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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diary of a Resurrectionist, 1811-1812, by 
+James Blake Bailey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Diary of a Resurrectionist, 1811-1812
+       To Which Are Added an Account of the Resurrection Men in
+       London and a Short History of the Passing of the Anatomy Act
+
+Author: James Blake Bailey
+
+Release Date: May 31, 2010 [EBook #32614]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIARY OF A RESURRECTIONIST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE DIARY OF A RESURRECTIONIST
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: "THE DISSECTING ROOM." By ROWLANDSON.
+
+The figure standing up above the rest is William Hunter; his brother John
+is on his right-hand side, and Matthew Baillie is the next figure to
+William Hunter on the left; Cruikshank is seated at the extreme left of
+the picture, and Hewson is working on the eye of the subject on the middle
+table.]
+
+
+
+
+  THE DIARY
+  OF
+  A RESURRECTIONIST
+
+  1811-1812
+
+  TO WHICH ARE ADDED AN ACCOUNT OF
+  _THE RESURRECTION MEN IN LONDON_
+  AND A SHORT HISTORY OF THE PASSING OF
+  THE ANATOMY ACT
+
+
+  BY
+  JAMES BLAKE BAILEY, B.A.
+
+  LIBRARIAN OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND
+
+
+  _LONDON_
+  SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., LIM.
+  PATERNOSTER SQUARE
+  1896
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The "Diary of a Resurrectionist" here reprinted is only of a fragmentary
+character. It is, however, unique in being an actual record of the doings
+of one gang of the resurrection-men in London. Many persons have expressed
+a wish that so interesting a document should be published; permission
+having been obtained to print the Diary, an endeavour has been made to
+gratify this wish. To make the reprint more interesting, and to explain
+some of the allusions in the Diary, an account of the resurrection-men in
+London, and a short history of the events which preceded the passing of
+the Anatomy Act, have been prepared.
+
+The great crimes of Burke and Hare drew especial attention to
+body-snatching in Edinburgh, and consequently there have been published
+ample accounts of the resurrection-men in Scotland.[1] For this reason,
+Edinburgh has been omitted from the present work.
+
+As to the genuineness of the Diary there can be no doubt. It was presented
+to the Royal College of Surgeons of England by the late Sir Thomas
+Longmore. In his early days, Sir Thomas was dresser to Bransby Cooper, and
+assisted him in writing the _Life of Sir Astley Cooper_.
+
+At the suggestion of Lord Abinger, it was decided to introduce an account
+of the resurrection-men into the book. The information for this was partly
+obtained by Mr. Longmore from personal communication with some of the
+resurrection-men, who were then living in London. One of these handed over
+portions of a Diary he had kept during his resurrectionist days. This was
+preserved for some years at Netley, and was afterwards presented to the
+College, as stated above. A few extracts from the Diary were printed in
+the _Life of Sir Astley Cooper_.
+
+The information respecting the resurrection-men is very scattered; the two
+most useful works for getting up this subject are the _Life of Astley
+Cooper_ before mentioned, and the _Report of the Committee on Anatomy_
+published in 1828. Most of the detailed information has to be sought for
+in the newspapers of the period. The accounts there given are, however,
+generally of such an exaggerated character that it is often very difficult
+to arrive at the truth. When any fresh scandal had given prominence to the
+doings of the resurrection-men, the newspapers saw "Burking" in every
+trivial case of assault. If a child were lost, the paragraph announcing
+the fact was headed, "Another supposed case of Burking." Reports of the
+most ridiculous character were duly chronicled as facts by the newspapers
+of the day. Sometimes over a hundred bodies were supposed to have been
+found in some building, and it was expected that several persons of
+eminence would be named in the subsequent proceedings. Search in the
+papers nearly always fails to find any further mention of the case.
+
+In reading these accounts it must be remembered that "Burking" did not
+always mean killing a person for the purpose of selling the body, but it
+referred to the mode adopted by Burke and Hare in killing their victims,
+viz., suffocation. Elizabeth Ross is called a "Burker," and may be found
+so described in Haydn's _Dictionary of Dates_. She murdered an old woman
+named Catherine Walsh, but in the report of her trial there is no evidence
+of her having attempted to sell the body.
+
+The broadside here printed is an excellent example of this exaggeration.
+The facts are so circumstantial, that it appears as though there could be
+no mistake. Enquiry at Edinburgh, however, shows that no such case
+occurred. Mr. A. D. Veitch, of the Justiciary Office, has very kindly made
+search, and can find no record of Wilson's supposed crimes. Had the
+statements in the broadside been true, there is no doubt that this case
+would have been referred to in books on Medical Jurisprudence. Poisoning
+by inhalation of arsenic is rare, and Wilson's would have been a leading
+case. There would also have been great opportunities for studying _post
+mortem_ appearances, as it is stated that three bodies were found in
+Wilson's possession. Search through the chief books on the subject has
+failed in finding any reference whatever to this case.
+
+
+"BURKING BY MEANS OF SNUFF.
+
+"_The following Account is of so serious a Nature that no one can be too
+cautious how they receive Snuff from Strangers._
+
+"It appears that, on Monday se'nnight, a man, named John Wilson, was
+apprehended at Edinburgh on a charge of Burking a number of persons by
+introducing arsenic into snuff kept by him. He had long excited the
+suspicion of the police of that place, but so deep-laid were his
+diabolical schemes that he eluded their vigilance for a considerable time,
+until Monday last. When, on the moors, on that day, between Lauder and
+Dalkeith, practising his dreadful trade, it appears that the victim of
+Wilson's villainy was a poor man travelling over the moor, whom he
+accosted, and offered a pinch of snuff. He took it, and it had the desired
+effect. The next individual whom he accosted was a labouring-man breaking
+stones, who was asked the number of miles to Edinburgh; when answered, he
+then offered his snuff-box to the labourer, which was refused, alleging
+that he never used any. Wilson urged him again, which excited the man's
+suspicions, but he took the snuff, and wrapped it up in paper, and carried
+it to a chemist at Dalkeith, who analysed it, when it proved to be mixed
+with arsenic. The police were then informed of Wilson's villainies, who
+went in pursuit of him, and after a search of him for several days was at
+length apprehended at a place three miles from Edinburgh, driving rapidly
+in a vehicle like a hearse, which, on examination, contained three dead
+bodies. They were recognised from their dresses to be an elderly man, and
+his wife and son, who were seen travelling towards Lauder the day before.
+
+"Wilson was immediately ironed and conveyed to Edinburgh, and a sheriff's
+inquest was held on the bodies. After an investigation of nearly two hours
+a verdict of Wilful Murder was returned against John Wilson, who was fully
+committed to the Calton gaol to take his trial at the ensuing sessions.
+
+"Wilson is described as a desperate character, and of ferocious
+countenance. He is supposed to have been two or three years in this
+abominable practice, and to have realised a considerable sum in the course
+of that time. His career is now stopped, and that justice and doom which
+overtook a Burke and a Hare are his last and only portion.
+
+
+"LINES ON THE OCCASION.
+
+  Of Burke and of Hare we have heard much about,
+  Yet Burking's a trade that was lately found out--
+  Their plans of despatching were wicked indeed,
+  'T was thought of all others that theirs did exceed;
+  But the scheme first invented of Burking by snuff,
+  May yet be prevented by taking the huff,
+  For if strangers invite you to take of their dust,
+  Decline their kind offers--refuse them you must;
+  And would you be safe, and keep from all evil,
+  Shun them as pests as you'd shun the d----l;
+  By these means you'll live, avoiding all strife,
+  Shunning snuff takers all the days of your life.
+
+  "_Printed for the Publishers by T. KAY._"
+
+The difficulty of getting reliable information is increased by the
+incomplete nature of most of the newspaper records. In many cases there is
+an account of a preliminary examination of some of the men who were
+arrested for body-stealing. The report states that they were remanded, but
+further search fails to find any subsequent notice of the case. It is
+often impossible to fix who the men were who thus got into trouble, as
+they nearly always gave false names: unless they were too well-known to
+the police who arrested them, they invariably did this.
+
+For the photographs, from which the illustrations of the house at Crail
+are taken, the writer is indebted to the kindness of Prof. Chiene, of
+Edinburgh.
+
+
+
+
+THE DIARY OF A RESURRECTIONIST
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+The complaint as to the scarcity of bodies for dissection is as old as the
+history of anatomy itself. Great respect for the body of the dead has
+characterised mankind in nearly all ages; _post mortem_ dissection was
+looked upon as a great indignity by the relatives of the deceased, and
+every precaution was taken to prevent its occurrence.
+
+It would be beyond the scope of the present work to attempt a history of
+anatomical teaching; as will be pointed out later on, the resurrection-men
+did not come into existence until the early part of the eighteenth
+century.
+
+In Great Britain the study of medicine and surgery was much hampered at
+this date by the scarcity of opportunities by which the student might get
+a practical acquaintance with the anatomy of the human body. A knowledge
+of anatomy was insisted upon by the Corporation of Surgeons, as each
+student had to produce a certificate of having attended at least two
+courses of dissection. It is unnecessary to point out the wisdom of this
+condition in the case of men who were to go out into the world as
+surgeons, and, consequently, to have the lives of their fellow-men in
+their hands. The attendance on the two courses of dissection could be
+evaded, and this was frequently done. The Apothecaries' Hall had no such
+restriction, and, consequently, many men went thither and received a
+qualification to practise, although they were quite unacquainted with
+human anatomy. The work of such 'prentice hands one trembles to think of;
+whatever experience these men did gain was obtained after they began to
+practise, and so must have been at the expense of their patients, who were
+generally those of the poorer class in life.
+
+It was pointed out by Mr. Guthrie, that in the then state of the law a
+surgeon might be punished in one Court for want of skill, and in another
+Court the same individual might also be punished for trying to obtain that
+skill. Before the Anatomy Committee, in 1828, Sir Astley Cooper narrated
+the case of a young man who was rejected at the College of Surgeons on
+account of his ignorance of the parts of the body; it was found, on
+enquiry, that he was a most diligent student, and that his ignorance arose
+entirely from his being unable to procure that which was necessary for
+carrying on this part of his education.
+
+When bodies were obtained for dissection it was generally by surreptitious
+means; the newly-made grave was too often the source from whence the
+supply was obtained. At first there was no direct trade or traffic in
+subjects by men who devoted all their efforts to this mode of obtaining a
+livelihood. The students supplied their own wants as they arose. Mr. G. S.
+Patterson told the Committee that at St. George's Hospital the students
+had to exhume bodies for their own use.
+
+In the _Diary of a Late Physician_ Samuel Warren has given us a chapter on
+this subject, which he calls "Grave Doings," and which is probably
+founded on fact. The object in the expedition here recorded was, however,
+rather to obtain a valuable pathological specimen, than to get a body for
+dissection. Writers of fiction have made use of body-snatching, and have
+given a gruesome turn to their stories by making the body, when uncovered,
+turn out to be that of a relation or friend of some one of the party
+engaged in the exhumation. Such a tale is recorded in the _Monthly
+Magazine_ for April, 1827; there a sailor is pressed into the service of
+some students who were anxious to obtain a body. The subject was safely
+brought home, and, on being taken from the sack, turned out to be the
+sweetheart of the sailor, who had just returned from sea, and, not having
+heard of his girl's decease, was on his way to greet her after a long
+absence from home. Truth and fiction often agree. There is a case on
+record of a child who had died of scrofula, and whose body was brought to
+St. Thomas' Hospital by Holliss, a well-known resurrectionist. The body
+was at once recognised by one of the students as that of his sister's
+child; on this being made known to the authorities at the hospital, the
+corpse was immediately buried before any dissection had taken place.
+
+In vols. 1 and 2 of the _Medical Times_ there is a series of articles,
+entitled "The Confessions of Jasper Muddle, Dissecting-room Porter." These
+papers are signed "Rocket," but were written by Albert Smith.[2] One of
+the articles contains an account of a handsome young lady who came to the
+dissecting-room late at night, and begged for the body of a murderer
+executed the previous day, which was then being injected, ready for
+lecture purposes. In the _Tale of Two Cities_, Dickens has given us a good
+study of a resurrection-man in the person of Mr. Cruncher. Moir in _Mansie
+Wauch_, Lytton in _Lucretia_, Mrs. Crowe in _Light and Darkness_, and Miss
+Sergeant in _Dr. Endicott's Experiment_, have also used the body-snatcher
+in fiction.
+
+As long as the Barber Surgeons kept to their right of the exclusive
+teaching of anatomy, there was small need of bodies for dissection. This
+right the Company jealously guarded. On 21st May, 1573, the following
+entry occurs in the records, "Here was John Deane and appoynted to brynge
+in his fyne x{li} for havinge an Anathomye in his howse contrary to an
+order in that behalf between this and mydsomer next."[3] As late as 1714
+this rule was put in force against no less a man than William Cheselden.
+The entry in the books of the Company runs as follows, "At a Court of
+Assistants of the Company of Barbers and Surgeons, held on the 25th March,
+1714. Our Master acquainting the Court that Mr. William Cheselden, a
+member of this Company, did frequently procure the Dead bodies of
+Malefactors from the place of execution and dissect the same at his own
+house, as well during the Company's Publick Lectures as at other times
+without the leave of the Governors and contrary to the Company's By law in
+that behalf. By which means it became more difficult for the Beadles to
+bring away the Companies Bodies and likewise drew away the members of this
+Company and others from the Public Dissections and Lectures at the Hall.
+The said Mr. Cheselden was, therefore, called in. But having submitted
+himself to the pleasure of the Court with a promise never to dissect at
+the same as the Company had their Lecture at the Hall, nor without leave
+of the Governors for the time being, the said Mr. Cheselden was excused
+for what had passed with a reproof for the same pronounced by the Master
+at the desire of the Court."[4]
+
+By the Act Henry VIII., xxii., cap. 12, provision was made for the Company
+of Barbers and Surgeons to have the bodies of malefactors for the purpose
+of dissection. This part of the Act was as follows: "And further be it
+enacted by thauctoritie aforesayd, that the sayd maysters or governours of
+the mistery and comminaltie of barbours and surgeons of Londo & their
+successours yerely for ever after their sad discrecions at their free
+liberte and pleasure shal and maie have and take without cõtradiction
+foure persons condempned adjudged and put to deathe for feloni by the due
+order of the Kynges lawe of thys realme for anatomies with out any further
+sute or labour to be made to the kynges highnes his heyres or successors
+for the same. And to make incision of the same deade bodies or otherwyse
+to order the same after their said discrecions at their pleasure for their
+further and better knowlage instruction in sight learnyng & experience in
+the sayd scyence or facultie of Surgery."
+
+The "foure bodies" could not always be obtained without difficulty;
+despite the precautions of the Company private anatomy was, to a certain
+extent, carried on, and the bodies of malefactors had a market value. The
+following entries from the _Annals of the Barber Surgeons_ are
+illustrative of this:
+
+"6th March, 1711.[5] It is ordered that William Cave, one of the Beadles
+of this Company, do make Inquiry who the persons were that carryed away
+the last body from Tyburne, and that such persons be Indicted for the
+same.
+
+"9th October, 1711. Richard Russell, one of the persons who stands
+Indicted for carrying away the last publick body applying himself to this
+Court and offering to be evidence against the rest of the persons
+concerned It is ordered that the Clerk do apply himself to Her Majesty's
+Attorney Generall for a Noli p'sequi as to the said Russell in order to
+make him an evidence upon the s{d} Indictment and particularly ag{st} one
+Samuell Waters whom the Court did likewise order to be indicted for the
+said fact."
+
+Often there were riots caused by the Beadles of the Company going to
+Tyburn for the bodies of murderers. This rioting was carried to such an
+extent that it was found necessary to apply for soldiers to protect the
+Beadles.
+
+"28th May, 1713. Ordered that the Clerk go to the Secretary at War for a
+guard in order to gett the next Body [from Tyburn.]"
+
+The dissection of these bodies was made known by public advertisement. The
+following is from the _Daily Advertiser_ of January 15th, 1742: "Notice is
+hereby given that there being a publick Body at Barbers and Surgeons Hall,
+the Demonstrations of Anatomy and the Operations of Surgery will be at the
+Hall this evening and to-morrow at six o'clock precisely in the
+Amphitheatre."
+
+In 1752 it was ordered that bodies of murderers executed in London and
+Middlesex should be conveyed to the Hall of the Surgeons Company to be
+dissected and anatomized, and any attempt to rescue such bodies was made
+felony.
+
+In 1745 the Barbers and Surgeons, who from 1540, until that date, had
+formed one Company, separated, and the latter were incorporated under the
+title of "The Masters, Governors, and Commonalty of the Art and Science of
+Surgery." To the Surgeons naturally fell the duty of dissecting the bodies
+of the malefactors handed over for that purpose. The building of the
+Surgeons' Company was in the Old Bailey; there was, therefore, no
+difficulty in removing the bodies from Newgate. In 1796 the Company came
+to a premature end through an improperly constituted Court having been
+held. It was attempted to put matters right by a Bill in Parliament, but
+there was so much opposition from those persons who were practising
+without the diploma of the Corporation, that the Bill, after passing
+safely through the Commons, was thrown out by the Lords. In the following
+year attempts were made to come to terms with the opponents of the Bill,
+and finally it was agreed to petition for a Charter from the Crown to
+establish a Royal College of Surgeons in London. These negotiations were
+successfully carried out in 1800, and the old Corporation having disposed
+of their Old Bailey property to the City Authorities, the College took
+possession of a house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, the site of part of the
+present building.
+
+During the debate in the House of Lords on the Bill just mentioned, the
+Bishop of Bangor, who had charge of the measure, sent for the Clerk of the
+Company, and informed him that a strong opposition was expected to the
+Bill, on account of the inconvenience that would arise from the bodies of
+murderers being conveyed through the streets from Newgate to Lincoln's Inn
+Fields. To remedy this a clause was proposed, giving the College
+permission to have a place near to Newgate, where the part of the sentence
+which related to the dissection of the bodies might be carried out.
+
+That this difficulty of moving the bodies was not a fancied one, the
+following extract from "Alderman Macaulay's Diary" will show: "Dec. 6,
+1796. Francis Dunn and Will. Arnold were yesterday executed for murder and
+the first malefactors conveyed to the new Surgeons' Hall in the Lincoln's
+Inn Fields. They were conveyed in a cart, their heads supported by tea
+chests for the public to see: I think contrary to all decency and the laws
+of humanity in a country like this. I hope it will not be repeated."[6]
+
+Just at this date the Corporation were removing from their old premises to
+Lincoln's Inn Fields; the last Court in the Old Bailey was held on October
+6th, 1796, and the first at Lincoln's Inn Fields on January 5th, 1797.
+
+In July, 1797, it was reported to the Court that Mr. Chandler, one of
+their members, "had in the most polite and ready manner offered his stable
+for the reception of the bodies of the two murderers who were executed
+last month." The thanks of the Court were voted to Mr. Chandler "for his
+polite attention to the Company upon that occasion."
+
+After the Bill had been lost in the Lords, the following resolution was
+passed by the Court in November, 1797: "Resolved that in order to evince
+the sincerity of the Court to remove all reasonable objections to the
+present situation in Lincoln's Inn Fields the Clerk be directed, with
+proper assistance, to look for a temporary dissecting-room at a place in
+or near the Old Bailey until a permanent one near the place of execution
+can be established."
+
+In June, 1800, a warehouse was taken in Castle Street, Cow Cross, West
+Smithfield, for eighteen months, as, owing to the labours of taking over
+the Hunterian Collection, there had been no time for obtaining a permanent
+place. A house in Duke Street, West Smithfield, was afterwards leased for
+the purpose, and arrangements were made for Pass, the Beadle, to reside
+there. This landed the College in a small expense, as in 1832 the Beadle
+was elected Constable of the Ward of Farringdon, and the Council had to
+pay a fine of £10 in place of his serving the office. At the expiration of
+the lease of the Duke Street house, so great an increase of rent was
+demanded that the College gave up the premises, and took a newly-built
+house in Hosier Lane, on a lease for twenty-one years. Here the
+dissections were carried on until the passing of the Anatomy Act, when the
+College had no longer to share with the hangman the duty of carrying out
+the sentence on murderers who were condemned to be hanged and anatomized.
+
+The bodies were not really dissected by the College Authorities; a
+sufficient incision was made to satisfy the requirements of the Act, and
+the body was then handed over to one of the Teachers of Anatomy. The
+following is a copy of an order authorizing the Secretary of the College
+to give up a body:
+
+     "Ordered.
+
+     "That the body of Mary Whittenbach executed this day at the Old
+     Bailey for murder be delivered (after the necessary dissection by the
+     College) to Mr. Joseph Henry Green.
+
+     "WILLIAM BLIZARD
+     "WM. NORRIS
+     "ANTH{Y} CARLISLE.
+
+     "Royal College of Surgeons
+             "_17th day of Sept. 1827_
+     "To Mr. BELFOUR, Secy. to the College."
+
+There is in the Library of the Royal College of Surgeons of England a
+series of drawings of the heads of murderers, made by the two Clifts,
+father and son, when the bodies were brought to the College for
+dissection. These drawings include Bishop and Williams (see p. 107),[7]
+and Bellingham, who was executed in 1812 for the murder of Mr. Perceval
+in the lobby of the House of Commons.
+
+Earl Ferrers, who suffered the extreme penalty of the law in 1760 for the
+murder of his steward, was taken to Surgeons' Hall, where an incision was
+made in the body; instead of being further dissected it was given over to
+the relatives for burial.
+
+At the execution of Bishop and Williams the Sheriffs of London felt that
+some means should be taken to show gratitude to Mr. Partridge, and the
+other officials of King's College, for the way they had brought the
+murderers to justice. The following letter was therefore addressed to the
+College of Surgeons:
+
+     "JUSTICE HALL,
+     "_Dec. 5, 1831._
+
+     "_To the Governors and Directors of the College of Surgeons._
+
+     "It is our particular desire and we do ask that it may be thought but
+     a reasonable request that the bodies of the malefactors executed in
+     the front of Newgate this morning should be sent to King's
+     College--by the vigilance of whose surgical establishment these
+     offenders were detected and ultimately brought to justice, we shall
+     therefore feel obliged by your handing over these bodies to the
+     King's College.
+
+     "We are, with great respect,
+     "Your mo. ob. Servts.,
+
+     "J. COWAN  }
+                } _Sheriffs_."
+     "JOHN PIRIE}
+
+The body of Bishop was given to Mr. Partridge, and that of Williams went
+to Mr. Guthrie at the Little Windmill Street School of Anatomy.
+
+The following account of the reception of one of the bodies is by Mr. T.
+Madden Stone, for many years an official at the College. It was printed in
+a series of articles, entitled "Echoes from the College of Surgeons."[8]
+
+"The executions generally took place at eight o'clock on Mondays, and the
+'cut down,' as it is called, at nine, although there was no cutting at
+all, as the rope, with a large knot at the end, was simply passed through
+a thick and strong ring, with a screw, which firmly held the rope in its
+place, and when all was over, Calcraft, _alias_ 'Jack Ketch,' would make
+his appearance on the scaffold, and by simply turning the screw, the body
+would fall down. At once it would be placed in one of those large carts
+with collapsible sides, only to be seen in the neighbourhood of the Docks,
+and then preceded by the City Marshal in his cocked hat, and, in fact, all
+his war paint, with Calcraft and his assistant in the cart, the procession
+would make its way to 33 Hosier Lane, West Smithfield, in the front
+drawing room of which were assembled Sir William Blizard, President of the
+Royal College of Surgeons, and members of the Court desirous of being
+present, with Messrs. Clift (senior and junior), Belfour, and myself. On
+extraordinary occasions visitors were admitted by special favour. The
+bodies would then be stripped, and the clothes removed by Calcraft as his
+valuable perquisites, which, with the fatal rope, were afterwards
+exhibited to the morbidly curious, at so much per head, at some favoured
+public-house. It was the duty of the City Marshal to be present to see the
+body 'anatomised,' as the Act of Parliament had it. A crucial incision in
+the chest was enough to satisfy the important City functionary above
+referred to, and he would soon beat a hasty retreat, on his gaily-decked
+charger, to report the due execution of his duty. These experiments
+concluded, the body would be stitched up, and Pearson, an old museum
+attendant, would remove it in a light cart to the hospital, to which it
+was intended to present it for dissection."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These bodies of murderers were the only ones which could be legally used
+for dissection; it is therefore obvious that the number was quite
+insufficient for the wants of the Metropolitan Schools, and the teachers
+were thus forced to obtain a supply from other sources.
+
+It was strongly urged, but urged in vain, that the whole difficulty would
+disappear if a short Act were passed, doing away with the dissection of
+murderers, and enacting that the bodies of all unknown persons who died in
+workhouses or hospitals, without friends, should be handed over, under
+proper control, to the different teachers of anatomy. That these would be
+sufficient was afterwards made clear by the Committee on Anatomy.[9] In
+their Report it is stated that the returns obtained from 127 of the
+parishes situate in London, Westminster, and Southwark, or their immediate
+vicinity, showed that out of 3744 persons who died in the workhouses of
+these parishes in the year 1827, 3103 were buried at the parish expense,
+and that of these about 1108 were not attended to their graves by any
+relations. The number of bodies obtained from this source would have
+exceeded those supplied by the resurrection-men, and would have been
+adequate for the wants of the London Schools.
+
+The newspapers of the day contain many proposed solutions of the
+difficulty. One correspondent gravely suggested that as prostitutes had,
+by their bodies during life, been engaged in corrupting mankind, it was
+only right that after death those bodies should be handed over to be
+dissected for the public good. Another correspondent proposed that all
+bodies of suicides should be used for dissection, and that all those
+persons who came to their death by duelling, prize-fighting, or
+drunkenness, should be handed over to the surgeons for a similar purpose.
+
+Mr. Dermott, the proprietor of the Gerrard Street, or Little Windmill
+Street, School of Medicine, proposed a scheme by which a fund was to be
+raised by grants from Government, and from the College of Surgeons, and by
+voluntary contributions from the nobility and gentry. This fund was to be
+invested in the names of "opulent and respectable men," not more than
+one-third of whom were to be members of the medical profession. It was
+proposed to expend the interest on this fund in paying a sum not exceeding
+seven pounds to those persons who were willing to contract for the sale of
+their bodies for dissection. Registers were to be kept of all such
+persons, and the Committee were to have the power of claiming the body six
+hours after death. Mr. Dermott also suggested that all medical men should
+leave their own bodies to be used for anatomical teaching. It is hardly
+necessary to point out the absurdity of the first part of this scheme; the
+Committee, after paying their seven pounds, would have had no control over
+the subsequent movements of the persons whose bodies they had thus
+purchased, and it was hardly to be expected that friends of the deceased
+would send notice to the Committee that the body was ready for them. Both
+parts of the scheme would have required an Act of Parliament, as executors
+were not bound to give up a corpse, even though instructions had been left
+that it was a person's wish that his body should be used for anatomical
+purposes. Many such bequests have been made, and in some instances the
+desire of the testator has been carried into effect. To try to do away
+with some of the prejudices against dissection, Jeremy Bentham left his
+body for this purpose; the dissection was duly carried out at the Webb
+Street School, and at the request of Dr. Southwood Smith, Mr. Grainger
+delivered the following oration over the body on June 9th, 1832:
+
+"Gentlemen,--In presenting myself before you this day, at the request of
+my friend and colleague, Dr. Southwood Smith, I can assure you I do so
+strongly impressed with the high importance of the duty I have undertaken,
+and the responsibility I have thus assumed. Gentlemen, it is no ordinary
+occasion on which we are assembled. We are here collected to carry into
+execution the last wishes of one whose mortal career, prolonged far beyond
+the usual limits of man's existence, has been devoted with almost
+unexampled energy and perseverance to the establishment of those great
+moral and political truths, on which the happiness and the enlightenment
+of the human race are founded. Ill would it become me, however, to dwell
+on the genius, the philanthropy, or the integrity of the illustrious
+deceased. His eulogium has already been eloquently pronounced by one more
+fitted to do justice to such an undertaking than the humble individual who
+now addresses you. It would be more suitable to the object of the present
+meeting that I should consider in what manner the intentions of the late
+Mr. Bentham, regarding the disposition of his remains, can best be carried
+into effect. But before I do this, it may be proper to inform some of my
+auditors what those intentions were. This great man was an ardent admirer
+of the science of medicine, and his penetrating mind was not slow in
+perceiving that the safe and successful practice of the healing art
+entirely rests on a thorough knowledge of the natural structure and
+functions of the human body. He also perceived that there was but one
+method of obtaining such knowledge, viz., dissection. In proceeding to
+inquire how it came to happen that in a country like England, justly proud
+of those numerous institutions in which science is so successfully
+cultivated, so little encouragement, or more correctly speaking, so much
+opposition, was offered to the advancement of so indispensable a branch of
+knowledge, Mr. Bentham discovered that this repugnance to dissection
+sprang from a feeling strongly implanted in the human breast--a feeling of
+reverence towards the dead. Far be it from me to condemn such a sentiment,
+for it has its source in some of the purest principles of our nature. But
+if it can be shown that an undue indulgence in this feeling produces
+incalculable mischief in society, it becomes the duty of all who are
+interested in the happiness of mankind to oppose the progress of such
+injurious opinions. Mr. Bentham, impressed with this idea, and thinking it
+unjust that the humbler classes of the community should alone be called
+upon to sacrifice those feelings which are cherished alike by the rich and
+poor, determined to devote his own body to the public good. He knew that
+this determination would inflict pain on many of his dearest friends. An
+example of this character, emanating from a person so talented, so
+influential, and so esteemed, is calculated to operate a most beneficial
+effect on the public mind, and I cannot refrain from considering the
+dissection of the body now before us as an important era in the progress
+of anatomy, as it is one of the first that in this country has been
+employed for the purposes of science, under the direct sanction of the
+individual expressed during his lifetime; he also knew that obstacles
+would probably be offered to its fulfilment, but with an indifference to
+personal feeling rarely witnessed, he took effectual means to carry his
+resolution into effect. And thus, gentlemen, did the last act of this
+illustrious man's existence accord with that leading principle of his
+well-spent life--the desire to promote the universal happiness and welfare
+of mankind."
+
+Bentham's skeleton, clothed in his usual attire, is now in University
+College, London.
+
+Messenger Monsey, the eccentric physician to the Chelsea Hospital, was
+exceedingly anxious that his body should be examined after death. He
+obtained a promise from Mr. Forster, of Union Court, that he would
+perform this service for him. So anxious was Monsey for the _post mortem_
+to be carried out, that in May, 1787, he wrote to Cruikshank, the
+anatomist, as follows:
+
+     "Mr. Foster (_sic_) a Surgeon in Union Court, Broad Street, has been
+     so good as to promise to open my Carcass and see what is the matter
+     with my Heart, Arteries, Kidnies, &c. He is gone to Norwich and may
+     not return before I am [dead]. Will you be so good as to let me send
+     it to you, or if he comes will you like to be present at the
+     dissection. I am now very ill and hardly see to scrawl this & feel as
+     if I should live two days, the sooner the better. I am, tho' unknown
+     to you
+
+     "Your respectfull humble Servant
+     "MESSR. MONSEY."
+
+Monsey lived until December 20th, 1788; his wishes were duly carried out
+by Mr. Forster, at Guy's Hospital, in the presence of the students.
+
+Ninety-nine gentlemen of Dublin signed a document, in which the wish was
+expressed that their bodies, instead of being interred, should be devoted
+by their surviving friends "to the more rational, benevolent, and
+honourable purpose of explaining the structure, functions and diseases of
+the human being."
+
+A Mr. Boys, who died in 1835, wished to be made into "essential salts" for
+the use of his female friends. In a letter to Dr. Campbell, written four
+years before his death, he asks: "Are you now disposed (without Burking)
+to accomplish my wish, when my breath or spirit shall have ceased to
+animate my carcase, to perform the operation of vitrifying my bones, and
+sublimating the rest, thereby cheating the Devil of his due, according to
+the ideas of some devotees among Christians? And, that I may not offend
+the delicate olfactory nerves of my female friends with a mass of
+putridity, if it be possible, let me rather fill a few little bottles of
+essential salts therefrom, and revive their drooping spirits. It may be
+irksome to you to superintend the business, but, perhaps, you have
+knowledge of some rising genius or geniuses who may be glad of a subject
+without paying for it. Let them slash and cut, and divide, as best please
+'em."
+
+The following account, taken from a newspaper of 1810, shows that
+untoward events sometimes followed a request of this kind. A journeyman
+tailor died at the _Black Prince_, in Chandos Street, and directed, in his
+will, that his body should be opened in the presence of Mr. Wood, the
+landlord. This instruction was carried out. The paragraph goes on to say
+that the dissection was scarcely concluded "when the landlord, a stranger
+to such exhibitions, was seized with sickness and vomiting; and, on
+reaching the bar, was prevailed upon by his wife to take a glass of brandy
+and water; in a few minutes he was obliged to be carried to bed, never to
+rise again; on Friday last, the third day from the attack, he died in a
+state of delirium, not from contagion, or a predisposition to disease, but
+solely from the impression made upon his mind by the anatomical
+performance, which, he observed, exceeded in horror any thing he had ever
+beheld."
+
+It was not an uncommon thing for persons to try to put into effect part of
+Dermott's plan, by offering to leave their bodies for anatomical purposes,
+on the condition that they were paid a certain sum down. This was
+generally only a swindling dodge, and one by which the teachers were not
+to be caught, as they could have no hold on the persons whose bodies they
+purchased, nor could they compel the friends to give them up after death.
+The following letter, preserved amongst Sir Astley Cooper's papers, and
+now forming part of the Stone Collection at the Royal College of Surgeons
+of England, is a specimen:
+
+     "SIR,--I have been informed you are in the habit of purchasing bodys
+     and allowing the person a sum weekly; knowing a poor woman that is
+     desirous of doing so, I have taken the liberty of calling to know the
+     truth.
+
+     "I remain, your humble servant."
+
+     [10]
+
+On the back Sir Astley has written, "The _truth_ is that you deserve to be
+hanged for such an unfeeling offer. A. C."
+
+The idea at the present day has not died out; quite recently a man called
+at the College of Surgeons, and offered to sell his body for a cash
+payment. It is a fairly common experience of Curators of Pathological
+Museums to have similar offers from persons suffering from a rare disease,
+or a curious deformity.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MORTSAFE IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+As has been stated in the previous chapter, there was no need of the
+resurrection-men, so long as the teaching of anatomy was confined to the
+Company of Barbers and Surgeons. It has also been pointed out that, as
+late as 1714, Cheselden was reprimanded for having anatomical
+demonstrations at his private house. Soon after this date, however, began
+the establishment of private schools. Mr. Nourse, of St. Bartholomew's,
+was one of the first to deliver public lectures at his own house. After a
+time this probably became inconvenient, as we find his advertisement, in
+1739, worded thus:
+
+     "ANATOMY.
+
+     "Designing to have no more lectures at my own house, I think it
+     proper to advertise that I shall begin a Course of Anatomy,
+     Chirurgical Operations and Bandages on Monday, the 11th of Nov., at
+     St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
+
+     "EDW. NOURSE, Assistant Surgeon
+     and Lithotomist to the said Hospital."
+
+Percivall Pott, who was apprenticed to Nourse, followed his master's
+example, and lectured on Surgery. In 1737 we find Dr. Fr. Nicholls
+advertising thus:
+
+     "On Wednesday, the 2nd of February, at the House below the Bull Head,
+     in Lincoln's Inn Fields, at five in the evening, will begin a Course
+     of Anatomy and Physiology, introductory to the study and practice of
+     Physick in all its branches by Fr. Nicholls, M.D. N.B. A compendium
+     referring to the several matters, explain'd in these Lectures, is
+     sold by John Clarke, under the Royal Exchange, and F. Woodward, at
+     the Half Moon, within Temple Bar, Booksellers."
+
+The following is the advertisement of Cæsar Hawkins, from a newspaper of
+1739:
+
+     "In Pall Mall Court, in Pall Mall. On Thursday, the 5th of February
+     next, will begin a Course of Anatomy, with the principal Operations
+     in Surgery and their suitable Bandages, by Cæsar Hawkins, Surgeon to
+     St. George's Hospital."
+
+Joshua Brookes' advertisement, in 1814, ran as follows:
+
+     "THEATRE OF ANATOMY, BLENHEIM STREET,
+     GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.
+
+     "The Summer Course of Lectures on Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery,
+     will be commenced on Monday, the 6th of June, at seven o'clock in
+     the morning. By Mr. Brookes.--Anatomical Converzationes will be held
+     weekly, when the different Subjects treated of will be discussed
+     familiarly, and the Students' views forwarded. To these none but
+     Pupils can be admitted. Spacious Apartments, thoroughly ventilated,
+     and replete with every convenience, will be open at five o'clock in
+     the morning, for the purposes of Dissecting and Injecting, when Mr.
+     Brookes attends to direct the Students and demonstrate the various
+     parts as they appear on Dissection.
+
+     "The inconveniences usually attending Anatomical Investigations, are
+     counteracted by an antiseptic process. Pupils may be accommodated in
+     the House. Gentlemen established in Practice, desirous of renewing
+     their Anatomical Knowledge, may be accommodated with an apartment to
+     dissect in privately."
+
+A very interesting account of the old Anatomical Schools, by Mr. D'Arcy
+Power, will be found in the _British Medical Journal_, 1895, vol. 2, p.
+141. The paper is entitled "The Rise and Fall of the Private Medical
+Schools in London." It has been reprinted, with other articles, in a
+pamphlet, entitled _The Medical Institutions of London_.
+
+In Great Britain, as no licence was required for opening an Anatomical
+School, there was no limit to their number; there was also no regular
+legal supply of subjects, except the bodies of murderers, executed in
+London and the county of Middlesex, which came to the schools through the
+College of Surgeons. In Paris a licence had to be obtained before opening
+an Anatomical School, and bodies were regularly supplied to the licensed
+places.
+
+With the rise and competition of the Medical Schools in London, the
+difficulty of getting an adequate number of bodies increased. The absolute
+necessity of having a good supply for the use of students, so as to
+prevent them from going off to rival schools, caused the teachers to offer
+large prices, and thus made it worth while for men to devote themselves
+entirely to obtaining bodies for this purpose. At first the trade was
+carried on by a very few men, and without any public scandal, but the
+inducements mentioned above enticed others into the business; these were
+of the lowest class, often professed thieves, and the fights and disputes
+of these men, one with the other, in churchyards, often made really more
+scandal than the actual stealing of the bodies. It was stated by the
+police in 1828 that the number of persons who, in London, lived regularly
+on the profits of exhumation, did not exceed ten; but there were, in
+addition to these, about two hundred who were occasionally employed. These
+latter individuals were thieves of the lowest grade, and the most
+desperate and abandoned class of the community. The men worked generally
+in gangs, and would do anything to spoil the success of their opponents in
+the business. If a body were bought by one of the teachers from an outside
+source, the regular men would sometimes break into the dissecting-room and
+cut the body in such a manner as to make it useless for anatomical
+purposes. If this could not be done, they would give information to the
+police that a stolen body was lying in a certain dissecting-room. Joshua
+Brookes, the proprietor of the Blenheim Street, or Great Marlborough
+Street, School, was a victim in this way; a body, for which he had paid 16
+guineas, was taken away from his school through information of this kind,
+and the police officer who carried out the business was, as a reward for
+his efforts, presented with a silver staff, purchased by public
+subscription. Brookes seems to have got on very badly with the
+resurrection-men; at one time, because he refused five guineas as a
+douceur at the beginning of the session, two dead bodies, in a high state
+of decomposition, were dropped at night close to his school by the men
+whom he had thus offended; one of these bodies was placed at the Poland
+Street end of Great Marlborough Street, and the other at the end of
+Blenheim Street. Two young ladies stumbled over one of these bodies, and
+at once raised such a commotion that, had it not been for the prompt
+assistance of Sir Robert Baker and the police, Brookes would have fared
+very badly at the hands of the mob which soon collected. The fact of his
+house being near to the Marlborough Police Court, on more than one
+occasion saved Brookes from the popular fury.
+
+A subject was brought to him one day in a sack, and paid for at once; soon
+after it was discovered that the occupant of the sack was alive. This was
+not a case of attempted murder; the "subject" was a confederate of those
+from whom he had been purchased, and had, in all probability, been thus
+introduced to the premises for purposes of burglary.
+
+The competition of the schools had risen to such a height in the demand
+for bodies, that Brookes stated that for a subject, which would have cost
+two guineas in his student days, he had paid as much as sixteen guineas.
+Nor was the cost of the body the only expense to the teacher. At the
+beginning of each session he was waited upon by the resurrection-men, who
+offered to supply him regularly with bodies at a fixed price, on the
+condition that a douceur was paid down at once. The teachers were
+powerless in the matter, and had either to accede to the offered terms, or
+to lose their students through not having a sufficient supply of subjects.
+The scarcity of bodies was most keenly felt at the beginning of the
+session; the resurrection-men knew that they could command their own
+terms, and would not supply any subjects until the teachers had conceded
+all their demands. This was felt to be bad for the students, and Dr. James
+Somerville, who was assistant to Brodie at the Great Windmill Street
+School, in giving evidence before the Committee on Anatomy, said that
+"the pupils not being able to proceed for a certain time lose their
+ardour, and get into habits of idleness."
+
+At the end of the session the resurrection-men again waited on the
+proprietors of the schools, and demanded "finishing money." In some papers
+relating to Sir Astley Cooper, which were referred to in a letter
+published in the _Medical Times_, 1883, vol. 1, p. 343, we read: "May
+10th, 1827, Paid Hollis, Vaughan, and Llewellyn, finishing money, £6 6s.
+0d. 1829, June 18th, Paid Murphy, Wildes, & Naples, finishing money £6 6s.
+0d."
+
+The cost of the bodies in this way to the teachers was more than they
+could charge to the students, and the deficiency thus created was made up
+by increased fees for the lectures. The expenses, moreover, did not end
+here. If one of the resurrection-men was unfortunate enough to get a term
+of imprisonment, the teacher had to partly keep the man's wife and family
+whilst he was serving his sentence. A solatium was also expected on his
+release from gaol. Mr. R. D. Grainger spent £50 in this way for one man,
+and several guineas in keeping the family of another Resurrectionist
+whilst the latter was in gaol. Sir Astley Cooper is known to have spent
+large sums of money for a similar purpose. The following may be cited as
+examples: "January 29th, 1828, Paid Mr. Cock to pay Mr. South half the
+expenses of bailing Vaughan from Yarmouth and going down £14 7s. 0d. 1829,
+May 6th, Paid Vaughan's wife 6s. Paid Vaughan for twenty-six weeks'
+confinement at 10s. per week, £13 0s. 0d."
+
+If any independence were shown by the teachers, and the demands of the men
+resisted, victory generally fell to the lot of the Resurrectionists. A
+teacher, perhaps, would refuse to pay the exorbitant demands, and would
+employ other men to obtain bodies for him. These were then watched by the
+regular gang, and information to the police was laid against them on every
+occasion. The bodies obtained by the irregular men were often taken from
+them by those who considered they had a monopoly in the business; these
+subjects were then hacked and cut about so as to make them quite useless
+for anatomical purposes. So the supply at this particular school would be
+very short, and great indignation would arise amongst the students, who
+had paid their fees, and therefore demanded an adequate number of bodies
+for dissection. The teacher was thus obliged to give way, and to accede to
+the demands of the regular gang.
+
+The teachers formed themselves into an Anatomical Club for their own
+protection; by this means it was hoped to regulate the price to be paid
+for bodies, by agreement amongst the members of the Club not to give more
+than a certain amount. This agreement does not seem, according to Mr.
+South, to have been very faithfully kept, and so, with new schools
+springing up and giving rise to still greater competition, the teachers
+were as much as ever in the hands of the resurrection-men.
+
+It must not be supposed that all the bodies which were supplied to the
+schools were exhumed. Many of them were stolen or obtained by false
+pretences before burial. Glennon, the police officer, who has been before
+mentioned in connection with Joshua Brookes, told the Committee that he
+had recovered between fifty and a hundred bodies for persons who had had
+their houses broken open, and bodies stolen from them whilst in the
+coffin awaiting burial. The following case, tried at the London Sessions
+in 1830, is an example of this:
+
+"LONDON ADJOURNED SESSIONS.
+
+"TUESDAY.--BODY-SNATCHING.--A well-known pilferer of graves, named Clarke,
+was tried upon an indictment, charging him with having stolen the body of
+a dead child, aged about four years, which had been under the care of a
+nurse named Mary Hopkins. The facts which came out in evidence are as
+follows: The deceased was the daughter of a woman of the town, residing in
+Shire Lane, and had been kept at the nurse's lodging, which was in the
+same neighbourhood. She died on a Friday, and Clarke, whose ears were
+described as 'quick to the toll of the passing bell,' paid the nurse a
+visit the next morning, under pretence of hiring a cellar under the house.
+He took occasion to notice the poor woman's son; said it was a pity to see
+the boy idle, and that he should have immediate employment, and called
+again with evidences of still stronger interest in favour of the family.
+'By the way,' said he, 'I understand you have had a death lately.' 'Yes,
+sir,' said the nurse, 'a poor little girl is departed.' 'Poor little
+dear,' cried the snatcher, 'I should like to look at the little innocent.'
+He was forthwith led into the front parlour, where the body lay in a
+coffin, and observing that its position was favourable to his intention,
+he sympathized with the nurse, and said, 'We must all come to this sooner
+or later,' and then he went to get a half-pint of summut to comfort them.
+The nurse disposed of a glass, which presently set her in a profound
+sleep, and when she awoke the body of the babe was gone. It appeared that
+the snatcher, after having quitted the house, as if for good, returned,
+and opening the parlour-window hooked out with a stick the corpse of the
+child, and went off with it towards a market that is open at all hours,
+near Bridgewater Square. However, a police officer, who knew his trade,
+laid hands upon him, telling him he was wanted. The snatcher then threw
+down the child and took to his heels, but was apprehended and lodged in
+the Compter. The nurse proved the identity of the body. Upon her
+cross-examination, by Mr. Payne, she stated that the mother had not been
+to see the deceased for four or five days before the death. The Jury
+returned a verdict of Guilty, but some of them audibly spoke of
+recommending the prisoner to mercy, but made no appendage to that effect.
+The Recorder sentenced the prisoner to be imprisoned for the space of six
+calendar months."
+
+Sometimes these stolen bodies were claimed after payment had been made to
+the resurrection-men, but before any dissection had taken place. The
+following refers to Guy's Hospital: "Returned to Vestry Clerk of
+Newington, by order of the Treasurer, one male and two females, purchased
+of Page, &c., on the 25th, who had broken open the dead-house to obtain
+them."
+
+Bodies of suicides, and of those who had met with an accidental death,
+were frequently stolen whilst they were awaiting the coroner's inquest.
+Often in these cases the body-thieves, after selling the subject to a
+teacher of anatomy, secretly gave information to the police where the
+missing body might be found. It was then seized by the police, and, after
+the inquest, handed over to those who claimed to be relatives; these
+supposed relatives were frequently confederates of the thieves, and by
+them the body was at once taken off and again sold to another teacher.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following case is from a newspaper of 1823:
+
+"SUICIDE AND THE BODY STOLEN.--Tuesday evening last a young woman of
+respectable and interesting appearance was observed for some time parading
+the banks of the Surrey Canal, Camberwell, in a melancholy mood, and at
+length she plunged into the water; on which a man rushed in after her and
+dived several times, but failed in recovering the body, which was not
+found till the following morning, when it was taken to the Albany Arms,
+near the Canal, for the Coroner's inquest, which was to have taken place
+on Thursday. On the landlord proceeding to the shed on Wednesday morning,
+where the body had been deposited, he discovered, that in the course of
+the night, it had been broken open, and the corpse of the female stolen
+away. He instantly repaired to the Police Office, Union Street, and gave
+information of the circumstance to the Magistrates, who gave orders that
+immediate inquiry should be made at Mr. Brookes's, where the body has
+since been discovered and given up. The poor woman was unclaimed, and the
+verdict of the Coroner's Jury was 'Found Drowned.'"
+
+A favourite trick, in the carrying out of which a woman was generally
+necessary, was that of claiming the bodies of friendless persons who died
+in workhouses, or similar institutions. Immediately it was found out that
+such an one was dead a man and woman, decently clad in mourning, in great
+grief, and often in tears, called at the workhouse to take away the body
+of their dear departed relative. If the trick proved successful, as it
+often did, the body was taken straight off to one of the schools and sold.
+The parish authorities, probably, were not over particular about giving up
+the body, if the deceased were a stranger, as by this means they saved the
+cost of burial.
+
+Subjects, too, were obtained from cheap undertakers, who kept the bodies
+of the poor until the time for burial. The coffin was weighted so as to
+conceal the fraud, and the mockery of reading the Burial Service over it
+was gone through in the presence of the unsuspecting relatives.
+
+That some bodies were obtained by murder there can be no doubt. The
+exposure caused by the trials of Burke and Hare in Edinburgh, and Bishop
+and Williams in London, proves this.
+
+The facts previously stated, however, go very far to exonerate the
+anatomists from the false charge (freely made at the time) of their being
+privy to these murders. It has been frequently stated that signs of murder
+could be easily seen, and that the fact of the body being fresh, and there
+being no evidence of its having been interred, ought to have at once
+suggested foul play, and to have caused the teacher to communicate with
+the police. But it must be remembered that the murders were generally very
+artfully contrived by suffocation, so as to leave no outward signs of
+ill-treatment. It was also no uncommon thing, for the reasons just given,
+to receive at the schools bodies in quite a fresh state, which had
+evidently never received sepulture.
+
+An account of the _post mortem_ on the Italian boy, for whose murder
+Bishop and Williams were hanged,[11] has been preserved by Mr.
+Clarke.[12] The examination of the body was carried out by Mr.
+Wetherfield, of Southampton Street. There were also present Mr. Mayo,
+Lecturer on Anatomy at King's College; Mr. Partridge, his demonstrator;
+Mr. Beaman, Parish Surgeon; and his Assistant, Mr. D. Edwards, and Mr.
+Clarke. The boy's teeth had been removed and sold to a dentist, but beyond
+this there were no external marks of violence on any part of the body. The
+internal organs were carefully examined, but no trace of injury or poison
+could be found. Mr. Mayo, who had a peculiar way of standing very upright
+with his hands in his breeches' pockets, said, with a kind of lisp he had,
+"By Jove! the boy died a nathral death." Mr. Partridge and Mr. Beaman,
+however, suggested that the spine had not been examined, and after a
+consultation it was decided to do this. It was then found that one or more
+of the upper cervical vertebræ were fractured. "By Jove!" said Mr. Mayo,
+"this boy was murthered." The conviction of Bishop and Williams was due,
+in a very great measure, to Mr. Partridge and Mr. Beaman.
+
+At the present day it is well-nigh impossible to understand the relations
+between men of honour and education, such as the teachers of anatomy were,
+and the ruffians who carried on this ghastly trade. It must, however, be
+borne in mind that, until the passing of the Anatomy Act in 1832, there
+was no provision for supplying the means by which the student might be
+taught this necessary part of his professional education; the only way in
+which teachers could get material for giving instruction was by dealing
+with the resurrection-men.
+
+It would have been quite impossible for the resurrection-men to have
+obtained the number of bodies they frequently did, had they not been able
+to bribe the custodians of the different burial-grounds. Sometimes they
+met with a difficulty in the shape of a keeper newly appointed to replace
+one who had been dismissed for being privy to these depredations. In most
+instances this was soon overcome; if, at the outset, the custodian could
+not be bribed, he could generally be induced to drink, and then, whilst he
+was in a state of intoxication, the body which the resurrection-men wished
+to obtain could be easily removed. After this first step there was
+generally very little difficulty in the future.
+
+Sometimes, too, the grave-diggers not only gave information to the
+Resurrectionists, but acted as principals themselves. In Benson's
+_Remarkable Trials_ is recorded the case of John Holmes, Peter Williams,
+and Esther Donaldson. Holmes was grave-digger at St. George's, Bloomsbury;
+Williams was his assistant, and Donaldson was charged as an accomplice.
+They were prosecuted before Sir John Hawkins at the Guildhall,
+Westminster, in December, 1777, for stealing the body of Mrs. Jane
+Sainsbury, who died in the previous October, and was buried in the St.
+George's burial-ground. Holmes and Williams were sentenced to six months'
+imprisonment, and to be whipped on their bare backs from the end of
+Kingsgate Street, Holborn, to Dyot Street, St. Giles. The sentence, says
+Benson, was duly carried out amidst crowds of well-satisfied and approving
+spectators. The woman Donaldson was acquitted.
+
+The ranks of the resurrection-men were largely recruited from the keepers
+of burial-grounds. When these men had lost their situations for
+connivance at the stealing of bodies, they naturally joined their old
+associates, and became part of the regular gang.
+
+The bribery of the custodians will account for the large number of bodies
+often obtained in one night. Had there been the slightest vigilance on the
+part of the authorities, it would have been absolutely impossible for the
+resurrection-men to have spent the time necessary for their work without
+detection. The amount of time required for the work depended greatly on
+the soil. One man told Bransby Cooper that he had taken two bodies from
+separate graves of considerable depth, and had restored the coffins and
+the earth to their former positions in an hour and a half. Another man
+said that he had completed the exhumation of a body in a quarter of an
+hour; but in this instance the grave was extremely shallow, and the earth
+loose and without stones. If much gravel had to be dug through, the
+resurrection-men had a peculiar way of using their spades, so that the
+gravel was thrown out of the grave quite noiselessly.
+
+On Thursday, February 20th, 1812, the Diary tells us that 15 large bodies
+and one small one were obtained from St. Pancras. No doubt this was
+simplified by the custom of burying several paupers in one grave. To
+obtain these it was necessary to dig all the earth out, so that each
+coffin could be dealt with; the men generally worked very soon after a
+funeral, and so the earth was much more easily moved than it would have
+been if they had been obliged to dig through undisturbed ground. When only
+one body was to be had, a small opening was dug down to the head of the
+coffin, which was then broken open, and the body was pulled up with a
+rope, fastened either round the neck or under the armpits.
+
+In a memoir of Thomas Wakley, the founder of _The Lancet_,[13] the
+following account of the _modus operandi_ of the resurrection-men is
+given: "In the case of a neat, or not quite new grave, the ingenuity of
+the Resurrectionist came into play. Several feet--fifteen or twenty--away
+from the head or foot of the grave, he would remove a square of turf,
+about eighteen or twenty inches in diameter. This he would carefully put
+by, and then commence to mine. Most pauper graves were of the same depth,
+and, if the sepulchre was that of a person of importance, the depth of the
+grave could be pretty well estimated by the nature of the soil thrown up.
+Taking a five-foot grave, the coffin lid would be about four feet from the
+surface. A rough slanting tunnel, some five yards long, would, therefore,
+have to be constructed, so as to impinge exactly on the coffin head. This
+being at last struck (no very simple task), the coffin was lugged up by
+hooks to the surface, or, preferably, the end of the coffin was wrenched
+off with hooks while still in the shelter of the tunnel, and the scalp or
+feet of the corpse secured through the open end, and the body pulled out,
+leaving the coffin almost intact and unmoved.
+
+"The body once obtained, the narrow shaft was easily filled up and the sod
+of turf accurately replaced. The friends of the deceased, seeing that the
+earth _over_ his grave was not disturbed, would flatter themselves that
+the body had escaped the Resurrectionist; but they seldom noticed the
+neatly-placed square of turf, some feet away."
+
+A somewhat similar account is given in the _Memorials of John Flint
+South_.[14] This method is also referred to by Bransby Cooper,[15] who
+states that it was told him by one "who fancied he had found out their
+secret, but had, no doubt, been deceived by some of them purposely."
+Bransby Cooper also says that he asked one of the principal
+resurrection-men as to the feasibility of this method, and the man showed
+him several objections to it, and stated that "it would never do." This
+statement was made after the resurrection-days were over, when there could
+be no advantage in keeping the true plan secret. It must be remembered
+that there were some amateur body-snatchers, and that it was not at all
+unlikely that the regular men would tell to them a plan as full of
+difficulties as that quoted above. To make the tunnel as described, would
+be impossible, and it is somewhat difficult to see how grappling-irons
+were fastened to the coffin; a man could hardly get down a tunnel 18 in.
+in diameter and 15 feet in length to do this; if he did succeed, his
+difficulties in returning must have been still greater. To pull a body
+out of the head or foot of a coffin, as described, is an impossibility. No
+allowance is made, either, in digging the tunnel for obstacles, in the
+shape of intervening graves or grave-stones. As regards the evidence on
+the surface of a grave having been disturbed, it would be greater in one
+opened in this manner than if the recently-disturbed earth had been again
+dug out. It would be impossible to get back into the tunnel all the earth
+dug out in the course of its construction, and this loose earth would at
+once attract attention. Generally, bodies were removed before the graves
+were finally tidied up, so that it was difficult to notice a fresh
+disturbance.
+
+The writer of the Diary was a cemetery-keeper when he first began his
+resurrection proceedings; his _modus operandi_, in some cases, was to take
+the body out of the coffin, and place it in a sack, before he began to
+fill in the grave. Then, as he gradually threw the earth in, he kept
+pulling the sack to the surface, so that when his work of filling in was
+completed, he had the sack close to the top of the grave. He had then only
+to wait until night, when he was able, under cover of the darkness, to
+remove the body without fear of detection. When the resurrection-men had
+been successful in their night's work, they were glad to find a temporary
+shelter for the bodies, as near at hand as possible. This was generally an
+out-house belonging to one of the schools which they regularly supplied;
+the men were permitted to place the bodies there for the night, and to
+fetch them away the next day. This explains some of the entries in the
+Diary, such as "Took the whole to ----," and the next day, "Removed the
+whole from ----." Before removing any of the bodies, the men would find
+out exactly where they were wanted, and so would save much risk of being
+arrested with the bodies in their possession.
+
+If the following broadside could be believed, the resurrection-men
+sometimes performed a valuable service to those who had been buried--
+
+"MIRACULOUS CIRCUMSTANCE:
+
+"_Being a full and particular account of John Macintire, who was buried
+alive, in Edinburgh, on the 15th day of April, 1824, while in a trance,
+and who was taken up by the resurrection-men, and sold to the doctors to
+be dissected, with a full account of the many strange and wonderful things
+which he saw and felt while he was in that state, the whole being taken
+from his own words._
+
+"I had been some time ill of a low and lingering fever. My strength
+gradually wasted, and I could see by the doctor that I had nothing to
+hope. One day, towards evening, I was seized with strange and
+indescribable quiverings. I saw around my bed, innumerable strange faces;
+they were bright and visionary, and without bodies. There was light and
+solemnity, and I tried to move, but could not; I could recollect, with
+perfectness, but the power of motion had departed. I heard the sound of
+weeping at my pillow, and the voice of the nurse say, 'He is dead.' I
+cannot describe what I felt at these words. I exerted my utmost power to
+stir myself, but I could not move even an eyelid. My father drew his hand
+over my face and closed my eyelids. The world was then darkened, but I
+could still hear, and feel and suffer. For three days a number of friends
+called to see me. I heard them in low accents speak of what I was, and
+more than one touched me with his finger. The coffin was then procured,
+and I was laid in it. I felt the coffin lifted and borne away. I heard and
+felt it placed in the hearse; it halted, and the coffin was taken out. I
+felt myself carried on the shoulders of men; I heard the cords of the
+coffin moved. I felt it swing as dependent by them. It was lowered and
+rested upon the bottom of the grave. Dreadful was the effort I then made
+to exert the power of action, but my whole frame was immovable. The sound
+of the rattling mould as it covered me, was far more tremendous than
+thunder. This also ceased, and all was silent. This is death, thought I,
+and soon the worms will be crawling about my flesh. In the contemplation
+of this hideous thought, I heard a low sound in the earth over me, and I
+fancied that the worms and reptiles were coming. The sound continued to
+grow louder and nearer. Can it be possible, thought I, that my friends
+suspect that they have buried me too soon? The hope was truly like
+bursting through the gloom of death. The sound ceased. They dragged me out
+of the coffin by the head, and carried me swiftly away. When borne to
+some distance, I was thrown down like a clod, and by the interchange of
+one or two brief sentences, I discovered that I was in the hands of two of
+those robbers, who live by plundering the grave, and selling the bodies of
+parents, and children, and friends. Being rudely stripped of my shroud, I
+was placed naked on a table. In a short time I heard by the bustle in the
+room that the doctors and students were assembling. When all was ready the
+Demonstrator took his knife, and pierced my bosom. I felt a dreadful
+crackling, as it were, throughout my whole frame; a convulsive shudder
+instantly followed, and a shriek of horror rose from all present. The ice
+of death was broken up; my trance was ended. The utmost exertions were
+made to restore me, and in the course of an hour I was in full possession
+of all my faculties.
+
+"STEPHENSON, PRINTER, GATESHEAD."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was quite necessary for the Committee on Anatomy to adopt some means to
+protect the resurrection-men who gave evidence before it; this was done
+by suppressing their names, and using letters of the alphabet to
+distinguish the witnesses one from another. Popular feeling was so bitter
+against these men that they were often severely handled by the mob.
+Sometimes the mob made a mistake, and the innocent suffered for the
+guilty. In 1823 a coach containing an empty coffin was being drawn along
+the streets of Edinburgh; the people, suspecting that it was intended to
+convey a body, taken from some churchyard, seized the coach; it was with
+great difficulty that the police rescued the driver from the fury of the
+mob. The coach they could not save; it was taken through the streets,
+thrown over a mound, and smashed; the people then kindled a fire with the
+fragments, and danced round it. It turned out that the coffin was intended
+to convey to his house, in Edinburgh, the body of a physician who had died
+in the country.
+
+On another occasion two American gentlemen, who were looking at the Abbey
+of Linlithgow after nightfall, were mistaken for resurrection-men, and
+assaulted by the mob.
+
+One of the witnesses, called "A. B.," but who was probably Ben Crouch
+himself, stated that twenty-three in four nights was the greatest number
+he had ever obtained. He added, "When I go to work, I like to get those of
+poor people buried from the workhouses, because instead of working for one
+subject, you may get three or four. I do not think, during the time I have
+been in the habit of working for the schools, I got half a dozen of
+wealthier people." Another witness, who is called "C. D.," but who was,
+without doubt, the writer of the Diary, stated that, "according to my
+book," in 1809 and 1810 the number of bodies disposed of in England was
+305 adults and 44 small; but the same year 37 were sent to Edinburgh, and
+the gang had 18 in hand, which were never used at all. In 1810-11, 312
+adults were disposed of in the regular session, and 20 in the summer, in
+addition to 47 smalls. In the Report of the Committee in 1828, it was
+pointed out that, at that time, there were over 800 students attending the
+Schools of Anatomy in London, but of these not more than 500 actually
+worked at dissection. The number of subjects annually available for
+instruction amounted to between 450 and 500, or rather less than one for
+each student.
+
+The average price of an adult body was stated to be £4 4s. 0d. It may be
+here explained that a "small" was a body under three feet long; these were
+sold at so much per inch and were generally classified as "large small,"
+"small," and "foetus." The earnings of the resurrection-men may be
+gathered from the above entry. To take the year 1810-11, the receipts for
+bodies alone come to 1328 guineas; this is exclusive of "smalls," and
+probably also of the teeth, in which these men did a large trade. Teeth,
+in those days, were very valuable; the amounts received by some of the men
+for teeth only will be dealt with in the chapter containing biographical
+notices of some of the principal London resurrection-men. It may be here
+mentioned that on one occasion Murphy obtained the entry to a vault
+belonging to a meeting-house, on the pretence of selecting a burial-place
+for his wife. Whilst in there he managed to slip back some bolts, so that
+he could easily gain an entrance at another time; this he did at night,
+and got possession of teeth by which he made £60.
+
+From the statements of the teachers it is most likely that £4 4s. 0d. is
+under the average price paid for bodies. It must be remembered, too, that
+this amount does not include the retaining-fee paid at the beginning of
+the session, nor the "finishing-money" which was demanded at its close.
+The 1328 guineas spoken of above would be divided amongst six or seven
+persons, and this, for men in their position, was a large income. The
+biographical notes of the chief workers in this horrible trade will show
+that some few of them did save money. Taking them, however, as a whole,
+they were a dissolute and ruffianly gang; reference to the Diary proves
+their drunken habits, and there is more than one entry to show that they
+were often in pecuniary difficulties; so much so that on one occasion they
+were obliged to have recourse to Mordecai, the Jew.
+
+It was quite useless for those who had just buried a relative or friend to
+depend either upon the custodian of the burial-ground, or upon the watch,
+to see that the newly-made grave was not violated. The resurrection-men
+often met with a guard, instituted by the friends of the deceased, who
+would take it in turns to watch by the grave-side through the whole
+night; these friends were frequently armed, and were not afraid to use
+their arms if the resurrection-men gave them an opportunity. As a rule the
+body-snatchers made off when they found a guard in the cemetery; it was to
+their interest not to create a riot, and if they were strong enough to
+drive off the watchers, the latter could soon raise a tumult, whereby the
+bodily safety of the thieves would be endangered.
+
+Matters did not always pass off so peaceably, particularly in Ireland, as
+the following extract from an Irish newspaper for 1830 shows:
+
+"DESPERATE ENGAGEMENT WITH BODY-SNATCHERS.--The remains of the late Edward
+Barrett, Esq., having been interred in Glasnevin churchyard on the 27th of
+last month (January), persons were appointed to remain in the churchyard
+all night, to protect the corpse from 'the sack 'em-up gentlemen,' and it
+seems the precaution was not unnecessary, for, on Saturday night last,
+some of the gentry made their appearance, but soon decamped on finding
+they were likely to be opposed. Nothing daunted, however, they returned on
+Tuesday morning with augmented force, and well armed. About ten minutes
+after two o'clock three or four of them were observed standing on the wall
+of the churchyard, while several others were endeavouring to get on it
+also. The party in the churchyard warned them off, and were replied to by
+a discharge from fire-arms. This brought on a general engagement; the sack
+'em-up gentlemen fired from behind the churchyard wall, by which they were
+defended, while their opponents on the watch fired from behind the
+tomb-stones. Upwards of 58 to 60 shots were fired. One of the assailants
+was shot--he was seen to fall; his body was carried off by his companions.
+Some of them are supposed to have been severely wounded, as a great
+quantity of blood was observed outside the churchyard wall,
+notwithstanding the ground was covered with snow. During the firing, which
+continued for upwards of a quarter of an hour, the church bell was rung by
+one of the watchmen, which, with the discharge from the fire-arms,
+collected several of the townspeople and the police to the spot--several
+of the former, notwithstanding the severity of the weather, in nearly a
+state of nakedness; but the assailants were by this time defeated, and
+effected their retreat. Several of the head-stones bear evident marks of
+the conflict, being struck with the balls, &c."
+
+
+[Illustration: MORTSAFE IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH.]
+
+
+Most of the disgraceful riots which took place in the burial-grounds, were
+not between resurrection-men and friends guarding a grave, but between two
+gangs of body-snatchers. In cases of this kind one gang would do all in
+its power to bring its rival into disrepute; the stronger party, after
+driving the weaker one away, would put the burial-ground into a most
+disgraceful state, and then give information against their opponents.
+
+Besides watching, many other devices were tried to prevent the
+depredations of the resurrection-men; spring guns were set in many of the
+cemeteries, but these were often rendered harmless. If the men intended
+going to a certain grave at night, late in the afternoon a woman, in deep
+mourning, would walk round the part of the cemetery in which the grave was
+situated, and contrive to detach the wires from the guns. Loose stones
+were placed on the walls of the grave-yard, so as to make scaling the
+walls almost an impossibility; this was useless when the custodian had a
+house with a window looking into the burial-place. If entrance could not
+be obtained in this way, there was generally some other house through
+which the men could gain admission to the grave-yard. Mort-safes, or
+strong iron guards, were placed over newly-made graves for protection;
+some of these can be seen at the present day in the Greyfriars Churchyard,
+Edinburgh (see illustrations).
+
+
+[Illustration: MORTSAFE IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH.]
+
+
+Iron coffins were also used by some persons to protect their friends from
+the Resurrectionist. The following interesting advertisement appeared in
+_Wooler's British Gazette_ for October 13th, 1822:
+
+"Many hundred dead bodies will be dragged from their wooden coffins this
+winter, for the anatomical lectures (which have just commenced), the
+articulators, and for those who deal in the dead for the supply of the
+country practitioner and the Scotch schools. The question of the right to
+inter in iron is now decided. Lord Chief Justice Abbott declared he wished
+they might be generally used; Justice Bailey declared that if the
+Ecclesiastical Court was to grant a suit for a fee, they, the Court of
+King's Bench, would grant a prohibition, knowing it had no such right. Sir
+William Scott, now Lord Stowell, decided and directed the interment
+without any extra fee, as this question was raised by an undertaker; those
+undertakers who have IRON COFFINS must divide the profits of the funeral
+with EDWARD LILLIE BRIDGMAN. TEN GUINEAS reward will be paid on the
+conviction of any Parish Officer demanding an extra fee, whereby I shall
+lose the sale of a coffin. The violation of the sanctity of the grave is
+said to be needful, for the instruction of the medical pupil, but let each
+one about to inter a mother, husband, child, or friend, say shall I devote
+this object of my affection to such a purpose; if not, the only safe
+coffin is Bridgman's PATENT WROUGHT-IRON ONE, charged the same price as a
+wooden one, and is a superior substitute for lead. Edward Lillie Bridgman,
+34, Fish Street Hill, and Goswell Street Road, performs funerals in any
+part of the kingdom, and by attention to moderate charges insures the
+recommendation of those who employ him. Twenty-five private grounds within
+the Bills of Mortality receive them; dues from seven shillings to one
+guinea. Patent cast-iron tombs and tablets, superior to stone."
+
+The advertisement is headed by a rough cut, showing the coffin[16] and the
+iron clamps by which it was fastened. There was another maker of patent
+coffins, who is mentioned by Southey in his ballad called _The Surgeon's
+Warning_. The ballad represents the fear of a dying surgeon, lest his
+apprentices should serve him after death as he, during his life, has
+served many other persons:
+
+  "And my 'prentices will surely come
+      And carve me bone from bone,
+  And I, who have rifled the dead man's grave,
+      Shall never rest in my own.
+
+  "Bury me in lead when I am dead,
+      My brethren, I entreat,
+  And see the coffin weigh'd I beg,
+      Lest the plumber should be a cheat.
+
+  "And let it be solder'd closely down
+      Strong as strong can be, I implore,
+  And put it in a patent coffin
+      That I may rise no more.
+
+  "If they carry me off in the patent coffin
+      Their labour will be in vain,
+  Let the undertaker see it bought of the maker,
+      Who lives in St. Martin's Lane."
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+All the surgeon's wishes were duly carried out as regards his coffin;
+money was also given to watchers to keep guard every night over the grave.
+The "'prentices," however, were able easily to buy the watchers, and so
+
+  "They burst the patent coffin first,
+      And then cut through the lead,
+  And they laugh'd aloud when they saw the shroud,
+      Because they had got at the dead.
+
+  "And they allow'd the sexton the shroud
+      And they put the coffin back,
+  And nose and knees they then did squeeze,
+      The surgeon in a sack.
+
+         *       *       *       *
+
+  "So they carried the sack pick-a-back,
+      And they carved him bone from bone,
+  But what became of the surgeon's soul,
+      Was never to mortal known."
+
+The following extract from a Scotch paper shows the alarm felt for the
+safety of the newly-buried:
+
+"RESURRECTION-MEN.--Curiosity drew together a crowd of people on Monday,
+at Dundee, to witness the funeral of a child, which was consigned to the
+grave in a novel manner. The father, in terror of the resurrection-men,
+had caused a small box, inclosing some deathful apparatus, communicating
+by means of wires, with the four corners, to be fastened on the top of
+the coffin. Immediately before it was lowered into the earth, a large
+quantity of gunpowder was poured into the box, and the hidden machinery
+put into a state of readiness for execution. The common opinion was, that
+if any one attempted to raise the body he would be blown up. The sexton
+seemed to dread an immediate explosion, for he started back in alarm after
+throwing in the first shovelful of earth."
+
+Friends and relatives often placed objects on the newly-made grave, such
+as a flower or an oyster-shell, so that they might be able to tell if the
+earth had been disturbed. These objects were generally carefully noted by
+the resurrection-men, and were put back in their exact places after the
+body had been removed and the grave re-filled.
+
+In some burial-grounds, houses were built in which the bodies could be
+kept until they were putrid, and therefore useless to the
+resurrection-men. Such a house is still standing in the burial-ground at
+Crail.[17]
+
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE AT CRAIL (Described on page 80). Over the door is
+the following inscription: "Erected for securing the Dead. Ann. Dom.
+MDCCCXXVI."]
+
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE AT CRAIL (Described on page 80). Over the door is
+the following inscription: "Erected for securing the Dead. Ann. Dom.
+MDCCCXXVI."]
+
+
+As a rule, the resurrection-men were able not only to supply the
+London schools from the grave-yards in and around the Metropolis, but also
+to send bodies to some of the provincial schools; the Diary shows that
+even Edinburgh received some of the proceeds of the work of this London
+gang. If, however, from increased vigilance or other causes, the supply of
+bodies ran short in London, recourse was had to the provinces. A case
+occurred some seventy years ago at Yarmouth. A man died, and was buried in
+St. Nicholas Churchyard. Not long after, his wife died also. On the
+husband's grave being opened, it was discovered that the man's body had
+been removed; this led to a panic amongst people in Yarmouth who had
+recently buried friends in that churchyard. Many graves were opened, and,
+in a large number of instances, were found to have been violated. This led
+to a regular watch being established over newly-made graves in the
+churchyard. It was the custom of the resurrection-men, when they had
+bodies to send from the country to London, to forward them so that they
+should, in outward appearance, correspond with the class of goods exported
+from the place where the bodies had been obtained. If the goods usually
+came to London in crates, crates were used by the body-snatchers; if
+ordinary packing-cases, then the bodies were enclosed in like receptacles.
+The proceeds of the exhumations at Yarmouth were probably packed in
+barrels, and came through Billingsgate.
+
+In 1826 three casks, labelled "Bitter Salts," were taken down to George's
+Dock at Liverpool, to be shipped on board the _Latona_, bound for Leith; a
+full description of this transaction was printed as a broadside, of which
+the following is a copy:
+
+"RESURRECTIONISTS AT LIVERPOOL.
+
+"Discovery of 33 Human Bodies, in Casks, about to be shipped from
+Liverpool for Edinburgh, on Monday last, October 9, 1826.
+
+"Yesterday afternoon, a carter took down one of our quays three casks, to
+be shipped on board the Carron Company's vessel, the _Latona_, addressed
+to 'Mr. G. Ironson, Edinburgh.' The casks remained on the quay all night,
+and this morning, previous to their being put on board, a horrible stench
+was experienced by the mate of the _Latona_ and other persons, whose duty
+it was to ship them. This caused some suspicion that their contents did
+not agree with their superscription, which was 'Bitter Salts,' and which
+the shipping note described they contained. The mate communicated his
+suspicions to the agent of the Carron Company, and that gentleman very
+promptly communicated the circumstances to the police. Socket, a
+constable, was sent to the Quay, and he caused the casks to be opened,
+when Eleven Dead Bodies were found therein, salted and pickled. The casks
+were detained, and George Leech, the cart-man, readily went with the
+officer to the cellar whence he carted them, which was situated under the
+school of Dr. McGowan, at the back of his house in Hope Street; the cellar
+was padlocked, but, by the aid of a crow-bar, Boughey, a police officer,
+succeeded in forcing an entrance, and, on searching therein, he found 4
+casks, all containing human bodies, salted as the others were, and three
+sacks, each containing a dead body. He also found a syringe, of that
+description used for injecting hot wax into the veins and arteries of the
+dead bodies used for anatomization; he also found a variety of
+smock-frocks, jackets, and trowsers, which, no doubt, were generally used
+by the Resurrectionists to disguise themselves. In this cellar were found
+twenty-two dead bodies, pickled and fresh, and in the casks on the quay,
+eleven, making in the whole thirty-three. The carter described the persons
+who employed him as of very respectable appearance, but he did not know
+the names of any of them.
+
+"Information of the above circumstances was speedily communicated to his
+Worship, the Mayor, who sent for Dr. McGowan. This gentleman is a reverend
+divine, and teacher of languages; he attended the Mayor immediately, and,
+in answer to the questions put to him, we understand he said, that he let
+his cellar in January last to a person named Henderson, who, he
+understood, carried on the oil trade, and that he knew nothing about any
+dead bodies being there. George Leech deposed that he plies for hire as a
+carter (the cart belongs to his brother); yesterday afternoon, between
+three and four o'clock, a tall, stout man asked him the charge of carting
+three casks from Hope Street to George's Dock passage; he replied, 2s.
+They then went to Hope Street, where the witness found two other men
+getting the first cask out of a cellar under Dr. McGowan's schoolroom, and
+witness assisted to get two other casks out of the cellar; the three were
+then put into his cart, and the men who employed him gave him a shipping
+note, describing the casks as containing 'Bitter Salts,' and told him to
+be careful in laying them down upon the quay, and that they were to be
+forwarded to Edinburgh by the _Latona_.
+
+"Mr. Thomas Wm. Dawes, surgeon, of St. Paul's Square, deposed that he had
+examined the bodies, by the direction of the Coroner. In one cask he had
+found the bodies of two women and one man; in another, two women and two
+men; in the third, three men and one woman, and in the other casks and
+sacks he found 22 (_sic_) bodies, viz., nine men, five boys, and three
+girls; the bodies were all in a perfect state; those in the casks appeared
+to have been dead six or seven days, and three men found in the sacks
+appeared to have been dead only three or four days. In each of the casks
+was a large quantity of salt. There were no external marks of violence,
+but there was a thread tied round the toes of one of the women, which is
+usual for some families to do immediately after death. Witness had no
+reason but to believe that they had died in a natural way, and he had no
+doubt the bodies had all been disinterred. The Season for Lectures on
+Anatomy is about to commence in the capital of Scotland.
+
+"The police were ordered to be upon the alert to discover the persons who
+had been engaged in this transaction, but as yet nothing further has been
+ascertained. The bodies, by the direction of the Coroner, were buried this
+morning in the parish cemetery, in casks, as they were found.
+
+"It is not yet ascertained whence these bodies have been brought, but it
+is supposed that the Liverpool Workhouse Cemetery has been the principal
+sufferer. Some of them are so putrid, that it is extremely dangerous to
+handle them.
+
+BOAG, PRINTER."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The statements in this broadside are quite true, and agree with the
+account which is to be found in the _Liverpool Mercury_ for October 13th,
+1826. Henderson, who was a Greenock man, and the principal in this
+business, escaped, and could not be brought to justice; but a man named
+James Donaldson, who was a party to the transaction, was made to pay a
+fine of £50, and was sent to Kirkdale Gaol for twelve months.
+
+From Ireland very many bodies were exported, chiefly to Edinburgh; a
+better price could be obtained there than in Dublin, and the consequence
+was that the Irish schools were often very badly supplied with subjects.
+In Dublin there were several ancient burial-grounds, all badly protected;
+the poor were all buried in one part, and, as their friends were generally
+unable to afford watchers, their bodies fell an easy prey to the
+resurrection-men. In January, 1828, the detection of a body about to be
+exported caused a tumult in the streets of Dublin, and led to the murder
+of a man named Luke Redmond, a porter at the College of Surgeons.[18] The
+body-snatchers in Dublin seem to have done more damage than the men
+engaged in a like occupation in London; they were not content with taking
+the bodies, but, in addition, they broke the tomb-stones, and played
+general havoc in the grave-yards.
+
+According to the following cutting from the _Universal Spectator and
+Weekly Journal_, May 20th, 1732 (printed in _Notes and Queries_, 5th ser.
+i. 65), bodies were sometimes taken for other than dissection purposes.
+"John Loftas, the Grave Digger, committed to prison for robbing of dead
+corpse, has confess'd to the plunder of above fifty, not only of their
+coffins and burial cloaths, but of their fat, where bodies afforded any,
+which he retail'd at a high price to certain people, who, it is believed,
+will be call'd upon on account thereof. Since this discovery several
+persons have had their friends dug up, who were found quite naked, and
+some mangled in so horrible a manner as could scarcely be suppos'd to be
+done by a human creature."
+
+Southey also refers to this in the poem before quoted, where he makes the
+surgeon say in his lamentation,
+
+     "I have made candles of infants' fat."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+It is well-nigh impossible to read of all these misdoings and not to ask
+why the Government did not step in and put a stop to them? It was urged by
+many that a short Act should be passed, making the violation of a grave a
+penal offence, as it was in France. There was a general agreement that
+anatomical education was absolutely necessary for medical men, and that
+this education was an impossibility without a supply of subjects; yet
+there was a great reluctance to interfere by legislation. The Home
+Secretary told a deputation that there was no difficulty in drawing up an
+effective Bill; the great obstacle was the prejudice of the people against
+any Bill; this impediment, he added, had not been trifling.
+
+By no class of men was legislation more earnestly asked for than by the
+teachers of anatomy; to them the system then in vogue was not only
+degrading, but it meant absolute ruin.
+
+There was at that time no property in a dead body, and a prosecution for
+felony could not take place unless some portion of the grave-clothes or
+coffin could be proved to have been stolen with the body. The
+resurrection-men were well aware of this fact, and generally took
+precaution to keep themselves out of the meshes of the law.
+
+There had been some successful prosecutions like that of Holmes and
+Williams before mentioned, but magistrates would not always convict.
+
+In 1788 this question first came before the Court of King's Bench in the
+case of Rex _v._ Lynn. The indictment charged the prisoner with entering a
+certain burial-ground, and taking a coffin out of the earth, and removing
+a body, which he had taken from the coffin, and carrying it away, for the
+purpose of dissecting it. For the defence the following passage from Lord
+Coke was quoted: "It is to be observed that in every sepulchre that hath a
+monument two things are to be considered, viz., the monument, and the
+sepulture or burial of the dead: the burial of the cadaver is _nullius in
+bonis_, and belongs to Ecclesiastical cognizance; but as to the monument,
+action is given at the common law for defacing thereof." The only Act of
+Parliament which was said to bear on the subject was that of 1 Jac. I., c.
+12, which made it felony to steal bodies for purposes of witchcraft. The
+Court, however, held in this case of Rex _v._ Lynn that to take a body
+from a burial-ground was an offence at common law, and _contra bonos
+mores_. In the judgment it was stated that as the defendant might have
+committed the crime through ignorance, no person having been before
+punished for this offence, the Court only fined him five marks. The
+reference here, to no one having been previously punished for a like
+offence, refers only to the Superior Courts, as there had been convictions
+at the Police Courts and the Old Bailey. Despite this decision of the
+Court, prosecutions were very seldom undertaken, although Southwood
+Smith[19] states that there had been fourteen convictions in England
+during the year 1823. In examination before the Committee on Anatomy, in
+1828, Mr. Twyford, one of the magistrates at Worship Street Police Court,
+stated that he had not had more than six cases in as many years.
+
+The following account of proceedings at Hatton Garden Police Court, in
+1814, will show the difficulty of getting a conviction. In this case there
+seems to have been no one to identify the bodies. It is very improbable
+that in a case of this sort the authorities of burial-grounds would come
+forward to give evidence, and so confess their own negligence.
+
+"HATTON GARDEN.
+
+"T. Light, W. Arnot, and ---- Spelling, were brought up on Wednesday. It
+appeared that the prisoners were going up Holborn about half-past four
+o'clock on Tuesday afternoon, with a horse and cart; they were observed by
+two officers, who, knowing the prisoners to be resurrection-men, stopped
+the horse and cart, and, after a hard contest, succeeded in securing the
+prisoners. They then examined the contents of the cart, and found it
+contained seven dead bodies of men and women; one of the bodies was
+headless, but how it came to be so remains as yet to be cleared up. They
+were packed up in bags and baskets. The prisoners were followed by an
+immense crowd to Hatton Garden Office, whence they were committed to
+prison, and the bodies deposited in the lock-up house. The cart was hired
+at Battle Bridge. Some of the officers were sent to make enquiry at the
+different burying-grounds. The Office was crowded with men and women, who
+had some of their relatives buried on Sunday last, to see if they could
+recognize any of the bodies. They were brought up again on Thursday, and
+discharged."
+
+In 1822 the case of Rex _v._ Cundick was tried at Kingston Assizes,
+_coram_ Graham.[20] This was an indictment for misdemeanour. A man named
+Edward Lee was executed in the parish of St. Mary, Newington; George
+Cundick was employed by the keeper of the gaol to bury the body of Lee,
+and for this he was paid. Instead of burying the corpse, he sold it for
+dissection, or, in the words of the indictment, he "for the sake of wicked
+lucre and gain did take and carry away the said body, and did sell and
+dispose of the same for the purpose of being dissected, cut in pieces,
+mangled, and destroyed, to the great scandal and disgrace of religion,
+decency, and morality, in contempt of our Lord the King, and his laws, to
+the evil example of all other persons in like cases offending." The
+evidence showed plainly that Cundick had had possession of the body, and
+that he had received the burial fees. On the friends of Lee wishing to see
+the corpse, Cundick declared that it was already buried; but several days
+after this he clandestinely went through the ceremony of burying a coffin
+filled with rubbish. It was also proved that Cundick had been seen to
+remove a heavy package from his house at night, and that the body of Lee
+had been identified in a dissecting-room. The defence was, in the first
+place, that the indictment was bad "as a perfect anomaly in the history of
+criminal pleading." In the second place, if the indictment were good, it
+was unsupported by evidence. It was argued by counsel that the only
+evidence before the Court was that the body was not buried, and that it
+was found at a dissecting-room. Without the production of the owner of the
+dissecting-room, and the proof that he had bought the body from Cundick,
+the jury could not be asked to give a verdict against the defendant. The
+Judge, however, over-ruled these objections, and the jury found the
+prisoner guilty.
+
+These trials and verdicts made it still more difficult than before to get
+subjects for dissection, as even men of the Resurrectionist class
+hesitated to run the risk of getting the punishment, which now the
+superior Courts had upheld. Those who did run this risk very naturally
+expected a price proportionate to the danger, and so the cost of subjects
+was still more increased.
+
+But to surgeons, and to teachers of anatomy, by far the most important
+trial of all was that of John Davies and others, of Warrington, for
+obtaining the body of Jane Fairclough, which had been taken from the
+chapel-yard belonging to the Baptists, at High Cliff, Appleton, Cheshire,
+in October, 1827. This case was tried at Lancaster Assizes, March 14th,
+1828. The defendants were John Davies (a medical student at the Warrington
+Dispensary), Edward Hall (a surgeon and apothecary in practice at
+Warrington), William Blundell (an apprentice to a stationer in the same
+town), and Richard Box. Thomas Ashton was also included in the indictment,
+but no evidence was offered against him. There were fourteen counts in the
+indictment, ten charging the defendants with conspiracy, and four charging
+them with unlawfully procuring and receiving the body of Jane Fairclough.
+It appears, from the report of the trial, that Davies called on Dr. Moss,
+one of the Physicians to the Dispensary, and obtained permission to use a
+building in his garden for the purpose of dissecting a subject which he
+had purchased. Mr. Hall, on behalf of Davies, paid four guineas to the men
+who brought the body to a cellar in Warrington, but he knew nothing more
+of the transaction; from the cellar the body was removed to Dr. Moss'
+premises by Blundell and another man, and was received by Davies and a
+servant of Dr. Moss. Information of the exhumation seems to have quickly
+got about. The funeral was on a Friday; on the Monday following the grave
+was undisturbed, but on Tuesday the soil was spread about, and an
+examination of the grave showed that the corpse had been removed. The
+body was identified at Dr. Moss' house, and was taken away before any
+dissection had been performed on it.
+
+In charging the jury, Mr. Baron Hullock said that, as conspiracy was an
+offence of serious magnitude, they should be satisfied, before finding a
+verdict of guilty on the former part of the indictment, that the conduct
+of the defendants was the result of previous concert.... If any of the
+defendants were in possession of the body under circumstances which must
+have apprized them that it was improperly disinterred, the jury would find
+them guilty of the latter part of the charge. The only bodies legally
+liable to dissection in this country were those of persons executed for
+murder. However necessary it might be, for the purposes of humanity and
+science, that these things should be done, yet, as long as the law
+remained as it was at present, the disinterment of bodies for dissection
+was an offence liable to punishment. The jury found all the defendants not
+guilty of the charge of conspiracy, but they pronounced Davies and
+Blundell guilty of possession of the body, with knowledge of the illegal
+disinterment. The defendants were brought up for judgment in London in
+May, 1828. Mr. Justice Bayley, in passing sentence, said that "there were
+degrees of guilt, and in this case the defendants were not the most
+criminal parties." He sentenced Davies to a fine of £20, and Blundell to a
+fine of £5.
+
+It will be noted that in this trial there is no charge against anyone for
+violating the grave, or stealing the body. The fines were inflicted on
+Davies and Blundell for having the body in their possession, knowing it to
+have been disinterred. This decision, therefore, as before stated, was of
+the utmost importance to teachers of anatomy, as they were clearly liable
+to punishment for all the subjects supplied to them by the
+Resurrectionists. The teachers knew well the sources from which the bodies
+were obtained, and were only driven to get them in the way they did
+through there being no regular supply of subjects from a legitimate
+source. The feeling that legislation on this subject was absolutely
+necessary, was more keenly felt than ever, and the teachers did all they
+could to get a change in the laws. Many pamphlets were issued from the
+press, urging this duty upon Parliament; it was pointed out that if a
+supply of bodies could be regularly obtained in a legal way, the trade of
+the Resurrectionist would at once cease. There were many who doubted this,
+but subsequent events proved the statement to be strictly accurate.
+
+
+[Illustration: _Surgical Operations, or a New method of Obtaining
+Subjects._]
+
+
+It was very strongly urged that the Act of Geo. II., which ordered the
+bodies of all murderers executed in London and Middlesex to be anatomized
+by the Surgeons' Company, ought to be repealed. No doubt this provision
+much increased the dislike of the poor to any regulations by which the
+bodies of their friends might be given up for dissection after death. It
+was felt that dissection by the Surgeons was part of the sentence passed
+on a murderer, and therefore carried with it shame and disgrace. To make
+provision by law, therefore, for the dissection of the bodies of any other
+class of persons was, not unnaturally, distasteful, in that it partly put
+them in the same position as murderers.
+
+The answer to the desire for the repeal of this obnoxious clause was that
+nothing must be done to weaken the law; it was stated that to withdraw the
+part of the sentence which related to dissection would rob the punishment
+of its prohibitive effect. It is somewhat difficult to understand the
+argument; surely if the risk of suffering the extreme penalty of the law
+would not keep a man from crime, the extra chance of being dissected after
+death could hardly be expected to do so. As Sir Henry Halford said, "I
+certainly think that while that law remains they [the public] will connect
+the crime of murder with the practice of dissection; an order to be
+dissected, and a permission to be dissected, seem to be too slight a
+distinction."
+
+Another objection to the dissection of murderers came from the teachers.
+They stated that when the body of a notorious criminal was lying at either
+of the Anatomical Schools, the proprietor was pestered by persons of a
+morbid turn of mind for permission to view the body. This difficulty was
+also felt by the College of Surgeons, and in consequence a placard was
+hung up outside the place where the dissections were made, giving notice
+that no person could be admitted, unless accompanied by a member of the
+Court of Assistants.
+
+To make dissection less distasteful to the general public, and to show the
+advantages of anatomy, some endeavours were made to explain the structure
+of the human body to non-professional persons. In Ireland Sir Philip
+Crampton lectured with open doors, and gave demonstrations in anatomy to
+poor people. These persons, he tells us, became interested in the subject,
+and often brought him bodies for dissection. A newspaper cutting of 1829
+shows that this was also tried in London. A surgeon called in the
+overseers and churchwardens of St. Clement Danes, and gave a demonstration
+on a body, explaining its construction, and the use of the internal
+organs. "By this means," says the paragraph, "he so fully absorbed the
+self-interest of his audience as to extinguish the pre-conceived notions
+of horror and disgust attached to the idea of a spectacle of this
+description. The enlightened governors of the parish assented to the _post
+mortem_ examination of the body of every unclaimed pauper, an enquiry into
+whose case might appear conducive to the interests of medical science."
+
+It has been already pointed out that, to try to overcome the repugnance to
+dissection, some persons left specific instructions that their bodies
+should be used for this purpose.
+
+The representations of the teachers were so far successful, that in 1828 a
+Select Committee was appointed by the House of Commons "to enquire into
+the manner of obtaining subjects for dissection in the Schools of Anatomy,
+and into the state of the law affecting the persons employed in obtaining
+and dissecting bodies." Amongst those who gave evidence before the
+Committee were the principal teachers of anatomy, and three of the
+resurrection-men. The tone of the Report was decidedly in sympathy with
+the teachers, but it strongly condemned the way in which they were
+compelled to obtain bodies for dissection. After showing how badly off
+English students were for opportunities of learning anatomy, as compared
+with those of foreign countries, and pointing out that those students who
+really wished to master their art were compelled to go abroad, the Report
+proceeds: "These disadvantages affecting the teachers are such, that
+except in the most frequented schools, attached to the greater hospitals,
+few have been able to continue teaching with profit, and some private
+teachers have been compelled to give up their schools. To the evils
+enumerated it may be added, that it is distressing to men of good
+education and character to be compelled to resort, for their means of
+teaching, to a constant infraction of the laws of their country, and to be
+made dependent, for their professional existence, on the mercenary
+caprices of the most abandoned class in the community."
+
+In March, 1829, Mr. Warburton obtained leave to introduce into the House
+of Commons "A Bill for preventing the unlawful disinterment of human
+bodies, and for regulating Schools of Anatomy." In this Bill it was
+enacted that persons found guilty of disinterring any human body from any
+churchyard, burial-ground or vault, or assisting at any such disinterment,
+should be imprisoned for a term not exceeding six months for the first
+offence, and two years for the second offence. Seven Commissioners were to
+be appointed; the majority of these were not to be either physicians,
+surgeons, or apothecaries. All unclaimed bodies of persons dying in
+workhouses or hospitals, were, seventy-two hours after death, to be given
+over for purposes of dissection; but if within this specified time a
+relative appeared and requested that the body might not be used for
+anatomical purposes, such request was to be granted. Another proposed
+change in the law was that a person might legally bequeath his body for
+dissection; in such cases the executors, administrators, or next-of-kin
+had the option of carrying out the wishes of the testator, or declining to
+do so, as they thought fit. A heavy penalty was laid on persons who were
+found carrying on human anatomy in an unlicensed building, and it was made
+an offence to move a body from one place to another, without a licence for
+so doing. All bodies used for dissection were to be buried; the penalty
+for failing to do this was fifty pounds.
+
+One great blot on this Bill was the neglecting to repeal the clause which
+ordered the bodies of murderers to be given up for dissection. As pointed
+out on page 87, this was one of the great reasons which made dissection so
+hateful to the poor. During the debate, a motion was made by Sir R. Inglis
+"to repeal so much of the Act 9 Geo. IV. cap. 31, as empowers judges to
+order the bodies of murderers to be given over for dissection." This,
+however, was lost, eight members only voting for the amendment, and forty
+against.
+
+There was strong opposition to the Bill outside the House. Some of the
+private teachers were very uneasy as regarded the effect of the Bill on
+themselves. The measure spoke of "recognized teachers" and "hospital
+schools," and all those who were to be entitled to the benefits of the Act
+were to have licences from one of the Medical Corporations. The
+proprietors of the smaller schools felt that this would result in their
+extinction, and that the teaching would all pass to the large schools. In
+the country, too, there was strong opposition to the Bill, as
+practitioners there felt that they were excluded from any benefit. The
+_Lancet_, always ready in those days with a nickname, dubbed the measure
+"A Bill for Preventing Country Surgeons from Studying Anatomy." The
+College of Surgeons also petitioned against the Bill. The Council felt
+that the appointment of Commissioners, who were to have complete control
+over all schools and places of dissection, would greatly interfere with
+the privileges of the College. It was pointed out to the House of Commons
+that the establishment of a Board, such as that proposed by the Bill, was
+virtually placing the whole profession of surgery under the control of
+Commissioners, not one of whom need be a member of the profession, and the
+majority of whom must not be so.
+
+Another fault of the Bill was that it did not apply to Ireland. A large
+supply of bodies was regularly sent from that country to England and
+Scotland, and it was felt that to exclude Ireland from the provisions of
+the Bill, was simply increasing the temptation for bodies to be still more
+largely exported therefrom.
+
+It was also argued that the Bill would tell hardly against the poor, as
+they would refuse to go into workhouses or hospitals if they thought that
+their bodies would be dissected after death. For this objection there was
+no foundation, and Mr. Peel pointed out, in the debate on the third
+reading, that "it was the poor who would really be benefited by the
+measure. The rich could always command good advice, whilst the poor had a
+strong interest in the general extension of anatomical science."
+
+The Bill passed the Commons, but was lost in the Lords.
+
+In 1830, Lord Calthorpe was to have again introduced the Bill into the
+Upper House, but the intention was abandoned on account of the threatened
+dissolution of Parliament. As the _Lancet_ expressed it, "Dissolution has
+so many horrors, that a discussion on the _subject_ at the present time
+would be by no means agreeable."
+
+Public feeling was now very strong in favour of some law to prevent the
+wholesale spoliation of graves, which was going on practically unchecked.
+But, as has happened frequently in legislation, the absolute necessity for
+a change in the law was brought within the range of practical politics by
+a crime of a most diabolical character, one which, in this country,
+created a sensation equal to that raised in Scotland by the atrocities of
+Burke and Hare in Edinburgh.
+
+On November 5th, 1831, two men, named Bishop and May, called at the
+dissecting-room at King's College, and asked Hill, the porter, if he
+"wanted anything." On being interrogated as to what they had to dispose
+of, May replied, "A boy of fourteen." For this body they asked 12
+guineas, but ultimately agreed to bring it in for 9 guineas. They went
+off, and returned in the afternoon with another man named Williams,
+_alias_ Head, and a porter named Shields, the latter of whom carried the
+body in a hamper. The appearance of the subject excited Hill's suspicion
+of foul play, and he at once communicated with Mr. Partridge, the
+Demonstrator of Anatomy. A further examination of the body by Mr.
+Partridge confirmed the porter's suspicions.[21] To delay the men, so that
+the police might be communicated with, Mr. Partridge produced a £50 note,
+and said that he could not pay until he had changed it. Soon after, the
+police officers appeared upon the scene, and the men were given into
+custody. At the coroner's inquest a verdict of "Wilful murder against some
+person or persons unknown" was brought in, the jury adding that there was
+strong suspicion against Bishop and Williams. The prisoners were not
+allowed to go free, but were kept in custody. Bishop, Williams, and May
+were tried at the Old Bailey, December, 1831. The evidence given against
+them showed that they had tried to sell the body at Guy's Hospital; being
+refused there, they tried Mr. Grainger, at his Anatomical Theatre, but
+with no success. Then they tried King's, where their crime was detected.
+The body was proved to be that of an Italian boy, named Carlo Ferrari, who
+obtained his living by showing white mice. The boy's teeth had been
+extracted, and it was proved that they had been sold by one of the
+prisoners to Mr. Mills, a dentist, for twelve shillings. The jury found
+all three prisoners guilty, and they were sentenced to death.
+
+From the subsequent confessions of Bishop and Williams, it was shown that
+they had enticed the boy to their dwelling in Nova Scotia Gardens; there
+they drugged him with opium, and then let his body into a well, where they
+kept it until he was suffocated. To the last the prisoners declared that
+the deceased was not the Italian boy, but a lad from Lincolnshire. They
+seem to have had great difficulty in disposing of the body, as Bishop, in
+his confession, said that, before taking it to Guy's, they had tried Mr.
+Tuson and Mr. Carpue, both in vain. Bishop and Williams confessed, also,
+to the murder of a woman named Fanny Pigburn, and a boy, whose name was
+supposed to be Cunningham. Both of these bodies they sold for dissection.
+May was respited, and was sentenced to transportation for life. On hearing
+of his respite, May went into a fit, and for some time his life was
+despaired of; he, however, partially recovered, but his feeble state of
+health was aggravated by the annoyance he received from the other convicts
+on board the hulks. He died on board the _Grampus_ in 1832.
+
+May can hardly be described as even a minor poet, if the following verse,
+written whilst in prison, may be taken as a fair sample of his
+compositions:
+
+  "James May is doomed to die,
+  And is condemned most innocently;
+  The God above, He knows the same,
+  And will send a mitigation for his pain."
+
+At the execution of Bishop and Williams, there was a scene of the most
+tremendous excitement. By some mistake, three chains hung from the
+gallows; one was taken away as soon as the error was noticed, and this was
+recognized by the crowd as a sign that May had been reprieved.
+
+The _Weekly Dispatch_ sold upwards of 50,000 copies of the number which
+contained the confessions of the murderers. Many persons were injured in
+the crowd, and the _Dispatch_ states that those who were hurt were
+attended to "by Mr. Birkett, the dresser to Mr. Vincent, who had been in
+attendance [at St. Bartholomew's Hospital] to receive any accident that
+might be brought in."
+
+Bishop was the son of a carrier between London and Highgate, and on the
+death of his father he succeeded to the business. This he soon sold, and
+became an informer. He got mixed up with some of the resurrection-men, and
+then regularly took to the occupation. Williams, _alias_ Head, was
+Bishop's brother-in-law, and was a well-known member of the
+resurrection-gang.
+
+In the _Weekly Dispatch_ for December 11th, 1831, the following curious
+information respecting Williams appeared:
+
+"EXCISE COURT.--YESTERDAY.
+
+"THE KING _v._ THOMAS HEAD, _alias_ WILLIAMS, THE MURDERER.--The Court was
+occupied during a great part of the morning in hearing the evidence in
+the case of Head, _alias_ Williams (who was hung with Bishop) for carrying
+on an illicit trade in the manufacture of glass. It appeared that the
+deceased was a _Cribb Man_, or regular porter, to private glass blowers.
+There were found on the premises at No. 2, Nova Scotia Gardens (the scene
+of the late murders), a regular furnace, and all the necessary apparatus
+for the manufacture of glass, which trade it appears was carried on to a
+very considerable extent on the premises. Alexander M'Knight, an officer
+of Excise, deposed that on the 6th of August last, he went to No. 2, Nova
+Scotia Gardens, and made a seizure of 68 cwt. of manufactured glass, 24
+cwt. of cullet, and 16 cwt. of iron, articles used in the manufacture of
+glass. In about half-an-hour afterwards he saw Williams come out of
+Bishop's yard; Williams spoke to witness, and called him by an opprobrious
+name for having made the seizure. Judgment 'abated,' the goods to be
+returned to the Excise Office to be condemned."
+
+May had been brought up as a butcher, but this trade he gave up, and
+became possessed of a horse and cart with which he was supposed to ply
+for hire. The real business of the vehicle, however, seems to have been to
+convey bodies from place to place for the Resurrectionists. Shields, the
+porter to the gang, had been watchman and grave-digger at the Roman
+Catholic Chapel in Moorfields, so that he was most useful to the other
+Resurrectionists in giving information, and in granting facilities for the
+removal of bodies. No evidence was offered against him in connection with
+the murder of the Italian boy. Soon after the trial he attempted to get
+work as a porter in Covent Garden Market, but on his being recognized by
+those working there, a shout of "Burker!" was raised, and Shields narrowly
+escaped with his life, and took refuge in the Police Office.
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN HEAD, _alias_ THOMAS WILLIAMS. JOHN BISHOP. Executed
+December 5, 1831. From Drawings by W. H. CLIFT, made directly after the
+execution.]
+
+
+This one incident as regards Shields gives an idea of the public feeling
+towards the resurrection-men, and that feeling was quite as bitter towards
+the anatomists. It was therefore absolutely necessary that some determined
+steps should be taken as regards legislation.
+
+In December, 1831, Mr. Warburton again introduced a Bill into the House of
+Commons; it passed safely through both Houses, and became law on August
+1st, 1832. By this new Act the Secretary of State for the Home Department
+in Great Britain, and the Chief Secretary in Ireland, were empowered to
+grant licences for anatomical purposes to any person lawfully qualified to
+practise medicine, to any professor or teacher of anatomy, and to students
+attending any school of medicine, on an application signed by two justices
+of the peace, who could certify that the applicant intended to carry on
+the practice of anatomy. It was enacted that executors, or other persons
+having lawful possession of a body (provided they were not undertakers, or
+persons to whom the body had been handed over for purposes of interment),
+might give it up for dissection unless the deceased had expressed a wish
+during his life that his body should not be so used, or unless a known
+relative objected to the body being given up. If a person had expressed a
+wish to be dissected, this wish was to be carried out unless the relatives
+raised any objection. No body might be moved for anatomical purposes until
+forty-eight hours after death, nor until the expiration of a twenty-four
+hours' notice to the Inspector of Anatomy; a proper death certificate had
+also to be signed by the medical attendant before the body could be moved.
+Provision was made for the decent removal of all bodies, and for their
+burial in consecrated ground, or in some public burial-ground in use for
+persons of that religious persuasion to which the person, whose body was
+so removed, belonged. A certificate of the interment was to be sent to the
+Inspector within six weeks after the day on which the body was received.
+No licensed person was to be liable to any prosecution, penalty,
+forfeiture, or punishment for having a body in his possession for
+anatomical purposes according to the provisions of the Act.
+
+Perhaps the most important clause was that which did away with the
+dissection of the bodies of murderers. This was done by Section XVI.,
+which ran as follows:
+
+"And whereas an Act was passed in the Ninth Year of the Reign of His late
+Majesty, for consolidating and amending the Statutes in England relative
+to Offences against the Person, by which latter Act it is enacted, that
+the Body of every Person convicted of Murder shall, after Execution,
+either be dissected or hung in Chains, as to the Court which tried the
+Offender shall deem meet; and that the Sentence to be pronounced by the
+Court shall express that the Body of the Offender shall be dissected or
+hung in Chains, whichever of the Two the Court shall order. Be it enacted,
+That so much of the said last-recited Act as authorizes the Court, if it
+shall see fit, to direct that the Body of a Person convicted of Murder
+shall after Execution, be dissected, be and the same is hereby repealed:
+and that in every case of Conviction of any Prisoner for Murder, the Court
+before which such Prisoner shall have been tried shall direct such
+Prisoner either to be hung in Chains or buried within the Precincts of the
+Prison in which such Prisoner shall have been confined after conviction,
+as to such Court shall deem meet; and that the sentence to be pronounced
+by the Court shall express that the body of such Prisoner shall be hung in
+Chains, or buried within the Precincts of the Prison, whichever of the two
+the Court shall order."
+
+Three Inspectors were appointed to carry out the provisions of the Act.
+The first Inspectors were Dr. J. C. Somerville, for England; Dr. Craigie,
+of Edinburgh, for Scotland; and Sir James Murray, of Dublin, for Ireland.
+There was no provision for punishing persons found violating graves; it
+had been already decided that this was an offence at common law; and
+presumably the framers of the Act had, at last, sufficient faith in their
+measure to believe that it would put an end to the proceedings of the
+resurrection-men. If that were so, they were not disappointed. After the
+passing of the Act the resurrection-man, as such, drops out of history;
+his occupation was gone, and one of the most nefarious trades that the
+world has ever seen came completely to an end. Public feeling against
+these men did not all at once subside; this strongly militated against
+their getting employment, and some of them moved to other quarters, where
+they lived under assumed names.
+
+In looking back it is impossible not to regret that Parliament was so slow
+to believe that legislation in the direction of the Anatomy Act would do
+away with the evils of the resurrection-men. This fact was urged upon them
+by the teachers; but popular feeling was so dead against the anatomists,
+who were thought to be responsible for even the worst crimes of the
+resurrection-men, that Parliament seemed to fear to do anything which
+favoured the teachers, although the great disadvantages under which they
+suffered were thoroughly well known. Perhaps the best tribute to the
+success of the Act, is the very small alterations which have been made in
+it between 1832 and the present day.
+
+A glance at the regulations in force in foreign countries for the supply
+of bodies, at the time of the passing of the Anatomy Act, shows that when
+a fair provision was made by law for the supply of bodies, the
+resurrection-men were unknown. The great advantages of the student on the
+Continent, as compared with his brethren in England, were thus pointed out
+to the Committee by Mr. [afterwards Sir] William Lawrence: "I see many
+medical persons from France, Germany, and Italy, and have found, from my
+intercourse with them, that anatomy is much more successfully cultivated
+in those countries than in England; at the same time I know, from their
+numerous valuable publications on anatomy, that they are far before us in
+this science; we have no original standard works at all worthy of the
+present state of knowledge." It was also shown that this fact was chiefly
+the result of the greater opportunities for getting subjects abroad, and
+that teachers found that those English students who had been to foreign
+schools were the best informed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Before the Revolution in France the hospitals of Paris were supported by
+voluntary contributions, and each had separate funds and Boards of
+Management, similar to the hospitals in London at the present day. At the
+Revolution these Boards were consolidated, and one administrative body was
+formed. This "Administration des Hôpitaux, Hospices et Secours à Domicile
+de Paris," carried into effect the law passed by the Legislative Assembly,
+that the bodies of all those persons who died in hospitals, which were
+unclaimed within twenty-four hours after death, should be given up for
+anatomical purposes. The distribution from the hospitals to the medical
+schools was systematically carried out, generally at night. By Art. 360
+of the Penal Code, the punishment for violation of a place of sepulture
+was imprisonment for a term varying from three months to a year, and a
+fine of from 60 to 200 francs. The result of these regulations was that
+exhumation for anatomical purposes was quite unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Germany the bodies of persons who died in prisons, or penitentiaries,
+and those of suicides, were given up for dissection, unless the friends of
+the deceased cared to pay a certain sum to the funds of the school; in
+this case the body was handed over to the friends. Other sources of supply
+were the bodies of those persons who died without leaving sufficient to
+pay the cost of burial, poor people who had been supported at the public
+cost, all persons executed, and public women. Although these regulations
+were not rigorously carried out, there was an ample supply of bodies for
+anatomical purposes, and the resurrection-men were unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Austria, if the medical attendant thought necessary, a _post mortem_
+was made on all patients who died in hospital, but only unclaimed bodies
+were used for dissection; these were given up to the teachers forty-eight
+hours after death. In Vienna the supply came from the General Hospital;
+this was sufficient for all purposes, and there was no recourse to
+exhumation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The supply in Italy came from a source similar to that of the other
+countries named. The rule was that all bodies of persons who died in
+hospital were given up for dissection if required; but, by paying the cost
+of the funeral, friends could, if they wished, take away the body. This,
+however, was seldom done. There was generally a sufficient supply of
+bodies; but, if this ran short, the subjects were obtained from "the
+deposit" of poor people who died and were buried at the public cost. In
+every parish church in Italy there was a chamber in which all the dead
+bodies of the poor were deposited during the day-time, after the religious
+ceremonies had been performed over them in the church; at night these
+bodies were removed either to the dissecting-room or to the burial-fields,
+outside the town. Body-snatching was quite unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There was an ample supply of bodies in Portugal from similar sources.
+Mortality was very high amongst infants, who were put into _roda_, or
+foundling cradles; the bodies of these children could be obtained without
+any difficulty. In Portugal the resurrection-man did not exist.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Holland there was no lack of material for teaching anatomy, and for
+students to learn operative surgery on the dead body. The Dissecting
+School at Leyden was supplied from the civil hospitals at Amsterdam. There
+was no prejudice against dissection in Holland; in all the principal towns
+lectures on anatomy were publicly given, and dissected subjects were
+exhibited. Here, again, exhumation was not necessary, and was unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the United States the laws relating to anatomy varied very considerably
+in the different States; there was no regular supply for the schools, and,
+consequently, subjects had to be obtained by the aid of resurrection-men.
+In Philadelphia and Baltimore, the two great Medical Schools of the United
+States in those days, the supply of bodies was obtained almost entirely
+from the "Potter's Field," the burial-place of the poorest classes. This
+exhumation was carried on by an understanding with the authorities that
+the men employed by the schools in this work should not be interfered
+with. Dissection in the United States was, as in this country, looked upon
+with great aversion; this was, no doubt, mainly owing to the fact that the
+bodies used for this purpose were obtained from the graves.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+The Diary of a Resurrectionist is written on 16 leaves, but is,
+unfortunately, imperfect. The first entry is November 28th, 1811, and the
+last December 5th, 1812. There are no entries in May, June, and July;
+during these months there would be little demand for subjects, as the
+sessions of the Anatomical Schools ran from October to May. Besides this,
+the light nights would interfere with the work of the men. The entry under
+the date February 25th refers to this: "the moon at the full, could not
+go." The state of the moon was of great importance to these men in their
+work; the writer of the Diary has on one of the pages copied out the
+"Rules for finding the moon on any given day," and has set out the epact
+for 1812 and 1813.
+
+There is no clue in the Diary itself as to the name of the writer, and,
+unfortunately, Sir Thomas Longmore[22] was quite unable to remember the
+name of the individual from whom he received it. Feeling was very strong
+against the men who had been engaged in the resurrection business, and
+therefore, when information was required from them, every effort was made
+to keep their names secret. As late as 1843, when the _Life of Sir Astley
+Cooper_ was published, the name of this man was carefully concealed,
+though most of the other members of the gang were freely spoken of under
+their full names. Bransby Cooper[23] quotes a written statement made by
+this man to the effect that he was in Maidstone Gaol in October, 1813.
+Enquiry at the gaol has, however, failed to find any mention of him; the
+original document is not forthcoming, and it is very probable that there
+is a mistake as regards the date. In this statement he is called Josh.
+N----, and Bransby Cooper speaks of him as N. There is a letter on
+"Body-snatchers" in the _Medical Times_, 1883, vol. i. p. 343, signed,
+"Your Old Correspondent"; the writer of the letter was, in all
+probability, Mr. T. Madden Stone, who had been a correspondent of the
+journal in question from the time of its foundation. Mr. Stone had a
+valuable collection of papers and autographs, and his letter is really a
+reprint of a paper in his possession relating to payments made to the
+resurrection-men. In it occurs the following passage: "N.B., Sir Astley
+Cooper great friend to Naples." Mr. Stone presented a large number of
+papers and letters to the Royal College of Surgeons, but this particular
+one is not in the collection. It is curious that Bransby Cooper makes no
+special mention of Naples in his book, although he gives an account of all
+the other men with whom Sir Astley had any dealings. He gives a long
+notice of "N.," and mentions that he wrote the Diary from which quotations
+are made; this is the document now under consideration.
+
+The witness "C. D.," who was examined before the Committee on Anatomy in
+1828, was, in all probability, Naples; he gave statistics to show the
+number of bodies obtained, and stated that the figures were taken "from my
+book." The letters "C. D." are not given as initials; the three
+resurrection-men who gave evidence were distinguished as "A. B.," "C. D.,"
+and "F. G." The testimony was probably given on the condition that no
+names were revealed, and, therefore, definite information cannot be
+obtained as to "C. D.'s" real name from the House of Commons.
+
+On one page of the Diary is written "Miss Naples." This does not prove
+much, as the names of several other females are mentioned; not, however,
+in any connection with the business. The entries look as though the writer
+had amused himself by scribbling them down, and then crossing them out
+again. "Miss Naples" is the only one not crossed through.
+
+It is known that the man described as N---- by Bransby Cooper was on board
+the _Excellent_ in the action off Cape St. Vincent. In the muster-book of
+the _Excellent_ for 1797 Josh. Naples is down as an A.B.: he is there
+stated to have been born at Deptford, and to have been 21 years of age in
+1795. This seems conclusively to prove that Naples was the man who wrote
+the Diary.
+
+The men who composed the gang at the time the Diary was written are, in
+that document, nearly always spoken of by their Christian names. Their
+names are Ben [Crouch], Bill [Harnett], Jack [Harnett], Daniel,[24]
+Butler, Tom [Light], and Holliss. This gang, whose doings are recorded in
+the Diary, was the chief one in the Metropolis in the early part of the
+present century. The account, therefore, of the proceedings of these men
+gives a good idea of the work of the body-snatchers in general. Honour
+amongst thieves was not the motto of the resurrection-men; they seem to
+have been ever ready to sell or cheat their comrades, if a favourable
+opportunity presented itself.
+
+For the accompanying biographical notes of the men mentioned in the Diary
+the writer is indebted chiefly to the account given of them by Bransby
+Cooper.[25]
+
+Ben Crouch, the leader of the gang, was the son of a carpenter, who worked
+at Guy's Hospital. He was a tall, powerful, athletic man, with coarse
+features, marked with the small-pox, and was well known as a
+prize-fighter. He used to dress in very good clothes, and wore a profusion
+of gold rings, and had a large bunch of seals dangling at his fob. He was
+tried for stealing cloth from Watling Street, but was able to successfully
+prove an _alibi_. Bransby Cooper states that Crouch was seldom drunk, but
+when he was in that state he was most abusive and domineering; the Diary
+shows him in more than one of these attacks. He was sharp enough to be
+always sober on settling-up nights, and so had a distinct advantage over
+his comrades; by this means he generally managed to get more than his
+proper share of the proceeds of their horrible work. About 1817 he gave up
+the resurrection business, and occupied himself chiefly in dealing in
+teeth; in this he was joined by Jack Harnett. They obtained licences as
+sutlers, so that they might be allowed as camp-followers, both in France
+and Spain. A large supply of teeth was thus obtained by them, their plan
+being to draw the sound teeth of as many dead men as possible on the night
+after a battle. They did not limit their attention to teeth, but made
+large sums of money by stealing valuables from the persons of those who
+had fallen in battle--proceedings which were even more brutal than their
+former resurrectionist practices. With the money he had thus made, Crouch
+built a large hotel at Margate, which at first looked like being a paying
+concern. The nature of his former occupation, however, leaked out, and
+ruined his business; he then parted with the property at a great
+sacrifice. Subsequently he became very poor, and, whilst Harnett was away
+in France, Crouch appropriated some of his property; for this he was
+sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment. After this he lived in London,
+in great poverty, and was ultimately found dead in the top room of a
+public-house near Tower Hill. It is very probable that at one time he made
+money by lending to the medical students. In his "Confessions of a
+Dissecting-room Porter," before alluded to, Albert Smith says, "I beg you
+will look at your watches, if you have not already lent them to Uncle
+Crouch."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Bill Harnett was a favourite with Astley Cooper and Henry Cline. With the
+exception of a fondness for gin, he seems to have been a more respectable
+man than one would have expected to find in such company. He was very
+obliging, and could generally be trusted to carry out his promises.
+Bransby Cooper states that Bill Harnett and "N." objected to Crouch, and
+often worked against him; in the Diary they will be all found working
+together, though there is recorded at least one "row" with Crouch. Bill
+Harnett was a good boxer, and fought Ben Crouch at Wimbledon; he had
+previously received an injury to his jaw, and Crouch hit him a severe blow
+on this part, which decided the fight in Crouch's favour. Harnett died in
+St. Thomas' Hospital of consumption. Like Southey's "Surgeon," he had a
+great horror of being dissected, and on his death-bed he obtained a
+promise from Mr. Joseph Henry Green that his body should not be opened.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Jack Harnett was a nephew of Bill; he is described as a stout, red-haired,
+ill-looking fellow, uncouth in his address and manner of speech. Like his
+partner, Crouch, he seems to have been fond of display in the matter of
+jewellery. But, unlike Crouch, he did not lose the money he had made, and
+at his death left nearly £6,000 to his family.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Butler was originally a porter in the dissecting-room at St. Thomas'.
+Bransby Cooper describes him as "a short, stout, good-tempered man, with a
+laughing eye and Sancho-Panza sort of expression." He was a clever
+articulator, and dealt largely in bones and teeth. Afterwards he set up as
+a dentist in Liverpool; but his dissolute habits were his ruin, and he was
+obliged to fly from his creditors. Butler was sentenced to death for
+robbing the Edinburgh mail, but his execution was postponed. During this
+delay he obtained the skeleton of a horse, and articulated it in the
+prison. The Austrian Archdukes John and Lewis were at that time in this
+kingdom, and, on visiting the prison in Edinburgh, were shown this
+skeleton; they were so pleased with the man's handiwork that they obtained
+his pardon from the Prince Regent. After his release, Butler was never
+heard of again by any of his old comrades or employers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Tom Light is not mentioned by Bransby Cooper by name; he gives an account
+of a resurrection-man whom he calls "L----," but whether this notice
+refers to Light or not cannot be definitely determined. In all
+probability L---- and Light are identical; Cooper speaks of the former as
+being so unreliable that his comrades could never trust him. Tom Light
+seems to have had a happy knack of escaping justice; on p. 92 will be
+found an account of his being acquitted, even when taken with the bodies
+in his possession. He does not seem to have worked regularly with Crouch's
+gang; at Hatton Garden Police Court he appeared as T. Light, _alias_ John
+Jones, _alias_ Thomas Knight, in October, 1812, and it was stated against
+him that he had lately been convicted at the Middlesex Sessions of
+stealing dead bodies for dissection, but he had evaded standing his trial,
+in consequence of which the Bench issued a warrant against him. The
+particular charge on which he was now brought before the magistrates was
+that, with Patrick Harnell,[26] one of his bail, he had been found in the
+act of stealing three dead bodies from the parish burial-ground of St.
+Pancras, or St. Giles, which were separated only by a wall. The men were
+apprehended by the horse patrol of the Hampstead and Highgate district.
+There was some difficulty in carrying on the case, as, until it was
+determined from which burial-ground the bodies had been taken, it could
+not be said which parish was the real prosecutor. Light attempted to
+escape, but was secured. The newspaper adds, "and, from the frequency of
+such offences, strong indignation was excited in the neighbourhood, from
+whence a crowd attended at the office."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Holliss was originally a sexton, and, like so many of his class, came into
+the pay of the Resurrectionists; at last his demands became so exorbitant
+that the resurrection-men refused to pay him, and informed his employers
+of what had been taking place. He was at once dismissed, and, having no
+other means of livelihood, he joined the resurrection-men. He saved money,
+and afterwards purchased a hackney coach, which he himself drove. Like
+most of his companions, Holliss came to a bad end. Harnett, the younger,
+had been to France, and had brought away with him a large number of
+teeth, which he valued at £700; these he entrusted to his daughter, who
+left them in a hackney carriage. The driver found the teeth, and, not
+knowing how to dispose of them, consulted his friend, Holliss. Holliss
+offered £5 for the teeth, and promised an extra sum if they sold well.
+Harnett had made known his loss to Holliss, so that he knew perfectly well
+to whom the teeth belonged. Thinking that he could make more money by
+selling them privately than by trusting to a reward from Harnett, he began
+to dispose of the teeth to dentists. Harnett made enquiries of some of his
+customers as to whether they had lately been offered teeth for sale, and
+was shown some lately purchased from Holliss; these he was able to
+identify. Holliss was at once given into custody, and was tried at
+Croydon; he escaped transportation through a flaw in the indictment.
+Whilst he was in gaol awaiting his trial, Harnett seized Holliss' house
+and all his household furniture for a debt of £83. Holliss was afterwards
+mixed up in a horse-stealing case, and ultimately died in great poverty
+and wretchedness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"N." or Joseph Naples, the writer of the Diary, is described by Bransby
+Cooper as "a civil and well conducted man, slight in person, with a
+pleasing expression of countenance, and of respectful manners." He was the
+son of a respectable stationer and bookbinder, and in early life went as a
+sailor into the King's service. He was for some time on board the
+_Excellent_, and served in that vessel in the engagement off Cape St.
+Vincent.[27] Then he returned to England, and, having spent all his
+prize-money, went on a vessel cruising about the Channel. From this he ran
+away and came back to London; here he obtained a situation as grave-digger
+to the Spa Fields burial-ground. A man named White enticed Naples into the
+resurrectionist business; this soon caused him to lose his situation.
+White was stopped by the patrols, and a body was found in his possession.
+He managed to escape, but it was proved that the body had been taken from
+Spa Fields, and Naples was sentenced to two years' imprisonment. He
+escaped, with another prisoner, from the House of Correction by making an
+opening through a skylight in the roof, and afterwards scaling the outer
+walls of the prison by means of a rope.
+
+He was retaken through information given against him by Crouch, and it was
+only by the mediation of Sir Astley Cooper with the Secretary of State
+that Naples escaped additional punishment. In the list of prisoners
+written out by himself, and printed by Bransby Cooper (_Life_, vol. 1. p.
+423), Naples thus describes himself: "Jos{h}. N----[28] 'Resurgam Hommo,'
+for trial."
+
+The writing and spelling in the Diary show him to have been a man of
+superior education to most of his class. He continued in the
+resurrectionist business up to the time of the passing of the Anatomy Act,
+when he was taken on as a servant in the dissecting-room of St. Thomas'
+Hospital.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is considerable difficulty in identifying many of the burial-grounds
+from which bodies are said in the Diary to have been stolen. Many of these
+were private, and the name mentioned is probably either that of the
+proprietor or of the care-taker. No doubt, too, some of the names are
+slang terms which are quite forgotten at the present day.[29]
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE OF PAGE OF DIARY.]
+
+
+
+
+THE DIARY
+
+     [The spelling of the Diary has been preserved in the reprint, but as
+     there is no attempt at punctuation in the original, stops have here
+     been added to make some of the entries more intelligible. The
+     writer's capital letters, too, have not been strictly followed in the
+     reprint.]
+
+
+1811 NOVEMBER.
+
+_Thursday 28th._ At night went out and got 3, Jack & me Hospital Crib,[30]
+Benj{n}, Danl & Bill to Harpers,[31] Jack & me 1 big Gates,[32] sold 1
+Taunton D{o} S{t} Thomas's.
+
+_Friday 29th._ At night went out and got 3, Jack, Ben & me got 2, Bethnall
+Green, Bill & Dan{l}. 1 Bartholo{w}. Crib opened;[33] whole at Barth{w}.
+
+_Saturday 30th._ At night went and got 3 Bunhill Row, sold to Mr. Cline,
+S{t}. Thomas's Hospital.
+
+
+REMARKS, &C., DECEMBER, 1811.
+
+_Sunday 1st._ We all look{d}. out,[34] at Home all night.
+
+_Monday 2nd._ Met at S{t}. Thomas's, Got paid for the 3 adults & settled;
+met and settled with Mordecei,[35] made Him up £2 5s. 6d. and Receipt of
+all demands. At Home all night.
+
+_Tuesday 3rd._ Went to look out and brought the Shovils from Barthol{w}.,
+Met early in the evening at Mr. Vickers,[36] did not go out that night,
+Butler and me came home intoxsicated.
+
+_Wednesday 4th._ At night went out and got 10, whole[37] went to Green[38]
+and got 4, Black Crib 1, Bunner[39] fields 5.
+
+_Thursday 5th._ The whole at home all night.
+
+_Friday 6th._ Removed 1 from Barthol. to Carpue.[40] At night went out and
+got 8, Dan{l}. at home all night. 6 Back S{t}. Lukes & 2 Big Gates: went 5
+Barthol. 1 Frampton[41] 3 S{t}. Thomas's, 3 Wilson.[42]
+
+_Saturday 7th._ At night went out & got 3 at Bunhill Row. 1 S{t}.
+Thomas's, 2 Brookes.[43]
+
+_Sunday 8th._ At home all night.
+
+_Monday 9th._ At night went out and got 4 at Bethnall Green.
+
+_Tuesday 10th._ Intoxsicated all day: at night went out & got 5 Bunhill
+Row. Jack all most buried.
+
+_Wednesday 11th._ Tom & Bill and me removed[44] 5 from S{t}. Barthol{w}.,
+2 Wilson, 2 Brookes, 1 Bell[45]; in the evening got 1 Harps,[46] went to
+S{t}. Thomas', at home all night.
+
+_Thursday 12th._ I went up to Brookes and Wilson, afterwards me Bill and
+Daniel went to Bethnall Green, got 2; Jack, Ben went got 2 large & 1 large
+small back S{t}. Luke's,[47] came home, afterwards met again & went to
+Bunhill row got 6, 1 of them with ----[48] named Mary Rolph, aged 46, Died
+5{th} Dec. 1811.
+
+_Friday 13th._ At Home all day & night.
+
+_Saturday 14th._ Went to Bartholomew took{d}. two Brookes: Pack{d} 4 and
+sent them to Edinborough, came Home to Ben{n}., settled £14 6s. 2-1/2d.
+each man, came home, got up at 2 me Jack & Bill went to Bunhill Row and
+got 3. Ben & Daniel staid at home.
+
+_Sunday 15th._ At home all day, Got up at 3 a.m. The whole party went to
+Harps, got 3, Went to S{t}. Thomas's.
+
+_Monday 16th._ At home all day & night Ill.
+
+_Tuesday 17th._ At home all day & do. night.
+
+_Wednesday 18th._ At Home all day & do. night.
+
+  Remember me when far away
+
+     [This line is written in the same way as the names mentioned on p.
+     127.]
+
+_Thursday 19th._ Went to Bartholomew, At home all night.
+
+_Friday 20th_. Went to S{t}. Thomas's, came home and went to the play,
+came home: at 3 A.M. got up and went to the Hospital Crib got 5 large.
+
+_Saturday 21st._ Went to S{t}. Thomas's sent 1 to Mr. Taunton,[49] 2 to
+Edinburgh, S{t}. Thomas's took 6 of the above this week, came home and
+stopt at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 22nd._ Went and look'd out, at 4 o'clock, got up, party went to
+Harps got 3 large and 2 small, the whole went to Barth{m}.
+
+_Monday 23rd._ Went for orders to Wilson and Brookes, Met Bill, Brought
+one to Carpue, Sent him back to bring 2 from Barthol{w}. 1 for Brookes, 1
+for Bell, Ben{n} and Jack got 5 small at Harpers.
+
+_Tuesday 24th._ At twelve at midnight a party went to Wygate got 3 small,
+came back and got 2 large at Newington, Came home then settled at Ben{n},
+Each man's share £8 16s. 8d., at home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 25th._ At Home all day and night.
+
+_Thursday 26th._ At Home all day and night.
+
+_Friday 27th._ Went to look out, Came home met Ben and Dan{l} at 5
+o'clock, went to Harps, got 1 large and took it to Jack's house, Jack,
+Bill and Tom not with us, Geting drunk.
+
+_Saturday 28th._ At 4 o'clock in the morning got up, with the whole party
+to Guy's and S{t}. Thomas's Crib, got 6 took them to S{t}. Thomas's. Came
+home and met at Thomas's again, pack{d}. up 3 for Edinbro, took one over
+to Guys.
+
+_Sunday 29th._ At home all day and night.
+
+_Monday 30th._ Butler and Dan{l}, took 1 large to Framton, large small to
+Hornig.
+
+_Tuesday 31st._ Met at the Harty Choak,[50] had dispute about the horse.
+
+
+REMARKS, &C., JANUARY, 1812.
+
+_Wednesday 1st._ Got up at 3 in the morning, the whole party went to Guys
+and S{t}. Thomas', got 3 adults, 1 from Guy's and 2 from S{t}. Thomas',
+took them to S{t}. Thomas', came home and met again, took one of the above
+to Guy's, settled for the Horse £24. At home all night. Miss Naples.[51]
+
+_Thursday 2nd._ Went down to S{t}. Thomas's, got paid £7 17 6 for one
+adult open D{o} not. Came home, met by agreement at S{t}. Thomas's, did
+not go out, Bill not there, Came home again, at home all night.
+
+_Friday 3rd._ Went to S{t}. Thomas's, took the Foetus to the London,
+Rec{d}. 10s. 6d. Came back to S{t}. Thomas's Rec{d}. £4 4s. 0d., Went
+home, Met by agreement, Went to the Green got 5, Jack, Ben{n} and me;
+Dan{l}. and Bill at home, took the above 5 to Barthol{w}. at home all
+night.
+
+_Saturday 4th._ Met at Bartholo{w}., they took 4 of the above, 1 sent to
+Edinburgh, 1 went to Brookes, Carpue and Wilson for orders, Came back, at
+home all night.
+
+_Sunday 5th._ At home all day. Met at 5, whole went to Newin.[52] got 3.
+Jack and me took them to Wilson, Came home, met at 12, got 5 & 2 small at
+Harps, afterwards went to the Big Gates, got 3 adults, left Dan{l}. at
+home, took the whole to Bartho{m}.
+
+_Monday 6th._ Went to Barth{w}., took 1 to the London, Jack & Tom 1 to
+Harnige, D{o} 1 to S{t}. Thomas's. Came home, in all night.
+
+_Tuesday 7th._ At home all day, Tom removed 1 from the borough to
+Bartholom{w}. fetched £2., from there took 2 to Mr. Wilson, D{o} to
+Brookes.
+
+_Wednesday 8th._ At 2 A.M. got up, the Party went to Harps, got 4 adults
+and 1 small, took 4 to S{t}. Thomas's, Came home went to Mr. Wilson &
+Brookes, Dan{l}. got paid £8 8 0 from Mr. Wilson I rec{d}. 9 9 0 from Mr.
+Brookes, Came over to the borough, sold small for £1 10 0, Rec{d}. £4 4 0
+for adult, At home all night.
+
+_Thursday 9th._ Went down to S{t}. Thomas's, got paid £8 8 0, 2 adults: at
+home all night.
+
+_Friday 10th._ Met at S{t}. Thomas's, settled each man's share £12 12 0, 3
+things[53] on hand.
+
+_Saturday 11th._ At 4 A.M. got up & went to the Hospital Crib, got 2
+adults, met at Barthol{w}., packed up 2 for the Country, sold 1 at S{t}.
+Thomas's: at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 12th._ At Home all day, at 11 p.m. met & the whole went to Wygate,
+got 2 adults & 2 small, afterwards went to the Green, got 2 large & 1
+large small,[54] Took them to Barthol{w}.
+
+_Monday 13th._ Took 2 of the above to Mr. Brookes & 1 large & 1 small to
+Mr. Bell, Foetus to Mr. Carpue, small to Mr. Framton, Large small to Mr.
+Cline. Met at 5, the party went to Newington, 2 adults. Took them to S{t}.
+Thomas's.
+
+_Tuesday 14th._ At 1 A.M. got up, Ben{n}., Bill & me went to S{t}. Luke's,
+2 adults; Jack, Dan{l}. Big Gates, 1 large & 1 small, took them to
+Barthol{w}., Came home & went to S{t}. Thomas's, afterwards went to the
+other end of the town for orders. At home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 15th._ Went to S{t}. Thomas's, Came back, pack'd up 2 large & 1
+small for Edinburgh. At home all night.
+
+_Thursday 16th._ The party met at the Hartichoak. Settled the above, Each
+man's share £8 4s. 7-1/2d. At home all night.
+
+_Friday 17th._ Went & look out: came home met at 11, party except Dan{l}.,
+Went to the Hospital Crib & got 4, was stopt by the patrols, Butler, Horse
+& Cart were taken.
+
+_Saturday 18th._ Went to the White horse, Butler bailed: at home all
+night.
+
+_Sunday 19th._ Went & look'd out, at home all night, Could not get the
+horse out of the Stable.
+
+_Monday 20th._ At home all day & night, Butler & Jack got drunk.
+
+_Tuesday 21st._ Look'd out, Jack & Butler drunk as before, hindred us of
+going out. At Home.
+
+_Wednesday 22nd._ At 4 o'clock in the morning got up, Bill & me went to
+the Hospital Crib and 1 for Mr. Cooper's[55] Lectures, had a dispute with
+the party, at home all night. Ben got drunk.
+
+_Thursday 23rd._ Met at 10 at night, went to Wygate, got 4 large and 1
+small, went to the Green got 3 large. Dan{l}, not with us.
+
+_Friday 24th._ Met at 11 at night. Met the patrols. Got one Hospital Crib
+and 6 at Bermondsey, took them to Barthol{w}., sent 3 to the Country.
+
+_Saturday 25th._ Met at Bartholomew. Took 1 to Mr. Carpue; S{t}.
+Barthol{w}. took 2: at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 26th._ Went to Big Gates to Look out, came home, at home all
+night.
+
+_Monday 27th._ At 2 o'clock in the morning got up, met the party except
+Dan{l}., Went to the Big gates, got 4 Took them to Barthol{w}., Afterwards
+met, took 1 to Mr. Cline, 2 to Mr. Wilson, came home. Tom & Bill got
+drunk, did not go out.
+
+_Tuesday 28th._ Went to Barthol{w}., could not sell, came back to the
+Borough & came home, at home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 29th._ Went to Bartho{w}. brought remaining 2 to S{t}.
+Thomas's, at home all night.
+
+_Thursday 30th._ Went to S{t}. Thomas's, at home all night.
+
+_Friday 31st._ Went to look out, at night went out, got 2 Guys & Thomas's,
+same night 3 Harps 2 small: same night the Cart broke down, took 2 to
+Guys.
+
+
+REMARKS, &C., FEB., 1812.
+
+_Saturday 1st._ Went to Barthol{w}., did not settle, at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 2nd._ Went to look out, met at 5 in the evening, went to the
+Green, got 7 large & 3 small and 3 foetus. Same night went to Wygate 4
+large & 2 small. Took them to Bartholomew.
+
+_Monday 3rd._ Went to Bartholomew, at home all night.
+
+_Tuesday 4th._ Met at Bartholomew, settled each man's share £21 9s. 4d.,
+Met at night, went to Guy's got 3 adults. Took them to Bartholomew: at
+home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 5th._ Went to Barthol{w}. Met at night. Got 5 at Newington.
+
+_Thursday 6th._ Went to St. Thomas's: at home all night.
+
+_Friday 7th._ Met together me & Butler went to Newington, thing bad.[56]
+Jack & Bill went to Goswell St.[57] got 1. Came home met again. Danl. Bill
+& me went to St. Johns got 2 adults. Ben{n} and Jack went to Flemish[58]
+got nothing, took 2 St. Thomas's.
+
+_Saturday 8th._ Went to St. Thomas's, at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 9th._ Went to Look out, at home all night.
+
+_Monday 10th._ Met. Went to St. James's. Got 9 large & 4 small, took them
+to Barthol{w}.
+
+_Tuesday 11th._ Went to Barthol{w}. Moved the things. At home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 12th._ Went to Look out, Met at night, went to St. Olives. Got
+2 adults and 1 Do Bermondsey, Took them to St. Thomas's.
+
+_Thursday 13th._ Met at St. Thomas's. At home all night.
+
+_Friday 14th._ Met by appointment, me & Jack went to Big gate got 4, the
+rest went to St. Luke's got 2, took them to Barthol{w}.
+
+_Saturday 15th._ Met at Barthol{w}. At home all night.
+
+_Sunday 16th._ Went to Look out, at home all night.
+
+_Monday 17th._ Met & went to Wiegate. Got 8 large & 1 small. Took them to
+St. Thomas's.
+
+_Tuesday 18th._ Met at St. Thomas's. Took 2 over to Guy's. Came home &
+settled each man's share £23 6s. 9d. On hand 2 open'd Large, 3 small & 3
+foetus not paid, at home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 19th._ At Home all day sick. John Harnet and Butler got drunk,
+at home all night.
+
+_Thursday 20th._ Met and went to Pancress[59] got 15 large & 1 small took
+them to Barthol{w}.
+
+_Friday 21st._ Met at Barthol{w}. Sold part, came home. Met at 2 a.m. went
+to St. Thomas's Crib. Got 3 large, met the Patrols, took 1 to St. Thomas's
+and 2 to Barthol{w}.
+
+_Saturday 22nd._ Met at Barthol{w}. Sent 7 into the Country, distributed
+the rest about town. At home all night.
+
+_Sunday 23rd._ At Home all day and night.
+
+_Monday 24th._ Bill Jack Tom and Ben{n} with Nat Ure Getting drunk oblige
+to Come Home in a Coach which prevented us going out to Harps.
+
+_Tuesday 25th._ At home all day, at Night met at Jack to go to Harps. the
+moon at the full, could not go.[60]
+
+_Wednesday 26th._ Went to look out. Could not go out Jack and Tom got
+drunk. Ben{n}. taken very ill.
+
+_Thursday 27th._ Went to St. Thomas's, sold the extremities. At night Tom
+& Bill got drunk at the Rockingham Arms, at Home all night.
+
+_Friday 28th._ Met at Jacks Got 4 large 1 Small and 1 Foetus, Harps.
+Took them to the London.
+
+_Saturday 29th._ Met at St. Thomas's at home all night.
+
+
+MARCH 1812.
+
+_Sunday 1st._ Met & went to the Big gates got 3. Took them to St.
+Thomas's, not settled.
+
+_Monday 2nd._ Met at Mr. Vickers, Jack & Tom went to the fight, at home
+all night.
+
+_Tuesday 3rd._ Went to St. Thomas's, at night went to Pencress got 8
+adults, 2 small and 2 foetus.
+
+_Wednesday 4th._ Met at Jack's & settled, at home all night.
+
+_Thursday 5th._ Went to St. Thomas's; at night early, went out & got 1 St.
+Thomas's Crib: at home all night.
+
+_Friday 6th._ Went to look out Big gates Green, at night got 1 Big gates.
+
+_Saturday 7th._ At Home all day and night.
+
+_Sunday 8th._ Met at Night, Jack, Tom & Dan{l}. went to Harps got 5 Large,
+Bill and me went to the Big gates, miss{d}.[61]
+
+_Monday 9th._ At Home all day and night.
+
+_Tuesday 10th._ Went to St. Thomas's & settled.
+
+_Wednesday 11th._ Went to the Big Gates to Look out, at night the party
+went to the above Place and again miss{d}., all got drunk.
+
+_Thursday 12th._ At Home all day & night.
+
+_Friday 13th._ Went to look out, met at night and went to Wiegate got 5
+large, also went to the Green got 8 large took them Bartholomew.
+
+_Saturday 14th._ Met at Barthol. sent 5 to Edinburgh, Mr. Wilson 3,
+Brookes 2, Barthol. 1. Settled each man's share £3 6 8. 2 on hand.[62]
+
+_Sunday 15th._ Went to Look out, at night went to St. John's, Got 1 Large
+and 1 Large Small, Burnt. Took the Large to Wilson, small to St. Thomas's.
+Paid Hollis £11 11 0 at the order of Miss Kay.
+
+_Monday 16th._ At Home all day went to Harps got 3 Large and 1 Large
+Small, 1 Small, and 1 Foetus, took 2 Large to St. Thomas's, 1 Large to
+Guy's, Large Small to Mr. Frampton and 1 small to Mr. Taunton. Mr.
+Frampton called at 7 in the evening.
+
+_Tuesday 17th._ Went to the Borough: at Night met at 6 in the evening,
+went to the Flemish, Jack, Ben{n}. & myself. Got 2 adults, Bill not with
+us, took the above 2 to St. Thomas's. Big gate for time is very well.
+
+_Wednesday 18th._ Went to the Big gates to Look out. came home, at home
+all night which was a very bad thing for us as we wanted some money to pay
+our debts to several persons who were importunate.
+
+_Thursday 19th._ Met at Jack and settled each man's share £6 18 4: at 6 in
+the evening went to the Meeting Crib[63], 1 Large and 1 small, afterwards
+went to the Big gates got 2 Large took them to Barth{w}.
+
+_Friday 20th._ Went to St. Thomas's, at home all night.
+
+_Saturday 21st._ Jack and Tom got 2 Large small, 1 Frampton 1 Taunton.
+Rec{d}. for the above £3 13 6 D{o}. £4 4 0: at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 22nd._ Went to the Green, at Home all night.
+
+_Monday 23rd._ At home all night.
+
+_Tuesday 24th._ D{o}.
+
+_Wednesday 25th._ Went to Pancress got 5 adult, Took them to Bartholomew.
+
+_Thursday 26th._ Went to Look out, Jack got 2 Large small. 1 D{o}.
+Frampton £3 13 6 1 D{o}. Mr. Taunton £4 4 0.
+
+_Friday 27th._ Went to Look out, at Home all night.
+
+_Saturday 28th._ Jack got 1 large small for Mr. Cline £4 4 0, at Home all
+night.
+
+_Sunday 29th._ Went to the Green; at home all night.
+
+_Monday 30th._ At Home all day & night.
+
+_Tuesday 31st._ Went to Pancress got 5 adults Ben Bill & me. Dan'l Jack
+and Tom went to Harps, missed.
+
+_Wednesday_ APRIL _1st._ Party went to the Green got 4 adults; being the
+1st of April the man left us a new Hat.[64]
+
+_Thursday 2nd._ Went Bill & me to the Big Gates 2 adults and 1 small,
+Jack, Ben and Dan'l got 4 adults, Harps.
+
+_Friday 3rd._ Went to look out and distribute the above, met at Jack's at
+night, Ben being Drunk disappoint'd the party.
+
+_Saturday 4th._ Met and settled £108 13s. 7d. each man's share £18 2s.
+3d., at Home all night.
+
+_Sunday 5th._ Went to look out met at Jack's at 10, not coming home in
+time did not go out.
+
+[_No date put._] Tom & me went to Olives,[65] did not succeed.
+
+     [At this point the diary leaves off abruptly: the entries from Friday
+     7th to Saturday 29th are in a different handwriting from the rest of
+     the MS.]
+
+
+[1812, AUGUST]
+
+_Friday 7th._ Went to look out Hollis & myself could not find Bill, went
+to St Johns, then to White Chappell returned at night, went to White
+Chappel did not succeed, came back went to St. Johns, the other party had
+got the adult, coming back with the ladder, Bill got taken unto the
+Watchhouse,[66] with the ladder, came home.
+
+_Saturday 8th._ canines 11 shillings: went to union hall[67] Bill got
+clear the party went to Bartholomew. At Night went to W{e}. Chappel got 4
+adults, one small, took 2 to Barthol{m}. 2 & 1 Small to St. Thomas's.
+Horse & Cart.
+
+_Sunday 9th._ at home all day & night, Wortley came concerning horse &
+cart.
+
+_Monday 10th._ went to St. Tho{s}. got paid for 1 adult £4 4s. 0d. went to
+Barthol{m}. got paid £4. 4s. 0d. row'd with Ben did not settle each man
+had £2 2s. 0d, left with Hollis £2 2s. 0d. for Expences, at home all
+night.
+
+_Tuesday 11th._ had information Crouch had cut the subjects[68] went to
+St. Thom{s}, had not cut them, Barthol{m}. they had, went to differ{t}.
+parts of the Town for orders, settled our Expence & what we had Rec{d}.
+each man's share £3 1s. 2-1/2d. one adult St Thom{s}. 1 London D{o} unpaid
+1/2 D{o} Barthol{n}. unpaid; at night went to Hoxton, 1 Large Yellow
+Jaundice sold at Brooks.
+
+_Wednesday 12th._ Went to look out, at night went to Barthol{m}. Crib. cut
+off the extremitys took to Barthol{m}.--Rec{d}. £1 0s. 0d.
+
+_Thursday 13th._ Went to St Thomas's Crib could not succeed came back to
+the White horse, Bill got arrested,[69] Millard[70] pd. the Debt I got
+drunk would not go out, Bill & Hollis went to Weigate got 1 adult male,
+took to the Boro, Rec{d}. £2 0s. 0d.
+
+_Friday 14th._ Went to Barthol swagg{d}. the Extra{s}[71] to St. Thos. at
+night went to Weigate got 1 male took them to Brooks Dan -- --[72] Rec{d}.
+£1 1 0
+
+_Saturday 15th._ Went to different places, at Night went to panc{s}.[73]
+Miss{d}. Rec{d}. £1 0 0
+
+_Sunday 16th._ Went to look out, at Night went to Harp's got 1 adult male
+took to Wilson 1 Small D{o}, took to Bartho{w}: a Porter carried the
+large. Hollis did not go in.
+
+_Monday 17th._ went & got paid for the above, small fetched three guineas,
+at night went to Connell{s}. got 1 adult M.[74] Dan{l}, carried to St
+Tho{s}. Hollis did not go in, Rec{d}. £1 0 0.
+
+_Tuesday 18th._ Went to different places, at night went to the play.
+Rec{d}. £1 10 0.
+
+_Wednesday 19th._ Went as above at night Flemish 1 ad{t}. male, took to St
+Thomas's got paid; likewise head, Millard gave £1 1 0 for it.
+
+_Thursday 20th._ As above, at night went to Flemish 1 adult male, took to
+St Tho{s}. Rec{d} £1 12 0.
+
+_Friday 21st._ Went to different places, settled our quarrell by agreeing
+with Mr. Stanley[75] to bring in a subject for Lecture, removed the above
+from St. Thom{s} at night, went to Harp's got 1 adult M. underneath took
+to St. Thos{s}.
+
+_Saturday 22nd._ Went to look out me & Hollis, Bill staid in the Boro, got
+paid £4 4 0 for the above a very queer one, received but two Guineas for
+the one at Barth{l}. would not do for Lecture, Sett{d}. each man's share
+£1 16s. 6d., at night the party went to Weigate, the thing bad.
+
+_Sunday 23rd._ Went to look out at different places. Holliss met with Ben
+at St. George's agreed to meet at Lamberts with the seperate partys: met,
+look{d} at each other nothing transpired concerning the Business, our
+party went to Harp's could not get in the private[76] door being shut,
+came home.
+
+_Monday 24th._ Our party went to Barthol{m}. met with Ben and Daniel
+partly agreed me & Ben went in the Cart to different places to look out
+coming back by Charing Cross met the Jews[77] Drag touted till Dark and
+lost scent came home did not go out that night.
+
+_Tuesday 25th._ Understood the Jew had brought a Male to Barthol{m}. Met
+by appointment at the above place, had a row, came home after looking out,
+met by agreement at 4 p.m. (Crouch having over slept himself two hours)
+went to St J{ns} work{d}. three places only got two adults M. and F. on
+account of not having time, took the above to Mr Frampton.
+
+_Wednesday 26th._ Seperated to look out. Holliss got paid in part £6 from
+Mr. F. I took from the above £1. the party met at night, Ben Bill & Tom
+Light went to St Geo{s} got 2 adults M. & F. took 1 Willson M. & F.
+Barthol{m} me Jack and Hollis went to Isl{n}. could not succeed the dogs
+flew at us, afterwards went to Pancr{s} found a watch[78] planted, came
+home.
+
+_Thursday 27th._ Went to look out, Hollis got paid the remainder at
+Frampton £2 8 0. Met at night at St. Thos.--very light could not go out
+(came home).
+
+_Friday 28th._ Seperated to look out, brought the F. from Barthol{n}. to
+St. Thomas, having not settled took from Hollis £1 0 0, afterwards met at
+St. Thos. & went to St. Jns, Ben not with us work'd two holes one bad,
+drew the C.{ns}[79] & took the above to St. Thos.
+
+_Saturday 29th._ Met at St Thos. could not get P{d} for either. Borrowed
+£2 of Jack, at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 30th._ Went to look out, at night went to H. got two large M{s}.
+went to St Thos. removed 1 to Wilson, 1 adult came from St Jns.
+
+_Monday 31st._ Went to look out ---- ---- ----[80] old small £1 10 0 got
+p{d} one do Wilson's at Night met except Bill went to Conn{n} got 2 adults
+M. & F. took to Barthol{m}. one small do.
+
+
+1812 SEPTEMBER.
+
+_Tuesday 1st._ Went to Barthol{m} Got Paid for 2 adults £8 8 0, at night
+met, me and Light went to Connelly got 2 adults M. and one large size
+small F., Jack Bill & Hollis went to Weigate, got 1 large & 2 small, took
+2 the above to Frampton 1 M. & D{o}. F. 1 large & 2 small to St Thos. 1
+small to Wilson.
+
+_Wednesday 2nd._ Went to the London Hollis got Canines £8 8 0, Bill got
+paid for 1 large M. £4 4 0. I rec{d}. £4 4 0 for 1 large size small, Bill
+Rec{d}. £1 0 0 for the F. that come from St George 1 Small came Wiegate
+went to Wilson. Rec{d}. £2 0 0 for 1 large Small came from Wiegate, went
+to St Thomas' not sold being putrid: at night the party met & divided, me
+& Hollis went to Harp's work{d}. the thing, proved to be bad, Jack Bill &
+Tom{s}. Light went to Westminster
+
+
+1812 OCTOBER.
+
+_Monday 5th._ Went to look out at different places, at night party went to
+Lamb{h} got 2 adults and 9 small took the whole to the Borough. Mr. Cline
+took the about [above], 2 adults £8 8 0 from Lamb{h}. & 1 small from D{o}
+£3 13 6.
+
+_Tuesday 6th._ At Night did not go out.
+
+_Wednesday 7th._ Went to look out Jack & Ben had a Row at the White Horse:
+did not go out.
+
+_Thursday 8th._ Party went to see the fight did not go out.
+
+_Friday 9th._ Went to look out at different places. At night went to St.
+Olave, got 2 adults M. & F. M. was opened took them to St. Thomas's; again
+met, I got drunk, I miss{d}. going with the party.
+
+They seperated, part went to Lambeth got 1 adult F. They missed, one took
+that to the Boro the others (Except Ben who was getting drunk) went to
+Connolly got 1 adult F., took that to Bartholomew, & removed the other
+same place.
+
+_Saturday 10th._ Met at Barthol{m}. Mr. Stanley took three of the above 2
+F. £8 8 0 one adult M. being opened £3 13 6d, left one on hand, came
+home, in all night
+
+     [The above entry finishes a page: the back of this page is occupied
+     by a table for finding the moon's age on any given day: this was most
+     useful to the resurrection-men, as they could not work undisturbed on
+     moonlight nights.]
+
+_Sunday 11th._ Went to look out at Night the whole party went to the Black
+(Jack with us for the first time going out) got three ad{t}. M., then to
+Connolly two ad{t}. M. & F. took the whole to St. Thos. came home.
+
+_Monday 12th._ Went to St. Thos. Cline had taken the above, went to
+Lamb{h}. in the evening met by appointment, at home, Drew up an Account
+but did not settle Jack & Bill not being present and others having over
+drawn met again at twelve, the whole excepting Butler went to Lambeth got
+5 ad{ts}. 1 Small, Took 2 of the above & 1 small to Wilson 1 do Carpue, 2
+do Brooks, came home.
+
+_Tuesday 13th._ Went to Barthol{m}. me Ben Jack & Butler could not find
+the others, myself came to the Boro sold 1 small that was on hand for £1.
+Came home afterwards went to Tomlight[81] understood he had rec{d}. the
+money got £5 from him, came home, at home all night
+
+_Wednesday 14th._ Went to Lamb{h}. look out, at home all night on account
+of Ben getting out of the way, did not go out, had a dispute at Hollis's
+House Child's dance.
+
+_Thursday 15th._ Went to look out, came home went to the play, afterward
+met at the White horse, the party excepting Ben had a row with Hollis;
+seperated me, Light & Butler went Lam{b}. 2 adts, Jack, Bill & Mr. Hollis
+went to Connelly 5 adults, also went to St. Geo{e}. 4 adts. on account of
+the Boy deceiving us at Lamb{h}. lost the above 4 at St. Geo{e}. Ben[82]
+went to France.
+
+_Friday 16th._ Met and went Wiegate got three adults 2 F. 1 M. took to
+Barthol{m}. Jack & Tom brought the cart, came home.
+
+_Saturday 17th._ Met at Barthol{w}. rec{d}. £2 0 0 went to Lamb{h}. P{d}.
+the man £1 1 0 came home, at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 18th._ Went to look out, nothing done, at home all night.
+
+_Monday 19th._ Went to Lamb{h}. got 1 Adult M. [opened another whole but
+bad with the small pox][83] took the above M. to Barth{m}. came home,
+Butler not with us.
+
+_Tuesday 20th._ Went to Barthol{w}. Bill had got P{d}. for the above Male
+I borrowed of him £1 10 0, went to Lamb{h}. came home at night met at the
+White [Horse] Hollis myself Jack & Tom Light, Bill not with us could not
+find his clothes[84]: went to Lamb{h}. two adults M. took to Barthol{w}.
+Butler again not with us came home.
+
+_Wednesday 21st._ Went to Barthol{m} got P{d}. the above 2 adt. gave Light
+& Hollis 4s. 2d. gave Jack £2 0 0 kept £2 2 0 myself, came home, but
+Hollis & Light went to the Hospital Crib got 1 adult male took to St Thos.
+shared the money betwixt them: likewise 1 Pound for a small, at home all
+night.
+
+_Thursday 22nd._ went to look out, followed a black[85] from Tower hill,
+came home and met at W{e}. horse, the party except Butler went to Lamb{h}.
+got 3 adults 2 M. 1 F. (left one behind us) 1 small & 1 Foetus, took
+them to the Boro.
+
+
+NOVEMBER 1812.
+
+_Monday 16th._ the party went to Tottenham got 4 adults, Wilson 2.
+Abernethy 1. 1 on hand
+
+_Tuesday 17th._ At home.
+
+_Wednesday 18th._ At home.
+
+_Thursday 19th._ Met with Hutton at Smithfield, Bill me & Ben went to St
+T{s} got 2 ad. Jack remained with Hutton, the party went Barthol{m}. C{b}.
+got 2 ad. the whole Abernethy. Gave one to Hutton for information.
+
+_Friday 20th._ Butler got drunk in the morning, the party except him met
+at Barthol{m}. Me Jack & Ben went to St T{s}. got 4 adt. sent Bill again
+after Tom to bring the Cart, took them to Barthol{m}. Me Jack & Ben went
+to Blue Lion got 1 adt. sent Bill to bring Tom with the Cart, took that to
+Barthol{m}. came over the water got 2 adt. Guys C{b}. & 1 at Tho{s}.
+Crib. pack up 4 for Edinbro on the Saturday: settled our money at home all
+night.
+
+_Sunday 22nd._ Look{d}. out at St T{s}. B.--L{n}[86]--and Tott{n} at home
+all night.
+
+_Monday 23rd._ Met at Barth{m}. went to St T{s}. got 3 took them to
+Wilson, Bill took 1 ad. to Frampton.
+
+_Tuesday 24th._ Went & mov{d}. one of the above to Carpue, got p{d}. came
+home met at Jack at 5, Bill not at home, did not go out till morning. Jack
+sold the Canines to Mr. Thomson for 5 Guineas.
+
+_Wednesday 25th._ Met at Jack at 2 p.m. Butler & myself went to the B.
+L{n}. got 1 adt. Jack, Ben & Bill went Panc{s}. got 5 adt. & 1 small, took
+them to Barthol{w}. Removed 3 to Cline, got 2 sets of can{s}.[87]
+
+_Thursday 26th._ Met at Barthol{m}, me & Jack went to Tottenh{m}. got 1
+adt. Ben & Bill went to St Ths. D{o} 3 large came home me & Jack got 1
+Tottenh{m} Bill & Ben 1 large 2 small.
+
+_Friday 27th._ Met at Plough, went to St T{s}. 6 adt. 1 small. Met the man
+with the lanthorn[88]: took them Barthol{m}. went to Golden Lane 1 adt. 1
+small gave Jack Hutton £1 as a share, took to the above place.
+
+_Saturday 28th._ Met at Barthol. disposed of the above except 1 adt.
+opened, 3 small, sent three to Edinboro. Drew up our Account, came home
+Met at Jack, did not settle, at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 29th._ Went Look out at Blue L{n}. &c did not go out Jack Bill &
+Tom Drunk the reason as Ben said for not going out.
+
+_Monday 30th._ Settled our Account up to Sat{y}. on hand 1 adt. Op{d}. &
+Small three; met at Barthol{n}. me Bill & Jack Hutton went to B. Lyon got
+1 adt. got up at four in the morning Tuesday, Butler Bill & me brought the
+above to St Thos'.
+
+
+DECEMBER, 1812.
+
+_Tuesday 1st._ Met at Tottenham Court Road had a dispute in St. Ts Crib.
+Came home did not do anything. came to the Rockingham Arms, got Drunk
+
+_Wednesday 2nd._ Met at Vickers rectify{d}. our last account, the party
+sent out me & Ben to St Thos. C{b}. got 1 adt., Bill & Jack Guys Crib 2
+adt but one of them opd. Butler look out for us, took them to St. Thos.
+came home Met at St Thos., me & Jack went to Tott{m}. got 4 adts Ben &
+Bill got ad/6 s/1 f/1. at Pancrass took Totten{m} to Wilson, Pan{s}. to
+Barthol.[89]
+
+_Thursday 3rd._ Met at Wind{ll}. St. disposed of 2 of the above to Wilson,
+went to Barthol{w}. came home for the night.
+
+_Friday 4th._ Met at Vickers pack{d}. up one for Shute, afterwards went to
+St Thos. got 6 adt. took them to Barth{m}. left Ben & Jack Hutton to pack
+up for Edinbro, afterwards Jack me & Bill went to Tott{m}. got 3 adt. took
+them to Barthol{m}.
+
+_Saturday 5th._ Remain'd at Barth{m}. packing up for Edinboro, sent 12 to
+the wharf for the above place, at home all night.
+
+
+
+
+_The following list contains some of the chief sources of information on
+the history of the Resurrectionists._
+
+
+SMITH, SOUTHWOOD. "Use of the Dead to the Living." _Westminster Review_,
+ii., 1824, p. 59.
+
+This was afterwards reprinted as a pamphlet. One of the editions was
+issued with the title of _Body-snatching_.
+
+
+MACKENZIE, W. _An Appeal to the Public and to the Legislature, on the
+necessity of affording dead bodies to the Schools of Anatomy by
+legislative enactment_. 8vo. Glasgow, 1824.
+
+
+GREEN, JOSEPH HENRY. _A letter to Sir Astley Cooper, on certain
+proceedings connected with the establishment of an Anatomical Surgical
+School at Guy's Hospital_. 8vo. London, 1825.
+
+
+"On the Pleasures of Body-snatching." _Monthly Mag._, iii., 1827, p. 355.
+
+
+_Report from the Select Committee [House of Commons] on Anatomy_. Fol.,
+London, 1828.
+
+This is, perhaps, the best source of information respecting the
+Resurrectionists. Many important documents are printed in this volume, in
+addition to the evidence and the report.
+
+
+"Importance of Dissection in Anatomy." _Westminster Review_, x., 1828, p.
+116.
+
+
+_An Address to the members of both Houses of Parliament, on the
+legislative measures necessary for providing an adequate supply of human
+bodies for the purpose of anatomical instruction. [By a friend of science
+and of man.]_ 8vo. Bath. n.d.
+
+
+The debates in the Houses of Parliament on the Anatomy Bills will be found
+in _Hansard_.
+
+There is also much information in the pages of the _Lancet_ for the period
+during which the Bills were before Parliament. Mr. Wakley, the editor,
+took a great interest in the question, and wrote many vigorous articles,
+pointing out defects in the Bills whilst they were under discussion.
+
+
+"Supply of Subjects for Anatomy." _London Mag._, xxiii., 1829, p. 121.
+
+
+Article in _Blackwood_ for March, 1829, by "Christopher North," on "Robert
+Knox."
+
+
+_The Trial of Bishop, Williams, and May, at the Old Bailey, December 2nd,
+1831, for the murder of the Italian Boy_. 8vo. London, 1831.
+
+There were many Reports of this trial published, both as broadsides and as
+pamphlets.
+
+
+"Regulation of Anatomy." _Westminster Review_, xvi., 1831, p. 482.
+
+
+"Obstructions to Science of Anatomy." _Monthly Review_, cxxvii., 1831, p.
+91.
+
+
+HANSON, N. _A Letter addressed to the Government and the Royal College of
+Surgeons, founded on the diabolical and horrible practice of Burking;
+setting forth the necessity of placing Anatomical Schools on a different
+footing_. 8vo. London, 1831.
+
+
+GUTHRIE, G. J. _Remarks on the Anatomy Bill now before Parliament, in a
+letter addressed to the Right Hon. the Lord Althorp_. 8vo. London, 1832.
+
+
+_An Act for regulating Schools of Anatomy_ (2 and 3 Guil. IV. cap. 75).
+Fol. London, 1832.
+
+
+DERMOTT, G. D. _A Lecture introductory to a course of Lectures on Anatomy,
+Physiology, and Surgery, delivered at the School of Medicine and Surgery,
+Gerrard Street, Soho_. 8vo. London, 1833.
+
+
+COOPER, BRANSBY B. _The Life of Sir Astley Cooper_. 2 vols. 8vo. London,
+1843.
+
+
+"The Resurrectionists." _Chambers' Journal_, xxxix., 1862, p. 100.
+
+
+"Body-snatching and Burking." _Once a Week_, x., 1863, p. 261.
+
+
+"Burke and Hare." _All the Year Round_, xvii., 1866, p. 282.
+
+
+LONSDALE, H. _A Sketch of the Life and Writings of Robert Knox, the
+Anatomist_. 8vo. London, 1870.
+
+
+"Body-snatchers." _Every Saturday_, ix., 1870, p. 166.
+
+
+FELTOE, C. L. _Memorials of John Flint South_. 12mo. London, 1884.
+
+
+MACGREGOR, GEORGE. _The History of Burke and Hare, and of the
+Resurrectionist Times_. 8vo. Glasgow, 1884.
+
+There is a large mass of literature relating to Burke and Hare and their
+trial and execution: this is well summed up in Mr. MacGregor's book.
+
+
+CAMERON, SIR C. A. _History of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland,
+and of the Irish Schools of Medicine_. 8vo. Dublin, 1886.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abernethy (John), body sold to, 173.
+
+  Advertisements of Lectures on Anatomy, 41-42.
+
+  America, supply of bodies in, 122.
+
+  Anatomical Schools, establishment of, 41.
+    history of, by D'Arcy Power, referred to, 43.
+
+  Anatomists, charges against, of receiving murdered bodies, 56.
+    fined for teaching, 18.
+    form an Anatomical Club, 50.
+
+  Anatomy, Committee on, appointment of, 30.
+      evidence before, 15.
+      report of, 102.
+        referred to, vii.
+    inspectors of, appointed, 116.
+    knowledge of, necessary for surgeons, 14.
+    lectures on, advertisements of, 41-42.
+    teaching of, confined to Company of Barbers and Surgeons, 17.
+
+  Anatomy Act, passing and provisions of, 113-117.
+
+  Anatomy Bill, 1829, introduction of, 103.
+    opposition to, 105.
+
+  Arnold (Will.), execution of, 23.
+
+  Arnot (W.) at Hatton Garden, for body-snatching, 92.
+
+  Arsenic, poisoning by, ix.
+
+  "Artichoke" public-house, mentioned. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Austria, supply of bodies in, 120.
+
+  Austrian Archdukes obtain Butler's release, 132.
+
+
+  Barber-Surgeons. See Company of Barbers and Surgeons.
+
+  Beaman, _post mortem_ of the Italian boy, 57.
+
+  Bell, Sir Charles, body sold to, 142.
+
+  Bellingham, drawing of head of, referred to, 26.
+
+  Bentham, Jeremy, left his body for dissection, 33.
+    oration by Mr. Grainger over his body, 33.
+
+  Bermondsey, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Bethnal Green, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Bibliography of subject, 177.
+
+  Big Gates, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Bishop and Williams, arrest and trial of, 107.
+    disposal of bodies of, 27.
+    drawings of heads of, 112.
+    execution of, 110.
+
+  "Black," a, 173.
+
+  Black Crib, 140.
+
+  "Blue Lion" public-house. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Blundell (William), trial of, at Warrington, 95.
+
+  Bodies, difficulties of obtaining, 44.
+    dissection of, in public, 100.
+      fatal effect of, 39.
+    for dissection supplied by students, 15.
+    left for anatomical purposes, 33-40.
+    offered for dissection after death, 39.
+    possession of stolen, decided to be felony, 98.
+    prices of, 71.
+      raised by competition of different schools, 47.
+    scarcity of, 13.
+    stolen by Resurrectionists from houses, 50.
+      from dead-house at Guy's Hospital, 53.
+      whilst awaiting coroner's inquest, 53.
+    supply of, in foreign countries, 118.
+      from provinces, 81.
+      from workhouses, 31.
+      suggestions in newspapers, 31.
+    See also _Country_; _Edinburgh_.
+    temporary shelter for, 65.
+    of malefactors given to Company of Barbers and Surgeons, 19.
+      difficulty of obtaining from Tyburn, 20.
+    of murderers to be given up to Surgeons' Company, 21.
+      dissected at College of Surgeons, 22.
+      account of proceedings at dissection, by T. M. Stone, 28.
+      conveyed through streets, 23.
+      dissection of, an obstacle to passing the Anatomy Act, 30.
+
+  Boys (Mr.) wishes his body to be made into "essential salts," 38.
+
+  Bridgman's patent coffin, 76.
+    illustration of, 78.
+
+  Brookes (Joshua), advertisement of Lectures, 42.
+    badly treated by resurrection-men, 45.
+    bodies sold to. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Bunhill Row, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Burial-grounds, custodians of, bribed by Resurrectionists, 58.
+    precautions for watching, 72.
+    protection of, 75.
+
+  Burke and Hare, referred to, v., viii.
+
+  Burking, by means of snuff, ix.
+    meaning of, viii.
+    panic from fear of, vii.
+
+  Butler, biographical notice of, 132.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+
+  Cameron (Sir C.) History of Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland,
+  referred to, 87.
+
+  Carpue (J. C.), caricature of, 98.
+    mentioned in Diary, 141.
+    refuses to buy body of Italian boy, 109.
+
+  Chandler (George), provides building for dissecting murderers, 24.
+
+  Chapman (Israel), Jew Resurrectionist, 166.
+
+  Cheselden (William) summoned before Court of Barber-Surgeons for
+  teaching anatomy, 18.
+
+  Chiene (Prof.), referred to, xii.
+
+  Clarke (--), imprisoned for stealing body of child, 51.
+
+  Clarke (J. F.), on post mortem of the Italian boy, 56.
+
+  Clift (W. and W. H.). Drawings of heads of murderers, 26.
+
+  Cline (H.), mentioned in Diary, 139.
+
+  Coffins, Bridgman's patent, 76.
+    illustrations of, 78.
+    mentioned by Southey, 78.
+
+  Coke (Lord), on property in a dead body, 90.
+
+  Committee on Anatomy. See _Anatomy_.
+
+  Company of Barbers and Surgeons to have bodies of malefactors, 19.
+    advertisement of dissection, 21.
+    anatomical teaching by, 17.
+
+  Connolly, mentioned in Diary. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Cooper (Sir Astley), evidence before Anatomy Committee, 15.
+    payments to Resurrectionists, 48, 49.
+    purchase of bodies, 40, 149.
+    life of. See _Cooper (B. B.)_.
+
+  Cooper (Bransby B.), life of Sir Astley Cooper, referred to,
+  vi., vii., 125.
+    notices of Resurrectionists, 128.
+
+  Corporation of Surgeons, required knowledge of anatomy in students, 14.
+    to have bodies of murderers, 21.
+    end of, 22.
+
+  Country, bodies sent to, 148, 150, 154.
+
+  Craigie (Dr.), Inspector of Anatomy, 117.
+
+  Crail, house for securing the dead, 80.
+
+  Crouch (Ben), biographical notice of, 128.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Crowe (Mrs.). _Light and Darkness_, resurrection-man in, 17.
+
+  Cundick (George). See Rex _v._ Cundick.
+
+
+  Deane (John), fined for teaching anatomy, 18.
+
+  Dermott (G. D.), proposal by, for raising fund to purchase bodies, 32.
+
+  _Diary of a Resurrectionist_, description and authorship of, 124.
+    _fac-simile_ of page of, 138.
+    history of, v.
+    reprinted, 139.
+
+  Dickens (Charles). Mr. Cruncher in _Tale of Two Cities_, 17.
+
+  Dissection. See _Bodies_.
+
+  Dublin, burial-grounds of, 87.
+
+  Dundee, protection of grave at, 79.
+
+  Dunn (Francis), execution of, 23.
+
+
+  Edinburgh, bodies sent to, 142, 143, 145, 148, 175, 176.
+    Greyfriars Churchyard, mortsafes in, 76.
+      illustrations of, 41, 74, 76.
+
+  Edwards (D.). _Post mortem_ of the Italian boy, 57.
+
+
+  Fairclough (Jane), prosecution of Davies and others for stealing
+  her body, 95.
+
+  Fat, graves rifled for, 88.
+
+  Ferrari (Carlo), murder of, 109.
+    _post mortem_ of, 56.
+
+  Ferrers (Earl), execution of, 27.
+
+  Fiction, body-snatchers in, 17.
+
+  Finishing money, 48.
+
+  Flemish, the, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Forster (Mr.), _post mortem_ on Messenger Monsey, 37.
+
+  Frampton (Dr.), bodies sold to. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  France, supply of bodies in, 119.
+
+
+  Germany, supply of bodies in, 120.
+
+  Glasnevin Churchyard, riot in, 73.
+
+  Glennon, the police officer, presented with silver staff, 46.
+    recovered stolen bodies, 50.
+
+  Goswell Street, bodies obtained from, 152.
+
+  Grainger (R. D.), payments to resurrection-men, 48.
+    oration over body of Jeremy Bentham, 33.
+    refuses to buy body of Italian boy, 109.
+
+  Graves, protection of, 75, 79, 80.
+    See also _Burial-grounds_.
+
+  Green Churchyard, 140.
+
+  Guthrie, referred to, 14.
+
+  Guy's Hospital, bodies stolen from dead-house, 53.
+    mentioned in Diary. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+
+  Hall (Edward), trial of, at Warrington, 95.
+
+  Harnell (P.), a Resurrectionist, 133.
+
+  Harnett (Bill), biographical notice of, 130.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Harnett (Jack), biographical notice of, 131.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Harnige. See Hornig.
+
+  Harpers. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Hawkins (Cæsar), advertisement of Lectures, 42.
+
+  Head. See _Bishop and Williams_.
+
+  Henderson, of Greenock, punished for shipping bodies from Liverpool, 87.
+
+  Hill, porter at King's College, 108.
+
+  Holland, supply of bodies in, 122.
+
+  Holliss, biographical notice of, 134.
+
+  Holmes (Mrs. Basil). _Burial-grounds of London_, quoted, 138, 140.
+
+  Holmes (John) and Peter Williams, convicted of robbery from grave, 59.
+
+  Hornig, or Harnige, mentioned in Diary, 145, 147.
+
+  Hullock (Baron), summing up in trial of Davies and others, 97.
+
+  Hutton (Jack) mentioned. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+
+  Inspectors of Anatomy, appointment, 116.
+
+  Ireland, supply of bodies from, 87.
+
+  Iron coffin, 76.
+    illustration of, 78.
+
+  Italian boy, the. See _Ferrari (Carlo)_.
+
+  Italy, supply of bodies in, 121.
+
+
+  Lambert, mentioned in Diary, 165.
+
+  _Lancet_, the, and the Anatomy Bill, 105.
+
+  Large small, meaning of, 71.
+
+  Law relating to body-snatching, 90.
+
+  Lawrence (Sir W.), on anatomical teaching abroad, 118.
+
+  Lee (Edward), execution, &c., of, 93.
+
+  Light (Tom), biographical notice of, 132.
+    at Hatton Garden, for body-snatching, 92.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Lincoln's Inn Fields, bodies of murderers conveyed to, 23.
+
+  Liverpool, bodies shipped as "bitter salts," 82.
+
+  London Hospital, mentioned in Diary. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Longmore (Sir Thomas), obtained Diary, and presented it to Royal
+  College of Surgeons, vi., 124.
+
+  Lynn. See Rex _v._ Lynn.
+
+  Lytton (Lord). _Lucretia_, resurrection-man in, 17.
+
+
+  Macaulay, Alderman, extract from diary of, 23.
+
+  Macintire (John) buried alive, and rescued by resurrection-men, 65.
+
+  May (James), arrest and trial of, 107.
+    respite and death of, 110.
+    verse by, 110.
+    biographical notice of, 112.
+
+  Mayo (H.), _post mortem_ of the Italian boy, 57.
+
+  Millard (W.), account of, 162, 163.
+
+  Mills (Mr.), buys teeth of Italian boy, 109.
+
+  Moir (D. M.). _Mansie Wauch_, refers to body-snatching, 17.
+
+  Monsey (Messenger), _post mortem_ on, 36.
+
+  Moon, full, interfered with Resurrectionists, 124.
+
+  Mordecai, the Jew, 72, 140.
+
+  Mortsafes in Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh, 76.
+    illustrations of, 41, 74, 76.
+
+  Moss (Dr.) of Warrington, 96.
+
+  "Muddle (Jasper), Confessions of" (by Albert Smith), 17.
+
+  Murderers, dissection of, agitation against, 99.
+      repealed, 115.
+    drawings of heads of, 26.
+
+  Murphy, stealing teeth, 71.
+
+  Murray (Sir James), Inspector of Anatomy, 117.
+
+
+  Naples (Joseph), biographical notice of, 136.
+    method of working, 64.
+    writer of Diary, 127.
+
+  Newington, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Nicholls (Fr.), advertisement of Lectures, 42.
+
+  Nourse (Edward), advertisement of Lectures, 41.
+
+
+  Paris, supply of bodies in, 119.
+
+  Partridge (Richard), arrest of Bishop and Williams, 108.
+    body of Bishop given to, 28.
+    _post mortem_ of the Italian boy, 57.
+
+  Patrick, a Resurrectionist, 133.
+
+  Patterson (G. S.) referred to, 15.
+
+  Pigburn (Fanny), murder of, by Bishop and Williams, 109.
+
+  "Plough" public-house, 175.
+
+  Portugal, supply of bodies in, 122.
+
+  Pott (Percivall), Lectures on Surgery, 42.
+
+  Power (D'Arcy), History of Anatomical Schools, referred to, 43.
+    See _South (J. F.)_.
+
+  Prosecutions for Body-snatching, 90.
+
+  Provincial schools, supply of, 81.
+
+
+  Redmond, Luke, murder of, 87.
+
+  Resurrectionists, biographical notices of, 128.
+    cost of keeping families of, whilst the men were in gaol, 48.
+    damage done to subjects purchased from rivals, 45, 49.
+    demand finishing money, 48.
+    earnings of, 71, 72.
+    end of, 117.
+    first appearance of, 13.
+    in fiction, 16.
+    _modus operandi_ of, 61.
+    as described in _Memoir_ of Thomas Wakley, 61.
+    improbability of this method, 63.
+    _modus operandi_ of Naples, 64.
+    number of bodies obtained by, 60, 69.
+    origin of, 44.
+    popular feeling against, 69, 113.
+    sources of information respecting, vii.
+    See also _Diary, Prosecutions_.
+
+  Rex _v._ Cundick, 93.
+
+  Rex _v._ Lynn, 90.
+
+  "Rockingham Arms" public-house. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Rolph (Mary), body of, exhumed, 142.
+
+  Ross, Elizabeth, the "Burker," viii.
+
+  Rowlandson's "Dissecting-room." _Frontispiece_.
+
+  Royal College of Surgeons, examinations of, 15.
+    foundation of, 22.
+    obliged to dissect bodies of murderers, 22, 26.
+    opposition to Bill of, on account of distance of new building
+        from Newgate, 23.
+    proceedings for obtaining premises near Newgate, 24.
+
+
+  St. Bartholomew's Hospital, mentioned. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. George's, Bloomsbury, robbery from graveyard of, 59.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. James', bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. John's, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. Luke's burial-ground, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. Olave and St. John, Southwark, burial-ground, 152.
+
+  St. Pancras, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. Thomas', Charterhouse, 152.
+
+  St. Thomas' Hospital, mentioned. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Sergeant, Miss, _Dr. Endicott's Experiment_, refers to
+  body-snatching, 17.
+
+  Sheriffs of London, letter from, as to bodies of Bishop and
+  Williams, 28.
+
+  Shields, porter to Bishop and Williams, 113.
+
+  Smalls, meaning of, 71.
+
+  Smith (Albert), "Confessions of Jasper Muddle, Dissecting-room
+  Porter," 17, 130.
+
+  Society of Apothecaries, did not require attendance at dissection, 14.
+
+  Somerville (James C.), effects on students of want of subjects, 48.
+    Inspector of Anatomy, 117.
+
+  South (J. F.) and D'Arcy Power, Memorials of the Craft of Surgery,
+  quoted, 19.
+
+  Southey (R.), _The Surgeon's Warning_, 78, 88.
+
+  Spelling (--), at Hatton Garden for body-snatching, 92.
+
+  Stanley (E.), bodies sold to. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Stone (T. Madden), account of dissection at College of Surgeons, 28.
+    letter on body-snatchers, 125.
+
+  Students, knowledge of anatomy necessary for. See _Anatomy_.
+
+  Subjects for dissection. See _Bodies_.
+
+
+  Taunton (Mr.), bodies sold to. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Teeth, trade in, by Resurrectionists, 71, 167.
+
+  Tottenham, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Trance, man buried during, and rescued by resurrection-men, 65.
+
+  Trials for body-snatching. See _Prosecutions_.
+
+  Tuson, refuses to buy body of Italian boy, 109.
+
+  Twyford (Mr.), statement as to number of prosecutions at Worship
+  St., 92.
+
+  Tyburn, bodies taken from, 20.
+
+
+  Ure (Nat.), mentioned, 154.
+
+
+  Veitch (A. D.), on Wilson's supposed Burking, viii.
+
+  Vickers (Mr.), mentioned in Diary, _passim_.
+
+
+  Walsh, Catherine, murder of, viii.
+
+  Warburton's Act. See _Anatomy Bill_ and _Anatomy Act_.
+
+  Warren (Samuel), _Diary of a late Physician_, quoted, 15.
+
+  Warrington, prosecution of John Davies and others at, 95.
+
+  Wetherfield (Mr.), _post mortem_ of the Italian boy, 57.
+
+  "White Horse" public-house. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Whitechapel, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Williams, and illicit trade in glass, 112.
+    See also _Bishop and Williams_.
+
+  Williams (Peter). See Holmes (John).
+
+  Wilson (James), bodies sold to. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Wilson (John), "Burking by means of snuff," ix.
+
+  Wood (Mr.), death of, from seeing a body dissected, 39.
+
+  Workhouses, number of deaths in, 31.
+
+  Wortley, mentioned in Diary, 161.
+
+  Wygate or Wiegate, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+
+  Yarmouth, body-snatching at, 81.
+
+  Young (Sidney), _Annals of the Barber-Surgeons_, quoted, 18, 20.
+
+
+_Plymouth: W. Brendon and Son, Printers._
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+[1] See _Sketch of the Life of Robert Knox_, by HENRY LONSDALE (London,
+1870); and _The History of Burke and Hare and of the Resurrectionist
+Times_, by GEORGE MACGREGOR (Glasgow, 1884).
+
+[2] It may be interesting to mention that Albert Smith's remuneration for
+these papers was five shillings per page of three columns.
+
+[3] _Annals of the Barber Surgeons_, by SIDNEY YOUNG, p. 317.
+
+[4] SOUTH and D'ARCY POWER, _Memorials of the Craft of Surgery_, p. 233,
+_note_.
+
+[5] YOUNG, _loc. cit._ p. 349.
+
+[6] _Academy_, vol. vi. p. 208, 1874.
+
+[7] For the portraits of Bishop and Williams see p. 112.
+
+[8] _Hospital Gazette_, from Sep. 13, 1890, to March 7, 1891.
+
+[9] This Committee was appointed by the House of Commons in 1828, to take
+evidence and report on the necessity of obtaining bodies for anatomical
+purposes. The work of the Committee is referred to at greater length on p.
+102.
+
+[10] The letter has no signature.
+
+[11] See also p. 107.
+
+[12] _Autobiographical Recollections of the Medical Profession_, p. 101.
+
+[13] _Lancet_, 1896, vol. i. p. 187.
+
+[14] _Memorials of John Flint South_, by C. T. FELTOE, 1884, p. 100.
+
+[15] _Life of Sir Astley Cooper_, vol. i. p. 354.
+
+[16] See illustration.
+
+[17] See two following illustrations.
+
+[18] CAMERON, _History of Roy. Coll. Surgeons in Ireland_, p. 113.
+
+[19] _Use of the Dead to the Living._
+
+[20] _D. and R. Nisi Prius Repts._ i. 13.
+
+[21] See also page 56.
+
+[22] See page vi.
+
+[23] _Life of Sir Astley Cooper_, vol. i. p. 422.
+
+[24] Cannot find out his surname.
+
+[25] _Loc. cit._ vol. i. _passim_.
+
+[26] B. Cooper gives an account of a Resurrectionist under the name of
+"Patrick"; this is probably the man referred to. The name is Harnell in
+the _Sun_ for October 14th, 1812; it may, perhaps, be a misprint for
+Harnett; two men of this name have already been spoken of.
+
+[27] See also p. 126.
+
+[28] The name is suppressed in the printed copy.
+
+[29] Since the above was written, Mrs. Basil Holmes' interesting volume on
+_The Burial Grounds of London_ has been published. Reference to this book
+confirms the statement above made. Mrs. Holmes' account is very carefully
+done, and the list of the old burial-grounds is probably as complete as it
+can be, but no light is thrown upon any of the difficult names used in the
+Diary.
+
+[30] Slang for a burial-ground.
+
+[31] Harper is probably the name of the keeper of a burial-ground.
+
+[32] This occurs often in the Diary, and was evidently a favourite place
+for meeting. It was, doubtless, the entrance to some burial-ground, but
+there is no evidence by which the place can be definitely determined.
+
+[33] _i.e._ a body which had had a post mortem performed on it was
+obtained from the burial-ground attached to St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
+
+[34] Watched to see what funerals were taking place during the day.
+
+[35] Probably Michael Mordecai, who kept an old curiosity-shop in New
+Alley, and was a noted receiver.
+
+[36] Probably the landlord of a public-house.
+
+[37] _i.e._ all the gang.
+
+[38] The "Green Churchyard" was an addition to the Churchyard of St.
+Giles, Cripplegate. "Green Churchyard" is a name which we find repeated in
+other parishes; for instance, it was given to the higher portion of St.
+James', Piccadilly, and to the little piece by St. Bartholomew the Great,
+approached through the present south transept. Holmes, _loc. cit._ It is
+impossible to say which of these is here meant.
+
+[39] Bunhill.
+
+[40] J. C. Carpue, the founder of the Dean Street Anatomical School.
+
+[41] Dr. Frampton, of the London Hospital.
+
+[42] James Wilson, of the Great Windmill Street School.
+
+[43] Joshua Brookes, founder of the Blenheim Street, or Great Marlborough
+Street, Anatomical School: for references to Brookes, see Index.
+
+[44] See page 65.
+
+[45] Sir Charles Bell, of Great Windmill Street School.
+
+[46] Abbreviation for Harpers. See p. 139.
+
+[47] Either St. Luke's Church or St. Luke's Hospital in Old Street.
+
+[48] Words so crossed out that they cannot be deciphered; in all
+probability it originally read "with their ---- throat cut."
+
+[49] John Taunton, founder of the City of London Truss Society, a
+demonstrator at Guy's Hospital under Cline, and at this time principal
+lecturer to the London Anatomical Society.
+
+[50] Artichoke Public-house.
+
+[51] See page 127.
+
+[52] Newington.
+
+[53] Slang term for bodies.
+
+[54] See page 71.
+
+[55] Afterwards Sir Astley Cooper.
+
+[56] Body putrid, and therefore of no use for anatomical purposes.
+
+[57] Probably Church of St. Thomas, Charterhouse.
+
+[58] The burial-ground for the parishes of St. Olave and St. John,
+Southwark; it was taken by the "Greenwich Railway Company": part of the
+approach to the "Flemish" now forms the approach to London Bridge Station.
+
+[59] This is, of course, not the St. Pancras Church in the Euston Road,
+but the old parish church situated on the north side of the road leading
+from King's Cross to Kentish Town.
+
+[60] See page 124.
+
+[61] Failed to get a body.
+
+[62] Bodies unsold.
+
+[63] Probably a burial-ground attached to a meeting-house.
+
+[64] The diary is torn at the margin in this place: the word "left" is
+probably correct, but who "the man" was cannot be determined.
+
+[65] St. Olave's.
+
+[66] Probably from information given to the police by the other party who
+"had got the adult."
+
+[67] The police court in Union Street, Southwark; it was removed in 1845.
+
+[68] _i.e._ had spoiled them for anatomical purposes; very likely to be
+done out of spite, as on the previous day they had "row'd with Ben,"
+_i.e._ Crouch; see page 49.
+
+[69] Evidently for debt.
+
+[70] Millard was superintendent of the dissecting-room at St. Thomas'; he
+was an avaricious man, and lost this situation through dealing in bodies.
+His plan was to take them in at the hospital from the resurrection-men,
+and then to sell them at an advanced price in Edinburgh unknown to the men
+who supplied him, and to the teachers at the hospital. Millard was popular
+with the pupils, and, after his dismissal, they persuaded him to take an
+eating-house in the neighbourhood of St. Thomas'. As there was money to be
+made in the "resurrection" traffic, he did not abandon his connection with
+the body-snatchers. This came to be known, and created a strong prejudice
+against him; so much so that his legitimate business fell off to such an
+extent as to make it necessary for him to relinquish it altogether. Then
+he took entirely to the resurrection business, and was sentenced to three
+months' imprisonment for taking a body from the burial-ground attached to
+the London Hospital. He appealed against the sentence, and found bail.
+Then he brought an action against the magistrate at Lambeth for false
+imprisonment; this was set aside, and Millard was sent back to Cold Bath
+Fields to complete his sentence. He tried hard to get Sir Astley Cooper to
+solicit a pardon for him, but without avail. This so preyed on his mind
+that he threatened Sir Astley with bodily injury. Ultimately Millard quite
+lost his reason, and died in gaol. In 1825 his widow published a pamphlet
+entitled, "An Account of the circumstances attending the imprisonment and
+death of the late William Millard, formerly superintendent of the Theatre
+of Anatomy of St. Thomas' Hospital, Southwark." The pamphlet states that
+Millard had notice to leave St. Thomas' because it was found that he was
+supplying Mr. Grainger with bodies, and that Sir Astley Cooper was
+determined to put an end to the school which Grainger had established. The
+publication is of a very abusive character; the surgeon of the gaol, Mr.
+Wakley, of the _Lancet_, and the authorities at the hospital, all come in
+for severe censure. The whole tone of the pamphlet is so exaggerated that
+it is impossible to tell whether there is any truth in Mrs. Millard's
+grievances.
+
+[71] Extremities.
+
+[72] These words are illegible.
+
+[73] St. Pancras.
+
+[74] Male.
+
+[75] Mr. Edward Stanley, Surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
+
+[76] Private door into the burial-ground, probably generally left unlocked
+for them by the custodian; for some special reason it was closed on this
+particular night.
+
+[77] In all probability Israel Chapman, a Jew, who was in the resurrection
+trade; the object of following was to try and prevent his doing any
+business. (See page 49.) The next entry shows that the Jew had sold a body
+at St. Bartholomew's; there was "a row" at this, and, no doubt, "the
+regular men" had to be pacified.
+
+[78] Placed there by friends of the deceased, in all probability.
+
+[79] Opened two graves; one body too decomposed to bring away, so they
+drew the canine teeth and sold them.
+
+[80] Words crossed out and illegible in the MS.
+
+[81] Tom Light.
+
+[82] See also p. 129.
+
+[83] The words in brackets are crossed out in the MS.
+
+[84] _i.e._ The clothes specially used for resurrection work; they would
+naturally be clay-stained, and if worn during the day would betray their
+owner's occupation.
+
+[85] Probably slang for a funeral.
+
+[86] Blue Lion.
+
+[87] Canine teeth.
+
+[88] The watchman.
+
+[89] _i.e._ got 6 adults, 1 small, and 1 foetus from St. Pancras: these
+were taken to S. Bartholomew's: the four from Tottenham went to Mr.
+Wilson.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_.
+
+Superscripted letters are shown in {brackets}.
+
+The following misprints have been corrected:
+  "where" corrected to "were" (page xii)
+  "how tax" corrected to "hot wax" (page 83)
+
+Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in
+spelling, punctuation, and hyphenation usage have been retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diary of a Resurrectionist,
+1811-1812, by James Blake Bailey
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Diary Of A Resurrectionist, by James Blake Bailey.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
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+    .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;}
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+    .poem {margin-left:15%; margin-right:15%;}
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diary of a Resurrectionist, 1811-1812, by 
+James Blake Bailey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Diary of a Resurrectionist, 1811-1812
+       To Which Are Added an Account of the Resurrection Men in
+              London and a Short History of the Passing of the Anatomy Act
+
+Author: James Blake Bailey
+
+Release Date: May 31, 2010 [EBook #32614]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIARY OF A RESURRECTIONIST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
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+Libraries.)
+
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+
+
+
+
+<h1>THE DIARY OF A RESURRECTIONIST</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;<a name="front" id="front"></a></p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 337px;"><img src="images/i004tmb.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/i004.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></p>
+<p class="center">&#8220;THE DISSECTING ROOM.&#8221; By <span class="smcap">Rowlandson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">The figure standing up above the rest is William Hunter; his brother John
+is on his<br />right-hand side, and Matthew Baillie is the next figure to
+William Hunter on the left;<br />Cruikshank is seated at the extreme left of
+the picture, and Hewson is working on<br />the eye of the subject on the middle table.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>THE DIARY</h3>
+<h4>OF</h4>
+<h3>RESURRECTIONIST</h3>
+<h4>1811-1812</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcaplc">TO WHICH ARE ADDED AN ACCOUNT OF<br />
+<i>THE RESURRECTION MEN IN LONDON</i><br />
+AND A SHORT HISTORY OF THE PASSING OF<br />
+THE ANATOMY ACT</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>BY</h4>
+<h3>JAMES BLAKE BAILEY, B.A.</h3>
+<h4>LIBRARIAN OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i005.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><i>LONDON</i><br />
+SWAN SONNENSCHEIN &amp; CO., <span class="smcap">Lim.</span><br />
+PATERNOSTER SQUARE<br />
+1896</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> &#8220;Diary of a Resurrectionist&#8221; here reprinted is only of a fragmentary
+character. It is, however, unique in being an actual record of the doings
+of one gang of the resurrection-men in London. Many persons have expressed
+a wish that so interesting a document should be published; permission
+having been obtained to print the Diary, an endeavour has been made to
+gratify this wish. To make the reprint more interesting, and to explain
+some of the allusions in the Diary, an account of the resurrection-men in
+London, and a short history of the events which preceded the passing of
+the Anatomy Act, have been prepared.</p>
+
+<p>The great crimes of Burke and Hare drew especial attention to
+body-snatching in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> Edinburgh, and consequently there have been published
+ample accounts of the resurrection-men in Scotland.<small><a name="f1.1" id="f1.1" href="#f1">[1]</a></small> For this reason,
+Edinburgh has been omitted from the present work.</p>
+
+<p>As to the genuineness of the Diary there can be no doubt. It was presented
+to the Royal College of Surgeons of England by the late Sir Thomas
+Longmore. In his early days, Sir Thomas was dresser to Bransby Cooper, and
+assisted him in writing the <i>Life of Sir Astley Cooper</i>.</p>
+
+<p>At the suggestion of Lord Abinger, it was decided to introduce an account
+of the resurrection-men into the book. The information for this was partly
+obtained by Mr. Longmore from personal communication with some of the
+resurrection-men, who were then living in London. One of these handed over
+portions of a Diary he had kept during his resurrectionist days. This was
+preserved for some years at Netley, and was afterwards presented to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span>
+College, as stated above. A few extracts from the Diary were printed in
+the <i>Life of Sir Astley Cooper</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The information respecting the resurrection-men is very scattered; the two
+most useful works for getting up this subject are the <i>Life of Astley
+Cooper</i> before mentioned, and the <i>Report of the Committee on Anatomy</i>
+published in 1828. Most of the detailed information has to be sought for
+in the newspapers of the period. The accounts there given are, however,
+generally of such an exaggerated character that it is often very difficult
+to arrive at the truth. When any fresh scandal had given prominence to the
+doings of the resurrection-men, the newspapers saw &#8220;Burking&#8221; in every
+trivial case of assault. If a child were lost, the paragraph announcing
+the fact was headed, &#8220;Another supposed case of Burking.&#8221; Reports of the
+most ridiculous character were duly chronicled as facts by the newspapers
+of the day. Sometimes over a hundred bodies were supposed to have been
+found in some building, and it was expected that several persons of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>
+eminence would be named in the subsequent proceedings. Search in the
+papers nearly always fails to find any further mention of the case.</p>
+
+<p>In reading these accounts it must be remembered that &#8220;Burking&#8221; did not
+always mean killing a person for the purpose of selling the body, but it
+referred to the mode adopted by Burke and Hare in killing their victims,
+viz., suffocation. Elizabeth Ross is called a &#8220;Burker,&#8221; and may be found
+so described in Haydn&#8217;s <i>Dictionary of Dates</i>. She murdered an old woman
+named Catherine Walsh, but in the report of her trial there is no evidence
+of her having attempted to sell the body.</p>
+
+<p>The broadside here printed is an excellent example of this exaggeration.
+The facts are so circumstantial, that it appears as though there could be
+no mistake. Enquiry at Edinburgh, however, shows that no such case
+occurred. Mr. A. D. Veitch, of the Justiciary Office, has very kindly made
+search, and can find no record of Wilson&#8217;s supposed crimes. Had the
+statements in the broadside been true,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> there is no doubt that this case
+would have been referred to in books on Medical Jurisprudence. Poisoning
+by inhalation of arsenic is rare, and Wilson&#8217;s would have been a leading
+case. There would also have been great opportunities for studying <i>post
+mortem</i> appearances, as it is stated that three bodies were found in
+Wilson&#8217;s possession. Search through the chief books on the subject has
+failed in finding any reference whatever to this case.</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;<span class="smcap">Burking by means of Snuff.</span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>The following Account is of so serious a Nature that no one can be too
+cautious how they receive Snuff from Strangers.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It appears that, on Monday se&#8217;nnight, a man, named John Wilson, was
+apprehended at Edinburgh on a charge of Burking a number of persons by
+introducing arsenic into snuff kept by him. He had long excited the
+suspicion of the police of that place, but so deep-laid were his
+diabolical schemes that he eluded their vigilance for a considerable time,
+until Monday last. When, on the moors, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> that day, between Lauder and
+Dalkeith, practising his dreadful trade, it appears that the victim of
+Wilson&#8217;s villainy was a poor man travelling over the moor, whom he
+accosted, and offered a pinch of snuff. He took it, and it had the desired
+effect. The next individual whom he accosted was a labouring-man breaking
+stones, who was asked the number of miles to Edinburgh; when answered, he
+then offered his snuff-box to the labourer, which was refused, alleging
+that he never used any. Wilson urged him again, which excited the man&#8217;s
+suspicions, but he took the snuff, and wrapped it up in paper, and carried
+it to a chemist at Dalkeith, who analysed it, when it proved to be mixed
+with arsenic. The police were then informed of Wilson&#8217;s villainies, who
+went in pursuit of him, and after a search of him for several days was at
+length apprehended at a place three miles from Edinburgh, driving rapidly
+in a vehicle like a hearse, which, on examination, contained three dead
+bodies. They were recognised from their dresses to be an elderly man, and
+his wife and son, who were seen travelling towards Lauder the day before.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Wilson was immediately ironed and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> conveyed to Edinburgh, and a sheriff&#8217;s
+inquest was held on the bodies. After an investigation of nearly two hours
+a verdict of Wilful Murder was returned against John Wilson, who was fully
+committed to the Calton gaol to take his trial at the ensuing sessions.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Wilson is described as a desperate character, and of ferocious
+countenance. He is supposed to have been two or three years in this
+abominable practice, and to have realised a considerable sum in the course
+of that time. His career is now stopped, and that justice and doom which
+overtook a Burke and a Hare are his last and only portion.</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;LINES ON THE OCCASION.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="poem">
+<tr><td>Of Burke and of Hare we have heard much about,<br />
+Yet Burking&#8217;s a trade that was lately found out&mdash;<br />
+Their plans of despatching were wicked indeed,<br />
+&#8217;T was thought of all others that theirs did exceed;<br />
+But the scheme first invented of Burking by snuff,<br />
+May yet be prevented by taking the huff,<br />
+For if strangers invite you to take of their dust,<br />
+Decline their kind offers&mdash;refuse them you must;<br />
+And would you be safe, and keep from all evil,<br />
+Shun them as pests as you&#8217;d shun the d&mdash;&mdash;l;<br />
+By these means you&#8217;ll live, avoiding all strife,<br />
+Shunning snuff takers all the days of your life.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center"><small>&#8220;<i>Printed for the Publishers by T. KAY.</i>&#8221;</small></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>The difficulty of getting reliable information is increased by the
+incomplete nature of most of the newspaper records. In many cases there is
+an account of a preliminary examination of some of the men who were
+arrested for body-stealing. The report states that they were remanded, but
+further search fails to find any subsequent notice of the case. It is
+often impossible to fix who the men <ins class="correction" title="original: where">were</ins> who thus got into trouble, as
+they nearly always gave false names: unless they were too well-known to
+the police who arrested them, they invariably did this.</p>
+
+<p>For the photographs, from which the illustrations of the house at Crail
+are taken, the writer is indebted to the kindness of Prof. Chiene, of
+Edinburgh.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE DIARY OF A RESURRECTIONIST</h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> complaint as to the scarcity of bodies for dissection is as old as the
+history of anatomy itself. Great respect for the body of the dead has
+characterised mankind in nearly all ages; <i>post mortem</i> dissection was
+looked upon as a great indignity by the relatives of the deceased, and
+every precaution was taken to prevent its occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>It would be beyond the scope of the present work to attempt a history of
+anatomical teaching; as will be pointed out later on, the resurrection-men
+did not come into existence until the early part of the eighteenth
+century.</p>
+
+<p>In Great Britain the study of medicine and surgery was much hampered at
+this date by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> scarcity of opportunities by which the student might get
+a practical acquaintance with the anatomy of the human body. A knowledge
+of anatomy was insisted upon by the Corporation of Surgeons, as each
+student had to produce a certificate of having attended at least two
+courses of dissection. It is unnecessary to point out the wisdom of this
+condition in the case of men who were to go out into the world as
+surgeons, and, consequently, to have the lives of their fellow-men in
+their hands. The attendance on the two courses of dissection could be
+evaded, and this was frequently done. The Apothecaries&#8217; Hall had no such
+restriction, and, consequently, many men went thither and received a
+qualification to practise, although they were quite unacquainted with
+human anatomy. The work of such &#8217;prentice hands one trembles to think of;
+whatever experience these men did gain was obtained after they began to
+practise, and so must have been at the expense of their patients, who were
+generally those of the poorer class in life.</p>
+
+<p>It was pointed out by Mr. Guthrie, that in the then state of the law a
+surgeon might be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> punished in one Court for want of skill, and in another
+Court the same individual might also be punished for trying to obtain that
+skill. Before the Anatomy Committee, in 1828, Sir Astley Cooper narrated
+the case of a young man who was rejected at the College of Surgeons on
+account of his ignorance of the parts of the body; it was found, on
+enquiry, that he was a most diligent student, and that his ignorance arose
+entirely from his being unable to procure that which was necessary for
+carrying on this part of his education.</p>
+
+<p>When bodies were obtained for dissection it was generally by surreptitious
+means; the newly-made grave was too often the source from whence the
+supply was obtained. At first there was no direct trade or traffic in
+subjects by men who devoted all their efforts to this mode of obtaining a
+livelihood. The students supplied their own wants as they arose. Mr. G. S.
+Patterson told the Committee that at St. George&#8217;s Hospital the students
+had to exhume bodies for their own use.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Diary of a Late Physician</i> Samuel Warren has given us a chapter on
+this subject, which he calls &#8220;Grave Doings,&#8221; and which is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> probably
+founded on fact. The object in the expedition here recorded was, however,
+rather to obtain a valuable pathological specimen, than to get a body for
+dissection. Writers of fiction have made use of body-snatching, and have
+given a gruesome turn to their stories by making the body, when uncovered,
+turn out to be that of a relation or friend of some one of the party
+engaged in the exhumation. Such a tale is recorded in the <i>Monthly
+Magazine</i> for April, 1827; there a sailor is pressed into the service of
+some students who were anxious to obtain a body. The subject was safely
+brought home, and, on being taken from the sack, turned out to be the
+sweetheart of the sailor, who had just returned from sea, and, not having
+heard of his girl&#8217;s decease, was on his way to greet her after a long
+absence from home. Truth and fiction often agree. There is a case on
+record of a child who had died of scrofula, and whose body was brought to
+St. Thomas&#8217; Hospital by Holliss, a well-known resurrectionist. The body
+was at once recognised by one of the students as that of his sister&#8217;s
+child; on this being made known to the authorities at the hospital, the
+corpse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> was immediately buried before any dissection had taken place.</p>
+
+<p>In vols. 1 and 2 of the <i>Medical Times</i> there is a series of articles,
+entitled &#8220;The Confessions of Jasper Muddle, Dissecting-room Porter.&#8221; These
+papers are signed &#8220;Rocket,&#8221; but were written by Albert Smith.<small><a name="f2.1" id="f2.1" href="#f2">[2]</a></small> One of
+the articles contains an account of a handsome young lady who came to the
+dissecting-room late at night, and begged for the body of a murderer
+executed the previous day, which was then being injected, ready for
+lecture purposes. In the <i>Tale of Two Cities</i>, Dickens has given us a good
+study of a resurrection-man in the person of Mr. Cruncher. Moir in <i>Mansie
+Wauch</i>, Lytton in <i>Lucretia</i>, Mrs. Crowe in <i>Light and Darkness</i>, and Miss
+Sergeant in <i>Dr. Endicott&#8217;s Experiment</i>, have also used the body-snatcher
+in fiction.</p>
+
+<p>As long as the Barber Surgeons kept to their right of the exclusive
+teaching of anatomy, there was small need of bodies for dissection. This
+right the Company jealously guarded. On 21st May, 1573, the following
+entry occurs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> in the records, &#8220;Here was John Deane and appoynted to brynge
+in his fyne x<sup>li</sup> for havinge an Anathomye in his howse contrary to an
+order in that behalf between this and mydsomer next.&#8221;<small><a name="f3.1" id="f3.1" href="#f3">[3]</a></small> As late as 1714
+this rule was put in force against no less a man than William Cheselden.
+The entry in the books of the Company runs as follows, &#8220;At a Court of
+Assistants of the Company of Barbers and Surgeons, held on the 25th March,
+1714. Our Master acquainting the Court that Mr. William Cheselden, a
+member of this Company, did frequently procure the Dead bodies of
+Malefactors from the place of execution and dissect the same at his own
+house, as well during the Company&#8217;s Publick Lectures as at other times
+without the leave of the Governors and contrary to the Company&#8217;s By law in
+that behalf. By which means it became more difficult for the Beadles to
+bring away the Companies Bodies and likewise drew away the members of this
+Company and others from the Public Dissections and Lectures at the Hall.
+The said Mr. Cheselden was, therefore, called in.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> But having submitted
+himself to the pleasure of the Court with a promise never to dissect at
+the same as the Company had their Lecture at the Hall, nor without leave
+of the Governors for the time being, the said Mr. Cheselden was excused
+for what had passed with a reproof for the same pronounced by the Master
+at the desire of the Court.&#8221;<small><a name="f4.1" id="f4.1" href="#f4">[4]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>By the Act Henry VIII., xxii., cap. 12, provision was made for the Company
+of Barbers and Surgeons to have the bodies of malefactors for the purpose
+of dissection. This part of the Act was as follows: &#8220;And further be it
+enacted by thauctoritie aforesayd, that the sayd maysters or governours of
+the mistery and comminaltie of barbours and surgeons of Lond&#333; &amp; their
+successours yerely for ever after their sad discrecions at their free
+liberte and pleasure shal and maie have and take without c&otilde;tradiction
+foure persons condempned adjudged and put to deathe for feloni by the due
+order of the Kynges lawe of thys realme for anatomies with out any further
+sute or labour to be made to the kynges highnes his heyres or successors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+for the same. And to make incision of the same deade bodies or otherwyse
+to order the same after their said discrecions at their pleasure for their
+further and better knowlage instruction in sight learnyng &amp; experience in
+the sayd scyence or facultie of Surgery.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The &#8220;foure bodies&#8221; could not always be obtained without difficulty;
+despite the precautions of the Company private anatomy was, to a certain
+extent, carried on, and the bodies of malefactors had a market value. The
+following entries from the <i>Annals of the Barber Surgeons</i> are
+illustrative of this:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;6th March, 1711.<small><a name="f5.1" id="f5.1" href="#f5">[5]</a></small> It is ordered that William Cave, one of the Beadles
+of this Company, do make Inquiry who the persons were that carryed away
+the last body from Tyburne, and that such persons be Indicted for the
+same.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;9th October, 1711. Richard Russell, one of the persons who stands
+Indicted for carrying away the last publick body applying himself to this
+Court and offering to be evidence against the rest of the persons
+concerned It is ordered that the Clerk do apply himself to Her Majesty&#8217;s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+Attorney Generall for a Noli p&#8217;sequi as to the said Russell in order to
+make him an evidence upon the s<sup>d</sup> Indictment and particularly ag<sup>st</sup> one
+Samuell Waters whom the Court did likewise order to be indicted for the
+said fact.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Often there were riots caused by the Beadles of the Company going to
+Tyburn for the bodies of murderers. This rioting was carried to such an
+extent that it was found necessary to apply for soldiers to protect the
+Beadles.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;28th May, 1713. Ordered that the Clerk go to the Secretary at War for a
+guard in order to gett the next Body [from Tyburn.]&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The dissection of these bodies was made known by public advertisement. The
+following is from the <i>Daily Advertiser</i> of January 15th, 1742: &#8220;Notice is
+hereby given that there being a publick Body at Barbers and Surgeons Hall,
+the Demonstrations of Anatomy and the Operations of Surgery will be at the
+Hall this evening and to-morrow at six o&#8217;clock precisely in the
+Amphitheatre.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In 1752 it was ordered that bodies of murderers executed in London and
+Middlesex should be conveyed to the Hall of the Surgeons Company to be
+dissected and anatomized, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> any attempt to rescue such bodies was made
+felony.</p>
+
+<p>In 1745 the Barbers and Surgeons, who from 1540, until that date, had
+formed one Company, separated, and the latter were incorporated under the
+title of &#8220;The Masters, Governors, and Commonalty of the Art and Science of
+Surgery.&#8221; To the Surgeons naturally fell the duty of dissecting the bodies
+of the malefactors handed over for that purpose. The building of the
+Surgeons&#8217; Company was in the Old Bailey; there was, therefore, no
+difficulty in removing the bodies from Newgate. In 1796 the Company came
+to a premature end through an improperly constituted Court having been
+held. It was attempted to put matters right by a Bill in Parliament, but
+there was so much opposition from those persons who were practising
+without the diploma of the Corporation, that the Bill, after passing
+safely through the Commons, was thrown out by the Lords. In the following
+year attempts were made to come to terms with the opponents of the Bill,
+and finally it was agreed to petition for a Charter from the Crown to
+establish a Royal College of Surgeons in London. These<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> negotiations were
+successfully carried out in 1800, and the old Corporation having disposed
+of their Old Bailey property to the City Authorities, the College took
+possession of a house in Lincoln&#8217;s Inn Fields, the site of part of the
+present building.</p>
+
+<p>During the debate in the House of Lords on the Bill just mentioned, the
+Bishop of Bangor, who had charge of the measure, sent for the Clerk of the
+Company, and informed him that a strong opposition was expected to the
+Bill, on account of the inconvenience that would arise from the bodies of
+murderers being conveyed through the streets from Newgate to Lincoln&#8217;s Inn
+Fields. To remedy this a clause was proposed, giving the College
+permission to have a place near to Newgate, where the part of the sentence
+which related to the dissection of the bodies might be carried out.</p>
+
+<p>That this difficulty of moving the bodies was not a fancied one, the
+following extract from &#8220;Alderman Macaulay&#8217;s Diary&#8221; will show: &#8220;Dec. 6,
+1796. Francis Dunn and Will. Arnold were yesterday executed for murder and
+the first malefactors conveyed to the new Surgeons&#8217; Hall in the Lincoln&#8217;s
+Inn Fields.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> They were conveyed in a cart, their heads supported by tea
+chests for the public to see: I think contrary to all decency and the laws
+of humanity in a country like this. I hope it will not be repeated.&#8221;<small><a name="f6.1" id="f6.1" href="#f6">[6]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>Just at this date the Corporation were removing from their old premises to
+Lincoln&#8217;s Inn Fields; the last Court in the Old Bailey was held on October
+6th, 1796, and the first at Lincoln&#8217;s Inn Fields on January 5th, 1797.</p>
+
+<p>In July, 1797, it was reported to the Court that Mr. Chandler, one of
+their members, &#8220;had in the most polite and ready manner offered his stable
+for the reception of the bodies of the two murderers who were executed
+last month.&#8221; The thanks of the Court were voted to Mr. Chandler &#8220;for his
+polite attention to the Company upon that occasion.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>After the Bill had been lost in the Lords, the following resolution was
+passed by the Court in November, 1797: &#8220;Resolved that in order to evince
+the sincerity of the Court to remove all reasonable objections to the
+present situation in Lincoln&#8217;s Inn Fields the Clerk be directed, with
+proper assistance, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> look for a temporary dissecting-room at a place in
+or near the Old Bailey until a permanent one near the place of execution
+can be established.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1800, a warehouse was taken in Castle Street, Cow Cross, West
+Smithfield, for eighteen months, as, owing to the labours of taking over
+the Hunterian Collection, there had been no time for obtaining a permanent
+place. A house in Duke Street, West Smithfield, was afterwards leased for
+the purpose, and arrangements were made for Pass, the Beadle, to reside
+there. This landed the College in a small expense, as in 1832 the Beadle
+was elected Constable of the Ward of Farringdon, and the Council had to
+pay a fine of &pound;10 in place of his serving the office. At the expiration of
+the lease of the Duke Street house, so great an increase of rent was
+demanded that the College gave up the premises, and took a newly-built
+house in Hosier Lane, on a lease for twenty-one years. Here the
+dissections were carried on until the passing of the Anatomy Act, when the
+College had no longer to share with the hangman the duty of carrying out
+the sentence on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> murderers who were condemned to be hanged and anatomized.</p>
+
+<p>The bodies were not really dissected by the College Authorities; a
+sufficient incision was made to satisfy the requirements of the Act, and
+the body was then handed over to one of the Teachers of Anatomy. The
+following is a copy of an order authorizing the Secretary of the College
+to give up a body:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Ordered.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;That the body of Mary Whittenbach executed this day at the Old
+Bailey for murder be delivered (after the necessary dissection by the
+College) to Mr. Joseph Henry Green.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 16em;">&#8220;<span class="smcap">William Blizard</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 16em;">&#8220;<span class="smcap">Wm. Norris</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 16em;">&#8220;<span class="smcap">Anth<sup>y</sup> Carlisle.</span></span></p>
+
+<p><small>&#8220;Royal College of Surgeons</small><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><small>&#8220;<i>17th day of Sept.</i> 1827</small></span><br />
+<small>&#8220;To Mr. <span class="smcap">Belfour</span>, Secy. to the College.&#8221;</small></p></div>
+
+<p>There is in the Library of the Royal College of Surgeons of England a
+series of drawings of the heads of murderers, made by the two Clifts,
+father and son, when the bodies were brought to the College for
+dissection. These drawings include Bishop and Williams (see p. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>),<small><a name="f7.1" id="f7.1" href="#f7">[7]</a></small>
+and Bellingham, who was executed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> in 1812 for the murder of Mr. Perceval
+in the lobby of the House of Commons.</p>
+
+<p>Earl Ferrers, who suffered the extreme penalty of the law in 1760 for the
+murder of his steward, was taken to Surgeons&#8217; Hall, where an incision was
+made in the body; instead of being further dissected it was given over to
+the relatives for burial.</p>
+
+<p>At the execution of Bishop and Williams the Sheriffs of London felt that
+some means should be taken to show gratitude to Mr. Partridge, and the
+other officials of King&#8217;s College, for the way they had brought the
+murderers to justice. The following letter was therefore addressed to the
+College of Surgeons:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><span style="margin-left: 16em;">&#8220;<span class="smcap">Justice Hall</span>,</span><br /><span style="margin-left: 20em;">&#8220;<i>Dec.</i> 5, 1831.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;<i>To the Governors and Directors of the College of Surgeons.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is our particular desire and we do ask that it may be thought but
+a reasonable request that the bodies of the malefactors executed in
+the front of Newgate this morning should be sent to King&#8217;s
+College&mdash;by the vigilance of whose surgical establishment these
+offenders were detected and ultimately brought to justice, we shall
+therefore feel obliged by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> your handing over these bodies to the
+King&#8217;s College.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="signature">
+<tr><td align="right">&#8220;We are, with great respect,<br />&#8220;Your mo. ob. Servts.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&#8220;<span class="smcap">J. Cowan</span><br />&#8220;<span class="smcap">John Pirie</span></td>
+<td><span class="bracket2">}</span></td><td valign="middle"><i>Sheriffs</i>.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+</div>
+
+<p>The body of Bishop was given to Mr. Partridge, and that of Williams went
+to Mr. Guthrie at the Little Windmill Street School of Anatomy.</p>
+
+<p>The following account of the reception of one of the bodies is by Mr. T.
+Madden Stone, for many years an official at the College. It was printed in
+a series of articles, entitled &#8220;Echoes from the College of Surgeons.&#8221;<small><a name="f8.1" id="f8.1" href="#f8">[8]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The executions generally took place at eight o&#8217;clock on Mondays, and the
+&#8216;cut down,&#8217; as it is called, at nine, although there was no cutting at
+all, as the rope, with a large knot at the end, was simply passed through
+a thick and strong ring, with a screw, which firmly held the rope in its
+place, and when all was over, Calcraft, <i>alias</i> &#8216;Jack Ketch,&#8217; would make
+his appearance on the scaffold, and by simply turning the screw, the body
+would fall down. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>At once it would be placed in one of those large carts
+with collapsible sides, only to be seen in the neighbourhood of the Docks,
+and then preceded by the City Marshal in his cocked hat, and, in fact, all
+his war paint, with Calcraft and his assistant in the cart, the procession
+would make its way to 33 Hosier Lane, West Smithfield, in the front
+drawing room of which were assembled Sir William Blizard, President of the
+Royal College of Surgeons, and members of the Court desirous of being
+present, with Messrs. Clift (senior and junior), Belfour, and myself. On
+extraordinary occasions visitors were admitted by special favour. The
+bodies would then be stripped, and the clothes removed by Calcraft as his
+valuable perquisites, which, with the fatal rope, were afterwards
+exhibited to the morbidly curious, at so much per head, at some favoured
+public-house. It was the duty of the City Marshal to be present to see the
+body &#8216;anatomised,&#8217; as the Act of Parliament had it. A crucial incision in
+the chest was enough to satisfy the important City functionary above
+referred to, and he would soon beat a hasty retreat, on his gaily-decked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+charger, to report the due execution of his duty. These experiments
+concluded, the body would be stitched up, and Pearson, an old museum
+attendant, would remove it in a light cart to the hospital, to which it
+was intended to present it for dissection.&#8221;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>These bodies of murderers were the only ones which could be legally used
+for dissection; it is therefore obvious that the number was quite
+insufficient for the wants of the Metropolitan Schools, and the teachers
+were thus forced to obtain a supply from other sources.</p>
+
+<p>It was strongly urged, but urged in vain, that the whole difficulty would
+disappear if a short Act were passed, doing away with the dissection of
+murderers, and enacting that the bodies of all unknown persons who died in
+workhouses or hospitals, without friends, should be handed over, under
+proper control, to the different teachers of anatomy. That these would be
+sufficient was afterwards made clear by the Committee on Anatomy.<small><a name="f9.1" id="f9.1" href="#f9">[9]</a></small> In
+their Report<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> it is stated that the returns obtained from 127 of the
+parishes situate in London, Westminster, and Southwark, or their immediate
+vicinity, showed that out of 3744 persons who died in the workhouses of
+these parishes in the year 1827, 3103 were buried at the parish expense,
+and that of these about 1108 were not attended to their graves by any
+relations. The number of bodies obtained from this source would have
+exceeded those supplied by the resurrection-men, and would have been
+adequate for the wants of the London Schools.</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers of the day contain many proposed solutions of the
+difficulty. One correspondent gravely suggested that as prostitutes had,
+by their bodies during life, been engaged in corrupting mankind, it was
+only right that after death those bodies should be handed over to be
+dissected for the public good. Another correspondent proposed that all
+bodies of suicides should be used for dissection, and that all those
+persons who came to their death by duelling, prize-fighting, or
+drunkenness, should be handed over to the surgeons for a similar purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dermott, the proprietor of the Gerrard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> Street, or Little Windmill
+Street, School of Medicine, proposed a scheme by which a fund was to be
+raised by grants from Government, and from the College of Surgeons, and by
+voluntary contributions from the nobility and gentry. This fund was to be
+invested in the names of &#8220;opulent and respectable men,&#8221; not more than
+one-third of whom were to be members of the medical profession. It was
+proposed to expend the interest on this fund in paying a sum not exceeding
+seven pounds to those persons who were willing to contract for the sale of
+their bodies for dissection. Registers were to be kept of all such
+persons, and the Committee were to have the power of claiming the body six
+hours after death. Mr. Dermott also suggested that all medical men should
+leave their own bodies to be used for anatomical teaching. It is hardly
+necessary to point out the absurdity of the first part of this scheme; the
+Committee, after paying their seven pounds, would have had no control over
+the subsequent movements of the persons whose bodies they had thus
+purchased, and it was hardly to be expected that friends of the deceased
+would send notice to the Committee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> that the body was ready for them. Both
+parts of the scheme would have required an Act of Parliament, as executors
+were not bound to give up a corpse, even though instructions had been left
+that it was a person&#8217;s wish that his body should be used for anatomical
+purposes. Many such bequests have been made, and in some instances the
+desire of the testator has been carried into effect. To try to do away
+with some of the prejudices against dissection, Jeremy Bentham left his
+body for this purpose; the dissection was duly carried out at the Webb
+Street School, and at the request of Dr. Southwood Smith, Mr. Grainger
+delivered the following oration over the body on June 9th, 1832:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Gentlemen,&mdash;In presenting myself before you this day, at the request of
+my friend and colleague, Dr. Southwood Smith, I can assure you I do so
+strongly impressed with the high importance of the duty I have undertaken,
+and the responsibility I have thus assumed. Gentlemen, it is no ordinary
+occasion on which we are assembled. We are here collected to carry into
+execution the last wishes of one whose mortal career, prolonged far beyond
+the usual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> limits of man&#8217;s existence, has been devoted with almost
+unexampled energy and perseverance to the establishment of those great
+moral and political truths, on which the happiness and the enlightenment
+of the human race are founded. Ill would it become me, however, to dwell
+on the genius, the philanthropy, or the integrity of the illustrious
+deceased. His eulogium has already been eloquently pronounced by one more
+fitted to do justice to such an undertaking than the humble individual who
+now addresses you. It would be more suitable to the object of the present
+meeting that I should consider in what manner the intentions of the late
+Mr. Bentham, regarding the disposition of his remains, can best be carried
+into effect. But before I do this, it may be proper to inform some of my
+auditors what those intentions were. This great man was an ardent admirer
+of the science of medicine, and his penetrating mind was not slow in
+perceiving that the safe and successful practice of the healing art
+entirely rests on a thorough knowledge of the natural structure and
+functions of the human body. He also perceived that there was but one
+method of obtaining<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> such knowledge, viz., dissection. In proceeding to
+inquire how it came to happen that in a country like England, justly proud
+of those numerous institutions in which science is so successfully
+cultivated, so little encouragement, or more correctly speaking, so much
+opposition, was offered to the advancement of so indispensable a branch of
+knowledge, Mr. Bentham discovered that this repugnance to dissection
+sprang from a feeling strongly implanted in the human breast&mdash;a feeling of
+reverence towards the dead. Far be it from me to condemn such a sentiment,
+for it has its source in some of the purest principles of our nature. But
+if it can be shown that an undue indulgence in this feeling produces
+incalculable mischief in society, it becomes the duty of all who are
+interested in the happiness of mankind to oppose the progress of such
+injurious opinions. Mr. Bentham, impressed with this idea, and thinking it
+unjust that the humbler classes of the community should alone be called
+upon to sacrifice those feelings which are cherished alike by the rich and
+poor, determined to devote his own body to the public good. He knew that
+this determination would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> inflict pain on many of his dearest friends. An
+example of this character, emanating from a person so talented, so
+influential, and so esteemed, is calculated to operate a most beneficial
+effect on the public mind, and I cannot refrain from considering the
+dissection of the body now before us as an important era in the progress
+of anatomy, as it is one of the first that in this country has been
+employed for the purposes of science, under the direct sanction of the
+individual expressed during his lifetime; he also knew that obstacles
+would probably be offered to its fulfilment, but with an indifference to
+personal feeling rarely witnessed, he took effectual means to carry his
+resolution into effect. And thus, gentlemen, did the last act of this
+illustrious man&#8217;s existence accord with that leading principle of his
+well-spent life&mdash;the desire to promote the universal happiness and welfare
+of mankind.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Bentham&#8217;s skeleton, clothed in his usual attire, is now in University
+College, London.</p>
+
+<p>Messenger Monsey, the eccentric physician to the Chelsea Hospital, was
+exceedingly anxious that his body should be examined after death. He
+obtained a promise from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> Mr. Forster, of Union Court, that he would
+perform this service for him. So anxious was Monsey for the <i>post mortem</i>
+to be carried out, that in May, 1787, he wrote to Cruikshank, the
+anatomist, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;Mr. Foster (<i>sic</i>) a Surgeon in Union Court, Broad Street, has been
+so good as to promise to open my Carcass and see what is the matter
+with my Heart, Arteries, Kidnies, &amp;c. He is gone to Norwich and may
+not return before I am [dead]. Will you be so good as to let me send
+it to you, or if he comes will you like to be present at the
+dissection. I am now very ill and hardly see to scrawl this &amp; feel as
+if I should live two days, the sooner the better. I am, tho&#8217; unknown
+to you</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 8em;">&#8220;Your respectfull humble Servant</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">&#8220;<span class="smcap">Messr. Monsey.</span>&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Monsey lived until December 20th, 1788; his wishes were duly carried out
+by Mr. Forster, at Guy&#8217;s Hospital, in the presence of the students.</p>
+
+<p>Ninety-nine gentlemen of Dublin signed a document, in which the wish was
+expressed that their bodies, instead of being interred, should be devoted
+by their surviving friends &#8220;to the more rational, benevolent, and
+honourable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> purpose of explaining the structure, functions and diseases of
+the human being.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A Mr. Boys, who died in 1835, wished to be made into &#8220;essential salts&#8221; for
+the use of his female friends. In a letter to Dr. Campbell, written four
+years before his death, he asks: &#8220;Are you now disposed (without Burking)
+to accomplish my wish, when my breath or spirit shall have ceased to
+animate my carcase, to perform the operation of vitrifying my bones, and
+sublimating the rest, thereby cheating the Devil of his due, according to
+the ideas of some devotees among Christians? And, that I may not offend
+the delicate olfactory nerves of my female friends with a mass of
+putridity, if it be possible, let me rather fill a few little bottles of
+essential salts therefrom, and revive their drooping spirits. It may be
+irksome to you to superintend the business, but, perhaps, you have
+knowledge of some rising genius or geniuses who may be glad of a subject
+without paying for it. Let them slash and cut, and divide, as best please
+&#8217;em.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The following account, taken from a newspaper of 1810, shows that
+untoward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> events sometimes followed a request of this kind. A journeyman
+tailor died at the <i>Black Prince</i>, in Chandos Street, and directed, in his
+will, that his body should be opened in the presence of Mr. Wood, the
+landlord. This instruction was carried out. The paragraph goes on to say
+that the dissection was scarcely concluded &#8220;when the landlord, a stranger
+to such exhibitions, was seized with sickness and vomiting; and, on
+reaching the bar, was prevailed upon by his wife to take a glass of brandy
+and water; in a few minutes he was obliged to be carried to bed, never to
+rise again; on Friday last, the third day from the attack, he died in a
+state of delirium, not from contagion, or a predisposition to disease, but
+solely from the impression made upon his mind by the anatomical
+performance, which, he observed, exceeded in horror any thing he had ever
+beheld.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was not an uncommon thing for persons to try to put into effect part of
+Dermott&#8217;s plan, by offering to leave their bodies for anatomical purposes,
+on the condition that they were paid a certain sum down. This was
+generally only a swindling dodge, and one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> by which the teachers were not
+to be caught, as they could have no hold on the persons whose bodies they
+purchased, nor could they compel the friends to give them up after death.
+The following letter, preserved amongst Sir Astley Cooper&#8217;s papers, and
+now forming part of the Stone Collection at the Royal College of Surgeons
+of England, is a specimen:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;I have been informed you are in the habit of purchasing bodys
+and allowing the person a sum weekly; knowing a poor woman that is
+desirous of doing so, I have taken the liberty of calling to know the
+truth.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 8em;">&#8220;I remain, your humble servant.&#8221;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 17em;"><small><a name="f10.1" id="f10.1" href="#f10">[10]</a></small></span></p></div>
+
+<p>On the back Sir Astley has written, &#8220;The <i>truth</i> is that you deserve to be
+hanged for such an unfeeling offer. A. C.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The idea at the present day has not died out; quite recently a man called
+at the College of Surgeons, and offered to sell his body for a cash
+payment. It is a fairly common experience of Curators of Pathological
+Museums to have similar offers from persons suffering from a rare disease,
+or a curious deformity.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 354px; height: 500px;"><img src="images/i044.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">MORTSAFE IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">As</span> has been stated in the previous chapter, there was no need of the
+resurrection-men, so long as the teaching of anatomy was confined to the
+Company of Barbers and Surgeons. It has also been pointed out that, as
+late as 1714, Cheselden was reprimanded for having anatomical
+demonstrations at his private house. Soon after this date, however, began
+the establishment of private schools. Mr. Nourse, of St. Bartholomew&#8217;s,
+was one of the first to deliver public lectures at his own house. After a
+time this probably became inconvenient, as we find his advertisement, in
+1739, worded thus:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">&#8220;ANATOMY.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Designing to have no more lectures at my own house, I think it
+proper to advertise that I shall begin a Course of Anatomy,
+Chirurgical Operations and Bandages on Monday, the 11th of Nov., at
+St. Bartholomew&#8217;s Hospital.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#8220;<span class="smcap">Edw. Nourse</span>, Assistant Surgeon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">and Lithotomist to the said Hospital.&#8221;</span></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>Percivall Pott, who was apprenticed to Nourse, followed his master&#8217;s
+example, and lectured on Surgery. In 1737 we find Dr. Fr. Nicholls
+advertising thus:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;On Wednesday, the 2nd of February, at the House below the Bull Head,
+in Lincoln&#8217;s Inn Fields, at five in the evening, will begin a Course
+of Anatomy and Physiology, introductory to the study and practice of
+Physick in all its branches by Fr. Nicholls, M.D. N.B. A compendium
+referring to the several matters, explain&#8217;d in these Lectures, is
+sold by John Clarke, under the Royal Exchange, and F. Woodward, at
+the Half Moon, within Temple Bar, Booksellers.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>The following is the advertisement of C&aelig;sar Hawkins, from a newspaper of
+1739:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#8220;In Pall Mall Court, in Pall Mall. On Thursday, the 5th of February
+next, will begin a Course of Anatomy, with the principal Operations
+in Surgery and their suitable Bandages, by C&aelig;sar Hawkins, Surgeon to
+St. George&#8217;s Hospital.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>Joshua Brookes&#8217; advertisement, in 1814, ran as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">&#8220;THEATRE OF ANATOMY, BLENHEIM STREET,<br />GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The Summer Course of Lectures on Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery,
+will be commenced on Monday, the 6th of June, at seven o&#8217;clock in
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> morning. By Mr. Brookes.&mdash;Anatomical Converzationes will be held
+weekly, when the different Subjects treated of will be discussed
+familiarly, and the Students&#8217; views forwarded. To these none but
+Pupils can be admitted. Spacious Apartments, thoroughly ventilated,
+and replete with every convenience, will be open at five o&#8217;clock in
+the morning, for the purposes of Dissecting and Injecting, when Mr.
+Brookes attends to direct the Students and demonstrate the various
+parts as they appear on Dissection.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The inconveniences usually attending Anatomical Investigations, are
+counteracted by an antiseptic process. Pupils may be accommodated in
+the House. Gentlemen established in Practice, desirous of renewing
+their Anatomical Knowledge, may be accommodated with an apartment to
+dissect in privately.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<p>A very interesting account of the old Anatomical Schools, by Mr. D&#8217;Arcy
+Power, will be found in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, 1895, vol. 2, p.
+141. The paper is entitled &#8220;The Rise and Fall of the Private Medical
+Schools in London.&#8221; It has been reprinted, with other articles, in a
+pamphlet, entitled <i>The Medical Institutions of London</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In Great Britain, as no licence was required for opening an Anatomical
+School, there was no limit to their number; there was also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> no regular
+legal supply of subjects, except the bodies of murderers, executed in
+London and the county of Middlesex, which came to the schools through the
+College of Surgeons. In Paris a licence had to be obtained before opening
+an Anatomical School, and bodies were regularly supplied to the licensed
+places.</p>
+
+<p>With the rise and competition of the Medical Schools in London, the
+difficulty of getting an adequate number of bodies increased. The absolute
+necessity of having a good supply for the use of students, so as to
+prevent them from going off to rival schools, caused the teachers to offer
+large prices, and thus made it worth while for men to devote themselves
+entirely to obtaining bodies for this purpose. At first the trade was
+carried on by a very few men, and without any public scandal, but the
+inducements mentioned above enticed others into the business; these were
+of the lowest class, often professed thieves, and the fights and disputes
+of these men, one with the other, in churchyards, often made really more
+scandal than the actual stealing of the bodies. It was stated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> by the
+police in 1828 that the number of persons who, in London, lived regularly
+on the profits of exhumation, did not exceed ten; but there were, in
+addition to these, about two hundred who were occasionally employed. These
+latter individuals were thieves of the lowest grade, and the most
+desperate and abandoned class of the community. The men worked generally
+in gangs, and would do anything to spoil the success of their opponents in
+the business. If a body were bought by one of the teachers from an outside
+source, the regular men would sometimes break into the dissecting-room and
+cut the body in such a manner as to make it useless for anatomical
+purposes. If this could not be done, they would give information to the
+police that a stolen body was lying in a certain dissecting-room. Joshua
+Brookes, the proprietor of the Blenheim Street, or Great Marlborough
+Street, School, was a victim in this way; a body, for which he had paid 16
+guineas, was taken away from his school through information of this kind,
+and the police officer who carried out the business was, as a reward for
+his efforts, presented with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> a silver staff, purchased by public
+subscription. Brookes seems to have got on very badly with the
+resurrection-men; at one time, because he refused five guineas as a
+douceur at the beginning of the session, two dead bodies, in a high state
+of decomposition, were dropped at night close to his school by the men
+whom he had thus offended; one of these bodies was placed at the Poland
+Street end of Great Marlborough Street, and the other at the end of
+Blenheim Street. Two young ladies stumbled over one of these bodies, and
+at once raised such a commotion that, had it not been for the prompt
+assistance of Sir Robert Baker and the police, Brookes would have fared
+very badly at the hands of the mob which soon collected. The fact of his
+house being near to the Marlborough Police Court, on more than one
+occasion saved Brookes from the popular fury.</p>
+
+<p>A subject was brought to him one day in a sack, and paid for at once; soon
+after it was discovered that the occupant of the sack was alive. This was
+not a case of attempted murder; the &#8220;subject&#8221; was a confederate of those
+from whom he had been purchased, and had, in all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> probability, been thus
+introduced to the premises for purposes of burglary.</p>
+
+<p>The competition of the schools had risen to such a height in the demand
+for bodies, that Brookes stated that for a subject, which would have cost
+two guineas in his student days, he had paid as much as sixteen guineas.
+Nor was the cost of the body the only expense to the teacher. At the
+beginning of each session he was waited upon by the resurrection-men, who
+offered to supply him regularly with bodies at a fixed price, on the
+condition that a douceur was paid down at once. The teachers were
+powerless in the matter, and had either to accede to the offered terms, or
+to lose their students through not having a sufficient supply of subjects.
+The scarcity of bodies was most keenly felt at the beginning of the
+session; the resurrection-men knew that they could command their own
+terms, and would not supply any subjects until the teachers had conceded
+all their demands. This was felt to be bad for the students, and Dr. James
+Somerville, who was assistant to Brodie at the Great Windmill Street
+School, in giving evidence before the Committee on Anatomy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> said that
+&#8220;the pupils not being able to proceed for a certain time lose their
+ardour, and get into habits of idleness.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the session the resurrection-men again waited on the
+proprietors of the schools, and demanded &#8220;finishing money.&#8221; In some papers
+relating to Sir Astley Cooper, which were referred to in a letter
+published in the <i>Medical Times</i>, 1883, vol. 1, p. 343, we read: &#8220;May
+10th, 1827, Paid Hollis, Vaughan, and Llewellyn, finishing money, &pound;6 6s.
+0d. 1829, June 18th, Paid Murphy, Wildes, &amp; Naples, finishing money &pound;6 6s.
+0d.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The cost of the bodies in this way to the teachers was more than they
+could charge to the students, and the deficiency thus created was made up
+by increased fees for the lectures. The expenses, moreover, did not end
+here. If one of the resurrection-men was unfortunate enough to get a term
+of imprisonment, the teacher had to partly keep the man&#8217;s wife and family
+whilst he was serving his sentence. A solatium was also expected on his
+release from gaol. Mr. R. D. Grainger spent &pound;50 in this way for one man,
+and several guineas in keeping the family of another Resurrectionist<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+whilst the latter was in gaol. Sir Astley Cooper is known to have spent
+large sums of money for a similar purpose. The following may be cited as
+examples: &#8220;January 29th, 1828, Paid Mr. Cock to pay Mr. South half the
+expenses of bailing Vaughan from Yarmouth and going down &pound;14 7s. 0d. 1829,
+May 6th, Paid Vaughan&#8217;s wife 6s. Paid Vaughan for twenty-six weeks&#8217;
+confinement at 10s. per week, &pound;13 0s. 0d.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>If any independence were shown by the teachers, and the demands of the men
+resisted, victory generally fell to the lot of the Resurrectionists. A
+teacher, perhaps, would refuse to pay the exorbitant demands, and would
+employ other men to obtain bodies for him. These were then watched by the
+regular gang, and information to the police was laid against them on every
+occasion. The bodies obtained by the irregular men were often taken from
+them by those who considered they had a monopoly in the business; these
+subjects were then hacked and cut about so as to make them quite useless
+for anatomical purposes. So the supply at this particular school would be
+very short, and great indignation would arise<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> amongst the students, who
+had paid their fees, and therefore demanded an adequate number of bodies
+for dissection. The teacher was thus obliged to give way, and to accede to
+the demands of the regular gang.</p>
+
+<p>The teachers formed themselves into an Anatomical Club for their own
+protection; by this means it was hoped to regulate the price to be paid
+for bodies, by agreement amongst the members of the Club not to give more
+than a certain amount. This agreement does not seem, according to Mr.
+South, to have been very faithfully kept, and so, with new schools
+springing up and giving rise to still greater competition, the teachers
+were as much as ever in the hands of the resurrection-men.</p>
+
+<p>It must not be supposed that all the bodies which were supplied to the
+schools were exhumed. Many of them were stolen or obtained by false
+pretences before burial. Glennon, the police officer, who has been before
+mentioned in connection with Joshua Brookes, told the Committee that he
+had recovered between fifty and a hundred bodies for persons who had had
+their houses broken open, and bodies stolen from them whilst in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> the
+coffin awaiting burial. The following case, tried at the London Sessions
+in 1830, is an example of this:</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;LONDON ADJOURNED SESSIONS.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Tuesday.&mdash;Body-Snatching.</span>&mdash;A well-known pilferer of graves, named Clarke,
+was tried upon an indictment, charging him with having stolen the body of
+a dead child, aged about four years, which had been under the care of a
+nurse named Mary Hopkins. The facts which came out in evidence are as
+follows: The deceased was the daughter of a woman of the town, residing in
+Shire Lane, and had been kept at the nurse&#8217;s lodging, which was in the
+same neighbourhood. She died on a Friday, and Clarke, whose ears were
+described as &#8216;quick to the toll of the passing bell,&#8217; paid the nurse a
+visit the next morning, under pretence of hiring a cellar under the house.
+He took occasion to notice the poor woman&#8217;s son; said it was a pity to see
+the boy idle, and that he should have immediate employment, and called
+again with evidences of still stronger interest in favour of the family.
+&#8216;By the way,&#8217; said he, &#8216;I understand you have had a death<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> lately.&#8217; &#8216;Yes,
+sir,&#8217; said the nurse, &#8216;a poor little girl is departed.&#8217; &#8216;Poor little
+dear,&#8217; cried the snatcher, &#8216;I should like to look at the little innocent.&#8217;
+He was forthwith led into the front parlour, where the body lay in a
+coffin, and observing that its position was favourable to his intention,
+he sympathized with the nurse, and said, &#8216;We must all come to this sooner
+or later,&#8217; and then he went to get a half-pint of summut to comfort them.
+The nurse disposed of a glass, which presently set her in a profound
+sleep, and when she awoke the body of the babe was gone. It appeared that
+the snatcher, after having quitted the house, as if for good, returned,
+and opening the parlour-window hooked out with a stick the corpse of the
+child, and went off with it towards a market that is open at all hours,
+near Bridgewater Square. However, a police officer, who knew his trade,
+laid hands upon him, telling him he was wanted. The snatcher then threw
+down the child and took to his heels, but was apprehended and lodged in
+the Compter. The nurse proved the identity of the body. Upon her
+cross-examination, by Mr. Payne, she stated that the mother had not been
+to see<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> the deceased for four or five days before the death. The Jury
+returned a verdict of Guilty, but some of them audibly spoke of
+recommending the prisoner to mercy, but made no appendage to that effect.
+The Recorder sentenced the prisoner to be imprisoned for the space of six
+calendar months.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes these stolen bodies were claimed after payment had been made to
+the resurrection-men, but before any dissection had taken place. The
+following refers to Guy&#8217;s Hospital: &#8220;Returned to Vestry Clerk of
+Newington, by order of the Treasurer, one male and two females, purchased
+of Page, &amp;c., on the 25th, who had broken open the dead-house to obtain
+them.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Bodies of suicides, and of those who had met with an accidental death,
+were frequently stolen whilst they were awaiting the coroner&#8217;s inquest.
+Often in these cases the body-thieves, after selling the subject to a
+teacher of anatomy, secretly gave information to the police where the
+missing body might be found. It was then seized by the police, and, after
+the inquest, handed over to those who claimed to be relatives; these
+supposed relatives were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> frequently confederates of the thieves, and by
+them the body was at once taken off and again sold to another teacher.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>The following case is from a newspaper of 1823:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Suicide and the Body Stolen.</span>&mdash;Tuesday evening last a young woman of
+respectable and interesting appearance was observed for some time parading
+the banks of the Surrey Canal, Camberwell, in a melancholy mood, and at
+length she plunged into the water; on which a man rushed in after her and
+dived several times, but failed in recovering the body, which was not
+found till the following morning, when it was taken to the Albany Arms,
+near the Canal, for the Coroner&#8217;s inquest, which was to have taken place
+on Thursday. On the landlord proceeding to the shed on Wednesday morning,
+where the body had been deposited, he discovered, that in the course of
+the night, it had been broken open, and the corpse of the female stolen
+away. He instantly repaired to the Police Office, Union Street, and gave
+information of the circumstance to the Magistrates, who gave orders that
+immediate inquiry should <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>be made at Mr. Brookes&#8217;s, where the body has
+since been discovered and given up. The poor woman was unclaimed, and the
+verdict of the Coroner&#8217;s Jury was &#8216;Found Drowned.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A favourite trick, in the carrying out of which a woman was generally
+necessary, was that of claiming the bodies of friendless persons who died
+in workhouses, or similar institutions. Immediately it was found out that
+such an one was dead a man and woman, decently clad in mourning, in great
+grief, and often in tears, called at the workhouse to take away the body
+of their dear departed relative. If the trick proved successful, as it
+often did, the body was taken straight off to one of the schools and sold.
+The parish authorities, probably, were not over particular about giving up
+the body, if the deceased were a stranger, as by this means they saved the
+cost of burial.</p>
+
+<p>Subjects, too, were obtained from cheap undertakers, who kept the bodies
+of the poor until the time for burial. The coffin was weighted so as to
+conceal the fraud, and the mockery of reading the Burial Service over it
+was gone through in the presence of the unsuspecting relatives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>That some bodies were obtained by murder there can be no doubt. The
+exposure caused by the trials of Burke and Hare in Edinburgh, and Bishop
+and Williams in London, proves this.</p>
+
+<p>The facts previously stated, however, go very far to exonerate the
+anatomists from the false charge (freely made at the time) of their being
+privy to these murders. It has been frequently stated that signs of murder
+could be easily seen, and that the fact of the body being fresh, and there
+being no evidence of its having been interred, ought to have at once
+suggested foul play, and to have caused the teacher to communicate with
+the police. But it must be remembered that the murders were generally very
+artfully contrived by suffocation, so as to leave no outward signs of
+ill-treatment. It was also no uncommon thing, for the reasons just given,
+to receive at the schools bodies in quite a fresh state, which had
+evidently never received sepulture.</p>
+
+<p>An account of the <i>post mortem</i> on the Italian boy, for whose murder
+Bishop and Williams were hanged,<small><a name="f11.1" id="f11.1" href="#f11">[11]</a></small> has been preserved by Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+Clarke.<small><a name="f12.1" id="f12.1" href="#f12">[12]</a></small> The examination of the body was carried out by Mr.
+Wetherfield, of Southampton Street. There were also present Mr. Mayo,
+Lecturer on Anatomy at King&#8217;s College; Mr. Partridge, his demonstrator;
+Mr. Beaman, Parish Surgeon; and his Assistant, Mr. D. Edwards, and Mr.
+Clarke. The boy&#8217;s teeth had been removed and sold to a dentist, but beyond
+this there were no external marks of violence on any part of the body. The
+internal organs were carefully examined, but no trace of injury or poison
+could be found. Mr. Mayo, who had a peculiar way of standing very upright
+with his hands in his breeches&#8217; pockets, said, with a kind of lisp he had,
+&#8220;By Jove! the boy died a nathral death.&#8221; Mr. Partridge and Mr. Beaman,
+
+however, suggested that the spine had not been examined, and after a
+consultation it was decided to do this. It was then found that one or more
+of the upper cervical vertebr&aelig; were fractured. &#8220;By Jove!&#8221; said Mr. Mayo,
+&#8220;this boy was murthered.&#8221; The conviction of Bishop and Williams was due,
+in a very great measure, to Mr. Partridge and Mr. Beaman.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>At the present day it is well-nigh impossible to understand the relations
+between men of honour and education, such as the teachers of anatomy were,
+and the ruffians who carried on this ghastly trade. It must, however, be
+borne in mind that, until the passing of the Anatomy Act in 1832, there
+was no provision for supplying the means by which the student might be
+taught this necessary part of his professional education; the only way in
+which teachers could get material for giving instruction was by dealing
+with the resurrection-men.</p>
+
+<p>It would have been quite impossible for the resurrection-men to have
+obtained the number of bodies they frequently did, had they not been able
+to bribe the custodians of the different burial-grounds. Sometimes they
+met with a difficulty in the shape of a keeper newly appointed to replace
+one who had been dismissed for being privy to these depredations. In most
+instances this was soon overcome; if, at the outset, the custodian could
+not be bribed, he could generally be induced to drink, and then, whilst he
+was in a state of intoxication, the body which the resurrection-men wished
+to obtain could be easily removed.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> After this first step there was
+generally very little difficulty in the future.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes, too, the grave-diggers not only gave information to the
+Resurrectionists, but acted as principals themselves. In Benson&#8217;s
+<i>Remarkable Trials</i> is recorded the case of John Holmes, Peter Williams,
+and Esther Donaldson. Holmes was grave-digger at St. George&#8217;s, Bloomsbury;
+Williams was his assistant, and Donaldson was charged as an accomplice.
+They were prosecuted before Sir John Hawkins at the Guildhall,
+Westminster, in December, 1777, for stealing the body of Mrs. Jane
+Sainsbury, who died in the previous October, and was buried in the St.
+George&#8217;s burial-ground. Holmes and Williams were sentenced to six months&#8217;
+imprisonment, and to be whipped on their bare backs from the end of
+Kingsgate Street, Holborn, to Dyot Street, St. Giles. The sentence, says
+Benson, was duly carried out amidst crowds of well-satisfied and approving
+spectators. The woman Donaldson was acquitted.</p>
+
+<p>The ranks of the resurrection-men were largely recruited from the keepers
+of burial-grounds. When these men had lost their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> situations for
+connivance at the stealing of bodies, they naturally joined their old
+associates, and became part of the regular gang.</p>
+
+<p>The bribery of the custodians will account for the large number of bodies
+often obtained in one night. Had there been the slightest vigilance on the
+part of the authorities, it would have been absolutely impossible for the
+resurrection-men to have spent the time necessary for their work without
+detection. The amount of time required for the work depended greatly on
+the soil. One man told Bransby Cooper that he had taken two bodies from
+separate graves of considerable depth, and had restored the coffins and
+the earth to their former positions in an hour and a half. Another man
+said that he had completed the exhumation of a body in a quarter of an
+hour; but in this instance the grave was extremely shallow, and the earth
+loose and without stones. If much gravel had to be dug through, the
+resurrection-men had a peculiar way of using their spades, so that the
+gravel was thrown out of the grave quite noiselessly.</p>
+
+<p>On Thursday, February 20th, 1812, the Diary tells us that 15 large bodies
+and one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> small one were obtained from St. Pancras. No doubt this was
+simplified by the custom of burying several paupers in one grave. To
+obtain these it was necessary to dig all the earth out, so that each
+coffin could be dealt with; the men generally worked very soon after a
+funeral, and so the earth was much more easily moved than it would have
+been if they had been obliged to dig through undisturbed ground. When only
+one body was to be had, a small opening was dug down to the head of the
+coffin, which was then broken open, and the body was pulled up with a
+rope, fastened either round the neck or under the armpits.</p>
+
+<p>In a memoir of Thomas Wakley, the founder of <i>The Lancet</i>,<small><a name="f13.1" id="f13.1" href="#f13">[13]</a></small> the
+following account of the <i>modus operandi</i> of the resurrection-men is
+given: &#8220;In the case of a neat, or not quite new grave, the ingenuity of
+the Resurrectionist came into play. Several feet&mdash;fifteen or twenty&mdash;away
+from the head or foot of the grave, he would remove a square of turf,
+about eighteen or twenty inches in diameter. This he would carefully put
+by, and then commence to mine. Most pauper graves were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> of the same depth,
+and, if the sepulchre was that of a person of importance, the depth of the
+grave could be pretty well estimated by the nature of the soil thrown up.
+Taking a five-foot grave, the coffin lid would be about four feet from the
+surface. A rough slanting tunnel, some five yards long, would, therefore,
+have to be constructed, so as to impinge exactly on the coffin head. This
+being at last struck (no very simple task), the coffin was lugged up by
+hooks to the surface, or, preferably, the end of the coffin was wrenched
+off with hooks while still in the shelter of the tunnel, and the scalp or
+feet of the corpse secured through the open end, and the body pulled out,
+leaving the coffin almost intact and unmoved.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The body once obtained, the narrow shaft was easily filled up and the sod
+of turf accurately replaced. The friends of the deceased, seeing that the
+earth <i>over</i> his grave was not disturbed, would flatter themselves that
+the body had escaped the Resurrectionist; but they seldom noticed the
+neatly-placed square of turf, some feet away.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A somewhat similar account is given in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> the <i>Memorials of John Flint
+South</i>.<small><a name="f14.1" id="f14.1" href="#f14">[14]</a></small> This method is also referred to by Bransby Cooper,<small><a name="f15.1" id="f15.1" href="#f15">[15]</a></small> who
+states that it was told him by one &#8220;who fancied he had found out their
+secret, but had, no doubt, been deceived by some of them purposely.&#8221;
+Bransby Cooper also says that he asked one of the principal
+resurrection-men as to the feasibility of this method, and the man showed
+him several objections to it, and stated that &#8220;it would never do.&#8221; This
+statement was made after the resurrection-days were over, when there could
+be no advantage in keeping the true plan secret. It must be remembered
+that there were some amateur body-snatchers, and that it was not at all
+unlikely that the regular men would tell to them a plan as full of
+difficulties as that quoted above. To make the tunnel as described, would
+be impossible, and it is somewhat difficult to see how grappling-irons
+were fastened to the coffin; a man could hardly get down a tunnel 18 in.
+in diameter and 15 feet in length to do this; if he did succeed, his
+difficulties in returning must have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> been still greater. To pull a body
+out of the head or foot of a coffin, as described, is an impossibility. No
+allowance is made, either, in digging the tunnel for obstacles, in the
+shape of intervening graves or grave-stones. As regards the evidence on
+the surface of a grave having been disturbed, it would be greater in one
+opened in this manner than if the recently-disturbed earth had been again
+dug out. It would be impossible to get back into the tunnel all the earth
+dug out in the course of its construction, and this loose earth would at
+once attract attention. Generally, bodies were removed before the graves
+were finally tidied up, so that it was difficult to notice a fresh
+disturbance.</p>
+
+<p>The writer of the Diary was a cemetery-keeper when he first began his
+resurrection proceedings; his <i>modus operandi</i>, in some cases, was to take
+the body out of the coffin, and place it in a sack, before he began to
+fill in the grave. Then, as he gradually threw the earth in, he kept
+pulling the sack to the surface, so that when his work of filling in was
+completed, he had the sack close to the top of the grave. He had then only
+to wait until<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> night, when he was able, under cover of the darkness, to
+remove the body without fear of detection. When the resurrection-men had
+been successful in their night&#8217;s work, they were glad to find a temporary
+shelter for the bodies, as near at hand as possible. This was generally an
+out-house belonging to one of the schools which they regularly supplied;
+the men were permitted to place the bodies there for the night, and to
+fetch them away the next day. This explains some of the entries in the
+Diary, such as &#8220;Took the whole to &mdash;&mdash;,&#8221; and the next day, &#8220;Removed the
+whole from &mdash;&mdash;.&#8221; Before removing any of the bodies, the men would find
+out exactly where they were wanted, and so would save much risk of being
+arrested with the bodies in their possession.</p>
+
+<p>If the following broadside could be believed, the resurrection-men
+sometimes performed a valuable service to those who had been buried&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;MIRACULOUS CIRCUMSTANCE:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Being a full and particular account of John Macintire, who was buried
+alive, in Edinburgh, on the 15th day of April, 1824, while in a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>trance,
+and who was taken up by the resurrection-men, and sold to the doctors to
+be dissected, with a full account of the many strange and wonderful things
+which he saw and felt while he was in that state, the whole being taken
+from his own words.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I had been some time ill of a low and lingering fever. My strength
+gradually wasted, and I could see by the doctor that I had nothing to
+hope. One day, towards evening, I was seized with strange and
+indescribable quiverings. I saw around my bed, innumerable strange faces;
+they were bright and visionary, and without bodies. There was light and
+solemnity, and I tried to move, but could not; I could recollect, with
+perfectness, but the power of motion had departed. I heard the sound of
+weeping at my pillow, and the voice of the nurse say, &#8216;He is dead.&#8217; I
+cannot describe what I felt at these words. I exerted my utmost power to
+stir myself, but I could not move even an eyelid. My father drew his hand
+over my face and closed my eyelids. The world was then darkened, but I
+could still hear, and feel and suffer. For three days a number of friends
+called to see<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> me. I heard them in low accents speak of what I was, and
+more than one touched me with his finger. The coffin was then procured,
+and I was laid in it. I felt the coffin lifted and borne away. I heard and
+felt it placed in the hearse; it halted, and the coffin was taken out. I
+felt myself carried on the shoulders of men; I heard the cords of the
+coffin moved. I felt it swing as dependent by them. It was lowered and
+rested upon the bottom of the grave. Dreadful was the effort I then made
+to exert the power of action, but my whole frame was immovable. The sound
+of the rattling mould as it covered me, was far more tremendous than
+thunder. This also ceased, and all was silent. This is death, thought I,
+and soon the worms will be crawling about my flesh. In the contemplation
+of this hideous thought, I heard a low sound in the earth over me, and I
+fancied that the worms and reptiles were coming. The sound continued to
+grow louder and nearer. Can it be possible, thought I, that my friends
+suspect that they have buried me too soon? The hope was truly like
+bursting through the gloom of death. The sound ceased. They dragged me out
+of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> coffin by the head, and carried me swiftly away. When borne to
+some distance, I was thrown down like a clod, and by the interchange of
+one or two brief sentences, I discovered that I was in the hands of two of
+those robbers, who live by plundering the grave, and selling the bodies of
+parents, and children, and friends. Being rudely stripped of my shroud, I
+was placed naked on a table. In a short time I heard by the bustle in the
+room that the doctors and students were assembling. When all was ready the
+Demonstrator took his knife, and pierced my bosom. I felt a dreadful
+crackling, as it were, throughout my whole frame; a convulsive shudder
+instantly followed, and a shriek of horror rose from all present. The ice
+of death was broken up; my trance was ended. The utmost exertions were
+made to restore me, and in the course of an hour I was in full possession
+of all my faculties.</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;STEPHENSON, PRINTER, GATESHEAD.&#8221;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>It was quite necessary for the Committee on Anatomy to adopt some means to
+protect the resurrection-men who gave evidence before it;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> this was done
+by suppressing their names, and using letters of the alphabet to
+distinguish the witnesses one from another. Popular feeling was so bitter
+against these men that they were often severely handled by the mob.
+Sometimes the mob made a mistake, and the innocent suffered for the
+guilty. In 1823 a coach containing an empty coffin was being drawn along
+the streets of Edinburgh; the people, suspecting that it was intended to
+convey a body, taken from some churchyard, seized the coach; it was with
+great difficulty that the police rescued the driver from the fury of the
+mob. The coach they could not save; it was taken through the streets,
+thrown over a mound, and smashed; the people then kindled a fire with the
+fragments, and danced round it. It turned out that the coffin was intended
+to convey to his house, in Edinburgh, the body of a physician who had died
+in the country.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion two American gentlemen, who were looking at the Abbey
+of Linlithgow after nightfall, were mistaken for resurrection-men, and
+assaulted by the mob.</p>
+
+<p>One of the witnesses, called &#8220;A. B.,&#8221; but who was probably Ben Crouch
+himself, stated that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> twenty-three in four nights was the greatest number
+he had ever obtained. He added, &#8220;When I go to work, I like to get those of
+poor people buried from the workhouses, because instead of working for one
+subject, you may get three or four. I do not think, during the time I have
+been in the habit of working for the schools, I got half a dozen of
+wealthier people.&#8221; Another witness, who is called &#8220;C. D.,&#8221; but who was,
+without doubt, the writer of the Diary, stated that, &#8220;according to my
+book,&#8221; in 1809 and 1810 the number of bodies disposed of in England was
+305 adults and 44 small; but the same year 37 were sent to Edinburgh, and
+the gang had 18 in hand, which were never used at all. In 1810-11, 312
+adults were disposed of in the regular session, and 20 in the summer, in
+addition to 47 smalls. In the Report of the Committee in 1828, it was
+pointed out that, at that time, there were over 800 students attending the
+Schools of Anatomy in London, but of these not more than 500 actually
+worked at dissection. The number of subjects annually available for
+instruction amounted to between 450 and 500, or rather less than one for
+each student.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>The average price of an adult body was stated to be &pound;4 4s. 0d. It may be
+here explained that a &#8220;small&#8221; was a body under three feet long; these were
+sold at so much per inch and were generally classified as &#8220;large small,&#8221;
+&#8220;small,&#8221; and &#8220;f&oelig;tus.&#8221; The earnings of the resurrection-men may be
+gathered from the above entry. To take the year 1810-11, the receipts for
+bodies alone come to 1328 guineas; this is exclusive of &#8220;smalls,&#8221; and
+probably also of the teeth, in which these men did a large trade. Teeth,
+in those days, were very valuable; the amounts received by some of the men
+for teeth only will be dealt with in the chapter containing biographical
+notices of some of the principal London resurrection-men. It may be here
+mentioned that on one occasion Murphy obtained the entry to a vault
+belonging to a meeting-house, on the pretence of selecting a burial-place
+for his wife. Whilst in there he managed to slip back some bolts, so that
+he could easily gain an entrance at another time; this he did at night,
+and got possession of teeth by which he made &pound;60.</p>
+
+<p>From the statements of the teachers it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> most likely that &pound;4 4s. 0d. is
+under the average price paid for bodies. It must be remembered, too, that
+this amount does not include the retaining-fee paid at the beginning of
+the session, nor the &#8220;finishing-money&#8221; which was demanded at its close.
+The 1328 guineas spoken of above would be divided amongst six or seven
+persons, and this, for men in their position, was a large income. The
+biographical notes of the chief workers in this horrible trade will show
+that some few of them did save money. Taking them, however, as a whole,
+they were a dissolute and ruffianly gang; reference to the Diary proves
+their drunken habits, and there is more than one entry to show that they
+were often in pecuniary difficulties; so much so that on one occasion they
+were obliged to have recourse to Mordecai, the Jew.</p>
+
+<p>It was quite useless for those who had just buried a relative or friend to
+depend either upon the custodian of the burial-ground, or upon the watch,
+to see that the newly-made grave was not violated. The resurrection-men
+often met with a guard, instituted by the friends of the deceased, who
+would take it in turns to watch by the grave-side through the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> whole
+night; these friends were frequently armed, and were not afraid to use
+their arms if the resurrection-men gave them an opportunity. As a rule the
+body-snatchers made off when they found a guard in the cemetery; it was to
+their interest not to create a riot, and if they were strong enough to
+drive off the watchers, the latter could soon raise a tumult, whereby the
+bodily safety of the thieves would be endangered.</p>
+
+<p>Matters did not always pass off so peaceably, particularly in Ireland, as
+the following extract from an Irish newspaper for 1830 shows:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Desperate Engagement with Body-snatchers.</span>&mdash;The remains of the late Edward
+Barrett, Esq., having been interred in Glasnevin churchyard on the 27th of
+last month (January), persons were appointed to remain in the churchyard
+all night, to protect the corpse from &#8216;the sack &#8217;em-up gentlemen,&#8217; and it
+seems the precaution was not unnecessary, for, on Saturday night last,
+some of the gentry made their appearance, but soon decamped on finding
+they were likely to be opposed. Nothing daunted, however, they returned on
+Tuesday morning with augmented force, and well armed. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>About ten minutes
+after two o&#8217;clock three or four of them were observed standing on the wall
+of the churchyard, while several others were endeavouring to get on it
+also. The party in the churchyard warned them off, and were replied to by
+a discharge from fire-arms. This brought on a general engagement; the sack
+&#8217;em-up gentlemen fired from behind the churchyard wall, by which they were
+defended, while their opponents on the watch fired from behind the
+tomb-stones. Upwards of 58 to 60 shots were fired. One of the assailants
+was shot&mdash;he was seen to fall; his body was carried off by his companions.
+Some of them are supposed to have been severely wounded, as a great
+quantity of blood was observed outside the churchyard wall,
+notwithstanding the ground was covered with snow. During the firing, which
+continued for upwards of a quarter of an hour, the church bell was rung by
+one of the watchmen, which, with the discharge from the fire-arms,
+collected several of the townspeople and the police to the spot&mdash;several
+of the former, notwithstanding the severity of the weather, in nearly a
+state of nakedness; but the assailants were by this <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>time defeated, and
+effected their retreat. Several of the head-stones bear evident marks of
+the conflict, being struck with the balls, &amp;c.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 373px;"><img src="images/i079.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">MORTSAFE IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Most of the disgraceful riots which took place in the burial-grounds, were
+not between resurrection-men and friends guarding a grave, but between two
+gangs of body-snatchers. In cases of this kind one gang would do all in
+its power to bring its rival into disrepute; the stronger party, after
+driving the weaker one away, would put the burial-ground into a most
+disgraceful state, and then give information against their opponents.</p>
+
+<p>Besides watching, many other devices were tried to prevent the
+depredations of the resurrection-men; spring guns were set in many of the
+cemeteries, but these were often rendered harmless. If the men intended
+going to a certain grave at night, late in the afternoon a woman, in deep
+mourning, would walk round the part of the cemetery in which the grave was
+situated, and contrive to detach the wires from the guns. Loose stones
+were placed on the walls of the grave-yard, so as to make scaling the
+walls almost an impossibility; this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> was useless when the custodian had a
+house with a window looking into the burial-place. If entrance could not
+be obtained in this way, there was generally some other house through
+which the men could gain admission to the grave-yard. Mort-safes, or
+strong iron guards, were placed over newly-made graves for protection;
+some of these can be seen at the present day in the Greyfriars Churchyard,
+Edinburgh (see illustrations).</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 373px;"><img src="images/i083.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">MORTSAFE IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Iron coffins were also used by some persons to protect their friends from
+the Resurrectionist. The following interesting advertisement appeared in
+<i>Wooler&#8217;s British Gazette</i> for October 13th, 1822:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Many hundred dead bodies will be dragged from their wooden coffins this
+winter, for the anatomical lectures (which have just commenced), the
+articulators, and for those who deal in the dead for the supply of the
+country practitioner and the Scotch schools. The question of the right to
+inter in iron is now decided. Lord Chief Justice Abbott declared he wished
+they might be generally used; Justice Bailey declared that if the
+Ecclesiastical Court was to grant a suit <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>for a fee, they, the Court of
+King&#8217;s Bench, would grant a prohibition, knowing it had no such right. Sir
+William Scott, now Lord Stowell, decided and directed the interment
+without any extra fee, as this question was raised by an undertaker; those
+undertakers who have <span class="smcaplc">IRON COFFINS</span> must divide the profits of the funeral
+with <span class="smcap">Edward Lillie Bridgman. Ten Guineas</span> reward will be paid on the
+conviction of any Parish Officer demanding an extra fee, whereby I shall
+lose the sale of a coffin. The violation of the sanctity of the grave is
+said to be needful, for the instruction of the medical pupil, but let each
+one about to inter a mother, husband, child, or friend, say shall I devote
+this object of my affection to such a purpose; if not, the only safe
+coffin is Bridgman&#8217;s <span class="smcaplc">PATENT WROUGHT-IRON ONE</span>, charged the same price as a
+wooden one, and is a superior substitute for lead. Edward Lillie Bridgman,
+34, Fish Street Hill, and Goswell Street Road, performs funerals in any
+part of the kingdom, and by attention to moderate charges insures the
+recommendation of those who employ him. Twenty-five private grounds within
+the Bills of Mortality receive them; dues <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>from seven shillings to one
+guinea. Patent cast-iron tombs and tablets, superior to stone.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The advertisement is headed by a rough cut, showing the coffin<small><a name="f16.1" id="f16.1" href="#f16">[16]</a></small> and the
+iron clamps by which it was fastened. There was another maker of patent
+coffins, who is mentioned by Southey in his ballad called <i>The Surgeon&#8217;s
+Warning</i>. The ballad represents the fear of a dying surgeon, lest his
+apprentices should serve him after death as he, during his life, has
+served many other persons:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;And my &#8217;prentices will surely come<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And carve me bone from bone,</span><br />
+And I, who have rifled the dead man&#8217;s grave,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shall never rest in my own.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Bury me in lead when I am dead,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">My brethren, I entreat,</span><br />
+And see the coffin weigh&#8217;d I beg,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lest the plumber should be a cheat.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;And let it be solder&#8217;d closely down<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Strong as strong can be, I implore,</span><br />
+And put it in a patent coffin<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That I may rise no more.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;If they carry me off in the patent coffin<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Their labour will be in vain,</span><br />
+Let the undertaker see it bought of the maker,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Who lives in St. Martin&#8217;s Lane.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 214px; height: 551px;"><img src="images/i087tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br />
+<a href="images/i087.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>All the surgeon&#8217;s wishes were duly carried out as regards his coffin;
+money was also given to watchers to keep guard every night over the grave.
+The &#8220;&#8217;prentices,&#8221; however, were able easily to buy the watchers, and so</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;They burst the patent coffin first,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And then cut through the lead,</span><br />
+And they laugh&#8217;d aloud when they saw the shroud,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Because they had got at the dead.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;And they allow&#8217;d the sexton the shroud<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And they put the coffin back,</span><br />
+And nose and knees they then did squeeze,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The surgeon in a sack.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="spacer">&#183;</span><span class="spacer">&#183;</span><span class="spacer">&#183;</span><span class="spacer">&#183;</span><span class="spacer">&#183;</span><span class="spacer">&#183;</span></span><br />
+&#8220;So they carried the sack pick-a-back,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And they carved him bone from bone,</span><br />
+But what became of the surgeon&#8217;s soul,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Was never to mortal known.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>The following extract from a Scotch paper shows the alarm felt for the
+safety of the newly-buried:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Resurrection-men.</span>&mdash;Curiosity drew together a crowd of people on Monday,
+at Dundee, to witness the funeral of a child, which was consigned to the
+grave in a novel manner. The father, in terror of the resurrection-men,
+had caused a small box, inclosing some deathful apparatus, communicating
+by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>means of wires, with the four corners, to be fastened on the top of
+the coffin. Immediately before it was lowered into the earth, a large
+quantity of gunpowder was poured into the box, and the hidden machinery
+put into a state of readiness for execution. The common opinion was, that
+if any one attempted to raise the body he would be blown up. The sexton
+seemed to dread an immediate explosion, for he started back in alarm after
+throwing in the first shovelful of earth.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Friends and relatives often placed objects on the newly-made grave, such
+as a flower or an oyster-shell, so that they might be able to tell if the
+earth had been disturbed. These objects were generally carefully noted by
+the resurrection-men, and were put back in their exact places after the
+body had been removed and the grave re-filled.</p>
+
+<p>In some burial-grounds, houses were built in which the bodies could be
+kept until they were putrid, and therefore useless to the
+resurrection-men. Such a house is still standing in the burial-ground at
+Crail.<small><a name="f17.1" id="f17.1" href="#f17">[17]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 378px;"><img src="images/i092.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">HOUSE AT CRAIL (Described on page <a href="#Page_80">80</a>).<br />
+Over the door is the following inscription: &#8220;Erected for securing the Dead. Ann. Dom. MDCCCXXVI.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 365px;"><img src="images/i093.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">HOUSE AT CRAIL (Described on page <a href="#Page_80">80</a>).<br />
+Over the door is the following inscription: &#8220;Erected for securing the Dead. Ann. Dom. MDCCCXXVI.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>As a rule, the resurrection-men were able<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> not only to supply the
+London schools from the grave-yards in and around the Metropolis, but also
+to send bodies to some of the provincial schools; the Diary shows that
+even Edinburgh received some of the proceeds of the work of this London
+gang. If, however, from increased vigilance or other causes, the supply of
+bodies ran short in London, recourse was had to the provinces. A case
+occurred some seventy years ago at Yarmouth. A man died, and was buried in
+St. Nicholas Churchyard. Not long after, his wife died also. On the
+husband&#8217;s grave being opened, it was discovered that the man&#8217;s body had
+been removed; this led to a panic amongst people in Yarmouth who had
+recently buried friends in that churchyard. Many graves were opened, and,
+in a large number of instances, were found to have been violated. This led
+to a regular watch being established over newly-made graves in the
+churchyard. It was the custom of the resurrection-men, when they had
+bodies to send from the country to London, to forward them so that they
+should, in outward appearance, correspond with the class of goods exported
+from the place where the bodies had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> been obtained. If the goods usually
+came to London in crates, crates were used by the body-snatchers; if
+ordinary packing-cases, then the bodies were enclosed in like receptacles.
+The proceeds of the exhumations at Yarmouth were probably packed in
+barrels, and came through Billingsgate.</p>
+
+<p>In 1826 three casks, labelled &#8220;Bitter Salts,&#8221; were taken down to George&#8217;s
+Dock at Liverpool, to be shipped on board the <i>Latona</i>, bound for Leith; a
+full description of this transaction was printed as a broadside, of which
+the following is a copy:</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;RESURRECTIONISTS AT LIVERPOOL.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Discovery of 33 Human Bodies, in Casks, about to be shipped from
+Liverpool for Edinburgh, on Monday last, October 9, 1826.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Yesterday afternoon, a carter took down one of our quays three casks, to
+be shipped on board the Carron Company&#8217;s vessel, the <i>Latona</i>, addressed
+to &#8216;Mr. G. Ironson, Edinburgh.&#8217; The casks remained on the quay all night,
+and this morning, previous to their being put on board, a horrible stench
+was experienced by the mate of the <i>Latona</i> and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>other persons, whose duty
+it was to ship them. This caused some suspicion that their contents did
+not agree with their superscription, which was &#8216;Bitter Salts,&#8217; and which
+the shipping note described they contained. The mate communicated his
+suspicions to the agent of the Carron Company, and that gentleman very
+promptly communicated the circumstances to the police. Socket, a
+constable, was sent to the Quay, and he caused the casks to be opened,
+when Eleven Dead Bodies were found therein, salted and pickled. The casks
+were detained, and George Leech, the cart-man, readily went with the
+officer to the cellar whence he carted them, which was situated under the
+school of Dr. McGowan, at the back of his house in Hope Street; the cellar
+was padlocked, but, by the aid of a crow-bar, Boughey, a police officer,
+succeeded in forcing an entrance, and, on searching therein, he found 4
+casks, all containing human bodies, salted as the others were, and three
+sacks, each containing a dead body. He also found a syringe, of that
+description used for injecting <ins class="correction" title="original: how tax">hot wax</ins> into the veins and arteries of the
+dead bodies used for anatomization; he also <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>found a variety of
+smock-frocks, jackets, and trowsers, which, no doubt, were generally used
+by the Resurrectionists to disguise themselves. In this cellar were found
+twenty-two dead bodies, pickled and fresh, and in the casks on the quay,
+eleven, making in the whole thirty-three. The carter described the persons
+who employed him as of very respectable appearance, but he did not know
+the names of any of them.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Information of the above circumstances was speedily communicated to his
+Worship, the Mayor, who sent for Dr. McGowan. This gentleman is a reverend
+divine, and teacher of languages; he attended the Mayor immediately, and,
+in answer to the questions put to him, we understand he said, that he let
+his cellar in January last to a person named Henderson, who, he
+understood, carried on the oil trade, and that he knew nothing about any
+dead bodies being there. George Leech deposed that he plies for hire as a
+carter (the cart belongs to his brother); yesterday afternoon, between
+three and four o&#8217;clock, a tall, stout man asked him the charge of carting
+three casks from Hope Street to George&#8217;s <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>Dock passage; he replied, 2s.
+They then went to Hope Street, where the witness found two other men
+getting the first cask out of a cellar under Dr. McGowan&#8217;s schoolroom, and
+witness assisted to get two other casks out of the cellar; the three were
+then put into his cart, and the men who employed him gave him a shipping
+note, describing the casks as containing &#8216;Bitter Salts,&#8217; and told him to
+be careful in laying them down upon the quay, and that they were to be
+forwarded to Edinburgh by the <i>Latona</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Thomas Wm. Dawes, surgeon, of St. Paul&#8217;s Square, deposed that he had
+examined the bodies, by the direction of the Coroner. In one cask he had
+found the bodies of two women and one man; in another, two women and two
+men; in the third, three men and one woman, and in the other casks and
+sacks he found 22 (<i>sic</i>) bodies, viz., nine men, five boys, and three
+girls; the bodies were all in a perfect state; those in the casks appeared
+to have been dead six or seven days, and three men found in the sacks
+appeared to have been dead only three or four days. In each of the casks
+was a large quantity of salt. There were no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> external marks of violence,
+but there was a thread tied round the toes of one of the women, which is
+usual for some families to do immediately after death. Witness had no
+reason but to believe that they had died in a natural way, and he had no
+doubt the bodies had all been disinterred. The Season for Lectures on
+Anatomy is about to commence in the capital of Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The police were ordered to be upon the alert to discover the persons who
+had been engaged in this transaction, but as yet nothing further has been
+ascertained. The bodies, by the direction of the Coroner, were buried this
+morning in the parish cemetery, in casks, as they were found.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is not yet ascertained whence these bodies have been brought, but it
+is supposed that the Liverpool Workhouse Cemetery has been the principal
+sufferer. Some of them are so putrid, that it is extremely dangerous to
+handle them.</p>
+
+<p class="center">BOAG, PRINTER.&#8221;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>The statements in this broadside are quite true, and agree with the
+account which is to be found in the <i>Liverpool Mercury</i> for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> October 13th,
+1826. Henderson, who was a Greenock man, and the principal in this
+business, escaped, and could not be brought to justice; but a man named
+James Donaldson, who was a party to the transaction, was made to pay a
+fine of &pound;50, and was sent to Kirkdale Gaol for twelve months.</p>
+
+<p>From Ireland very many bodies were exported, chiefly to Edinburgh; a
+better price could be obtained there than in Dublin, and the consequence
+was that the Irish schools were often very badly supplied with subjects.
+In Dublin there were several ancient burial-grounds, all badly protected;
+the poor were all buried in one part, and, as their friends were generally
+unable to afford watchers, their bodies fell an easy prey to the
+resurrection-men. In January, 1828, the detection of a body about to be
+exported caused a tumult in the streets of Dublin, and led to the murder
+of a man named Luke Redmond, a porter at the College of Surgeons.<small><a name="f18.1" id="f18.1" href="#f18">[18]</a></small> The
+body-snatchers in Dublin seem to have done more damage than the men
+engaged in a like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> occupation in London; they were not content with taking
+the bodies, but, in addition, they broke the tomb-stones, and played
+general havoc in the grave-yards.</p>
+
+<p>According to the following cutting from the <i>Universal Spectator and
+Weekly Journal</i>, May 20th, 1732 (printed in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 5th ser.
+i. 65), bodies were sometimes taken for other than dissection purposes.
+&#8220;John Loftas, the Grave Digger, committed to prison for robbing of dead
+corpse, has confess&#8217;d to the plunder of above fifty, not only of their
+coffins and burial cloaths, but of their fat, where bodies afforded any,
+which he retail&#8217;d at a high price to certain people, who, it is believed,
+will be call&#8217;d upon on account thereof. Since this discovery several
+persons have had their friends dug up, who were found quite naked, and
+some mangled in so horrible a manner as could scarcely be suppos&#8217;d to be
+done by a human creature.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Southey also refers to this in the poem before quoted, where he makes the
+surgeon say in his lamentation,</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;I have made candles of infants&#8217; fat.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">It</span> is well-nigh impossible to read of all these misdoings and not to ask
+why the Government did not step in and put a stop to them? It was urged by
+many that a short Act should be passed, making the violation of a grave a
+penal offence, as it was in France. There was a general agreement that
+anatomical education was absolutely necessary for medical men, and that
+this education was an impossibility without a supply of subjects; yet
+there was a great reluctance to interfere by legislation. The Home
+Secretary told a deputation that there was no difficulty in drawing up an
+effective Bill; the great obstacle was the prejudice of the people against
+any Bill; this impediment, he added, had not been trifling.</p>
+
+<p>By no class of men was legislation more earnestly asked for than by the
+teachers of anatomy; to them the system then in vogue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> was not only
+degrading, but it meant absolute ruin.</p>
+
+<p>There was at that time no property in a dead body, and a prosecution for
+felony could not take place unless some portion of the grave-clothes or
+coffin could be proved to have been stolen with the body. The
+resurrection-men were well aware of this fact, and generally took
+precaution to keep themselves out of the meshes of the law.</p>
+
+<p>There had been some successful prosecutions like that of Holmes and
+Williams before mentioned, but magistrates would not always convict.</p>
+
+<p>In 1788 this question first came before the Court of King&#8217;s Bench in the
+case of Rex <i>v.</i> Lynn. The indictment charged the prisoner with entering a
+certain burial-ground, and taking a coffin out of the earth, and removing
+a body, which he had taken from the coffin, and carrying it away, for the
+purpose of dissecting it. For the defence the following passage from Lord
+Coke was quoted: &#8220;It is to be observed that in every sepulchre that hath a
+monument two things are to be considered, viz., the monument, and the
+sepulture or burial of the dead:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> the burial of the cadaver is <i>nullius in
+bonis</i>, and belongs to Ecclesiastical cognizance; but as to the monument,
+action is given at the common law for defacing thereof.&#8221; The only Act of
+Parliament which was said to bear on the subject was that of 1 Jac. I., c.
+12, which made it felony to steal bodies for purposes of witchcraft. The
+Court, however, held in this case of Rex <i>v.</i> Lynn that to take a body
+from a burial-ground was an offence at common law, and <i>contra bonos
+mores</i>. In the judgment it was stated that as the defendant might have
+committed the crime through ignorance, no person having been before
+punished for this offence, the Court only fined him five marks. The
+reference here, to no one having been previously punished for a like
+offence, refers only to the Superior Courts, as there had been convictions
+at the Police Courts and the Old Bailey. Despite this decision of the
+Court, prosecutions were very seldom undertaken, although Southwood
+Smith<small><a name="f19.1" id="f19.1" href="#f19">[19]</a></small> states that there had been fourteen convictions in England
+during the year 1823. In examination before the Committee on Anatomy, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+1828, Mr. Twyford, one of the magistrates at Worship Street Police Court,
+stated that he had not had more than six cases in as many years.</p>
+
+<p>The following account of proceedings at Hatton Garden Police Court, in
+1814, will show the difficulty of getting a conviction. In this case there
+seems to have been no one to identify the bodies. It is very improbable
+that in a case of this sort the authorities of burial-grounds would come
+forward to give evidence, and so confess their own negligence.</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;HATTON GARDEN.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;T. Light, W. Arnot, and &mdash;&mdash; Spelling, were brought up on Wednesday. It
+appeared that the prisoners were going up Holborn about half-past four
+o&#8217;clock on Tuesday afternoon, with a horse and cart; they were observed by
+two officers, who, knowing the prisoners to be resurrection-men, stopped
+the horse and cart, and, after a hard contest, succeeded in securing the
+prisoners. They then examined the contents of the cart, and found it
+contained seven dead bodies of men and women; one of the bodies was
+headless, but how it came to be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>so remains as yet to be cleared up. They
+were packed up in bags and baskets. The prisoners were followed by an
+immense crowd to Hatton Garden Office, whence they were committed to
+prison, and the bodies deposited in the lock-up house. The cart was hired
+at Battle Bridge. Some of the officers were sent to make enquiry at the
+different burying-grounds. The Office was crowded with men and women, who
+had some of their relatives buried on Sunday last, to see if they could
+recognize any of the bodies. They were brought up again on Thursday, and
+discharged.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In 1822 the case of Rex <i>v.</i> Cundick was tried at Kingston Assizes,
+<i>coram</i> Graham.<small><a name="f20.1" id="f20.1" href="#f20">[20]</a></small> This was an indictment for misdemeanour. A man named
+Edward Lee was executed in the parish of St. Mary, Newington; George
+Cundick was employed by the keeper of the gaol to bury the body of Lee,
+and for this he was paid. Instead of burying the corpse, he sold it for
+dissection, or, in the words of the indictment, he &#8220;for the sake of wicked
+lucre and gain did take and carry away the said body,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> and did sell and
+dispose of the same for the purpose of being dissected, cut in pieces,
+mangled, and destroyed, to the great scandal and disgrace of religion,
+decency, and morality, in contempt of our Lord the King, and his laws, to
+the evil example of all other persons in like cases offending.&#8221; The
+evidence showed plainly that Cundick had had possession of the body, and
+that he had received the burial fees. On the friends of Lee wishing to see
+the corpse, Cundick declared that it was already buried; but several days
+after this he clandestinely went through the ceremony of burying a coffin
+filled with rubbish. It was also proved that Cundick had been seen to
+remove a heavy package from his house at night, and that the body of Lee
+had been identified in a dissecting-room. The defence was, in the first
+place, that the indictment was bad &#8220;as a perfect anomaly in the history of
+criminal pleading.&#8221; In the second place, if the indictment were good, it
+was unsupported by evidence. It was argued by counsel that the only
+evidence before the Court was that the body was not buried, and that it
+was found at a dissecting-room. Without the production of the owner of the
+dissecting-room,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> and the proof that he had bought the body from Cundick,
+the jury could not be asked to give a verdict against the defendant. The
+Judge, however, over-ruled these objections, and the jury found the
+prisoner guilty.</p>
+
+<p>These trials and verdicts made it still more difficult than before to get
+subjects for dissection, as even men of the Resurrectionist class
+hesitated to run the risk of getting the punishment, which now the
+superior Courts had upheld. Those who did run this risk very naturally
+expected a price proportionate to the danger, and so the cost of subjects
+was still more increased.</p>
+
+<p>But to surgeons, and to teachers of anatomy, by far the most important
+trial of all was that of John Davies and others, of Warrington, for
+obtaining the body of Jane Fairclough, which had been taken from the
+chapel-yard belonging to the Baptists, at High Cliff, Appleton, Cheshire,
+in October, 1827. This case was tried at Lancaster Assizes, March 14th,
+1828. The defendants were John Davies (a medical student at the Warrington
+Dispensary), Edward Hall (a surgeon and apothecary in practice at
+Warrington), William Blundell<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> (an apprentice to a stationer in the same
+town), and Richard Box. Thomas Ashton was also included in the indictment,
+but no evidence was offered against him. There were fourteen counts in the
+indictment, ten charging the defendants with conspiracy, and four charging
+them with unlawfully procuring and receiving the body of Jane Fairclough.
+It appears, from the report of the trial, that Davies called on Dr. Moss,
+one of the Physicians to the Dispensary, and obtained permission to use a
+building in his garden for the purpose of dissecting a subject which he
+had purchased. Mr. Hall, on behalf of Davies, paid four guineas to the men
+who brought the body to a cellar in Warrington, but he knew nothing more
+of the transaction; from the cellar the body was removed to Dr. Moss&#8217;
+premises by Blundell and another man, and was received by Davies and a
+servant of Dr. Moss. Information of the exhumation seems to have quickly
+got about. The funeral was on a Friday; on the Monday following the grave
+was undisturbed, but on Tuesday the soil was spread about, and an
+examination of the grave showed that the corpse had been removed. The
+body<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> was identified at Dr. Moss&#8217; house, and was taken away before any
+dissection had been performed on it.</p>
+
+<p>In charging the jury, Mr. Baron Hullock said that, as conspiracy was an
+offence of serious magnitude, they should be satisfied, before finding a
+verdict of guilty on the former part of the indictment, that the conduct
+of the defendants was the result of previous concert.... If any of the
+defendants were in possession of the body under circumstances which must
+have apprized them that it was improperly disinterred, the jury would find
+them guilty of the latter part of the charge. The only bodies legally
+liable to dissection in this country were those of persons executed for
+murder. However necessary it might be, for the purposes of humanity and
+science, that these things should be done, yet, as long as the law
+remained as it was at present, the disinterment of bodies for dissection
+was an offence liable to punishment. The jury found all the defendants not
+guilty of the charge of conspiracy, but they pronounced Davies and
+Blundell guilty of possession of the body, with knowledge of the illegal
+disinterment. The defendants were brought up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> for judgment in London in
+May, 1828. Mr. Justice Bayley, in passing sentence, said that &#8220;there were
+degrees of guilt, and in this case the defendants were not the most
+criminal parties.&#8221; He sentenced Davies to a fine of &pound;20, and Blundell to a
+fine of &pound;5.</p>
+
+<p>It will be noted that in this trial there is no charge against anyone for
+violating the grave, or stealing the body. The fines were inflicted on
+Davies and Blundell for having the body in their possession, knowing it to
+have been disinterred. This decision, therefore, as before stated, was of
+the utmost importance to teachers of anatomy, as they were clearly liable
+to punishment for all the subjects supplied to them by the
+Resurrectionists. The teachers knew well the sources from which the bodies
+were obtained, and were only driven to get them in the way they did
+through there being no regular supply of subjects from a legitimate
+source. The feeling that legislation on this subject was absolutely
+necessary, was more keenly felt than ever, and the teachers did all they
+could to get a change in the laws. Many pamphlets were issued from the
+press, urging this duty upon Parliament; it was pointed out <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>that if a
+supply of bodies could be regularly obtained in a legal way, the trade of
+the Resurrectionist would at once cease. There were many who doubted this,
+but subsequent events proved the statement to be strictly accurate.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 470px; height: 330px;"><img src="images/i113tmb.jpg" alt="Surgical Operations, or a New method of Obtaining Subjects." /><br />
+<a href="images/i113.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It was very strongly urged that the Act of Geo. II., which ordered the
+bodies of all murderers executed in London and Middlesex to be anatomized
+by the Surgeons&#8217; Company, ought to be repealed. No doubt this provision
+much increased the dislike of the poor to any regulations by which the
+bodies of their friends might be given up for dissection after death. It
+was felt that dissection by the Surgeons was part of the sentence passed
+on a murderer, and therefore carried with it shame and disgrace. To make
+provision by law, therefore, for the dissection of the bodies of any other
+class of persons was, not unnaturally, distasteful, in that it partly put
+them in the same position as murderers.</p>
+
+<p>The answer to the desire for the repeal of this obnoxious clause was that
+nothing must be done to weaken the law; it was stated that to withdraw the
+part of the sentence which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> related to dissection would rob the punishment
+of its prohibitive effect. It is somewhat difficult to understand the
+argument; surely if the risk of suffering the extreme penalty of the law
+would not keep a man from crime, the extra chance of being dissected after
+death could hardly be expected to do so. As Sir Henry Halford said, &#8220;I
+certainly think that while that law remains they [the public] will connect
+the crime of murder with the practice of dissection; an order to be
+dissected, and a permission to be dissected, seem to be too slight a
+distinction.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Another objection to the dissection of murderers came from the teachers.
+They stated that when the body of a notorious criminal was lying at either
+of the Anatomical Schools, the proprietor was pestered by persons of a
+morbid turn of mind for permission to view the body. This difficulty was
+also felt by the College of Surgeons, and in consequence a placard was
+hung up outside the place where the dissections were made, giving notice
+that no person could be admitted, unless accompanied by a member of the
+Court of Assistants.</p>
+
+<p>To make dissection less distasteful to the general public, and to show the
+advantages of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> anatomy, some endeavours were made to explain the structure
+of the human body to non-professional persons. In Ireland Sir Philip
+Crampton lectured with open doors, and gave demonstrations in anatomy to
+poor people. These persons, he tells us, became interested in the subject,
+and often brought him bodies for dissection. A newspaper cutting of 1829
+shows that this was also tried in London. A surgeon called in the
+overseers and churchwardens of St. Clement Danes, and gave a demonstration
+on a body, explaining its construction, and the use of the internal
+organs. &#8220;By this means,&#8221; says the paragraph, &#8220;he so fully absorbed the
+self-interest of his audience as to extinguish the pre-conceived notions
+of horror and disgust attached to the idea of a spectacle of this
+description. The enlightened governors of the parish assented to the <i>post
+mortem</i> examination of the body of every unclaimed pauper, an enquiry into
+whose case might appear conducive to the interests of medical science.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It has been already pointed out that, to try to overcome the repugnance to
+dissection, some persons left specific instructions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> that their bodies
+should be used for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The representations of the teachers were so far successful, that in 1828 a
+Select Committee was appointed by the House of Commons &#8220;to enquire into
+the manner of obtaining subjects for dissection in the Schools of Anatomy,
+and into the state of the law affecting the persons employed in obtaining
+and dissecting bodies.&#8221; Amongst those who gave evidence before the
+Committee were the principal teachers of anatomy, and three of the
+resurrection-men. The tone of the Report was decidedly in sympathy with
+the teachers, but it strongly condemned the way in which they were
+compelled to obtain bodies for dissection. After showing how badly off
+English students were for opportunities of learning anatomy, as compared
+with those of foreign countries, and pointing out that those students who
+really wished to master their art were compelled to go abroad, the Report
+proceeds: &#8220;These disadvantages affecting the teachers are such, that
+except in the most frequented schools, attached to the greater hospitals,
+few have been able to continue teaching with profit, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> some private
+teachers have been compelled to give up their schools. To the evils
+enumerated it may be added, that it is distressing to men of good
+education and character to be compelled to resort, for their means of
+teaching, to a constant infraction of the laws of their country, and to be
+made dependent, for their professional existence, on the mercenary
+caprices of the most abandoned class in the community.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1829, Mr. Warburton obtained leave to introduce into the House
+of Commons &#8220;A Bill for preventing the unlawful disinterment of human
+bodies, and for regulating Schools of Anatomy.&#8221; In this Bill it was
+enacted that persons found guilty of disinterring any human body from any
+churchyard, burial-ground or vault, or assisting at any such disinterment,
+should be imprisoned for a term not exceeding six months for the first
+offence, and two years for the second offence. Seven Commissioners were to
+be appointed; the majority of these were not to be either physicians,
+surgeons, or apothecaries. All unclaimed bodies of persons dying in
+workhouses or hospitals, were, seventy-two hours<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> after death, to be given
+over for purposes of dissection; but if within this specified time a
+relative appeared and requested that the body might not be used for
+anatomical purposes, such request was to be granted. Another proposed
+change in the law was that a person might legally bequeath his body for
+dissection; in such cases the executors, administrators, or next-of-kin
+had the option of carrying out the wishes of the testator, or declining to
+do so, as they thought fit. A heavy penalty was laid on persons who were
+found carrying on human anatomy in an unlicensed building, and it was made
+an offence to move a body from one place to another, without a licence for
+so doing. All bodies used for dissection were to be buried; the penalty
+for failing to do this was fifty pounds.</p>
+
+<p>One great blot on this Bill was the neglecting to repeal the clause which
+ordered the bodies of murderers to be given up for dissection. As pointed
+out on page <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, this was one of the great reasons which made dissection so
+hateful to the poor. During the debate, a motion was made by Sir R. Inglis
+&#8220;to repeal so much of the Act 9 Geo. IV. cap. 31, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> empowers judges to
+order the bodies of murderers to be given over for dissection.&#8221; This,
+however, was lost, eight members only voting for the amendment, and forty
+against.</p>
+
+<p>There was strong opposition to the Bill outside the House. Some of the
+private teachers were very uneasy as regarded the effect of the Bill on
+themselves. The measure spoke of &#8220;recognized teachers&#8221; and &#8220;hospital
+schools,&#8221; and all those who were to be entitled to the benefits of the Act
+were to have licences from one of the Medical Corporations. The
+proprietors of the smaller schools felt that this would result in their
+extinction, and that the teaching would all pass to the large schools. In
+the country, too, there was strong opposition to the Bill, as
+practitioners there felt that they were excluded from any benefit. The
+<i>Lancet</i>, always ready in those days with a nickname, dubbed the measure
+&#8220;A Bill for Preventing Country Surgeons from Studying Anatomy.&#8221; The
+College of Surgeons also petitioned against the Bill. The Council felt
+that the appointment of Commissioners, who were to have complete control
+over all schools and places of dissection, would greatly interfere<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> with
+the privileges of the College. It was pointed out to the House of Commons
+that the establishment of a Board, such as that proposed by the Bill, was
+virtually placing the whole profession of surgery under the control of
+Commissioners, not one of whom need be a member of the profession, and the
+majority of whom must not be so.</p>
+
+<p>Another fault of the Bill was that it did not apply to Ireland. A large
+supply of bodies was regularly sent from that country to England and
+Scotland, and it was felt that to exclude Ireland from the provisions of
+the Bill, was simply increasing the temptation for bodies to be still more
+largely exported therefrom.</p>
+
+<p>It was also argued that the Bill would tell hardly against the poor, as
+they would refuse to go into workhouses or hospitals if they thought that
+their bodies would be dissected after death. For this objection there was
+no foundation, and Mr. Peel pointed out, in the debate on the third
+reading, that &#8220;it was the poor who would really be benefited by the
+measure. The rich could always command good advice, whilst the poor had a
+strong interest in the general extension of anatomical science.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>The Bill passed the Commons, but was lost in the Lords.</p>
+
+<p>In 1830, Lord Calthorpe was to have again introduced the Bill into the
+Upper House, but the intention was abandoned on account of the threatened
+dissolution of Parliament. As the <i>Lancet</i> expressed it, &#8220;Dissolution has
+so many horrors, that a discussion on the <i>subject</i> at the present time
+would be by no means agreeable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Public feeling was now very strong in favour of some law to prevent the
+wholesale spoliation of graves, which was going on practically unchecked.
+But, as has happened frequently in legislation, the absolute necessity for
+a change in the law was brought within the range of practical politics by
+a crime of a most diabolical character, one which, in this country,
+created a sensation equal to that raised in Scotland by the atrocities of
+Burke and Hare in Edinburgh.</p>
+
+<p>On November 5th, 1831, two men, named Bishop and May, called at the
+dissecting-room at King&#8217;s College, and asked Hill, the porter, if he
+&#8220;wanted anything.&#8221; On being interrogated as to what they had to dispose
+of, May replied, &#8220;A boy of fourteen.&#8221; For this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> body they asked 12
+guineas, but ultimately agreed to bring it in for 9 guineas. They went
+off, and returned in the afternoon with another man named Williams,
+<i>alias</i> Head, and a porter named Shields, the latter of whom carried the
+body in a hamper. The appearance of the subject excited Hill&#8217;s suspicion
+of foul play, and he at once communicated with Mr. Partridge, the
+Demonstrator of Anatomy. A further examination of the body by Mr.
+Partridge confirmed the porter&#8217;s suspicions.<small><a name="f21.1" id="f21.1" href="#f21">[21]</a></small> To delay the men, so that
+the police might be communicated with, Mr. Partridge produced a &pound;50 note,
+and said that he could not pay until he had changed it. Soon after, the
+police officers appeared upon the scene, and the men were given into
+custody. At the coroner&#8217;s inquest a verdict of &#8220;Wilful murder against some
+person or persons unknown&#8221; was brought in, the jury adding that there was
+strong suspicion against Bishop and Williams. The prisoners were not
+allowed to go free, but were kept in custody. Bishop, Williams, and May
+were tried at the Old Bailey, December, 1831. The evidence given against
+them showed that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> they had tried to sell the body at Guy&#8217;s Hospital; being
+refused there, they tried Mr. Grainger, at his Anatomical Theatre, but
+with no success. Then they tried King&#8217;s, where their crime was detected.
+The body was proved to be that of an Italian boy, named Carlo Ferrari, who
+obtained his living by showing white mice. The boy&#8217;s teeth had been
+extracted, and it was proved that they had been sold by one of the
+prisoners to Mr. Mills, a dentist, for twelve shillings. The jury found
+all three prisoners guilty, and they were sentenced to death.</p>
+
+<p>From the subsequent confessions of Bishop and Williams, it was shown that
+they had enticed the boy to their dwelling in Nova Scotia Gardens; there
+they drugged him with opium, and then let his body into a well, where they
+kept it until he was suffocated. To the last the prisoners declared that
+the deceased was not the Italian boy, but a lad from Lincolnshire. They
+seem to have had great difficulty in disposing of the body, as Bishop, in
+his confession, said that, before taking it to Guy&#8217;s, they had tried Mr.
+Tuson and Mr. Carpue, both in vain. Bishop and Williams confessed, also,
+to the murder of a woman named Fanny<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> Pigburn, and a boy, whose name was
+supposed to be Cunningham. Both of these bodies they sold for dissection.
+May was respited, and was sentenced to transportation for life. On hearing
+of his respite, May went into a fit, and for some time his life was
+despaired of; he, however, partially recovered, but his feeble state of
+health was aggravated by the annoyance he received from the other convicts
+on board the hulks. He died on board the <i>Grampus</i> in 1832.</p>
+
+<p>May can hardly be described as even a minor poet, if the following verse,
+written whilst in prison, may be taken as a fair sample of his
+compositions:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;James May is doomed to die,<br />
+And is condemned most innocently;<br />
+The God above, He knows the same,<br />
+And will send a mitigation for his pain.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At the execution of Bishop and Williams, there was a scene of the most
+tremendous excitement. By some mistake, three chains hung from the
+gallows; one was taken away as soon as the error was noticed, and this was
+recognized by the crowd as a sign that May had been reprieved.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>The <i>Weekly Dispatch</i> sold upwards of 50,000 copies of the number which
+contained the confessions of the murderers. Many persons were injured in
+the crowd, and the <i>Dispatch</i> states that those who were hurt were
+attended to &#8220;by Mr. Birkett, the dresser to Mr. Vincent, who had been in
+attendance [at St. Bartholomew&#8217;s Hospital] to receive any accident that
+might be brought in.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Bishop was the son of a carrier between London and Highgate, and on the
+death of his father he succeeded to the business. This he soon sold, and
+became an informer. He got mixed up with some of the resurrection-men, and
+then regularly took to the occupation. Williams, <i>alias</i> Head, was
+Bishop&#8217;s brother-in-law, and was a well-known member of the
+resurrection-gang.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Weekly Dispatch</i> for December 11th, 1831, the following curious
+information respecting Williams appeared:</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;EXCISE COURT.&mdash;YESTERDAY.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">The King</span> <i>v.</i> <span class="smcap">Thomas Head</span>, <i>alias</i> <span class="smcap">Williams, the Murderer</span>.&mdash;The Court was
+occupied during a great part of the morning in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>hearing the evidence in
+the case of Head, <i>alias</i> Williams (who was hung with Bishop) for carrying
+on an illicit trade in the manufacture of glass. It appeared that the
+deceased was a <i>Cribb Man</i>, or regular porter, to private glass blowers.
+There were found on the premises at No. 2, Nova Scotia Gardens (the scene
+of the late murders), a regular furnace, and all the necessary apparatus
+for the manufacture of glass, which trade it appears was carried on to a
+very considerable extent on the premises. Alexander M&#8217;Knight, an officer
+of Excise, deposed that on the 6th of August last, he went to No. 2, Nova
+Scotia Gardens, and made a seizure of 68 cwt. of manufactured glass, 24
+cwt. of cullet, and 16 cwt. of iron, articles used in the manufacture of
+glass. In about half-an-hour afterwards he saw Williams come out of
+Bishop&#8217;s yard; Williams spoke to witness, and called him by an opprobrious
+name for having made the seizure. Judgment &#8216;abated,&#8217; the goods to be
+returned to the Excise Office to be condemned.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>May had been brought up as a butcher, but this trade he gave up, and
+became possessed of a horse and cart with which he was supposed to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>ply
+for hire. The real business of the vehicle, however, seems to have been to
+convey bodies from place to place for the Resurrectionists. Shields, the
+porter to the gang, had been watchman and grave-digger at the Roman
+Catholic Chapel in Moorfields, so that he was most useful to the other
+Resurrectionists in giving information, and in granting facilities for the
+removal of bodies. No evidence was offered against him in connection with
+the murder of the Italian boy. Soon after the trial he attempted to get
+work as a porter in Covent Garden Market, but on his being recognized by
+those working there, a shout of &#8220;Burker!&#8221; was raised, and Shields narrowly
+escaped with his life, and took refuge in the Police Office.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 500px; height: 315px;"><img src="images/i129.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">JOHN HEAD, <i>alias</i> THOMAS WILLIAMS.<span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span>JOHN BISHOP.<br />
+Executed December 5, 1831. From Drawings by <span class="smcap">W. H. Clift</span>, made directly after the execution.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This one incident as regards Shields gives an idea of the public feeling
+towards the resurrection-men, and that feeling was quite as bitter towards
+the anatomists. It was therefore absolutely necessary that some determined
+steps should be taken as regards legislation.</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1831, Mr. Warburton again introduced a Bill into the House of
+Commons; it passed safely through both Houses, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> became law on August
+1st, 1832. By this new Act the Secretary of State for the Home Department
+in Great Britain, and the Chief Secretary in Ireland, were empowered to
+grant licences for anatomical purposes to any person lawfully qualified to
+practise medicine, to any professor or teacher of anatomy, and to students
+attending any school of medicine, on an application signed by two justices
+of the peace, who could certify that the applicant intended to carry on
+the practice of anatomy. It was enacted that executors, or other persons
+having lawful possession of a body (provided they were not undertakers, or
+persons to whom the body had been handed over for purposes of interment),
+might give it up for dissection unless the deceased had expressed a wish
+during his life that his body should not be so used, or unless a known
+relative objected to the body being given up. If a person had expressed a
+wish to be dissected, this wish was to be carried out unless the relatives
+raised any objection. No body might be moved for anatomical purposes until
+forty-eight hours after death, nor until the expiration of a twenty-four
+hours&#8217; notice to the Inspector of Anatomy;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> a proper death certificate had
+also to be signed by the medical attendant before the body could be moved.
+Provision was made for the decent removal of all bodies, and for their
+burial in consecrated ground, or in some public burial-ground in use for
+persons of that religious persuasion to which the person, whose body was
+so removed, belonged. A certificate of the interment was to be sent to the
+Inspector within six weeks after the day on which the body was received.
+No licensed person was to be liable to any prosecution, penalty,
+forfeiture, or punishment for having a body in his possession for
+anatomical purposes according to the provisions of the Act.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most important clause was that which did away with the
+dissection of the bodies of murderers. This was done by Section XVI.,
+which ran as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And whereas an Act was passed in the Ninth Year of the Reign of His late
+Majesty, for consolidating and amending the Statutes in England relative
+to Offences against the Person, by which latter Act it is enacted, that
+the Body of every Person convicted of Murder shall, after Execution,
+either<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> be dissected or hung in Chains, as to the Court which tried the
+Offender shall deem meet; and that the Sentence to be pronounced by the
+Court shall express that the Body of the Offender shall be dissected or
+hung in Chains, whichever of the Two the Court shall order. Be it enacted,
+That so much of the said last-recited Act as authorizes the Court, if it
+shall see fit, to direct that the Body of a Person convicted of Murder
+shall after Execution, be dissected, be and the same is hereby repealed:
+and that in every case of Conviction of any Prisoner for Murder, the Court
+before which such Prisoner shall have been tried shall direct such
+Prisoner either to be hung in Chains or buried within the Precincts of the
+Prison in which such Prisoner shall have been confined after conviction,
+as to such Court shall deem meet; and that the sentence to be pronounced
+by the Court shall express that the body of such Prisoner shall be hung in
+Chains, or buried within the Precincts of the Prison, whichever of the two
+the Court shall order.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Three Inspectors were appointed to carry out the provisions of the Act.
+The first Inspectors were Dr. J. C. Somerville, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> England; Dr. Craigie,
+of Edinburgh, for Scotland; and Sir James Murray, of Dublin, for Ireland.
+There was no provision for punishing persons found violating graves; it
+had been already decided that this was an offence at common law; and
+presumably the framers of the Act had, at last, sufficient faith in their
+measure to believe that it would put an end to the proceedings of the
+resurrection-men. If that were so, they were not disappointed. After the
+passing of the Act the resurrection-man, as such, drops out of history;
+his occupation was gone, and one of the most nefarious trades that the
+world has ever seen came completely to an end. Public feeling against
+these men did not all at once subside; this strongly militated against
+their getting employment, and some of them moved to other quarters, where
+they lived under assumed names.</p>
+
+<p>In looking back it is impossible not to regret that Parliament was so slow
+to believe that legislation in the direction of the Anatomy Act would do
+away with the evils of the resurrection-men. This fact was urged upon them
+by the teachers; but popular feeling was so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> dead against the anatomists,
+who were thought to be responsible for even the worst crimes of the
+resurrection-men, that Parliament seemed to fear to do anything which
+favoured the teachers, although the great disadvantages under which they
+suffered were thoroughly well known. Perhaps the best tribute to the
+success of the Act, is the very small alterations which have been made in
+it between 1832 and the present day.</p>
+
+<p>A glance at the regulations in force in foreign countries for the supply
+of bodies, at the time of the passing of the Anatomy Act, shows that when
+a fair provision was made by law for the supply of bodies, the
+resurrection-men were unknown. The great advantages of the student on the
+Continent, as compared with his brethren in England, were thus pointed out
+to the Committee by Mr. [afterwards Sir] William Lawrence: &#8220;I see many
+medical persons from France, Germany, and Italy, and have found, from my
+intercourse with them, that anatomy is much more successfully cultivated
+in those countries than in England; at the same time I know, from their
+numerous valuable publications<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> on anatomy, that they are far before us in
+this science; we have no original standard works at all worthy of the
+present state of knowledge.&#8221; It was also shown that this fact was chiefly
+the result of the greater opportunities for getting subjects abroad, and
+that teachers found that those English students who had been to foreign
+schools were the best informed.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>Before the Revolution in France the hospitals of Paris were supported by
+voluntary contributions, and each had separate funds and Boards of
+Management, similar to the hospitals in London at the present day. At the
+Revolution these Boards were consolidated, and one administrative body was
+formed. This &#8220;Administration des H&ocirc;pitaux, Hospices et Secours &agrave; Domicile
+de Paris,&#8221; carried into effect the law passed by the Legislative Assembly,
+that the bodies of all those persons who died in hospitals, which were
+unclaimed within twenty-four hours after death, should be given up for
+anatomical purposes. The distribution from the hospitals to the medical
+schools was systematically carried out, generally at night.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> By Art. 360
+of the Penal Code, the punishment for violation of a place of sepulture
+was imprisonment for a term varying from three months to a year, and a
+fine of from 60 to 200 francs. The result of these regulations was that
+exhumation for anatomical purposes was quite unknown.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>In Germany the bodies of persons who died in prisons, or penitentiaries,
+and those of suicides, were given up for dissection, unless the friends of
+the deceased cared to pay a certain sum to the funds of the school; in
+this case the body was handed over to the friends. Other sources of supply
+were the bodies of those persons who died without leaving sufficient to
+pay the cost of burial, poor people who had been supported at the public
+cost, all persons executed, and public women. Although these regulations
+were not rigorously carried out, there was an ample supply of bodies for
+anatomical purposes, and the resurrection-men were unknown.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>In Austria, if the medical attendant thought necessary, a <i>post mortem</i>
+was made on all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> patients who died in hospital, but only unclaimed bodies
+were used for dissection; these were given up to the teachers forty-eight
+hours after death. In Vienna the supply came from the General Hospital;
+this was sufficient for all purposes, and there was no recourse to
+exhumation.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>The supply in Italy came from a source similar to that of the other
+countries named. The rule was that all bodies of persons who died in
+hospital were given up for dissection if required; but, by paying the cost
+of the funeral, friends could, if they wished, take away the body. This,
+however, was seldom done. There was generally a sufficient supply of
+bodies; but, if this ran short, the subjects were obtained from &#8220;the
+deposit&#8221; of poor people who died and were buried at the public cost. In
+every parish church in Italy there was a chamber in which all the dead
+bodies of the poor were deposited during the day-time, after the religious
+ceremonies had been performed over them in the church; at night these
+bodies were removed either to the dissecting-room or to the burial-fields,
+outside<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> the town. Body-snatching was quite unknown.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>There was an ample supply of bodies in Portugal from similar sources.
+Mortality was very high amongst infants, who were put into <i>roda</i>, or
+foundling cradles; the bodies of these children could be obtained without
+any difficulty. In Portugal the resurrection-man did not exist.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>In Holland there was no lack of material for teaching anatomy, and for
+students to learn operative surgery on the dead body. The Dissecting
+School at Leyden was supplied from the civil hospitals at Amsterdam. There
+was no prejudice against dissection in Holland; in all the principal towns
+lectures on anatomy were publicly given, and dissected subjects were
+exhibited. Here, again, exhumation was not necessary, and was unknown.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>In the United States the laws relating to anatomy varied very considerably
+in the different States; there was no regular supply for the schools, and,
+consequently, subjects had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> to be obtained by the aid of resurrection-men.
+In Philadelphia and Baltimore, the two great Medical Schools of the United
+States in those days, the supply of bodies was obtained almost entirely
+from the &#8220;Potter&#8217;s Field,&#8221; the burial-place of the poorest classes. This
+exhumation was carried on by an understanding with the authorities that
+the men employed by the schools in this work should not be interfered
+with. Dissection in the United States was, as in this country, looked upon
+with great aversion; this was, no doubt, mainly owing to the fact that the
+bodies used for this purpose were obtained from the graves.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> Diary of a Resurrectionist is written on 16 leaves, but is,
+unfortunately, imperfect. The first entry is November 28th, 1811, and the
+last December 5th, 1812. There are no entries in May, June, and July;
+during these months there would be little demand for subjects, as the
+sessions of the Anatomical Schools ran from October to May. Besides this,
+the light nights would interfere with the work of the men. The entry under
+the date February 25th refers to this: &#8220;the moon at the full, could not
+go.&#8221; The state of the moon was of great importance to these men in their
+work; the writer of the Diary has on one of the pages copied out the
+&#8220;Rules for finding the moon on any given day,&#8221; and has set out the epact
+for 1812 and 1813.</p>
+
+<p>There is no clue in the Diary itself as to the name of the writer, and,
+unfortunately, Sir Thomas Longmore<small><a name="f22.1" id="f22.1" href="#f22">[22]</a></small> was quite unable to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> remember the
+name of the individual from whom he received it. Feeling was very strong
+against the men who had been engaged in the resurrection business, and
+therefore, when information was required from them, every effort was made
+to keep their names secret. As late as 1843, when the <i>Life of Sir Astley
+Cooper</i> was published, the name of this man was carefully concealed,
+though most of the other members of the gang were freely spoken of under
+their full names. Bransby Cooper<small><a name="f23.1" id="f23.1" href="#f23">[23]</a></small> quotes a written statement made by
+this man to the effect that he was in Maidstone Gaol in October, 1813.
+Enquiry at the gaol has, however, failed to find any mention of him; the
+original document is not forthcoming, and it is very probable that there
+is a mistake as regards the date. In this statement he is called Josh.
+N&mdash;&mdash;, and Bransby Cooper speaks of him as N. There is a letter on
+&#8220;Body-snatchers&#8221; in the <i>Medical Times</i>, 1883, vol. i. p. 343, signed,
+&#8220;Your Old Correspondent&#8221;; the writer of the letter was, in all
+probability, Mr. T. Madden Stone, who had been a correspondent of the
+journal in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> question from the time of its foundation. Mr. Stone had a
+valuable collection of papers and autographs, and his letter is really a
+reprint of a paper in his possession relating to payments made to the
+resurrection-men. In it occurs the following passage: &#8220;N.B., Sir Astley
+Cooper great friend to Naples.&#8221; Mr. Stone presented a large number of
+papers and letters to the Royal College of Surgeons, but this particular
+one is not in the collection. It is curious that Bransby Cooper makes no
+special mention of Naples in his book, although he gives an account of all
+the other men with whom Sir Astley had any dealings. He gives a long
+notice of &#8220;N.,&#8221; and mentions that he wrote the Diary from which quotations
+are made; this is the document now under consideration.</p>
+
+<p>The witness &#8220;C. D.,&#8221; who was examined before the Committee on Anatomy in
+1828, was, in all probability, Naples; he gave statistics to show the
+number of bodies obtained, and stated that the figures were taken &#8220;from my
+book.&#8221; The letters &#8220;C. D.&#8221; are not given as initials; the three
+resurrection-men who gave evidence were distinguished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+as &#8220;A. B.,&#8221; &#8220;C. D.,&#8221; and &#8220;F. G.&#8221; The testimony was probably given on the condition that no
+names were revealed, and, therefore, definite information cannot be
+obtained as to &#8220;C. D.&#8217;s&#8221; real name from the House of Commons.</p>
+
+<p>On one page of the Diary is written &#8220;Miss Naples.&#8221; This does not prove
+much, as the names of several other females are mentioned; not, however,
+in any connection with the business. The entries look as though the writer
+had amused himself by scribbling them down, and then crossing them out
+again. &#8220;Miss Naples&#8221; is the only one not crossed through.</p>
+
+<p>It is known that the man described as N&mdash;&mdash; by Bransby Cooper was on board
+the <i>Excellent</i> in the action off Cape St. Vincent. In the muster-book of
+the <i>Excellent</i> for 1797 Josh. Naples is down as an A.B.: he is there
+stated to have been born at Deptford, and to have been 21 years of age in
+1795. This seems conclusively to prove that Naples was the man who wrote
+the Diary.</p>
+
+<p>The men who composed the gang at the time the Diary was written are, in
+that document, nearly always spoken of by their Christian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> names. Their
+names are Ben [Crouch], Bill [Harnett], Jack [Harnett], Daniel,<small><a name="f24.1" id="f24.1" href="#f24">[24]</a></small>
+Butler, Tom [Light], and Holliss. This gang, whose doings are recorded in
+the Diary, was the chief one in the Metropolis in the early part of the
+present century. The account, therefore, of the proceedings of these men
+gives a good idea of the work of the body-snatchers in general. Honour
+amongst thieves was not the motto of the resurrection-men; they seem to
+have been ever ready to sell or cheat their comrades, if a favourable
+opportunity presented itself.</p>
+
+<p>For the accompanying biographical notes of the men mentioned in the Diary
+the writer is indebted chiefly to the account given of them by Bransby
+Cooper.<small><a name="f25.1" id="f25.1" href="#f25">[25]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>Ben Crouch, the leader of the gang, was the son of a carpenter, who worked
+at Guy&#8217;s Hospital. He was a tall, powerful, athletic man, with coarse
+features, marked with the small-pox, and was well known as a
+prize-fighter. He used to dress in very good clothes, and wore a profusion
+of gold rings, and had a large bunch of seals dangling at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> his fob. He was
+tried for stealing cloth from Watling Street, but was able to successfully
+prove an <i>alibi</i>. Bransby Cooper states that Crouch was seldom drunk, but
+when he was in that state he was most abusive and domineering; the Diary
+shows him in more than one of these attacks. He was sharp enough to be
+always sober on settling-up nights, and so had a distinct advantage over
+his comrades; by this means he generally managed to get more than his
+proper share of the proceeds of their horrible work. About 1817 he gave up
+the resurrection business, and occupied himself chiefly in dealing in
+teeth; in this he was joined by Jack Harnett. They obtained licences as
+sutlers, so that they might be allowed as camp-followers, both in France
+and Spain. A large supply of teeth was thus obtained by them, their plan
+being to draw the sound teeth of as many dead men as possible on the night
+after a battle. They did not limit their attention to teeth, but made
+large sums of money by stealing valuables from the persons of those who
+had fallen in battle&mdash;proceedings which were even more brutal than their
+former resurrectionist practices. With the money he had thus made,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> Crouch
+built a large hotel at Margate, which at first looked like being a paying
+concern. The nature of his former occupation, however, leaked out, and
+ruined his business; he then parted with the property at a great
+sacrifice. Subsequently he became very poor, and, whilst Harnett was away
+in France, Crouch appropriated some of his property; for this he was
+sentenced to twelve months&#8217; imprisonment. After this he lived in London,
+in great poverty, and was ultimately found dead in the top room of a
+public-house near Tower Hill. It is very probable that at one time he made
+money by lending to the medical students. In his &#8220;Confessions of a
+Dissecting-room Porter,&#8221; before alluded to, Albert Smith says, &#8220;I beg you
+will look at your watches, if you have not already lent them to Uncle
+Crouch.&#8221;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>Bill Harnett was a favourite with Astley Cooper and Henry Cline. With the
+exception of a fondness for gin, he seems to have been a more respectable
+man than one would have expected to find in such company. He was very
+obliging, and could generally be trusted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> to carry out his promises.
+Bransby Cooper states that Bill Harnett and &#8220;N.&#8221; objected to Crouch, and
+often worked against him; in the Diary they will be all found working
+together, though there is recorded at least one &#8220;row&#8221; with Crouch. Bill
+Harnett was a good boxer, and fought Ben Crouch at Wimbledon; he had
+previously received an injury to his jaw, and Crouch hit him a severe blow
+on this part, which decided the fight in Crouch&#8217;s favour. Harnett died in
+St. Thomas&#8217; Hospital of consumption. Like Southey&#8217;s &#8220;Surgeon,&#8221; he had a
+great horror of being dissected, and on his death-bed he obtained a
+promise from Mr. Joseph Henry Green that his body should not be opened.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>Jack Harnett was a nephew of Bill; he is described as a stout, red-haired,
+ill-looking fellow, uncouth in his address and manner of speech. Like his
+partner, Crouch, he seems to have been fond of display in the matter of
+jewellery. But, unlike Crouch, he did not lose the money he had made, and
+at his death left nearly &pound;6,000 to his family.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>Butler was originally a porter in the dissecting-room at St. Thomas&#8217;.
+Bransby Cooper describes him as &#8220;a short, stout, good-tempered man, with a
+laughing eye and Sancho-Panza sort of expression.&#8221; He was a clever
+articulator, and dealt largely in bones and teeth. Afterwards he set up as
+a dentist in Liverpool; but his dissolute habits were his ruin, and he was
+obliged to fly from his creditors. Butler was sentenced to death for
+robbing the Edinburgh mail, but his execution was postponed. During this
+delay he obtained the skeleton of a horse, and articulated it in the
+prison. The Austrian Archdukes John and Lewis were at that time in this
+kingdom, and, on visiting the prison in Edinburgh, were shown this
+skeleton; they were so pleased with the man&#8217;s handiwork that they obtained
+his pardon from the Prince Regent. After his release, Butler was never
+heard of again by any of his old comrades or employers.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>Tom Light is not mentioned by Bransby Cooper by name; he gives an account
+of a resurrection-man whom he calls &#8220;L&mdash;&mdash;,&#8221; but whether this notice
+refers to Light or not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> cannot be definitely determined. In all
+probability L&mdash;&mdash; and Light are identical; Cooper speaks of the former as
+being so unreliable that his comrades could never trust him. Tom Light
+seems to have had a happy knack of escaping justice; on p. <a href="#Page_92">92</a> will be
+found an account of his being acquitted, even when taken with the bodies
+in his possession. He does not seem to have worked regularly with Crouch&#8217;s
+gang; at Hatton Garden Police Court he appeared as T. Light, <i>alias</i> John
+Jones, <i>alias</i> Thomas Knight, in October, 1812, and it was stated against
+him that he had lately been convicted at the Middlesex Sessions of
+stealing dead bodies for dissection, but he had evaded standing his trial,
+in consequence of which the Bench issued a warrant against him. The
+particular charge on which he was now brought before the magistrates was
+that, with Patrick Harnell,<small><a name="f26.1" id="f26.1" href="#f26">[26]</a></small> one of his bail, he had been found in the
+act of stealing three dead bodies from the parish burial-ground of St.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+Pancras, or St. Giles, which were separated only by a wall. The men were
+apprehended by the horse patrol of the Hampstead and Highgate district.
+There was some difficulty in carrying on the case, as, until it was
+determined from which burial-ground the bodies had been taken, it could
+not be said which parish was the real prosecutor. Light attempted to
+escape, but was secured. The newspaper adds, &#8220;and, from the frequency of
+such offences, strong indignation was excited in the neighbourhood, from
+whence a crowd attended at the office.&#8221;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>Holliss was originally a sexton, and, like so many of his class, came into
+the pay of the Resurrectionists; at last his demands became so exorbitant
+that the resurrection-men refused to pay him, and informed his employers
+of what had been taking place. He was at once dismissed, and, having no
+other means of livelihood, he joined the resurrection-men. He saved money,
+and afterwards purchased a hackney coach, which he himself drove. Like
+most of his companions, Holliss came to a bad end. Harnett, the younger,
+had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> to France, and had brought away with him a large number of
+teeth, which he valued at &pound;700; these he entrusted to his daughter, who
+left them in a hackney carriage. The driver found the teeth, and, not
+knowing how to dispose of them, consulted his friend, Holliss. Holliss
+offered &pound;5 for the teeth, and promised an extra sum if they sold well.
+Harnett had made known his loss to Holliss, so that he knew perfectly well
+to whom the teeth belonged. Thinking that he could make more money by
+selling them privately than by trusting to a reward from Harnett, he began
+to dispose of the teeth to dentists. Harnett made enquiries of some of his
+customers as to whether they had lately been offered teeth for sale, and
+was shown some lately purchased from Holliss; these he was able to
+identify. Holliss was at once given into custody, and was tried at
+Croydon; he escaped transportation through a flaw in the indictment.
+Whilst he was in gaol awaiting his trial, Harnett seized Holliss&#8217; house
+and all his household furniture for a debt of &pound;83. Holliss was afterwards
+mixed up in a horse-stealing case, and ultimately died in great poverty
+and wretchedness.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>&#8220;N.&#8221; or Joseph Naples, the writer of the Diary, is described by Bransby
+Cooper as &#8220;a civil and well conducted man, slight in person, with a
+pleasing expression of countenance, and of respectful manners.&#8221; He was the
+son of a respectable stationer and bookbinder, and in early life went as a
+sailor into the King&#8217;s service. He was for some time on board the
+<i>Excellent</i>, and served in that vessel in the engagement off Cape St.
+Vincent.<small><a name="f27.1" id="f27.1" href="#f27">[27]</a></small> Then he returned to England, and, having spent all his
+prize-money, went on a vessel cruising about the Channel. From this he ran
+away and came back to London; here he obtained a situation as grave-digger
+to the Spa Fields burial-ground. A man named White enticed Naples into the
+resurrectionist business; this soon caused him to lose his situation.
+White was stopped by the patrols, and a body was found in his possession.
+He managed to escape, but it was proved that the body had been taken from
+Spa Fields, and Naples was sentenced to two years&#8217; imprisonment. He
+escaped, with another prisoner, from the House of Correction by making an
+opening through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> a skylight in the roof, and afterwards scaling the outer
+walls of the prison by means of a rope.</p>
+
+<p>He was retaken through information given against him by Crouch, and it was
+only by the mediation of Sir Astley Cooper with the Secretary of State
+that Naples escaped additional punishment. In the list of prisoners
+written out by himself, and printed by Bransby Cooper (<i>Life</i>, vol. 1. p.
+423), Naples thus describes himself: &#8220;Jos<sup>h</sup>. N&mdash;&mdash;<small><a name="f28.1" id="f28.1" href="#f28">[28]</a></small> &#8216;Resurgam Hommo,&#8217;
+for trial.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The writing and spelling in the Diary show him to have been a man of
+superior education to most of his class. He continued in the
+resurrectionist business up to the time of the passing of the Anatomy Act,
+when he was taken on as a servant in the dissecting-room of St. Thomas&#8217;
+Hospital.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 10%;" />
+
+<p>There is considerable difficulty in identifying many of the burial-grounds
+from which bodies are said in the Diary to have been stolen. Many of these
+were private, and the name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> mentioned is probably either that of the
+proprietor or of the care-taker. No doubt, too, some of the names are
+slang terms which are quite forgotten at the present day.<small><a name="f29.1" id="f29.1" href="#f29">[29]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="bbox" style="width: 432px; height: 522px;"><img src="images/i157.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">FACSIMILE OF PAGE OF DIARY.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE DIARY</h2>
+
+<div class="diary">
+<p class="blockquot">[The spelling of the Diary has been preserved in the reprint, but as
+there is no attempt at punctuation in the original, stops have here
+been added to make some of the entries more intelligible. The
+writer&#8217;s capital letters, too, have not been strictly followed in the
+reprint.]</p>
+
+<p class="center">1811 <span class="smcap">November</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 28th.</i> At night went out and got 3, Jack &amp; me Hospital Crib,<small><a name="f30.1" id="f30.1" href="#f30">[30]</a></small>
+Benj<sup>n</sup>, Danl &amp; Bill to Harpers,<small><a name="f31.1" id="f31.1" href="#f31">[31]</a></small> Jack &amp; me 1 big Gates,<small><a name="f32.1" id="f32.1" href="#f32">[32]</a></small> sold 1
+Taunton D<sup>o</sup> S<sup>t</sup> Thomas&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 29th.</i> At night went out and got 3, Jack, Ben &amp; me got 2, Bethnall
+Green, Bill &amp; Dan<sup>l</sup>. 1 Bartholo<sup>w</sup>. Crib opened;<small><a name="f33.1" id="f33.1" href="#f33">[33]</a></small> whole at Barth<sup>w</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 30th.</i> At night went and got 3 Bunhill Row, sold to Mr. Cline,
+S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s Hospital.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Remarks, &amp;c., December, 1811.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 1st.</i> We all look<sup>d</sup>. out,<small><a name="f34.1" id="f34.1" href="#f34">[34]</a></small> at Home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 2nd.</i> Met at S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, Got paid for the 3 adults &amp; settled;
+met and settled with Mordecei,<small><a name="f35.1" id="f35.1" href="#f35">[35]</a></small> made Him up &pound;2 5s. 6d. and Receipt of
+all demands. At Home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 3rd.</i> Went to look out and brought the Shovils from Barthol<sup>w</sup>.,
+Met early in the evening at Mr. Vickers,<small><a name="f36.1" id="f36.1" href="#f36">[36]</a></small> did not go out that night,
+Butler and me came home intoxsicated.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 4th.</i> At night went out and got 10, whole<small><a name="f37.1" id="f37.1" href="#f37">[37]</a></small> went to Green<small><a name="f38.1" id="f38.1" href="#f38">[38]</a></small>
+and got 4, Black Crib 1, Bunner<small><a name="f39.1" id="f39.1" href="#f39">[39]</a></small> fields 5.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span><i>Thursday 5th.</i> The whole at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 6th.</i> Removed 1 from Barthol. to Carpue.<small><a name="f40.1" id="f40.1" href="#f40">[40]</a></small> At night went out and
+got 8, Dan<sup>l</sup>. at home all night. 6 Back S<sup>t</sup>. Lukes &amp; 2 Big Gates: went 5
+Barthol. 1 Frampton<small><a name="f41.1" id="f41.1" href="#f41">[41]</a></small> 3 S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, 3 Wilson.<small><a name="f42.1" id="f42.1" href="#f42">[42]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 7th.</i> At night went out &amp; got 3 at Bunhill Row. 1 S<sup>t</sup>.
+Thomas&#8217;s, 2 Brookes.<small><a name="f43.1" id="f43.1" href="#f43">[43]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 8th.</i> At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 9th.</i> At night went out and got 4 at Bethnall Green.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 10th.</i> Intoxsicated all day: at night went out &amp; got 5 Bunhill
+Row. Jack all most buried.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 11th.</i> Tom &amp; Bill and me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> removed<small><a name="f44.1" id="f44.1" href="#f44">[44]</a></small> 5 from S<sup>t</sup>. Barthol<sup>w</sup>.,
+2 Wilson, 2 Brookes, 1 Bell<small><a name="f45.1" id="f45.1" href="#f45">[45]</a></small>; in the evening got 1 Harps,<small><a name="f46.1" id="f46.1" href="#f46">[46]</a></small> went to
+S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 12th.</i> I went up to Brookes and Wilson, afterwards me Bill and
+Daniel went to Bethnall Green, got 2; Jack, Ben went got 2 large &amp; 1 large
+small back S<sup>t</sup>. Luke&#8217;s,<small><a name="f47.1" id="f47.1" href="#f47">[47]</a></small> came home, afterwards met again &amp; went to
+Bunhill row got 6, 1 of them with &mdash;&mdash;<small><a name="f48.1" id="f48.1" href="#f48">[48]</a></small> named Mary Rolph, aged 46, Died
+5<sup>th</sup> Dec. 1811.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 13th.</i> At Home all day &amp; night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 14th.</i> Went to Bartholomew took<sup>d</sup>. two Brookes: Pack<sup>d</sup> 4 and
+sent them to Edinborough, came Home to Ben<sup>n</sup>., settled &pound;14 6s. 2&#189;d.
+each man, came home, got up at 2 me Jack &amp; Bill went to Bunhill Row and
+got 3. Ben &amp; Daniel staid at home.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span><i>Sunday 15th.</i> At home all day, Got up at 3 a.m. The whole party went to
+Harps, got 3, Went to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 16th.</i> At home all day &amp; night Ill.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 17th.</i> At home all day &amp; do. night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 18th.</i> At Home all day &amp; do. night.</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Remember me when far away</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">[This line is written in the same way as the names mentioned on p. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 19th.</i> Went to Bartholomew, At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 20th</i>. Went to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, came home and went to the play,
+came home: at 3 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span> got up and went to the Hospital Crib got 5 large.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 21st.</i> Went to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s sent 1 to Mr. Taunton,<small><a name="f49.1" id="f49.1" href="#f49">[49]</a></small> 2 to
+Edinburgh, S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s took 6 of the above this week, came home and
+stopt at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span><i>Sunday 22nd.</i> Went and look&#8217;d out, at 4 o&#8217;clock, got up, party went to
+Harps got 3 large and 2 small, the whole went to Barth<sup>m</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 23rd.</i> Went for orders to Wilson and Brookes, Met Bill, Brought
+one to Carpue, Sent him back to bring 2 from Barthol<sup>w</sup>. 1 for Brookes, 1
+for Bell, Ben<sup>n</sup> and Jack got 5 small at Harpers.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 24th.</i> At twelve at midnight a party went to Wygate got 3 small,
+came back and got 2 large at Newington, Came home then settled at Ben<sup>n</sup>,
+Each man&#8217;s share &pound;8 16s. 8d., at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 25th.</i> At Home all day and night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 26th.</i> At Home all day and night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 27th.</i> Went to look out, Came home met Ben and Dan<sup>l</sup> at 5
+o&#8217;clock, went to Harps, got 1 large and took it to Jack&#8217;s house, Jack,
+Bill and Tom not with us, Geting drunk.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span><i>Saturday 28th.</i> At 4 o&#8217;clock in the morning got up, with the whole party
+to Guy&#8217;s and S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s Crib, got 6 took them to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s. Came
+home and met at Thomas&#8217;s again, pack<sup>d</sup>. up 3 for Edinbro, took one over
+to Guys.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 29th.</i> At home all day and night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 30th.</i> Butler and Dan<sup>l</sup>, took 1 large to Framton, large small to
+Hornig.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 31st.</i> Met at the Harty Choak,<small><a name="f50.1" id="f50.1" href="#f50">[50]</a></small> had dispute about the horse.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Remarks, &amp;c., January, 1812.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 1st.</i> Got up at 3 in the morning, the whole party went to Guys
+and S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;, got 3 adults, 1 from Guy&#8217;s and 2 from S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;,
+took them to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;, came home and met again, took one of the above
+to Guy&#8217;s, settled for the Horse &pound;24. At home all night. Miss Naples.<small><a name="f51.1" id="f51.1" href="#f51">[51]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 2nd.</i> Went down to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, got paid &pound;7 17 6 for one
+adult<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> open D<sup>o</sup> not. Came home, met by agreement at S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, did
+not go out, Bill not there, Came home again, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 3rd.</i> Went to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, took the F&oelig;tus to the London,
+Rec<sup>d</sup>. 10s. 6d. Came back to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s Rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;4 4s. 0d., Went
+home, Met by agreement, Went to the Green got 5, Jack, Ben<sup>n</sup> and me;
+Dan<sup>l</sup>. and Bill at home, took the above 5 to Barthol<sup>w</sup>. at home all
+night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 4th.</i> Met at Bartholo<sup>w</sup>., they took 4 of the above, 1 sent to
+Edinburgh, 1 went to Brookes, Carpue and Wilson for orders, Came back, at
+home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 5th.</i> At home all day. Met at 5, whole went to Newin.<small><a name="f52.1" id="f52.1" href="#f52">[52]</a></small> got 3.
+Jack and me took them to Wilson, Came home, met at 12, got 5 &amp; 2 small at
+Harps, afterwards went to the Big Gates, got 3 adults, left Dan<sup>l</sup>. at
+home, took the whole to Bartho<sup>m</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 6th.</i> Went to Barth<sup>w</sup>., took 1 to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> the London, Jack &amp; Tom 1 to
+Harnige, D<sup>o</sup> 1 to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s. Came home, in all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 7th.</i> At home all day, Tom removed 1 from the borough to
+Bartholom<sup>w</sup>. fetched &pound;2., from there took 2 to Mr. Wilson, D<sup>o</sup> to
+Brookes.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 8th.</i> At 2 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span> got up, the Party went to Harps, got 4 adults
+and 1 small, took 4 to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, Came home went to Mr. Wilson &amp;
+Brookes, Dan<sup>l</sup>. got paid &pound;8 8 0 from Mr. Wilson I rec<sup>d</sup>. 9 9 0 from Mr.
+Brookes, Came over to the borough, sold small for &pound;1 10 0, Rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;4 4 0
+for adult, At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 9th.</i> Went down to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, got paid &pound;8 8 0, 2 adults: at
+home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 10th.</i> Met at S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, settled each man&#8217;s share &pound;12 12 0, 3
+things<small><a name="f53.1" id="f53.1" href="#f53">[53]</a></small> on hand.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 11th.</i> At 4 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span> got up &amp; went to the Hospital Crib, got 2
+adults, met at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> Barthol<sup>w</sup>., packed up 2 for the Country, sold 1 at S<sup>t</sup>.
+Thomas&#8217;s: at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 12th.</i> At Home all day, at 11 p.m. met &amp; the whole went to Wygate,
+got 2 adults &amp; 2 small, afterwards went to the Green, got 2 large &amp; 1
+large small,<small><a name="f54.1" id="f54.1" href="#f54">[54]</a></small> Took them to Barthol<sup>w</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 13th.</i> Took 2 of the above to Mr. Brookes &amp; 1 large &amp; 1 small to
+Mr. Bell, F&oelig;tus to Mr. Carpue, small to Mr. Framton, Large small to Mr.
+Cline. Met at 5, the party went to Newington, 2 adults. Took them to S<sup>t</sup>.
+Thomas&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 14th.</i> At 1 <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span> got up, Ben<sup>n</sup>., Bill &amp; me went to S<sup>t</sup>. Luke&#8217;s,
+2 adults; Jack, Dan<sup>l</sup>. Big Gates, 1 large &amp; 1 small, took them to
+Barthol<sup>w</sup>., Came home &amp; went to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, afterwards went to the
+other end of the town for orders. At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 15th.</i> Went to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, Came back, pack&#8217;d up 2 large &amp; 1
+small for Edinburgh. At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span><i>Thursday 16th.</i> The party met at the Hartichoak. Settled the above, Each
+man&#8217;s share &pound;8 4s. 7&#189;d. At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 17th.</i> Went &amp; look out: came home met at 11, party except Dan<sup>l</sup>.,
+Went to the Hospital Crib &amp; got 4, was stopt by the patrols, Butler, Horse
+&amp; Cart were taken.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 18th.</i> Went to the White horse, Butler bailed: at home all
+night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 19th.</i> Went &amp; look&#8217;d out, at home all night, Could not get the
+horse out of the Stable.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 20th.</i> At home all day &amp; night, Butler &amp; Jack got drunk.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 21st.</i> Look&#8217;d out, Jack &amp; Butler drunk as before, hindred us of
+going out. At Home.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 22nd.</i> At 4 o&#8217;clock in the morning got up, Bill &amp; me went to
+the Hospital Crib and 1 for Mr. Cooper&#8217;s<small><a name="f55.1" id="f55.1" href="#f55">[55]</a></small> Lectures, had a dispute with
+the party, at home all night. Ben got drunk.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span><i>Thursday 23rd.</i> Met at 10 at night, went to Wygate, got 4 large and 1
+small, went to the Green got 3 large. Dan<sup>l</sup>, not with us.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 24th.</i> Met at 11 at night. Met the patrols. Got one Hospital Crib
+and 6 at Bermondsey, took them to Barthol<sup>w</sup>., sent 3 to the Country.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 25th.</i> Met at Bartholomew. Took 1 to Mr. Carpue; S<sup>t</sup>.
+Barthol<sup>w</sup>. took 2: at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 26th.</i> Went to Big Gates to Look out, came home, at home all
+night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 27th.</i> At 2 o&#8217;clock in the morning got up, met the party except
+Dan<sup>l</sup>., Went to the Big gates, got 4 Took them to Barthol<sup>w</sup>., Afterwards
+met, took 1 to Mr. Cline, 2 to Mr. Wilson, came home. Tom &amp; Bill got
+drunk, did not go out.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 28th.</i> Went to Barthol<sup>w</sup>., could not sell, came back to the
+Borough &amp; came home, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span><i>Wednesday 29th.</i> Went to Bartho<sup>w</sup>. brought remaining 2 to S<sup>t</sup>.
+Thomas&#8217;s, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 30th.</i> Went to S<sup>t</sup>. Thomas&#8217;s, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 31st.</i> Went to look out, at night went out, got 2 Guys &amp; Thomas&#8217;s,
+same night 3 Harps 2 small: same night the Cart broke down, took 2 to
+Guys.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Remarks, &amp;c., Feb., 1812.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 1st.</i> Went to Barthol<sup>w</sup>., did not settle, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 2nd.</i> Went to look out, met at 5 in the evening, went to the
+Green, got 7 large &amp; 3 small and 3 f&oelig;tus. Same night went to Wygate 4
+large &amp; 2 small. Took them to Bartholomew.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 3rd.</i> Went to Bartholomew, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 4th.</i> Met at Bartholomew, settled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> each man&#8217;s share &pound;21 9s. 4d.,
+Met at night, went to Guy&#8217;s got 3 adults. Took them to Bartholomew: at
+home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 5th.</i> Went to Barthol<sup>w</sup>. Met at night. Got 5 at Newington.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 6th.</i> Went to St. Thomas&#8217;s: at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 7th.</i> Met together me &amp; Butler went to Newington, thing bad.<small><a name="f56.1" id="f56.1" href="#f56">[56]</a></small>
+Jack &amp; Bill went to Goswell St.<small><a name="f57.1" id="f57.1" href="#f57">[57]</a></small> got 1. Came home met again. Danl. Bill
+&amp; me went to St. Johns got 2 adults. Ben<sup>n</sup> and Jack went to Flemish<small><a name="f58.1" id="f58.1" href="#f58">[58]</a></small>
+got nothing, took 2 St. Thomas&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 8th.</i> Went to St. Thomas&#8217;s, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 9th.</i> Went to Look out, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 10th.</i> Met. Went to St. James&#8217;s. Got 9 large &amp; 4 small, took them
+to Barthol<sup>w</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span><i>Tuesday 11th.</i> Went to Barthol<sup>w</sup>. Moved the things. At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 12th.</i> Went to Look out, Met at night, went to St. Olives. Got
+2 adults and 1 Do Bermondsey, Took them to St. Thomas&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 13th.</i> Met at St. Thomas&#8217;s. At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 14th.</i> Met by appointment, me &amp; Jack went to Big gate got 4, the
+rest went to St. Luke&#8217;s got 2, took them to Barthol<sup>w</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 15th.</i> Met at Barthol<sup>w</sup>. At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 16th.</i> Went to Look out, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 17th.</i> Met &amp; went to Wiegate. Got 8 large &amp; 1 small. Took them to
+St. Thomas&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 18th.</i> Met at St. Thomas&#8217;s. Took 2 over to Guy&#8217;s. Came home &amp;
+settled each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> man&#8217;s share &pound;23 6s. 9d. On hand 2 open&#8217;d Large, 3 small &amp; 3
+f&oelig;tus not paid, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 19th.</i> At Home all day sick. John Harnet and Butler got drunk,
+at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 20th.</i> Met and went to Pancress<small><a name="f59.1" id="f59.1" href="#f59">[59]</a></small> got 15 large &amp; 1 small took
+them to Barthol<sup>w</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 21st.</i> Met at Barthol<sup>w</sup>. Sold part, came home. Met at 2 a.m. went
+to St. Thomas&#8217;s Crib. Got 3 large, met the Patrols, took 1 to St. Thomas&#8217;s
+and 2 to Barthol<sup>w</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 22nd.</i> Met at Barthol<sup>w</sup>. Sent 7 into the Country, distributed
+the rest about town. At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 23rd.</i> At Home all day and night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 24th.</i> Bill Jack Tom and Ben<sup>n</sup> with Nat Ure Getting drunk oblige
+to Come<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> Home in a Coach which prevented us going out to Harps.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 25th.</i> At home all day, at Night met at Jack to go to Harps. the
+moon at the full, could not go.<small><a name="f60.1" id="f60.1" href="#f60">[60]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 26th.</i> Went to look out. Could not go out Jack and Tom got
+drunk. Ben<sup>n</sup>. taken very ill.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 27th.</i> Went to St. Thomas&#8217;s, sold the extremities. At night Tom
+&amp; Bill got drunk at the Rockingham Arms, at Home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 28th.</i> Met at Jacks Got 4 large 1 Small and 1 F&oelig;tus, Harps.
+Took them to the London.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 29th.</i> Met at St. Thomas&#8217;s at home all night.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">March 1812.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 1st.</i> Met &amp; went to the Big gates got 3. Took them to St.
+Thomas&#8217;s, not settled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span><i>Monday 2nd.</i> Met at Mr. Vickers, Jack &amp; Tom went to the fight, at home
+all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 3rd.</i> Went to St. Thomas&#8217;s, at night went to Pencress got 8
+adults, 2 small and 2 f&oelig;tus.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 4th.</i> Met at Jack&#8217;s &amp; settled, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 5th.</i> Went to St. Thomas&#8217;s; at night early, went out &amp; got 1 St.
+Thomas&#8217;s Crib: at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 6th.</i> Went to look out Big gates Green, at night got 1 Big gates.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 7th.</i> At Home all day and night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 8th.</i> Met at Night, Jack, Tom &amp; Dan<sup>l</sup>. went to Harps got 5 Large,
+Bill and me went to the Big gates, miss<sup>d</sup>.<small><a name="f61.1" id="f61.1" href="#f61">[61]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 9th.</i> At Home all day and night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 10th.</i> Went to St. Thomas&#8217;s &amp; settled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span><i>Wednesday 11th.</i> Went to the Big Gates to Look out, at night the party
+went to the above Place and again miss<sup>d</sup>., all got drunk.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 12th.</i> At Home all day &amp; night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 13th.</i> Went to look out, met at night and went to Wiegate got 5
+large, also went to the Green got 8 large took them Bartholomew.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 14th.</i> Met at Barthol. sent 5 to Edinburgh, Mr. Wilson 3,
+Brookes 2, Barthol. 1. Settled each man&#8217;s share &pound;3 6 8. 2 on hand.<small><a name="f62.1" id="f62.1" href="#f62">[62]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 15th.</i> Went to Look out, at night went to St. John&#8217;s, Got 1 Large
+and 1 Large Small, Burnt. Took the Large to Wilson, small to St. Thomas&#8217;s.
+Paid Hollis &pound;11 11 0 at the order of Miss Kay.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 16th.</i> At Home all day went to Harps got 3 Large and 1 Large
+Small, 1 Small, and 1 F&oelig;tus, took 2 Large to St.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> Thomas&#8217;s, 1 Large to
+Guy&#8217;s, Large Small to Mr. Frampton and 1 small to Mr. Taunton. Mr.
+Frampton called at 7 in the evening.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 17th.</i> Went to the Borough: at Night met at 6 in the evening,
+went to the Flemish, Jack, Ben<sup>n</sup>. &amp; myself. Got 2 adults, Bill not with
+us, took the above 2 to St. Thomas&#8217;s. Big gate for time is very well.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 18th.</i> Went to the Big gates to Look out. came home, at home
+all night which was a very bad thing for us as we wanted some money to pay
+our debts to several persons who were importunate.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 19th.</i> Met at Jack and settled each man&#8217;s share &pound;6 18 4: at 6 in
+the evening went to the Meeting Crib<small><a name="f63.1" id="f63.1" href="#f63">[63]</a></small>, 1 Large and 1 small, afterwards
+went to the Big gates got 2 Large took them to Barth<sup>w</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 20th.</i> Went to St. Thomas&#8217;s, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 21st.</i> Jack and Tom got 2 Large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> small, 1 Frampton 1 Taunton.
+Rec<sup>d</sup>. for the above &pound;3 13 6 D<sup>o</sup>. &pound;4 4 0: at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 22nd.</i> Went to the Green, at Home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 23rd.</i> At home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 24th.</i> D<sup>o</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 25th.</i> Went to Pancress got 5 adult, Took them to Bartholomew.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 26th.</i> Went to Look out, Jack got 2 Large small. 1 D<sup>o</sup>.
+Frampton &pound;3 13 6 1 D<sup>o</sup>. Mr. Taunton &pound;4 4 0.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 27th.</i> Went to Look out, at Home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 28th.</i> Jack got 1 large small for Mr. Cline &pound;4 4 0, at Home all
+night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 29th.</i> Went to the Green; at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 30th.</i> At Home all day &amp; night.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span><i>Tuesday 31st.</i> Went to Pancress got 5 adults Ben Bill &amp; me. Dan&#8217;l Jack
+and Tom went to Harps, missed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday</i> <span class="smcap">April</span> <i>1st.</i> Party went to the Green got 4 adults; being the
+1st of April the man left us a new Hat.<small><a name="f64.1" id="f64.1" href="#f64">[64]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 2nd.</i> Went Bill &amp; me to the Big Gates 2 adults and 1 small,
+Jack, Ben and Dan&#8217;l got 4 adults, Harps.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 3rd.</i> Went to look out and distribute the above, met at Jack&#8217;s at
+night, Ben being Drunk disappoint&#8217;d the party.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 4th.</i> Met and settled &pound;108 13s. 7d. each man&#8217;s share &pound;18 2s.
+3d., at Home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 5th.</i> Went to look out met at Jack&#8217;s at 10, not coming home in
+time did not go out.</p>
+
+<p>[<i>No date put.</i>] Tom &amp; me went to Olives,<small><a name="f65.1" id="f65.1" href="#f65">[65]</a></small> did not succeed.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">[At this point the diary leaves off abruptly: the entries from Friday 7th
+to Saturday 29th are in a different handwriting from the rest of the MS.]</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">[1812, <span class="smcap">August</span>]</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 7th.</i> Went to look out Hollis &amp; myself could not find Bill, went
+to St Johns, then to White Chappell returned at night, went to White
+Chappel did not succeed, came back went to St. Johns, the other party had
+got the adult, coming back with the ladder, Bill got taken unto the
+Watchhouse,<small><a name="f66.1" id="f66.1" href="#f66">[66]</a></small> with the ladder, came home.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 8th.</i> canines 11 shillings: went to union hall<small><a name="f67.1" id="f67.1" href="#f67">[67]</a></small> Bill got
+clear the party went to Bartholomew. At Night went to W<sup>e</sup>. Chappel got 4
+adults, one small, took 2 to Barthol<sup>m</sup>. 2 &amp; 1 Small to St. Thomas&#8217;s.
+Horse &amp; Cart.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 9th.</i> at home all day &amp; night, Wortley came concerning horse &amp;
+cart.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 10th.</i> went to St. Tho<sup>s</sup>. got paid for 1 adult &pound;4 4s. 0d. went to
+Barthol<sup>m</sup>. got paid &pound;4. 4s. 0d. row&#8217;d with Ben did not settle each man
+had &pound;2 2s. 0d, left with Hollis &pound;2 2s. 0d. for Expences, at home all
+night.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span><i>Tuesday 11th.</i> had information Crouch had cut the subjects<small><a name="f68.1" id="f68.1" href="#f68">[68]</a></small> went to
+St. Thom<sup>s</sup>, had not cut them, Barthol<sup>m</sup>. they had, went to differ<sup>t</sup>.
+parts of the Town for orders, settled our Expence &amp; what we had Rec<sup>d</sup>.
+each man&#8217;s share &pound;3 1s. 2&#189;d. one adult St Thom<sup>s</sup>. 1 London D<sup>o</sup> unpaid
+&#189; D<sup>o</sup> Barthol<sup>n</sup>. unpaid; at night went to Hoxton, 1 Large Yellow
+Jaundice sold at Brooks.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 12th.</i> Went to look out, at night went to Barthol<sup>m</sup>. Crib. cut
+off the extremitys took to Barthol<sup>m</sup>.&mdash;Rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;1 0s. 0d.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 13th.</i> Went to St Thomas&#8217;s Crib could not succeed came back to
+the White horse, Bill got arrested,<small><a name="f69.1" id="f69.1" href="#f69">[69]</a></small> Millard<small><a name="f70.1" id="f70.1" href="#f70">[70]</a></small> pd. the Debt I got
+drunk would not go out, Bill &amp; Hollis went to Weigate got 1 adult male,
+took to the Boro, Rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;2 0s. 0d.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span><i>Friday 14th.</i> Went to
+Barthol swagg<sup>d</sup>. the Extra<sup>s</sup><small><a name="f71.1" id="f71.1" href="#f71">[71]</a></small> to St. Thos. at
+night went to Weigate got 1 male took them to Brooks Dan &mdash; &mdash;<small><a name="f72.1" id="f72.1" href="#f72">[72]</a></small> Rec<sup>d</sup>.
+&pound;1 1 0</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span><i>Saturday 15th.</i> Went to different places, at Night went to panc<sup>s</sup>.<small><a name="f73.1" id="f73.1" href="#f73">[73]</a></small>
+Miss<sup>d</sup>. Rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;1 0 0</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 16th.</i> Went to look out, at Night went to Harp&#8217;s got 1 adult male
+took to Wilson 1 Small D<sup>o</sup>, took to Bartho<sup>w</sup>: a Porter carried the
+large. Hollis did not go in.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 17th.</i> went &amp; got paid for the above, small fetched three guineas,
+at night went to Connell<sup>s</sup>. got 1 adult M.<small><a name="f74.1" id="f74.1" href="#f74">[74]</a></small> Dan<sup>l</sup>, carried to St
+Tho<sup>s</sup>. Hollis did not go in, Rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;1 0 0.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 18th.</i> Went to different places, at night went to the play.
+Rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;1 10 0.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 19th.</i> Went as above at night Flemish 1 ad<sup>t</sup>. male, took to St
+Thomas&#8217;s got paid; likewise head, Millard gave &pound;1 1 0 for it.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 20th.</i> As above, at night went to Flemish 1 adult male, took to
+St Tho<sup>s</sup>. Rec<sup>d</sup> &pound;1 12 0.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 21st.</i> Went to different places, settled our quarrell by agreeing
+with Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> Stanley<small><a name="f75.1" id="f75.1" href="#f75">[75]</a></small> to bring in a subject for Lecture, removed the above
+from St. Thom<sup>s</sup> at night, went to Harp&#8217;s got 1 adult M. underneath took
+to St. Thos<sup>s</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 22nd.</i> Went to look out me &amp; Hollis, Bill staid in the Boro, got
+paid &pound;4 4 0 for the above a very queer one, received but two Guineas for
+the one at Barth<sup>l</sup>. would not do for Lecture, Sett<sup>d</sup>. each man&#8217;s share
+&pound;1 16s. 6d., at night the party went to Weigate, the thing bad.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 23rd.</i> Went to look out at different places. Holliss met with Ben
+at St. George&#8217;s agreed to meet at Lamberts with the seperate partys: met,
+look<sup>d</sup> at each other nothing transpired concerning the Business, our
+party went to Harp&#8217;s could not get in the private<small><a name="f76.1" id="f76.1" href="#f76">[76]</a></small> door being shut,
+came home.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 24th.</i> Our party went to Barthol<sup>m</sup>. met with Ben and Daniel
+partly agreed me <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>&amp; Ben went in the Cart to different places to look out
+coming back by Charing Cross met the Jews<small><a name="f77.1" id="f77.1" href="#f77">[77]</a></small> Drag touted till Dark and
+lost scent came home did not go out that night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 25th.</i> Understood the Jew had brought a Male to Barthol<sup>m</sup>. Met
+by appointment at the above place, had a row, came home after looking out,
+met by agreement at 4 p.m. (Crouch having over slept himself two hours)
+went to St J<sup>ns</sup> work<sup>d</sup>. three places only got two adults M. and F. on
+account of not having time, took the above to Mr Frampton.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 26th.</i> Seperated to look out. Holliss got paid in part &pound;6 from
+Mr. F. I took from the above &pound;1. the party met at night, Ben Bill &amp; Tom
+Light went to St Geo<sup>s</sup> got 2 adults M. &amp; F. took 1 Willson M. &amp; F.
+Barthol<sup>m</sup> me Jack and Hollis went to Isl<sup>n</sup>. could not succeed the dogs
+flew at us, afterwards went to Pancr<sup>s</sup> found a watch<small><a name="f78.1" id="f78.1" href="#f78">[78]</a></small> planted, came
+home.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span><i>Thursday 27th.</i> Went to look out, Hollis got paid the remainder at
+Frampton &pound;2 8 0. Met at night at St. Thos.&mdash;very light could not go out
+(came home).</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 28th.</i> Seperated to look out, brought the F. from Barthol<sup>n</sup>. to
+St. Thomas, having not settled took from Hollis &pound;1 0 0, afterwards met at
+St. Thos. &amp; went to St. Jns, Ben not with us work&#8217;d two holes one bad,
+drew the C.<sup>ns</sup><small><a name="f79.1" id="f79.1" href="#f79">[79]</a></small> &amp; took the above to St. Thos.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 29th.</i> Met at St Thos. could not get P<sup>d</sup> for either. Borrowed
+&pound;2 of Jack, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 30th.</i> Went to look out, at night went to H. got two large M<sup>s</sup>.
+went to St Thos. removed 1 to Wilson, 1 adult came from St Jns.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 31st.</i> Went to look out &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;<small><a name="f80.1" id="f80.1" href="#f80">[80]</a></small> old small &pound;1 10 0 got
+p<sup>d</sup> one do Wilson&#8217;s at Night met except Bill went to Conn<sup>n</sup> got 2 adults
+M. &amp; F. took to Barthol<sup>m</sup>. one small do.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">1812 September.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 1st.</i> Went to Barthol<sup>m</sup> Got Paid for 2 adults &pound;8 8 0, at night
+met, me and Light went to Connelly got 2 adults M. and one large size
+small F., Jack Bill &amp; Hollis went to Weigate, got 1 large &amp; 2 small, took
+2 the above to Frampton 1 M. &amp; D<sup>o</sup>. F. 1 large &amp; 2 small to St Thos. 1
+small to Wilson.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 2nd.</i> Went to the London Hollis got Canines &pound;8 8 0, Bill got
+paid for 1 large M. &pound;4 4 0. I rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;4 4 0 for 1 large size small, Bill
+Rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;1 0 0 for the F. that come from St George 1 Small came Wiegate
+went to Wilson. Rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;2 0 0 for 1 large Small came from Wiegate, went
+to St Thomas&#8217; not sold being putrid: at night the party met &amp; divided, me
+&amp; Hollis went to Harp&#8217;s work<sup>d</sup>. the thing, proved to be bad, Jack Bill &amp;
+Tom<sup>s</sup>. Light went to Westminster</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">1812 October.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 5th.</i> Went to look out at different places, at night party went to
+Lamb<sup>h</sup> got 2 adults and 9 small took the whole to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> Borough. Mr. Cline
+took the about [above], 2 adults &pound;8 8 0 from Lamb<sup>h</sup>. &amp; 1 small from D<sup>o</sup>
+&pound;3 13 6.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 6th.</i> At Night did not go out.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 7th.</i> Went to look out Jack &amp; Ben had a Row at the White Horse:
+did not go out.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 8th.</i> Party went to see the fight did not go out.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 9th.</i> Went to look out at different places. At night went to St.
+Olave, got 2 adults M. &amp; F. M. was opened took them to St. Thomas&#8217;s; again
+met, I got drunk, I miss<sup>d</sup>. going with the party.</p>
+
+<p>They seperated, part went to Lambeth got 1 adult F. They missed, one took
+that to the Boro the others (Except Ben who was getting drunk) went to
+Connolly got 1 adult F., took that to Bartholomew, &amp; removed the other
+same place.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 10th.</i> Met at Barthol<sup>m</sup>. Mr. Stanley took three of the above 2
+F. &pound;8 8 0<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> one adult M. being opened &pound;3 13 6d, left one on hand, came
+home, in all night</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>[The above entry finishes a page: the back of this page is occupied
+by a table for finding the moon&#8217;s age on any given day: this was most
+useful to the resurrection-men, as they could not work undisturbed on
+moonlight nights.]</p></div>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 11th.</i> Went to look out at Night the whole party went to the Black
+(Jack with us for the first time going out) got three ad<sup>t</sup>. M., then to
+Connolly two ad<sup>t</sup>. M. &amp; F. took the whole to St. Thos. came home.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 12th.</i> Went to St. Thos. Cline had taken the above, went to
+Lamb<sup>h</sup>. in the evening met by appointment, at home, Drew up an Account
+but did not settle Jack &amp; Bill not being present and others having over
+drawn met again at twelve, the whole excepting Butler went to Lambeth got
+5 ad<sup>ts</sup>. 1 Small, Took 2 of the above &amp; 1 small to Wilson 1 do Carpue, 2
+do Brooks, came home.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 13th.</i> Went to Barthol<sup>m</sup>. me Ben Jack &amp; Butler could not find
+the others, myself came to the Boro sold 1 small that was on hand for &pound;1.
+Came home afterwards went to Tomlight<small><a name="f81.1" id="f81.1" href="#f81">[81]</a></small> understood he had rec<sup>d</sup>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> the
+money got &pound;5 from him, came home, at home all night</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 14th.</i> Went to Lamb<sup>h</sup>. look out, at home all night on account
+of Ben getting out of the way, did not go out, had a dispute at Hollis&#8217;s
+House Child&#8217;s dance.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 15th.</i> Went to look out, came home went to the play, afterward
+met at the White horse, the party excepting Ben had a row with Hollis;
+seperated me, Light &amp; Butler went Lam<sup>b</sup>. 2 adts, Jack, Bill &amp; Mr. Hollis
+went to Connelly 5 adults, also went to St. Geo<sup>e</sup>. 4 adts. on account of
+the Boy deceiving us at Lamb<sup>h</sup>. lost the above 4 at St. Geo<sup>e</sup>. Ben<small><a name="f82.1" id="f82.1" href="#f82">[82]</a></small>
+went to France.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 16th.</i> Met and went Wiegate got three adults 2 F. 1 M. took to
+Barthol<sup>m</sup>. Jack &amp; Tom brought the cart, came home.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 17th.</i> Met at Barthol<sup>w</sup>. rec<sup>d</sup>. &pound;2 0 0 went to Lamb<sup>h</sup>. P<sup>d</sup>.
+the man &pound;1 1 0 came home, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span><i>Sunday 18th.</i> Went to look out, nothing done, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 19th.</i> Went to Lamb<sup>h</sup>. got 1 Adult M. [opened another whole but
+bad with the small pox]<small><a name="f83.1" id="f83.1" href="#f83">[83]</a></small> took the above M. to Barth<sup>m</sup>. came home,
+Butler not with us.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 20th.</i> Went to Barthol<sup>w</sup>. Bill had got P<sup>d</sup>. for the above Male
+I borrowed of him &pound;1 10 0, went to Lamb<sup>h</sup>. came home at night met at the
+White [Horse] Hollis myself Jack &amp; Tom Light, Bill not with us could not
+find his clothes<small><a name="f84.1" id="f84.1" href="#f84">[84]</a></small>: went to Lamb<sup>h</sup>. two adults M. took to Barthol<sup>w</sup>.
+Butler again not with us came home.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 21st.</i> Went to Barthol<sup>m</sup> got P<sup>d</sup>. the above 2 adt. gave Light
+&amp; Hollis 4s. 2d. gave Jack &pound;2 0 0 kept &pound;2 2 0 myself, came home, but
+Hollis &amp; Light went to the Hospital Crib got 1 adult male took to St Thos.
+shared the money betwixt them: likewise 1 Pound for a small, at home all
+night.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span><i>Thursday 22nd.</i> went to look out, followed a black<small><a name="f85.1" id="f85.1" href="#f85">[85]</a></small> from Tower hill,
+came home and met at W<sup>e</sup>. horse, the party except Butler went to Lamb<sup>h</sup>.
+got 3 adults 2 M. 1 F. (left one behind us) 1 small &amp; 1 F&oelig;tus, took
+them to the Boro.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">November 1812.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 16th.</i> the party went to Tottenham got 4 adults, Wilson 2.
+Abernethy 1. 1 on hand</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 17th.</i> At home.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 18th.</i> At home.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 19th.</i> Met with Hutton at Smithfield, Bill me &amp; Ben went to St
+T<sup>s</sup> got 2 ad. Jack remained with Hutton, the party went Barthol<sup>m</sup>. C<sup>b</sup>.
+got 2 ad. the whole Abernethy. Gave one to Hutton for information.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 20th.</i> Butler got drunk in the morning, the party except him met
+at Barthol<sup>m</sup>. Me Jack &amp; Ben went to St T<sup>s</sup>. got 4 adt. sent Bill again
+after Tom to bring the Cart, took them to Barthol<sup>m</sup>. Me Jack &amp; Ben went
+to Blue Lion got 1 adt. sent Bill to bring Tom with the Cart, took that to
+Barthol<sup>m</sup>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> came over the water got 2 adt. Guys C<sup>b</sup>. &amp; 1 at Tho<sup>s</sup>.
+Crib. pack up 4 for Edinbro on the Saturday: settled our money at home all
+night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 22nd.</i> Look<sup>d</sup>. out at St T<sup>s</sup>. B.&mdash;L<sup>n</sup><small><a name="f86.1" id="f86.1" href="#f86">[86]</a></small>&mdash;and Tott<sup>n</sup> at home
+all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 23rd.</i> Met at Barth<sup>m</sup>. went to St T<sup>s</sup>. got 3 took them to
+Wilson, Bill took 1 ad. to Frampton.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 24th.</i> Went &amp; mov<sup>d</sup>. one of the above to Carpue, got p<sup>d</sup>. came
+home met at Jack at 5, Bill not at home, did not go out till morning. Jack
+sold the Canines to Mr. Thomson for 5 Guineas.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wednesday 25th.</i> Met at Jack at 2 p.m. Butler &amp; myself went to the B.
+L<sup>n</sup>. got 1 adt. Jack, Ben &amp; Bill went Panc<sup>s</sup>. got 5 adt. &amp; 1 small, took
+them to Barthol<sup>w</sup>. Removed 3 to Cline, got 2 sets of can<sup>s</sup>.<small><a name="f87.1" id="f87.1" href="#f87">[87]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 26th.</i> Met at Barthol<sup>m</sup>, me &amp; Jack went to Tottenh<sup>m</sup>. got 1
+adt. Ben &amp; Bill went to St Ths. D<sup>o</sup> 3 large came home me &amp; Jack got 1
+Tottenh<sup>m</sup> Bill &amp; Ben 1 large 2 small.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span><i>Friday 27th.</i> Met at Plough, went to St T<sup>s</sup>. 6 adt. 1 small. Met the man
+with the lanthorn<small><a name="f88.1" id="f88.1" href="#f88">[88]</a></small>: took them Barthol<sup>m</sup>. went to Golden Lane 1 adt. 1
+small gave Jack Hutton &pound;1 as a share, took to the above place.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 28th.</i> Met at Barthol. disposed of the above except 1 adt.
+opened, 3 small, sent three to Edinboro. Drew up our Account, came home
+Met at Jack, did not settle, at home all night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sunday 29th.</i> Went Look out at Blue L<sup>n</sup>. &amp;c. did not go out Jack Bill &amp;
+Tom Drunk the reason as Ben said for not going out.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monday 30th.</i> Settled our Account up to Sat<sup>y</sup>. on hand 1 adt. Op<sup>d</sup>. &amp;
+Small three; met at Barthol<sup>n</sup>. me Bill &amp; Jack Hutton went to B. Lyon got
+1 adt. got up at four in the morning Tuesday, Butler Bill &amp; me brought the
+above to St Thos&#8217;.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">December, 1812.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Tuesday 1st.</i> Met at Tottenham Court Road had a dispute in St. Ts Crib.
+Came home did not do anything. came to the Rockingham Arms, got Drunk</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span><i>Wednesday 2nd.</i> Met at Vickers rectify<sup>d</sup>. our last account, the party
+sent out me &amp; Ben to St Thos. C<sup>b</sup>. got 1 adt., Bill &amp; Jack Guys Crib 2
+adt but one of them opd. Butler look out for us, took them to St. Thos.
+came home Met at St Thos., me &amp; Jack went to Tott<sup>m</sup>. got 4 adts Ben &amp;
+Bill got <small><sup>ad</sup>6 <sup>s</sup>1 <sup>f</sup>1.</small> at Pancrass took Totten<sup>m</sup> to Wilson, Pan<sup>s</sup>. to
+Barthol.<small><a name="f89.1" id="f89.1" href="#f89">[89]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><i>Thursday 3rd.</i> Met at Wind<sup>ll</sup>. St. disposed of 2 of the above to Wilson,
+went to Barthol<sup>w</sup>. came home for the night.</p>
+
+<p><i>Friday 4th.</i> Met at Vickers pack<sup>d</sup>. up one for Shute, afterwards went to
+St Thos. got 6 adt. took them to Barth<sup>m</sup>. left Ben &amp; Jack Hutton to pack
+up for Edinbro, afterwards Jack me &amp; Bill went to Tott<sup>m</sup>. got 3 adt. took
+them to Barthol<sup>m</sup>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday 5th.</i> Remain&#8217;d at Barth<sup>m</sup>. packing up for Edinboro, sent 12 to
+the wharf for the above place, at home all night.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+<p><i>The following list contains some of the chief sources of information on
+the history of the Resurrectionists.</i></p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="smcap">Smith, Southwood.</span> &#8220;Use of the Dead to the Living.&#8221; <i>Westminster Review</i>,
+ii., 1824, p. 59.</p>
+
+<p>This was afterwards reprinted as a pamphlet. One of the editions was
+issued with the title of <i>Body-snatching</i>.</p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="smcap">Mackenzie, W.</span> <i>An Appeal to the Public and to the Legislature, on the
+necessity of affording dead bodies to the Schools of Anatomy by
+legislative enactment</i>. 8vo. Glasgow, 1824.</p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="smcap">Green, Joseph Henry.</span> <i>A letter to Sir Astley Cooper, on certain
+proceedings connected with the establishment of an Anatomical Surgical
+School at Guy&#8217;s Hospital</i>. 8vo. London, 1825.</p>
+
+<p><br />&#8220;On the Pleasures of Body-snatching.&#8221; <i>Monthly Mag.</i>, iii., 1827, p. 355.</p>
+
+<p><br /><i>Report from the Select Committee</i> [<i>House of Commons</i>] <i>on Anatomy</i>. Fol.,
+London, 1828.</p>
+
+<p>This is, perhaps, the best source of information respecting the
+Resurrectionists. Many important documents are printed in this volume, in
+addition to the evidence and the report.</p>
+
+<p><br />&#8220;Importance of Dissection in Anatomy.&#8221; <i>Westminster Review</i>, x., 1828, p.
+116.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span><br /><i>An Address to the members of both Houses of Parliament, on the
+legislative measures necessary for providing an adequate supply of human
+bodies for the purpose of anatomical instruction.</i> [<i>By a friend of science
+and of man.</i>] 8vo. Bath. n.d.</p>
+
+<p><br />The debates in the Houses of Parliament on the Anatomy Bills will be found
+in <i>Hansard</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There is also much information in the pages of the <i>Lancet</i> for the period
+during which the Bills were before Parliament. Mr. Wakley, the editor,
+took a great interest in the question, and wrote many vigorous articles,
+pointing out defects in the Bills whilst they were under discussion.</p>
+
+<p><br />&#8220;Supply of Subjects for Anatomy.&#8221; <i>London Mag.</i>, xxiii., 1829, p. 121.</p>
+
+<p><br />Article in <i>Blackwood</i> for March, 1829, by &#8220;Christopher North,&#8221; on &#8220;Robert
+Knox.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><br /><i>The Trial of Bishop, Williams, and May, at the Old Bailey, December 2nd,
+1831, for the murder of the Italian Boy</i>. 8vo. London, 1831.</p>
+
+<p>There were many Reports of this trial published, both as broadsides and as
+pamphlets.</p>
+
+<p><br />&#8220;Regulation of Anatomy.&#8221; <i>Westminster Review</i>, xvi., 1831, p. 482.</p>
+
+<p><br />&#8220;Obstructions to Science of Anatomy.&#8221; <i>Monthly Review</i>, cxxvii., 1831, p.
+91.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span><br /><span class="smcap">Hanson, N.</span>
+<i>A Letter addressed to the Government and the Royal College of
+Surgeons, founded on the diabolical and horrible practice of Burking;
+setting forth the necessity of placing Anatomical Schools on a different
+footing</i>. 8vo. London, 1831.</p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="smcap">Guthrie, G. J.</span> <i>Remarks on the Anatomy Bill now before Parliament, in a
+letter addressed to the Right Hon. the Lord Althorp</i>. 8vo. London, 1832.</p>
+
+<p><br /><i>An Act for regulating Schools of Anatomy</i> (2 and 3 Guil. IV. cap. 75).
+Fol. London, 1832.</p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="smcap">Dermott, G. D.</span> <i>A Lecture introductory to a course of Lectures on Anatomy,
+Physiology, and Surgery, delivered at the School of Medicine and Surgery,
+Gerrard Street, Soho</i>. 8vo. London, 1833.</p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="smcap">Cooper, Bransby B.</span> <i>The Life of Sir Astley Cooper</i>. 2 vols. 8vo. London,
+1843.</p>
+
+<p><br />&#8220;The Resurrectionists.&#8221; <i>Chambers&#8217; Journal</i>, xxxix., 1862, p. 100.</p>
+
+<p><br />&#8220;Body-snatching and Burking.&#8221; <i>Once a Week</i>, x., 1863, p. 261.</p>
+
+<p><br />&#8220;Burke and Hare.&#8221; <i>All the Year Round</i>, xvii., 1866, p. 282.</p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="smcap">Lonsdale, H.</span> <i>A Sketch of the Life and Writings of Robert Knox, the
+Anatomist</i>. 8vo. London, 1870.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span><br />&#8220;Body-snatchers.&#8221; <i>Every Saturday</i>, ix., 1870, p. 166.</p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="smcap">Feltoe, C. L.</span> <i>Memorials of John Flint South</i>. 12mo. London, 1884.</p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="smcap">MacGregor, George.</span> <i>The History of Burke and Hare, and of the
+Resurrectionist Times</i>. 8vo. Glasgow, 1884.</p>
+
+<p>There is a large mass of literature relating to Burke and Hare and their
+trial and execution: this is well summed up in Mr. MacGregor&#8217;s book.</p>
+
+<p><br /><span class="smcap">Cameron, Sir C. A.</span> <i>History of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland,
+and of the Irish Schools of Medicine</i>. 8vo. Dublin, 1886.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+<p>Abernethy (John), body sold to, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Advertisements of Lectures on Anatomy, <a href="#Page_41">41-42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+America, supply of bodies in, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Anatomical Schools, establishment of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">history of, by D&#8217;Arcy Power, referred to, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Anatomists, charges against, of receiving murdered bodies, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fined for teaching, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">form an Anatomical Club, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br />
+<a name="anatomy" id="anatomy"></a><br />
+Anatomy, Committee on, appointment of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">evidence before, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">report of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">referred to, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inspectors of, appointed, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">knowledge of, necessary for surgeons, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lectures on, advertisements of, <a href="#Page_41">41-42</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">teaching of, confined to Company of Barbers and Surgeons, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br />
+<a name="anatact" id="anatact"></a><br />
+Anatomy Act, passing and provisions of, <a href="#Page_113">113-117</a>.<br />
+<a name="anatbill" id="anatbill"></a><br />
+Anatomy Bill, 1829, introduction of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposition to, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Arnold (Will.), execution of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arnot (W.) at Hatton Garden, for body-snatching, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arsenic, poisoning by, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Artichoke&#8221; public-house, mentioned. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Austria, supply of bodies in, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Austrian Archdukes obtain Butler&#8217;s release, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Barber-Surgeons. See <a href="#barbers">Company of Barbers and Surgeons</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beaman, <i>post mortem</i> of the Italian boy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bell, Sir Charles, body sold to, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bellingham, drawing of head of, referred to, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bentham, Jeremy, left his body for dissection, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">oration by Mr. Grainger over his body, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bermondsey, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Bethnal Green, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Bibliography of subject, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Big Gates, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<a name="bishop" id="bishop"></a><br />
+Bishop and Williams, arrest and trial of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disposal of bodies of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drawings of heads of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">execution of, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Black,&#8221; a, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Crib, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Blue Lion&#8221; public-house. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Blundell (William), trial of, at Warrington, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br />
+<a name="bodies" id="bodies"></a><br />
+Bodies, difficulties of obtaining, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dissection of, in public, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fatal effect of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for dissection supplied by students, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">left for anatomical purposes, <a href="#Page_33">33-40</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offered for dissection after death, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">possession of stolen, decided to be felony, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prices of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">raised by competition of different schools, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">scarcity of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stolen by Resurrectionists from houses, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">from dead-house at Guy&#8217;s Hospital, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">whilst awaiting coroner&#8217;s inquest, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supply of, in foreign countries, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">from provinces, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">from workhouses, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">suggestions in newspapers, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#country"><i>Country</i></a>; <a href="#edinburgh"><i>Edinburgh</i></a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">temporary shelter for, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of malefactors given to Company of Barbers and Surgeons, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">difficulty of obtaining from Tyburn, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of murderers to be given up to Surgeons&#8217; Company, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dissected at College of Surgeons, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">account of proceedings at dissection, by T. M. Stone, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conveyed through streets, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dissection of, an obstacle to passing the Anatomy Act, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Boys (Mr.) wishes his body to be made into &#8220;essential salts,&#8221; <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bridgman&#8217;s patent coffin, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illustration of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Brookes (Joshua), advertisement of Lectures, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">badly treated by resurrection-men, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bodies sold to. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bunhill Row, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<a name="burial" id="burial"></a><br />
+Burial-grounds, custodians of, bribed by Resurrectionists, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">precautions for watching, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">protection of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Burke and Hare, referred to, <a href="#Page_v">v.</a>, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burking, by means of snuff, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meaning of, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">panic from fear of, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Butler, biographical notice of, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Cameron (Sir C.) History of Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, referred to, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carpue (J. C.), caricature of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned in Diary, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to buy body of Italian boy, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Chandler (George), provides building for dissecting murderers, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chapman (Israel), Jew Resurrectionist, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cheselden (William) summoned before Court of Barber-Surgeons for teaching anatomy, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chiene (Prof.), referred to, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clarke (&mdash;), imprisoned for stealing body of child, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clarke (J. F.), on post mortem of the Italian boy, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clift (W. and W. H.). Drawings of heads of murderers, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cline (H.), mentioned in Diary, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coffins, Bridgman&#8217;s patent, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illustrations of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned by Southey, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Coke (Lord), on property in a dead body, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Committee on Anatomy. See <a href="#anatomy"><i>Anatomy</i></a>.<br />
+<a name="barbers" id="barbers"></a><br />
+Company of Barbers and Surgeons to have bodies of malefactors, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advertisement of dissection, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anatomical teaching by, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Connolly, mentioned in Diary. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Cooper (Sir Astley), evidence before Anatomy Committee, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">payments to Resurrectionists, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">purchase of bodies, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">life of. See <a href="#cooper"><i>Cooper (B. B.)</i></a>.</span><br />
+<a name="cooper" id="cooper"></a><br />
+Cooper (Bransby B.), life of Sir Astley Cooper, referred to, <a href="#Page_vi">vi.</a>, <a href="#Page_vii">vii.</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">notices of Resurrectionists, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Corporation of Surgeons, required knowledge of anatomy in students, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to have bodies of murderers, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">end of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</span><br />
+<a name="country" id="country"></a><br />
+Country, bodies sent to, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Craigie (Dr.), Inspector of Anatomy, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crail, house for securing the dead, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crouch (Ben), biographical notice of, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Crowe (Mrs.). <i>Light and Darkness</i>, resurrection-man in, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cundick (George). See <a href="#cundick">Rex <i>v.</i> Cundick</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Deane (John), fined for teaching anatomy, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dermott (G. D.), proposal by, for raising fund to purchase bodies, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+<a name="diary" id="diary"></a><br />
+<i>Diary of a Resurrectionist</i>, description and authorship of, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>fac-simile</i> of page of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">history of, <a href="#Page_v">v</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reprinted, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Dickens (Charles). Mr. Cruncher in <i>Tale of Two Cities</i>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dissection. See <a href="#bodies"><i>Bodies</i></a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dublin, burial-grounds of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dundee, protection of grave at, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dunn (Francis), execution of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<a name="edinburgh" id="edinburgh"></a><br />
+Edinburgh, bodies sent to, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greyfriars Churchyard, mortsafes in, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">illustrations of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Edwards (D.). <i>Post mortem</i> of the Italian boy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Fairclough (Jane), prosecution of Davies and others for stealing her body, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fat, graves rifled for, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br />
+<a name="ferrari" id="ferrari"></a><br />
+Ferrari (Carlo), murder of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>post mortem</i> of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ferrers (Earl), execution of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fiction, body-snatchers in, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Finishing money, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flemish, the, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Forster (Mr.), <i>post mortem</i> on Messenger Monsey, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Frampton (Dr.), bodies sold to. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+France, supply of bodies in, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Germany, supply of bodies in, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Glasnevin Churchyard, riot in, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Glennon, the police officer, presented with silver staff, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recovered stolen bodies, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Goswell Street, bodies obtained from, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grainger (R. D.), payments to resurrection-men, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">oration over body of Jeremy Bentham, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to buy body of Italian boy, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Graves, protection of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#burial"><i>Burial-grounds</i></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Green Churchyard, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guthrie, referred to, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guy&#8217;s Hospital, bodies stolen from dead-house, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mentioned in Diary. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Hall (Edward), trial of, at Warrington, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span><br />
+Harnell (P.), a Resurrectionist, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harnett (Bill), biographical notice of, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Harnett (Jack), biographical notice of, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Harnige. See <a href="#hornig">Hornig</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harpers. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Hawkins (C&aelig;sar), advertisement of Lectures, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Head. See <a href="#bishop"><i>Bishop and Williams</i></a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henderson, of Greenock, punished for shipping bodies from Liverpool, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hill, porter at King&#8217;s College, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holland, supply of bodies in, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holliss, biographical notice of, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holmes (Mrs. Basil). <i>Burial-grounds of London</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br />
+<a name="holmes" id="holmes"></a><br />
+Holmes (John) and Peter Williams, convicted of robbery from grave, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br />
+<a name="hornig" id="hornig"></a><br />
+Hornig, or Harnige, mentioned in Diary, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hullock (Baron), summing up in trial of Davies and others, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hutton (Jack) mentioned. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Inspectors of Anatomy, appointment, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ireland, supply of bodies from, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Iron coffin, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illustration of, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Italian boy, the. See <a href="#ferrari"><i>Ferrari (Carlo)</i></a>.<br />
+<br />
+Italy, supply of bodies in, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Lambert, mentioned in Diary, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Lancet</i>, the, and the Anatomy Bill, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Large small, meaning of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Law relating to body-snatching, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lawrence (Sir W.), on anatomical teaching abroad, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lee (Edward), execution, &amp;c., of, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Light (Tom), biographical notice of, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Hatton Garden, for body-snatching, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Lincoln&#8217;s Inn Fields, bodies of murderers conveyed to, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Liverpool, bodies shipped as &#8220;bitter salts,&#8221; <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+London Hospital, mentioned in Diary. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Longmore (Sir Thomas), obtained Diary, and presented it to Royal College of Surgeons, <a href="#Page_vi">vi.</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lynn. See <a href="#lynn">Rex <i>v.</i> Lynn</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lytton (Lord). <i>Lucretia</i>, resurrection-man in, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Macaulay, Alderman, extract from diary of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Macintire (John) buried alive, and rescued by resurrection-men, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br />
+<br />
+May (James), arrest and trial of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">respite and death of, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">verse by, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">biographical notice of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Mayo (H.), <i>post mortem</i> of the Italian boy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Millard (W.), account of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mills (Mr.), buys teeth of Italian boy, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moir (D. M.). <i>Mansie Wauch</i>, refers to body-snatching, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monsey (Messenger), <i>post mortem</i> on, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moon, full, interfered with Resurrectionists, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mordecai, the Jew, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mortsafes in Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illustrations of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Moss (Dr.) of Warrington, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Muddle (Jasper), Confessions of&#8221; (by Albert Smith), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Murderers, dissection of, agitation against, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">repealed, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drawings of heads of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Murphy, stealing teeth, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Murray (Sir James), Inspector of Anatomy, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Naples (Joseph), biographical notice of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">method of working, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writer of Diary, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Newington, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Nicholls (Fr.), advertisement of Lectures, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nourse (Edward), advertisement of Lectures, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Paris, supply of bodies in, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Partridge (Richard), arrest of Bishop and Williams, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">body of Bishop given to, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>post mortem</i> of the Italian boy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Patrick, a Resurrectionist, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Patterson (G. S.) referred to, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pigburn (Fanny), murder of, by Bishop and Williams, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Plough&#8221; public-house, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Portugal, supply of bodies in, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pott (Percivall), Lectures on Surgery, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Power (D&#8217;Arcy), History of Anatomical Schools, referred to, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See <a href="#south"><i>South (J. F.)</i>.</a></span><br />
+<a name="prosecut" id="prosecut"></a><br />
+Prosecutions for Body-snatching, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Provincial schools, supply of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Redmond, Luke, murder of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Resurrectionists, biographical notices of, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cost of keeping families of, whilst the men were in gaol, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">damage done to subjects purchased from rivals, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">demand finishing money, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">earnings of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">end of, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first appearance of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in fiction, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>modus operandi</i> of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as described in <i>Memoir</i> of Thomas Wakley, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">improbability of this method, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>modus operandi</i> of Naples, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">number of bodies obtained by, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">origin of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">popular feeling against, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sources of information respecting, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#diary"><i>Diary, Prosecutions</i></a>.</span><br />
+<a name="cundick" id="cundick"></a><br />
+Rex <i>v.</i> Cundick, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.<br />
+<a name="lynn" id="lynn"></a><br />
+Rex <i>v.</i> Lynn, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Rockingham Arms&#8221; public-house. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Rolph (Mary), body of, exhumed, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ross, Elizabeth, the &#8220;Burker,&#8221; <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rowlandson&#8217;s &#8220;Dissecting-room.&#8221; <a href="#front"><i>Frontispiece</i></a>.<br />
+<br />
+Royal College of Surgeons, examinations of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">foundation of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">obliged to dissect bodies of murderers, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposition to Bill of, on account of distance of new building from Newgate, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proceedings for obtaining premises near Newgate, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+St. Bartholomew&#8217;s Hospital, mentioned. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+St. George&#8217;s, Bloomsbury, robbery from graveyard of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+St. James&#8217;, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+St. John&#8217;s, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Luke&#8217;s burial-ground, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Olave and St. John, Southwark, burial-ground, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Pancras, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Thomas&#8217;, Charterhouse, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Thomas&#8217; Hospital, mentioned. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Sergeant, Miss, <i>Dr. Endicott&#8217;s Experiment</i>, refers to body-snatching, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sheriffs of London, letter from, as to bodies of Bishop and Williams, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shields, porter to Bishop and Williams, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smalls, meaning of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith (Albert), &#8220;Confessions of Jasper Muddle, Dissecting-room Porter,&#8221; <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Society of Apothecaries, did not require attendance at dissection, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Somerville (James C.), effects on students of want of subjects, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inspector of Anatomy, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span><br />
+<a name="south" id="south"></a><br />
+South (J. F.) and D&#8217;Arcy Power, Memorials of the Craft of Surgery, quoted, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Southey (R.), <i>The Surgeon&#8217;s Warning</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spelling (&mdash;), at Hatton Garden for body-snatching, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stanley (E.), bodies sold to. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Stone (T. Madden), account of dissection at College of Surgeons, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter on body-snatchers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Students, knowledge of anatomy necessary for. See <a href="#anatomy"><i>Anatomy</i></a>.<br />
+<br />
+Subjects for dissection. See <a href="#bodies"><i>Bodies</i></a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Taunton (Mr.), bodies sold to. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Teeth, trade in, by Resurrectionists, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tottenham, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Trance, man buried during, and rescued by resurrection-men, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Trials for body-snatching. See <a href="#prosecut"><i>Prosecutions</i></a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tuson, refuses to buy body of Italian boy, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Twyford (Mr.), statement as to number of prosecutions at Worship St., <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tyburn, bodies taken from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ure (Nat.), mentioned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Veitch (A. D.), on Wilson&#8217;s supposed Burking, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vickers (Mr.), mentioned in <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Walsh, Catherine, murder of, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Warburton&#8217;s Act. See <a href="#anatbill"><i>Anatomy Bill</i></a> and <a href="#anatact"><i>Anatomy Act</i></a>.<br />
+<br />
+Warren (Samuel), <i>Diary of a late Physician</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Warrington, prosecution of John Davies and others at, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wetherfield (Mr.), <i>post mortem</i> of the Italian boy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;White Horse&#8221; public-house. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Whitechapel, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Williams, and illicit trade in glass, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">See also <a href="#bishop"><i>Bishop and Williams</i></a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Williams (Peter). See <a href="#holmes">Holmes (John)</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilson (James), bodies sold to. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilson (John), &#8220;Burking by means of snuff,&#8221; <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wood (Mr.), death of, from seeing a body dissected, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Workhouses, number of deaths in, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wortley, mentioned in Diary, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wygate or Wiegate, bodies obtained from. See <a href="#diary">Diary</a>, <i>passim</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Yarmouth, body-snatching at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Young (Sidney), <i>Annals of the Barber-Surgeons</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class=" center"><i>Plymouth: W. Brendon and Son, Printers.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><b>Footnotes:</b></p>
+
+<p><a name="f1" id="f1" href="#f1.1">[1]</a> See <i>Sketch of the Life of Robert Knox</i>, by <span class="smcap">Henry Lonsdale</span> (London,
+1870); and <i>The History of Burke and Hare and of the Resurrectionist
+Times</i>, by <span class="smcap">George MacGregor</span> (Glasgow, 1884).</p>
+
+<p><a name="f2" id="f2" href="#f2.1">[2]</a> It may be interesting to mention that Albert Smith&#8217;s remuneration for
+these papers was five shillings per page of three columns.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f3" id="f3" href="#f3.1">[3]</a> <i>Annals of the Barber Surgeons</i>, by <span class="smcap">Sidney Young</span>, p. 317.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f4" id="f4" href="#f4.1">[4]</a> <span class="smcap">South</span> and <span class="smcap">D&#8217;Arcy Power</span>, <i>Memorials of the Craft of Surgery</i>, p. 233,
+<i>note</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f5" id="f5" href="#f5.1">[5]</a> <span class="smcap">Young</span>, <i>loc. cit.</i> p. 349.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f6" id="f6" href="#f6.1">[6]</a> <i>Academy</i>, vol. vi. p. 208, 1874.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f7" id="f7" href="#f7.1">[7]</a> For the portraits of Bishop and Williams see p. <a href="#Page_113">112</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f8" id="f8" href="#f8.1">[8]</a> <i>Hospital Gazette</i>, from Sep. 13, 1890, to March 7, 1891.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f9" id="f9" href="#f9.1">[9]</a> This Committee was appointed by the House of Commons in 1828, to take
+evidence and report on the necessity of obtaining bodies for anatomical
+purposes. The work of the Committee is referred to at greater length on p. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f10" id="f10" href="#f10.1">[10]</a> The letter has no signature.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f11" id="f11" href="#f11.1">[11]</a> See also p. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f12" id="f12" href="#f12.1">[12]</a> <i>Autobiographical Recollections of the Medical Profession</i>, p. 101.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f13" id="f13" href="#f13.1">[13]</a> <i>Lancet</i>, 1896, vol. i. p. 187.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f14" id="f14" href="#f14.1">[14]</a> <i>Memorials of John Flint South</i>, by <span class="smcap">C. T. Feltoe</span>, 1884, p. 100.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f15" id="f15" href="#f15.1">[15]</a> <i>Life of Sir Astley Cooper</i>, vol. i. p. 354.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f16" id="f16" href="#f16.1">[16]</a> See illustration.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f17" id="f17" href="#f17.1">[17]</a> See two following illustrations.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f18" id="f18" href="#f18.1">[18]</a> <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, <i>History of Roy. Coll. Surgeons in Ireland</i>, p. 113.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f19" id="f19" href="#f19.1">[19]</a> <i>Use of the Dead to the Living.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="f20" id="f20" href="#f20.1">[20]</a> <i>D. and R. Nisi Prius Repts.</i> i. 13.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f21" id="f21" href="#f21.1">[21]</a> See also page <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f22" id="f22" href="#f22.1">[22]</a> See page <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f23" id="f23" href="#f23.1">[23]</a> <i>Life of Sir Astley Cooper</i>, vol. i. p. 422.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f24" id="f24" href="#f24.1">[24]</a> Cannot find out his surname.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f25" id="f25" href="#f25.1">[25]</a> <i>Loc. cit.</i> vol. i. <i>passim</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f26" id="f26" href="#f26.1">[26]</a> B. Cooper gives an account of a Resurrectionist under the name of
+&#8220;Patrick&#8221;; this is probably the man referred to. The name is Harnell in
+the <i>Sun</i> for October 14th, 1812; it may, perhaps, be a misprint for
+Harnett; two men of this name have already been spoken of.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f27" id="f27" href="#f27.1">[27]</a> See also p. <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f28" id="f28" href="#f28.1">[28]</a> The name is suppressed in the printed copy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f29" id="f29" href="#f29.1">[29]</a> Since the above was written, Mrs. Basil Holmes&#8217; interesting volume on
+<i>The Burial Grounds of London</i> has been published. Reference to this book
+confirms the statement above made. Mrs. Holmes&#8217; account is very carefully
+done, and the list of the old burial-grounds is probably as complete as it
+can be, but no light is thrown upon any of the difficult names used in the
+Diary.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f30" id="f30" href="#f30.1">[30]</a> Slang for a burial-ground.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f31" id="f31" href="#f31.1">[31]</a> Harper is probably the name of the keeper of a burial-ground.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f32" id="f32" href="#f32.1">[32]</a> This occurs often in the Diary, and was evidently a favourite place
+for meeting. It was, doubtless, the entrance to some burial-ground, but
+there is no evidence by which the place can be definitely determined.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f33" id="f33" href="#f33.1">[33]</a> <i>i.e.</i> a body which had had a post mortem performed on it was
+obtained from the burial-ground attached to St. Bartholomew&#8217;s Hospital.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f34" id="f34" href="#f34.1">[34]</a> Watched to see what funerals were taking place during the day.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f35" id="f35" href="#f35.1">[35]</a> Probably Michael Mordecai, who kept an old curiosity-shop in New
+Alley, and was a noted receiver.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f36" id="f36" href="#f36.1">[36]</a> Probably the landlord of a public-house.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f37" id="f37" href="#f37.1">[37]</a> <i>i.e.</i> all the gang.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f38" id="f38" href="#f38.1">[38]</a> The &#8220;Green Churchyard&#8221; was an addition to the Churchyard of St.
+Giles, Cripplegate. &#8220;Green Churchyard&#8221; is a name which we find repeated in
+other parishes; for instance, it was given to the higher portion of St.
+James&#8217;, Piccadilly, and to the little piece by St. Bartholomew the Great,
+approached through the present south transept. Holmes, <i>loc. cit.</i> It is
+impossible to say which of these is here meant.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f39" id="f39" href="#f39.1">[39]</a> Bunhill.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f40" id="f40" href="#f40.1">[40]</a> J. C. Carpue, the founder of the Dean Street Anatomical School.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f41" id="f41" href="#f41.1">[41]</a> Dr. Frampton, of the London Hospital.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f42" id="f42" href="#f42.1">[42]</a> James Wilson, of the Great Windmill Street School.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f43" id="f43" href="#f43.1">[43]</a> Joshua Brookes, founder of the Blenheim Street, or Great Marlborough
+Street, Anatomical School: for references to Brookes, see Index.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f44" id="f44" href="#f44.1">[44]</a> See page <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f45" id="f45" href="#f45.1">[45]</a> Sir Charles Bell, of Great Windmill Street School.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f46" id="f46" href="#f46.1">[46]</a> Abbreviation for Harpers. See p. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f47" id="f47" href="#f47.1">[47]</a> Either St. Luke&#8217;s Church or St. Luke&#8217;s Hospital in Old Street.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f48" id="f48" href="#f48.1">[48]</a> Words so crossed out that they cannot be deciphered; in all
+probability it originally read &#8220;with their &mdash;&mdash; throat cut.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f49" id="f49" href="#f49.1">[49]</a> John Taunton, founder of the City of London Truss Society, a
+demonstrator at Guy&#8217;s Hospital under Cline, and at this time principal
+lecturer to the London Anatomical Society.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f50" id="f50" href="#f50.1">[50]</a> Artichoke Public-house.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f51" id="f51" href="#f51.1">[51]</a> See page <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f52" id="f52" href="#f52.1">[52]</a> Newington.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f53" id="f53" href="#f53.1">[53]</a> Slang term for bodies.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f54" id="f54" href="#f54.1">[54]</a> See page <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f55" id="f55" href="#f55.1">[55]</a> Afterwards Sir Astley Cooper.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f56" id="f56" href="#f56.1">[56]</a> Body putrid, and therefore of no use for anatomical purposes.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f57" id="f57" href="#f57.1">[57]</a> Probably Church of St. Thomas, Charterhouse.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f58" id="f58" href="#f58.1">[58]</a> The burial-ground for the parishes of St. Olave and St. John,
+Southwark; it was taken by the &#8220;Greenwich Railway Company&#8221;: part of the
+approach to the &#8220;Flemish&#8221; now forms the approach to London Bridge Station.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f59" id="f59" href="#f59.1">[59]</a> This is, of course, not the St. Pancras Church in the Euston Road,
+but the old parish church situated on the north side of the road leading
+from King&#8217;s Cross to Kentish Town.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f60" id="f60" href="#f60.1">[60]</a> See page <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f61" id="f61" href="#f61.1">[61]</a> Failed to get a body.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f62" id="f62" href="#f62.1">[62]</a> Bodies unsold.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f63" id="f63" href="#f63.1">[63]</a> Probably a burial-ground attached to a meeting-house.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f64" id="f64" href="#f64.1">[64]</a> The diary is torn at the margin in this place: the word &#8220;left&#8221; is
+probably correct, but who &#8220;the man&#8221; was cannot be determined.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f65" id="f65" href="#f65.1">[65]</a> St. Olave&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f66" id="f66" href="#f66.1">[66]</a> Probably from information given to the police by the other party who
+&#8220;had got the adult.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f67" id="f67" href="#f67.1">[67]</a> The police court in Union Street, Southwark; it was removed in 1845.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f68" id="f68" href="#f68.1">[68]</a> <i>i.e.</i> had spoiled them for anatomical purposes; very likely to be
+done out of spite, as on the previous day they had &#8220;row&#8217;d with Ben,&#8221;
+<i>i.e.</i> Crouch; see page <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f69" id="f69" href="#f69.1">[69]</a> Evidently for debt.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f70" id="f70" href="#f70.1">[70]</a> Millard was superintendent of the dissecting-room at St. Thomas&#8217;; he
+was an avaricious man, and lost this situation through dealing in bodies.
+His plan was to take them in at the hospital from the resurrection-men,
+and then to sell them at an advanced price in Edinburgh unknown to the men
+who supplied him, and to the teachers at the hospital. Millard was popular
+with the pupils, and, after his dismissal, they persuaded him to take an
+eating-house in the neighbourhood of St. Thomas&#8217;. As there was money to be
+made in the &#8220;resurrection&#8221; traffic, he did not abandon his connection with
+the body-snatchers. This came to be known, and created a strong prejudice
+against him; so much so that his legitimate business fell off to such an
+extent as to make it necessary for him to relinquish it altogether. Then
+he took entirely to the resurrection business, and was sentenced to three
+months&#8217; imprisonment for taking a body from the burial-ground attached to
+the London Hospital. He appealed against the sentence, and found bail.
+Then he brought an action against the magistrate at Lambeth for false
+imprisonment; this was set aside, and Millard was sent back to Cold Bath
+Fields to complete his sentence. He tried hard to get Sir Astley Cooper to
+solicit a pardon for him, but without avail. This so preyed on his mind
+that he threatened Sir Astley with bodily injury. Ultimately Millard quite
+lost his reason, and died in gaol. In 1825 his widow published a pamphlet
+entitled, &#8220;An Account of the circumstances attending the imprisonment and
+death of the late William Millard, formerly superintendent of the Theatre
+of Anatomy of St. Thomas&#8217; Hospital, Southwark.&#8221; The pamphlet states that
+Millard had notice to leave St. Thomas&#8217; because it was found that he was
+supplying Mr. Grainger with bodies, and that Sir Astley Cooper was
+determined to put an end to the school which Grainger had established. The
+publication is of a very abusive character; the surgeon of the gaol, Mr.
+Wakley, of the <i>Lancet</i>, and the authorities at the hospital, all come in
+for severe censure. The whole tone of the pamphlet is so exaggerated that
+it is impossible to tell whether there is any truth in Mrs. Millard&#8217;s
+grievances.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f71" id="f71" href="#f71.1">[71]</a> Extremities.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f72" id="f72" href="#f72.1">[72]</a> These words are illegible.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f73" id="f73" href="#f73.1">[73]</a> St. Pancras.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f74" id="f74" href="#f74.1">[74]</a> Male.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f75" id="f75" href="#f75.1">[75]</a> Mr. Edward Stanley, Surgeon to St. Bartholomew&#8217;s Hospital.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f76" id="f76" href="#f76.1">[76]</a> Private door into the burial-ground, probably generally left unlocked
+for them by the custodian; for some special reason it was closed on this
+particular night.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f77" id="f77" href="#f77.1">[77]</a> In all probability Israel Chapman, a Jew, who was in the resurrection
+trade; the object of following was to try and prevent his doing any
+business. (See page <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.) The next entry shows that the Jew had sold a body
+at St. Bartholomew&#8217;s; there was &#8220;a row&#8221; at this, and, no doubt, &#8220;the
+regular men&#8221; had to be pacified.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f78" id="f78" href="#f78.1">[78]</a> Placed there by friends of the deceased, in all probability.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f79" id="f79" href="#f79.1">[79]</a> Opened two graves; one body too decomposed to bring away, so they
+drew the canine teeth and sold them.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f80" id="f80" href="#f80.1">[80]</a> Words crossed out and illegible in the MS.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f81" id="f81" href="#f81.1">[81]</a> Tom Light.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f82" id="f82" href="#f82.1">[82]</a> See also p. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f83" id="f83" href="#f83.1">[83]</a> The words in brackets are crossed out in the MS.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f84" id="f84" href="#f84.1">[84]</a> <i>i.e.</i> The clothes specially used for resurrection work; they would
+naturally be clay-stained, and if worn during the day would betray their
+owner&#8217;s occupation.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f85" id="f85" href="#f85.1">[85]</a> Probably slang for a funeral.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f86" id="f86" href="#f86.1">[86]</a> Blue Lion.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f87" id="f87" href="#f87.1">[87]</a> Canine teeth.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f88" id="f88" href="#f88.1">[88]</a> The watchman.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f89" id="f89" href="#f89.1">[89]</a> <i>i.e.</i> got 6 adults, 1 small, and 1 f&oelig;tus from St. Pancras: these
+were taken to S. Bartholomew&#8217;s: the four from Tottenham went to Mr.
+Wilson.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diary of a Resurrectionist,
+1811-1812, by James Blake Bailey
+
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diary of a Resurrectionist, 1811-1812, by
+James Blake Bailey
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Diary of a Resurrectionist, 1811-1812
+       To Which Are Added an Account of the Resurrection Men in
+       London and a Short History of the Passing of the Anatomy Act
+
+Author: James Blake Bailey
+
+Release Date: May 31, 2010 [EBook #32614]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIARY OF A RESURRECTIONIST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE DIARY OF A RESURRECTIONIST
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: "THE DISSECTING ROOM." By ROWLANDSON.
+
+The figure standing up above the rest is William Hunter; his brother John
+is on his right-hand side, and Matthew Baillie is the next figure to
+William Hunter on the left; Cruikshank is seated at the extreme left of
+the picture, and Hewson is working on the eye of the subject on the middle
+table.]
+
+
+
+
+  THE DIARY
+  OF
+  A RESURRECTIONIST
+
+  1811-1812
+
+  TO WHICH ARE ADDED AN ACCOUNT OF
+  _THE RESURRECTION MEN IN LONDON_
+  AND A SHORT HISTORY OF THE PASSING OF
+  THE ANATOMY ACT
+
+
+  BY
+  JAMES BLAKE BAILEY, B.A.
+
+  LIBRARIAN OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND
+
+
+  _LONDON_
+  SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., LIM.
+  PATERNOSTER SQUARE
+  1896
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The "Diary of a Resurrectionist" here reprinted is only of a fragmentary
+character. It is, however, unique in being an actual record of the doings
+of one gang of the resurrection-men in London. Many persons have expressed
+a wish that so interesting a document should be published; permission
+having been obtained to print the Diary, an endeavour has been made to
+gratify this wish. To make the reprint more interesting, and to explain
+some of the allusions in the Diary, an account of the resurrection-men in
+London, and a short history of the events which preceded the passing of
+the Anatomy Act, have been prepared.
+
+The great crimes of Burke and Hare drew especial attention to
+body-snatching in Edinburgh, and consequently there have been published
+ample accounts of the resurrection-men in Scotland.[1] For this reason,
+Edinburgh has been omitted from the present work.
+
+As to the genuineness of the Diary there can be no doubt. It was presented
+to the Royal College of Surgeons of England by the late Sir Thomas
+Longmore. In his early days, Sir Thomas was dresser to Bransby Cooper, and
+assisted him in writing the _Life of Sir Astley Cooper_.
+
+At the suggestion of Lord Abinger, it was decided to introduce an account
+of the resurrection-men into the book. The information for this was partly
+obtained by Mr. Longmore from personal communication with some of the
+resurrection-men, who were then living in London. One of these handed over
+portions of a Diary he had kept during his resurrectionist days. This was
+preserved for some years at Netley, and was afterwards presented to the
+College, as stated above. A few extracts from the Diary were printed in
+the _Life of Sir Astley Cooper_.
+
+The information respecting the resurrection-men is very scattered; the two
+most useful works for getting up this subject are the _Life of Astley
+Cooper_ before mentioned, and the _Report of the Committee on Anatomy_
+published in 1828. Most of the detailed information has to be sought for
+in the newspapers of the period. The accounts there given are, however,
+generally of such an exaggerated character that it is often very difficult
+to arrive at the truth. When any fresh scandal had given prominence to the
+doings of the resurrection-men, the newspapers saw "Burking" in every
+trivial case of assault. If a child were lost, the paragraph announcing
+the fact was headed, "Another supposed case of Burking." Reports of the
+most ridiculous character were duly chronicled as facts by the newspapers
+of the day. Sometimes over a hundred bodies were supposed to have been
+found in some building, and it was expected that several persons of
+eminence would be named in the subsequent proceedings. Search in the
+papers nearly always fails to find any further mention of the case.
+
+In reading these accounts it must be remembered that "Burking" did not
+always mean killing a person for the purpose of selling the body, but it
+referred to the mode adopted by Burke and Hare in killing their victims,
+viz., suffocation. Elizabeth Ross is called a "Burker," and may be found
+so described in Haydn's _Dictionary of Dates_. She murdered an old woman
+named Catherine Walsh, but in the report of her trial there is no evidence
+of her having attempted to sell the body.
+
+The broadside here printed is an excellent example of this exaggeration.
+The facts are so circumstantial, that it appears as though there could be
+no mistake. Enquiry at Edinburgh, however, shows that no such case
+occurred. Mr. A. D. Veitch, of the Justiciary Office, has very kindly made
+search, and can find no record of Wilson's supposed crimes. Had the
+statements in the broadside been true, there is no doubt that this case
+would have been referred to in books on Medical Jurisprudence. Poisoning
+by inhalation of arsenic is rare, and Wilson's would have been a leading
+case. There would also have been great opportunities for studying _post
+mortem_ appearances, as it is stated that three bodies were found in
+Wilson's possession. Search through the chief books on the subject has
+failed in finding any reference whatever to this case.
+
+
+"BURKING BY MEANS OF SNUFF.
+
+"_The following Account is of so serious a Nature that no one can be too
+cautious how they receive Snuff from Strangers._
+
+"It appears that, on Monday se'nnight, a man, named John Wilson, was
+apprehended at Edinburgh on a charge of Burking a number of persons by
+introducing arsenic into snuff kept by him. He had long excited the
+suspicion of the police of that place, but so deep-laid were his
+diabolical schemes that he eluded their vigilance for a considerable time,
+until Monday last. When, on the moors, on that day, between Lauder and
+Dalkeith, practising his dreadful trade, it appears that the victim of
+Wilson's villainy was a poor man travelling over the moor, whom he
+accosted, and offered a pinch of snuff. He took it, and it had the desired
+effect. The next individual whom he accosted was a labouring-man breaking
+stones, who was asked the number of miles to Edinburgh; when answered, he
+then offered his snuff-box to the labourer, which was refused, alleging
+that he never used any. Wilson urged him again, which excited the man's
+suspicions, but he took the snuff, and wrapped it up in paper, and carried
+it to a chemist at Dalkeith, who analysed it, when it proved to be mixed
+with arsenic. The police were then informed of Wilson's villainies, who
+went in pursuit of him, and after a search of him for several days was at
+length apprehended at a place three miles from Edinburgh, driving rapidly
+in a vehicle like a hearse, which, on examination, contained three dead
+bodies. They were recognised from their dresses to be an elderly man, and
+his wife and son, who were seen travelling towards Lauder the day before.
+
+"Wilson was immediately ironed and conveyed to Edinburgh, and a sheriff's
+inquest was held on the bodies. After an investigation of nearly two hours
+a verdict of Wilful Murder was returned against John Wilson, who was fully
+committed to the Calton gaol to take his trial at the ensuing sessions.
+
+"Wilson is described as a desperate character, and of ferocious
+countenance. He is supposed to have been two or three years in this
+abominable practice, and to have realised a considerable sum in the course
+of that time. His career is now stopped, and that justice and doom which
+overtook a Burke and a Hare are his last and only portion.
+
+
+"LINES ON THE OCCASION.
+
+  Of Burke and of Hare we have heard much about,
+  Yet Burking's a trade that was lately found out--
+  Their plans of despatching were wicked indeed,
+  'T was thought of all others that theirs did exceed;
+  But the scheme first invented of Burking by snuff,
+  May yet be prevented by taking the huff,
+  For if strangers invite you to take of their dust,
+  Decline their kind offers--refuse them you must;
+  And would you be safe, and keep from all evil,
+  Shun them as pests as you'd shun the d----l;
+  By these means you'll live, avoiding all strife,
+  Shunning snuff takers all the days of your life.
+
+  "_Printed for the Publishers by T. KAY._"
+
+The difficulty of getting reliable information is increased by the
+incomplete nature of most of the newspaper records. In many cases there is
+an account of a preliminary examination of some of the men who were
+arrested for body-stealing. The report states that they were remanded, but
+further search fails to find any subsequent notice of the case. It is
+often impossible to fix who the men were who thus got into trouble, as
+they nearly always gave false names: unless they were too well-known to
+the police who arrested them, they invariably did this.
+
+For the photographs, from which the illustrations of the house at Crail
+are taken, the writer is indebted to the kindness of Prof. Chiene, of
+Edinburgh.
+
+
+
+
+THE DIARY OF A RESURRECTIONIST
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+The complaint as to the scarcity of bodies for dissection is as old as the
+history of anatomy itself. Great respect for the body of the dead has
+characterised mankind in nearly all ages; _post mortem_ dissection was
+looked upon as a great indignity by the relatives of the deceased, and
+every precaution was taken to prevent its occurrence.
+
+It would be beyond the scope of the present work to attempt a history of
+anatomical teaching; as will be pointed out later on, the resurrection-men
+did not come into existence until the early part of the eighteenth
+century.
+
+In Great Britain the study of medicine and surgery was much hampered at
+this date by the scarcity of opportunities by which the student might get
+a practical acquaintance with the anatomy of the human body. A knowledge
+of anatomy was insisted upon by the Corporation of Surgeons, as each
+student had to produce a certificate of having attended at least two
+courses of dissection. It is unnecessary to point out the wisdom of this
+condition in the case of men who were to go out into the world as
+surgeons, and, consequently, to have the lives of their fellow-men in
+their hands. The attendance on the two courses of dissection could be
+evaded, and this was frequently done. The Apothecaries' Hall had no such
+restriction, and, consequently, many men went thither and received a
+qualification to practise, although they were quite unacquainted with
+human anatomy. The work of such 'prentice hands one trembles to think of;
+whatever experience these men did gain was obtained after they began to
+practise, and so must have been at the expense of their patients, who were
+generally those of the poorer class in life.
+
+It was pointed out by Mr. Guthrie, that in the then state of the law a
+surgeon might be punished in one Court for want of skill, and in another
+Court the same individual might also be punished for trying to obtain that
+skill. Before the Anatomy Committee, in 1828, Sir Astley Cooper narrated
+the case of a young man who was rejected at the College of Surgeons on
+account of his ignorance of the parts of the body; it was found, on
+enquiry, that he was a most diligent student, and that his ignorance arose
+entirely from his being unable to procure that which was necessary for
+carrying on this part of his education.
+
+When bodies were obtained for dissection it was generally by surreptitious
+means; the newly-made grave was too often the source from whence the
+supply was obtained. At first there was no direct trade or traffic in
+subjects by men who devoted all their efforts to this mode of obtaining a
+livelihood. The students supplied their own wants as they arose. Mr. G. S.
+Patterson told the Committee that at St. George's Hospital the students
+had to exhume bodies for their own use.
+
+In the _Diary of a Late Physician_ Samuel Warren has given us a chapter on
+this subject, which he calls "Grave Doings," and which is probably
+founded on fact. The object in the expedition here recorded was, however,
+rather to obtain a valuable pathological specimen, than to get a body for
+dissection. Writers of fiction have made use of body-snatching, and have
+given a gruesome turn to their stories by making the body, when uncovered,
+turn out to be that of a relation or friend of some one of the party
+engaged in the exhumation. Such a tale is recorded in the _Monthly
+Magazine_ for April, 1827; there a sailor is pressed into the service of
+some students who were anxious to obtain a body. The subject was safely
+brought home, and, on being taken from the sack, turned out to be the
+sweetheart of the sailor, who had just returned from sea, and, not having
+heard of his girl's decease, was on his way to greet her after a long
+absence from home. Truth and fiction often agree. There is a case on
+record of a child who had died of scrofula, and whose body was brought to
+St. Thomas' Hospital by Holliss, a well-known resurrectionist. The body
+was at once recognised by one of the students as that of his sister's
+child; on this being made known to the authorities at the hospital, the
+corpse was immediately buried before any dissection had taken place.
+
+In vols. 1 and 2 of the _Medical Times_ there is a series of articles,
+entitled "The Confessions of Jasper Muddle, Dissecting-room Porter." These
+papers are signed "Rocket," but were written by Albert Smith.[2] One of
+the articles contains an account of a handsome young lady who came to the
+dissecting-room late at night, and begged for the body of a murderer
+executed the previous day, which was then being injected, ready for
+lecture purposes. In the _Tale of Two Cities_, Dickens has given us a good
+study of a resurrection-man in the person of Mr. Cruncher. Moir in _Mansie
+Wauch_, Lytton in _Lucretia_, Mrs. Crowe in _Light and Darkness_, and Miss
+Sergeant in _Dr. Endicott's Experiment_, have also used the body-snatcher
+in fiction.
+
+As long as the Barber Surgeons kept to their right of the exclusive
+teaching of anatomy, there was small need of bodies for dissection. This
+right the Company jealously guarded. On 21st May, 1573, the following
+entry occurs in the records, "Here was John Deane and appoynted to brynge
+in his fyne x{li} for havinge an Anathomye in his howse contrary to an
+order in that behalf between this and mydsomer next."[3] As late as 1714
+this rule was put in force against no less a man than William Cheselden.
+The entry in the books of the Company runs as follows, "At a Court of
+Assistants of the Company of Barbers and Surgeons, held on the 25th March,
+1714. Our Master acquainting the Court that Mr. William Cheselden, a
+member of this Company, did frequently procure the Dead bodies of
+Malefactors from the place of execution and dissect the same at his own
+house, as well during the Company's Publick Lectures as at other times
+without the leave of the Governors and contrary to the Company's By law in
+that behalf. By which means it became more difficult for the Beadles to
+bring away the Companies Bodies and likewise drew away the members of this
+Company and others from the Public Dissections and Lectures at the Hall.
+The said Mr. Cheselden was, therefore, called in. But having submitted
+himself to the pleasure of the Court with a promise never to dissect at
+the same as the Company had their Lecture at the Hall, nor without leave
+of the Governors for the time being, the said Mr. Cheselden was excused
+for what had passed with a reproof for the same pronounced by the Master
+at the desire of the Court."[4]
+
+By the Act Henry VIII., xxii., cap. 12, provision was made for the Company
+of Barbers and Surgeons to have the bodies of malefactors for the purpose
+of dissection. This part of the Act was as follows: "And further be it
+enacted by thauctoritie aforesayd, that the sayd maysters or governours of
+the mistery and comminaltie of barbours and surgeons of Londo & their
+successours yerely for ever after their sad discrecions at their free
+liberte and pleasure shal and maie have and take without cotradiction
+foure persons condempned adjudged and put to deathe for feloni by the due
+order of the Kynges lawe of thys realme for anatomies with out any further
+sute or labour to be made to the kynges highnes his heyres or successors
+for the same. And to make incision of the same deade bodies or otherwyse
+to order the same after their said discrecions at their pleasure for their
+further and better knowlage instruction in sight learnyng & experience in
+the sayd scyence or facultie of Surgery."
+
+The "foure bodies" could not always be obtained without difficulty;
+despite the precautions of the Company private anatomy was, to a certain
+extent, carried on, and the bodies of malefactors had a market value. The
+following entries from the _Annals of the Barber Surgeons_ are
+illustrative of this:
+
+"6th March, 1711.[5] It is ordered that William Cave, one of the Beadles
+of this Company, do make Inquiry who the persons were that carryed away
+the last body from Tyburne, and that such persons be Indicted for the
+same.
+
+"9th October, 1711. Richard Russell, one of the persons who stands
+Indicted for carrying away the last publick body applying himself to this
+Court and offering to be evidence against the rest of the persons
+concerned It is ordered that the Clerk do apply himself to Her Majesty's
+Attorney Generall for a Noli p'sequi as to the said Russell in order to
+make him an evidence upon the s{d} Indictment and particularly ag{st} one
+Samuell Waters whom the Court did likewise order to be indicted for the
+said fact."
+
+Often there were riots caused by the Beadles of the Company going to
+Tyburn for the bodies of murderers. This rioting was carried to such an
+extent that it was found necessary to apply for soldiers to protect the
+Beadles.
+
+"28th May, 1713. Ordered that the Clerk go to the Secretary at War for a
+guard in order to gett the next Body [from Tyburn.]"
+
+The dissection of these bodies was made known by public advertisement. The
+following is from the _Daily Advertiser_ of January 15th, 1742: "Notice is
+hereby given that there being a publick Body at Barbers and Surgeons Hall,
+the Demonstrations of Anatomy and the Operations of Surgery will be at the
+Hall this evening and to-morrow at six o'clock precisely in the
+Amphitheatre."
+
+In 1752 it was ordered that bodies of murderers executed in London and
+Middlesex should be conveyed to the Hall of the Surgeons Company to be
+dissected and anatomized, and any attempt to rescue such bodies was made
+felony.
+
+In 1745 the Barbers and Surgeons, who from 1540, until that date, had
+formed one Company, separated, and the latter were incorporated under the
+title of "The Masters, Governors, and Commonalty of the Art and Science of
+Surgery." To the Surgeons naturally fell the duty of dissecting the bodies
+of the malefactors handed over for that purpose. The building of the
+Surgeons' Company was in the Old Bailey; there was, therefore, no
+difficulty in removing the bodies from Newgate. In 1796 the Company came
+to a premature end through an improperly constituted Court having been
+held. It was attempted to put matters right by a Bill in Parliament, but
+there was so much opposition from those persons who were practising
+without the diploma of the Corporation, that the Bill, after passing
+safely through the Commons, was thrown out by the Lords. In the following
+year attempts were made to come to terms with the opponents of the Bill,
+and finally it was agreed to petition for a Charter from the Crown to
+establish a Royal College of Surgeons in London. These negotiations were
+successfully carried out in 1800, and the old Corporation having disposed
+of their Old Bailey property to the City Authorities, the College took
+possession of a house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, the site of part of the
+present building.
+
+During the debate in the House of Lords on the Bill just mentioned, the
+Bishop of Bangor, who had charge of the measure, sent for the Clerk of the
+Company, and informed him that a strong opposition was expected to the
+Bill, on account of the inconvenience that would arise from the bodies of
+murderers being conveyed through the streets from Newgate to Lincoln's Inn
+Fields. To remedy this a clause was proposed, giving the College
+permission to have a place near to Newgate, where the part of the sentence
+which related to the dissection of the bodies might be carried out.
+
+That this difficulty of moving the bodies was not a fancied one, the
+following extract from "Alderman Macaulay's Diary" will show: "Dec. 6,
+1796. Francis Dunn and Will. Arnold were yesterday executed for murder and
+the first malefactors conveyed to the new Surgeons' Hall in the Lincoln's
+Inn Fields. They were conveyed in a cart, their heads supported by tea
+chests for the public to see: I think contrary to all decency and the laws
+of humanity in a country like this. I hope it will not be repeated."[6]
+
+Just at this date the Corporation were removing from their old premises to
+Lincoln's Inn Fields; the last Court in the Old Bailey was held on October
+6th, 1796, and the first at Lincoln's Inn Fields on January 5th, 1797.
+
+In July, 1797, it was reported to the Court that Mr. Chandler, one of
+their members, "had in the most polite and ready manner offered his stable
+for the reception of the bodies of the two murderers who were executed
+last month." The thanks of the Court were voted to Mr. Chandler "for his
+polite attention to the Company upon that occasion."
+
+After the Bill had been lost in the Lords, the following resolution was
+passed by the Court in November, 1797: "Resolved that in order to evince
+the sincerity of the Court to remove all reasonable objections to the
+present situation in Lincoln's Inn Fields the Clerk be directed, with
+proper assistance, to look for a temporary dissecting-room at a place in
+or near the Old Bailey until a permanent one near the place of execution
+can be established."
+
+In June, 1800, a warehouse was taken in Castle Street, Cow Cross, West
+Smithfield, for eighteen months, as, owing to the labours of taking over
+the Hunterian Collection, there had been no time for obtaining a permanent
+place. A house in Duke Street, West Smithfield, was afterwards leased for
+the purpose, and arrangements were made for Pass, the Beadle, to reside
+there. This landed the College in a small expense, as in 1832 the Beadle
+was elected Constable of the Ward of Farringdon, and the Council had to
+pay a fine of L10 in place of his serving the office. At the expiration of
+the lease of the Duke Street house, so great an increase of rent was
+demanded that the College gave up the premises, and took a newly-built
+house in Hosier Lane, on a lease for twenty-one years. Here the
+dissections were carried on until the passing of the Anatomy Act, when the
+College had no longer to share with the hangman the duty of carrying out
+the sentence on murderers who were condemned to be hanged and anatomized.
+
+The bodies were not really dissected by the College Authorities; a
+sufficient incision was made to satisfy the requirements of the Act, and
+the body was then handed over to one of the Teachers of Anatomy. The
+following is a copy of an order authorizing the Secretary of the College
+to give up a body:
+
+     "Ordered.
+
+     "That the body of Mary Whittenbach executed this day at the Old
+     Bailey for murder be delivered (after the necessary dissection by the
+     College) to Mr. Joseph Henry Green.
+
+     "WILLIAM BLIZARD
+     "WM. NORRIS
+     "ANTH{Y} CARLISLE.
+
+     "Royal College of Surgeons
+             "_17th day of Sept. 1827_
+     "To Mr. BELFOUR, Secy. to the College."
+
+There is in the Library of the Royal College of Surgeons of England a
+series of drawings of the heads of murderers, made by the two Clifts,
+father and son, when the bodies were brought to the College for
+dissection. These drawings include Bishop and Williams (see p. 107),[7]
+and Bellingham, who was executed in 1812 for the murder of Mr. Perceval
+in the lobby of the House of Commons.
+
+Earl Ferrers, who suffered the extreme penalty of the law in 1760 for the
+murder of his steward, was taken to Surgeons' Hall, where an incision was
+made in the body; instead of being further dissected it was given over to
+the relatives for burial.
+
+At the execution of Bishop and Williams the Sheriffs of London felt that
+some means should be taken to show gratitude to Mr. Partridge, and the
+other officials of King's College, for the way they had brought the
+murderers to justice. The following letter was therefore addressed to the
+College of Surgeons:
+
+     "JUSTICE HALL,
+     "_Dec. 5, 1831._
+
+     "_To the Governors and Directors of the College of Surgeons._
+
+     "It is our particular desire and we do ask that it may be thought but
+     a reasonable request that the bodies of the malefactors executed in
+     the front of Newgate this morning should be sent to King's
+     College--by the vigilance of whose surgical establishment these
+     offenders were detected and ultimately brought to justice, we shall
+     therefore feel obliged by your handing over these bodies to the
+     King's College.
+
+     "We are, with great respect,
+     "Your mo. ob. Servts.,
+
+     "J. COWAN  }
+                } _Sheriffs_."
+     "JOHN PIRIE}
+
+The body of Bishop was given to Mr. Partridge, and that of Williams went
+to Mr. Guthrie at the Little Windmill Street School of Anatomy.
+
+The following account of the reception of one of the bodies is by Mr. T.
+Madden Stone, for many years an official at the College. It was printed in
+a series of articles, entitled "Echoes from the College of Surgeons."[8]
+
+"The executions generally took place at eight o'clock on Mondays, and the
+'cut down,' as it is called, at nine, although there was no cutting at
+all, as the rope, with a large knot at the end, was simply passed through
+a thick and strong ring, with a screw, which firmly held the rope in its
+place, and when all was over, Calcraft, _alias_ 'Jack Ketch,' would make
+his appearance on the scaffold, and by simply turning the screw, the body
+would fall down. At once it would be placed in one of those large carts
+with collapsible sides, only to be seen in the neighbourhood of the Docks,
+and then preceded by the City Marshal in his cocked hat, and, in fact, all
+his war paint, with Calcraft and his assistant in the cart, the procession
+would make its way to 33 Hosier Lane, West Smithfield, in the front
+drawing room of which were assembled Sir William Blizard, President of the
+Royal College of Surgeons, and members of the Court desirous of being
+present, with Messrs. Clift (senior and junior), Belfour, and myself. On
+extraordinary occasions visitors were admitted by special favour. The
+bodies would then be stripped, and the clothes removed by Calcraft as his
+valuable perquisites, which, with the fatal rope, were afterwards
+exhibited to the morbidly curious, at so much per head, at some favoured
+public-house. It was the duty of the City Marshal to be present to see the
+body 'anatomised,' as the Act of Parliament had it. A crucial incision in
+the chest was enough to satisfy the important City functionary above
+referred to, and he would soon beat a hasty retreat, on his gaily-decked
+charger, to report the due execution of his duty. These experiments
+concluded, the body would be stitched up, and Pearson, an old museum
+attendant, would remove it in a light cart to the hospital, to which it
+was intended to present it for dissection."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These bodies of murderers were the only ones which could be legally used
+for dissection; it is therefore obvious that the number was quite
+insufficient for the wants of the Metropolitan Schools, and the teachers
+were thus forced to obtain a supply from other sources.
+
+It was strongly urged, but urged in vain, that the whole difficulty would
+disappear if a short Act were passed, doing away with the dissection of
+murderers, and enacting that the bodies of all unknown persons who died in
+workhouses or hospitals, without friends, should be handed over, under
+proper control, to the different teachers of anatomy. That these would be
+sufficient was afterwards made clear by the Committee on Anatomy.[9] In
+their Report it is stated that the returns obtained from 127 of the
+parishes situate in London, Westminster, and Southwark, or their immediate
+vicinity, showed that out of 3744 persons who died in the workhouses of
+these parishes in the year 1827, 3103 were buried at the parish expense,
+and that of these about 1108 were not attended to their graves by any
+relations. The number of bodies obtained from this source would have
+exceeded those supplied by the resurrection-men, and would have been
+adequate for the wants of the London Schools.
+
+The newspapers of the day contain many proposed solutions of the
+difficulty. One correspondent gravely suggested that as prostitutes had,
+by their bodies during life, been engaged in corrupting mankind, it was
+only right that after death those bodies should be handed over to be
+dissected for the public good. Another correspondent proposed that all
+bodies of suicides should be used for dissection, and that all those
+persons who came to their death by duelling, prize-fighting, or
+drunkenness, should be handed over to the surgeons for a similar purpose.
+
+Mr. Dermott, the proprietor of the Gerrard Street, or Little Windmill
+Street, School of Medicine, proposed a scheme by which a fund was to be
+raised by grants from Government, and from the College of Surgeons, and by
+voluntary contributions from the nobility and gentry. This fund was to be
+invested in the names of "opulent and respectable men," not more than
+one-third of whom were to be members of the medical profession. It was
+proposed to expend the interest on this fund in paying a sum not exceeding
+seven pounds to those persons who were willing to contract for the sale of
+their bodies for dissection. Registers were to be kept of all such
+persons, and the Committee were to have the power of claiming the body six
+hours after death. Mr. Dermott also suggested that all medical men should
+leave their own bodies to be used for anatomical teaching. It is hardly
+necessary to point out the absurdity of the first part of this scheme; the
+Committee, after paying their seven pounds, would have had no control over
+the subsequent movements of the persons whose bodies they had thus
+purchased, and it was hardly to be expected that friends of the deceased
+would send notice to the Committee that the body was ready for them. Both
+parts of the scheme would have required an Act of Parliament, as executors
+were not bound to give up a corpse, even though instructions had been left
+that it was a person's wish that his body should be used for anatomical
+purposes. Many such bequests have been made, and in some instances the
+desire of the testator has been carried into effect. To try to do away
+with some of the prejudices against dissection, Jeremy Bentham left his
+body for this purpose; the dissection was duly carried out at the Webb
+Street School, and at the request of Dr. Southwood Smith, Mr. Grainger
+delivered the following oration over the body on June 9th, 1832:
+
+"Gentlemen,--In presenting myself before you this day, at the request of
+my friend and colleague, Dr. Southwood Smith, I can assure you I do so
+strongly impressed with the high importance of the duty I have undertaken,
+and the responsibility I have thus assumed. Gentlemen, it is no ordinary
+occasion on which we are assembled. We are here collected to carry into
+execution the last wishes of one whose mortal career, prolonged far beyond
+the usual limits of man's existence, has been devoted with almost
+unexampled energy and perseverance to the establishment of those great
+moral and political truths, on which the happiness and the enlightenment
+of the human race are founded. Ill would it become me, however, to dwell
+on the genius, the philanthropy, or the integrity of the illustrious
+deceased. His eulogium has already been eloquently pronounced by one more
+fitted to do justice to such an undertaking than the humble individual who
+now addresses you. It would be more suitable to the object of the present
+meeting that I should consider in what manner the intentions of the late
+Mr. Bentham, regarding the disposition of his remains, can best be carried
+into effect. But before I do this, it may be proper to inform some of my
+auditors what those intentions were. This great man was an ardent admirer
+of the science of medicine, and his penetrating mind was not slow in
+perceiving that the safe and successful practice of the healing art
+entirely rests on a thorough knowledge of the natural structure and
+functions of the human body. He also perceived that there was but one
+method of obtaining such knowledge, viz., dissection. In proceeding to
+inquire how it came to happen that in a country like England, justly proud
+of those numerous institutions in which science is so successfully
+cultivated, so little encouragement, or more correctly speaking, so much
+opposition, was offered to the advancement of so indispensable a branch of
+knowledge, Mr. Bentham discovered that this repugnance to dissection
+sprang from a feeling strongly implanted in the human breast--a feeling of
+reverence towards the dead. Far be it from me to condemn such a sentiment,
+for it has its source in some of the purest principles of our nature. But
+if it can be shown that an undue indulgence in this feeling produces
+incalculable mischief in society, it becomes the duty of all who are
+interested in the happiness of mankind to oppose the progress of such
+injurious opinions. Mr. Bentham, impressed with this idea, and thinking it
+unjust that the humbler classes of the community should alone be called
+upon to sacrifice those feelings which are cherished alike by the rich and
+poor, determined to devote his own body to the public good. He knew that
+this determination would inflict pain on many of his dearest friends. An
+example of this character, emanating from a person so talented, so
+influential, and so esteemed, is calculated to operate a most beneficial
+effect on the public mind, and I cannot refrain from considering the
+dissection of the body now before us as an important era in the progress
+of anatomy, as it is one of the first that in this country has been
+employed for the purposes of science, under the direct sanction of the
+individual expressed during his lifetime; he also knew that obstacles
+would probably be offered to its fulfilment, but with an indifference to
+personal feeling rarely witnessed, he took effectual means to carry his
+resolution into effect. And thus, gentlemen, did the last act of this
+illustrious man's existence accord with that leading principle of his
+well-spent life--the desire to promote the universal happiness and welfare
+of mankind."
+
+Bentham's skeleton, clothed in his usual attire, is now in University
+College, London.
+
+Messenger Monsey, the eccentric physician to the Chelsea Hospital, was
+exceedingly anxious that his body should be examined after death. He
+obtained a promise from Mr. Forster, of Union Court, that he would
+perform this service for him. So anxious was Monsey for the _post mortem_
+to be carried out, that in May, 1787, he wrote to Cruikshank, the
+anatomist, as follows:
+
+     "Mr. Foster (_sic_) a Surgeon in Union Court, Broad Street, has been
+     so good as to promise to open my Carcass and see what is the matter
+     with my Heart, Arteries, Kidnies, &c. He is gone to Norwich and may
+     not return before I am [dead]. Will you be so good as to let me send
+     it to you, or if he comes will you like to be present at the
+     dissection. I am now very ill and hardly see to scrawl this & feel as
+     if I should live two days, the sooner the better. I am, tho' unknown
+     to you
+
+     "Your respectfull humble Servant
+     "MESSR. MONSEY."
+
+Monsey lived until December 20th, 1788; his wishes were duly carried out
+by Mr. Forster, at Guy's Hospital, in the presence of the students.
+
+Ninety-nine gentlemen of Dublin signed a document, in which the wish was
+expressed that their bodies, instead of being interred, should be devoted
+by their surviving friends "to the more rational, benevolent, and
+honourable purpose of explaining the structure, functions and diseases of
+the human being."
+
+A Mr. Boys, who died in 1835, wished to be made into "essential salts" for
+the use of his female friends. In a letter to Dr. Campbell, written four
+years before his death, he asks: "Are you now disposed (without Burking)
+to accomplish my wish, when my breath or spirit shall have ceased to
+animate my carcase, to perform the operation of vitrifying my bones, and
+sublimating the rest, thereby cheating the Devil of his due, according to
+the ideas of some devotees among Christians? And, that I may not offend
+the delicate olfactory nerves of my female friends with a mass of
+putridity, if it be possible, let me rather fill a few little bottles of
+essential salts therefrom, and revive their drooping spirits. It may be
+irksome to you to superintend the business, but, perhaps, you have
+knowledge of some rising genius or geniuses who may be glad of a subject
+without paying for it. Let them slash and cut, and divide, as best please
+'em."
+
+The following account, taken from a newspaper of 1810, shows that
+untoward events sometimes followed a request of this kind. A journeyman
+tailor died at the _Black Prince_, in Chandos Street, and directed, in his
+will, that his body should be opened in the presence of Mr. Wood, the
+landlord. This instruction was carried out. The paragraph goes on to say
+that the dissection was scarcely concluded "when the landlord, a stranger
+to such exhibitions, was seized with sickness and vomiting; and, on
+reaching the bar, was prevailed upon by his wife to take a glass of brandy
+and water; in a few minutes he was obliged to be carried to bed, never to
+rise again; on Friday last, the third day from the attack, he died in a
+state of delirium, not from contagion, or a predisposition to disease, but
+solely from the impression made upon his mind by the anatomical
+performance, which, he observed, exceeded in horror any thing he had ever
+beheld."
+
+It was not an uncommon thing for persons to try to put into effect part of
+Dermott's plan, by offering to leave their bodies for anatomical purposes,
+on the condition that they were paid a certain sum down. This was
+generally only a swindling dodge, and one by which the teachers were not
+to be caught, as they could have no hold on the persons whose bodies they
+purchased, nor could they compel the friends to give them up after death.
+The following letter, preserved amongst Sir Astley Cooper's papers, and
+now forming part of the Stone Collection at the Royal College of Surgeons
+of England, is a specimen:
+
+     "SIR,--I have been informed you are in the habit of purchasing bodys
+     and allowing the person a sum weekly; knowing a poor woman that is
+     desirous of doing so, I have taken the liberty of calling to know the
+     truth.
+
+     "I remain, your humble servant."
+
+     [10]
+
+On the back Sir Astley has written, "The _truth_ is that you deserve to be
+hanged for such an unfeeling offer. A. C."
+
+The idea at the present day has not died out; quite recently a man called
+at the College of Surgeons, and offered to sell his body for a cash
+payment. It is a fairly common experience of Curators of Pathological
+Museums to have similar offers from persons suffering from a rare disease,
+or a curious deformity.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MORTSAFE IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+As has been stated in the previous chapter, there was no need of the
+resurrection-men, so long as the teaching of anatomy was confined to the
+Company of Barbers and Surgeons. It has also been pointed out that, as
+late as 1714, Cheselden was reprimanded for having anatomical
+demonstrations at his private house. Soon after this date, however, began
+the establishment of private schools. Mr. Nourse, of St. Bartholomew's,
+was one of the first to deliver public lectures at his own house. After a
+time this probably became inconvenient, as we find his advertisement, in
+1739, worded thus:
+
+     "ANATOMY.
+
+     "Designing to have no more lectures at my own house, I think it
+     proper to advertise that I shall begin a Course of Anatomy,
+     Chirurgical Operations and Bandages on Monday, the 11th of Nov., at
+     St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
+
+     "EDW. NOURSE, Assistant Surgeon
+     and Lithotomist to the said Hospital."
+
+Percivall Pott, who was apprenticed to Nourse, followed his master's
+example, and lectured on Surgery. In 1737 we find Dr. Fr. Nicholls
+advertising thus:
+
+     "On Wednesday, the 2nd of February, at the House below the Bull Head,
+     in Lincoln's Inn Fields, at five in the evening, will begin a Course
+     of Anatomy and Physiology, introductory to the study and practice of
+     Physick in all its branches by Fr. Nicholls, M.D. N.B. A compendium
+     referring to the several matters, explain'd in these Lectures, is
+     sold by John Clarke, under the Royal Exchange, and F. Woodward, at
+     the Half Moon, within Temple Bar, Booksellers."
+
+The following is the advertisement of Caesar Hawkins, from a newspaper of
+1739:
+
+     "In Pall Mall Court, in Pall Mall. On Thursday, the 5th of February
+     next, will begin a Course of Anatomy, with the principal Operations
+     in Surgery and their suitable Bandages, by Caesar Hawkins, Surgeon to
+     St. George's Hospital."
+
+Joshua Brookes' advertisement, in 1814, ran as follows:
+
+     "THEATRE OF ANATOMY, BLENHEIM STREET,
+     GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.
+
+     "The Summer Course of Lectures on Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery,
+     will be commenced on Monday, the 6th of June, at seven o'clock in
+     the morning. By Mr. Brookes.--Anatomical Converzationes will be held
+     weekly, when the different Subjects treated of will be discussed
+     familiarly, and the Students' views forwarded. To these none but
+     Pupils can be admitted. Spacious Apartments, thoroughly ventilated,
+     and replete with every convenience, will be open at five o'clock in
+     the morning, for the purposes of Dissecting and Injecting, when Mr.
+     Brookes attends to direct the Students and demonstrate the various
+     parts as they appear on Dissection.
+
+     "The inconveniences usually attending Anatomical Investigations, are
+     counteracted by an antiseptic process. Pupils may be accommodated in
+     the House. Gentlemen established in Practice, desirous of renewing
+     their Anatomical Knowledge, may be accommodated with an apartment to
+     dissect in privately."
+
+A very interesting account of the old Anatomical Schools, by Mr. D'Arcy
+Power, will be found in the _British Medical Journal_, 1895, vol. 2, p.
+141. The paper is entitled "The Rise and Fall of the Private Medical
+Schools in London." It has been reprinted, with other articles, in a
+pamphlet, entitled _The Medical Institutions of London_.
+
+In Great Britain, as no licence was required for opening an Anatomical
+School, there was no limit to their number; there was also no regular
+legal supply of subjects, except the bodies of murderers, executed in
+London and the county of Middlesex, which came to the schools through the
+College of Surgeons. In Paris a licence had to be obtained before opening
+an Anatomical School, and bodies were regularly supplied to the licensed
+places.
+
+With the rise and competition of the Medical Schools in London, the
+difficulty of getting an adequate number of bodies increased. The absolute
+necessity of having a good supply for the use of students, so as to
+prevent them from going off to rival schools, caused the teachers to offer
+large prices, and thus made it worth while for men to devote themselves
+entirely to obtaining bodies for this purpose. At first the trade was
+carried on by a very few men, and without any public scandal, but the
+inducements mentioned above enticed others into the business; these were
+of the lowest class, often professed thieves, and the fights and disputes
+of these men, one with the other, in churchyards, often made really more
+scandal than the actual stealing of the bodies. It was stated by the
+police in 1828 that the number of persons who, in London, lived regularly
+on the profits of exhumation, did not exceed ten; but there were, in
+addition to these, about two hundred who were occasionally employed. These
+latter individuals were thieves of the lowest grade, and the most
+desperate and abandoned class of the community. The men worked generally
+in gangs, and would do anything to spoil the success of their opponents in
+the business. If a body were bought by one of the teachers from an outside
+source, the regular men would sometimes break into the dissecting-room and
+cut the body in such a manner as to make it useless for anatomical
+purposes. If this could not be done, they would give information to the
+police that a stolen body was lying in a certain dissecting-room. Joshua
+Brookes, the proprietor of the Blenheim Street, or Great Marlborough
+Street, School, was a victim in this way; a body, for which he had paid 16
+guineas, was taken away from his school through information of this kind,
+and the police officer who carried out the business was, as a reward for
+his efforts, presented with a silver staff, purchased by public
+subscription. Brookes seems to have got on very badly with the
+resurrection-men; at one time, because he refused five guineas as a
+douceur at the beginning of the session, two dead bodies, in a high state
+of decomposition, were dropped at night close to his school by the men
+whom he had thus offended; one of these bodies was placed at the Poland
+Street end of Great Marlborough Street, and the other at the end of
+Blenheim Street. Two young ladies stumbled over one of these bodies, and
+at once raised such a commotion that, had it not been for the prompt
+assistance of Sir Robert Baker and the police, Brookes would have fared
+very badly at the hands of the mob which soon collected. The fact of his
+house being near to the Marlborough Police Court, on more than one
+occasion saved Brookes from the popular fury.
+
+A subject was brought to him one day in a sack, and paid for at once; soon
+after it was discovered that the occupant of the sack was alive. This was
+not a case of attempted murder; the "subject" was a confederate of those
+from whom he had been purchased, and had, in all probability, been thus
+introduced to the premises for purposes of burglary.
+
+The competition of the schools had risen to such a height in the demand
+for bodies, that Brookes stated that for a subject, which would have cost
+two guineas in his student days, he had paid as much as sixteen guineas.
+Nor was the cost of the body the only expense to the teacher. At the
+beginning of each session he was waited upon by the resurrection-men, who
+offered to supply him regularly with bodies at a fixed price, on the
+condition that a douceur was paid down at once. The teachers were
+powerless in the matter, and had either to accede to the offered terms, or
+to lose their students through not having a sufficient supply of subjects.
+The scarcity of bodies was most keenly felt at the beginning of the
+session; the resurrection-men knew that they could command their own
+terms, and would not supply any subjects until the teachers had conceded
+all their demands. This was felt to be bad for the students, and Dr. James
+Somerville, who was assistant to Brodie at the Great Windmill Street
+School, in giving evidence before the Committee on Anatomy, said that
+"the pupils not being able to proceed for a certain time lose their
+ardour, and get into habits of idleness."
+
+At the end of the session the resurrection-men again waited on the
+proprietors of the schools, and demanded "finishing money." In some papers
+relating to Sir Astley Cooper, which were referred to in a letter
+published in the _Medical Times_, 1883, vol. 1, p. 343, we read: "May
+10th, 1827, Paid Hollis, Vaughan, and Llewellyn, finishing money, L6 6s.
+0d. 1829, June 18th, Paid Murphy, Wildes, & Naples, finishing money L6 6s.
+0d."
+
+The cost of the bodies in this way to the teachers was more than they
+could charge to the students, and the deficiency thus created was made up
+by increased fees for the lectures. The expenses, moreover, did not end
+here. If one of the resurrection-men was unfortunate enough to get a term
+of imprisonment, the teacher had to partly keep the man's wife and family
+whilst he was serving his sentence. A solatium was also expected on his
+release from gaol. Mr. R. D. Grainger spent L50 in this way for one man,
+and several guineas in keeping the family of another Resurrectionist
+whilst the latter was in gaol. Sir Astley Cooper is known to have spent
+large sums of money for a similar purpose. The following may be cited as
+examples: "January 29th, 1828, Paid Mr. Cock to pay Mr. South half the
+expenses of bailing Vaughan from Yarmouth and going down L14 7s. 0d. 1829,
+May 6th, Paid Vaughan's wife 6s. Paid Vaughan for twenty-six weeks'
+confinement at 10s. per week, L13 0s. 0d."
+
+If any independence were shown by the teachers, and the demands of the men
+resisted, victory generally fell to the lot of the Resurrectionists. A
+teacher, perhaps, would refuse to pay the exorbitant demands, and would
+employ other men to obtain bodies for him. These were then watched by the
+regular gang, and information to the police was laid against them on every
+occasion. The bodies obtained by the irregular men were often taken from
+them by those who considered they had a monopoly in the business; these
+subjects were then hacked and cut about so as to make them quite useless
+for anatomical purposes. So the supply at this particular school would be
+very short, and great indignation would arise amongst the students, who
+had paid their fees, and therefore demanded an adequate number of bodies
+for dissection. The teacher was thus obliged to give way, and to accede to
+the demands of the regular gang.
+
+The teachers formed themselves into an Anatomical Club for their own
+protection; by this means it was hoped to regulate the price to be paid
+for bodies, by agreement amongst the members of the Club not to give more
+than a certain amount. This agreement does not seem, according to Mr.
+South, to have been very faithfully kept, and so, with new schools
+springing up and giving rise to still greater competition, the teachers
+were as much as ever in the hands of the resurrection-men.
+
+It must not be supposed that all the bodies which were supplied to the
+schools were exhumed. Many of them were stolen or obtained by false
+pretences before burial. Glennon, the police officer, who has been before
+mentioned in connection with Joshua Brookes, told the Committee that he
+had recovered between fifty and a hundred bodies for persons who had had
+their houses broken open, and bodies stolen from them whilst in the
+coffin awaiting burial. The following case, tried at the London Sessions
+in 1830, is an example of this:
+
+"LONDON ADJOURNED SESSIONS.
+
+"TUESDAY.--BODY-SNATCHING.--A well-known pilferer of graves, named Clarke,
+was tried upon an indictment, charging him with having stolen the body of
+a dead child, aged about four years, which had been under the care of a
+nurse named Mary Hopkins. The facts which came out in evidence are as
+follows: The deceased was the daughter of a woman of the town, residing in
+Shire Lane, and had been kept at the nurse's lodging, which was in the
+same neighbourhood. She died on a Friday, and Clarke, whose ears were
+described as 'quick to the toll of the passing bell,' paid the nurse a
+visit the next morning, under pretence of hiring a cellar under the house.
+He took occasion to notice the poor woman's son; said it was a pity to see
+the boy idle, and that he should have immediate employment, and called
+again with evidences of still stronger interest in favour of the family.
+'By the way,' said he, 'I understand you have had a death lately.' 'Yes,
+sir,' said the nurse, 'a poor little girl is departed.' 'Poor little
+dear,' cried the snatcher, 'I should like to look at the little innocent.'
+He was forthwith led into the front parlour, where the body lay in a
+coffin, and observing that its position was favourable to his intention,
+he sympathized with the nurse, and said, 'We must all come to this sooner
+or later,' and then he went to get a half-pint of summut to comfort them.
+The nurse disposed of a glass, which presently set her in a profound
+sleep, and when she awoke the body of the babe was gone. It appeared that
+the snatcher, after having quitted the house, as if for good, returned,
+and opening the parlour-window hooked out with a stick the corpse of the
+child, and went off with it towards a market that is open at all hours,
+near Bridgewater Square. However, a police officer, who knew his trade,
+laid hands upon him, telling him he was wanted. The snatcher then threw
+down the child and took to his heels, but was apprehended and lodged in
+the Compter. The nurse proved the identity of the body. Upon her
+cross-examination, by Mr. Payne, she stated that the mother had not been
+to see the deceased for four or five days before the death. The Jury
+returned a verdict of Guilty, but some of them audibly spoke of
+recommending the prisoner to mercy, but made no appendage to that effect.
+The Recorder sentenced the prisoner to be imprisoned for the space of six
+calendar months."
+
+Sometimes these stolen bodies were claimed after payment had been made to
+the resurrection-men, but before any dissection had taken place. The
+following refers to Guy's Hospital: "Returned to Vestry Clerk of
+Newington, by order of the Treasurer, one male and two females, purchased
+of Page, &c., on the 25th, who had broken open the dead-house to obtain
+them."
+
+Bodies of suicides, and of those who had met with an accidental death,
+were frequently stolen whilst they were awaiting the coroner's inquest.
+Often in these cases the body-thieves, after selling the subject to a
+teacher of anatomy, secretly gave information to the police where the
+missing body might be found. It was then seized by the police, and, after
+the inquest, handed over to those who claimed to be relatives; these
+supposed relatives were frequently confederates of the thieves, and by
+them the body was at once taken off and again sold to another teacher.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following case is from a newspaper of 1823:
+
+"SUICIDE AND THE BODY STOLEN.--Tuesday evening last a young woman of
+respectable and interesting appearance was observed for some time parading
+the banks of the Surrey Canal, Camberwell, in a melancholy mood, and at
+length she plunged into the water; on which a man rushed in after her and
+dived several times, but failed in recovering the body, which was not
+found till the following morning, when it was taken to the Albany Arms,
+near the Canal, for the Coroner's inquest, which was to have taken place
+on Thursday. On the landlord proceeding to the shed on Wednesday morning,
+where the body had been deposited, he discovered, that in the course of
+the night, it had been broken open, and the corpse of the female stolen
+away. He instantly repaired to the Police Office, Union Street, and gave
+information of the circumstance to the Magistrates, who gave orders that
+immediate inquiry should be made at Mr. Brookes's, where the body has
+since been discovered and given up. The poor woman was unclaimed, and the
+verdict of the Coroner's Jury was 'Found Drowned.'"
+
+A favourite trick, in the carrying out of which a woman was generally
+necessary, was that of claiming the bodies of friendless persons who died
+in workhouses, or similar institutions. Immediately it was found out that
+such an one was dead a man and woman, decently clad in mourning, in great
+grief, and often in tears, called at the workhouse to take away the body
+of their dear departed relative. If the trick proved successful, as it
+often did, the body was taken straight off to one of the schools and sold.
+The parish authorities, probably, were not over particular about giving up
+the body, if the deceased were a stranger, as by this means they saved the
+cost of burial.
+
+Subjects, too, were obtained from cheap undertakers, who kept the bodies
+of the poor until the time for burial. The coffin was weighted so as to
+conceal the fraud, and the mockery of reading the Burial Service over it
+was gone through in the presence of the unsuspecting relatives.
+
+That some bodies were obtained by murder there can be no doubt. The
+exposure caused by the trials of Burke and Hare in Edinburgh, and Bishop
+and Williams in London, proves this.
+
+The facts previously stated, however, go very far to exonerate the
+anatomists from the false charge (freely made at the time) of their being
+privy to these murders. It has been frequently stated that signs of murder
+could be easily seen, and that the fact of the body being fresh, and there
+being no evidence of its having been interred, ought to have at once
+suggested foul play, and to have caused the teacher to communicate with
+the police. But it must be remembered that the murders were generally very
+artfully contrived by suffocation, so as to leave no outward signs of
+ill-treatment. It was also no uncommon thing, for the reasons just given,
+to receive at the schools bodies in quite a fresh state, which had
+evidently never received sepulture.
+
+An account of the _post mortem_ on the Italian boy, for whose murder
+Bishop and Williams were hanged,[11] has been preserved by Mr.
+Clarke.[12] The examination of the body was carried out by Mr.
+Wetherfield, of Southampton Street. There were also present Mr. Mayo,
+Lecturer on Anatomy at King's College; Mr. Partridge, his demonstrator;
+Mr. Beaman, Parish Surgeon; and his Assistant, Mr. D. Edwards, and Mr.
+Clarke. The boy's teeth had been removed and sold to a dentist, but beyond
+this there were no external marks of violence on any part of the body. The
+internal organs were carefully examined, but no trace of injury or poison
+could be found. Mr. Mayo, who had a peculiar way of standing very upright
+with his hands in his breeches' pockets, said, with a kind of lisp he had,
+"By Jove! the boy died a nathral death." Mr. Partridge and Mr. Beaman,
+however, suggested that the spine had not been examined, and after a
+consultation it was decided to do this. It was then found that one or more
+of the upper cervical vertebrae were fractured. "By Jove!" said Mr. Mayo,
+"this boy was murthered." The conviction of Bishop and Williams was due,
+in a very great measure, to Mr. Partridge and Mr. Beaman.
+
+At the present day it is well-nigh impossible to understand the relations
+between men of honour and education, such as the teachers of anatomy were,
+and the ruffians who carried on this ghastly trade. It must, however, be
+borne in mind that, until the passing of the Anatomy Act in 1832, there
+was no provision for supplying the means by which the student might be
+taught this necessary part of his professional education; the only way in
+which teachers could get material for giving instruction was by dealing
+with the resurrection-men.
+
+It would have been quite impossible for the resurrection-men to have
+obtained the number of bodies they frequently did, had they not been able
+to bribe the custodians of the different burial-grounds. Sometimes they
+met with a difficulty in the shape of a keeper newly appointed to replace
+one who had been dismissed for being privy to these depredations. In most
+instances this was soon overcome; if, at the outset, the custodian could
+not be bribed, he could generally be induced to drink, and then, whilst he
+was in a state of intoxication, the body which the resurrection-men wished
+to obtain could be easily removed. After this first step there was
+generally very little difficulty in the future.
+
+Sometimes, too, the grave-diggers not only gave information to the
+Resurrectionists, but acted as principals themselves. In Benson's
+_Remarkable Trials_ is recorded the case of John Holmes, Peter Williams,
+and Esther Donaldson. Holmes was grave-digger at St. George's, Bloomsbury;
+Williams was his assistant, and Donaldson was charged as an accomplice.
+They were prosecuted before Sir John Hawkins at the Guildhall,
+Westminster, in December, 1777, for stealing the body of Mrs. Jane
+Sainsbury, who died in the previous October, and was buried in the St.
+George's burial-ground. Holmes and Williams were sentenced to six months'
+imprisonment, and to be whipped on their bare backs from the end of
+Kingsgate Street, Holborn, to Dyot Street, St. Giles. The sentence, says
+Benson, was duly carried out amidst crowds of well-satisfied and approving
+spectators. The woman Donaldson was acquitted.
+
+The ranks of the resurrection-men were largely recruited from the keepers
+of burial-grounds. When these men had lost their situations for
+connivance at the stealing of bodies, they naturally joined their old
+associates, and became part of the regular gang.
+
+The bribery of the custodians will account for the large number of bodies
+often obtained in one night. Had there been the slightest vigilance on the
+part of the authorities, it would have been absolutely impossible for the
+resurrection-men to have spent the time necessary for their work without
+detection. The amount of time required for the work depended greatly on
+the soil. One man told Bransby Cooper that he had taken two bodies from
+separate graves of considerable depth, and had restored the coffins and
+the earth to their former positions in an hour and a half. Another man
+said that he had completed the exhumation of a body in a quarter of an
+hour; but in this instance the grave was extremely shallow, and the earth
+loose and without stones. If much gravel had to be dug through, the
+resurrection-men had a peculiar way of using their spades, so that the
+gravel was thrown out of the grave quite noiselessly.
+
+On Thursday, February 20th, 1812, the Diary tells us that 15 large bodies
+and one small one were obtained from St. Pancras. No doubt this was
+simplified by the custom of burying several paupers in one grave. To
+obtain these it was necessary to dig all the earth out, so that each
+coffin could be dealt with; the men generally worked very soon after a
+funeral, and so the earth was much more easily moved than it would have
+been if they had been obliged to dig through undisturbed ground. When only
+one body was to be had, a small opening was dug down to the head of the
+coffin, which was then broken open, and the body was pulled up with a
+rope, fastened either round the neck or under the armpits.
+
+In a memoir of Thomas Wakley, the founder of _The Lancet_,[13] the
+following account of the _modus operandi_ of the resurrection-men is
+given: "In the case of a neat, or not quite new grave, the ingenuity of
+the Resurrectionist came into play. Several feet--fifteen or twenty--away
+from the head or foot of the grave, he would remove a square of turf,
+about eighteen or twenty inches in diameter. This he would carefully put
+by, and then commence to mine. Most pauper graves were of the same depth,
+and, if the sepulchre was that of a person of importance, the depth of the
+grave could be pretty well estimated by the nature of the soil thrown up.
+Taking a five-foot grave, the coffin lid would be about four feet from the
+surface. A rough slanting tunnel, some five yards long, would, therefore,
+have to be constructed, so as to impinge exactly on the coffin head. This
+being at last struck (no very simple task), the coffin was lugged up by
+hooks to the surface, or, preferably, the end of the coffin was wrenched
+off with hooks while still in the shelter of the tunnel, and the scalp or
+feet of the corpse secured through the open end, and the body pulled out,
+leaving the coffin almost intact and unmoved.
+
+"The body once obtained, the narrow shaft was easily filled up and the sod
+of turf accurately replaced. The friends of the deceased, seeing that the
+earth _over_ his grave was not disturbed, would flatter themselves that
+the body had escaped the Resurrectionist; but they seldom noticed the
+neatly-placed square of turf, some feet away."
+
+A somewhat similar account is given in the _Memorials of John Flint
+South_.[14] This method is also referred to by Bransby Cooper,[15] who
+states that it was told him by one "who fancied he had found out their
+secret, but had, no doubt, been deceived by some of them purposely."
+Bransby Cooper also says that he asked one of the principal
+resurrection-men as to the feasibility of this method, and the man showed
+him several objections to it, and stated that "it would never do." This
+statement was made after the resurrection-days were over, when there could
+be no advantage in keeping the true plan secret. It must be remembered
+that there were some amateur body-snatchers, and that it was not at all
+unlikely that the regular men would tell to them a plan as full of
+difficulties as that quoted above. To make the tunnel as described, would
+be impossible, and it is somewhat difficult to see how grappling-irons
+were fastened to the coffin; a man could hardly get down a tunnel 18 in.
+in diameter and 15 feet in length to do this; if he did succeed, his
+difficulties in returning must have been still greater. To pull a body
+out of the head or foot of a coffin, as described, is an impossibility. No
+allowance is made, either, in digging the tunnel for obstacles, in the
+shape of intervening graves or grave-stones. As regards the evidence on
+the surface of a grave having been disturbed, it would be greater in one
+opened in this manner than if the recently-disturbed earth had been again
+dug out. It would be impossible to get back into the tunnel all the earth
+dug out in the course of its construction, and this loose earth would at
+once attract attention. Generally, bodies were removed before the graves
+were finally tidied up, so that it was difficult to notice a fresh
+disturbance.
+
+The writer of the Diary was a cemetery-keeper when he first began his
+resurrection proceedings; his _modus operandi_, in some cases, was to take
+the body out of the coffin, and place it in a sack, before he began to
+fill in the grave. Then, as he gradually threw the earth in, he kept
+pulling the sack to the surface, so that when his work of filling in was
+completed, he had the sack close to the top of the grave. He had then only
+to wait until night, when he was able, under cover of the darkness, to
+remove the body without fear of detection. When the resurrection-men had
+been successful in their night's work, they were glad to find a temporary
+shelter for the bodies, as near at hand as possible. This was generally an
+out-house belonging to one of the schools which they regularly supplied;
+the men were permitted to place the bodies there for the night, and to
+fetch them away the next day. This explains some of the entries in the
+Diary, such as "Took the whole to ----," and the next day, "Removed the
+whole from ----." Before removing any of the bodies, the men would find
+out exactly where they were wanted, and so would save much risk of being
+arrested with the bodies in their possession.
+
+If the following broadside could be believed, the resurrection-men
+sometimes performed a valuable service to those who had been buried--
+
+"MIRACULOUS CIRCUMSTANCE:
+
+"_Being a full and particular account of John Macintire, who was buried
+alive, in Edinburgh, on the 15th day of April, 1824, while in a trance,
+and who was taken up by the resurrection-men, and sold to the doctors to
+be dissected, with a full account of the many strange and wonderful things
+which he saw and felt while he was in that state, the whole being taken
+from his own words._
+
+"I had been some time ill of a low and lingering fever. My strength
+gradually wasted, and I could see by the doctor that I had nothing to
+hope. One day, towards evening, I was seized with strange and
+indescribable quiverings. I saw around my bed, innumerable strange faces;
+they were bright and visionary, and without bodies. There was light and
+solemnity, and I tried to move, but could not; I could recollect, with
+perfectness, but the power of motion had departed. I heard the sound of
+weeping at my pillow, and the voice of the nurse say, 'He is dead.' I
+cannot describe what I felt at these words. I exerted my utmost power to
+stir myself, but I could not move even an eyelid. My father drew his hand
+over my face and closed my eyelids. The world was then darkened, but I
+could still hear, and feel and suffer. For three days a number of friends
+called to see me. I heard them in low accents speak of what I was, and
+more than one touched me with his finger. The coffin was then procured,
+and I was laid in it. I felt the coffin lifted and borne away. I heard and
+felt it placed in the hearse; it halted, and the coffin was taken out. I
+felt myself carried on the shoulders of men; I heard the cords of the
+coffin moved. I felt it swing as dependent by them. It was lowered and
+rested upon the bottom of the grave. Dreadful was the effort I then made
+to exert the power of action, but my whole frame was immovable. The sound
+of the rattling mould as it covered me, was far more tremendous than
+thunder. This also ceased, and all was silent. This is death, thought I,
+and soon the worms will be crawling about my flesh. In the contemplation
+of this hideous thought, I heard a low sound in the earth over me, and I
+fancied that the worms and reptiles were coming. The sound continued to
+grow louder and nearer. Can it be possible, thought I, that my friends
+suspect that they have buried me too soon? The hope was truly like
+bursting through the gloom of death. The sound ceased. They dragged me out
+of the coffin by the head, and carried me swiftly away. When borne to
+some distance, I was thrown down like a clod, and by the interchange of
+one or two brief sentences, I discovered that I was in the hands of two of
+those robbers, who live by plundering the grave, and selling the bodies of
+parents, and children, and friends. Being rudely stripped of my shroud, I
+was placed naked on a table. In a short time I heard by the bustle in the
+room that the doctors and students were assembling. When all was ready the
+Demonstrator took his knife, and pierced my bosom. I felt a dreadful
+crackling, as it were, throughout my whole frame; a convulsive shudder
+instantly followed, and a shriek of horror rose from all present. The ice
+of death was broken up; my trance was ended. The utmost exertions were
+made to restore me, and in the course of an hour I was in full possession
+of all my faculties.
+
+"STEPHENSON, PRINTER, GATESHEAD."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was quite necessary for the Committee on Anatomy to adopt some means to
+protect the resurrection-men who gave evidence before it; this was done
+by suppressing their names, and using letters of the alphabet to
+distinguish the witnesses one from another. Popular feeling was so bitter
+against these men that they were often severely handled by the mob.
+Sometimes the mob made a mistake, and the innocent suffered for the
+guilty. In 1823 a coach containing an empty coffin was being drawn along
+the streets of Edinburgh; the people, suspecting that it was intended to
+convey a body, taken from some churchyard, seized the coach; it was with
+great difficulty that the police rescued the driver from the fury of the
+mob. The coach they could not save; it was taken through the streets,
+thrown over a mound, and smashed; the people then kindled a fire with the
+fragments, and danced round it. It turned out that the coffin was intended
+to convey to his house, in Edinburgh, the body of a physician who had died
+in the country.
+
+On another occasion two American gentlemen, who were looking at the Abbey
+of Linlithgow after nightfall, were mistaken for resurrection-men, and
+assaulted by the mob.
+
+One of the witnesses, called "A. B.," but who was probably Ben Crouch
+himself, stated that twenty-three in four nights was the greatest number
+he had ever obtained. He added, "When I go to work, I like to get those of
+poor people buried from the workhouses, because instead of working for one
+subject, you may get three or four. I do not think, during the time I have
+been in the habit of working for the schools, I got half a dozen of
+wealthier people." Another witness, who is called "C. D.," but who was,
+without doubt, the writer of the Diary, stated that, "according to my
+book," in 1809 and 1810 the number of bodies disposed of in England was
+305 adults and 44 small; but the same year 37 were sent to Edinburgh, and
+the gang had 18 in hand, which were never used at all. In 1810-11, 312
+adults were disposed of in the regular session, and 20 in the summer, in
+addition to 47 smalls. In the Report of the Committee in 1828, it was
+pointed out that, at that time, there were over 800 students attending the
+Schools of Anatomy in London, but of these not more than 500 actually
+worked at dissection. The number of subjects annually available for
+instruction amounted to between 450 and 500, or rather less than one for
+each student.
+
+The average price of an adult body was stated to be L4 4s. 0d. It may be
+here explained that a "small" was a body under three feet long; these were
+sold at so much per inch and were generally classified as "large small,"
+"small," and "foetus." The earnings of the resurrection-men may be
+gathered from the above entry. To take the year 1810-11, the receipts for
+bodies alone come to 1328 guineas; this is exclusive of "smalls," and
+probably also of the teeth, in which these men did a large trade. Teeth,
+in those days, were very valuable; the amounts received by some of the men
+for teeth only will be dealt with in the chapter containing biographical
+notices of some of the principal London resurrection-men. It may be here
+mentioned that on one occasion Murphy obtained the entry to a vault
+belonging to a meeting-house, on the pretence of selecting a burial-place
+for his wife. Whilst in there he managed to slip back some bolts, so that
+he could easily gain an entrance at another time; this he did at night,
+and got possession of teeth by which he made L60.
+
+From the statements of the teachers it is most likely that L4 4s. 0d. is
+under the average price paid for bodies. It must be remembered, too, that
+this amount does not include the retaining-fee paid at the beginning of
+the session, nor the "finishing-money" which was demanded at its close.
+The 1328 guineas spoken of above would be divided amongst six or seven
+persons, and this, for men in their position, was a large income. The
+biographical notes of the chief workers in this horrible trade will show
+that some few of them did save money. Taking them, however, as a whole,
+they were a dissolute and ruffianly gang; reference to the Diary proves
+their drunken habits, and there is more than one entry to show that they
+were often in pecuniary difficulties; so much so that on one occasion they
+were obliged to have recourse to Mordecai, the Jew.
+
+It was quite useless for those who had just buried a relative or friend to
+depend either upon the custodian of the burial-ground, or upon the watch,
+to see that the newly-made grave was not violated. The resurrection-men
+often met with a guard, instituted by the friends of the deceased, who
+would take it in turns to watch by the grave-side through the whole
+night; these friends were frequently armed, and were not afraid to use
+their arms if the resurrection-men gave them an opportunity. As a rule the
+body-snatchers made off when they found a guard in the cemetery; it was to
+their interest not to create a riot, and if they were strong enough to
+drive off the watchers, the latter could soon raise a tumult, whereby the
+bodily safety of the thieves would be endangered.
+
+Matters did not always pass off so peaceably, particularly in Ireland, as
+the following extract from an Irish newspaper for 1830 shows:
+
+"DESPERATE ENGAGEMENT WITH BODY-SNATCHERS.--The remains of the late Edward
+Barrett, Esq., having been interred in Glasnevin churchyard on the 27th of
+last month (January), persons were appointed to remain in the churchyard
+all night, to protect the corpse from 'the sack 'em-up gentlemen,' and it
+seems the precaution was not unnecessary, for, on Saturday night last,
+some of the gentry made their appearance, but soon decamped on finding
+they were likely to be opposed. Nothing daunted, however, they returned on
+Tuesday morning with augmented force, and well armed. About ten minutes
+after two o'clock three or four of them were observed standing on the wall
+of the churchyard, while several others were endeavouring to get on it
+also. The party in the churchyard warned them off, and were replied to by
+a discharge from fire-arms. This brought on a general engagement; the sack
+'em-up gentlemen fired from behind the churchyard wall, by which they were
+defended, while their opponents on the watch fired from behind the
+tomb-stones. Upwards of 58 to 60 shots were fired. One of the assailants
+was shot--he was seen to fall; his body was carried off by his companions.
+Some of them are supposed to have been severely wounded, as a great
+quantity of blood was observed outside the churchyard wall,
+notwithstanding the ground was covered with snow. During the firing, which
+continued for upwards of a quarter of an hour, the church bell was rung by
+one of the watchmen, which, with the discharge from the fire-arms,
+collected several of the townspeople and the police to the spot--several
+of the former, notwithstanding the severity of the weather, in nearly a
+state of nakedness; but the assailants were by this time defeated, and
+effected their retreat. Several of the head-stones bear evident marks of
+the conflict, being struck with the balls, &c."
+
+
+[Illustration: MORTSAFE IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH.]
+
+
+Most of the disgraceful riots which took place in the burial-grounds, were
+not between resurrection-men and friends guarding a grave, but between two
+gangs of body-snatchers. In cases of this kind one gang would do all in
+its power to bring its rival into disrepute; the stronger party, after
+driving the weaker one away, would put the burial-ground into a most
+disgraceful state, and then give information against their opponents.
+
+Besides watching, many other devices were tried to prevent the
+depredations of the resurrection-men; spring guns were set in many of the
+cemeteries, but these were often rendered harmless. If the men intended
+going to a certain grave at night, late in the afternoon a woman, in deep
+mourning, would walk round the part of the cemetery in which the grave was
+situated, and contrive to detach the wires from the guns. Loose stones
+were placed on the walls of the grave-yard, so as to make scaling the
+walls almost an impossibility; this was useless when the custodian had a
+house with a window looking into the burial-place. If entrance could not
+be obtained in this way, there was generally some other house through
+which the men could gain admission to the grave-yard. Mort-safes, or
+strong iron guards, were placed over newly-made graves for protection;
+some of these can be seen at the present day in the Greyfriars Churchyard,
+Edinburgh (see illustrations).
+
+
+[Illustration: MORTSAFE IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EDINBURGH.]
+
+
+Iron coffins were also used by some persons to protect their friends from
+the Resurrectionist. The following interesting advertisement appeared in
+_Wooler's British Gazette_ for October 13th, 1822:
+
+"Many hundred dead bodies will be dragged from their wooden coffins this
+winter, for the anatomical lectures (which have just commenced), the
+articulators, and for those who deal in the dead for the supply of the
+country practitioner and the Scotch schools. The question of the right to
+inter in iron is now decided. Lord Chief Justice Abbott declared he wished
+they might be generally used; Justice Bailey declared that if the
+Ecclesiastical Court was to grant a suit for a fee, they, the Court of
+King's Bench, would grant a prohibition, knowing it had no such right. Sir
+William Scott, now Lord Stowell, decided and directed the interment
+without any extra fee, as this question was raised by an undertaker; those
+undertakers who have IRON COFFINS must divide the profits of the funeral
+with EDWARD LILLIE BRIDGMAN. TEN GUINEAS reward will be paid on the
+conviction of any Parish Officer demanding an extra fee, whereby I shall
+lose the sale of a coffin. The violation of the sanctity of the grave is
+said to be needful, for the instruction of the medical pupil, but let each
+one about to inter a mother, husband, child, or friend, say shall I devote
+this object of my affection to such a purpose; if not, the only safe
+coffin is Bridgman's PATENT WROUGHT-IRON ONE, charged the same price as a
+wooden one, and is a superior substitute for lead. Edward Lillie Bridgman,
+34, Fish Street Hill, and Goswell Street Road, performs funerals in any
+part of the kingdom, and by attention to moderate charges insures the
+recommendation of those who employ him. Twenty-five private grounds within
+the Bills of Mortality receive them; dues from seven shillings to one
+guinea. Patent cast-iron tombs and tablets, superior to stone."
+
+The advertisement is headed by a rough cut, showing the coffin[16] and the
+iron clamps by which it was fastened. There was another maker of patent
+coffins, who is mentioned by Southey in his ballad called _The Surgeon's
+Warning_. The ballad represents the fear of a dying surgeon, lest his
+apprentices should serve him after death as he, during his life, has
+served many other persons:
+
+  "And my 'prentices will surely come
+      And carve me bone from bone,
+  And I, who have rifled the dead man's grave,
+      Shall never rest in my own.
+
+  "Bury me in lead when I am dead,
+      My brethren, I entreat,
+  And see the coffin weigh'd I beg,
+      Lest the plumber should be a cheat.
+
+  "And let it be solder'd closely down
+      Strong as strong can be, I implore,
+  And put it in a patent coffin
+      That I may rise no more.
+
+  "If they carry me off in the patent coffin
+      Their labour will be in vain,
+  Let the undertaker see it bought of the maker,
+      Who lives in St. Martin's Lane."
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+All the surgeon's wishes were duly carried out as regards his coffin;
+money was also given to watchers to keep guard every night over the grave.
+The "'prentices," however, were able easily to buy the watchers, and so
+
+  "They burst the patent coffin first,
+      And then cut through the lead,
+  And they laugh'd aloud when they saw the shroud,
+      Because they had got at the dead.
+
+  "And they allow'd the sexton the shroud
+      And they put the coffin back,
+  And nose and knees they then did squeeze,
+      The surgeon in a sack.
+
+         *       *       *       *
+
+  "So they carried the sack pick-a-back,
+      And they carved him bone from bone,
+  But what became of the surgeon's soul,
+      Was never to mortal known."
+
+The following extract from a Scotch paper shows the alarm felt for the
+safety of the newly-buried:
+
+"RESURRECTION-MEN.--Curiosity drew together a crowd of people on Monday,
+at Dundee, to witness the funeral of a child, which was consigned to the
+grave in a novel manner. The father, in terror of the resurrection-men,
+had caused a small box, inclosing some deathful apparatus, communicating
+by means of wires, with the four corners, to be fastened on the top of
+the coffin. Immediately before it was lowered into the earth, a large
+quantity of gunpowder was poured into the box, and the hidden machinery
+put into a state of readiness for execution. The common opinion was, that
+if any one attempted to raise the body he would be blown up. The sexton
+seemed to dread an immediate explosion, for he started back in alarm after
+throwing in the first shovelful of earth."
+
+Friends and relatives often placed objects on the newly-made grave, such
+as a flower or an oyster-shell, so that they might be able to tell if the
+earth had been disturbed. These objects were generally carefully noted by
+the resurrection-men, and were put back in their exact places after the
+body had been removed and the grave re-filled.
+
+In some burial-grounds, houses were built in which the bodies could be
+kept until they were putrid, and therefore useless to the
+resurrection-men. Such a house is still standing in the burial-ground at
+Crail.[17]
+
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE AT CRAIL (Described on page 80). Over the door is
+the following inscription: "Erected for securing the Dead. Ann. Dom.
+MDCCCXXVI."]
+
+
+[Illustration: HOUSE AT CRAIL (Described on page 80). Over the door is
+the following inscription: "Erected for securing the Dead. Ann. Dom.
+MDCCCXXVI."]
+
+
+As a rule, the resurrection-men were able not only to supply the
+London schools from the grave-yards in and around the Metropolis, but also
+to send bodies to some of the provincial schools; the Diary shows that
+even Edinburgh received some of the proceeds of the work of this London
+gang. If, however, from increased vigilance or other causes, the supply of
+bodies ran short in London, recourse was had to the provinces. A case
+occurred some seventy years ago at Yarmouth. A man died, and was buried in
+St. Nicholas Churchyard. Not long after, his wife died also. On the
+husband's grave being opened, it was discovered that the man's body had
+been removed; this led to a panic amongst people in Yarmouth who had
+recently buried friends in that churchyard. Many graves were opened, and,
+in a large number of instances, were found to have been violated. This led
+to a regular watch being established over newly-made graves in the
+churchyard. It was the custom of the resurrection-men, when they had
+bodies to send from the country to London, to forward them so that they
+should, in outward appearance, correspond with the class of goods exported
+from the place where the bodies had been obtained. If the goods usually
+came to London in crates, crates were used by the body-snatchers; if
+ordinary packing-cases, then the bodies were enclosed in like receptacles.
+The proceeds of the exhumations at Yarmouth were probably packed in
+barrels, and came through Billingsgate.
+
+In 1826 three casks, labelled "Bitter Salts," were taken down to George's
+Dock at Liverpool, to be shipped on board the _Latona_, bound for Leith; a
+full description of this transaction was printed as a broadside, of which
+the following is a copy:
+
+"RESURRECTIONISTS AT LIVERPOOL.
+
+"Discovery of 33 Human Bodies, in Casks, about to be shipped from
+Liverpool for Edinburgh, on Monday last, October 9, 1826.
+
+"Yesterday afternoon, a carter took down one of our quays three casks, to
+be shipped on board the Carron Company's vessel, the _Latona_, addressed
+to 'Mr. G. Ironson, Edinburgh.' The casks remained on the quay all night,
+and this morning, previous to their being put on board, a horrible stench
+was experienced by the mate of the _Latona_ and other persons, whose duty
+it was to ship them. This caused some suspicion that their contents did
+not agree with their superscription, which was 'Bitter Salts,' and which
+the shipping note described they contained. The mate communicated his
+suspicions to the agent of the Carron Company, and that gentleman very
+promptly communicated the circumstances to the police. Socket, a
+constable, was sent to the Quay, and he caused the casks to be opened,
+when Eleven Dead Bodies were found therein, salted and pickled. The casks
+were detained, and George Leech, the cart-man, readily went with the
+officer to the cellar whence he carted them, which was situated under the
+school of Dr. McGowan, at the back of his house in Hope Street; the cellar
+was padlocked, but, by the aid of a crow-bar, Boughey, a police officer,
+succeeded in forcing an entrance, and, on searching therein, he found 4
+casks, all containing human bodies, salted as the others were, and three
+sacks, each containing a dead body. He also found a syringe, of that
+description used for injecting hot wax into the veins and arteries of the
+dead bodies used for anatomization; he also found a variety of
+smock-frocks, jackets, and trowsers, which, no doubt, were generally used
+by the Resurrectionists to disguise themselves. In this cellar were found
+twenty-two dead bodies, pickled and fresh, and in the casks on the quay,
+eleven, making in the whole thirty-three. The carter described the persons
+who employed him as of very respectable appearance, but he did not know
+the names of any of them.
+
+"Information of the above circumstances was speedily communicated to his
+Worship, the Mayor, who sent for Dr. McGowan. This gentleman is a reverend
+divine, and teacher of languages; he attended the Mayor immediately, and,
+in answer to the questions put to him, we understand he said, that he let
+his cellar in January last to a person named Henderson, who, he
+understood, carried on the oil trade, and that he knew nothing about any
+dead bodies being there. George Leech deposed that he plies for hire as a
+carter (the cart belongs to his brother); yesterday afternoon, between
+three and four o'clock, a tall, stout man asked him the charge of carting
+three casks from Hope Street to George's Dock passage; he replied, 2s.
+They then went to Hope Street, where the witness found two other men
+getting the first cask out of a cellar under Dr. McGowan's schoolroom, and
+witness assisted to get two other casks out of the cellar; the three were
+then put into his cart, and the men who employed him gave him a shipping
+note, describing the casks as containing 'Bitter Salts,' and told him to
+be careful in laying them down upon the quay, and that they were to be
+forwarded to Edinburgh by the _Latona_.
+
+"Mr. Thomas Wm. Dawes, surgeon, of St. Paul's Square, deposed that he had
+examined the bodies, by the direction of the Coroner. In one cask he had
+found the bodies of two women and one man; in another, two women and two
+men; in the third, three men and one woman, and in the other casks and
+sacks he found 22 (_sic_) bodies, viz., nine men, five boys, and three
+girls; the bodies were all in a perfect state; those in the casks appeared
+to have been dead six or seven days, and three men found in the sacks
+appeared to have been dead only three or four days. In each of the casks
+was a large quantity of salt. There were no external marks of violence,
+but there was a thread tied round the toes of one of the women, which is
+usual for some families to do immediately after death. Witness had no
+reason but to believe that they had died in a natural way, and he had no
+doubt the bodies had all been disinterred. The Season for Lectures on
+Anatomy is about to commence in the capital of Scotland.
+
+"The police were ordered to be upon the alert to discover the persons who
+had been engaged in this transaction, but as yet nothing further has been
+ascertained. The bodies, by the direction of the Coroner, were buried this
+morning in the parish cemetery, in casks, as they were found.
+
+"It is not yet ascertained whence these bodies have been brought, but it
+is supposed that the Liverpool Workhouse Cemetery has been the principal
+sufferer. Some of them are so putrid, that it is extremely dangerous to
+handle them.
+
+BOAG, PRINTER."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The statements in this broadside are quite true, and agree with the
+account which is to be found in the _Liverpool Mercury_ for October 13th,
+1826. Henderson, who was a Greenock man, and the principal in this
+business, escaped, and could not be brought to justice; but a man named
+James Donaldson, who was a party to the transaction, was made to pay a
+fine of L50, and was sent to Kirkdale Gaol for twelve months.
+
+From Ireland very many bodies were exported, chiefly to Edinburgh; a
+better price could be obtained there than in Dublin, and the consequence
+was that the Irish schools were often very badly supplied with subjects.
+In Dublin there were several ancient burial-grounds, all badly protected;
+the poor were all buried in one part, and, as their friends were generally
+unable to afford watchers, their bodies fell an easy prey to the
+resurrection-men. In January, 1828, the detection of a body about to be
+exported caused a tumult in the streets of Dublin, and led to the murder
+of a man named Luke Redmond, a porter at the College of Surgeons.[18] The
+body-snatchers in Dublin seem to have done more damage than the men
+engaged in a like occupation in London; they were not content with taking
+the bodies, but, in addition, they broke the tomb-stones, and played
+general havoc in the grave-yards.
+
+According to the following cutting from the _Universal Spectator and
+Weekly Journal_, May 20th, 1732 (printed in _Notes and Queries_, 5th ser.
+i. 65), bodies were sometimes taken for other than dissection purposes.
+"John Loftas, the Grave Digger, committed to prison for robbing of dead
+corpse, has confess'd to the plunder of above fifty, not only of their
+coffins and burial cloaths, but of their fat, where bodies afforded any,
+which he retail'd at a high price to certain people, who, it is believed,
+will be call'd upon on account thereof. Since this discovery several
+persons have had their friends dug up, who were found quite naked, and
+some mangled in so horrible a manner as could scarcely be suppos'd to be
+done by a human creature."
+
+Southey also refers to this in the poem before quoted, where he makes the
+surgeon say in his lamentation,
+
+     "I have made candles of infants' fat."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+It is well-nigh impossible to read of all these misdoings and not to ask
+why the Government did not step in and put a stop to them? It was urged by
+many that a short Act should be passed, making the violation of a grave a
+penal offence, as it was in France. There was a general agreement that
+anatomical education was absolutely necessary for medical men, and that
+this education was an impossibility without a supply of subjects; yet
+there was a great reluctance to interfere by legislation. The Home
+Secretary told a deputation that there was no difficulty in drawing up an
+effective Bill; the great obstacle was the prejudice of the people against
+any Bill; this impediment, he added, had not been trifling.
+
+By no class of men was legislation more earnestly asked for than by the
+teachers of anatomy; to them the system then in vogue was not only
+degrading, but it meant absolute ruin.
+
+There was at that time no property in a dead body, and a prosecution for
+felony could not take place unless some portion of the grave-clothes or
+coffin could be proved to have been stolen with the body. The
+resurrection-men were well aware of this fact, and generally took
+precaution to keep themselves out of the meshes of the law.
+
+There had been some successful prosecutions like that of Holmes and
+Williams before mentioned, but magistrates would not always convict.
+
+In 1788 this question first came before the Court of King's Bench in the
+case of Rex _v._ Lynn. The indictment charged the prisoner with entering a
+certain burial-ground, and taking a coffin out of the earth, and removing
+a body, which he had taken from the coffin, and carrying it away, for the
+purpose of dissecting it. For the defence the following passage from Lord
+Coke was quoted: "It is to be observed that in every sepulchre that hath a
+monument two things are to be considered, viz., the monument, and the
+sepulture or burial of the dead: the burial of the cadaver is _nullius in
+bonis_, and belongs to Ecclesiastical cognizance; but as to the monument,
+action is given at the common law for defacing thereof." The only Act of
+Parliament which was said to bear on the subject was that of 1 Jac. I., c.
+12, which made it felony to steal bodies for purposes of witchcraft. The
+Court, however, held in this case of Rex _v._ Lynn that to take a body
+from a burial-ground was an offence at common law, and _contra bonos
+mores_. In the judgment it was stated that as the defendant might have
+committed the crime through ignorance, no person having been before
+punished for this offence, the Court only fined him five marks. The
+reference here, to no one having been previously punished for a like
+offence, refers only to the Superior Courts, as there had been convictions
+at the Police Courts and the Old Bailey. Despite this decision of the
+Court, prosecutions were very seldom undertaken, although Southwood
+Smith[19] states that there had been fourteen convictions in England
+during the year 1823. In examination before the Committee on Anatomy, in
+1828, Mr. Twyford, one of the magistrates at Worship Street Police Court,
+stated that he had not had more than six cases in as many years.
+
+The following account of proceedings at Hatton Garden Police Court, in
+1814, will show the difficulty of getting a conviction. In this case there
+seems to have been no one to identify the bodies. It is very improbable
+that in a case of this sort the authorities of burial-grounds would come
+forward to give evidence, and so confess their own negligence.
+
+"HATTON GARDEN.
+
+"T. Light, W. Arnot, and ---- Spelling, were brought up on Wednesday. It
+appeared that the prisoners were going up Holborn about half-past four
+o'clock on Tuesday afternoon, with a horse and cart; they were observed by
+two officers, who, knowing the prisoners to be resurrection-men, stopped
+the horse and cart, and, after a hard contest, succeeded in securing the
+prisoners. They then examined the contents of the cart, and found it
+contained seven dead bodies of men and women; one of the bodies was
+headless, but how it came to be so remains as yet to be cleared up. They
+were packed up in bags and baskets. The prisoners were followed by an
+immense crowd to Hatton Garden Office, whence they were committed to
+prison, and the bodies deposited in the lock-up house. The cart was hired
+at Battle Bridge. Some of the officers were sent to make enquiry at the
+different burying-grounds. The Office was crowded with men and women, who
+had some of their relatives buried on Sunday last, to see if they could
+recognize any of the bodies. They were brought up again on Thursday, and
+discharged."
+
+In 1822 the case of Rex _v._ Cundick was tried at Kingston Assizes,
+_coram_ Graham.[20] This was an indictment for misdemeanour. A man named
+Edward Lee was executed in the parish of St. Mary, Newington; George
+Cundick was employed by the keeper of the gaol to bury the body of Lee,
+and for this he was paid. Instead of burying the corpse, he sold it for
+dissection, or, in the words of the indictment, he "for the sake of wicked
+lucre and gain did take and carry away the said body, and did sell and
+dispose of the same for the purpose of being dissected, cut in pieces,
+mangled, and destroyed, to the great scandal and disgrace of religion,
+decency, and morality, in contempt of our Lord the King, and his laws, to
+the evil example of all other persons in like cases offending." The
+evidence showed plainly that Cundick had had possession of the body, and
+that he had received the burial fees. On the friends of Lee wishing to see
+the corpse, Cundick declared that it was already buried; but several days
+after this he clandestinely went through the ceremony of burying a coffin
+filled with rubbish. It was also proved that Cundick had been seen to
+remove a heavy package from his house at night, and that the body of Lee
+had been identified in a dissecting-room. The defence was, in the first
+place, that the indictment was bad "as a perfect anomaly in the history of
+criminal pleading." In the second place, if the indictment were good, it
+was unsupported by evidence. It was argued by counsel that the only
+evidence before the Court was that the body was not buried, and that it
+was found at a dissecting-room. Without the production of the owner of the
+dissecting-room, and the proof that he had bought the body from Cundick,
+the jury could not be asked to give a verdict against the defendant. The
+Judge, however, over-ruled these objections, and the jury found the
+prisoner guilty.
+
+These trials and verdicts made it still more difficult than before to get
+subjects for dissection, as even men of the Resurrectionist class
+hesitated to run the risk of getting the punishment, which now the
+superior Courts had upheld. Those who did run this risk very naturally
+expected a price proportionate to the danger, and so the cost of subjects
+was still more increased.
+
+But to surgeons, and to teachers of anatomy, by far the most important
+trial of all was that of John Davies and others, of Warrington, for
+obtaining the body of Jane Fairclough, which had been taken from the
+chapel-yard belonging to the Baptists, at High Cliff, Appleton, Cheshire,
+in October, 1827. This case was tried at Lancaster Assizes, March 14th,
+1828. The defendants were John Davies (a medical student at the Warrington
+Dispensary), Edward Hall (a surgeon and apothecary in practice at
+Warrington), William Blundell (an apprentice to a stationer in the same
+town), and Richard Box. Thomas Ashton was also included in the indictment,
+but no evidence was offered against him. There were fourteen counts in the
+indictment, ten charging the defendants with conspiracy, and four charging
+them with unlawfully procuring and receiving the body of Jane Fairclough.
+It appears, from the report of the trial, that Davies called on Dr. Moss,
+one of the Physicians to the Dispensary, and obtained permission to use a
+building in his garden for the purpose of dissecting a subject which he
+had purchased. Mr. Hall, on behalf of Davies, paid four guineas to the men
+who brought the body to a cellar in Warrington, but he knew nothing more
+of the transaction; from the cellar the body was removed to Dr. Moss'
+premises by Blundell and another man, and was received by Davies and a
+servant of Dr. Moss. Information of the exhumation seems to have quickly
+got about. The funeral was on a Friday; on the Monday following the grave
+was undisturbed, but on Tuesday the soil was spread about, and an
+examination of the grave showed that the corpse had been removed. The
+body was identified at Dr. Moss' house, and was taken away before any
+dissection had been performed on it.
+
+In charging the jury, Mr. Baron Hullock said that, as conspiracy was an
+offence of serious magnitude, they should be satisfied, before finding a
+verdict of guilty on the former part of the indictment, that the conduct
+of the defendants was the result of previous concert.... If any of the
+defendants were in possession of the body under circumstances which must
+have apprized them that it was improperly disinterred, the jury would find
+them guilty of the latter part of the charge. The only bodies legally
+liable to dissection in this country were those of persons executed for
+murder. However necessary it might be, for the purposes of humanity and
+science, that these things should be done, yet, as long as the law
+remained as it was at present, the disinterment of bodies for dissection
+was an offence liable to punishment. The jury found all the defendants not
+guilty of the charge of conspiracy, but they pronounced Davies and
+Blundell guilty of possession of the body, with knowledge of the illegal
+disinterment. The defendants were brought up for judgment in London in
+May, 1828. Mr. Justice Bayley, in passing sentence, said that "there were
+degrees of guilt, and in this case the defendants were not the most
+criminal parties." He sentenced Davies to a fine of L20, and Blundell to a
+fine of L5.
+
+It will be noted that in this trial there is no charge against anyone for
+violating the grave, or stealing the body. The fines were inflicted on
+Davies and Blundell for having the body in their possession, knowing it to
+have been disinterred. This decision, therefore, as before stated, was of
+the utmost importance to teachers of anatomy, as they were clearly liable
+to punishment for all the subjects supplied to them by the
+Resurrectionists. The teachers knew well the sources from which the bodies
+were obtained, and were only driven to get them in the way they did
+through there being no regular supply of subjects from a legitimate
+source. The feeling that legislation on this subject was absolutely
+necessary, was more keenly felt than ever, and the teachers did all they
+could to get a change in the laws. Many pamphlets were issued from the
+press, urging this duty upon Parliament; it was pointed out that if a
+supply of bodies could be regularly obtained in a legal way, the trade of
+the Resurrectionist would at once cease. There were many who doubted this,
+but subsequent events proved the statement to be strictly accurate.
+
+
+[Illustration: _Surgical Operations, or a New method of Obtaining
+Subjects._]
+
+
+It was very strongly urged that the Act of Geo. II., which ordered the
+bodies of all murderers executed in London and Middlesex to be anatomized
+by the Surgeons' Company, ought to be repealed. No doubt this provision
+much increased the dislike of the poor to any regulations by which the
+bodies of their friends might be given up for dissection after death. It
+was felt that dissection by the Surgeons was part of the sentence passed
+on a murderer, and therefore carried with it shame and disgrace. To make
+provision by law, therefore, for the dissection of the bodies of any other
+class of persons was, not unnaturally, distasteful, in that it partly put
+them in the same position as murderers.
+
+The answer to the desire for the repeal of this obnoxious clause was that
+nothing must be done to weaken the law; it was stated that to withdraw the
+part of the sentence which related to dissection would rob the punishment
+of its prohibitive effect. It is somewhat difficult to understand the
+argument; surely if the risk of suffering the extreme penalty of the law
+would not keep a man from crime, the extra chance of being dissected after
+death could hardly be expected to do so. As Sir Henry Halford said, "I
+certainly think that while that law remains they [the public] will connect
+the crime of murder with the practice of dissection; an order to be
+dissected, and a permission to be dissected, seem to be too slight a
+distinction."
+
+Another objection to the dissection of murderers came from the teachers.
+They stated that when the body of a notorious criminal was lying at either
+of the Anatomical Schools, the proprietor was pestered by persons of a
+morbid turn of mind for permission to view the body. This difficulty was
+also felt by the College of Surgeons, and in consequence a placard was
+hung up outside the place where the dissections were made, giving notice
+that no person could be admitted, unless accompanied by a member of the
+Court of Assistants.
+
+To make dissection less distasteful to the general public, and to show the
+advantages of anatomy, some endeavours were made to explain the structure
+of the human body to non-professional persons. In Ireland Sir Philip
+Crampton lectured with open doors, and gave demonstrations in anatomy to
+poor people. These persons, he tells us, became interested in the subject,
+and often brought him bodies for dissection. A newspaper cutting of 1829
+shows that this was also tried in London. A surgeon called in the
+overseers and churchwardens of St. Clement Danes, and gave a demonstration
+on a body, explaining its construction, and the use of the internal
+organs. "By this means," says the paragraph, "he so fully absorbed the
+self-interest of his audience as to extinguish the pre-conceived notions
+of horror and disgust attached to the idea of a spectacle of this
+description. The enlightened governors of the parish assented to the _post
+mortem_ examination of the body of every unclaimed pauper, an enquiry into
+whose case might appear conducive to the interests of medical science."
+
+It has been already pointed out that, to try to overcome the repugnance to
+dissection, some persons left specific instructions that their bodies
+should be used for this purpose.
+
+The representations of the teachers were so far successful, that in 1828 a
+Select Committee was appointed by the House of Commons "to enquire into
+the manner of obtaining subjects for dissection in the Schools of Anatomy,
+and into the state of the law affecting the persons employed in obtaining
+and dissecting bodies." Amongst those who gave evidence before the
+Committee were the principal teachers of anatomy, and three of the
+resurrection-men. The tone of the Report was decidedly in sympathy with
+the teachers, but it strongly condemned the way in which they were
+compelled to obtain bodies for dissection. After showing how badly off
+English students were for opportunities of learning anatomy, as compared
+with those of foreign countries, and pointing out that those students who
+really wished to master their art were compelled to go abroad, the Report
+proceeds: "These disadvantages affecting the teachers are such, that
+except in the most frequented schools, attached to the greater hospitals,
+few have been able to continue teaching with profit, and some private
+teachers have been compelled to give up their schools. To the evils
+enumerated it may be added, that it is distressing to men of good
+education and character to be compelled to resort, for their means of
+teaching, to a constant infraction of the laws of their country, and to be
+made dependent, for their professional existence, on the mercenary
+caprices of the most abandoned class in the community."
+
+In March, 1829, Mr. Warburton obtained leave to introduce into the House
+of Commons "A Bill for preventing the unlawful disinterment of human
+bodies, and for regulating Schools of Anatomy." In this Bill it was
+enacted that persons found guilty of disinterring any human body from any
+churchyard, burial-ground or vault, or assisting at any such disinterment,
+should be imprisoned for a term not exceeding six months for the first
+offence, and two years for the second offence. Seven Commissioners were to
+be appointed; the majority of these were not to be either physicians,
+surgeons, or apothecaries. All unclaimed bodies of persons dying in
+workhouses or hospitals, were, seventy-two hours after death, to be given
+over for purposes of dissection; but if within this specified time a
+relative appeared and requested that the body might not be used for
+anatomical purposes, such request was to be granted. Another proposed
+change in the law was that a person might legally bequeath his body for
+dissection; in such cases the executors, administrators, or next-of-kin
+had the option of carrying out the wishes of the testator, or declining to
+do so, as they thought fit. A heavy penalty was laid on persons who were
+found carrying on human anatomy in an unlicensed building, and it was made
+an offence to move a body from one place to another, without a licence for
+so doing. All bodies used for dissection were to be buried; the penalty
+for failing to do this was fifty pounds.
+
+One great blot on this Bill was the neglecting to repeal the clause which
+ordered the bodies of murderers to be given up for dissection. As pointed
+out on page 87, this was one of the great reasons which made dissection so
+hateful to the poor. During the debate, a motion was made by Sir R. Inglis
+"to repeal so much of the Act 9 Geo. IV. cap. 31, as empowers judges to
+order the bodies of murderers to be given over for dissection." This,
+however, was lost, eight members only voting for the amendment, and forty
+against.
+
+There was strong opposition to the Bill outside the House. Some of the
+private teachers were very uneasy as regarded the effect of the Bill on
+themselves. The measure spoke of "recognized teachers" and "hospital
+schools," and all those who were to be entitled to the benefits of the Act
+were to have licences from one of the Medical Corporations. The
+proprietors of the smaller schools felt that this would result in their
+extinction, and that the teaching would all pass to the large schools. In
+the country, too, there was strong opposition to the Bill, as
+practitioners there felt that they were excluded from any benefit. The
+_Lancet_, always ready in those days with a nickname, dubbed the measure
+"A Bill for Preventing Country Surgeons from Studying Anatomy." The
+College of Surgeons also petitioned against the Bill. The Council felt
+that the appointment of Commissioners, who were to have complete control
+over all schools and places of dissection, would greatly interfere with
+the privileges of the College. It was pointed out to the House of Commons
+that the establishment of a Board, such as that proposed by the Bill, was
+virtually placing the whole profession of surgery under the control of
+Commissioners, not one of whom need be a member of the profession, and the
+majority of whom must not be so.
+
+Another fault of the Bill was that it did not apply to Ireland. A large
+supply of bodies was regularly sent from that country to England and
+Scotland, and it was felt that to exclude Ireland from the provisions of
+the Bill, was simply increasing the temptation for bodies to be still more
+largely exported therefrom.
+
+It was also argued that the Bill would tell hardly against the poor, as
+they would refuse to go into workhouses or hospitals if they thought that
+their bodies would be dissected after death. For this objection there was
+no foundation, and Mr. Peel pointed out, in the debate on the third
+reading, that "it was the poor who would really be benefited by the
+measure. The rich could always command good advice, whilst the poor had a
+strong interest in the general extension of anatomical science."
+
+The Bill passed the Commons, but was lost in the Lords.
+
+In 1830, Lord Calthorpe was to have again introduced the Bill into the
+Upper House, but the intention was abandoned on account of the threatened
+dissolution of Parliament. As the _Lancet_ expressed it, "Dissolution has
+so many horrors, that a discussion on the _subject_ at the present time
+would be by no means agreeable."
+
+Public feeling was now very strong in favour of some law to prevent the
+wholesale spoliation of graves, which was going on practically unchecked.
+But, as has happened frequently in legislation, the absolute necessity for
+a change in the law was brought within the range of practical politics by
+a crime of a most diabolical character, one which, in this country,
+created a sensation equal to that raised in Scotland by the atrocities of
+Burke and Hare in Edinburgh.
+
+On November 5th, 1831, two men, named Bishop and May, called at the
+dissecting-room at King's College, and asked Hill, the porter, if he
+"wanted anything." On being interrogated as to what they had to dispose
+of, May replied, "A boy of fourteen." For this body they asked 12
+guineas, but ultimately agreed to bring it in for 9 guineas. They went
+off, and returned in the afternoon with another man named Williams,
+_alias_ Head, and a porter named Shields, the latter of whom carried the
+body in a hamper. The appearance of the subject excited Hill's suspicion
+of foul play, and he at once communicated with Mr. Partridge, the
+Demonstrator of Anatomy. A further examination of the body by Mr.
+Partridge confirmed the porter's suspicions.[21] To delay the men, so that
+the police might be communicated with, Mr. Partridge produced a L50 note,
+and said that he could not pay until he had changed it. Soon after, the
+police officers appeared upon the scene, and the men were given into
+custody. At the coroner's inquest a verdict of "Wilful murder against some
+person or persons unknown" was brought in, the jury adding that there was
+strong suspicion against Bishop and Williams. The prisoners were not
+allowed to go free, but were kept in custody. Bishop, Williams, and May
+were tried at the Old Bailey, December, 1831. The evidence given against
+them showed that they had tried to sell the body at Guy's Hospital; being
+refused there, they tried Mr. Grainger, at his Anatomical Theatre, but
+with no success. Then they tried King's, where their crime was detected.
+The body was proved to be that of an Italian boy, named Carlo Ferrari, who
+obtained his living by showing white mice. The boy's teeth had been
+extracted, and it was proved that they had been sold by one of the
+prisoners to Mr. Mills, a dentist, for twelve shillings. The jury found
+all three prisoners guilty, and they were sentenced to death.
+
+From the subsequent confessions of Bishop and Williams, it was shown that
+they had enticed the boy to their dwelling in Nova Scotia Gardens; there
+they drugged him with opium, and then let his body into a well, where they
+kept it until he was suffocated. To the last the prisoners declared that
+the deceased was not the Italian boy, but a lad from Lincolnshire. They
+seem to have had great difficulty in disposing of the body, as Bishop, in
+his confession, said that, before taking it to Guy's, they had tried Mr.
+Tuson and Mr. Carpue, both in vain. Bishop and Williams confessed, also,
+to the murder of a woman named Fanny Pigburn, and a boy, whose name was
+supposed to be Cunningham. Both of these bodies they sold for dissection.
+May was respited, and was sentenced to transportation for life. On hearing
+of his respite, May went into a fit, and for some time his life was
+despaired of; he, however, partially recovered, but his feeble state of
+health was aggravated by the annoyance he received from the other convicts
+on board the hulks. He died on board the _Grampus_ in 1832.
+
+May can hardly be described as even a minor poet, if the following verse,
+written whilst in prison, may be taken as a fair sample of his
+compositions:
+
+  "James May is doomed to die,
+  And is condemned most innocently;
+  The God above, He knows the same,
+  And will send a mitigation for his pain."
+
+At the execution of Bishop and Williams, there was a scene of the most
+tremendous excitement. By some mistake, three chains hung from the
+gallows; one was taken away as soon as the error was noticed, and this was
+recognized by the crowd as a sign that May had been reprieved.
+
+The _Weekly Dispatch_ sold upwards of 50,000 copies of the number which
+contained the confessions of the murderers. Many persons were injured in
+the crowd, and the _Dispatch_ states that those who were hurt were
+attended to "by Mr. Birkett, the dresser to Mr. Vincent, who had been in
+attendance [at St. Bartholomew's Hospital] to receive any accident that
+might be brought in."
+
+Bishop was the son of a carrier between London and Highgate, and on the
+death of his father he succeeded to the business. This he soon sold, and
+became an informer. He got mixed up with some of the resurrection-men, and
+then regularly took to the occupation. Williams, _alias_ Head, was
+Bishop's brother-in-law, and was a well-known member of the
+resurrection-gang.
+
+In the _Weekly Dispatch_ for December 11th, 1831, the following curious
+information respecting Williams appeared:
+
+"EXCISE COURT.--YESTERDAY.
+
+"THE KING _v._ THOMAS HEAD, _alias_ WILLIAMS, THE MURDERER.--The Court was
+occupied during a great part of the morning in hearing the evidence in
+the case of Head, _alias_ Williams (who was hung with Bishop) for carrying
+on an illicit trade in the manufacture of glass. It appeared that the
+deceased was a _Cribb Man_, or regular porter, to private glass blowers.
+There were found on the premises at No. 2, Nova Scotia Gardens (the scene
+of the late murders), a regular furnace, and all the necessary apparatus
+for the manufacture of glass, which trade it appears was carried on to a
+very considerable extent on the premises. Alexander M'Knight, an officer
+of Excise, deposed that on the 6th of August last, he went to No. 2, Nova
+Scotia Gardens, and made a seizure of 68 cwt. of manufactured glass, 24
+cwt. of cullet, and 16 cwt. of iron, articles used in the manufacture of
+glass. In about half-an-hour afterwards he saw Williams come out of
+Bishop's yard; Williams spoke to witness, and called him by an opprobrious
+name for having made the seizure. Judgment 'abated,' the goods to be
+returned to the Excise Office to be condemned."
+
+May had been brought up as a butcher, but this trade he gave up, and
+became possessed of a horse and cart with which he was supposed to ply
+for hire. The real business of the vehicle, however, seems to have been to
+convey bodies from place to place for the Resurrectionists. Shields, the
+porter to the gang, had been watchman and grave-digger at the Roman
+Catholic Chapel in Moorfields, so that he was most useful to the other
+Resurrectionists in giving information, and in granting facilities for the
+removal of bodies. No evidence was offered against him in connection with
+the murder of the Italian boy. Soon after the trial he attempted to get
+work as a porter in Covent Garden Market, but on his being recognized by
+those working there, a shout of "Burker!" was raised, and Shields narrowly
+escaped with his life, and took refuge in the Police Office.
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN HEAD, _alias_ THOMAS WILLIAMS. JOHN BISHOP. Executed
+December 5, 1831. From Drawings by W. H. CLIFT, made directly after the
+execution.]
+
+
+This one incident as regards Shields gives an idea of the public feeling
+towards the resurrection-men, and that feeling was quite as bitter towards
+the anatomists. It was therefore absolutely necessary that some determined
+steps should be taken as regards legislation.
+
+In December, 1831, Mr. Warburton again introduced a Bill into the House of
+Commons; it passed safely through both Houses, and became law on August
+1st, 1832. By this new Act the Secretary of State for the Home Department
+in Great Britain, and the Chief Secretary in Ireland, were empowered to
+grant licences for anatomical purposes to any person lawfully qualified to
+practise medicine, to any professor or teacher of anatomy, and to students
+attending any school of medicine, on an application signed by two justices
+of the peace, who could certify that the applicant intended to carry on
+the practice of anatomy. It was enacted that executors, or other persons
+having lawful possession of a body (provided they were not undertakers, or
+persons to whom the body had been handed over for purposes of interment),
+might give it up for dissection unless the deceased had expressed a wish
+during his life that his body should not be so used, or unless a known
+relative objected to the body being given up. If a person had expressed a
+wish to be dissected, this wish was to be carried out unless the relatives
+raised any objection. No body might be moved for anatomical purposes until
+forty-eight hours after death, nor until the expiration of a twenty-four
+hours' notice to the Inspector of Anatomy; a proper death certificate had
+also to be signed by the medical attendant before the body could be moved.
+Provision was made for the decent removal of all bodies, and for their
+burial in consecrated ground, or in some public burial-ground in use for
+persons of that religious persuasion to which the person, whose body was
+so removed, belonged. A certificate of the interment was to be sent to the
+Inspector within six weeks after the day on which the body was received.
+No licensed person was to be liable to any prosecution, penalty,
+forfeiture, or punishment for having a body in his possession for
+anatomical purposes according to the provisions of the Act.
+
+Perhaps the most important clause was that which did away with the
+dissection of the bodies of murderers. This was done by Section XVI.,
+which ran as follows:
+
+"And whereas an Act was passed in the Ninth Year of the Reign of His late
+Majesty, for consolidating and amending the Statutes in England relative
+to Offences against the Person, by which latter Act it is enacted, that
+the Body of every Person convicted of Murder shall, after Execution,
+either be dissected or hung in Chains, as to the Court which tried the
+Offender shall deem meet; and that the Sentence to be pronounced by the
+Court shall express that the Body of the Offender shall be dissected or
+hung in Chains, whichever of the Two the Court shall order. Be it enacted,
+That so much of the said last-recited Act as authorizes the Court, if it
+shall see fit, to direct that the Body of a Person convicted of Murder
+shall after Execution, be dissected, be and the same is hereby repealed:
+and that in every case of Conviction of any Prisoner for Murder, the Court
+before which such Prisoner shall have been tried shall direct such
+Prisoner either to be hung in Chains or buried within the Precincts of the
+Prison in which such Prisoner shall have been confined after conviction,
+as to such Court shall deem meet; and that the sentence to be pronounced
+by the Court shall express that the body of such Prisoner shall be hung in
+Chains, or buried within the Precincts of the Prison, whichever of the two
+the Court shall order."
+
+Three Inspectors were appointed to carry out the provisions of the Act.
+The first Inspectors were Dr. J. C. Somerville, for England; Dr. Craigie,
+of Edinburgh, for Scotland; and Sir James Murray, of Dublin, for Ireland.
+There was no provision for punishing persons found violating graves; it
+had been already decided that this was an offence at common law; and
+presumably the framers of the Act had, at last, sufficient faith in their
+measure to believe that it would put an end to the proceedings of the
+resurrection-men. If that were so, they were not disappointed. After the
+passing of the Act the resurrection-man, as such, drops out of history;
+his occupation was gone, and one of the most nefarious trades that the
+world has ever seen came completely to an end. Public feeling against
+these men did not all at once subside; this strongly militated against
+their getting employment, and some of them moved to other quarters, where
+they lived under assumed names.
+
+In looking back it is impossible not to regret that Parliament was so slow
+to believe that legislation in the direction of the Anatomy Act would do
+away with the evils of the resurrection-men. This fact was urged upon them
+by the teachers; but popular feeling was so dead against the anatomists,
+who were thought to be responsible for even the worst crimes of the
+resurrection-men, that Parliament seemed to fear to do anything which
+favoured the teachers, although the great disadvantages under which they
+suffered were thoroughly well known. Perhaps the best tribute to the
+success of the Act, is the very small alterations which have been made in
+it between 1832 and the present day.
+
+A glance at the regulations in force in foreign countries for the supply
+of bodies, at the time of the passing of the Anatomy Act, shows that when
+a fair provision was made by law for the supply of bodies, the
+resurrection-men were unknown. The great advantages of the student on the
+Continent, as compared with his brethren in England, were thus pointed out
+to the Committee by Mr. [afterwards Sir] William Lawrence: "I see many
+medical persons from France, Germany, and Italy, and have found, from my
+intercourse with them, that anatomy is much more successfully cultivated
+in those countries than in England; at the same time I know, from their
+numerous valuable publications on anatomy, that they are far before us in
+this science; we have no original standard works at all worthy of the
+present state of knowledge." It was also shown that this fact was chiefly
+the result of the greater opportunities for getting subjects abroad, and
+that teachers found that those English students who had been to foreign
+schools were the best informed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Before the Revolution in France the hospitals of Paris were supported by
+voluntary contributions, and each had separate funds and Boards of
+Management, similar to the hospitals in London at the present day. At the
+Revolution these Boards were consolidated, and one administrative body was
+formed. This "Administration des Hopitaux, Hospices et Secours a Domicile
+de Paris," carried into effect the law passed by the Legislative Assembly,
+that the bodies of all those persons who died in hospitals, which were
+unclaimed within twenty-four hours after death, should be given up for
+anatomical purposes. The distribution from the hospitals to the medical
+schools was systematically carried out, generally at night. By Art. 360
+of the Penal Code, the punishment for violation of a place of sepulture
+was imprisonment for a term varying from three months to a year, and a
+fine of from 60 to 200 francs. The result of these regulations was that
+exhumation for anatomical purposes was quite unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Germany the bodies of persons who died in prisons, or penitentiaries,
+and those of suicides, were given up for dissection, unless the friends of
+the deceased cared to pay a certain sum to the funds of the school; in
+this case the body was handed over to the friends. Other sources of supply
+were the bodies of those persons who died without leaving sufficient to
+pay the cost of burial, poor people who had been supported at the public
+cost, all persons executed, and public women. Although these regulations
+were not rigorously carried out, there was an ample supply of bodies for
+anatomical purposes, and the resurrection-men were unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Austria, if the medical attendant thought necessary, a _post mortem_
+was made on all patients who died in hospital, but only unclaimed bodies
+were used for dissection; these were given up to the teachers forty-eight
+hours after death. In Vienna the supply came from the General Hospital;
+this was sufficient for all purposes, and there was no recourse to
+exhumation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The supply in Italy came from a source similar to that of the other
+countries named. The rule was that all bodies of persons who died in
+hospital were given up for dissection if required; but, by paying the cost
+of the funeral, friends could, if they wished, take away the body. This,
+however, was seldom done. There was generally a sufficient supply of
+bodies; but, if this ran short, the subjects were obtained from "the
+deposit" of poor people who died and were buried at the public cost. In
+every parish church in Italy there was a chamber in which all the dead
+bodies of the poor were deposited during the day-time, after the religious
+ceremonies had been performed over them in the church; at night these
+bodies were removed either to the dissecting-room or to the burial-fields,
+outside the town. Body-snatching was quite unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There was an ample supply of bodies in Portugal from similar sources.
+Mortality was very high amongst infants, who were put into _roda_, or
+foundling cradles; the bodies of these children could be obtained without
+any difficulty. In Portugal the resurrection-man did not exist.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In Holland there was no lack of material for teaching anatomy, and for
+students to learn operative surgery on the dead body. The Dissecting
+School at Leyden was supplied from the civil hospitals at Amsterdam. There
+was no prejudice against dissection in Holland; in all the principal towns
+lectures on anatomy were publicly given, and dissected subjects were
+exhibited. Here, again, exhumation was not necessary, and was unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the United States the laws relating to anatomy varied very considerably
+in the different States; there was no regular supply for the schools, and,
+consequently, subjects had to be obtained by the aid of resurrection-men.
+In Philadelphia and Baltimore, the two great Medical Schools of the United
+States in those days, the supply of bodies was obtained almost entirely
+from the "Potter's Field," the burial-place of the poorest classes. This
+exhumation was carried on by an understanding with the authorities that
+the men employed by the schools in this work should not be interfered
+with. Dissection in the United States was, as in this country, looked upon
+with great aversion; this was, no doubt, mainly owing to the fact that the
+bodies used for this purpose were obtained from the graves.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+The Diary of a Resurrectionist is written on 16 leaves, but is,
+unfortunately, imperfect. The first entry is November 28th, 1811, and the
+last December 5th, 1812. There are no entries in May, June, and July;
+during these months there would be little demand for subjects, as the
+sessions of the Anatomical Schools ran from October to May. Besides this,
+the light nights would interfere with the work of the men. The entry under
+the date February 25th refers to this: "the moon at the full, could not
+go." The state of the moon was of great importance to these men in their
+work; the writer of the Diary has on one of the pages copied out the
+"Rules for finding the moon on any given day," and has set out the epact
+for 1812 and 1813.
+
+There is no clue in the Diary itself as to the name of the writer, and,
+unfortunately, Sir Thomas Longmore[22] was quite unable to remember the
+name of the individual from whom he received it. Feeling was very strong
+against the men who had been engaged in the resurrection business, and
+therefore, when information was required from them, every effort was made
+to keep their names secret. As late as 1843, when the _Life of Sir Astley
+Cooper_ was published, the name of this man was carefully concealed,
+though most of the other members of the gang were freely spoken of under
+their full names. Bransby Cooper[23] quotes a written statement made by
+this man to the effect that he was in Maidstone Gaol in October, 1813.
+Enquiry at the gaol has, however, failed to find any mention of him; the
+original document is not forthcoming, and it is very probable that there
+is a mistake as regards the date. In this statement he is called Josh.
+N----, and Bransby Cooper speaks of him as N. There is a letter on
+"Body-snatchers" in the _Medical Times_, 1883, vol. i. p. 343, signed,
+"Your Old Correspondent"; the writer of the letter was, in all
+probability, Mr. T. Madden Stone, who had been a correspondent of the
+journal in question from the time of its foundation. Mr. Stone had a
+valuable collection of papers and autographs, and his letter is really a
+reprint of a paper in his possession relating to payments made to the
+resurrection-men. In it occurs the following passage: "N.B., Sir Astley
+Cooper great friend to Naples." Mr. Stone presented a large number of
+papers and letters to the Royal College of Surgeons, but this particular
+one is not in the collection. It is curious that Bransby Cooper makes no
+special mention of Naples in his book, although he gives an account of all
+the other men with whom Sir Astley had any dealings. He gives a long
+notice of "N.," and mentions that he wrote the Diary from which quotations
+are made; this is the document now under consideration.
+
+The witness "C. D.," who was examined before the Committee on Anatomy in
+1828, was, in all probability, Naples; he gave statistics to show the
+number of bodies obtained, and stated that the figures were taken "from my
+book." The letters "C. D." are not given as initials; the three
+resurrection-men who gave evidence were distinguished as "A. B.," "C. D.,"
+and "F. G." The testimony was probably given on the condition that no
+names were revealed, and, therefore, definite information cannot be
+obtained as to "C. D.'s" real name from the House of Commons.
+
+On one page of the Diary is written "Miss Naples." This does not prove
+much, as the names of several other females are mentioned; not, however,
+in any connection with the business. The entries look as though the writer
+had amused himself by scribbling them down, and then crossing them out
+again. "Miss Naples" is the only one not crossed through.
+
+It is known that the man described as N---- by Bransby Cooper was on board
+the _Excellent_ in the action off Cape St. Vincent. In the muster-book of
+the _Excellent_ for 1797 Josh. Naples is down as an A.B.: he is there
+stated to have been born at Deptford, and to have been 21 years of age in
+1795. This seems conclusively to prove that Naples was the man who wrote
+the Diary.
+
+The men who composed the gang at the time the Diary was written are, in
+that document, nearly always spoken of by their Christian names. Their
+names are Ben [Crouch], Bill [Harnett], Jack [Harnett], Daniel,[24]
+Butler, Tom [Light], and Holliss. This gang, whose doings are recorded in
+the Diary, was the chief one in the Metropolis in the early part of the
+present century. The account, therefore, of the proceedings of these men
+gives a good idea of the work of the body-snatchers in general. Honour
+amongst thieves was not the motto of the resurrection-men; they seem to
+have been ever ready to sell or cheat their comrades, if a favourable
+opportunity presented itself.
+
+For the accompanying biographical notes of the men mentioned in the Diary
+the writer is indebted chiefly to the account given of them by Bransby
+Cooper.[25]
+
+Ben Crouch, the leader of the gang, was the son of a carpenter, who worked
+at Guy's Hospital. He was a tall, powerful, athletic man, with coarse
+features, marked with the small-pox, and was well known as a
+prize-fighter. He used to dress in very good clothes, and wore a profusion
+of gold rings, and had a large bunch of seals dangling at his fob. He was
+tried for stealing cloth from Watling Street, but was able to successfully
+prove an _alibi_. Bransby Cooper states that Crouch was seldom drunk, but
+when he was in that state he was most abusive and domineering; the Diary
+shows him in more than one of these attacks. He was sharp enough to be
+always sober on settling-up nights, and so had a distinct advantage over
+his comrades; by this means he generally managed to get more than his
+proper share of the proceeds of their horrible work. About 1817 he gave up
+the resurrection business, and occupied himself chiefly in dealing in
+teeth; in this he was joined by Jack Harnett. They obtained licences as
+sutlers, so that they might be allowed as camp-followers, both in France
+and Spain. A large supply of teeth was thus obtained by them, their plan
+being to draw the sound teeth of as many dead men as possible on the night
+after a battle. They did not limit their attention to teeth, but made
+large sums of money by stealing valuables from the persons of those who
+had fallen in battle--proceedings which were even more brutal than their
+former resurrectionist practices. With the money he had thus made, Crouch
+built a large hotel at Margate, which at first looked like being a paying
+concern. The nature of his former occupation, however, leaked out, and
+ruined his business; he then parted with the property at a great
+sacrifice. Subsequently he became very poor, and, whilst Harnett was away
+in France, Crouch appropriated some of his property; for this he was
+sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment. After this he lived in London,
+in great poverty, and was ultimately found dead in the top room of a
+public-house near Tower Hill. It is very probable that at one time he made
+money by lending to the medical students. In his "Confessions of a
+Dissecting-room Porter," before alluded to, Albert Smith says, "I beg you
+will look at your watches, if you have not already lent them to Uncle
+Crouch."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Bill Harnett was a favourite with Astley Cooper and Henry Cline. With the
+exception of a fondness for gin, he seems to have been a more respectable
+man than one would have expected to find in such company. He was very
+obliging, and could generally be trusted to carry out his promises.
+Bransby Cooper states that Bill Harnett and "N." objected to Crouch, and
+often worked against him; in the Diary they will be all found working
+together, though there is recorded at least one "row" with Crouch. Bill
+Harnett was a good boxer, and fought Ben Crouch at Wimbledon; he had
+previously received an injury to his jaw, and Crouch hit him a severe blow
+on this part, which decided the fight in Crouch's favour. Harnett died in
+St. Thomas' Hospital of consumption. Like Southey's "Surgeon," he had a
+great horror of being dissected, and on his death-bed he obtained a
+promise from Mr. Joseph Henry Green that his body should not be opened.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Jack Harnett was a nephew of Bill; he is described as a stout, red-haired,
+ill-looking fellow, uncouth in his address and manner of speech. Like his
+partner, Crouch, he seems to have been fond of display in the matter of
+jewellery. But, unlike Crouch, he did not lose the money he had made, and
+at his death left nearly L6,000 to his family.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Butler was originally a porter in the dissecting-room at St. Thomas'.
+Bransby Cooper describes him as "a short, stout, good-tempered man, with a
+laughing eye and Sancho-Panza sort of expression." He was a clever
+articulator, and dealt largely in bones and teeth. Afterwards he set up as
+a dentist in Liverpool; but his dissolute habits were his ruin, and he was
+obliged to fly from his creditors. Butler was sentenced to death for
+robbing the Edinburgh mail, but his execution was postponed. During this
+delay he obtained the skeleton of a horse, and articulated it in the
+prison. The Austrian Archdukes John and Lewis were at that time in this
+kingdom, and, on visiting the prison in Edinburgh, were shown this
+skeleton; they were so pleased with the man's handiwork that they obtained
+his pardon from the Prince Regent. After his release, Butler was never
+heard of again by any of his old comrades or employers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Tom Light is not mentioned by Bransby Cooper by name; he gives an account
+of a resurrection-man whom he calls "L----," but whether this notice
+refers to Light or not cannot be definitely determined. In all
+probability L---- and Light are identical; Cooper speaks of the former as
+being so unreliable that his comrades could never trust him. Tom Light
+seems to have had a happy knack of escaping justice; on p. 92 will be
+found an account of his being acquitted, even when taken with the bodies
+in his possession. He does not seem to have worked regularly with Crouch's
+gang; at Hatton Garden Police Court he appeared as T. Light, _alias_ John
+Jones, _alias_ Thomas Knight, in October, 1812, and it was stated against
+him that he had lately been convicted at the Middlesex Sessions of
+stealing dead bodies for dissection, but he had evaded standing his trial,
+in consequence of which the Bench issued a warrant against him. The
+particular charge on which he was now brought before the magistrates was
+that, with Patrick Harnell,[26] one of his bail, he had been found in the
+act of stealing three dead bodies from the parish burial-ground of St.
+Pancras, or St. Giles, which were separated only by a wall. The men were
+apprehended by the horse patrol of the Hampstead and Highgate district.
+There was some difficulty in carrying on the case, as, until it was
+determined from which burial-ground the bodies had been taken, it could
+not be said which parish was the real prosecutor. Light attempted to
+escape, but was secured. The newspaper adds, "and, from the frequency of
+such offences, strong indignation was excited in the neighbourhood, from
+whence a crowd attended at the office."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Holliss was originally a sexton, and, like so many of his class, came into
+the pay of the Resurrectionists; at last his demands became so exorbitant
+that the resurrection-men refused to pay him, and informed his employers
+of what had been taking place. He was at once dismissed, and, having no
+other means of livelihood, he joined the resurrection-men. He saved money,
+and afterwards purchased a hackney coach, which he himself drove. Like
+most of his companions, Holliss came to a bad end. Harnett, the younger,
+had been to France, and had brought away with him a large number of
+teeth, which he valued at L700; these he entrusted to his daughter, who
+left them in a hackney carriage. The driver found the teeth, and, not
+knowing how to dispose of them, consulted his friend, Holliss. Holliss
+offered L5 for the teeth, and promised an extra sum if they sold well.
+Harnett had made known his loss to Holliss, so that he knew perfectly well
+to whom the teeth belonged. Thinking that he could make more money by
+selling them privately than by trusting to a reward from Harnett, he began
+to dispose of the teeth to dentists. Harnett made enquiries of some of his
+customers as to whether they had lately been offered teeth for sale, and
+was shown some lately purchased from Holliss; these he was able to
+identify. Holliss was at once given into custody, and was tried at
+Croydon; he escaped transportation through a flaw in the indictment.
+Whilst he was in gaol awaiting his trial, Harnett seized Holliss' house
+and all his household furniture for a debt of L83. Holliss was afterwards
+mixed up in a horse-stealing case, and ultimately died in great poverty
+and wretchedness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"N." or Joseph Naples, the writer of the Diary, is described by Bransby
+Cooper as "a civil and well conducted man, slight in person, with a
+pleasing expression of countenance, and of respectful manners." He was the
+son of a respectable stationer and bookbinder, and in early life went as a
+sailor into the King's service. He was for some time on board the
+_Excellent_, and served in that vessel in the engagement off Cape St.
+Vincent.[27] Then he returned to England, and, having spent all his
+prize-money, went on a vessel cruising about the Channel. From this he ran
+away and came back to London; here he obtained a situation as grave-digger
+to the Spa Fields burial-ground. A man named White enticed Naples into the
+resurrectionist business; this soon caused him to lose his situation.
+White was stopped by the patrols, and a body was found in his possession.
+He managed to escape, but it was proved that the body had been taken from
+Spa Fields, and Naples was sentenced to two years' imprisonment. He
+escaped, with another prisoner, from the House of Correction by making an
+opening through a skylight in the roof, and afterwards scaling the outer
+walls of the prison by means of a rope.
+
+He was retaken through information given against him by Crouch, and it was
+only by the mediation of Sir Astley Cooper with the Secretary of State
+that Naples escaped additional punishment. In the list of prisoners
+written out by himself, and printed by Bransby Cooper (_Life_, vol. 1. p.
+423), Naples thus describes himself: "Jos{h}. N----[28] 'Resurgam Hommo,'
+for trial."
+
+The writing and spelling in the Diary show him to have been a man of
+superior education to most of his class. He continued in the
+resurrectionist business up to the time of the passing of the Anatomy Act,
+when he was taken on as a servant in the dissecting-room of St. Thomas'
+Hospital.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is considerable difficulty in identifying many of the burial-grounds
+from which bodies are said in the Diary to have been stolen. Many of these
+were private, and the name mentioned is probably either that of the
+proprietor or of the care-taker. No doubt, too, some of the names are
+slang terms which are quite forgotten at the present day.[29]
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE OF PAGE OF DIARY.]
+
+
+
+
+THE DIARY
+
+     [The spelling of the Diary has been preserved in the reprint, but as
+     there is no attempt at punctuation in the original, stops have here
+     been added to make some of the entries more intelligible. The
+     writer's capital letters, too, have not been strictly followed in the
+     reprint.]
+
+
+1811 NOVEMBER.
+
+_Thursday 28th._ At night went out and got 3, Jack & me Hospital Crib,[30]
+Benj{n}, Danl & Bill to Harpers,[31] Jack & me 1 big Gates,[32] sold 1
+Taunton D{o} S{t} Thomas's.
+
+_Friday 29th._ At night went out and got 3, Jack, Ben & me got 2, Bethnall
+Green, Bill & Dan{l}. 1 Bartholo{w}. Crib opened;[33] whole at Barth{w}.
+
+_Saturday 30th._ At night went and got 3 Bunhill Row, sold to Mr. Cline,
+S{t}. Thomas's Hospital.
+
+
+REMARKS, &C., DECEMBER, 1811.
+
+_Sunday 1st._ We all look{d}. out,[34] at Home all night.
+
+_Monday 2nd._ Met at S{t}. Thomas's, Got paid for the 3 adults & settled;
+met and settled with Mordecei,[35] made Him up L2 5s. 6d. and Receipt of
+all demands. At Home all night.
+
+_Tuesday 3rd._ Went to look out and brought the Shovils from Barthol{w}.,
+Met early in the evening at Mr. Vickers,[36] did not go out that night,
+Butler and me came home intoxsicated.
+
+_Wednesday 4th._ At night went out and got 10, whole[37] went to Green[38]
+and got 4, Black Crib 1, Bunner[39] fields 5.
+
+_Thursday 5th._ The whole at home all night.
+
+_Friday 6th._ Removed 1 from Barthol. to Carpue.[40] At night went out and
+got 8, Dan{l}. at home all night. 6 Back S{t}. Lukes & 2 Big Gates: went 5
+Barthol. 1 Frampton[41] 3 S{t}. Thomas's, 3 Wilson.[42]
+
+_Saturday 7th._ At night went out & got 3 at Bunhill Row. 1 S{t}.
+Thomas's, 2 Brookes.[43]
+
+_Sunday 8th._ At home all night.
+
+_Monday 9th._ At night went out and got 4 at Bethnall Green.
+
+_Tuesday 10th._ Intoxsicated all day: at night went out & got 5 Bunhill
+Row. Jack all most buried.
+
+_Wednesday 11th._ Tom & Bill and me removed[44] 5 from S{t}. Barthol{w}.,
+2 Wilson, 2 Brookes, 1 Bell[45]; in the evening got 1 Harps,[46] went to
+S{t}. Thomas', at home all night.
+
+_Thursday 12th._ I went up to Brookes and Wilson, afterwards me Bill and
+Daniel went to Bethnall Green, got 2; Jack, Ben went got 2 large & 1 large
+small back S{t}. Luke's,[47] came home, afterwards met again & went to
+Bunhill row got 6, 1 of them with ----[48] named Mary Rolph, aged 46, Died
+5{th} Dec. 1811.
+
+_Friday 13th._ At Home all day & night.
+
+_Saturday 14th._ Went to Bartholomew took{d}. two Brookes: Pack{d} 4 and
+sent them to Edinborough, came Home to Ben{n}., settled L14 6s. 2-1/2d.
+each man, came home, got up at 2 me Jack & Bill went to Bunhill Row and
+got 3. Ben & Daniel staid at home.
+
+_Sunday 15th._ At home all day, Got up at 3 a.m. The whole party went to
+Harps, got 3, Went to S{t}. Thomas's.
+
+_Monday 16th._ At home all day & night Ill.
+
+_Tuesday 17th._ At home all day & do. night.
+
+_Wednesday 18th._ At Home all day & do. night.
+
+  Remember me when far away
+
+     [This line is written in the same way as the names mentioned on p.
+     127.]
+
+_Thursday 19th._ Went to Bartholomew, At home all night.
+
+_Friday 20th_. Went to S{t}. Thomas's, came home and went to the play,
+came home: at 3 A.M. got up and went to the Hospital Crib got 5 large.
+
+_Saturday 21st._ Went to S{t}. Thomas's sent 1 to Mr. Taunton,[49] 2 to
+Edinburgh, S{t}. Thomas's took 6 of the above this week, came home and
+stopt at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 22nd._ Went and look'd out, at 4 o'clock, got up, party went to
+Harps got 3 large and 2 small, the whole went to Barth{m}.
+
+_Monday 23rd._ Went for orders to Wilson and Brookes, Met Bill, Brought
+one to Carpue, Sent him back to bring 2 from Barthol{w}. 1 for Brookes, 1
+for Bell, Ben{n} and Jack got 5 small at Harpers.
+
+_Tuesday 24th._ At twelve at midnight a party went to Wygate got 3 small,
+came back and got 2 large at Newington, Came home then settled at Ben{n},
+Each man's share L8 16s. 8d., at home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 25th._ At Home all day and night.
+
+_Thursday 26th._ At Home all day and night.
+
+_Friday 27th._ Went to look out, Came home met Ben and Dan{l} at 5
+o'clock, went to Harps, got 1 large and took it to Jack's house, Jack,
+Bill and Tom not with us, Geting drunk.
+
+_Saturday 28th._ At 4 o'clock in the morning got up, with the whole party
+to Guy's and S{t}. Thomas's Crib, got 6 took them to S{t}. Thomas's. Came
+home and met at Thomas's again, pack{d}. up 3 for Edinbro, took one over
+to Guys.
+
+_Sunday 29th._ At home all day and night.
+
+_Monday 30th._ Butler and Dan{l}, took 1 large to Framton, large small to
+Hornig.
+
+_Tuesday 31st._ Met at the Harty Choak,[50] had dispute about the horse.
+
+
+REMARKS, &C., JANUARY, 1812.
+
+_Wednesday 1st._ Got up at 3 in the morning, the whole party went to Guys
+and S{t}. Thomas', got 3 adults, 1 from Guy's and 2 from S{t}. Thomas',
+took them to S{t}. Thomas', came home and met again, took one of the above
+to Guy's, settled for the Horse L24. At home all night. Miss Naples.[51]
+
+_Thursday 2nd._ Went down to S{t}. Thomas's, got paid L7 17 6 for one
+adult open D{o} not. Came home, met by agreement at S{t}. Thomas's, did
+not go out, Bill not there, Came home again, at home all night.
+
+_Friday 3rd._ Went to S{t}. Thomas's, took the Foetus to the London,
+Rec{d}. 10s. 6d. Came back to S{t}. Thomas's Rec{d}. L4 4s. 0d., Went
+home, Met by agreement, Went to the Green got 5, Jack, Ben{n} and me;
+Dan{l}. and Bill at home, took the above 5 to Barthol{w}. at home all
+night.
+
+_Saturday 4th._ Met at Bartholo{w}., they took 4 of the above, 1 sent to
+Edinburgh, 1 went to Brookes, Carpue and Wilson for orders, Came back, at
+home all night.
+
+_Sunday 5th._ At home all day. Met at 5, whole went to Newin.[52] got 3.
+Jack and me took them to Wilson, Came home, met at 12, got 5 & 2 small at
+Harps, afterwards went to the Big Gates, got 3 adults, left Dan{l}. at
+home, took the whole to Bartho{m}.
+
+_Monday 6th._ Went to Barth{w}., took 1 to the London, Jack & Tom 1 to
+Harnige, D{o} 1 to S{t}. Thomas's. Came home, in all night.
+
+_Tuesday 7th._ At home all day, Tom removed 1 from the borough to
+Bartholom{w}. fetched L2., from there took 2 to Mr. Wilson, D{o} to
+Brookes.
+
+_Wednesday 8th._ At 2 A.M. got up, the Party went to Harps, got 4 adults
+and 1 small, took 4 to S{t}. Thomas's, Came home went to Mr. Wilson &
+Brookes, Dan{l}. got paid L8 8 0 from Mr. Wilson I rec{d}. 9 9 0 from Mr.
+Brookes, Came over to the borough, sold small for L1 10 0, Rec{d}. L4 4 0
+for adult, At home all night.
+
+_Thursday 9th._ Went down to S{t}. Thomas's, got paid L8 8 0, 2 adults: at
+home all night.
+
+_Friday 10th._ Met at S{t}. Thomas's, settled each man's share L12 12 0, 3
+things[53] on hand.
+
+_Saturday 11th._ At 4 A.M. got up & went to the Hospital Crib, got 2
+adults, met at Barthol{w}., packed up 2 for the Country, sold 1 at S{t}.
+Thomas's: at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 12th._ At Home all day, at 11 p.m. met & the whole went to Wygate,
+got 2 adults & 2 small, afterwards went to the Green, got 2 large & 1
+large small,[54] Took them to Barthol{w}.
+
+_Monday 13th._ Took 2 of the above to Mr. Brookes & 1 large & 1 small to
+Mr. Bell, Foetus to Mr. Carpue, small to Mr. Framton, Large small to Mr.
+Cline. Met at 5, the party went to Newington, 2 adults. Took them to S{t}.
+Thomas's.
+
+_Tuesday 14th._ At 1 A.M. got up, Ben{n}., Bill & me went to S{t}. Luke's,
+2 adults; Jack, Dan{l}. Big Gates, 1 large & 1 small, took them to
+Barthol{w}., Came home & went to S{t}. Thomas's, afterwards went to the
+other end of the town for orders. At home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 15th._ Went to S{t}. Thomas's, Came back, pack'd up 2 large & 1
+small for Edinburgh. At home all night.
+
+_Thursday 16th._ The party met at the Hartichoak. Settled the above, Each
+man's share L8 4s. 7-1/2d. At home all night.
+
+_Friday 17th._ Went & look out: came home met at 11, party except Dan{l}.,
+Went to the Hospital Crib & got 4, was stopt by the patrols, Butler, Horse
+& Cart were taken.
+
+_Saturday 18th._ Went to the White horse, Butler bailed: at home all
+night.
+
+_Sunday 19th._ Went & look'd out, at home all night, Could not get the
+horse out of the Stable.
+
+_Monday 20th._ At home all day & night, Butler & Jack got drunk.
+
+_Tuesday 21st._ Look'd out, Jack & Butler drunk as before, hindred us of
+going out. At Home.
+
+_Wednesday 22nd._ At 4 o'clock in the morning got up, Bill & me went to
+the Hospital Crib and 1 for Mr. Cooper's[55] Lectures, had a dispute with
+the party, at home all night. Ben got drunk.
+
+_Thursday 23rd._ Met at 10 at night, went to Wygate, got 4 large and 1
+small, went to the Green got 3 large. Dan{l}, not with us.
+
+_Friday 24th._ Met at 11 at night. Met the patrols. Got one Hospital Crib
+and 6 at Bermondsey, took them to Barthol{w}., sent 3 to the Country.
+
+_Saturday 25th._ Met at Bartholomew. Took 1 to Mr. Carpue; S{t}.
+Barthol{w}. took 2: at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 26th._ Went to Big Gates to Look out, came home, at home all
+night.
+
+_Monday 27th._ At 2 o'clock in the morning got up, met the party except
+Dan{l}., Went to the Big gates, got 4 Took them to Barthol{w}., Afterwards
+met, took 1 to Mr. Cline, 2 to Mr. Wilson, came home. Tom & Bill got
+drunk, did not go out.
+
+_Tuesday 28th._ Went to Barthol{w}., could not sell, came back to the
+Borough & came home, at home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 29th._ Went to Bartho{w}. brought remaining 2 to S{t}.
+Thomas's, at home all night.
+
+_Thursday 30th._ Went to S{t}. Thomas's, at home all night.
+
+_Friday 31st._ Went to look out, at night went out, got 2 Guys & Thomas's,
+same night 3 Harps 2 small: same night the Cart broke down, took 2 to
+Guys.
+
+
+REMARKS, &C., FEB., 1812.
+
+_Saturday 1st._ Went to Barthol{w}., did not settle, at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 2nd._ Went to look out, met at 5 in the evening, went to the
+Green, got 7 large & 3 small and 3 foetus. Same night went to Wygate 4
+large & 2 small. Took them to Bartholomew.
+
+_Monday 3rd._ Went to Bartholomew, at home all night.
+
+_Tuesday 4th._ Met at Bartholomew, settled each man's share L21 9s. 4d.,
+Met at night, went to Guy's got 3 adults. Took them to Bartholomew: at
+home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 5th._ Went to Barthol{w}. Met at night. Got 5 at Newington.
+
+_Thursday 6th._ Went to St. Thomas's: at home all night.
+
+_Friday 7th._ Met together me & Butler went to Newington, thing bad.[56]
+Jack & Bill went to Goswell St.[57] got 1. Came home met again. Danl. Bill
+& me went to St. Johns got 2 adults. Ben{n} and Jack went to Flemish[58]
+got nothing, took 2 St. Thomas's.
+
+_Saturday 8th._ Went to St. Thomas's, at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 9th._ Went to Look out, at home all night.
+
+_Monday 10th._ Met. Went to St. James's. Got 9 large & 4 small, took them
+to Barthol{w}.
+
+_Tuesday 11th._ Went to Barthol{w}. Moved the things. At home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 12th._ Went to Look out, Met at night, went to St. Olives. Got
+2 adults and 1 Do Bermondsey, Took them to St. Thomas's.
+
+_Thursday 13th._ Met at St. Thomas's. At home all night.
+
+_Friday 14th._ Met by appointment, me & Jack went to Big gate got 4, the
+rest went to St. Luke's got 2, took them to Barthol{w}.
+
+_Saturday 15th._ Met at Barthol{w}. At home all night.
+
+_Sunday 16th._ Went to Look out, at home all night.
+
+_Monday 17th._ Met & went to Wiegate. Got 8 large & 1 small. Took them to
+St. Thomas's.
+
+_Tuesday 18th._ Met at St. Thomas's. Took 2 over to Guy's. Came home &
+settled each man's share L23 6s. 9d. On hand 2 open'd Large, 3 small & 3
+foetus not paid, at home all night.
+
+_Wednesday 19th._ At Home all day sick. John Harnet and Butler got drunk,
+at home all night.
+
+_Thursday 20th._ Met and went to Pancress[59] got 15 large & 1 small took
+them to Barthol{w}.
+
+_Friday 21st._ Met at Barthol{w}. Sold part, came home. Met at 2 a.m. went
+to St. Thomas's Crib. Got 3 large, met the Patrols, took 1 to St. Thomas's
+and 2 to Barthol{w}.
+
+_Saturday 22nd._ Met at Barthol{w}. Sent 7 into the Country, distributed
+the rest about town. At home all night.
+
+_Sunday 23rd._ At Home all day and night.
+
+_Monday 24th._ Bill Jack Tom and Ben{n} with Nat Ure Getting drunk oblige
+to Come Home in a Coach which prevented us going out to Harps.
+
+_Tuesday 25th._ At home all day, at Night met at Jack to go to Harps. the
+moon at the full, could not go.[60]
+
+_Wednesday 26th._ Went to look out. Could not go out Jack and Tom got
+drunk. Ben{n}. taken very ill.
+
+_Thursday 27th._ Went to St. Thomas's, sold the extremities. At night Tom
+& Bill got drunk at the Rockingham Arms, at Home all night.
+
+_Friday 28th._ Met at Jacks Got 4 large 1 Small and 1 Foetus, Harps.
+Took them to the London.
+
+_Saturday 29th._ Met at St. Thomas's at home all night.
+
+
+MARCH 1812.
+
+_Sunday 1st._ Met & went to the Big gates got 3. Took them to St.
+Thomas's, not settled.
+
+_Monday 2nd._ Met at Mr. Vickers, Jack & Tom went to the fight, at home
+all night.
+
+_Tuesday 3rd._ Went to St. Thomas's, at night went to Pencress got 8
+adults, 2 small and 2 foetus.
+
+_Wednesday 4th._ Met at Jack's & settled, at home all night.
+
+_Thursday 5th._ Went to St. Thomas's; at night early, went out & got 1 St.
+Thomas's Crib: at home all night.
+
+_Friday 6th._ Went to look out Big gates Green, at night got 1 Big gates.
+
+_Saturday 7th._ At Home all day and night.
+
+_Sunday 8th._ Met at Night, Jack, Tom & Dan{l}. went to Harps got 5 Large,
+Bill and me went to the Big gates, miss{d}.[61]
+
+_Monday 9th._ At Home all day and night.
+
+_Tuesday 10th._ Went to St. Thomas's & settled.
+
+_Wednesday 11th._ Went to the Big Gates to Look out, at night the party
+went to the above Place and again miss{d}., all got drunk.
+
+_Thursday 12th._ At Home all day & night.
+
+_Friday 13th._ Went to look out, met at night and went to Wiegate got 5
+large, also went to the Green got 8 large took them Bartholomew.
+
+_Saturday 14th._ Met at Barthol. sent 5 to Edinburgh, Mr. Wilson 3,
+Brookes 2, Barthol. 1. Settled each man's share L3 6 8. 2 on hand.[62]
+
+_Sunday 15th._ Went to Look out, at night went to St. John's, Got 1 Large
+and 1 Large Small, Burnt. Took the Large to Wilson, small to St. Thomas's.
+Paid Hollis L11 11 0 at the order of Miss Kay.
+
+_Monday 16th._ At Home all day went to Harps got 3 Large and 1 Large
+Small, 1 Small, and 1 Foetus, took 2 Large to St. Thomas's, 1 Large to
+Guy's, Large Small to Mr. Frampton and 1 small to Mr. Taunton. Mr.
+Frampton called at 7 in the evening.
+
+_Tuesday 17th._ Went to the Borough: at Night met at 6 in the evening,
+went to the Flemish, Jack, Ben{n}. & myself. Got 2 adults, Bill not with
+us, took the above 2 to St. Thomas's. Big gate for time is very well.
+
+_Wednesday 18th._ Went to the Big gates to Look out. came home, at home
+all night which was a very bad thing for us as we wanted some money to pay
+our debts to several persons who were importunate.
+
+_Thursday 19th._ Met at Jack and settled each man's share L6 18 4: at 6 in
+the evening went to the Meeting Crib[63], 1 Large and 1 small, afterwards
+went to the Big gates got 2 Large took them to Barth{w}.
+
+_Friday 20th._ Went to St. Thomas's, at home all night.
+
+_Saturday 21st._ Jack and Tom got 2 Large small, 1 Frampton 1 Taunton.
+Rec{d}. for the above L3 13 6 D{o}. L4 4 0: at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 22nd._ Went to the Green, at Home all night.
+
+_Monday 23rd._ At home all night.
+
+_Tuesday 24th._ D{o}.
+
+_Wednesday 25th._ Went to Pancress got 5 adult, Took them to Bartholomew.
+
+_Thursday 26th._ Went to Look out, Jack got 2 Large small. 1 D{o}.
+Frampton L3 13 6 1 D{o}. Mr. Taunton L4 4 0.
+
+_Friday 27th._ Went to Look out, at Home all night.
+
+_Saturday 28th._ Jack got 1 large small for Mr. Cline L4 4 0, at Home all
+night.
+
+_Sunday 29th._ Went to the Green; at home all night.
+
+_Monday 30th._ At Home all day & night.
+
+_Tuesday 31st._ Went to Pancress got 5 adults Ben Bill & me. Dan'l Jack
+and Tom went to Harps, missed.
+
+_Wednesday_ APRIL _1st._ Party went to the Green got 4 adults; being the
+1st of April the man left us a new Hat.[64]
+
+_Thursday 2nd._ Went Bill & me to the Big Gates 2 adults and 1 small,
+Jack, Ben and Dan'l got 4 adults, Harps.
+
+_Friday 3rd._ Went to look out and distribute the above, met at Jack's at
+night, Ben being Drunk disappoint'd the party.
+
+_Saturday 4th._ Met and settled L108 13s. 7d. each man's share L18 2s.
+3d., at Home all night.
+
+_Sunday 5th._ Went to look out met at Jack's at 10, not coming home in
+time did not go out.
+
+[_No date put._] Tom & me went to Olives,[65] did not succeed.
+
+     [At this point the diary leaves off abruptly: the entries from Friday
+     7th to Saturday 29th are in a different handwriting from the rest of
+     the MS.]
+
+
+[1812, AUGUST]
+
+_Friday 7th._ Went to look out Hollis & myself could not find Bill, went
+to St Johns, then to White Chappell returned at night, went to White
+Chappel did not succeed, came back went to St. Johns, the other party had
+got the adult, coming back with the ladder, Bill got taken unto the
+Watchhouse,[66] with the ladder, came home.
+
+_Saturday 8th._ canines 11 shillings: went to union hall[67] Bill got
+clear the party went to Bartholomew. At Night went to W{e}. Chappel got 4
+adults, one small, took 2 to Barthol{m}. 2 & 1 Small to St. Thomas's.
+Horse & Cart.
+
+_Sunday 9th._ at home all day & night, Wortley came concerning horse &
+cart.
+
+_Monday 10th._ went to St. Tho{s}. got paid for 1 adult L4 4s. 0d. went to
+Barthol{m}. got paid L4. 4s. 0d. row'd with Ben did not settle each man
+had L2 2s. 0d, left with Hollis L2 2s. 0d. for Expences, at home all
+night.
+
+_Tuesday 11th._ had information Crouch had cut the subjects[68] went to
+St. Thom{s}, had not cut them, Barthol{m}. they had, went to differ{t}.
+parts of the Town for orders, settled our Expence & what we had Rec{d}.
+each man's share L3 1s. 2-1/2d. one adult St Thom{s}. 1 London D{o} unpaid
+1/2 D{o} Barthol{n}. unpaid; at night went to Hoxton, 1 Large Yellow
+Jaundice sold at Brooks.
+
+_Wednesday 12th._ Went to look out, at night went to Barthol{m}. Crib. cut
+off the extremitys took to Barthol{m}.--Rec{d}. L1 0s. 0d.
+
+_Thursday 13th._ Went to St Thomas's Crib could not succeed came back to
+the White horse, Bill got arrested,[69] Millard[70] pd. the Debt I got
+drunk would not go out, Bill & Hollis went to Weigate got 1 adult male,
+took to the Boro, Rec{d}. L2 0s. 0d.
+
+_Friday 14th._ Went to Barthol swagg{d}. the Extra{s}[71] to St. Thos. at
+night went to Weigate got 1 male took them to Brooks Dan -- --[72] Rec{d}.
+L1 1 0
+
+_Saturday 15th._ Went to different places, at Night went to panc{s}.[73]
+Miss{d}. Rec{d}. L1 0 0
+
+_Sunday 16th._ Went to look out, at Night went to Harp's got 1 adult male
+took to Wilson 1 Small D{o}, took to Bartho{w}: a Porter carried the
+large. Hollis did not go in.
+
+_Monday 17th._ went & got paid for the above, small fetched three guineas,
+at night went to Connell{s}. got 1 adult M.[74] Dan{l}, carried to St
+Tho{s}. Hollis did not go in, Rec{d}. L1 0 0.
+
+_Tuesday 18th._ Went to different places, at night went to the play.
+Rec{d}. L1 10 0.
+
+_Wednesday 19th._ Went as above at night Flemish 1 ad{t}. male, took to St
+Thomas's got paid; likewise head, Millard gave L1 1 0 for it.
+
+_Thursday 20th._ As above, at night went to Flemish 1 adult male, took to
+St Tho{s}. Rec{d} L1 12 0.
+
+_Friday 21st._ Went to different places, settled our quarrell by agreeing
+with Mr. Stanley[75] to bring in a subject for Lecture, removed the above
+from St. Thom{s} at night, went to Harp's got 1 adult M. underneath took
+to St. Thos{s}.
+
+_Saturday 22nd._ Went to look out me & Hollis, Bill staid in the Boro, got
+paid L4 4 0 for the above a very queer one, received but two Guineas for
+the one at Barth{l}. would not do for Lecture, Sett{d}. each man's share
+L1 16s. 6d., at night the party went to Weigate, the thing bad.
+
+_Sunday 23rd._ Went to look out at different places. Holliss met with Ben
+at St. George's agreed to meet at Lamberts with the seperate partys: met,
+look{d} at each other nothing transpired concerning the Business, our
+party went to Harp's could not get in the private[76] door being shut,
+came home.
+
+_Monday 24th._ Our party went to Barthol{m}. met with Ben and Daniel
+partly agreed me & Ben went in the Cart to different places to look out
+coming back by Charing Cross met the Jews[77] Drag touted till Dark and
+lost scent came home did not go out that night.
+
+_Tuesday 25th._ Understood the Jew had brought a Male to Barthol{m}. Met
+by appointment at the above place, had a row, came home after looking out,
+met by agreement at 4 p.m. (Crouch having over slept himself two hours)
+went to St J{ns} work{d}. three places only got two adults M. and F. on
+account of not having time, took the above to Mr Frampton.
+
+_Wednesday 26th._ Seperated to look out. Holliss got paid in part L6 from
+Mr. F. I took from the above L1. the party met at night, Ben Bill & Tom
+Light went to St Geo{s} got 2 adults M. & F. took 1 Willson M. & F.
+Barthol{m} me Jack and Hollis went to Isl{n}. could not succeed the dogs
+flew at us, afterwards went to Pancr{s} found a watch[78] planted, came
+home.
+
+_Thursday 27th._ Went to look out, Hollis got paid the remainder at
+Frampton L2 8 0. Met at night at St. Thos.--very light could not go out
+(came home).
+
+_Friday 28th._ Seperated to look out, brought the F. from Barthol{n}. to
+St. Thomas, having not settled took from Hollis L1 0 0, afterwards met at
+St. Thos. & went to St. Jns, Ben not with us work'd two holes one bad,
+drew the C.{ns}[79] & took the above to St. Thos.
+
+_Saturday 29th._ Met at St Thos. could not get P{d} for either. Borrowed
+L2 of Jack, at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 30th._ Went to look out, at night went to H. got two large M{s}.
+went to St Thos. removed 1 to Wilson, 1 adult came from St Jns.
+
+_Monday 31st._ Went to look out ---- ---- ----[80] old small L1 10 0 got
+p{d} one do Wilson's at Night met except Bill went to Conn{n} got 2 adults
+M. & F. took to Barthol{m}. one small do.
+
+
+1812 SEPTEMBER.
+
+_Tuesday 1st._ Went to Barthol{m} Got Paid for 2 adults L8 8 0, at night
+met, me and Light went to Connelly got 2 adults M. and one large size
+small F., Jack Bill & Hollis went to Weigate, got 1 large & 2 small, took
+2 the above to Frampton 1 M. & D{o}. F. 1 large & 2 small to St Thos. 1
+small to Wilson.
+
+_Wednesday 2nd._ Went to the London Hollis got Canines L8 8 0, Bill got
+paid for 1 large M. L4 4 0. I rec{d}. L4 4 0 for 1 large size small, Bill
+Rec{d}. L1 0 0 for the F. that come from St George 1 Small came Wiegate
+went to Wilson. Rec{d}. L2 0 0 for 1 large Small came from Wiegate, went
+to St Thomas' not sold being putrid: at night the party met & divided, me
+& Hollis went to Harp's work{d}. the thing, proved to be bad, Jack Bill &
+Tom{s}. Light went to Westminster
+
+
+1812 OCTOBER.
+
+_Monday 5th._ Went to look out at different places, at night party went to
+Lamb{h} got 2 adults and 9 small took the whole to the Borough. Mr. Cline
+took the about [above], 2 adults L8 8 0 from Lamb{h}. & 1 small from D{o}
+L3 13 6.
+
+_Tuesday 6th._ At Night did not go out.
+
+_Wednesday 7th._ Went to look out Jack & Ben had a Row at the White Horse:
+did not go out.
+
+_Thursday 8th._ Party went to see the fight did not go out.
+
+_Friday 9th._ Went to look out at different places. At night went to St.
+Olave, got 2 adults M. & F. M. was opened took them to St. Thomas's; again
+met, I got drunk, I miss{d}. going with the party.
+
+They seperated, part went to Lambeth got 1 adult F. They missed, one took
+that to the Boro the others (Except Ben who was getting drunk) went to
+Connolly got 1 adult F., took that to Bartholomew, & removed the other
+same place.
+
+_Saturday 10th._ Met at Barthol{m}. Mr. Stanley took three of the above 2
+F. L8 8 0 one adult M. being opened L3 13 6d, left one on hand, came
+home, in all night
+
+     [The above entry finishes a page: the back of this page is occupied
+     by a table for finding the moon's age on any given day: this was most
+     useful to the resurrection-men, as they could not work undisturbed on
+     moonlight nights.]
+
+_Sunday 11th._ Went to look out at Night the whole party went to the Black
+(Jack with us for the first time going out) got three ad{t}. M., then to
+Connolly two ad{t}. M. & F. took the whole to St. Thos. came home.
+
+_Monday 12th._ Went to St. Thos. Cline had taken the above, went to
+Lamb{h}. in the evening met by appointment, at home, Drew up an Account
+but did not settle Jack & Bill not being present and others having over
+drawn met again at twelve, the whole excepting Butler went to Lambeth got
+5 ad{ts}. 1 Small, Took 2 of the above & 1 small to Wilson 1 do Carpue, 2
+do Brooks, came home.
+
+_Tuesday 13th._ Went to Barthol{m}. me Ben Jack & Butler could not find
+the others, myself came to the Boro sold 1 small that was on hand for L1.
+Came home afterwards went to Tomlight[81] understood he had rec{d}. the
+money got L5 from him, came home, at home all night
+
+_Wednesday 14th._ Went to Lamb{h}. look out, at home all night on account
+of Ben getting out of the way, did not go out, had a dispute at Hollis's
+House Child's dance.
+
+_Thursday 15th._ Went to look out, came home went to the play, afterward
+met at the White horse, the party excepting Ben had a row with Hollis;
+seperated me, Light & Butler went Lam{b}. 2 adts, Jack, Bill & Mr. Hollis
+went to Connelly 5 adults, also went to St. Geo{e}. 4 adts. on account of
+the Boy deceiving us at Lamb{h}. lost the above 4 at St. Geo{e}. Ben[82]
+went to France.
+
+_Friday 16th._ Met and went Wiegate got three adults 2 F. 1 M. took to
+Barthol{m}. Jack & Tom brought the cart, came home.
+
+_Saturday 17th._ Met at Barthol{w}. rec{d}. L2 0 0 went to Lamb{h}. P{d}.
+the man L1 1 0 came home, at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 18th._ Went to look out, nothing done, at home all night.
+
+_Monday 19th._ Went to Lamb{h}. got 1 Adult M. [opened another whole but
+bad with the small pox][83] took the above M. to Barth{m}. came home,
+Butler not with us.
+
+_Tuesday 20th._ Went to Barthol{w}. Bill had got P{d}. for the above Male
+I borrowed of him L1 10 0, went to Lamb{h}. came home at night met at the
+White [Horse] Hollis myself Jack & Tom Light, Bill not with us could not
+find his clothes[84]: went to Lamb{h}. two adults M. took to Barthol{w}.
+Butler again not with us came home.
+
+_Wednesday 21st._ Went to Barthol{m} got P{d}. the above 2 adt. gave Light
+& Hollis 4s. 2d. gave Jack L2 0 0 kept L2 2 0 myself, came home, but
+Hollis & Light went to the Hospital Crib got 1 adult male took to St Thos.
+shared the money betwixt them: likewise 1 Pound for a small, at home all
+night.
+
+_Thursday 22nd._ went to look out, followed a black[85] from Tower hill,
+came home and met at W{e}. horse, the party except Butler went to Lamb{h}.
+got 3 adults 2 M. 1 F. (left one behind us) 1 small & 1 Foetus, took
+them to the Boro.
+
+
+NOVEMBER 1812.
+
+_Monday 16th._ the party went to Tottenham got 4 adults, Wilson 2.
+Abernethy 1. 1 on hand
+
+_Tuesday 17th._ At home.
+
+_Wednesday 18th._ At home.
+
+_Thursday 19th._ Met with Hutton at Smithfield, Bill me & Ben went to St
+T{s} got 2 ad. Jack remained with Hutton, the party went Barthol{m}. C{b}.
+got 2 ad. the whole Abernethy. Gave one to Hutton for information.
+
+_Friday 20th._ Butler got drunk in the morning, the party except him met
+at Barthol{m}. Me Jack & Ben went to St T{s}. got 4 adt. sent Bill again
+after Tom to bring the Cart, took them to Barthol{m}. Me Jack & Ben went
+to Blue Lion got 1 adt. sent Bill to bring Tom with the Cart, took that to
+Barthol{m}. came over the water got 2 adt. Guys C{b}. & 1 at Tho{s}.
+Crib. pack up 4 for Edinbro on the Saturday: settled our money at home all
+night.
+
+_Sunday 22nd._ Look{d}. out at St T{s}. B.--L{n}[86]--and Tott{n} at home
+all night.
+
+_Monday 23rd._ Met at Barth{m}. went to St T{s}. got 3 took them to
+Wilson, Bill took 1 ad. to Frampton.
+
+_Tuesday 24th._ Went & mov{d}. one of the above to Carpue, got p{d}. came
+home met at Jack at 5, Bill not at home, did not go out till morning. Jack
+sold the Canines to Mr. Thomson for 5 Guineas.
+
+_Wednesday 25th._ Met at Jack at 2 p.m. Butler & myself went to the B.
+L{n}. got 1 adt. Jack, Ben & Bill went Panc{s}. got 5 adt. & 1 small, took
+them to Barthol{w}. Removed 3 to Cline, got 2 sets of can{s}.[87]
+
+_Thursday 26th._ Met at Barthol{m}, me & Jack went to Tottenh{m}. got 1
+adt. Ben & Bill went to St Ths. D{o} 3 large came home me & Jack got 1
+Tottenh{m} Bill & Ben 1 large 2 small.
+
+_Friday 27th._ Met at Plough, went to St T{s}. 6 adt. 1 small. Met the man
+with the lanthorn[88]: took them Barthol{m}. went to Golden Lane 1 adt. 1
+small gave Jack Hutton L1 as a share, took to the above place.
+
+_Saturday 28th._ Met at Barthol. disposed of the above except 1 adt.
+opened, 3 small, sent three to Edinboro. Drew up our Account, came home
+Met at Jack, did not settle, at home all night.
+
+_Sunday 29th._ Went Look out at Blue L{n}. &c did not go out Jack Bill &
+Tom Drunk the reason as Ben said for not going out.
+
+_Monday 30th._ Settled our Account up to Sat{y}. on hand 1 adt. Op{d}. &
+Small three; met at Barthol{n}. me Bill & Jack Hutton went to B. Lyon got
+1 adt. got up at four in the morning Tuesday, Butler Bill & me brought the
+above to St Thos'.
+
+
+DECEMBER, 1812.
+
+_Tuesday 1st._ Met at Tottenham Court Road had a dispute in St. Ts Crib.
+Came home did not do anything. came to the Rockingham Arms, got Drunk
+
+_Wednesday 2nd._ Met at Vickers rectify{d}. our last account, the party
+sent out me & Ben to St Thos. C{b}. got 1 adt., Bill & Jack Guys Crib 2
+adt but one of them opd. Butler look out for us, took them to St. Thos.
+came home Met at St Thos., me & Jack went to Tott{m}. got 4 adts Ben &
+Bill got ad/6 s/1 f/1. at Pancrass took Totten{m} to Wilson, Pan{s}. to
+Barthol.[89]
+
+_Thursday 3rd._ Met at Wind{ll}. St. disposed of 2 of the above to Wilson,
+went to Barthol{w}. came home for the night.
+
+_Friday 4th._ Met at Vickers pack{d}. up one for Shute, afterwards went to
+St Thos. got 6 adt. took them to Barth{m}. left Ben & Jack Hutton to pack
+up for Edinbro, afterwards Jack me & Bill went to Tott{m}. got 3 adt. took
+them to Barthol{m}.
+
+_Saturday 5th._ Remain'd at Barth{m}. packing up for Edinboro, sent 12 to
+the wharf for the above place, at home all night.
+
+
+
+
+_The following list contains some of the chief sources of information on
+the history of the Resurrectionists._
+
+
+SMITH, SOUTHWOOD. "Use of the Dead to the Living." _Westminster Review_,
+ii., 1824, p. 59.
+
+This was afterwards reprinted as a pamphlet. One of the editions was
+issued with the title of _Body-snatching_.
+
+
+MACKENZIE, W. _An Appeal to the Public and to the Legislature, on the
+necessity of affording dead bodies to the Schools of Anatomy by
+legislative enactment_. 8vo. Glasgow, 1824.
+
+
+GREEN, JOSEPH HENRY. _A letter to Sir Astley Cooper, on certain
+proceedings connected with the establishment of an Anatomical Surgical
+School at Guy's Hospital_. 8vo. London, 1825.
+
+
+"On the Pleasures of Body-snatching." _Monthly Mag._, iii., 1827, p. 355.
+
+
+_Report from the Select Committee [House of Commons] on Anatomy_. Fol.,
+London, 1828.
+
+This is, perhaps, the best source of information respecting the
+Resurrectionists. Many important documents are printed in this volume, in
+addition to the evidence and the report.
+
+
+"Importance of Dissection in Anatomy." _Westminster Review_, x., 1828, p.
+116.
+
+
+_An Address to the members of both Houses of Parliament, on the
+legislative measures necessary for providing an adequate supply of human
+bodies for the purpose of anatomical instruction. [By a friend of science
+and of man.]_ 8vo. Bath. n.d.
+
+
+The debates in the Houses of Parliament on the Anatomy Bills will be found
+in _Hansard_.
+
+There is also much information in the pages of the _Lancet_ for the period
+during which the Bills were before Parliament. Mr. Wakley, the editor,
+took a great interest in the question, and wrote many vigorous articles,
+pointing out defects in the Bills whilst they were under discussion.
+
+
+"Supply of Subjects for Anatomy." _London Mag._, xxiii., 1829, p. 121.
+
+
+Article in _Blackwood_ for March, 1829, by "Christopher North," on "Robert
+Knox."
+
+
+_The Trial of Bishop, Williams, and May, at the Old Bailey, December 2nd,
+1831, for the murder of the Italian Boy_. 8vo. London, 1831.
+
+There were many Reports of this trial published, both as broadsides and as
+pamphlets.
+
+
+"Regulation of Anatomy." _Westminster Review_, xvi., 1831, p. 482.
+
+
+"Obstructions to Science of Anatomy." _Monthly Review_, cxxvii., 1831, p.
+91.
+
+
+HANSON, N. _A Letter addressed to the Government and the Royal College of
+Surgeons, founded on the diabolical and horrible practice of Burking;
+setting forth the necessity of placing Anatomical Schools on a different
+footing_. 8vo. London, 1831.
+
+
+GUTHRIE, G. J. _Remarks on the Anatomy Bill now before Parliament, in a
+letter addressed to the Right Hon. the Lord Althorp_. 8vo. London, 1832.
+
+
+_An Act for regulating Schools of Anatomy_ (2 and 3 Guil. IV. cap. 75).
+Fol. London, 1832.
+
+
+DERMOTT, G. D. _A Lecture introductory to a course of Lectures on Anatomy,
+Physiology, and Surgery, delivered at the School of Medicine and Surgery,
+Gerrard Street, Soho_. 8vo. London, 1833.
+
+
+COOPER, BRANSBY B. _The Life of Sir Astley Cooper_. 2 vols. 8vo. London,
+1843.
+
+
+"The Resurrectionists." _Chambers' Journal_, xxxix., 1862, p. 100.
+
+
+"Body-snatching and Burking." _Once a Week_, x., 1863, p. 261.
+
+
+"Burke and Hare." _All the Year Round_, xvii., 1866, p. 282.
+
+
+LONSDALE, H. _A Sketch of the Life and Writings of Robert Knox, the
+Anatomist_. 8vo. London, 1870.
+
+
+"Body-snatchers." _Every Saturday_, ix., 1870, p. 166.
+
+
+FELTOE, C. L. _Memorials of John Flint South_. 12mo. London, 1884.
+
+
+MACGREGOR, GEORGE. _The History of Burke and Hare, and of the
+Resurrectionist Times_. 8vo. Glasgow, 1884.
+
+There is a large mass of literature relating to Burke and Hare and their
+trial and execution: this is well summed up in Mr. MacGregor's book.
+
+
+CAMERON, SIR C. A. _History of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland,
+and of the Irish Schools of Medicine_. 8vo. Dublin, 1886.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abernethy (John), body sold to, 173.
+
+  Advertisements of Lectures on Anatomy, 41-42.
+
+  America, supply of bodies in, 122.
+
+  Anatomical Schools, establishment of, 41.
+    history of, by D'Arcy Power, referred to, 43.
+
+  Anatomists, charges against, of receiving murdered bodies, 56.
+    fined for teaching, 18.
+    form an Anatomical Club, 50.
+
+  Anatomy, Committee on, appointment of, 30.
+      evidence before, 15.
+      report of, 102.
+        referred to, vii.
+    inspectors of, appointed, 116.
+    knowledge of, necessary for surgeons, 14.
+    lectures on, advertisements of, 41-42.
+    teaching of, confined to Company of Barbers and Surgeons, 17.
+
+  Anatomy Act, passing and provisions of, 113-117.
+
+  Anatomy Bill, 1829, introduction of, 103.
+    opposition to, 105.
+
+  Arnold (Will.), execution of, 23.
+
+  Arnot (W.) at Hatton Garden, for body-snatching, 92.
+
+  Arsenic, poisoning by, ix.
+
+  "Artichoke" public-house, mentioned. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Austria, supply of bodies in, 120.
+
+  Austrian Archdukes obtain Butler's release, 132.
+
+
+  Barber-Surgeons. See Company of Barbers and Surgeons.
+
+  Beaman, _post mortem_ of the Italian boy, 57.
+
+  Bell, Sir Charles, body sold to, 142.
+
+  Bellingham, drawing of head of, referred to, 26.
+
+  Bentham, Jeremy, left his body for dissection, 33.
+    oration by Mr. Grainger over his body, 33.
+
+  Bermondsey, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Bethnal Green, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Bibliography of subject, 177.
+
+  Big Gates, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Bishop and Williams, arrest and trial of, 107.
+    disposal of bodies of, 27.
+    drawings of heads of, 112.
+    execution of, 110.
+
+  "Black," a, 173.
+
+  Black Crib, 140.
+
+  "Blue Lion" public-house. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Blundell (William), trial of, at Warrington, 95.
+
+  Bodies, difficulties of obtaining, 44.
+    dissection of, in public, 100.
+      fatal effect of, 39.
+    for dissection supplied by students, 15.
+    left for anatomical purposes, 33-40.
+    offered for dissection after death, 39.
+    possession of stolen, decided to be felony, 98.
+    prices of, 71.
+      raised by competition of different schools, 47.
+    scarcity of, 13.
+    stolen by Resurrectionists from houses, 50.
+      from dead-house at Guy's Hospital, 53.
+      whilst awaiting coroner's inquest, 53.
+    supply of, in foreign countries, 118.
+      from provinces, 81.
+      from workhouses, 31.
+      suggestions in newspapers, 31.
+    See also _Country_; _Edinburgh_.
+    temporary shelter for, 65.
+    of malefactors given to Company of Barbers and Surgeons, 19.
+      difficulty of obtaining from Tyburn, 20.
+    of murderers to be given up to Surgeons' Company, 21.
+      dissected at College of Surgeons, 22.
+      account of proceedings at dissection, by T. M. Stone, 28.
+      conveyed through streets, 23.
+      dissection of, an obstacle to passing the Anatomy Act, 30.
+
+  Boys (Mr.) wishes his body to be made into "essential salts," 38.
+
+  Bridgman's patent coffin, 76.
+    illustration of, 78.
+
+  Brookes (Joshua), advertisement of Lectures, 42.
+    badly treated by resurrection-men, 45.
+    bodies sold to. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Bunhill Row, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Burial-grounds, custodians of, bribed by Resurrectionists, 58.
+    precautions for watching, 72.
+    protection of, 75.
+
+  Burke and Hare, referred to, v., viii.
+
+  Burking, by means of snuff, ix.
+    meaning of, viii.
+    panic from fear of, vii.
+
+  Butler, biographical notice of, 132.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+
+  Cameron (Sir C.) History of Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland,
+  referred to, 87.
+
+  Carpue (J. C.), caricature of, 98.
+    mentioned in Diary, 141.
+    refuses to buy body of Italian boy, 109.
+
+  Chandler (George), provides building for dissecting murderers, 24.
+
+  Chapman (Israel), Jew Resurrectionist, 166.
+
+  Cheselden (William) summoned before Court of Barber-Surgeons for
+  teaching anatomy, 18.
+
+  Chiene (Prof.), referred to, xii.
+
+  Clarke (--), imprisoned for stealing body of child, 51.
+
+  Clarke (J. F.), on post mortem of the Italian boy, 56.
+
+  Clift (W. and W. H.). Drawings of heads of murderers, 26.
+
+  Cline (H.), mentioned in Diary, 139.
+
+  Coffins, Bridgman's patent, 76.
+    illustrations of, 78.
+    mentioned by Southey, 78.
+
+  Coke (Lord), on property in a dead body, 90.
+
+  Committee on Anatomy. See _Anatomy_.
+
+  Company of Barbers and Surgeons to have bodies of malefactors, 19.
+    advertisement of dissection, 21.
+    anatomical teaching by, 17.
+
+  Connolly, mentioned in Diary. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Cooper (Sir Astley), evidence before Anatomy Committee, 15.
+    payments to Resurrectionists, 48, 49.
+    purchase of bodies, 40, 149.
+    life of. See _Cooper (B. B.)_.
+
+  Cooper (Bransby B.), life of Sir Astley Cooper, referred to,
+  vi., vii., 125.
+    notices of Resurrectionists, 128.
+
+  Corporation of Surgeons, required knowledge of anatomy in students, 14.
+    to have bodies of murderers, 21.
+    end of, 22.
+
+  Country, bodies sent to, 148, 150, 154.
+
+  Craigie (Dr.), Inspector of Anatomy, 117.
+
+  Crail, house for securing the dead, 80.
+
+  Crouch (Ben), biographical notice of, 128.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Crowe (Mrs.). _Light and Darkness_, resurrection-man in, 17.
+
+  Cundick (George). See Rex _v._ Cundick.
+
+
+  Deane (John), fined for teaching anatomy, 18.
+
+  Dermott (G. D.), proposal by, for raising fund to purchase bodies, 32.
+
+  _Diary of a Resurrectionist_, description and authorship of, 124.
+    _fac-simile_ of page of, 138.
+    history of, v.
+    reprinted, 139.
+
+  Dickens (Charles). Mr. Cruncher in _Tale of Two Cities_, 17.
+
+  Dissection. See _Bodies_.
+
+  Dublin, burial-grounds of, 87.
+
+  Dundee, protection of grave at, 79.
+
+  Dunn (Francis), execution of, 23.
+
+
+  Edinburgh, bodies sent to, 142, 143, 145, 148, 175, 176.
+    Greyfriars Churchyard, mortsafes in, 76.
+      illustrations of, 41, 74, 76.
+
+  Edwards (D.). _Post mortem_ of the Italian boy, 57.
+
+
+  Fairclough (Jane), prosecution of Davies and others for stealing
+  her body, 95.
+
+  Fat, graves rifled for, 88.
+
+  Ferrari (Carlo), murder of, 109.
+    _post mortem_ of, 56.
+
+  Ferrers (Earl), execution of, 27.
+
+  Fiction, body-snatchers in, 17.
+
+  Finishing money, 48.
+
+  Flemish, the, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Forster (Mr.), _post mortem_ on Messenger Monsey, 37.
+
+  Frampton (Dr.), bodies sold to. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  France, supply of bodies in, 119.
+
+
+  Germany, supply of bodies in, 120.
+
+  Glasnevin Churchyard, riot in, 73.
+
+  Glennon, the police officer, presented with silver staff, 46.
+    recovered stolen bodies, 50.
+
+  Goswell Street, bodies obtained from, 152.
+
+  Grainger (R. D.), payments to resurrection-men, 48.
+    oration over body of Jeremy Bentham, 33.
+    refuses to buy body of Italian boy, 109.
+
+  Graves, protection of, 75, 79, 80.
+    See also _Burial-grounds_.
+
+  Green Churchyard, 140.
+
+  Guthrie, referred to, 14.
+
+  Guy's Hospital, bodies stolen from dead-house, 53.
+    mentioned in Diary. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+
+  Hall (Edward), trial of, at Warrington, 95.
+
+  Harnell (P.), a Resurrectionist, 133.
+
+  Harnett (Bill), biographical notice of, 130.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Harnett (Jack), biographical notice of, 131.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Harnige. See Hornig.
+
+  Harpers. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Hawkins (Caesar), advertisement of Lectures, 42.
+
+  Head. See _Bishop and Williams_.
+
+  Henderson, of Greenock, punished for shipping bodies from Liverpool, 87.
+
+  Hill, porter at King's College, 108.
+
+  Holland, supply of bodies in, 122.
+
+  Holliss, biographical notice of, 134.
+
+  Holmes (Mrs. Basil). _Burial-grounds of London_, quoted, 138, 140.
+
+  Holmes (John) and Peter Williams, convicted of robbery from grave, 59.
+
+  Hornig, or Harnige, mentioned in Diary, 145, 147.
+
+  Hullock (Baron), summing up in trial of Davies and others, 97.
+
+  Hutton (Jack) mentioned. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+
+  Inspectors of Anatomy, appointment, 116.
+
+  Ireland, supply of bodies from, 87.
+
+  Iron coffin, 76.
+    illustration of, 78.
+
+  Italian boy, the. See _Ferrari (Carlo)_.
+
+  Italy, supply of bodies in, 121.
+
+
+  Lambert, mentioned in Diary, 165.
+
+  _Lancet_, the, and the Anatomy Bill, 105.
+
+  Large small, meaning of, 71.
+
+  Law relating to body-snatching, 90.
+
+  Lawrence (Sir W.), on anatomical teaching abroad, 118.
+
+  Lee (Edward), execution, &c., of, 93.
+
+  Light (Tom), biographical notice of, 132.
+    at Hatton Garden, for body-snatching, 92.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Lincoln's Inn Fields, bodies of murderers conveyed to, 23.
+
+  Liverpool, bodies shipped as "bitter salts," 82.
+
+  London Hospital, mentioned in Diary. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Longmore (Sir Thomas), obtained Diary, and presented it to Royal
+  College of Surgeons, vi., 124.
+
+  Lynn. See Rex _v._ Lynn.
+
+  Lytton (Lord). _Lucretia_, resurrection-man in, 17.
+
+
+  Macaulay, Alderman, extract from diary of, 23.
+
+  Macintire (John) buried alive, and rescued by resurrection-men, 65.
+
+  May (James), arrest and trial of, 107.
+    respite and death of, 110.
+    verse by, 110.
+    biographical notice of, 112.
+
+  Mayo (H.), _post mortem_ of the Italian boy, 57.
+
+  Millard (W.), account of, 162, 163.
+
+  Mills (Mr.), buys teeth of Italian boy, 109.
+
+  Moir (D. M.). _Mansie Wauch_, refers to body-snatching, 17.
+
+  Monsey (Messenger), _post mortem_ on, 36.
+
+  Moon, full, interfered with Resurrectionists, 124.
+
+  Mordecai, the Jew, 72, 140.
+
+  Mortsafes in Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh, 76.
+    illustrations of, 41, 74, 76.
+
+  Moss (Dr.) of Warrington, 96.
+
+  "Muddle (Jasper), Confessions of" (by Albert Smith), 17.
+
+  Murderers, dissection of, agitation against, 99.
+      repealed, 115.
+    drawings of heads of, 26.
+
+  Murphy, stealing teeth, 71.
+
+  Murray (Sir James), Inspector of Anatomy, 117.
+
+
+  Naples (Joseph), biographical notice of, 136.
+    method of working, 64.
+    writer of Diary, 127.
+
+  Newington, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Nicholls (Fr.), advertisement of Lectures, 42.
+
+  Nourse (Edward), advertisement of Lectures, 41.
+
+
+  Paris, supply of bodies in, 119.
+
+  Partridge (Richard), arrest of Bishop and Williams, 108.
+    body of Bishop given to, 28.
+    _post mortem_ of the Italian boy, 57.
+
+  Patrick, a Resurrectionist, 133.
+
+  Patterson (G. S.) referred to, 15.
+
+  Pigburn (Fanny), murder of, by Bishop and Williams, 109.
+
+  "Plough" public-house, 175.
+
+  Portugal, supply of bodies in, 122.
+
+  Pott (Percivall), Lectures on Surgery, 42.
+
+  Power (D'Arcy), History of Anatomical Schools, referred to, 43.
+    See _South (J. F.)_.
+
+  Prosecutions for Body-snatching, 90.
+
+  Provincial schools, supply of, 81.
+
+
+  Redmond, Luke, murder of, 87.
+
+  Resurrectionists, biographical notices of, 128.
+    cost of keeping families of, whilst the men were in gaol, 48.
+    damage done to subjects purchased from rivals, 45, 49.
+    demand finishing money, 48.
+    earnings of, 71, 72.
+    end of, 117.
+    first appearance of, 13.
+    in fiction, 16.
+    _modus operandi_ of, 61.
+    as described in _Memoir_ of Thomas Wakley, 61.
+    improbability of this method, 63.
+    _modus operandi_ of Naples, 64.
+    number of bodies obtained by, 60, 69.
+    origin of, 44.
+    popular feeling against, 69, 113.
+    sources of information respecting, vii.
+    See also _Diary, Prosecutions_.
+
+  Rex _v._ Cundick, 93.
+
+  Rex _v._ Lynn, 90.
+
+  "Rockingham Arms" public-house. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Rolph (Mary), body of, exhumed, 142.
+
+  Ross, Elizabeth, the "Burker," viii.
+
+  Rowlandson's "Dissecting-room." _Frontispiece_.
+
+  Royal College of Surgeons, examinations of, 15.
+    foundation of, 22.
+    obliged to dissect bodies of murderers, 22, 26.
+    opposition to Bill of, on account of distance of new building
+        from Newgate, 23.
+    proceedings for obtaining premises near Newgate, 24.
+
+
+  St. Bartholomew's Hospital, mentioned. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. George's, Bloomsbury, robbery from graveyard of, 59.
+    See also Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. James', bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. John's, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. Luke's burial-ground, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. Olave and St. John, Southwark, burial-ground, 152.
+
+  St. Pancras, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  St. Thomas', Charterhouse, 152.
+
+  St. Thomas' Hospital, mentioned. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Sergeant, Miss, _Dr. Endicott's Experiment_, refers to
+  body-snatching, 17.
+
+  Sheriffs of London, letter from, as to bodies of Bishop and
+  Williams, 28.
+
+  Shields, porter to Bishop and Williams, 113.
+
+  Smalls, meaning of, 71.
+
+  Smith (Albert), "Confessions of Jasper Muddle, Dissecting-room
+  Porter," 17, 130.
+
+  Society of Apothecaries, did not require attendance at dissection, 14.
+
+  Somerville (James C.), effects on students of want of subjects, 48.
+    Inspector of Anatomy, 117.
+
+  South (J. F.) and D'Arcy Power, Memorials of the Craft of Surgery,
+  quoted, 19.
+
+  Southey (R.), _The Surgeon's Warning_, 78, 88.
+
+  Spelling (--), at Hatton Garden for body-snatching, 92.
+
+  Stanley (E.), bodies sold to. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Stone (T. Madden), account of dissection at College of Surgeons, 28.
+    letter on body-snatchers, 125.
+
+  Students, knowledge of anatomy necessary for. See _Anatomy_.
+
+  Subjects for dissection. See _Bodies_.
+
+
+  Taunton (Mr.), bodies sold to. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Teeth, trade in, by Resurrectionists, 71, 167.
+
+  Tottenham, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Trance, man buried during, and rescued by resurrection-men, 65.
+
+  Trials for body-snatching. See _Prosecutions_.
+
+  Tuson, refuses to buy body of Italian boy, 109.
+
+  Twyford (Mr.), statement as to number of prosecutions at Worship
+  St., 92.
+
+  Tyburn, bodies taken from, 20.
+
+
+  Ure (Nat.), mentioned, 154.
+
+
+  Veitch (A. D.), on Wilson's supposed Burking, viii.
+
+  Vickers (Mr.), mentioned in Diary, _passim_.
+
+
+  Walsh, Catherine, murder of, viii.
+
+  Warburton's Act. See _Anatomy Bill_ and _Anatomy Act_.
+
+  Warren (Samuel), _Diary of a late Physician_, quoted, 15.
+
+  Warrington, prosecution of John Davies and others at, 95.
+
+  Wetherfield (Mr.), _post mortem_ of the Italian boy, 57.
+
+  "White Horse" public-house. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Whitechapel, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Williams, and illicit trade in glass, 112.
+    See also _Bishop and Williams_.
+
+  Williams (Peter). See Holmes (John).
+
+  Wilson (James), bodies sold to. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+  Wilson (John), "Burking by means of snuff," ix.
+
+  Wood (Mr.), death of, from seeing a body dissected, 39.
+
+  Workhouses, number of deaths in, 31.
+
+  Wortley, mentioned in Diary, 161.
+
+  Wygate or Wiegate, bodies obtained from. See Diary, _passim_.
+
+
+  Yarmouth, body-snatching at, 81.
+
+  Young (Sidney), _Annals of the Barber-Surgeons_, quoted, 18, 20.
+
+
+_Plymouth: W. Brendon and Son, Printers._
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+[1] See _Sketch of the Life of Robert Knox_, by HENRY LONSDALE (London,
+1870); and _The History of Burke and Hare and of the Resurrectionist
+Times_, by GEORGE MACGREGOR (Glasgow, 1884).
+
+[2] It may be interesting to mention that Albert Smith's remuneration for
+these papers was five shillings per page of three columns.
+
+[3] _Annals of the Barber Surgeons_, by SIDNEY YOUNG, p. 317.
+
+[4] SOUTH and D'ARCY POWER, _Memorials of the Craft of Surgery_, p. 233,
+_note_.
+
+[5] YOUNG, _loc. cit._ p. 349.
+
+[6] _Academy_, vol. vi. p. 208, 1874.
+
+[7] For the portraits of Bishop and Williams see p. 112.
+
+[8] _Hospital Gazette_, from Sep. 13, 1890, to March 7, 1891.
+
+[9] This Committee was appointed by the House of Commons in 1828, to take
+evidence and report on the necessity of obtaining bodies for anatomical
+purposes. The work of the Committee is referred to at greater length on p.
+102.
+
+[10] The letter has no signature.
+
+[11] See also p. 107.
+
+[12] _Autobiographical Recollections of the Medical Profession_, p. 101.
+
+[13] _Lancet_, 1896, vol. i. p. 187.
+
+[14] _Memorials of John Flint South_, by C. T. FELTOE, 1884, p. 100.
+
+[15] _Life of Sir Astley Cooper_, vol. i. p. 354.
+
+[16] See illustration.
+
+[17] See two following illustrations.
+
+[18] CAMERON, _History of Roy. Coll. Surgeons in Ireland_, p. 113.
+
+[19] _Use of the Dead to the Living._
+
+[20] _D. and R. Nisi Prius Repts._ i. 13.
+
+[21] See also page 56.
+
+[22] See page vi.
+
+[23] _Life of Sir Astley Cooper_, vol. i. p. 422.
+
+[24] Cannot find out his surname.
+
+[25] _Loc. cit._ vol. i. _passim_.
+
+[26] B. Cooper gives an account of a Resurrectionist under the name of
+"Patrick"; this is probably the man referred to. The name is Harnell in
+the _Sun_ for October 14th, 1812; it may, perhaps, be a misprint for
+Harnett; two men of this name have already been spoken of.
+
+[27] See also p. 126.
+
+[28] The name is suppressed in the printed copy.
+
+[29] Since the above was written, Mrs. Basil Holmes' interesting volume on
+_The Burial Grounds of London_ has been published. Reference to this book
+confirms the statement above made. Mrs. Holmes' account is very carefully
+done, and the list of the old burial-grounds is probably as complete as it
+can be, but no light is thrown upon any of the difficult names used in the
+Diary.
+
+[30] Slang for a burial-ground.
+
+[31] Harper is probably the name of the keeper of a burial-ground.
+
+[32] This occurs often in the Diary, and was evidently a favourite place
+for meeting. It was, doubtless, the entrance to some burial-ground, but
+there is no evidence by which the place can be definitely determined.
+
+[33] _i.e._ a body which had had a post mortem performed on it was
+obtained from the burial-ground attached to St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
+
+[34] Watched to see what funerals were taking place during the day.
+
+[35] Probably Michael Mordecai, who kept an old curiosity-shop in New
+Alley, and was a noted receiver.
+
+[36] Probably the landlord of a public-house.
+
+[37] _i.e._ all the gang.
+
+[38] The "Green Churchyard" was an addition to the Churchyard of St.
+Giles, Cripplegate. "Green Churchyard" is a name which we find repeated in
+other parishes; for instance, it was given to the higher portion of St.
+James', Piccadilly, and to the little piece by St. Bartholomew the Great,
+approached through the present south transept. Holmes, _loc. cit._ It is
+impossible to say which of these is here meant.
+
+[39] Bunhill.
+
+[40] J. C. Carpue, the founder of the Dean Street Anatomical School.
+
+[41] Dr. Frampton, of the London Hospital.
+
+[42] James Wilson, of the Great Windmill Street School.
+
+[43] Joshua Brookes, founder of the Blenheim Street, or Great Marlborough
+Street, Anatomical School: for references to Brookes, see Index.
+
+[44] See page 65.
+
+[45] Sir Charles Bell, of Great Windmill Street School.
+
+[46] Abbreviation for Harpers. See p. 139.
+
+[47] Either St. Luke's Church or St. Luke's Hospital in Old Street.
+
+[48] Words so crossed out that they cannot be deciphered; in all
+probability it originally read "with their ---- throat cut."
+
+[49] John Taunton, founder of the City of London Truss Society, a
+demonstrator at Guy's Hospital under Cline, and at this time principal
+lecturer to the London Anatomical Society.
+
+[50] Artichoke Public-house.
+
+[51] See page 127.
+
+[52] Newington.
+
+[53] Slang term for bodies.
+
+[54] See page 71.
+
+[55] Afterwards Sir Astley Cooper.
+
+[56] Body putrid, and therefore of no use for anatomical purposes.
+
+[57] Probably Church of St. Thomas, Charterhouse.
+
+[58] The burial-ground for the parishes of St. Olave and St. John,
+Southwark; it was taken by the "Greenwich Railway Company": part of the
+approach to the "Flemish" now forms the approach to London Bridge Station.
+
+[59] This is, of course, not the St. Pancras Church in the Euston Road,
+but the old parish church situated on the north side of the road leading
+from King's Cross to Kentish Town.
+
+[60] See page 124.
+
+[61] Failed to get a body.
+
+[62] Bodies unsold.
+
+[63] Probably a burial-ground attached to a meeting-house.
+
+[64] The diary is torn at the margin in this place: the word "left" is
+probably correct, but who "the man" was cannot be determined.
+
+[65] St. Olave's.
+
+[66] Probably from information given to the police by the other party who
+"had got the adult."
+
+[67] The police court in Union Street, Southwark; it was removed in 1845.
+
+[68] _i.e._ had spoiled them for anatomical purposes; very likely to be
+done out of spite, as on the previous day they had "row'd with Ben,"
+_i.e._ Crouch; see page 49.
+
+[69] Evidently for debt.
+
+[70] Millard was superintendent of the dissecting-room at St. Thomas'; he
+was an avaricious man, and lost this situation through dealing in bodies.
+His plan was to take them in at the hospital from the resurrection-men,
+and then to sell them at an advanced price in Edinburgh unknown to the men
+who supplied him, and to the teachers at the hospital. Millard was popular
+with the pupils, and, after his dismissal, they persuaded him to take an
+eating-house in the neighbourhood of St. Thomas'. As there was money to be
+made in the "resurrection" traffic, he did not abandon his connection with
+the body-snatchers. This came to be known, and created a strong prejudice
+against him; so much so that his legitimate business fell off to such an
+extent as to make it necessary for him to relinquish it altogether. Then
+he took entirely to the resurrection business, and was sentenced to three
+months' imprisonment for taking a body from the burial-ground attached to
+the London Hospital. He appealed against the sentence, and found bail.
+Then he brought an action against the magistrate at Lambeth for false
+imprisonment; this was set aside, and Millard was sent back to Cold Bath
+Fields to complete his sentence. He tried hard to get Sir Astley Cooper to
+solicit a pardon for him, but without avail. This so preyed on his mind
+that he threatened Sir Astley with bodily injury. Ultimately Millard quite
+lost his reason, and died in gaol. In 1825 his widow published a pamphlet
+entitled, "An Account of the circumstances attending the imprisonment and
+death of the late William Millard, formerly superintendent of the Theatre
+of Anatomy of St. Thomas' Hospital, Southwark." The pamphlet states that
+Millard had notice to leave St. Thomas' because it was found that he was
+supplying Mr. Grainger with bodies, and that Sir Astley Cooper was
+determined to put an end to the school which Grainger had established. The
+publication is of a very abusive character; the surgeon of the gaol, Mr.
+Wakley, of the _Lancet_, and the authorities at the hospital, all come in
+for severe censure. The whole tone of the pamphlet is so exaggerated that
+it is impossible to tell whether there is any truth in Mrs. Millard's
+grievances.
+
+[71] Extremities.
+
+[72] These words are illegible.
+
+[73] St. Pancras.
+
+[74] Male.
+
+[75] Mr. Edward Stanley, Surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
+
+[76] Private door into the burial-ground, probably generally left unlocked
+for them by the custodian; for some special reason it was closed on this
+particular night.
+
+[77] In all probability Israel Chapman, a Jew, who was in the resurrection
+trade; the object of following was to try and prevent his doing any
+business. (See page 49.) The next entry shows that the Jew had sold a body
+at St. Bartholomew's; there was "a row" at this, and, no doubt, "the
+regular men" had to be pacified.
+
+[78] Placed there by friends of the deceased, in all probability.
+
+[79] Opened two graves; one body too decomposed to bring away, so they
+drew the canine teeth and sold them.
+
+[80] Words crossed out and illegible in the MS.
+
+[81] Tom Light.
+
+[82] See also p. 129.
+
+[83] The words in brackets are crossed out in the MS.
+
+[84] _i.e._ The clothes specially used for resurrection work; they would
+naturally be clay-stained, and if worn during the day would betray their
+owner's occupation.
+
+[85] Probably slang for a funeral.
+
+[86] Blue Lion.
+
+[87] Canine teeth.
+
+[88] The watchman.
+
+[89] _i.e._ got 6 adults, 1 small, and 1 foetus from St. Pancras: these
+were taken to S. Bartholomew's: the four from Tottenham went to Mr.
+Wilson.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_.
+
+Superscripted letters are shown in {brackets}.
+
+The following misprints have been corrected:
+  "where" corrected to "were" (page xii)
+  "how tax" corrected to "hot wax" (page 83)
+
+Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in
+spelling, punctuation, and hyphenation usage have been retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diary of a Resurrectionist,
+1811-1812, by James Blake Bailey
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