diff options
Diffstat (limited to '32623.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 32623.txt | 1354 |
1 files changed, 1354 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/32623.txt b/32623.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7a6e9b --- /dev/null +++ b/32623.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1354 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, +Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico, by Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico + +Author: Robert J. Russell + Rollin H. Baker + +Release Date: May 31, 2010 [EBook #32623] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POCKET GOPHER *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cos, Joseph Cooper and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + ~University of Kansas Publications~ + ~Museum of Natural History~ + + Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608 + + March 15, 1955 + + + Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, + Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico + + + BY + ROBERT J. RUSSELL AND ROLLIN H. BAKER + + ~University of Kansas~ + ~Lawrence~ + 1955 + + + + + +~University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History~ + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, + Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 7, No. 12, pp. 591-608 + Published March 15, 1955 + + ~University of Kansas~ + ~Lawrence, Kansas~ + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1955 + + 25-5679 + + + + + + Geographic Variation in the Pocket Gopher, + Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico + + By + + Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker + + + + +The plateau pocket gopher, _Cratogeomys castanops_, inhabits open +lands from southeastern Colorado southward onto the Mexican +Plateau as far south as southern San Luis Potosi and southeastern +Zacatecas and southeastward to the Coastal Plain of northern +Tamaulipas. This species occurs at elevations from as low as 26 feet +at Matamoras in Tamaulipas to as high as 8700 feet in valleys of +south-eastern Coahuila. In 1934, Nelson and Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 47:135-154, June 13, 1934) revised the genus _Cratogeomys_ +and decided that six subspecies of _C. castanops_ occurred in +Coahuila. In the present account, we describe four previously unknown +subspecies from Coahuila, exclude from the state two others recorded +from there by Nelson and Goldman, and show that three others named +previously from adjacent Mexican states do occur in Coahuila. This +makes eleven subspecies now known from that state. From Coahuila +Nelson and Goldman had 35 study specimens of _C. castanops_ from seven +localities and we have had 234 specimens from 63 localities. +Consequently we have been able to define with greater certainty, than +formerly was possible, the geographic distribution of _C. castanops_ +in this Mexican state and similarly analyze more completely the +geographic variation. + +Coahuila is near the center of the geographic range of _C. castanops_. +The occurrence of 11 subspecies within the state seems to be +the result of partial or perhaps, in some cases, total isolation of +populations of _C. castanops_ because of the highly dissected +topography and the variability of the soil. _Cratogeomys castanops_ is +a sedentary animal preferring open plains mantled by suitable soils, +preferably sandy in texture, in which the animals can dig their +elaborate underground systems of runways. Thin soils of hard texture +and rocky soils do not offer optimum habitat for _C. castanops_, and +the animals usually are absent or uncommon in such situations. Desert +mountains with their thin rocky soils, elevated passes, perpendicular +rocky cliffs, and stands of oaks and conifers at higher elevations +present impassable barriers for pocket gophers of this species. The +Rio Grande, bordering Coahuila to the north, in many places flowing +through steep-walled canons, also seems to be a barrier that this +fossorial rodent does not cross; distinct subspecies occur on the two +sides of the river directly opposite each other (also see Nelson and +Goldman, _op. cit._: 143). Smaller streams, such as the Rio Salado, +Rio Nazas and Rio Salinas, seem to be unimportant barriers to the +passage of these pocket gophers. The food supply of _C. castanops_ +seems adequate in most situations and consequently food is unimportant +in governing the distribution of this species. Principal foods of _C. +castanops_ are fleshy tuberous roots of well-distributed desert +shrubs, but in the valleys of the high mountains of southeastern +Coahuila, where desert shrubs are absent, roots and leaves of +low-growing forbs are eaten. + +Three distinct habitats for _C. castanops_ occur in Coahuila. The +state is crossed by a series of mostly impassable, mountainous ridges +beginning at the northwestern boundary at the Canon de Boquillas on +the Rio Grande and extending southeastward to the east-central border. +This divides Coahuila into a more humid and less elevated northeastern +area which is an inland extension westward of the Coastal Plain and a +more arid and higher western and southern area which is a part of the +"Mesa del Norte" of the Mexican Plateau. In the extreme southeast the +still higher elevated plains and intermontane valleys within the +Sierra Madre Oriental afford a third habitat for populations of this +species. The subspecies of these pocket gophers found in any one of +these three habitats show greater affinity to each other than they do +to any subspecies found in the other habitats. + +Generally speaking, populations of _C. castanops_ from northeastern +Coahuila are related, as a group, in color and cranial features. +Partial isolation of subspecies in this area results chiefly from +discontinuity of suitable soils rather than from topography. These +pocket gophers occur most commonly in the deep, sandy soils which are +found along streams, especially where farm lands are irrigated. In +western and southern Coahuila, mountains extending in both north-south +and east-west directions act as partial barriers to the passage of _C. +castanops_. Within this large area, pocket gophers occur in desert +basins many of which are enclosed on two or more sides by mountains. +Even so, with the exception of the smaller _C. c. consitus_ of +northwestern Coahuila, all known subspecies occurring at lower +elevations in the western and southern part of the state show close +relationships in color and cranial features. Those subspecies in the +higher parts of southeastern Coahuila by their small size and dark +color reflect to a high degree their isolation in an elevated habitat. + +Males of _C. castanops_ differ greatly from females of equal age; +consequently animals of the same sex, as well as of the same age, are +used herein for taxonomic comparisons. Since, of any given age-group, +females show less individual variation than do males, we have relied +more on the characteristics of the females in this taxonomic study. +Only specimens taken at approximately the same times of the year have +been compared for color of pelage. Capitalized color terms are those +of Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., +1912. Specimens made available through the courtesy of the authorities +of the Biological Surveys Collection of the United States National +Museum are indicated in the accounts of subspecies as BSC; other +specimens listed are in the collection of the University of Kansas +Museum of Natural History. Assistance with field work is acknowledged +from the Kansas University Endowment Association and the National +Science Foundation. + +In any one of the lists of "Specimens examined" beyond, the order of +arrangement of the localities is from north to south. Those localities +listed in Roman type are represented on the distribution map (Figure +1) by blacked-in circles. Each of several circles covers two or more +localities because the localities are close together. In any such +instance the northernmost place is listed in Roman type and the names +of the other places follow in Italic type. Measurements in millimeters +are given in table 1 for females and in table 2 for males. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops convexus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:142, June 13, type from 7 mi. E Las Vacas +[= Villa Acuna], Rio Grande Valley, Coahuila (opposite Del Rio, +Texas). + +_Distribution._--Extreme northern Coahuila, east and north of the +Serranias del Burro (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Previously known from only one specimen, a subadult +female, this subspecies has not been well diagnosed. At hand we have +five near topotypes of _convexus_ (including two adult females and one +adult male) and specimens assignable to this subspecies from several +other localities. This subspecies may be characterized as follows: +Size medium (see tables 1 and 2); dorsal profile of skull convex in +females and flat, especially posteriorly, in males; zygomata weakly +constructed and not widely flaring; mastoid and tympanic bullae +inflated; nasals short; rostrum broad and short; maxillary teeth +large. + +[Illustration: ~Fig. 1.~ Geographic ranges of the subspecies of + _Cratogeomys castanops_ found in Coahuila, Mexico. + +Guide to subspecies 4. _C. c. bullatus_ 8. _C. c. subsimus_ +1. _C. c. convexus_ 5. _C. c. ustulatus_ 9. _C. c. goldmani_ +2. _C. c. consitus_ 6. _C. c. jucundus_ 10. _C. c. subnubilus_ +3. _C. c. sordidulus_ 7. _C. c. excelsus_ 11. _C. c. planifrons_] + +_Comparisons._--From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps_ +Nelson and Goldman, found to the north and east across the Rio Grande +in Texas, _convexus_ differs in: Body larger; upper parts more +reddish, especially on sides; skull with zygomata less heavy, nasals +broader, pterygoids smaller, maxillary teeth larger. For comparisons +of _convexus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ found to the west, +south and southeast, see accounts of the subspecies to follow. + +_Remarks._--The geographic range of _convexus_ is restricted, being +bounded on the west and southwest by mountains, especially the +Serranias del Burro, and on the north and east by the Rio Grande. The +range of the subspecies found to the southeast may not be continuous +with that of _convexus_. At least, in the area between Villa Acuna and +Piedras Negras, along the Rio Grande, no specimens were obtained and +no sign was observed. We suspect that in this area the species occurs +only locally if at all. + +A specimen taken near the Rio Grande in Coahuila, opposite Samuels, +Texas, and assigned to _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ by Nelson and +Goldman (op. cit.:140), has been examined by us and is referable to +_convexus_. This specimen is typical of _convexus_ except for the +lesser inflation of the mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae. +Conspicuous differences between _convexus_ and _angusticeps_ +indicate that the Rio Grande is an effective barrier to passage by +these rodents. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 14, all from Coahuila: Rio Grande, 17 +mi. S Dryden, Terrell Co., Texas, 6; Rio Grande, opposite Samuels, Val +Verde Co., Texas, 1 (BSC); Villa Acuna, 5; Canon del Cochino, 21 mi. E +and 16 mi. N Piedra Blanca, 1; 11 mi. W Hda. San Miguel, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops bullatus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 48498, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist., 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, 810 ft., Coahuila; 16 June +1952; obtained by Robert J. Russell, original number 276. + +_Distribution._--Desert lowlands of northeastern Coahuila, from the +Rio Grande to as far southwestward as the Rio Sabinas (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body medium for the species (see tables 1 and 2); tail +long; hind foot small; upper parts Light Ochraceous-Buff (in summer +pelage) and Orange-Buff (in winter pelage), bases of hairs Plumbeous; +underparts white to pale buffy; skull small, broad and slightly convex +in dorsal outline; zygomata widely flaring; palate short; rostrum +short; nasals short; mastoid and tympanic bullae inflated; +basioccipital with lateral edges parallel; maxillary teeth small. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the +north, _bullatus_ differs in: Hind foot shorter; skull much broader in +relation to length; rostrum narrower but, relative to length of skull, +wider; tympanic bullae slightly more inflated; incisors and maxillary +teeth smaller. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops angusticeps_, +found across the Rio Grande and upstream from localities where +_bullatus_ is known to occur, _bullatus_ differs in: Body slightly +smaller; color paler, especially on sides; skull shorter and broader; +rostrum shorter and broader; nasals shorter; mastoid and tympanic +bullae more inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. For comparisons of +_bullatus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ found to the west and +south, see accounts of the subspecies to follow. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ in small size resembles +_C. c. tamaulipensis_ Nelson and Goldman of the lower Rio Grande +Valley in Tamaulipas, but the two differ markedly in cranial features. +_Cratogeomys c. bullatus_ is smaller than _convexus_ but these two +subspecies resemble each other in color and cranial characters. Both +have an arched skull, inflated mastoid and tympanic bullae, short +nasals, and a short rostrum. Comparison of _bullatus_ with +_angusticeps_, which occurs across the Rio Grande but not directly +opposite the range of _bullatus_, indicates that these two subspecies +are less closely related than _bullatus_ is to _tamaulipensis_ and +_convexus_. + +_Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ is especially common in sandy +soils in the vicinity of Nava where the mounds were in fallow +irrigated fields and other open places between extensive live oak +thickets. South and west of the Rio Grande the animals were less +abundant and lived in heavier soils usually as individuals or in small +groups. Specimens were taken at elevations from as low as 800 feet to +as high as 2,000 feet. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 24, from: 2 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. E Nava, +810 ft., 2; 2 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava, 800 ft., 1; _3 mi. S and 12 mi. +E Nava, 800 ft._, 4; 29 mi. N and 6 mi. E Sabinas, 5; 10 mi. E +Hacienda La Mariposa, 2000 ft., 1; La Gacha [= La Concha], 1600 ft., +8; 8 mi. S and 8 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 1900 ft., 1; 9 mi. S and +11 mi. E Sabinas, 1050 ft., 2. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull, No. 34589, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist., Don Martin, 800 ft., Coahuila; 19 August 1949; obtained by +W. Kim Clark, original number 1034. + +_Distribution._--Extreme northeastern Coahuila from the vicinity of +Presa Don Martin southward into northwestern Neuvo Leon in the valley +of the Rio Salado and its tributaries at least as far south as the +vicinity of Vallecillo (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); hind foot +short; upper parts Apricot Buff (in fresh summer pelage) and +Salmon-Buff strongly mixed with black (in fresh winter pelage); +underparts Light Ochraceous-Buff; skull large, especially in females, +and broad; zygomatic arches widely flaring; palate long; rostrum +broad; nasals long; mastoid and tympanic bullae not conspicuously +inflated; incisors narrow; maxillary teeth large. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_ found to the +north, _ustulatus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper parts +darker, more rufous and less buffy; skull larger, especially in +palate, nasals, and rostrum; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic +bullae less inflated; incisors slightly larger; maxillary teeth +larger. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_ +found to the southeast, _ustulatus_ differs in: Body larger; upper +parts, in winter pelage, darker, more rufous and less buffy; +underparts paler; skull larger, especially in palate, rostrum and +nasals; zygomata more widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; +pterygoids larger; basioccipital narrower, its sides parallel instead +of convex; maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops +subsimus_, found to the southwest, _ustulatus_ differs in: Tail +shorter; hind foot smaller; upper parts darker, more rufous and less +pinkish-buff; skull shorter; zygomata less widely flaring; palate +shorter; rostrum averaging slightly narrower; nasals shorter; incisors +narrower; maxillary teeth slightly smaller. For comparison of +_ustulatus_ with the subspecies of _C. castanops_ to the southwest, +see account of that subspecies to follow. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops ustulatus_ is a large-sized pocket +gopher with a relatively larger, skull. In size oL skull, _ustulatus_ +is exceeded only by _C. c. subsimus_ found beyond the mountains in the +southern part of Coahuila. In size, _ustulatus_ differs so markedly +from _bullatus_ that the two can be distinguished easily by this +feature alone. The skull of _C. c. convexus_ approaches that of +_ustulatus_ in size, but is smaller in all respects, save breadth of +rostrum. + +This pocket gopher is found commonly along the Rio Salado and its +watershed. Fallow cotton fields in the vicinity of Anahuac [= +Rodriques], Nuevo Leon, are preferred living places. This subspecies +was found at elevations as high as 1000 feet and as low as 600 feet. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 10, from: Don Martin, 800 ft., 5; _base +of Don Martin Dam_, 2; _2 mi. SE Don Martin Dam, along Rio Salado_, 2; +5 mi. SE Don Martin, 1. + +_Records from Nuevo Leon._--Total, 14, from: 9 mi. N and 2 mi. W +Anahuac [= Rodriques], 1; 4 mi. N and 1 mi. W Anahuac [= Rodriques], +5; 3 mi. N Lampazos, 4; 1 mi. N Vallecillo, 1000 ft., 1; Vallecillo, +20 mi. S Rio Salado, 1000 ft., 3. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops jucundus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56603, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist.; Hermanas, 1205 ft., Coahuila; 5 December 1953; obtained by +Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2051. + +_Distribution._--Arid plains and broad intermontane valleys of +east-central Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body largest for the species (see table 1); tail long; +hind foot large; upper parts in winter pelage Ochraceous-Buff, in +summer pelage Antimony Yellow; underparts Pale Ochraceous-Buff; skull +medium in size, broad; zygomata moderately flaring; palate medium in +length; rostrum broad; nasals moderately long; maxillary teeth small. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomy castanops ustulatus_, found to the +east, jucundus differs in: Body larger; tail longer; hind foot larger; +upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less rufous; skull averaging +smaller; zygomata slightly less expanded laterally; palate and nasals +shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae less inflated, +especially in females; rostrum slightly narrower; maxillary tooth-row +shorter. From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops tamaulipensis_, +found to the southeast, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail +longer; hind foot smaller; upper parts, in winter pelage, paler, more +ochraceous and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely +flaring; palate longer; rostrum broader; tympanic bullae more +inflated; basioccipital with sides parallel instead of convex; +maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomy castanops excelsus_, found +to the southwest, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot +averaging larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous, and less buffy; +underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull slightly +smaller; zygomata less widely flaring, especially in females; palate +shorter; nasals shorter; squamosal breadth less; mastoid bullae more +inflated; incisors narrower. From _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_, +found to the south, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; +hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more ochraceous and less +yellowish; skull smaller; zygomata less widely expanded laterally; +palate and nasals shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; +maxillary tooth-row shorter. From _Cratogeomys castanops bullatus_, +found to the north, _jucundus_ differs in: Body larger; tail averaging +longer; hind foot larger; color of upper parts more ochraceous and +less rufous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull +larger, especially in length, in width across zygomata, in lengths of +palate, rostrum and nasals; mastoid and tympanic bullae less inflated; +squamosal breadth greater. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops jucundus_ is large, exceeding +subsimus in dimensions of the body, but differing from _subsimus_ in +relatively smaller skull. Passage to the north and northeast by +_jucundus_ is at least partly blocked by inhospitable mountainous +country; the resulting semi-isolation may be one reason for the +distinctive characteristics of _jucundus_ compared with those of +_bullatus_ and _ustulatus_. Two specimens from Monclova, assigned to +_tamaulipensis_ by Nelson and Goldman (op. cit.:142), are here +referred to _jucundus_ on the basis of cranial characters and size. + +Specimens were trapped in fallow irrigated fields in the vicinity +of Monclova. Others were taken in deep soils in desert flats. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 19, from: Hermanas, 1205 ft., 9; _1 mi. +S Hermanas_, 2; 1 mi. N and 13 mi. E Cuatro Cienegas, 2; 5 mi. N and +2 mi. W Monclova, 1; _2 mi. N and 1 mi. E Monclova_, 1; Monclova, 2 +(BSC); Hisachalo [= Huisachalo], 2. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus+ new subspecies + + +_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 56614, Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist.; 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., Coahuila; 16 December 1953; +obtained by Robert W. Dickerman, original number 2164. + +_Distribution._--Desert plains of north-central Coahuila, surrounded +for the most part by higher mountainous country (see fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Body large for species (see tables 1 and 2); tail short; +hind foot large; upper parts Ochraceous-Buff (in summer pelage) and +Orange-Buff (in fresh winter pelage); underparts Pale +Ochraceous-Salmon; skull medium in size and narrow; zygomata narrow; +rostrum narrow; palate short; nasals medium in length; basioccipital +small and narrow; mastoid bullae not greatly inflated; tympanic bullae +inflated; incisors small; maxillary teeth small. + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops jucundus_, found beyond +the mountains to the southeast, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body smaller; +tail shorter; hind foot slightly smaller; upper parts darker, more +ochraceous and less yellowish, with plumbeous bases of hairs more +conspicuous; underparts darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull +slightly shorter, more nearly flat, and narrower; zygomata less widely +flaring; rostrum narrower; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisors and +maxillary teeth slightly smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops +excelsus_, found to the south and southwest, _sordidulus_ differs in: +Body slightly smaller; tail shorter; hind foot slightly larger; upper +parts darker, more ochraceous and less pinkish-buff; underparts +darker, more buffy and less whitish; skull smaller and narrower; +zygomata less widely flaring; sides more nearly parallel and not +expanded anteriorly; palate shorter; rostrum narrower and, in relation +to greatest length of skull, longer; tympanic bullae slightly more +inflated; incisors and maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys +castanops consitus_, found to the north and west, _sordidulus_ differs +in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper parts paler, more ochraceous +and less rufous; skull decidedly larger and wider; zygomata more +widely flaring; palate and nasals longer; rostrum broader; mastoid +bullae and tympanic bullae larger; maxillary teeth smaller. From +topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ (Baird), found to the +northwest, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper +parts, in winter pelage, paler, more ochraceous and less dark-rufous; +skull slightly smaller and narrower; rostrum narrower; nasals slightly +shorter; sides of basioccipital more nearly parallel instead of +wedge-shaped; mastoid bullae less inflated; incisor and maxillary +teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the +northeast, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body larger; tail shorter; upper +parts slightly darker, more ochraceous and less buffy; skull narrower; +zygomata more nearly parallel and less expanded anteriorly; rostrum +narrower and longer; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; mastoid +bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth smaller. From _Cratogeomys +castanops bullatus_, found to the east, _sordidulus_ differs in: Body +larger; hind foot larger; upper parts darker, more ochraceous and less +buffy; skull larger in all respects; zygomata more widely flaring; +tympanic bullae less inflated; maxillary teeth larger. + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_ is limited to the +Llano de Ocampo, an elevated, desert plain surrounded on three sides, +west, south and east, by higher mountainous country which seems to bar +the passage of this rodent. On the eastern side this barrier extends +north to the very banks of the Rio Grande in the Canon de Boquillas. +This subspecies, therefore, is in contact with other populations of +_Cratogeomys_ only to the north and northwest. This subspecies is well +characterized by size, color and cranial characteristics. + +_Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_ is not abundant; groups of mounds +constructed by one or a few individuals were found in widely separated +places. Mounds were often small, appeared old and, in other ways, were +inconspicuous on arid flats. The animals were taken at elevations as +low as 3250 feet and as high as 4150 feet. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 13, from: 50 mi. N and 20 mi. W Ocampo, +4150 ft., 1; 18 mi. S and 14 mi. E Tanque Alvarez, 4000 ft., 4; 1-1/2 +mi. NW Ocampo, 3300 ft., 6; _Ocampo_, 1; 5 mi. N and 19 mi. W Cuatro +Cienegas, 3250 ft., 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops consitus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops consitus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:140, June 13, type from Gallego, 5500 ft., +Chihuahua. + +_Distribution._--Arid high plains from central Chihuahua, east and +southeast at least into northwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops lacrimalis_ Nelson and +Goldman, specimens from Boquillas and Marathon north of the Rio Grande +in Texas, _consitus_ differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot +shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less rufous; +underparts paler, light buffy instead of dark buffy; skull decidedly +smaller; zygomata slightly less widely flaring; palate especially +shorter; rostrum narrower; squamosal breadth less; incisors smaller. +From topotypes of _Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_, found to the north +along the Rio Grande, _consitus_ differs in: Body smaller; tail and +hind foot shorter; upper parts paler, more buffy and less rufous; +skull markedly smaller, especially in palate and nasals; zygomata less +widely flaring; tympanic bullae more inflated; mastoid bullae less +inflated; basioccipital parallel-sided as opposed to wedge-shaped. +From _Cratogeomys castanops convexus_, found to the east, _consitus_ +differs in: Body smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts +paler, more buffy and less ochraceous; underparts paler, white or +light buffy instead of pale ochraceous; skull smaller; zygomata less +widely flaring; palate shorter; rostrum decidedly narrower and, +relative to length of skull, longer; squamosal breadth less; incisors +smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_, found to the south, +_consitus_ differs in: Size smaller; tail and hind foot shorter; upper +parts darker, more rufous and less pinkish-buff; skull conspicuously +smaller, especially in palate, rostrum, and nasals; zygomata less +widely flaring; mastoid bullae and tympanic bullae more inflated; +incisors smaller; maxillary teeth relatively larger. For comparison of +_consitus_ with _Cratogeomys castanops sordidulus_, see previous +account. + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops consitus_ is a small pocket gopher +(see tables 1 and 2); the largest adult available to us is much +smaller than the smallest adult of any adjacent subspecies. Specimens +from Coahuila assigned to _consitus_ compare favorably with +topotypes although those from the vicinity of Jaco are smaller, paler +and have a narrower rostrum and smaller maxillary teeth. An immature +male trapped three miles northeast of Sierra Mojada is tentatively +assigned to _consitus_. This subspecies seems to be rare in +northwestern Coahuila and small colonies are widely scattered. + +_Cratogeomys castanops clarkii_ (Baird) may occur along the Rio +Grande in extreme northwestern Coahuila. No specimens are known from +Coahuila, and none was found in the vicinity of Boquillas, Coahuila, +in 1952. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 8, from: 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino, 1; +6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, _in_ Coahuila, 6; 3 mi. NE Sierra Mojada, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops excelsus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. +Soc. Washington, 47:143, June 13, type from San Pedro, 10 mi. W Laguna +de Mayran, Coahuila. + +_Distribution._--Desert plains of southwestern Coahuila and +northeastern Durango (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--_Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ is characterized by +large size and pale color; it is the palest subspecies of _C. +castanops_. Of adjacent subspecies, excelsus most closely resembles +_C. c. subsimus_ which occurs to the east and resembles least _C. c. +consitus_, which occurs to the northwest. + +From _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_, found to the east, _excelsus_ +differs in: Body averaging slightly larger; tail and hind foot +shorter; upper parts paler, more light buffy and less yellowish; skull +smaller; palate especially shorter; rostrum narrower; nasals shorter; +incisors slightly smaller; maxillary tooth-row shorter. Compared with +topotypes of _C. c. goldmani_, found to the south, _excelsus_ differs +in: Body larger; hind foot smaller; upper parts in winter pelage +paler, more buffy and less rufous; skull larger; zygomata more widely +flaring; rostrum broader; nasals shorter; tympanic bullae larger and +more inflated; maxillary teeth larger. + +Specimens of _excelsus_ from the vicinity of Torreon, in southwestern +Coahuila, are slightly smaller in cranial dimensions than more typical +examples of the subspecies. In small size, at least, these specimens +show some resemblance to _goldmani_ to the south. The range of +_excelsus_ approaches that of _C. c. consitus_ in west-central +Coahuila (see fig. 1), but no evidence of intergradation between these +two subspecies could be ascertained. For comparison of _excelsus_ with +_consitus_, see account of the latter. + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops excelsus_ lives in the deep soils +of the arid interior basin of southwestern Coahuila and adjacent +parts of Durango. This animal is common in the cultivated areas in, +and in the vicinity of, the formerly extensive Laguna de Mayran. East +of this laguna the land becomes progressively higher, and _C. c. +subsimus_ occurs in the higher, more dissected part of this area. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 33, from: 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S +Americanos, 3500 ft., 3; 4 mi. N Acatita, 3600 ft., 9; 20 mi. S El +Hundido, 1; San Pedro, 2 (BSC); _1 mi. SW San Pedro de las Colonias, +3700 ft._, 4; 10 mi. N and 11 mi. W San Lorenzo, 2; 2 mi. E Torreon, +12. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops subsimus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 47:144, June 13, type from Jaral, Coahuila. + +_Distribution._--Desert plains and lower foothills of mountains in +south-central Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--From _Cratogeomys castanops goldmani_, found to the +southwest, _subsimus_ differs in: Body larger; hind foot larger; upper +parts paler, more yellowish and less rufous; skull larger and rougher, +having more prominent ridges and crests and deeper fossae for +attachment of muscles; zygomata more widely flaring; palate longer; +rostrum broader; nasals longer; squamosal breadth greater; maxillary +teeth larger. From _C. c. subnubilus_, found to the south, _subsimus_ +differs in: Body larger; tail and hind foot shorter; upper parts +paler, more yellowish-buff and less blackish; skull decidedly larger +in all respects. From _C. c. planifrons_, found at higher elevations +to the southeast, _subsimus_ differs in the same respects as +_subsimus_ differs from _subnubilus_. For comparisons between +_subsimus_ and subspecies to the west, north and northeast, see +accounts above. + + + +TABLE 1. ~Measurements of Adult Female Cratogeomys + from Coahuila, Mexico~ + + +Table legend: + Column A: No. av. or cat. no. + Column B: Total length + Column C: Length of tail + Column D: Length of hind foot + Column E: Condylobasal breadth + Column F: Zygomatic breadth + Column G: Length of palate + Column H: Breadth of rostrum + Column I: Length of nasals + Column J: Squamosal breadth + Column K: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row + +======================================================================== + A B C D E F G H I J K +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + _C. c. convexus_, Villa Acuna +52259 260 86 37 50.6 31.7 33.8 11.7 16.7 29.1 9.3 +52261 265 83 38 49.3 31.6 32.9 11.8 15.8 28.9 10.6 + + _C. c. bullatus_, vicinity of Nava +5 Av. 256 80 36 47.4 30.6 32.6 10.7 17.1 27.9 9.5 +Min. 242 72 35 47.0 30.6 32.3 10.0 16.5 27.5 9.2 +Max. 263 85 37 47.7 31.1 32.9 11.6 17.8 28.2 9.8 + + _C. c. ustulatus_, vicinity of Don Martin +8 Av. 273 74 36 51.4 33.5 35.4 11.8 18.8 30.1 10.0 +Min. 261 64 35 50.7 32.6 34.8 11.0 17.8 29.1 9.3 +Max. 280 83 38 52.1 34.1 36.5 12.5 19.2 30.8 10.6 + + _C. c. jucundus_, Hermanas +4 Av. 296 85 39 50.9 33.0 34.6 11.5 18.0 29.6 9.4 +Min. 294 83 38 49.8 32.1 33.8 11.0 17.0 29.0 9.1 +Max. 298 86 39 51.8 33.8 35.0 11.6 18.6 30.1 9.6 + + _C. c. sordidulus_, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo +3 Av. 276 79 37 50.4 31.7 34.6 10.9 18.2 30.0 9.1 +Min. 270 75 36 49.5 30.6 33.8 10.3 17.7 29.8 8.9 +Max. 288 85 39 51.4 32.4 35.2 11.4 18.5 30.1 9.2 + + _C. c. consitus_, 6 mi. E Jaco, Chihuahua, in Coahuila +4 Av. 229 74 32 43.8 28.1 29.6 9.7 16.0 26.2 8.9 +Min. 226 68 31 42.6 27.3 29.4 9.4 15.5 25.7 8.1 +Max. 232 78 32 45.8 28.8 29.9 9.9 16.2 26.9 9.2 + + _C. c. excelsus_, 4 mi. N Acatita +4 Av. 284 82 37 51.4 34.1 35.4 11.6 18.9 31.2 9.5 +Min. 274 77 35 51.1 33.6 34.7 10.4 18.4 30.5 9.2 +Max. 291 86 38 51.6 34.9 36.1 12.1 20.1 31.7 9.9 + + _C. c. subsimus_, 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras +34937 287 87 39 53.1 34.9 36.9 11.5 19.4 31.7 10.5 + + Jaral (BSC) +51049 295 104 40 53.2 34.1 36.9 12.6 18.7 29.7 10.0 + + _C. c. goldmani_, 1 mi. S Jimulco +55611 250 85 35 46.0 32.6 31.4 10.7 16.3 27.8 9.8 + + _C. c. subnubilus_, 1 mi. S Carneros +33128 220 65 29 40.8 27.9 27.2 8.7 12.7 24.7 8.1 + + 2 mi. W San Miguel +33132 222 65 30 40.4 26.3 26.6 8.1 13.2 24.5 8.4 + + 1 mi. N Agua Nueva +33127 220 74 29 41.8 24.6 28.4 8.3 14.2 23.9 8.4 + + 8 mi. N La Ventura +34934 235 76 30 42.2 27.9 28.5 9.0 14.3 26.3 7.8 + + _C. c. planifrons_, 12 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas +5 Av. 244 66 32 43.7 28.0 29.1 9.4 14.5 26.2 8.6 +Min. 239 62 31 43.3 27.5 28.7 8.9 13.6 25.3 8.3 +Max. 247 69 33 44.3 28.5 9.4 9.7 15.3 26.8 8.9 +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +TABLE 2. ~Measurements of Adult Male Cratogeomys from Coahuila, Mexico~ + + +Table legend: + Column A: No. av. or cat. no. + Column B: Total length + Column C: Length of tail + Column D: Length of hind foot + Column E: Condylobasal breadth + Column F: Zygomatic breadth + Column G: Length of palate + Column H: Breadth of rostrum + Column I: Length of nasals + Column J: Squamosal breadth + Column K: Alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row + +======================================================================== + A B C D E F G H I J K +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + _C. c. convexus_, Villa Acuna +52260 275 89 39 55.0 34.4 37.0 12.6 20.0 30.9 10.4 + + _C. c. bullatus_, 3 mi. S and 12 mi. E Nava +48500 261 80 36 49.7 35.3 34.4 12.4 17.1 29.2 9.5 + + La Gacha +57028 250 76 34 49.9 34.0 34.4 11.5 16.6 28.4 9.3 + + _C. c. ustulatus_, Don Martin +34587 280 75 37 54.6 37.3 38.2 13.7 20.6 31.8 10.3 + + _C. c. jucundus_, Hermanas +56605 311 80 42 56.9 38.7 40.1 13.3 21.0 32.3 9.9 + + _C. c. sordidulus_, 1.5 mi. NW Ocampo +56733 307 88 37 57.5 49.6 40.3 13.6 22.1 33.1 10.3 + + _C. c. consistus_, 3 mi. N and 9 mi. E El Pino +54547 289 94 36 53.8 32.6 37.1 12.7 18.8 29.5 9.6 + + _C. c. excelsus_, 2 mi. E Torreon +40224 315 97 41 54.7 37.8 37.6 12.1 19.5 31.4 9.8 + + _C. c. subsimus_, Hda. El Tulillo, 5 km. S Hipolito +35772 315 105 40 56.4 35.3 39.5 12.5 20.8 33.8 10.6 + + 2 mi. N Santa Cruz +48517 316 89 40 58.2 37.9 40.3 14.1 21.7 34.8 10.3 + + _C. c. goldmani_, W foot Pico de Jimulco +55610 255 82 36 48.9 33.4 33.4 11.7 17.7 29.6 9.3 + + _C. c. subnubilus_, Carneros (BSC) +79484 247 86 34 45.3 30.9 30.8 9.6 15.7 28.4 8.5 + + 8 mi. N La Ventura +34932 250 79 34 46.3 31.8 31.0 9.6 16.4 28.7 8.4 + + _C. c. planifrons_, 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo +35779 254 76 34 48.0 32.2 32.6 9.8 16.6 28.0 8.6 +35780 272 85 35 48.8 33.2 34.1 10.5 17.5 29.9 9.5 + + 12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga +33122 255 72 35 47.0 32.3 31.2 10.5 15.5 28.7 9.0 +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ is the largest known +subspecies of the species in cranial dimensions, but is exceeded in +size of body by _C. c. jucundus_ to the north. Of adjacent subspecies, +_subsimus_ is the most closely related to _excelsus_ and shows little +or no relationship to the smaller and darker _C. c. subnubilus_ and +_C. c. planifrons_, which are found at higher elevations to the south +and southeast, respectively. Movements by _subsimus_ to the north, +east, and south are barred by inhospitable mountains. Specimens of +_subsimus_ from the northeastern part of its range are larger and +darker than other specimens assigned to this subspecies. An adult +female, assigned to _subsimus_, from the vicinity of Santa Rosa is +noticeably smaller and paler than typical specimens of this +subspecies. + +_Cratogeomys castanops subsimus_ occurs in scattered colonies in +sandy soils principally in the upper drainage of the Rio Salinas. +Specimens have also been taken from the foothills of the Sierra +Madre Oriental and westward on the elevated desert plains. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 22, from: 3 mi. S and 3 mi. E Muralla, +3800 ft., 3; 2 mi. N Santa Cruz, 2; 21 mi. S and 11 mi. E Australia, +4400 ft., 6; Jaral, 3860 ft., 4 (BSC); _Hacienda El Tulillo, 5 km. S +Hipolito_, 2; 17 mi. N and 8 mi. W Saltillo, 5200 ft., 1; 3 mi. N and +5 mi. W La Rosa, 3600 ft., 1; 12 mi. N and 10 mi. E Parras, 5000 ft., +1; N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 9 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, 6200 +ft., 1; _N foot Sierra Guadalupe, 10 mi. S and 5 mi. W General Cepeda, +6500 ft._, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops goldmani+ Merriam + + +1895. _Cratogeomys castanops goldmani_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna 8:160, + January 31, type from Canitas, Zacatecas. + + +_Distribution._--Plains of northeastern Zacatecas, northward into +extreme southwestern Coahuila (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--Compared with _Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_, +found to the east, _goldmani_ differs in: Body larger, tail and hind +foot longer; color paler, more rufous and less blackish; skull larger; +zygomata more widely flaring; palate larger; rostrum broader; nasals +longer; maxillary teeth larger. Compared with _Cratogeomys castanops +rubellus_ Nelson and Goldman, found to the southeast, _goldmani_ +differs in: Body and skull smaller; zygomata less widely flaring; +palate shorter; rostrum narrower; maxillary teeth smaller. + +_Remarks._--Records of _goldmani_ given here extend the known range of +this subspecies northward into southwestern Coahuila. Specimens +assigned to this subspecies from Coahuila compare favorably with +topotypes of _goldmani_ (see tables 1 and 2) but are slightly paler, +and in this respect show some relationship to _excelsus_. The ranges +of these two subspecies however, are partly isolated by mountainous +country in southern Coahuila. + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 6, from: W foot Pico de Jimulco, 4600 +ft., 1; _Valley Rio Aguanaval, 1 mi. S Jimulco_, 4; 1-1/2 mi. N +Parras, 1. + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:145, June 13, type from Carneros, 6800 + ft., Coahuila. + + +_Distribution._--Intermontane valleys and plains of southeastern +Coahuila and probably adjacent parts of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi and +Nuevo Leon (see fig. 1). + +_Comparisons._--_Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ needs close +comparison only with _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_, found to the +east and from which _subnubilus_ differs in: Body, hind foot and skull +smaller; upper parts, in summer pelage, paler, more rufous-buff and +less dark russet; underparts paler, more whitish and less blackish; +hairs of hind foot reddish rather than blackish; zygomata more widely +flaring; palate shorter, especially in females; rostrum broader, +especially in females; nasals slightly smaller; squamosal breadth +greater; incisors narrower, especially in males; maxillary teeth +smaller. From _Cratogeomys castanops rubellus_ Nelson and Goldman, +found to the south in San Luis Potosi, _subnubilus_ differs in: Body, +hind foot and all parts of skull smaller; upper parts and underparts +darker, more blackish and less rufous. + + +_Remarks._--_Cratogeomys castanops subnubilus_ is the smallest +subspecies of _C. castanops_ (see tables 1 and 2). This subspecies is +dark and lives at high elevations (5500 ft. to 6800 ft.) in deep +valley soils in relatively isolated intermontane valleys and elevated +plains. It is differentiated to a much higher degree from adjacent +subspecies of _C. castanops_ than is usual in this species, and no +intergrades between _subnubilus_ and other subspecies have been taken. +In the Sierra Guadalupe, _subnubilus_ was trapped at 6700 feet within +twomiles of a place where _subsimus_ was taken at 6500 feet. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 31, from: 1 mi. N Agua Nueva, 5500 ft., +1; Domingo Canon, Sierra Guadalupe, 6700 ft., 11 mi. S and 4 mi. W +General Cepeda, 1; Carneros, 6800 ft., 6 (BSC); _1 mi. S Carneros, +6000 ft._, 4; 2 mi. W San Miguel, 5500 ft., 3; 8 mi. N La Ventura, +6000 ft., 10; La Ventura, 5600 ft, 6 (BSC). + + + ++Cratogeomys castanops planifrons+ Nelson and Goldman + + +1934. _Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ Nelson and Goldman, Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 47:146, June 13, type from Miquihuana, + 5000 ft., Tamaulipas (listed, by mistake, as southern Nuevo + Leon). + + +_Distribution._--Elevated montane valleys of Sierra Madre Oriental of +extreme southeastern Coahuila, south and east into southwestern Nuevo +Leon and Western Tamaulipas (see fig. 1). + + +_Remarks._--Specimens from Coahuila assigned to _planifrons_ compare +favorably with topotypes of this subspecies although they are +slightly larger in cranial dimensions (see tables 1 and 2). This +small subspecies is darker and slightly larger than _subnubilus_ but +in other ways is most closely related to _subnubilus_. _Cratogeomys c. +planifrons_ shows little relation to other adjacent subspecies, +including _tamaulipensis_, _subsimus_ and _rubellus_, all of which are +considerably larger and paler. + +_Cratogeomys castanops planifrons_ is found in both deep and +shallow soils of the high, open valleys of the Sierra Madre Oriental; +in Coahuila it was taken at elevations as low as 7200 feet and as high +as 8700 feet. + + +_Specimens examined._--Total, 50, from: 4 mi. S and 6 mi. E Saltillo, +7500 ft, 7; 7 mi. S and 4 mi. E Bella Union, 7200 ft., 14; _12 mi. W +San Antonio de las Alazanas_, 16; _12 mi. S and 2 mi. E Arteaga, 7500 +ft._, 11; 2 mi. E and 2 mi. N San Antonio de las Alazanas, 8700 ft, 2. + + + +_Transmitted August 23, 1954._ + + + +25-5679 + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Emphasis Notation: + _text_ - italicized + +text+ - bold + ~text~ - small caps + +Possible Typos Corrected + Aquanaval => Aguanaval + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Variation in the Pocket +Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila Mexico, by Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POCKET GOPHER *** + +***** This file should be named 32623.txt or 32623.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/6/2/32623/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cos, Joseph Cooper and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |