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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Some War-time Lessons, by Frederick P.
+(Frederick Paul) Keppel
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Some War-time Lessons
+       The Soldier's Standards of Conduct; The War As a Practical Test of American Scholarship; What Have We Learned?
+
+
+Author: Frederick P. (Frederick Paul) Keppel
+
+
+
+Release Date: May 30, 2010  [eBook #32608]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME WAR-TIME LESSONS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Barbara Kosker and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images
+generously made available by Internet Archive/American Libraries
+(http://www.archive.org/details/americana)
+
+
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive/American Libraries. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/somewartimelesso00kepprich
+
+
+
+
+
+SOME WAR-TIME LESSONS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
+SALES AGENTS
+
+NEW YORK
+LEMCKE & BUECHNER
+30-32 EAST 20TH STREET
+
+LONDON
+HUMPHREY MILFORD
+AMEN CORNER, E.C.
+
+SHANGHAI
+EDWARD EVANS & SONS, LTD.
+30 NORTH SZECHUEN ROAD
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SOME WAR-TIME LESSONS
+
+The Soldier's Standards of Conduct
+The War As a Practical Test of American Scholarship
+What Have We Learned?
+
+by
+
+FREDERICK PAUL KEPPEL
+
+Third Assistant Secretary of War
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+New York
+Columbia University Press
+1920
+
+All rights reserved
+
+Copyright, 1920
+By Columbia University Press
+
+Printed from type, January, 1920
+
+Printed at
+The Plimpton Press
+Norwood Mass U S A
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+NEWTON D. BAKER
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                          PAGE
+
+   I. THE AMERICAN SOLDIER AND HIS STANDARDS
+      OF CONDUCT                                            9
+
+  II. THE WAR AS A PRACTICAL TEST OF AMERICAN
+      SCHOLARSHIP                                          36
+
+ III. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?                                66
+
+
+
+
+SOME WAR-TIME LESSONS
+
+THE AMERICAN SOLDIER AND HIS STANDARDS OF CONDUCT[1]
+
+
+Perhaps the greatest laboratory experiment in human conduct in the
+history of the world has been the development of our Army during the
+past two years. Under the provisions of the Selective Service Law, this
+Army has represented a cross section of American male humanity--even
+more representative indeed than was intended; for in the efforts of the
+Local Boards to send men who could best be spared, many found their way
+into the ranks who were handicapped from the start by low mentality or
+disease. What were the guiding forces which operated upon this body of
+nearly four million men?
+
+In the first place, our country entered the war with a great moral
+purpose, untinged by any trace of national or individual selfishness.
+We really have to go back to the Crusades to find the like. And, as
+then, each man supplemented this great basal impulse with whatever was
+to him the strongest incentive--religion, patriotism, pride of family or
+state or regiment, the desire to excel in what all were attempting.
+
+In the second place, thanks primarily to the vision and determination of
+one man, the individual appeal to each soldier as to his personal share
+in the great enterprise was upon the highest plane. We were fortunate in
+having at the head of the War Department a man peculiarly sensitive to
+community problems and with no small experience in their solution.
+Through the centuries men had come to the belief that if their soldiers
+were only valiant and disciplined in arms, it would not do to inquire
+too curiously into their personal standards of conduct in other
+matters--that a considerable wastage in military strength from
+drunkenness and disease was inevitable. And as we all know, this wastage
+has in the past sapped, not only the strength of the Army, but
+afterwards the very life of the nation to which the soldier must sooner
+or later return.
+
+The Secretary of War and his lieutenants, chief among whom in this field
+should be placed the Chairman of the Committee on Training Camp
+Activities, Raymond B. Fosdick, approached this problem neither in the
+fatalistic spirit that what has always been must continue to be, nor in
+a spirit of what, for want of a better term, I may call doctrinaire
+idealism. They faced the fact that among the hundreds of thousands of
+young men who were to be called to the colors, there would be many whose
+ears would be deaf to any abstract appeal, and many others to whom such
+an appeal might be made under normal conditions, but who in fatigue or
+the let-down following the strain of conflict, could not be depended
+upon to stand in the hour of temptation. As a result the whole field of
+preventive measures was thoroughly studied and vigorous treatment was
+applied. The Army regulations as to prophylaxis and the introduction of
+intoxicants into camps were strictly and honestly enforced. The Army saw
+to it that state and local laws as to liquor and prostitution were
+properly carried out, and if these were lacking, they were promptly
+enacted. The so-called Zone Law was adopted for the purpose of placing
+the immediate vicinity of camps under Federal control. In some cases
+where the community showed signs of regarding the Army policy in this
+regard as a _beau geste_ and nothing more, it was made to realize that
+while the War Department could not compel the community to mend its
+ways, it could and would move the camp in twenty-four hours to a more
+wholesome environment. I am proud to say that it was necessary in only a
+very few instances to bring forward this aspect of the situation, but
+when it was necessary the Department spoke in no uncertain tone.
+
+As a result of this general policy, in which the Navy shared, many a
+wide-open town received a thorough house cleaning for the first time in
+its career; in all between 120 and 140 red light districts were closed
+and kept closed; and the underlying sordidness of many a smug
+self-satisfied village was brought to light and remedied.
+
+The men who came to the camps tainted with venereal disease or broken by
+drink or morphine--and the number of these was great enough to shock our
+national complacency (and incidentally to explode the national
+assumption that the country is primarily the abode of virtue as the
+city is of vice)--these men were salvaged by the tens of thousands and
+turned into useful self-respecting soldiers and citizens.
+
+The lesson of clean living was taught by the spoken word, by the moving
+picture, by the printed page, by the doctor with a scientific
+thoroughness and by the layman with a frankness and sometimes a
+colloquialism which would for once have rendered Mrs. Grundy speechless.
+As an instrument of virtue, the tract is, of course, of time-honored
+usage, but the name of George Ade in the list of tract writers is a new
+and significant one.
+
+More important than all this, however, in my judgment, was the
+realization by the Army of the great truth that the soldier--or any one
+else for that matter--goes astray in only the rarest instances from
+innate depravity. What he seeks primarily is relaxation and amusement.
+And so wholesome relaxation and amusement were placed at his disposal to
+take the place of the unwholesome. The whole nation rose to help in this
+work of substituting the clean for the unclean. It poured its money by
+the hundreds of millions into the coffers of the great welfare
+societies, the Red Cross, The Young Men's Christian Association, Knights
+of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Board, and later in recognition of its work
+abroad, the Salvation Army. All of these vied with one another in a
+rivalry which was sometimes embarrassing in its intensity. The American
+Library Association supplied books and other reading matter, and the War
+Camp Community Service made sure that, to the towns and villages
+surrounding it, a cantonment presented an opportunity for service rather
+than for exploitation. Not the least important factor in the superb
+showing which our troops made in France was the spirit with which the
+men and women of these same towns inspired the men from the training
+camps whom they took into their homes and their hearts.
+
+Within the fabric of the Army the chaplains were doing their share, as
+were the athletic leaders and song leaders and dramatic coaches. They
+were seconded by the officers of the line, most of whom, it should be
+said, saw the military usefulness of the whole program from the first,
+many of the experienced regulars having always done what they could with
+the limited means at their command along the same lines. Other officers,
+however, had to be shown--and were shown--the military importance of
+the truth that the merry heart goes all the day, and the sad one tires
+in a mile.
+
+The work of planning and coordination was in the hands of the civilian
+Commission on Training Camp Activities, of which Mr. Fosdick has been
+from the first the Chairman. The work of this Commission has been
+characterized from the outset by a courage and resourcefulness for which
+no praise can be too high. The theatre for example has not always been
+looked upon by the American people as a moral agency, but the Commission
+saw its place in the scheme of things and no fewer than thirty-seven
+great playhouses have been erected at the camps and the audiences have
+run literally into the millions. Boxing likewise was encouraged, even
+though some of the contests which resulted were not of the most gentle.
+Cantonment towns were persuaded to open the "Movies" on Sunday, the only
+day on which most soldiers could leave the Camp--the outcries of the
+_unco guid_ to the contrary notwithstanding.
+
+For more than a year the Commission and the welfare organizations were
+the only organized forces in this general field, but since last summer
+their work has been supplemented by the establishment within the Army
+itself of a Morale Branch of the General Staff, in the formation of
+which the Department was not too proud to take a leaf--perhaps one
+should say a Blatt--from the Germans, who had already developed this
+type of organization to a high degree, under the direct supervision of
+General Ludendorff.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have spoken of the work of prevention, of the more important work of
+substitution, and I now come to the most important of all--the spirit of
+confidence which extended from top to bottom of the huge organization
+that the great mass of our men would go straight for the sake of going
+straight. We all instinctively couple the two words, "officer" and
+"gentleman." In the great Army which is now being disbanded, its work
+having been so gloriously done, we find a new and enlarged conception,
+that of the soldier and gentleman. It was, I am certain, the preliminary
+assumption that an American soldier was also an American gentleman in
+all the fundamentals of that much-abused term, which was the great
+factor in keeping down the number of those who proved the contrary to so
+negligibly small a total.
+
+A few figures from the official records will show what the result of
+this all has been. In 1909, for instance, there were in the Army, in
+round numbers, 5500 court-martial convictions of enlisted men, out of a
+total of 75,000. For the fifteen months ending July 1, 1918, there were
+11,500 convictions out of a total of 2,200,000 enlisted men, the
+percentage in the twelve months of peace being 7.3 and in the fifteen
+months of war, .53, about one-fourteenth as great. The significance of
+these later figures cannot be appreciated without some knowledge of the
+underlying circumstances. One case I remember was that of a man who got
+drunk, spent his money and that of some fellow soldiers, and stayed
+absent without leave to earn money enough to repay his fellow soldiers
+and then returned to camp to take his medicine. What on the surface
+appears to be the cowardly crime of desertion was, in several instances
+of which I have personal knowledge, a misguided effort to get to the
+front, through enlistment under another name in some branch of the
+service which seemed to have an earlier prospect of getting over. In
+France there were many cases of desertion, but nearly all were from the
+rear to the front. The progressive success of the policy of keeping the
+soldier from strong drink, by the way, stands out in the figures, which
+show that early in the war one out of every twelve offenses charged
+included drunkenness, but that this proportion dropped until the final
+figures were less than one in each thirty offenses, this including
+soldiers in France, where the soldier had to stand on his own feet
+unprotected by prohibition laws.
+
+The welfare program was, from the nature of the case, most effective
+among the men of the National Army, where it was possible to take the
+soldiers in hand from the first. If we analyze the court-martial
+records, we find that the proportion of court-martials was distinctly
+lowest in this group. The records as of June 30, 1918, show that the
+number of court-martials among the Regular Army was a little less than
+one per cent, to be accurate 8/10 of one per cent; in the National Guard
+the proportion was about 9/10 of one per cent; and in the National Army
+it was less than 2/10 of one per cent, the exact figure being .143 per
+cent, one-fiftieth of the percentage ten years ago.
+
+Another check on the efficiency of the program is found in the records
+as to venereal disease in the Surgeon General's Office. It is hard to
+get comparative figures because of constantly changing conditions, but
+it has been shown beyond all doubt that the health conditions in the
+Army have been far, far better than in the community at large. While the
+latter are not so bad as the alarmists have implied, they are serious
+enough in all conscience, when in no fewer than seventeen of the states,
+sixty or more of every thousand men who appeared at the mobilization
+camps were found to be infected. Taking a typical month before the
+signing of the armistice, we find that the proportion of cases coming to
+the camps from the civil community was fifteen times as great as the
+proportion among our soldiers in France, even including the soldiers in
+the port towns, where most of our difficulties there were found. The
+comparison with the records of the cantonments in this country is even
+more striking.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As to the purely religious appeal and its influence on the men it is
+hard to speak with any degree of certainty. A visiting British general
+in Washington, shortly after our entry into the war, was asked as to
+conditions in England, and is reported to have replied, "Upon my soul,
+if you ask me, I should say that with us the dear old Church has rather
+missed the bus." In this country the organized religious forces have by
+no means missed the bus, but if we are honest with ourselves we must
+face the fact that since the last great national test, the Civil War,
+other appeals to higher standards of conduct have both actually and
+relatively been tremendously strengthened, and our religious leaders
+must address themselves, in the light of experience during these past
+two years, to a clearer understanding of these other forces and to a
+closer cooperation with them. We cannot to-day close our eyes to the
+truth that many of our finest men played their splendid parts quite
+untouched by a religious motive or appeal--or at least doctrinal appeal;
+one hesitates to call their attitude a non-religious one. It must always
+be remembered, however, that their standards, no matter how unconscious
+they may have been of the fact, were fundamentally based upon the
+development of a Christian civilization.
+
+If thus far I may have seemed to measure soldier conduct by two
+standards only, by his relation to drink and to women, it is because the
+results of the policy of the Army in these two matters are measurable,
+the records are outstanding. The Army and its experience however would
+furnish but a poor guide to the Churches and the other civilian forces
+for righteousness if its lessons were limited to the negative virtues,
+important as they are, of sobriety and continence.
+
+The real contribution, what we have learned as to the positive virtues,
+is harder to describe and impossible to measure, but the lessons are
+worth looking for and may be learned from the letters and from the lips
+of our men. Perhaps I can best indicate what the men themselves regard
+as vital by telling the experience of a friend who started one of the
+customary practical talks before an audience of our men behind the lines
+in France. His homily didn't seem to be "getting across" and he was
+inspired to ascertain just what to their minds were the most serious
+offenses. He asked each man to write down what he regarded as the three
+very worst faults against which a soldier should be on his guard. When
+the answers were collected, one word appeared on practically every slip
+of paper, _cowardice_; the second was not so nearly unanimous, but
+appears on a strong majority of the papers, _selfishness_; and the third
+was evidently _conceitedness_, though the defect was worded in
+different ways, as _big head_, _crust_, and the like.
+
+In other words, the virtues which the soldier most admires and regarding
+which he had evidently learned the most valuable lessons, are courage,
+unselfishness or cooperativeness, and modesty.
+
+The record of our soldiers has proved beyond a doubt that once you get
+men into groups with a common and a worth-while purpose, courage--both
+the reckless courage that comes by instinct and that higher type, the
+courage of the man who recognizes his danger--can no longer be assumed
+to be a rare virtue. It is a very common virtue. Cowardice is infinitely
+rarer. The citations and the casualty records, for instance, have
+completely rehabilitated the Jew as a fighting man, and the faithful
+need no longer go back to Josephus for their war legends.
+
+Not all the courage and fortitude was shown on the field of battle. We
+must not forget that last fall we suffered from by far the most serious
+epidemic in the history of America, and, in the dark days in our
+training camps, opportunities were offered, and gladly accepted, for a
+display of heroism and devotion of the highest type.
+
+In the realm of fortitude, if not of physical courage, the war certainly
+tapped new sources of determination and provided a kind of stimulus
+which would keep a man to whom no personal glory or conspicuousness
+could possibly come, some poor devil sentenced to a swivel chair,
+laboring in that same chair day and night for the purpose of making some
+single improvement in nut or bolt, or perhaps filing card. Given the
+impetus of a great common purpose, our possibilities for industry are
+limitless.
+
+One thing that mankind should have learned long since is that, broadly
+speaking, selfishness as a guiding motive is essentially negative--the
+absence of something better--the man is a rare exception who does not
+lose himself and his self-interest in the conception or the ambition of
+the group, the squad or battalion or regiment, the division, the army or
+the nation. An interesting side-light upon this is the fact that
+two-thirds of the men who get into trouble in the Army, or at any rate
+who get into sufficiently serious trouble to land them in Fort
+Leavenworth, are markedly of the ego-centric type; in other words, are
+men for whom the group cannot overcome the individual bias.
+
+That our soldiers as a whole possess the virtue of modesty, though it is
+often overlaid by a veneer of innocent swagger, is beyond dispute, as
+any one who has had to do with them can testify. And underlying
+and inspiring their whole conduct have been the qualities of
+whole-souledness and determination and an indomitable cheerfulness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We must learn the lessons which the soldiers have to teach us in the
+large just as we must grasp their accomplishments in the large. There is
+a morning after for nations as well as for individuals, and we seem just
+now to be in danger of losing our conception of the greatness of the
+enterprise, and its essential soundness, through the intrusion of the
+instances, relatively very few, where things did not go right; where
+human nature did not reach the heights, or having reached them, failed
+to remain upon them.
+
+It has, I think, been definitely proved that the mixing up of the
+so-called welfare work with the special function of the clergymen or
+other religious adviser, in order that the latter may be made more
+palatable to the soldier, has an effect exactly the reverse of what was
+intended. The policy of interpolating a prayer meeting, or a
+heart-to-heart talk, between the third and fourth reels of the moving
+picture play, and I grieve to say that such a policy was actually
+followed for a while, is of course a fantastic example, but it shows
+exactly how we ought not to do it.
+
+The soldiers are peculiarly sensitive to any feeling that what is done
+for them is done for some other purpose than the ostensible one,
+entirely apart from how worthy such other purpose may be. Let me quote
+from a letter written by an officer of the Army who had been visiting a
+number of camps:
+
+"The Camp Library to my mind fulfills one of the most vital needs of the
+camp. It is a place where our men can get relaxation and mental
+stimulus, and where they can feel at ease without the 'God-bless-you'
+atmosphere of the other welfare organizations."... "It is the one place
+in camp where you can go and have a chance to meditate or read in peace
+and quiet without a piano jangling in your ears or the imminent
+possibility of a prayer meeting."
+
+The chaplain or the lay religious worker to whom a man instinctively
+turned at the moment when he needed spiritual help was the one whom he
+had learned to respect for courage and devotion and dignity, the man who
+had helped to bury his dead friend, to comfort and amuse his wounded
+friend, and to advise his misguided friend in the guard-house; not the
+one whose ill-timed ministrations he had learned to avoid. I understand
+that the story of the chaplain who entirely forgot that he was to appear
+at a review for the purpose of receiving a medal and delayed the entire
+proceedings while he was sought for and found in his customary post in
+the connecting trench, is absolutely authentic.
+
+The man who could forget his denomination in his devotion to the great
+common mission was the man whom the soldier learned to love and to trust
+and who could do the most in the day of battle. The most popular tales
+among the chaplains are the tales of unorthodoxy: The Catholic priest
+who baptized a group of his men before action in a shell hole with water
+which was not only unblessed, but I fear unsanitary, and who simply
+referred to Philip and the Eunuch when reproved; the Methodist and
+Baptist, and I think the Episcopalian, who in the absence of their
+Presbyterian colleague, solemnly and quite illegally received a
+youngster into the Presbyterian fold before he went overseas, and
+confessed the next morning to the Presbyterian Board; the Wesleyan
+chaplain in the British Army who carried a crucifix to comfort the dying
+Catholics on the battlefield when no priest of their faith was near, and
+who administered the last rites to them as best he could. There are
+hundreds of such stories.
+
+The appeal of any denomination as such, or of the Y, or the
+corresponding societies of other faiths, as such, was always mistaken.
+It was the united appeal of all the doers of good deeds which counted.
+If we never knew before, we know now the truth of the fable of the
+bundle of fagots. Personally, I believe the united drive for welfare
+work last fall, during which Protestant, Catholic and Jew, and men of no
+formal religion whatever, appealed from the same platform for the same
+great purpose, was an event of the greatest importance in our nation,
+and it will go ill with us if we forget the lesson that it has to teach.
+
+The appeal must be not only disinterested, but it must be simple and
+direct. This, and the careful selection of its personnel, had much, if
+not most, to do with the extraordinary success of the Salvation Army.
+There are times in a soldier's life when the sewing on of a button at
+some vital spot will do more to "get" him than anything else in the
+world.
+
+Out of this spirit of general helpfulness, there were developed at
+almost every point the most beautiful and sympathetic adjustments to
+immediate conditions. For example, take the plan of showing moving
+pictures upon the ceilings of hospital wards, so that the very ill may
+enjoy them without the strain even of raising their heads. This small
+piece of thoughtfulness to me represents the standard of thinking a
+problem through which we will have to maintain if we are to hold what we
+have gained, and what we have gained includes, or should include, a
+realization that active and willing loving-kindness furnishes the
+keenest of all pleasures.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Thus far I have spoken mainly of the work of preparation in the United
+States. Overseas our soldiers and their officers found new conditions
+and were forced to make new adjustments. We no longer could control the
+laws and ordinances, and we found different standards of conduct--not
+necessarily lower standards, but different standards. We could no longer
+enforce prohibition for example, but we did maintain a high average of
+temperance. We showed our allies, some of whom I may say were honestly
+sceptical on the subject, that with our soldiers continence was the
+rule, and not the exception. When I was in France last year, I asked
+those who were in a position to know upon this point and was told that,
+comparatively speaking, very, very few of our men lowered in France the
+standards of conduct which they held when they came into the Army, that
+many more greatly improved those standards, either because of the
+lessons they had learned in our training camps, or because of the
+wholesome companionship of the women workers with whom they were daily
+brought in contact, or because, and this was probably the most potent
+factor of all, they were so desperately keen to get into the fighting
+line that they were taking no chances of being put out of commission
+beforehand. Their morality was the morality of the team in training for
+the big game, and it kept tens of thousands of boys straight. Indeed,
+until November 11, disciplinary problems may be said to have been
+practically non-existent among combat troops and almost negligible among
+the others. After the armistice was signed, there was a let-down, this
+being after all a very human body of young men, and the first remedy
+tried by some of the old-time regulars did not help a bit. This was to
+"give 'em plenty of drill and make 'em so tired they won't have energy
+to get into mischief," but as one returning artillery officer pointed
+out to me, when a battery a month before has fired 50,000 rounds of
+high-explosive at the Boche, and worked its guns over craters and
+through thickets, a drill with dummy ammunition on a parade ground is
+almost a justification for mutiny. Wiser counsel soon prevailed and the
+welfare work, which had slumped with the rest, was again brought up to
+concert pitch. It was for the first time in France, properly coordinated
+under Army control. The misfits and the workers who had worn themselves
+out were returned to this country and their places taken by fresh blood.
+I remember in this connection a paragraph tucked in the middle of the
+uncompromising officialdom of the daily departmental cable: "Send over
+plenty of welfare workers and remember the best men you can send are the
+women."
+
+Let me take this chance to say a word about the criticisms we have been
+hearing of this welfare work abroad. In the first place, the success of
+the work in this country among the men in training set up an expectation
+which it was humanly impossible to meet under the conditions overseas;
+in other words, the men who went over assumed standards as to the
+minimum amount of attention which it was their right to expect, the like
+of which had never been dreamed in the history of mankind. As a matter
+of fact, and taken as a whole, the treatment which they received was
+admirable and the comparatively few who now doubt the truth of this
+statement will come to realize it as time goes on. They will see that
+the misfits, the over-wrought, stood out in their minds like men out of
+alignment at parade, that they simply did not notice the thousands of
+men and women whose work for them was all that their own mothers could
+have asked.
+
+The following official cablegram records the state of educational,
+recreation and welfare work at the end of April, 1919.
+
+"Educational activities: Roughly there are 209,000 students embraced in
+this scheme. Ten thousand are at A.E.F. University at Beaune, some 7,000
+are attending French universities. 3,000 attending British. There are
+roughly 130,000 men at Post Schools, which correspond to our elementary
+schools in United States. 55,000 are attending the Divisional
+Educational Schools, which correspond to our High schools. In addition
+there are approximately 58,000 men in specialized vocational schools
+where they have full shop facilities of A.E.F.
+
+"Athletic activities: Athletic activities increasing daily in scope and
+popularity. Figures for February show 6,500,000 individual participants
+in games. In addition to mass athletics, unit championships are being
+played in football, basketball, soccer, boxing, tennis, swimming, tug of
+war, golf, track and field.
+
+"Entertainment activities: Reports of entertainment officers show
+monthly attendance for A.E.F. of between eight and ten million. Moving
+pictures, professional talent from United States and particularly
+soldier shows being utilized in all parts of army and have done much to
+take care of leisure hours of troops. Horse shows have been held in
+nearly every division of A.E.F. and have proved very popular. Amount of
+all this work now being carried on is little short of stupendous."
+
+The following paragraphs from a personal letter are particularly
+significant as coming from an officer of the regular army, who when he
+was in command of one of the cantonments in the United States was
+genuinely alarmed lest the War Department had not lost its sense of
+proportion, and was creating parlor ornaments instead of fighting men:
+
+"I served in the Army of Occupation in the Philippines and in China
+after the Boxer campaign, and I want to tell you that the discipline and
+_esprit de corps_ of these troops in Germany is incomparably better than
+anything I saw there.
+
+"I think nothing has so contributed to this result as the welfare work
+and the educational work undertaken. We have every reason to be proud of
+the fact that we had people in command of the army who had the vision to
+see what result this work would bring.
+
+"I took command of the --th Division in the Army of Occupation in
+December, and up until the present time I never worked with a happier or
+more contented lot of men. Of course they all want to go home, and we
+wouldn't have much use for them if they didn't, but an intensified
+military course of training in the morning, schools and athletics in the
+afternoon, and study and entertainment in the evening have made their
+days so full that they have been perfectly contented to stay until their
+boat comes in June.
+
+"This has been the experience of all the divisions up here in Germany,
+and their enthusiasm, I fear, when they get home, may be taken for
+pro-Germanism."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The War Department has learned so much in this great laboratory
+experiment in human conduct that the impious wish sometimes arises in
+one's mind that we might promptly try it all over again for the chance
+of profiting by our mistakes. Thank God we can't do that, but in our
+daily contact with these same men restored to their communities we can
+to a certain degree carry on the work, and in so doing we can learn much
+from the successes and failures of the Army.
+
+In planning for the immediate future, there are some things which we
+mustn't forget. In the first place, we mustn't expect these young men
+(or any humans for that matter) to be capable of remaining at concert
+pitch indefinitely.
+
+For a while, in dealing with the soldier who has returned from overseas,
+real ingenuity will be required to make much impression upon his mind.
+Not only will ordinary life seem tame but, frankly, he is likely to have
+been overhandled and overwelfared. If, however, we have erred in this
+regard, it has been on the right side.
+
+May I venture still another suggestion, and that is to be careful and
+considerate of the soldier who, despite his earnest desire, failed to
+get across, and for the matter of that, of the young man who didn't get
+into the Army at all. The morale of these two groups will need our
+particular care.
+
+In closing, however, we should not end upon a note of warning, but
+rather upon one of exultation; for the war has taught us, if it has
+taught nothing else, that, given a great cause and a cross-section of
+our heterogeneous American population, the resulting revelation of the
+power of human endurance, human courage and human accomplishment comes
+pretty near to proving objectively the divinity of man.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: An address delivered at the one hundredth anniversary of
+the General Theological Seminary, New York, April 30, 1919.]
+
+
+
+
+THE WAR AS A PRACTICAL TEST OF AMERICAN SCHOLARSHIP[2]
+
+
+It is a difficult task to attempt to define the American scholar of
+to-day. If any of you doubt it, let him try it as I have tried.
+Scholarship, like many another broad term, has no sharply marked edges.
+It is hard to define anything that lacks definiteness; and, after all,
+the task is relatively profitless, because we all of us recognize what
+is at the center of the concept. I think we all recognize that the
+scholar is an expert in some particular field or fields; but he is more
+than the expert as such, in that he knows enough of other matters to see
+his particular specialty in its relation to things in general. He must,
+to this degree at least, be a philosopher. This very general conception
+of scholarship is fairly constant, but the fields which the conception
+includes are broadening day by day and almost hour by hour. We cannot
+to-day limit scholarship to the polite branches which were all that it
+embodied when this Society was founded or even when this Chapter was
+established. The scholar of the old-fashioned type must now accept as
+his fellow the man who has helped to flatten the trajectory of the
+16-inch shell, or to control the birth rate of the cootie. Later on I
+shall suggest one other element which, in the light of the test which
+American scholarship has undergone in the past two years, it seems to me
+should now be included in our idea of the typical American scholar.
+
+We Americans are proud of being called a nation of inventors; and most
+of us have made, or almost made, private discoveries of an inventional
+nature which, for some reason, have never come to fruition. The
+scientific boards in Washington during the war received more than sixty
+thousand suggestions in some mechanical field; and I am told by those
+who ought to know that of all these not more than five of those coming
+from untrained minds were of any practical value. Even from the trained
+minds there came, I am told, no fundamental discovery in science as a
+direct result of the war conditions. Suggestions of improvements in
+detail and valuable suggestions there were in plenty, new applications
+of known principles, but application of a fundamentally new idea, no.
+That is only to say what we already know, that discovery is not made to
+order. In each case the idea had already been born in the mind of some
+intellectual pioneer and worked out by him, and some man who had the
+idea in the front of his mind was at hand to apply it to the new
+condition. And that means, I think, that if we met the test, we met it
+with our scholars.
+
+When the test came, certain fields of scholarship naturally afforded a
+better chance for immediate service than others. The chemist, for
+example, had a better chance a thousand-fold than the archaeologist. It
+is extraordinary, however, how many of the gifts which burned bright on
+the national altar came from men with some out-of-the-way specialty.
+Take archaeology itself, if you will. The best trench helmet developed
+during the war was designed by the expert in armor from our own academic
+fellowship. I am told that a very important element in the length of
+time which it took to control the submarine menace was the fact that
+when war broke out the science of oceanography was almost wholly in the
+hands of the Germans. When the world's supply of cocoanut husks was
+taken up for gas masks and we still needed charcoal, we had to turn for
+additional sources to the tropical botanist, who might have been
+expected to remain reasonably undisturbed. It remained for a scholar in
+perhaps the purest branch of pure science, astronomy, to recognize the
+well known fact that it is the shape of the tail of any and every moving
+object, motor car or boat or what you will, and not the shape of the
+head, which is the factor of chief importance in design, and to apply
+this recognition to artillery problems. The re-designing of our
+artillery shells under the direction of this astronomer added miles to
+their range. Another astronomer applied his experience in studying the
+movement of comets to solving certain problems of long-range artillery
+fire where the projectile in its flight rises into the circumambient
+ether.
+
+In proving the case for the American scholar, as I think we can prove
+it, we should not be beguiled into the pleasant task of recording the
+deeds of scholars and gentlemen when the deeds were those of the gallant
+gentleman rather than of the scholar _per se_. We have one here in our
+own academic family whose lieutenant's bars I should be as proud to wear
+as the stars of any of our generals. Nor need we, I think, cite the
+instances where the rigorous training of the scholar clearly laid the
+foundation for great accomplishment in some general field of
+administration. The man whom we can thank perhaps more than any other
+for the brilliant conduct of our war finance was seventeen years ago
+editor-in-chief of the _Columbia Law Review_. We may well turn with
+pride, but we don't need him to prove our point, to the scholar of this
+university, formerly president of this Chapter, who, from his own
+talents and experience and his alert sense of scholarship in others, has
+earned the place which he now holds as educational director of the
+largest university in the world, the A.E.F. University at Beaune.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our case rests, as I say, upon the direct applications of scholarship,
+and not only upon their quality, but on their range. A single division
+of the National Research Council, in its report for 1918, showed work of
+national significance by the scholars in physics, mathematics, and
+allied fields toward the solution of no fewer than sixty-eight
+different problems, every one of which needed for its solution men with
+training and knowledge and vision. At the outset, who among us had the
+slightest conception of the complexity of the adaptations to warfare of
+what was known to modern scholarship? We knew that the war was mounting
+into the air, but who had any realization of the adjustments which this
+involved? Fifteen fundamental problems based on pure physics promptly
+arose with reference to instruments for airplane operation. For example,
+at night and in the clouds, the aviator must have before his eyes a dial
+which will indicate the slightest deviation from his course. Seven
+problems had to do with airplane photography. As the art of camouflage
+advanced, for instance, color filters had to be devised for its
+detection from above. Seven additional problems had to do with factors
+of construction and maintenance, as fuel efficiency. Nine others
+affected ballooning; and the balloon, as the war developed, came to be
+of greater and greater importance. Eleven studies were in signalling:
+one, for example, a device for secret daylight signalling, with a range
+of five miles or more. And please remember that all these were the task
+of one branch of one organization within the field of pure science. By
+common consent, the dullest branch of physics was held to be acoustics,
+but since 1914 the whole question of sound-ranging has been in the hands
+of experts in acoustics. A device developed by American physicists gave
+our men nineteen seconds in which to take cover from cannon fired four
+miles away. The most brilliant work in this field was that of a former
+student of the Columbia School of Mines.
+
+If I were to pick out one field in which the scholarly attitude has been
+most brilliantly rewarded, it is that of medicine. If our army surgeons
+and sanitarians had been confined to the practical family doctors, who
+cannot be bothered with all this new-fangled stuff, our men would have
+died like flies from disease, as they did in the Spanish-American War.
+It was the laboratory man, the theorist, the highbrow if you like, who
+made our health record a matter of national pride and congratulation. It
+was the knowledge of a scholar, coupled with his instinctive
+understanding of the human heart--neither could have accomplished the
+purpose alone--which sent hundreds of shell-shocks, as they came to be
+called (people used to call the condition by an uglier, if not a
+shorter, term) back into the lines with self-respect and nerve renewed.
+
+To turn to another field, it was a real scholar, even if he were also a
+dean, who, in spite of the best efforts of his practical associates to
+deter him, brought order out of chaos in the most important of our war
+boards through the collection and skillful presentation of statistical
+data.
+
+In many cases it was the scholar whom we must thank for the pointing out
+of the obvious. The early drafts rejected thousands of excellent
+potential soldiers because our existing height regulations were drawn
+for men of the northern European races; and the minimum height limit was
+well within the normal variation of the men of southern European
+ancestry, which has been so large an element in our recent immigration.
+Similarly, men of science have pointed out that the length of the
+marching step depends not alone on the length of the legs, but even more
+on the width of the hips, a simple fact which is of real military
+significance. The scholars in the Forest Products laboratories knew how
+to make boxes that would not break and spill their contents on the
+wharves at Hoboken or St. Nazaire, and, equally important, they knew
+how to educate the quartermasters to use them.
+
+The fact that in many fields we reached the limits of available
+man-power meant a wonderful stimulation to the study of certain problems
+affecting human welfare. Take for example the physiological aspects of
+industrial fatigue. In this field an excellent theoretical start had
+been made before the war, but the appeal was limited to those interested
+in the individual worker. With the war, however, and the shortage of
+labor, came a new and, I fear, a more potent appeal--the interest in the
+product and its prompt production. The worker who collapsed could not be
+replaced. Long hours or unsanitary surroundings meant spoiled material
+and broken-down machinery and resultant delay. And when there was a
+scholar at hand to show why this was so, you may be sure he had his day
+in court.
+
+The work of the scholar has not wholly been in getting things done.
+Perhaps an equally important side was in keeping impossible or
+unprofitable things from being attempted. When time was of the very
+essence of the whole program, the man who could say "No" and prove the
+validity of his objection, performed a positive work of great value.
+One of our associates at Columbia had a leading share in devising tests
+for candidates for the flying school, which, by rejecting the unfit at
+the outset, saved many lives from the time of their adoption and many,
+many thousands of dollars; for the training of a flyer who cannot be
+used when the time comes is a very costly piece of national extravagance
+in both money and men.
+
+Our scholars did not confine their activities to the battle of
+Washington. Not only as engineers and doctors, but as geologists and
+geographers, as meteorologists and sanitarians, they went with the
+troops to the front, and their counsel as to actual military operations
+was welcomed and followed. One of them, a bachelor and doctor of this
+University, died in the service in France. The scholar, like the
+soldier, stood ready to step forward to fill the gap in the ranks as he
+saw it, regardless of whether something more dignified might be found
+for him to do. Our own Barnard, Professor of Education, took what he was
+pleased to call his vacation in applying his scholarship to organizing
+an educational program for the wounded men in our hospitals, as a
+therapeutic measure. Being a scholar and not merely an expert, he saw
+the broad human aspect of his specialty; that the first thing to do with
+the man who is blinded, or otherwise maimed, is to make him realize that
+it is worth while to get well; that he can have a life which is worth
+living; that if his old job is no longer possible, there are others for
+which he can be trained. One of America's most distinguished
+philosophical chemists settled down to the humble but very essential
+problem of making mixed flours rise and bake with a crust--and solved
+it. The war services of a past President of this Chapter, now, alas, no
+longer with us, and those of our present President have been as useful
+as they have been inconspicuous.
+
+The need for the scholar was not only qualitative, but quantitative. But
+for the general distribution of chemical knowledge in France and
+England, and the presence of men capable of promptly applying that
+knowledge to combat the gas attacks launched by the Germans, the war
+would have been lost before we could possibly have rendered the
+slightest assistance; and on our side of the Atlantic when the armistice
+was signed, there were two thousand trained chemists engaged in the
+problems of gas warfare alone. Our country, in a word, needed not only
+to have some men with the requisite training, but men enough to meet
+simultaneously many needs in many fields, and these men were drawn in
+large measure from our academic faculties. While one must not press the
+identity between the scholar and the professor too hard--for a number of
+reasons--the fact remains that the teaching profession provided the main
+reservoir from which the country drew. One of my friends in the Chemical
+Warfare Service has summarized the relation between the academic scholar
+and that branch of the army activity. Both chiefs of the Chemical
+Service Station were college professors, one of them a member of this
+Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. Of the fourteen heads of the Research
+Division, eight were college professors. It was the college professors
+who made fundamental improvements in gas masks on the one hand, and who
+devised new gases to test the German masks on the other.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As a nation, we did not realize at the outset, as Germany did, the
+importance of the man who knows, and of knowing who he is and where he
+is; and here, perhaps, lay our most fundamental unpreparedness. What
+this cost us may be judged from a single instance. A code message from
+Germany directing the dismantling of the German ships lying in our ports
+was intercepted. If we had known that there was a professor of English
+in the University of Chicago who, in the pursuit of his medieval
+researches, had developed the power of reading ciphers almost at sight,
+that cable from Germany could have been promptly deciphered, we could
+have forestalled the sabotage, and something like six months in the use
+of these ships for the transport of our troops and munitions could have
+been gained.
+
+The job of getting the man who knew into the right niche was not an easy
+one. The scholars could not all be spared; for, after all, education and
+research are essential industries, and, fortunately for our institutions
+of learning, for our reviews and scientific agencies, and fortunately
+for the country as a whole, all of our scholars did not rush immediately
+into government work. The less thrilling task of keeping the lamps
+burning in our lighthouses was never more important than during the
+stormy days which we have just gone through. Furthermore, the scholar is
+a modest person, though he has his human vanities, as we all know who
+have seen our colleagues in uniform; but usually some one had to know
+about him and invite him to his place, a very sharp contrast to the
+business men and lawyers who came down to Washington by the trainload to
+impress us with their capacity to do any job which involved a commission
+of properly high degree.
+
+In general, I should say that the individuals in the universities met
+the test better than the institutions themselves. The latter did not, it
+seems to me, as institutions, grasp the situation. Very few studied the
+question of the assignment of their specialists as a problem in
+conservation as well as in publicity; and as far as the use of their
+facilities in the training of soldiers and sailors is concerned, the War
+Department and the Navy Department had literally to teach them how to
+meet the war conditions. Such help as came from organized bodies of
+scholars came rather from the learned societies than from the academic
+groups.
+
+Then there was a further difficulty, particularly among the younger men,
+though not wholly among them. The expert's job, and hence inclusively
+the scholar's job, is relatively safe so far as the immediate risk of
+death is concerned, though not the risk of shortening life through
+overwork. One Columbia man, well over the draft age, told me frankly
+that he would gladly give up an important public office he held for the
+privilege of fighting with his hands, but he could not be tempted by an
+opportunity to fight with his head. Through this same impulse many and
+many a man attempted to conceal his special knowledge in order that he
+might fight in the line. The Army Committee on Classification of
+Personnel, which was in itself a beautiful example of scholarship in
+practical application, was able, however, in most instances to pluck out
+the expert from the line and set him, whether he was willing or not, at
+the task for which he was particularly adapted and particularly needed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What, from the point of view of the non-scholar, can be said as to the
+general usefulness of the men and women (for the women did their share)
+who came forward or were brought forward to take this trial by fire on
+behalf of American scholarship? First of all, the scholar must be a real
+scholar; he must have the natural ability and the long and rigorous
+training necessary for accurate observation, and observation of the kind
+which, if I may be forgiven a most unscholarly metaphor, includes the
+ability to distinguish the blue chips from the white; his deductions
+must be relentless, and his inductions must be luminous. That is asking
+a good deal, and it would be enough if his dealings were to be with
+other scholars or with scholars in the making. The papers of a leisurely
+recluse can be dug out by others from the even more deliberately
+published proceedings of learned societies, even as the author has dug
+out those of his predecessors, and ultimately the practical application
+of his discoveries will be made. In national emergency, however, this
+process will not suffice. The scholar must descend from his tower; he
+must, if he is to serve effectively, learn to think to order and to do
+it rapidly, to deal with all sorts and conditions of men; he must bear
+with their amazing ignorances and profit by their equally amazing
+knowledge of things of which he is ignorant. He must know the art of
+team play. The war has brought out a new type of scholarship, or at any
+rate has developed it to such an extent that its implications are new,
+and that is the unselfish cooperation of experts to meet a given and
+usually an immediately pressing need. The development of the Liberty
+motor furnishes a good example of the results of such cooperative
+effort. It seems to me that the most important single lesson which our
+scholars can learn from the experience of the two past years is the
+importance of this team play in scholarship, and not only team play with
+other scholars, but team play with those who have the equally valuable
+and perhaps even rarer gift of getting things done, who perhaps deserve
+the title of scholars in the control of time and space. The scholars who
+made good were those who had had not only the training and temperament
+for research, but the training and temperament for working with other
+people. The scholarship of the man who from self-centeredness or from a
+mistaken absorption in his specialty lacked the art of dealing with his
+fellow men was likely to prove a sterile scholarship, and in most cases
+a useless scholarship in the day of national need.
+
+One of the most dramatic things about the war was the speeding up of
+supply and transport under the strong hand of the man who had brought
+the Panama Canal to completion. General Goethals was no administrative
+theorist. He was willing to try anything and anybody once, but he was
+prompt in rejecting what did not promptly accomplish his purpose. An
+engineer of General Goethals' distinction can be regarded as a scholar
+in his particular field; but the point I want to make is that during his
+service as Quartermaster-General, when officers of the regular army and
+over-night majors, as they were called, presidents of manufacturing
+plants, bankers and lawyers, were passing in what seemed to be an almost
+unbroken procession through his office, he retained just two men in his
+inner circle from first to last, and both were academic persons. Herbert
+Hoover surrounded himself with scholars, entomologists, statisticians
+and public health men. He did not always use them for their specialties,
+but he evidently liked the type. The great welfare societies did the
+same, and the list of academic men whom they used makes an impressive
+total.
+
+These instances are typical of a very general success among scholars in
+cooperating effectively and helpfully with eminently practical men. This
+may be because the scholar has been trained in a form of competition
+which the so-called practical man lacked. He is used to having his work
+wiped out by some discovery of a rival, and having to begin afresh. He
+is used to a checking of his work by his fellows which, if of a
+different nature, is no less relentless than the war-time check in the
+toll of human lives. The man of high reputation in business often failed
+because he had learned to measure success and his own competence only in
+terms of dividends, and in the new test he found his measuring-rod worse
+than useless.
+
+Our scholars of the cooperative type not only pursued their researches,
+but they got their military associates into the habit of thinking in
+terms of scholarship. One of their most useful accomplishments,
+initiated by a Doctor of Philosophy of this University, was the
+organization of Thursday evening conferences for the discussion of the
+new scientific and technical problems facing the Army and Navy. This
+furnished a nucleus for the exchange of ideas between the different
+research groups, both here and abroad; for scholarship was mobilized and
+utilized in France, England, and Italy, as well as here, and our Allies
+laid their scientific discoveries before us with the greatest loyalty.
+At these conferences their reports were discussed and digested and
+applied, instead of being pigeon-holed at the War College, as I fear
+might have been otherwise the case. It was as a result of one of these
+conferences that a member of this Chapter, acting on a hint which came
+from a French report, was largely instrumental in developing a method of
+submarine detection through sound-waves of a particular type, which,
+though it came too late to be of service in the war, may serve in peace
+to relieve the greatest terror of the mariner, the danger of collision
+in darkness or fog with sister vessel or iceberg or derelict. A potent
+factor in breaking down the barriers and delays of departmental
+jealousies and bureaucratic tradition all along the line was the
+free-masonry of the company of scholars in Washington.
+
+It must not be forgotten that our scholar in war worked under two
+powerful stimuli, neither of them operative under ordinary conditions.
+Although he was out of his accustomed setting, working with strange
+people and at strange tasks, nevertheless the realization of the
+national need and the joy of feeling an identification with the forces
+facing the adversary tended to produce that fine frenzy which enables a
+man to do better than he knows how. Then, for the first time in history,
+the scholar had unlimited funds. It is an interesting subject for
+speculation as to how he can ever go back to the limits of academic
+appropriations. It is to be feared that in many cases he will not, but
+will turn to industrial enterprises instead. If, however, there was an
+unlimited supply of funds, there was a corresponding deficiency in time,
+and the scholar who could not speed up to meet the new conditions had
+little chance to make his mark. The men who failed in war because they
+could not grasp the significance of the time factor may, however, still
+be eminently useful in peace. On the other hand, the training which some
+of our scholars received in meeting another war-time condition is likely
+to have an important influence upon the relation of scholarship to
+industry. Many a scholar found for the first time that to meet a given
+condition a beautiful laboratory solution may be no solution at all,
+that the answer, to be effective, must meet the peculiar condition of
+quantity production.
+
+The merit of the Liberty engine, of which I have already spoken, lies
+not alone in the excellence of its design, admirable as that is, but in
+the fact that it is so constructed that we could produce fifteen hundred
+of them in a single week. Or, to take another example, in 1914 we made
+all together eighteen hundred field glasses in this country. Last
+winter, thanks to the cooperation of the scholars in the chemistry of
+glass and in the field of optics on the one hand, and of the experts in
+quantity production on the other, we were making thirty-five hundred
+pairs of field glasses each week. There are many other adaptations of
+scholarship to industry that are awaiting similar practical solutions.
+One of our most distinguished scholars in physics has said publicly that
+the day is past when one can defend any distinction between pure and
+applied science. One might as well try to distinguish between pure and
+applied virtue.
+
+I said at the outset that I would venture later on an enlargement of the
+conception of the American scholar, in the light of what the past two
+years have made so clear. The scholar himself as well as those of us who
+are not scholars, needs, I think, to get a somewhat broader conception
+of the term; to develop it from its present popular connotation so that
+the attributes which come to one's mind will no longer be the static and
+selfish, but rather the dynamic and social. Emerson, in his essay on the
+American Scholar, seems to have some prophetic glimpse of this broader
+conception. He says, for example, that "action is with the scholar
+subordinate, but it is essential; that without it, he is not yet man;
+that the true scholar grudges every opportunity of action passed by, as
+a loss of power"; and elsewhere, "that a great soul will be strong to
+live, as well as strong to think." The old idea of the scholar was the
+recluse, the individual; the new, it seems to me, should be one of a
+company of builders, each bringing to the common task, for the general
+welfare, his training and craft, his knowledge and ideas, to combine
+them with the gifts which his fellows are bringing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Thus far almost all my modern instances have been taken from the realms
+of natural science. I need not remind you, however, that although
+science has tremendously broadened the range of scholarship,
+nevertheless the scholarship which is a practical asset is not and never
+will be limited to natural science. The record of the past two years has
+many an example of the essentially important work of scholars in other
+fields. The records are not so clear-cut, the results are perhaps more
+often negative; but the work was done and it counted. In the field of
+public information our American scholars in the political sciences did
+excellent work under the direction of a Doctor of Philosophy of this
+University, and their record for fairness and sanity makes an enviable
+contrast with the pathetic propaganda of the German intellectuals.
+Similarly, the work of our Columbia scholars of the Legislative Drafting
+Bureau proved of great value in formulating and, perhaps more important,
+in discouraging legislation.
+
+In general, however, I think we ought to face the fact squarely that our
+scholarship in man's relations with his fellow men, in his understanding
+of himself and his fellows as contrasted with his mastery of physical
+things, cannot claim so clear-cut a decision. Even in science we should
+not set too great store by ourselves. Professor, late Colonel, Millikan
+writes: "The contribution of the United States in research and
+development lines was less, far less in proportion to our resources and
+population, than that of England or France, and this in spite of the far
+heavier strain under which they were laboring." And yet, with us,
+science was better mobilized, better equipped, and can make a better
+showing than the humanities. Part of this can be readily explained by
+the statement that preparation for war is after all engineering on a
+huge scale. But we must not prove too much if we are to profit by the
+lesson. For example, the war found us utterly unprepared in
+foreign-language knowledge; and we are still unprepared. How many real
+Americans, I don't mean recent immigrants, but men and women with our
+traditions and our point of view, can speak Russian? How many can speak
+the languages of the Near East or Far East?
+
+Excellent work has been done by individual philosophers, economists, and
+sociologists in labor questions, in welfare work, on the war-time trade
+and industrial boards; but as a whole our scholars in these fields did
+not dominate the situation as did the men of science in theirs. Of
+course, their task was infinitely harder. For one thing, though we may
+be ready to confess our ignorance of calculus or colloidal chemistry or
+thermo-dynamics, we all believe in the validity of our off-hand
+judgments in politics and morals, and indeed in all the springs of human
+conduct. Yet when all allowances are made, the fact remains that there
+is a scholarship in these matters and we have American scholars in them,
+but that with distinguished exceptions these professionals permitted the
+man in the street or the man in the editor's chair, or in Congress, or
+in the Cabinet, to proclaim his amateur pronouncement and to get away
+with it. Indeed, I will go further and say that not a few who know or
+ought to know that it is not necessary to be intolerant in order to be
+patriotic seemed to set their knowledge upon this point at one side. In
+war time it is a matter for the scholar's judgment and conscience to
+decide whether it is wise to attempt a leadership which at the moment
+will be misunderstood and probably ineffective, possibly even dangerous,
+because of the reaction, to the cause he has at heart; or to bide his
+time in silence, awaiting a more suitable time to be heard. But I submit
+that he is sinning against the light when he joins in the hue and cry of
+the untrained and the half-trained. The war has given the natural
+scientist his chance, and he has profited thereby. In the years to come
+the test will, I think, shift to the scholars in the human sciences. The
+crises of the future will have to do with problems of human conduct
+rather than of the control of physical things; and, as these crises
+come, our scholars in human relations should be more ready for the call
+to mobilize.
+
+In practically every case the instances that I have given of the
+successful tests of our scholarship involve the work of a member of Phi
+Beta Kappa or of the sister society, Sigma Xi; and I therefore may be
+permitted to say a word more directly to our younger members of the
+society of those seeking the philosophy of life, to our Columbia
+scholars in the making. In my time, which, by the way, was just
+twenty-one years ago, a man who wanted to live the life of a scholar was
+practically limited to teaching as the means of making his living. The
+result in the way of incompetent and halfhearted teaching we all know.
+Let me say to you of to-day that unless you want to teach, there is no
+reason under heaven why you should do so. There are plenty of other
+means of earning an honest living. The scholar is not nowadays limited
+to the academic halls. We have scholars of the first quality not only in
+special research institutions, but in government bureaus and in
+industrial organizations. The men in government service who could be
+spared from their other responsibilities for war work made an excellent
+war record. On the other hand, we want to remember that the real
+teacher, whether in the faculty or out of it, has a tremendous
+advantage in the art of presentation. During the war the effectiveness
+of our scholar teachers was well tested by an entirely new set of
+pupils, pupils sometimes with eagles or stars on their shoulders, or in
+the civil field, captains of industry, clad in the glittering armor of a
+big business reputation.
+
+Nowadays one cannot be a scholar in general. One has to have some
+specialty. As to what that specialty shall be in terms of usefulness to
+the community, I think I have given you examples enough to show that the
+range is almost unlimited. I had planned to sum up this by a brief
+record of the discovery and application to war purposes of helium; but I
+find that one of my own students in Columbia College, now a member of
+the Geological Survey, has beaten me out; and you can find the whole
+story in the May issue of the _National Geographic Magazine_. I cannot
+resist, however, a summary of the steps. First, the astronomer, just
+about the time this chapter was established, finds a new line in the
+solar spectrum. Thirty years later, the geologist comes upon an unusual
+stone and turns to a great chemist for its analysis, with the consequent
+recognition of helium as a mundane element. About the same time comes
+its identification as one of the newly recognized ingredients of the
+air, and the study of its properties. Then a Kansas chemist discovers
+its presence in some natural gas about which he was consulted because it
+would not burn properly. Then comes the war with its incendiary bullet
+and the need of a non-inflammable content for balloons and dirigibles.
+Then the cooperation of physicist, engineer, and geologist--Canadian and
+American--makes helium available for this purpose. Before these
+researches helium cost $1700 a cubic foot and was obtainable only in
+Germany. The present price is 10 cents a cubic foot, and it is falling.
+The importance of all this for peace is very great. In these days of
+airplane hops we are forgetting that a Zeppelin made the trip from
+Bulgaria to what should have been German East Africa with medicines and
+ammunition. The Germans having disappeared in the meantime, the Zeppelin
+turned around and came back, making a continuous voyage of several
+thousand miles.
+
+But do not forget that not all scholars made good in the great test. Let
+me sum up what I have already said. In the first place, to be useful the
+scholarship must be sound. The near-scholar, the man who took the
+short-cut in preparation, proved to be a positive danger. The mere
+expert in some narrow field, the man who did not realize the
+implications of what he knew, was relatively useless. A man to succeed
+had to be intense without being narrow. Even among the sound scholars,
+the men who really knew, the isolated and insulated individual could
+very rarely make much headway. It was the open-minded scholar, the maker
+and keeper of friends, who got his chance, the scholar whose learning
+was to him a living thing, not necessarily to be displayed in the market
+place, and never for the sake of the display, but on the other hand
+never wrapped in a napkin and buried in the earth.
+
+Will the scholar, now that his practical worth has been tested and
+proved, be content to slip back into relative obscurity; or will he, on
+the other hand, be tempted too far into the limelight and thereby lose
+those very qualities which gave him his value? Will he be satisfied with
+positions of leadership rather than leadership itself, which may be a
+very different thing? It is largely for you young men and young women of
+the rising generation of scholars to say.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 2: An address delivered before the New York Delta of Phi Beta
+Kappa at Columbia University upon the fiftieth anniversary of the
+establishment of the Chapter, June 3, 1919.]
+
+
+
+
+WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?[3]
+
+
+I am going to try to select three or four general fields in which we
+Americans have had a chance to learn lessons of permanent value as the
+result of our war experience. Then I shall try to apply these to what
+seems to me the most typical specimen of the best in American life, a
+great American University; and finally, I shall try to apply them to the
+situation which faces you young men and women of the graduating class as
+you step out to take your places in the world. And in so doing I'm going
+to look deliberately on the bright side. There are troubles enough in
+the world to worry and depress us, and we have to face them, but let us
+face them with a confidence that is justified in the light of the
+examples of man's endurance, of his courage, of his possibilities of
+accomplishment, which it has been our privilege to witness within the
+lifetime of this academic generation.
+
+What have we learned? In the first place, we have learned that as a
+nation we possess the power to see a big job through, and we possess it
+because we have the qualities of youth--enthusiasm, learning capacity,
+energy, elasticity, initiative--the pioneering spirit. We have the
+shortcomings of youth also--impatience, superficiality, improvidence,
+cock-sureness--but when the test came we managed to strengthen our
+virtues and to a large extent to overcome our failings.
+
+The various stocks that have emigrated to our shores have come as
+successive waves of pioneers, of men to whom new and unfamiliar
+conditions serve as an incentive rather than a discouragement, and it is
+the persistence of this pioneering spirit, essentially a youthful
+spirit, which has had much to do with our success.
+
+What single group made the finest impression in the great war? I think
+we will agree that it was the American doughboy. As one saw him in
+France he was absolutely youth incarnate, and he is a cross section of
+our complex population. If anyone still doubts that all of these stocks,
+the Teutonic included, have been willing to do their share even at the
+risk or cost of life, let him read any of the lists of battle
+casualties or the list of honors for heroic conduct and he will have the
+best kind of proof. Let us remember in this connection that nearly
+one-fourth of our drafted men couldn't speak and write English
+adequately when they entered the Army. In spite of a number of unsightly
+pieces of slag, which are either floating on the surface or have sunk to
+the bottom, the great national melting pot has evidently done its work
+well.
+
+Our heterogeneous immigration, our enormous national resources, which
+have tempted us to live on capital rather than on interest, our
+prosperity, have made us neither fat nor flabby. We now know that as a
+people we don't really care about money or the money game if we are
+shown some other game better worth playing; that selfishness and luxury
+drop away as if by magic when they interfere with the keener
+satisfactions of giving one's self. Even for us stay-at-homes, the
+Liberty Loan people, Mr. Hoover, the Red Cross and other welfare workers
+were on hand to show us how to play the better game. I don't need to
+remind you of the details, nor that in spite of human grumbling and talk
+of sacrifice, in the bottom of our hearts we all enjoyed the process.
+
+In the second place, we have learned that to see the job through we need
+all of the nation, men and women, not merely the profession of arms and
+the mysterious powers of finance--we need all of everyone. We need them
+not as individuals but as a team, and we have learned that we can
+develop team play.
+
+Our easiest jobs were the raising of our men and our money; our hardest,
+the moulding of the whole into an organic unity. Just as our young men
+by the millions took their place in the line when the bugle blew, older
+men by the tens of thousands left their private affairs to get along as
+best they might, and regardless of political affiliations or personal
+convenience, found place for themselves in the administrative army. And
+they were ably seconded by the women. Hundreds of men in key positions
+have gladly borne witness to the share which their secretaries and their
+other women associates played in bringing about the needed results.
+
+The first days of the war were days of whirling confusion, colored by
+glowing forecasts. Then followed months of experimentation, by trial and
+error, of hope deferred by long delays, of well meant but none the less
+embarrassing internal rivalries, of sudden spurts. Later came the days
+of last autumn, when the whole great machine was throbbing rhythmically
+and steadily, with only a minor "knock" here and there--a sure
+indication to the watchful enemy, who had had more than a taste of what
+the machine could produce, that the game was up; and finally the
+eleventh of November and the order to reverse the engines.
+
+It ought to be evident from our experience that for any great enterprise
+we need all the young men and the young women, and all the older ones
+who are still young in heart. We need to know who they are, where they
+are, what they can do, and we need to touch them at every point; for not
+only do we need them all, but we need all of each one of them. We should
+never again face a great national crisis with nearly one-third of our
+men of military age unfit for hard physical work. We need campaigns of
+physical education and social hygiene, and we need to apply the lessons
+in human salvage which the army has learned during the war. But we need
+more than each individual and all of him. We must see to it that the
+individual star, of whatever magnitude, is subordinated to the team play
+of the group. And team play means more than energy and "pep." It means
+a marshalling of the old fashioned and homely virtues of courtesy,
+deference and consideration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the third place, we have learned that to accomplish a great result we
+need the leadership of those who know and who know vividly and
+constructively. Our experience has been that in certain fields, finance,
+science, manufacturing in quantity production, medicine, we had a supply
+of those who knew. In other fields, in intimate knowledge of foreign
+conditions and foreign languages for example, we had not.
+
+At first we didn't know where our leaders were, and in many cases we
+began by following false prophets. The value of one man with training,
+brains and persistence can be shown by a single example: There was a man
+who answered these qualifications connected with the Council of National
+Defence, not in a very exalted position. He was the first in all this
+country to see that the army program and the shipping program did not
+fit. It took him a long time to convince the two groups of overworked,
+harried officials that neither could play the game alone; that the
+closest cooperation was necessary. He had no access to the records, but
+he finally managed to build up a convincing statement out of the shreds
+of information which he gathered here and there, and at last he
+succeeded in getting everyone concerned into the attitude of wanting to
+face the facts. Everyone would have had to face them sooner or later,
+but without the devotion and leadership of this one man, it would have
+been only as the result of a very serious dislocation of function.
+
+One field in which the right leadership has been most brilliantly
+rewarded is that of medicine. Just consider what we have done in this
+field: The success of the anti-typhoid injections; the reduction in
+dysenteric diseases due to chlorination of drinking water; the
+encouraging fight against cerebro-spinal meningitis and pneumonia; the
+identification of trench fever, and the practical freedom from typhus.
+As to wounds, a tetanus antitoxin which has made lock-jaw almost a
+negligible disease; a serum against gas gangrene; the Carrel-Dakin
+method of chemical sterilization of wounds; the splinting of fractures
+on the battle field and overhead extension apparatus in the hospital. To
+quote Simon Flexner, "The entire psychology of the wounded men was
+altered, the wards made cheerful and happy, pain abolished, infection
+controlled, and recovery hastened by means of the new or improved
+surgical and mechanical measures put into common use."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The fourth lesson of which I wish to speak is that a high aim and ideal
+is what counts most of all, what lifts the individual up from
+selfishness and sloth. To bind the country together and to make the
+transformation which still seems miraculous, we had a noble national
+aim, a complete dedication to the task before us, an utter absence of
+any selfish or self-seeking factor in the whole enterprise. The conduct
+of our soldiers, their submission to a discipline to which most of them
+were completely unused was, I think, in a very large measure due to the
+recognition of this aim. We recognized it as a nation and we recognized
+it in one another. The standard of contact set by our soldiers during
+the days of conflict is unique in military history. Whole divisions went
+for months without a single court-martial. The reason was, more than
+anything else, the national assumption that they would give a good
+account of themselves and the fact that they felt themselves in
+training for the championship, and no man wanted to miss his chance on
+the battlefield for the sake of a selfish indulgence.
+
+Some of the experiments in conduct tried in the American Expeditionary
+Forces were extraordinary in their success. The leave areas, an immense
+enterprise, were run on the basis of absolute freedom to the enlisted
+man. He lived in the best hotels in Europe and amused himself in casinos
+where crowned heads had been in the habit of gambling away the money of
+their subjects. He had no roll calls, no taps, no officers in sight, no
+military machinery whatever. He arose when he pleased, either before or
+after his breakfast; he ate and drank when he pleased, and he stayed out
+as late as he pleased. The physical and moral effect of this absolute
+change from the military regime was a very interesting and instructive
+phenomenon, but that is not the point I wish to make. Out of the
+thousands and thousands of men who were sent to these leave areas, there
+was hardly a single case in which a man abused the trust which was put
+upon him or failed to turn up on time to go back to the grind of
+military duty. This could never have been done with soldiers of another
+type, with soldiers lacking an ideal.
+
+Someone has recently written that fine minds have been finely touched by
+the war, and base minds basely. He might have added that wise minds have
+been wisely touched, and foolish minds foolishly. In general, I think it
+may fairly be said that when the appeal was to the finest in a man's
+character, the result was correspondingly fine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These, it seems to me, are the four main things we have learned, or at
+any rate we have had a chance to learn. First, that we are a real
+nation, potentially strong with the strength of youth. Second, that to
+fulfill our mission, every man and woman and all of every such
+individual is an object of national concern; that we must be mobilized
+and we must continue our lessons in team play. We have still plenty to
+learn in this field. Third, that we must have and must recognize the
+leadership of those who know, which, after all, is the great test of a
+democracy. Fourth, that to bring out the best that is in us, as
+individuals and as a nation, we must have an aim, high, clear-cut and
+clearly understood. If, now, I attempt to apply these four lessons which
+we have had a chance to learn, to educational conditions, and
+particularly to university conditions, it will be for three reasons: The
+first is the general wisdom of confining one's remarks to things he
+knows something about. The second, that there is no single institution
+more characteristic of the best in our American life than a great
+American University. And there is this third reason, that if we had not
+had a supply of young men with the stamp of the American college upon
+them, we could never have met the call for officers, for nearly a
+quarter of a million of them. I am told that the Germans were prepared
+to admit and to discount our wealth in money, in materials and in man
+power, but they looked forward confidently to a complete failure on our
+part in training officers to lead our men in battle. Of course, all the
+citizen officers who made good records were not college men, but the
+college trained citizens were the men who set the pace and made the
+standard.
+
+It was Pitt who said, "The atrocious crime of being a young man I shall
+attempt neither to palliate nor to deny." Nor should a university seek
+to palliate or to deny the charge of being a place of resort for youth.
+A university, it seems to me, should be a place where the primary object
+is not the repression of youthful exuberance nor the correction of
+youthful failings (though both may be necessary on occasion), but
+rather, a place for the encouragement of the great and vital qualities
+of youth--enthusiasm, energy, power of acquisition, sensitiveness of
+impression. It is the place where the older members of the community
+have the best chance to stay young. The university should be essentially
+a company of enthusiasts, of pioneers. There is a frontier for every
+worker to clear--no matter how narrow or how wide his horizon may be. In
+a university there is no proper place, among faculty or students, for
+the disillusioned, the cynical, the defeatist.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now we come to the application of the second lesson, the lesson of
+mobilization, of team play. In the first place, no university is alive
+where mobilization is limited to the Recorder's office. In a live
+institution, regent, professor, student, janitor, each is a part of the
+game and must feel that he is. He must feel that in its administration
+the institution has learned the great lesson of direct and human
+personal contact. Science, among all its triumphs, cannot include any
+device for conveying a message from mind to mind or from heart to heart
+half so good as the human voice and the human eye. Within the faculty,
+this element of human cooperation should be reflected by the vitality of
+the organism rather than by the complexity of the organization, which
+may not be vital at all. Each member must feel that the general repute
+is safeguarded by honest and intelligent standards, honestly and
+intelligently administered. The university, like the country at large,
+must make itself responsible for all of each and every student, his
+bodily condition, for example, just as directly as his mental.
+
+It will be recalled that one of my justifications for applying war
+experiences to university conditions was the share which the college and
+university men had in building up our supply of officers. If we study
+why the college men made good officers, and make allowance for the fact
+that it is the kind of man who goes to college who is likely to make a
+good officer anyway, and all the other allowances we can think of, we
+can't dodge the conclusion that there is something outside of the
+college curriculum which has been an important factor in bringing about
+the results. On the other hand, important as the other factors are, the
+curriculum has had its share, and it is in my judgment a leading and
+not always an adequately recognized share. The comfortable theory that
+once he has settled down to something important the college
+ne'er-do-well will suddenly blossom forth into a competent leader of men
+didn't work out in practice. It may have happened here and there, but it
+didn't happen as a general rule. In the fighting line, it was very
+generally the man with a sound academic record, not necessarily the Phi
+Beta Kappa lad, but the good scholar and active college citizen, the man
+who had taken the trouble to learn things and learn people, who made the
+best record. I naturally watched with particular interest the records of
+my own old students at Columbia, and I know that this is so.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is a significant fact, however, for those of us who are interested in
+the welfare of college boys and girls, that the United States government
+deliberately built up what was to all intents and purposes an
+undergraduate college life for the young men of the army, with
+athletics, dances, dramatics, singing, and all the rest, even including
+opportunities for reading and study. Even the most hardened of regular
+officers, who at the first, I fear, regarded this as some of the
+civilian foolishness with which all soldiers have to contend, came to
+see that the program was a vital factor in building up such a body of
+fighting men as they had never seen. And this is only another way of
+saying that if you want to use the human machine for any purpose, you
+must concern yourself with the whole of it. Human nature does not come
+in air-tight compartments.
+
+President Wilson coined a phrase which has thoroughly gone the rounds
+when he said that the side-shows of college life should not overshadow
+nor distract from the entertainment in the main tent. We all agree to
+this. But I think we are more inclined than when the words were spoken
+to urge that the side-shows, properly and intelligently subordinated,
+should be under the same management as the main tent. The army has tried
+the experiment on a large scale and it has worked well. In February last
+there were in France and on the Rhine six million and a half individual
+participants in athletic games, ten million attendants on
+entertainments, nearly a quarter of a million students.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+None of the lessons which the Army has learned are more significant
+than those which have to do with mobilization and classification. The
+activities of the Provost Marshal General, of the Committee on
+Classification and Personnel, in cooperation with the Committee on
+Education, furnish the best record of large scale human engineering in
+the new science of personnel of which we have any record, either in this
+country or, I think, elsewhere.
+
+A university like this one is an army, and not such a small army either,
+judging by peacetime standards. The United States found that it was
+worth while, indeed that it was absolutely necessary in organizing its
+forces, to find out everything it could about every man in the army,
+what he needed physically to increase his efficiency; what he needed to
+keep him interested and out of mischief; what he should have in the way
+of training--based on what he knew already and based on careful mental
+tests--to make him of the greatest usefulness; whether he had the will
+to win, and if not, whether anything could be done to get it into him.
+
+In a word, the United States wanted to know just what each man's
+possibilities were. Was he officer material or non-com material? Should
+he go into the line or one of the special corps--or to the labor
+battalion? As a result of this program, the Army succeeded in finding a
+place that counted for 98 per cent of the drafted men.
+
+Now I realize that a university can't do all these things with its army
+in just the way the government can. It can't casually transfer a man
+from engineering to psychology, nor a girl from philosophy to
+cookery--or _vice versa_--no matter how desirable such a transfer might
+be for the individual and the community. But it can do a great deal more
+than it now does in finding out about all its members, informing them of
+their strength and weaknesses, in seeing that every student gets a
+chance to enjoy in so far as possible the high privileges of youth, and
+to get a helping hand over the bumps in the road, which also come with
+youth. Every student ought to have the opportunity to round out his
+character and his capacities. It ought not to be left to chance that any
+student gets the best personal contacts for him or her with faculty and
+fellow-students, the best opportunities for learning team play. Every
+student ought to leave with some definite aim in life, and if possible
+an aim high enough to be an ideal that is worth working for.
+
+A university is not doing its full duty if its athletics and social life
+are limited to those who need these the least; if its alumni are
+regarded merely as fillers of the grandstands or recipients of oratory,
+and possible sources of pecuniary support. The alumni are the best
+possible sources of keeping the faculty informed as to what the world
+really wants in the way of trained men and women, and, for the students,
+of information, suggestions, and jobs, both temporary and permanent.
+
+I realize that many of these things are now done here and elsewhere, but
+in the light of what we have learned from the experience of the
+University of Uncle Sam, I am sure that our American universities and
+colleges have hardly scratched the surface of what they might do and
+what, I think, they will ultimately do in the realm of human
+engineering. Nearly all educational institutions merely follow what they
+find the leaders are doing, and in this field there is an opportunity, I
+am sure, for real leadership.
+
+We know now that men and women can be measured by impersonal tests and
+that it is practicable to put aside the material which it is either
+impossible to fashion in the academic mould, or for which, even if the
+job is possible, the expense in wear and tear is entirely beyond the
+value of the result to be obtained. To be specific, why shouldn't we
+have an intelligence test of candidates for the degree of Doctor of
+Philosophy, just as we had a physical and psychological examination for
+candidates for the flying schools?
+
+I don't mean that we should leap from one illogical position clear
+across the road into another. Mental measurements are not yet an exact
+science, and a man of moderate ability, with a will to succeed, may be a
+better academic investment than his more brilliant brother who lacks
+that quality; but, by pruning very sparingly (one does not have to chop
+down a tree to prune it) the saving in time and energy will be enormous.
+
+Fundamentally the human relationships are what count, the qualities
+leading to team play and cooperation, and away from isolation and its
+ills. This means that if a faculty is to exercise its leadership, it
+must know the student body, it must maintain and develop points of human
+touch. Impersonal tests, impersonal records, all that modern practice
+and modern science can teach us we must have, but these must be used
+only as the framework for what is after all the fundamental thing,
+direct human contact between teacher and teacher, teacher and student,
+and student and student.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Now as to leadership, and in a university we can identify the leaders
+with the teachers, there is no doubt, I think, that the teachers'
+profession comes out of the war in a higher place than it went in, and
+the scholar goes back to his work with a feeling of confidence in
+himself in view of his record in competition and comparison with men in
+other callings. I venture to predict that we shall hear a good deal less
+frequently in the future the old gibe that the man who could do things
+did them and the man who couldn't, taught them. The teachers made good,
+not only because of their scholarship, but because of their personality.
+I think this experience of the last two years is going to accelerate
+greatly the movement which had already started of turning to the
+academic world for the man who can do things and do them with other
+people. Entirely apart from the contrasts in income, the sheer fun of
+executive work, with plenty of money to spend on what you want to get
+done, is a pretty strong temptation for a man with a heavy teaching
+schedule and an annual department appropriation of say $75. Both the
+regular army officers who have made conspicuously good, and the scholars
+of the cooperative type who have made conspicuously good, are being
+actively bidden for by bankers and manufacturers and all sorts of
+people. Neither profession can compete on the purely financial side with
+these tempters and, in order to hold their first-rate men, they will
+each have to make some greater contribution in the things that money
+alone can't buy.
+
+Both in the nation and in our republics of letters and science, we must
+learn to distinguish more clearly between the power that comes with
+knowledge, and the ability to talk about things. It was very interesting
+to watch in Washington the gradual substitution of the man with the
+latter quality by the man with the former in positions of
+responsibility, and I am going to confess that, in the early days, some
+of the conferences which it was my privilege or my duty to attend,
+reminded me for all the world of certain faculty meetings, in which
+gentlemen without definite knowledge of the matter in hand were
+discussing at considerable length what they were pleased to call
+principles, but which were really off-hand impressions.
+
+I think that in their service to the university and to the nation, the
+scholars may well profit by the demonstration that it was not only the
+man who knew his subject, but the man who knew how to deal with his
+fellow men, who was likely to make his impression. Isn't there such a
+thing as academic provincialism, even within the walls of a man's own
+university, certainly as between institution and institution, which can
+be remedied by the encouragement of these social and cooperative sides
+of the scholar's character? It seems to me that we all should face a
+fundamental extension in the definition of a scholar, away from the
+individual, the selfish, out to the social and constructive.
+
+In our educational institutions scholarship has three functions: To
+broaden the field of existing knowledge, and the war has shown us that
+every field has its valuable practical applications; to train the coming
+generation of experts, and any country needs not only a handful of
+distinguished leaders but a great body of well-trained men and women
+who, when the emergency arises, stand ready to meet it; and last but not
+least, to inspire a recognition of what scholarship is and a respect for
+it in the minds of the general students, few of whom, by the most
+generous stretch of the imagination, can be regarded as scholars
+themselves, but whose influence in their generation throughout the
+country is a very important factor. Our nation needs a respect for
+expert knowledge and it needs a respect for intelligence, and our
+college graduates can do more than any other group to develop this
+respect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have taken up three of our four lessons as these affect the
+university: the emphasis on youth, the need of mobilization and team
+play, and the need of leadership. There remains the fourth factor, a
+high, clear-cut aim.
+
+The most serious charge against the American undergraduate in the past
+has been the lack of a sense of responsibility. We now know from their
+war records that the sense of responsibility lay latent in thousands of
+these boys and was only awaiting an impulse sufficiently strong to
+arouse it.
+
+President Hibben of Princeton, who ought to know the American
+undergraduate if anybody does, said recently: "Young men are capable of
+far greater amounts of intensive work day in and day out than we had
+dreamed of; capable of greater concentration of mind upon their tasks.
+They respond more quickly than we have conceived to the call of duty.
+The sense of responsibility is there latent, and we teachers must
+endeavor to quicken and to appeal to it. We have seen that when the
+occasion comes these young men rise to meet it."
+
+We can't very well stage a world war for the purpose, and I don't think
+we need wait for any such crisis to bring it out. There is in every
+normal, wholesome-minded student some motor nerve that can be touched in
+such a way as to release that type of coordinated energy which we call a
+sense of responsibility. This all goes back to knowing our men and women
+and establishing human contacts and human confidences.
+
+In spite of individual disappointments, and as a college dean, I have
+had my share, I am confident that the normal young American either
+already possesses as a motive force some worth-while aim or that he can
+be guided toward such an aim if approached in the right way.
+
+Let me quote a paragraph or so from the report of the War Department
+Committee on Education:
+
+"Because the war did completely organize the nation for a united drive
+and thus did expose a magnificent national morale, many are inclined to
+believe that war is necessary to call forth such consecration and
+self-forgetful service. Analysis of the war training, however, reveals a
+point of view and a method of procedure that is definitely designed to
+develop team-play and to enhance morale whether there be war or not. If
+these methods are applied to education in times of peace, they certainly
+will produce some effect even though the result is not as profoundly
+striking as it was during the war. Among the many significant features
+of war training, the following are mentioned as worthy of particular
+consideration for transfer to school practice:
+
+"As a primary policy, a nation at war is obliged to recognize that every
+individual is an asset capable of useful service in some particular line
+of work of direct benefit to the country. In order to make the most
+efficient use of all its resources, it is necessary to make strenuous
+exertions to discover what each individual is best qualified to do and
+to train each to use his abilities in the most effective manner. Applied
+to education this fundamental attitude produces two results that are of
+importance in the development of morale. The teacher's point of view
+shifts from a critical one, with attention focused on discovering
+whether the individual measures up to the academic standards fixed by
+school authorities, to one of friendly, not to say eager interest to
+discover what each individual really can do well. The student's spirit
+also changes from one of discouragement and doubt of his ability ever to
+make good, to one of interest and desire for achievement. Both of these
+results are of large importance in releasing energy for both the teacher
+and the student. They also have an immediate bearing on the enhancement
+of morale."
+
+In any place of campaign to this end within a college or university, the
+first thing to do is to build around that vague but very real emotion
+called college spirit, to supplement this by guiding our young people to
+enlist in worth-while, nation-wide or world-wide causes (we are
+singularly provincial about this in America), and by ensuring better
+teaching and supervision and better coordination of work.
+
+There is no question that we have underestimated both the American
+undergraduate's capacity for intellectual work and his real pleasure in
+it when he feels it worth while. One of my friends was telling me of
+his experiences as commanding officer of one of the ground schools for
+aviators, where a large proportion of the candidates were college
+undergraduates, and I asked him if he had had any troubles as to
+discipline. "Yes indeed," he replied, "night after night we'd catch some
+fellows studying with a peep-light under their blankets, after taps had
+sounded."
+
+Any doubts as to the instinctive reaction of the normal, healthy young
+American toward educational opportunities were dispelled by the
+experiences of the army in France after the armistice. The let-down,
+after the terrific physical and emotional strain, the impatience
+regarding any delay as to return home, combined to make a pretty serious
+situation as to the morale of our troops. After some misguided and
+nearly disastrous experiments as to the curative properties of heavy
+drill and strict discipline, the A.E.F. recognized the necessity for a
+prompt and thorough stimulation of all the welfare activities, and a
+real educational program; and it was straight, old-fashioned book-work
+more than it was the movies, or athletics, more even than Miss Elsie
+Janis, which turned the corner for us. In all, more than 200,000 men
+volunteered for the privilege of studying. The military order was often
+reversed and majors sat at the feet of the corporals or privates who had
+been selected as teachers. The reports as to the intensity of the work
+of teachers and students alike should put any of us professionals to
+shame.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Just now we are hearing a great deal about the benefits of discipline. I
+think what the speakers are really talking about, though they don't
+recognize it themselves, is the benefit of the state of mind which
+accepts and welcomes discipline. We are not, even as the result of the
+war, a disciplined people in the sense that Germany is, or was, and we
+can thank God for it. We shall never want in this country a general
+subordination of the individual will and initiative to external control.
+Discipline is a means and not an end. If discipline, as such, externally
+imposed, were so important a factor in success as many people seem to
+think to-day, we could look through a list of ex-enlisted men in the
+army and navy--I mean the men enlisted and discharged during peace
+time--and find a relatively large number who made conspicuously good
+records after returning to civil life. As a matter of fact, we find
+nothing of the kind.
+
+What we do find is that not a few enlisted men who chose the army or the
+navy as their permanent career have won commissions and made fine
+records. There were no better general officers in the war than men like
+Harbord of our army and Robertson of the British, both of whom rose from
+the ranks. But isn't it fair to say that the discipline imposed on these
+men was accepted gladly and accepted in the terms of their fundamental
+interest, and that these men are not really exceptions to what I have
+said?
+
+I venture to predict that there will be a very different record to tell
+as to the success in civil life of those men now leaving the Army, who,
+because they believed in the cause and wished to participate to the full
+in the great enterprise, gladly submitted themselves to the discipline
+for the purpose of increasing their efficiency.
+
+In a month or so you can teach an enthusiastic man, who is fired by a
+big idea, all the discipline he needs for carrying out his duties and
+profiting by his opportunities, but you can't reverse the process and
+incite enthusiasms as a result of the application of discipline.
+
+Don't think that I want to minimize the merits of military discipline
+for military purposes. Of course, coordination and subordination are
+absolutely necessary in the handling of large bodies of men. Even the
+men in France who deserted to the front, as many of them did, no matter
+how much we may sympathize with their desire to get into the game, had
+to be disciplined. Someone had to stay behind and see to the supplies.
+The point we are discussing is the carrying over of this principle of
+military discipline intact into civilian life. So far as discipline
+brings about regularity of life, of exercise, so long as it ministers to
+alertness, we can use it, but as between discipline on the one hand, and
+initiative and team play on the other, to meet our academic or our
+national needs, I am for initiative and team play.
+
+Please don't misunderstand me. By reducing the present emphasis on
+external discipline, after childhood has been passed, I don't mean a
+lowering of standards. External discipline, it seems to me, is often
+really imposed as a substitute for high standards; something supposed to
+be just as good and more easy to keep in stock. The standards of the
+worth-while organization, and these are the outward expression of its
+aims, its ideals, ought to be high enough and intelligently enough
+administered to make sure that the men and women who are unable to
+provide their own discipline, should in the general interest be
+painlessly but promptly removed from the group.
+
+Here is a _credo_ for the American people, from the pen of a regular
+army officer. It's a pretty good one for an American University: "To
+foster individual talent, imagination and initiative, to couple with
+this a high degree of cooperation, and to subject these to a not too
+minute direction; the whole vitalized by a supreme purpose, which serves
+as the magic key to unlock the upper strata of the energies of men."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Finally, let me try to apply these lessons to you young men and women of
+the graduating class.
+
+Keep in good physical shape. Overwork is usually a combination of bad
+air, bad feeding, and lack of exercise and sleep. See that you don't go
+stale. If you lack the zest of life, find out what the trouble is;
+whether it is your teeth or your liver or your soul. Picture to yourself
+what Theodore Roosevelt got out of life.
+
+Be honest with yourself. Do your own thinking and do it straight. This,
+strangely enough, is perhaps the thing which you will find hardest to do
+after the undergraduate atmosphere. A student body is, or at any rate
+was before the war, the most convention ridden group of which I have any
+knowledge. I am all for conventions, because they save a great deal of
+time and worry, but only so far as we recognize them as conventions and
+do not exalt them into principles or philosophical truths. Remember that
+the public opinion of America is an infinitely more important thing to
+the world than ever before, and that you are each to be a part of it.
+
+Keep your intellectual interests and your interest in your _alma mater_,
+not in her athletics and her fraternities alone. Remember that as alumni
+of this University you are citizens of no mean city. Recruit men and
+women whom she ought to have and who ought to have her, remembering that
+the danger to this country from the inside, and it is no inconsiderable
+danger, is mainly due to the misdirected zeal of sincere people who lack
+knowledge and background. Take for example the employer who can't see
+beyond the point of telling his men to "take it or leave it," and the
+workman whose sense of real or fancied injustice has brought him to what
+with our children we know as the kicking and biting stage. It is too
+late to do much with the present adult generation except by main
+strength and awkwardness, but a recruit for higher education from either
+of these groups is a good national investment.
+
+Keep your human contacts. Don't be a "glad-hander" but do at least your
+share. It takes two to make and keep alive a friendship, just as it does
+a quarrel. There is something worth while in everyone. Give yourself a
+chance to find what it is. Practice following and, as the chance comes
+to you, practice leading, but above all, practice team play. Keep
+yourself ready to take the next step, whatever it may be. There is a
+story of Marshal Joffre, of which I can at least say that it is good
+enough to be true. After the first battle of the Marne some enthusiast
+was proclaiming him as a second Napoleon and laying it on pretty thick.
+The old gentleman stood it as long as he could and then said: "No,
+Napoleon would have known what to do next, and I don't."
+
+Keep your enthusiasms and your ideals. In other words, keep your youth.
+In choosing your life work, get into something in which the policy and
+practice are such that you can throw your whole soul into the job. Don't
+take yourself seriously, but take your opportunities for usefulness
+seriously. Find out the callings in which America is short. There are
+plenty of them, as the war has shown. Think over whether it isn't
+possible for you to be one of the men or one of the women who, from your
+training and momentum and vision, will be selected ten or fifteen or
+twenty years hence, to take on some important job, with the nation as
+your client, as the one person best qualified to fill it.
+
+We no longer have to prove that it pays to know, to really know almost
+anything that is worth while. It pays in money, if that is what one
+wants; it pays in the more enduring satisfactions of life, in the
+pleasure that comes from exact knowledge and intellectual pioneering, in
+the almost unique joy of creation without the responsibilities of
+possession, and in the feeling of individual readiness to be of use in
+meeting the problems which the years allotted to your generation will
+surely bring forth.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 3: Commencement address delivered at the University of
+Michigan, June 26, 1919.]
+
+
+
+
++-----------------------------------------------+
+|             Transcriber's Note:               |
+|                                               |
+| Typographical error corrected in the text:    |
+|                                               |
+| Page  52  centerdness changed to centeredness |
++-----------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
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