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diff --git a/32604.txt b/32604.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c70cbc --- /dev/null +++ b/32604.txt @@ -0,0 +1,822 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Story of the Raising and Organization of +a Regiment of Volunteers in 1862, by Ellis Spear + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Story of the Raising and Organization of a Regiment of Volunteers in 1862 + Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Commandery of the District of Columbia, War Papers 46 + + +Author: Ellis Spear + + + +Release Date: May 30, 2010 [eBook #32604] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE RAISING AND +ORGANIZATION OF A REGIMENT OF VOLUNTEERS IN 1862*** + + +E-text prepared by Jeannie Howse and Friend and the Project Gutenberg +Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page +images generously made available by Internet Archive/American Libraries +(http://www.archive.org/details/americana) + + + +Note: Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive/American Libraries. See + http://www.archive.org/details/storyofraisingor00spea + + + + + +Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. + +Commandery of the District of Columbia. + +War Papers. +46 + +THE STORY OF THE RAISING AND ORGANIZATION OF A +REGIMENT OF VOLUNTEERS IN 1862. + +Prepared by Companion + +Brevet Brigadier General +ELLIS SPEAR, +U.S. Volunteers, + +And Read at the Stated Meeting of March 4, 1903. + + + + +The Story of the Raising and Organization of a Regiment of Volunteers +in 1862. + + +Heretofore papers which have been read before this Commandery have +related to personal reminiscences of campaigns and battles, with all +the interest which accompanies the personal element in such affairs. +The preservation of these details is of great importance, not only for +the special interest which attaches to them, but because they +illustrate the larger actions and will be of value to future +generations, as showing the very body and features of the time. How +valuable these minor matters are, we perceive plainly by the use made +of them as they are found in autobiographies and diaries of former +generations. The knowledge of the manner in which people lived and +thought and acted in private life throws light upon public affairs and +public characters. It is interesting, and not unprofitable, to know +that the Father of his Country in some wrathful mood swore roundly; or +that the Philosopher of the Revolution, in his younger days, trudged +in the streets of Philadelphia with a loaf of bread under each arm; +or, when older, was very gay and festive in the gay and festive +capital of France. + +I propose to continue in the same grave historical vein, but to treat +of less important affairs. I propose to avoid the beaten track of +campaigns, battles, marches and skirmishes, and the luxurious life of +Libbey or Andersonville prisons, and going back to the beginning of +things, endeavor to explain how a volunteer regiment was raised and +gotten into the field, and, incidentally, perhaps, to touch upon the +character of its officers and men. + +The regiment of which I speak was the last to be organized in its +State under the call for three hundred thousand men, made by the +general Government in 1862. It was the last of that "three hundred +thousand more" responding to the call of "Father Abraham," according +to the popular ditty of the time. The recruiting was done by private +individuals, and at their own expense, under the authority of the +Governor of the State. These private individuals, as a matter of +course, expected, as a reward for their labor and expenditures, to be +commissioned in the companies which they might raise. That was the +understanding. Doubtless, in their efforts, they were inspired by +patriotism, but, as was said about the Pilgrim Fathers, that they +"sailed by Deuteronomy, modified by an eye to the main chance;" so +there was also, with the officers, some modification or further +stimulus of personal consideration, just as with the enlisted +men--their patriotic impulses were somewhat assisted by the bounty of +a hundred dollars. + +This method of raising troops was an effective one and inexpensive to +the Government; but as it involved more or less of log-rolling amongst +his neighbors, and more or less persuasion and perhaps promises in the +obtaining of recruits on the part of the ambitious recruiting officer, +it was not so promising for future discipline. Nor was the process of +selecting line officers by their ability or success in persuading +their neighbors to enlist, a severe test of military fitness. However, +these considerations did not trouble the Governor nor the impromptu +recruiting officer, who did not foresee them. He had no experience +whatever in this line of business, and fortunately did not look so far +ahead. To say that as a rule he was utterly green in military matters, +is to do injustice to the words. However, he might be credited with +some enterprise and even audacity, for such certainly were required in +a young man given to serious reflection, who should proposed to +organize a military company, and to command it in the field, when he +scarcely knew a line of battle from a line of rail fence. + +Amongst those raising companies were young lawyers who had perhaps +learned to draw an indictment, but who would not then have been able +to draw anything in the military line, unless it were rations, or the +enemy's fire. There were schoolmasters whose only qualifications for +getting men to the front and keeping them there, were based on +experience in teaching young ideas how to shoot. There were farmers, +clerks, and fellows just out of college, some graduates and some +undergraduates, but with not a tried or known military qualification +in the whole squad. I mistake; there was one who recruited a company, +and who had been in the Mexican War, but he was afterward found to +have forgotten most that he had ever learned, and was soon found also +unable, in the matter of legs, to keep up with the procession. And +there was another who had had experience in an earlier regiment raised +in 1861, but he resigned after his first battle. However, with these +miscellaneous qualifications, unaided by experience, the embryo +officers worked energetically to enlist the men. The work was largely, +but not wholly, of the button-holing order. It was not unattended with +exciting incidents. Anxious mothers met the recruiting officers +sometimes in tears and sometimes in wrath. One such, I remember, drove +him from the premises with a pitchfork. It was the first charge he had +met and he retreated. The young man, however, got his recruit. The +method of recruiting at that time would not bear strict investigation. +It shared in the general and unavoidable slip-shodness and haste which +marked the whole work of raising great armies out of an undrilled and +unmilitary population, and on short notice. Troops in large numbers +were needed and that urgently. Political considerations forbade +drafting. They must be raised by volunteering. The inducements were +bounties to the men and commissions to the officers. He who could +raise a company in the least time was looked upon with the greatest +favor and, other things being equal, got the earliest letter in the +alphabet of the regiment. The recruiting officer did not know what +kind of a man, of what physical or moral fibre, the service required, +and had no opportunity to learn. His object was to get his hundred men +as quickly as possible; and provided the recruit had limbs, organs, +and dimensions, that was enough. The care of the Governor of the +State, and usually his knowledge, went also no further. He had the +State's quota to fill, and was most concerned to fill it as early and +as easily as possible. The average examining surgeon had no more +knowledge of the business than the recruiting officer, and was +inclined to take the patriotism of the volunteer as conclusive +evidence of bodily soundness. The mustering officer mustered in the +lump, what the recruiting officer had gathered and the surgeon had +passed. + +So there was small effort at sifting. The results were sometimes even +ludicrous. One fellow, too short, was passed in high-heeled shoes, and +grew shorter as time and his shoes wore on; but he made an excellent +soldier. Another passed muster in a black beard, which soon after +disclosed an ever widening zone of grey, and he became a veteran +prematurely. More obscure bodily defects developed on the first hard +campaign, and speedily furnished ample material for the hospital and +pension roll. However, by hook or crook the ten companies were raised, +and from various quarters were transported at the Government's +expense, to the camp where they were to be organized into a regiment. +There was some grumbling on account of having to ride in a freight car +on the part of men who afterwards, many times, would have very gladly +availed themselves of that jolting method of transportation. At the +rendezvous the company first to arrive found neither quarters nor +rations, and therefore marched into the city, woke up the Mayor, and +then relied on his patriotic charity. But the later arrivals fared +better, and there was plenty of beef and bread. + +The Governor, when he saw the enlistment rolls, and heard that the men +had been placed in camp at the rendezvous, said to himself and his +counsellors: "These fellows who have recruited so many men and have +actually landed them in camp must have military qualifications," and +straightway he commissioned them all. Strictly speaking, however, it +was not straightway, but as soon as the clerks could fill out the +commissions and the Governor found time to sign them. + +All these assembled recruits and expectant officers presented when in +camp the general appearance of a town meeting. But one uniform was to +be seen; that was of the gentleman who had seen service in the +regiment of 1861; the uniform of the Mexican veteran evidently had +been worn out long since. However, soon the Major came who had seen +some service as a captain in an earlier regiment, and who had +succeeded in getting himself transferred with an increased rank; leave +of absence and promotion at the same stroke. He wore a uniform, but +looked lonesome. However, he had seen a camp and had been in a +regiment, and had some ideas of what ought to be done. He organized a +guard whose only weapons at first were those given by nature or +borrowed from the wood pile. His first officer of the day, in a brown +cutaway, striped trowsers, and a silk hat, bore as insignia of his +office a part of a military weapon, now discarded, but at that early +date in use, and known as a ramrod. If there were a sword in camp, +excepting those of the major commanding and the veteran of '61, its +owner must have concealed it, perhaps for fear of applications to +borrow. Imagine the guard mounting! the difficulties of getting into +line; no two hats alike; no uniforms and no two suits alike, and the +officer of the day in costume approximating that of a Quaker, and with +a ramrod for a sword! The orders were of a nature of explanation and +conference, and were the result of an agreement between the officers +and men. To the credit of all concerned it must be said that these +agreements were faithfully carried out, and if any fellow presumed to +disobey the officer of the guard after due remonstrance, he was liable +to be knocked down and perhaps kicked, according to the gravity of the +offence. But there were no accidents from fire-arms. Shot-guns had +been left at home and Springfield muskets had not arrived. Clothing +arrived in boxes in advance of the quartermaster, but lack of +quartermaster was a small matter. One of the captains (since a +distinguished lawyer), was detailed to attend to the business of +distributing the clothing, and the invoices and vouchers were long +afterwards, I believe, made up by counting noses and multiplying that +factor by the number of articles properly allowed each man. By good +luck or the favor of Providence rations soon became plenty. There was +no canned roast beef nor those other luxuries much advertised long +afterwards, as we all know, but there was salt beef in abundance and +bread and potatoes and coffee. The country boys sorely missed their +daily pie, but there was no grumbling; the beef and potatoes were +cooked in the company's kitchen, and such were the innate good manners +of the cooks that the officers were served first out of the rations of +the men. + +But I anticipate. Prior to the issue of the clothing, and while the +affairs of the camp were conducted in this go-as-you please manner, +more civil than military, one evening the Colonel arrived, a West +Pointer, and recently from service in the regular army in the field. +At once there seemed to be a general impression throughout the camp, +which cannot perhaps be expressed better than by the use of a phrase +common on that ship-building coast, "that there was the devil to pay +and no pitch hot." + +The Colonel, a thoroughly trained soldier, saw things, to him new and +strange, and perhaps with a prejudiced eye. It was his first +experience with volunteers, and he found them in their most immature +condition. The respectable citizen who seemed to be half loafing, +half on guard at the Headquarters' tent did not salute, and, in fact, +had nothing military to salute with, but cheerfully remarked "How do +you do, Colonel." Him the Colonel regarded as a villain of the deepest +dye and perhaps as a fool into the bargain. But this was all of a +piece with the general appearance of the camp, so far as the Colonel +saw it. Once in the tent he sent an orderly disguised as an honest +citizen of the State, and who did not know, in fact, that he was an +orderly, for the officer of the day. When that friend appeared, the +Colonel propounded questions to him which he had never heard before, +and never dreamed of. If the Colonel had inquired about hexameter +verse or the volume of the cycloid, he might have obtained perhaps +prompt and correct answers. But concerning the details of guard +mounting and the duties of his office, the embryo Captain and Officer +of the Guard was as ignorant as a spring chicken; and after some +fruitless pursuit of information the Colonel expressed the opinion +that it was "A hell of a regiment," and terminated the interview. The +officer of the day went out with the impression that he had smelled +something sulphurous, and that the Colonel was correct in his location +of the regiment. + +However, the men were speedily put into uniform, company books +were distributed, and there was a scramble, under pressure from +Headquarters, for information as to tactics and army regulations. +Commissions for the officers came from the Governor, and uniforms from +the tailor; the mustering officer appeared, and these miscellaneous +gentlemen of various previous occupations and training, suddenly +became officers and men, in the army of the United States, tailor-made +and Governor-made. + +Probably the parchments and the textile fabrics had been selected with +quite as much care and discrimination as the raw material which they +covered and designated. Certainly the commissions and uniforms were +made by rule and in accordance with the army regulations. The +officers, so far, had simply happened. + +The diverse effect of all these new clothes was remarkable. Of course +there was no such blaze of glory as that which now appears upon the +Avenue on occasions of official display; but compared with the sober +drabs of civil life, the blue cloth with the gold buttons and the new +shoulder-straps were comparatively gorgeous. Some whose youth was more +easily affected by the unusual display assumed airs of importance; +others wore their honors with meekness, and some went about with a +settled determination expressed upon their faces to attend to business +and to ignore as far as possible these honors and glories thus +suddenly thrust upon them. The camp put on a military appearance, and +the regiment, if not a lion, was at least clothed in the skin of that +formidable beast. Arms and equipments were procured for two companies, +and there were feeble attempts to drill. Company K, blessed with an +officer of some experience, went forward with a bound, and the blind +leaders of the blind in other companies groped on. A drum corps was +organized, if that could be said to be organized in which every member +drummed or fifed independently of all others. + +The Adjutant and Sergeant-Major were made out of the same raw +material, and in a few days the regiment reached that astounding +perfection of drill which permitted it to get into line and go from +line into column and the reverse. The sound of men counting off, "1, +2," "1, 2," "1, 2," was heard throughout the camp, and that wonderful +complication in which No. 2 was perpetually stepping to the right of +No. 1, was a daily occurrence, and finally came to be understood. Of +course the line was not at first the shortest distance between two +fixed points, and the process of going from line into column resembled +a convulsion. + +In this advanced stage of the drill, the Colonel determined to hold a +dress parade. With much running to and fro and much discord under the +theory of drumming and fifing, from the drum corps on flank, much +exhortation on the part of the line officers, much right-dressing and +left-dressing, the regiment was gotten approximately into line. The +Colonel was in his place in front, with his war visage on, and filled +with energy and disgust, when suddenly and prematurely the drum corps +broke loose and began to ramble down the line uttering discords +galore. It was very far from "sonorous metal blowing martial sounds." +Then came the first order of the Colonel which, as faithful history +must record, was the beginning of the military history of the regiment +as a battalion. The order was: "Captain Bangs, stop that damned +drumming." The order was directed to Captain Bangs from local +considerations, he being the Captain nearest to the point where the +confusion had broken out. It is needless to say that neither Captain +Bangs nor the drum corps heard the order. They would not have heard it +had it been uttered through a megaphone, and megaphones had not then +been invented. The Colonel, the noise continuing, and the drum corps +continuing, grew more and more wrathy, and finally charged upon that +musical body sword in hand. It was an unfair advantage, justifiable +only on the ground of military necessity. The Colonel was armed and +the drum corps had only drums and fifes, formidable for offence but +not for defence. Instantly they were routed and fled, and disappearing +around the nearest flank, took refuge in the rear. It was the first +victory in the regiment. It could not be said that this charge reduced +things to order; it only tended to suppress disorder. + +What became of the drum corps on that day I do not now remember. I +have the impression that they retired to the guard-house for +recuperation. Certainly they appeared no more upon the scene that day, +and the dress parade proceeded as a school of instruction, which the +Colonel administered partly to the regiment as a whole, and partly to +individuals, with distressing particularity. Of the instruction given +in general terms it is sufficient to say that it was of the most +elementary character, and was such wholesome counsel as an experienced +and trained officer would give to a green regiment; only the terms +were unusually emphatic, and the amount too great for one occasion. Of +the individual exhortations a sample should be preserved to posterity +as illustrating the conditions of these times. If any be inclined to +judge harshly, from the character of these exhortations, as to the +patience and forbearance and longsuffering spirit inculcated at West +Point, he may consider the trying nature of the job suddenly placed +upon the graduate of that venerable institution (only one year out of +the school, and of a temper naturally not mild), called upon to direct +and drill, in one lump, a thousand greenhorns, and charged with the +duty of making soldiers out of them. Unfortunately, in the center of +the line, in front and in plain view, was a newly uniformed and +commissioned Lieutenant, whose _nomme de guerre_ was Simps. On this +occasion he was standing much like a tall, full meal bag, bulging +under its own pressure. The eagle eye of the Colonel soon detected him +and the wrath accumulated, and unsoothed by the strains of the drum +corps, broke out afresh. Referring in terms of emphatic condemnation +to Simps as an individual, and assigning his spiritual being to a +warmer climate, he ordered him to "draw up his bowels." The +embarrassed Simps, thus singled out and complimented, already feeling +himself in too conspicuous a position, and quite too new to the +business, and also alarmed at the suddenness and warmth of the +personal address in front of so large and critical a company, made +some convulsive movement as if struck by lightning; but either because +he had no control over his abdominal muscles, or because he was +paralyzed by fear, he did not "draw up" perceptibly. However, Simps +was not the only awkward figure in the line, though perhaps the most +conspicuous; and the exhortations of the Colonel proceeded, and soon +no fellow felt sure that some particular exhortation, uncomplimentary +and perhaps not fully understood, would fall upon him. The attention +of the Colonel, however, recurred to Simps, no less bulging, but +rather worse than before: "Mr. Simps, for God's sake draw up your +bowels." The miserable Simps could not; his bowels were not built that +way, and further exhortations followed in the same vein, and with +increasing emphasis. He was advised to employ the worst drilled man in +the regiment to teach him, and finally was driven into the rear of the +regiment, where he disappeared to fame, and from whence he soon after +retired to private life. His military career was short but +conspicuous. He had one notice from his commanding officer in front of +his regiment. He was probably, too, the only man in military history, +certainly the only one whom I have found in a somewhat extensive +reading, who was disabled as to the military service and lost to the +defence of his country because he could not "draw up his bowels." +Other heroes, notably in the recent Spanish war, have failed to confer +luster on the American arms and to secure immortal fame for themselves +simply from lack of opportunity. It was reserved to Simps alone to +miss the shining mark by reason of stomachic distortion. + +This particular lesson, however, was not lost upon the regiment, and +the enforcement of it was subsequently made easier when in the field, +by reason of material change in the rations. For some days, however, +instruction mixed with similar emphatic exhortations continued, and +the regiment continued to learn military drill and a new vocabulary at +the same time. + +The regiment had been in camp about a week when, on the 29th day of +August, it was mustered into the service of the United States, and +soon thereafter was ordered to the front, greatly to the relief of +all, and especially of those slowest to learn. + +After these trials by fire, so to speak, the Government in its wisdom +proceeded to give a further seasoning by water, and this regiment with +another (2,000 men in all) were shipped, packed like so many sardines, +in one vessel, from Boston to Alexandria. This process was perhaps a +process of artificial aging as of liquor, and served well to assist in +the process of drawing up the bowels to the regimental standard. + +While the men, packed in the hold of the ship, on this voyage, were +taking care of themselves as best they could, the company officers, +under the tutoring of the Colonel, were cramming themselves with +Casey's Tactics. + +In due time they passed Alexandria, and, as a cheerful introduction to +the service, saw on the decks of the river steamboats the crowds of +wounded from the field of the Second Bull Run and heard of the +disastrous result of that battle. Landed at the Arsenal the regiment +passed the first night in an adjacent open lot, on a downy bed of dead +cats, bricks and broken bottles; the next day they were supplied with +arms and equipments, and on the hot September evening of that day +marched without a halt, seven miles, and joined the brigade to which +the regiment had been assigned. + +It is a striking illustration of the pressure of the emergency, and of +the wasteful unpreparedness of the Government, that within three weeks +from the day this regiment was mustered into service, and before it +had ever had what could properly be called a battalion drill, it was +in the battle of Antietam. But subsequently officers and men were +instructed and drilled in the field, in time snatched from battle, +marching, picketing, and camp duties. They learned the duties of a +soldier by performing them, and in performing them; at first +laboriously, with difficulty and awkwardly. But they learned them +well. Of the original officers, two served with great distinction and +rose to the rank of Major-General. And the men so raw and undrilled at +first, under the severe but wise discipline and thorough instruction, +became soldiers as good as any that ever carried muskets. At +Gettysburg, ten months after muster in, they stood till 40 per cent. +of their number had been killed or wounded, and then charged. That +line, so awkward, raw, and unprepared at first, in all the subsequent +campaigns, from Antietam to Appomattox Court House, in fights as +stiff, and under fire as searching and deadly as any, was never +broken. Never! + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE RAISING AND +ORGANIZATION OF A REGIMENT OF VOLUNTEERS IN 1862*** + + +******* This file should be named 32604.txt or 32604.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/2/6/0/32604 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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