
+    crowned, 424.
+
+  "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
+    Mrs. Stowe's, 253.
+
+  United States, Bank of,
+    Jackson's refusal to renew charter of, 50;
+    English sneer at, 117.
+
+
+  Van de Weyer, Mr. Sylvain,
+    Belgian minister to England, 93.
+
+  Van de Weyer, Mrs. Sylvain, 92.
+
+  Vatican,
+    evening visit to, 129;
+    head of Zeus in, 132.
+
+  "Via Felice,"
+    a poem, 200.
+
+  Victor Emmanuel,
+    his popularity and death, 423.
+
+  Victoria,
+    Queen, 93.
+
+  Vienna,
+    the Howes at, 118.
+
+  Von Walther, Mme., 118.
+
+  Voysey, Rev. Charles,
+    sermon by, 330.
+
+
+  Waddington, W. H., 410.
+
+  Wade, Benjamin F.,
+    commissioner on the annexation of Santo Domingo, 181, 345.
+
+  Wadsworth, William,
+    of Geneseo, 104.
+
+  Walcourt, Lord,
+    visited by the Howes, 114, 115.
+
+  Walcourt, Lady, 115.
+
+  Wall Street,
+    Samuel Ward in, 51;
+    John Ward in, 55.
+
+  Wallace, Horace Binney,
+    a delightful companion, 198, 199;
+    sad death, 200;
+    lines to, 200, 201;
+    recommends Comte's work, 211.
+
+  "Wandsbecker Bote,"
+    Matthias Claudius's, 62.
+
+  Ward, Annie.
+    See Mailliard, Mrs. Adolph.
+
+  Ward, Frances Marion,
+    sent to Round Hill School, 5;
+    at home, 45.
+
+  Ward, Henry,
+      uncle of Mrs. Howe,
+    a lover of music and good cheer, 19.
+
+  Ward, Henry,
+      brother of Mrs. Howe,
+    sent to Round Hill School, 5;
+    at home, 45;
+    his character, 53;
+    death, 54.
+
+  Ward, John,
+    uncle of Mrs. Howe, 19;
+    a practical man, 20;
+    notes of his life, 54-55;
+    anecdote of, 66.
+
+  Ward, Louisa,
+    wife of Thomas Crawford, 45;
+    at Rome, 73;
+    her beauty, 137;
+    her journey to Rome with Mrs. Ward, 190;
+    established at Villa Negroni, 192;
+    marries Luther Terry: visited in 1867 by Mrs. Howe, 313;
+    goes to the consecration of Leo XIII., 425.
+
+  Ward, Richard, 19.
+
+  Ward, Gov. Samuel,
+    of Rhode Island, 3, note.
+
+  Ward, Samuel,
+      grandfather of Mrs. Howe,
+    appearance and manner, 19;
+    her father's grief at his death, 50.
+
+  Ward, Samuel,
+      father of Mrs. Howe,
+    his birth and descent, 3;
+    grief at his wife's death, 11;
+    care for his children, 11;
+    plans for their education, 13;
+    religious views become more stringent, 15;
+    gives up wine, tobacco, and cards, 18-20;
+    his fine taste, 45;
+    generosity: discussion with his son
+      regarding social intercourse, 46;
+    his family habits, 47;
+    his observance of Sunday, 48;
+    ideas of propriety; religious faith, 49;
+    business ability, 50;
+    carries New York State through the crisis of 1837, 50, 51;
+    his early experience in Wall St., 51;
+    his death, 52;
+    his careful restraint of his daughter, 52, 53;
+    his portrait in the New York Bank of Commerce, 55;
+    condemns Goethe's "Faust," 59;
+    displeased with his son Samuel's work, 69.
+
+  Ward, Mrs. Samuel (Julia Rush),
+      mother of Mrs. Howe:
+    marriage and education: her charm of character, 5;
+    anecdotes of, 5, 6;
+    her tact, 6;
+    death, 10, 11.
+
+  Ward, Samuel,
+      brother of Mrs. Howe,
+    sent to Round Hill School, 5;
+    travels in Europe: at home, 45;
+    his defense of society, 46;
+    enlivens the austerity of the Ward household, 49;
+    establishes a home of his own, 53;
+    marries Emily Astor, 65;
+    his appearance and education, 67;
+    travels abroad, 68;
+    his lack of interest in business, his second marriage, 69;
+    goes to California, 70;
+    Indian adventures, 70, 71;
+    life in Washington: becomes "King of the Lobby," 72;
+    his friends, 72, 73;
+    his visit to Lord Rosebery: death at Pegli: volume
+      of poems, 73.
+
+  Ward, Mrs. Samuel (Emily Astor),
+    her marriage, 65;
+    her fine voice, 74, 75.
+
+  Ward, Mrs. Samuel (Medora Grimes),
+    married, 69.
+
+  Ward, William, 19.
+
+  Waring, Col. George E., 404.
+
+  Washington,
+    Samuel Ward in, 72;
+    Charles Sumner's residence in, 180;
+    Count Gurowski in, 221-223;
+    Mrs. Eames's position there, 224;
+    funeral of Gurowski in, 226;
+    condition of, during the civil war, 269, 270;
+    Mrs. Howe lectures in, 308.
+
+  Washington, Gen. George, 9;
+    his attention to Mrs. Cutler, 35;
+    waited on by "Daughters of Liberty," 36;
+    birthday celebrated in Rome, 203.
+
+  Wasson, David A.,
+    a member of the Radical Club, 282;
+    his reply to Mr. Abbott, 289.
+
+  Webster, Daniel,
+    Theodore Parker's sermon on, 164;
+    defeated for the senatorship by Sumner, 218.
+
+  Wedding ceremonies described, 33, 34, 65, 66.
+
+  Weiss, Rev. John,
+    at the Boston Radical Club, 283, 284;
+    on woman suffrage, 289;
+    on poets and philosophers, 304.
+
+  Welles, Gideon,
+    secretary of the navy, 225.
+
+  Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of,
+    anecdote of, 17.
+
+  Wentzler, A. H.,
+    paints portrait of John Ward, 55.
+
+  Whipple, Edwin P.,
+    reviews "Passion Flowers," 228;
+    attends Mrs. Howe's parlor lectures, 306.
+
+  White, Andrew D.,
+    commissioner on the annexation of Santo Domingo, 181, 345.
+
+  White, Mrs. Andrew D., 346.
+
+  White, Charlotte,
+    a "character" in early New York, 77.
+
+  Whiting, Solomon,
+    attends Mrs. Howe's lecture in Washington, 309.
+
+  Whitney, Miss Anne,
+    her statue of Harriet Martineau, 158.
+
+  Whittier, John G.,
+    praises "Passion Flowers," 228;
+    his characterization of Dr. Howe, 370.
+
+  Wieck,
+      the German composer,
+    described by Mrs. Jameson, 40.
+
+  Wilbour, Mrs. Charlotte B.,
+    prominent in the woman's congress, 385, 386.
+
+  Wilderness,
+    battle of, 265.
+
+  "Wilhelm Meister,"
+      Goethe's,
+    discussed, 59.
+
+  Wilkes, Rev. Eliza Tupper,
+    takes part in the convention of woman ministers, 312.
+
+  Willis, N. P.,
+    at the Bryant celebration, 278.
+
+  Wilson, Henry, 178.
+
+  Wines, Rev. Frederick,
+    at the Prison Reform meetings, 340.
+
+  Winkworth, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen,
+    friends of peace, their hospitality, 330.
+
+  Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta L. T.,
+    her talk on waifs, 392;
+    helps Mrs. Howe with the woman's department
+      of a fair in Boston in 1882, 394.
+
+  Woman suffrage,
+    championed by Wendell Phillips, 157, 158;
+    by John Weiss, 289;
+    meeting in favor of, in Boston, 375;
+    other efforts, 376;
+    workers for it, 378;
+    urged in Vermont, 380;
+    legislative hearings upon, 381-384.
+
+  Wood, Mrs.,
+    sings in New York: her voice, 15.
+
+  Woods, Rev. Leonard,
+    invites Mrs. Howe to contribute to the "Theological
+      Review," 44.
+
+  "Words for the Hour,"
+    Mrs. Howe's second publication, 230.
+
+  Wordsworth, William,
+      the poet,
+    the Howes' visit to, 115, 116.
+
+  "World's Own, The,"
+    a drama by Mrs. Howe, 230.
+
+
+  Yerrington, James B., 156.
+
+
+  Zenaide, Princess, 202.
+
+
+
+
+[Transcribers' note: Original spelling has been maintained and not
+standardized. Footnotes have been renumbered for consistency. To indicate
+text in italic font, _underscores_ have been used. Typographical errors
+that were corrected:
+
+'an-answered'-->'answered': It was a timid performance upon a slender reed,
+but the great performers in the noble orchestra of writers answered to its
+appeal, which won me a seat in their ranks.
+
+'Gary'-->'Cary': The story of his life and work is beautifully told in the
+"Life and Correspondence" published soon after his death by his widow, Mrs.
+Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, well known to-day as the president of Radcliffe
+College.
+
+'spoken or'-->'spoken of': The young man whom I saw at this time was spoken
+of as much devoted to the turf, and the only saying of his that I have ever
+heard quoted was his question as to how long it took Nebuchadnezzar to get
+into condition after he had been out to grass.
+
+'sum'-->'summer': spends the summer of 1841 near Boston: visits the Perkins
+Institution.
+
+'Vermoechtniss'-->'Vermaechtniss': "Die Zeit ist mein Vermaechtniss, mein
+Acker ist die Zeit."
+
+The index entries for 'William Ellery Channing', the preacher, referred to
+on pp. 144 and 416; and the poet, referred to on p. 370, were separated.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Reminiscences, 1819-1899, by Julia Ward Howe
+
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