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+Project Gutenberg's The Children of Westminster Abbey, by Rose G. Kingsley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Children of Westminster Abbey
+       Studies in English History
+
+Author: Rose G. Kingsley
+
+Release Date: June 23, 2010 [EBook #32955]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILDREN OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander, Juliet Sutherland, Christine D.
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY.--FRONT.]
+
+
+
+
+THE CHILDREN OF
+
+WESTMINSTER ABBEY
+
+STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY
+
+BY
+
+ROSE G. KINGSLEY
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD THE SIXTH]
+
+_ILLUSTRATIONS_
+
+  BOSTON
+  D. LOTHROP AND COMPANY
+  FRANKLIN AND HAWLEY STREETS
+
+
+
+
+  Copyright, 1886.
+  by
+  D. LOTHROP & COMPANY.
+
+
+
+
+  Dedication
+
+  TO MY NEPHEWS
+
+  RANULPH AND FRANCIS
+  KINGSLEY
+
+  _Tachbrook Mallory_
+  Oct. 16, 1885
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                            PAGE.
+
+  I.    The Building of the Abbey--Princess Catherine
+        and Prince Henry                                                 7
+
+  II.   The Conquest of Wales--Prince Alfonso                           31
+
+  III.  John of Eltham, the Young Knight                                57
+
+  IV.   Edward the Fifth, and Richard, Duke of
+        York                                                            79
+
+  V.    King Edward the Sixth                                          105
+
+  VI.   Miss Elizabeth Russell, "the Child of Westminster"             130
+
+  VII.  The Princesses Sophia and Mary                                 155
+
+  VIII. Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales                               176
+
+  IX.   Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (_continued_)                 196
+
+  X.    Lord Francis Villiers                                          222
+
+  XI.   Princess Anne, and Henry, Duke of Gloucester                   243
+
+  XII.  William Henry, Duke of Gloucester                              269
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+(_From rare old Prints and Photographs._)
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE.
+  Westminster Abbey.--Front                                       Frontis.
+
+  Westminster Abbey.--North Entrance                                    12
+
+  Shrine of Edward the Confessor.--At left, Tomb of Henry the Third     25
+
+  Dean Stanley                                                          37
+
+  Chapel of Henry the Fifth                                             45
+
+  Effigy of John of Eltham                                              58
+
+  Tomb of John of Eltham, St. Edmund's Chapel                           61
+
+  Ancient Canopy of the Tomb of John of Eltham                          67
+
+  Tomb of William of Windsor and his Sister Blanche                     74
+
+  Edward the Fifth                                                      83
+
+  Memorial Urn in Henry the Seventh's Chapel                           101
+
+  Interior of the Chapel of Henry the Seventh                          107
+
+  Exterior of the Chapel of Henry the Seventh                          113
+
+  Edward the Sixth.--_From a Painting by Holbein_                      119
+
+  Queen Elizabeth.--_From Painting in the English National Portrait
+                                                             Gallery_  137
+
+  Monument to Miss Elizabeth Russell                                   147
+
+  The Monument to Queen Elizabeth in the North Aisle                   157
+
+  The Cradle Tomb                                                      165
+
+  The Monuments of Princess Sophia and Princess Mary                   171
+
+  Entrance to Bramshill House                                          179
+
+  Bramshill House, from the North                                      189
+
+  Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales                                     203
+
+  Westminster Abbey, from the North                                    215
+
+  Tomb of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham                          227
+
+  Lord Francis Villiers.--_After Vandyck_                         235
+
+  The Effigies of the Lady Anna                                        245
+
+  Henry, Duke of Gloucester                                            253
+
+  Princess Elizabeth in Prison                                         261
+
+  Westminster Abbey, looking toward the Altar.--_From
+  Etching by H. Toussaint_                                          273
+
+  The Old Dormitory at Westminster School                              279
+
+  Dining Hall, Westminster School                                      285
+
+  A Westminster Boy                                                    289
+
+
+
+
+THE CHILDREN OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE BUILDING OF THE ABBEY.
+
+
+Twelve hundred years ago, in the reign of King Sebert the Saxon, a poor
+fisherman called Edric, was casting his nets one Sunday night into the
+Thames. He lived on the Isle of Thorns, a dry spot in the marshes, some
+three miles up the river from the Roman fortress of London. The silvery
+Thames washed against the island's gravelly shores. It was covered with
+tangled thickets of thorns. And not so long before, the red deer, and
+elk and fierce wild ox had strayed into its shades from the neighboring
+forests.[1]
+
+Upon the island a little church had just been built, which was to be
+consecrated on the morrow. Suddenly Edric was hailed from the further
+bank by a venerable man in strange attire. He ferried the stranger
+across the river, who entered the church and consecrated it with all the
+usual rites--the dark night being bright with celestial splendor. When
+the ceremony was over, the stranger revealed to the awestruck fisherman
+that he was St. Peter, who had come to consecrate his own Church of
+Westminster. "For yourself," he said, "go out into the river; you will
+catch a plentiful supply of fish, whereof the larger part shall be
+salmon. This I have granted on two conditions--first, that you never
+again fish on Sundays; and secondly, that you pay a tithe of them to the
+Abbey of Westminster."[2]
+
+The next day when bishop and king came with a great train to consecrate
+the church, Edric told them his story, presented a salmon "from St.
+Peter in a gentle manner to the bishop," and showed them that their
+pious work was already done.
+
+So runs the legend. And on the site of that little church dedicated to
+St. Peter upon the thorn-grown island in the marshes, grew up centuries
+later the glorious Abbey that all English and American boys and girls
+should love. For that Abbey is the record of the growth of our two great
+nations. Within its walls we are on common ground. We are "in goodly
+company;" among those who by their words and deeds and examples have
+made England and America what they are. America is represented just as
+much as England "by every monument in the Abbey earlier than the Civil
+Wars."[3] And within the last few years England has been proud to
+enshrine in her Pantheon the memories of two great and good
+Americans--George Peabody, the philanthropist, and Henry Wadsworth
+Longfellow, the poet.
+
+Come with me, in spirit, my American friends, and let us wander down to
+Westminster on some warm June morning.
+
+We will go down Parliament street from Trafalgar Square, along the road
+that English kings took in old days from the Tower of London to their
+coronations at the Abbey. Whitehall is on our left; and we remember with
+a shudder that King Charles stepped out of that great middle window and
+laid his unhappy head on the block prepared outside upon the scaffold.
+On our right "The Horse Guards"--the headquarters of the English army,
+with a couple of gorgeous lifeguardsmen in scarlet and white, and
+shining cuirasses, sitting like statues on their great black horses.
+Through the archway we catch a glimpse of the thorns in St. James' Park,
+all white with blossom; and we wonder whether their remote ancestors
+were the thorns of Edric's time. Next comes the mass of the Foreign
+Office and all the government buildings, with footguards in scarlet
+tunics and huge bearskin caps standing sentry at each door. Parliament
+street narrows; and at the end of it we see the Clock Tower of the
+Houses of Parliament high up in the air, and the still larger square
+Victoria Tower. Then it opens out into a wide space of gardens and
+roadways; and, across the bright flower beds, there stands Westminster
+Abbey.
+
+What would Edric, the poor fisherman, think if he could see the
+Thames--silvery no longer--hurrying by the wide granite
+embankments--past Doulton's gigantic Lambeth potteries and Lambeth
+Palace and the River Terrace of the Houses of Parliament--covered with
+panting steamboats and heavy barges--swirling brown and turbid under the
+splendid bridges that span it, down to the Tower of London, and the
+Pool, and the Docks, where the crossing lines of thousands of masts and
+spars make a brown mist above the shipping from every quarter of the
+globe? Poor Edric would look in vain for fish in that dirty river; and
+full four hundred years have passed since "the Reverend Brother John
+Wratting, Prior of Westminster," saw twenty-four salmon offered as tithe
+at the High Altar of the Abbey.
+
+What would King Sebert the Saxon think if we took him into the glorious
+building that has risen upon the foundations of his little church in the
+marshes?
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY.--NORTH ENTRANCE.]
+
+At first sight Westminster Abbey is a little dwarfed by the enormous
+pile of the Houses of Parliament and their great towers. And St.
+Margaret's Church, nestling close to it on the north, mars the full view
+of its length. But when we draw near to it, all other buildings are
+forgotten. Crossing St. Margaret's churchyard where Raleigh sleeps, we
+seem to come into the shadow of a great gray cliff. Arch and buttress
+and pinnacle and exquisite pointed windows tier upon tier, are piled up
+to the parapet more than a hundred feet over our heads. Before us is the
+north entrance--well named "Solomon's Porch." It is a "beautiful gate of
+the temple" indeed, with its three deep-shadowed recesses, rich with
+grouped pillars supporting the pointed arches above the doorways--its
+lines of windows and arcades above and below the grand Rose Window, over
+thirty feet across--its flying buttresses and delicate pinnacles
+terminating one hundred and seventy feet above the ground--the whole
+surface wrought with intricate carving, figures of saint and martyr,
+likeness of bird and flower, grotesque gargoyles, fanciful traceries and
+lines and patterns--a stone lace-work of surpassing beauty.
+
+We gaze and gaze, and try to take in the wonder of stone before us.
+Then, through the bewildering noise of London streets, the rattle of
+cabs and carriages, the whistle and rumble of underground railways, the
+ceaseless tramp of hurrying feet on the pavement--"Big Ben" booms out
+eleven times solemnly and slowly from the Clock Tower. We pass the
+photograph and guide-book sellers, and push open the doors under the
+central archway of Solomon's Porch. In an instant the glare and noise
+and hurry are left behind. We find ourselves in a sweet mellow
+silence--in a dim tender light--in a vast airy stillness, such as you
+find at noontide in the depths of a beech forest. But here the boles of
+the beech-trees are huge pillars of stone--the branches are graceful
+pointed arches that spring from them, and vaultings and ribs that flash
+with gold through the blue mist that hangs forever about the roof a
+hundred feet overhead. Outside the Abbey surge the waves of the great
+city. We hear a faint murmur of the roar and turmoil of its restless
+life breaking like distant surf upon the shore. But within these walls
+we are still and peaceful--and, if we will, we may read in "brass and
+stony monument" the story not only of England's worthies, but of her
+religion, her politics, her art, and her literature for full eight
+hundred years. Yes! for eight hundred years. For although the present
+Abbey is but six centuries old, there are still remains to be seen of
+an earlier building.
+
+Morning service is just over. The choir boys have slipped off their
+white surplices, and are setting the music books in order. The crowd of
+sight-seers is beginning to wander about the Abbey. The monotonous
+voices of the vergers are beginning their explanations of tomb and
+chapel to the eager strangers. Let us get my good friends Mr. Berrington
+or Mr. Deer who show the tombs, to come quietly with us in their black
+gowns. Let us stand within the Sacrarium--the wide space inside the
+altar rails. The splendid reredos glittering with gold, mosaic, and
+jewels, blazes above the altar of carved cedar from Lebanon. Against the
+stalls on the opposite side hangs the famous picture of King Richard the
+Second. Beside us rise the gray stone canopies of the magnificent tombs
+of Aymer de Valence and Edmund Crouchback--two of the finest specimens
+of mediæval art in England. The great groups of pillars round the choir
+carry the eye upwards to the arcades of the Triforium, to the delicate
+tracery of the great clerestory windows, to the wonderful misty roof.
+But it is not overhead that I would have you look. Beneath your feet is
+the mosaic pavement that Abbot Ware brought from Rome in 1267, when he
+journeyed thither to be consecrated Abbot of Westminster by the Pope.
+Our guide stoops down, touches a secret spring, and lifts up a square
+block of the pavement. You look into a space some few feet deep. It is
+almost filled with a mass of rudely chiselled stone--the base and part
+of the shaft of a huge round pillar.
+
+Look on that pillar with reverence. It has seen strange sights.
+
+Under the arches it once supported, Edward the Confessor was buried.
+Under them William the Norman was crowned king of England.
+
+It was on the twenty-eighth of December, in the year of grace 1065, that
+the Collegiate Church of St. Peter was consecrated. For fifteen years
+Edward the Confessor, the last Saxon king, who built it "to the honor of
+God and St. Peter and all God's saints," had lavished time and money and
+pious thought on the grandest building England had yet seen. It had
+cost one tenth of the property of the kingdom. Its vast size, covering
+as it did almost the same ground as the present Abbey, its great round
+arches, its massive pillars, its deep foundations, its windows filled
+with stained glass, its richly sculptured stones, its roof covered with
+lead, its five big bells--all these wonders filled the minds of men
+accustomed to the rude wooden rafters and beams of the common Saxon
+churches, with amazement and awe. Then too a mysterious interest had
+always attached to the site. Besides the old legend of the first
+consecration by St. Peter, the belief in many mysteries and miracles
+connected with the Confessor had grown up with the growth of his Abbey
+Church.
+
+The saintly king, with his pink cheeks, his long white beard, his wavy
+hair and his delicate hands that healed the diseases of his people by
+their magical touch, would startle his courtiers with a strange laugh
+now and again, and then recount some vision which had come to him while
+they thought he slept. "He had seen the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus
+suddenly turn from their right sides to their left, and recognized in
+this omen the sign of war, famine, and pestilence for the coming seventy
+years, during which the sleepers were to lie in their new position."[4]
+
+He had given a precious ring, "large, royal and beautiful," off his
+finger, to a beggar who implored alms of him in the name of St. John.
+The beggar vanished. And the ring was brought back to him from Syria by
+two English pilgrims, to whom an aged man had confided it, telling them
+that he was St. John the Evangelist, "with the warning that in six
+months the king should be with him in Paradise."
+
+The six months have ended.
+
+The Abbey Church of St. Peter is finished, while hard by, in his palace
+of Westminster, Edward, the last Saxon king, lies dying. On Wednesday,
+the Feast of the Holy Innocents, or Childermas, the dying king rouses
+himself sufficiently to sign the Charter of the foundation: but Edith
+his queen has to represent him at the consecration. And the first
+ceremony after the consecration of the glorious minster he loved so
+well, is the Confessor's own burial. In his royal robes, a crown of gold
+upon his head, a crucifix of gold on his breast, a golden chain about
+his neck, and the pilgrim's ring on his hand, he lies before the High
+Altar with an unearthly smile upon his lips.
+
+A great horror and terror had fallen upon the people of England--and
+well it might. Well might the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus turn uneasily in
+their slumber--for within a year William the Norman was standing before
+that same High Altar--standing on the very gravestone of King Edward,
+"trembling from head to foot"[5] for the first time in his life amid
+clamor and tumult, as Aldred, the Saxon Archbishop of York, put the
+crown of England on his head, and made him swear to protect his Saxon
+subjects, while the fierce Norman cavalry were trampling those Saxon
+subjects under their horses' hoofs outside the Abbey gates.
+
+For one hundred and fifty years England was under foreign kings. And
+although the Norman Conquerors were crowned in Edward the Saxon's Abbey
+Church at Westminster, not one of them was laid within its walls. But
+with the fall of the Norman and Angevin kings, better days dawned for
+England. The Barons at Runnymede had forced King John, the last English
+Duke of Normandy and Anjou, to grant them the Great Charter--the glory
+and pride of all English-speaking people. And at John's death his son
+Henry the Third came to the throne in 1216 as the first English king of
+a free English people.
+
+The young king prided himself upon his Anglo-Saxon ancestors. He was
+descended from King Alfred through "the good Matilda," Henry the First's
+wife. He called his sons by Anglo-Saxon names. His interests, and those
+of his descendants, were to be concentrated in the island which was now
+their sole kingdom. He therefore determined to desert the city of
+Winchester, which his Norman predecessors had made their headquarters,
+and "to take up his abode in Westminster beside the Confessor's
+tomb."[6]
+
+During the Norman occupation an irresistible instinct had been drawing
+the conquerors towards their English subjects, "and therefore towards
+the dust of the last Saxon king." In Henry the Second's reign Edward the
+Confessor had been canonized. Many English anniversaries were celebrated
+yearly in the Abbey. Good Queen Matilda was buried close to her kinsman
+Edward and Edith the Swanneck, "the first royal personage so interred
+since the troubles of the conquest."[7]
+
+It was to Henry the Third, however, that the thought came of making the
+Shrine of the Confessor the centre of a burial place for his race. In
+addition to his love for all things pertaining to his Saxon ancestry,
+Henry was passionately devoted to all sacred observances. "Even St.
+Louis," says Dean Stanley, "seemed to him but a lukewarm Rationalist."
+He possessed in a very high degree what we nowadays call the artistic
+sense. Art in all its forms was a complete passion with him; and with
+his Provençal wife Eleanor a swarm of foreign artists, painters,
+sculptors, poets, troubadours, found their way to England. Louis the
+Ninth was re-building and re-embellishing the Abbey of St. Denys as a
+place of sepulture for the French kings. Henry had also seen the
+splendid churches of Amiens, Beauvais, and Reims, in his journeys
+through France. His English, his religious, and his artistic instincts
+therefore, all combined to fire his imagination with the idea of making
+the most glorious shrine for the English king and saint that the world
+could see.
+
+Henry's work at Westminster began with his reign. He dedicated the newly
+built Lady Chapel at the back of the High Altar, the day before his
+coronation; and "the first offering laid upon its altar were the spurs
+worn by the King in that ceremony." Then Edward's Abbey, "consecrated by
+recollections of the Confessor and the Conqueror," was swept away.
+Little remains of it now save the bases of those pillars of which I have
+spoken above--the substructures of the Dormitory--and the heavy
+low-browed passage leading from the Great Cloister into Little Dean's
+Yard and the Little Cloisters. The famous "Chapel of the Pyx," close to
+the Chapter House, is still in good preservation. But as it can only be
+opened by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, with seven huge keys,
+it is impossible to gain entrance to it--the ancient Treasury of
+England. It is now only opened by these officers once in five years for
+the "Trial of the Pyx," the Standard Trial Pieces of gold and silver,
+used for determining the just weight of the coin of the realm issued at
+the Mint.
+
+But now upon the old foundations rose the Abbey we all know and love. In
+every smallest detail the new church was to be incomparable in beauty.
+Foreign painters and sculptors expended on it all their cunning. Peter
+of Rome set to work on the Confessor's Shrine, where you may still read
+his name, and made it glow with gold, mosaics and enamels, the like of
+which could not be found in England. And when the wondrous
+building--"the most lovely and lovable thing in Christendom"[8]--was
+finished, the Confessor's body was translated on October 13, 1269, from
+its tomb in front of the High Altar to the splendid shrine prepared for
+it. The king, now growing old, had gathered his family about him for
+the last time. Edward, his eldest son, was just on the eve of departure
+with his wife Eleanor for Palestine to join St. Louis in the Crusades.
+He, his brother Edmund, and his uncle Richard, king of Germany,
+"supported the coffin of the Confessor, and laid him in the spot where
+(with the exception of one short interval) he has remained ever
+since."[9] The King himself carried from St. Paul's the sacred relics
+which the Knights Templars had given him twenty years before, and
+deposited them behind the shrine, where Henry the Fifth's Chantry now
+stands.
+
+Dear as the Abbey was to King Henry as a monument of his own piety and
+taste, and as the shrine of his sainted kinsman, yet he must have loved
+it even more tenderly for being the resting-place of a little child. The
+Confessor's Church as you will remember was consecrated on Childermas,
+the Holy Innocents' Day. And it seems to me not without significance,
+that the first interment of importance in Henry the Third's new building
+was that of a child of five years old--his beautiful little daughter
+Catherine. In 1257, during an insurrection of the Welsh which laid waste
+the Border, and which the King strove in vain to quell--the kingdom
+desolated with famine--the Barons mutinous and defiant--Henry's cup of
+trouble was filled by the death of his little child.
+
+[Illustration: SHRINE OF EDWARD THE CONFESSOR.--AT LEFT, TOMB OF HENRY
+THE THIRD.]
+
+"She was dumb, and fit for nothing," says old Matthew Paris rather
+cruelly, "though possessing great beauty." The poor queen fell ill and
+nearly died of grief at the loss of her little deaf and dumb girl, loved
+all the more dearly no doubt, by reason of her affliction. And her
+illness, his own want of success against the Welsh, and the little
+princess's death, so overwhelmed the king with grief as to bring on "a
+tertian fever, which detained him for a long time at London, whilst at
+the same time the queen was confined to her bed at Windsor by an attack
+of pleurisy."[10]
+
+The little Catherine was buried with great pomp in the ambulatory just
+outside the gate of St. Edmund's Chapel to the south of the Confessor's
+Shrine, and close to the grand tomb of her uncle, the king's half
+brother, William de Valence. Her father raised a splendid monument to
+her memory. It was rich with mosaic and polished slabs of serpentine, in
+much the same style as his own magnificent tomb on the north of the
+Confessor's Chapel. A silver image of St. Catherine was placed upon it,
+for which William de Gloucester, the king's goldsmith, was paid seventy
+marks. The image of course has vanished, like many other precious
+things. Most of the mosaic has been picked out. But enough of it and of
+the polished marbles exist to show the elaborate design of the upper
+slab, while on the wall above it, under a graceful trefoil-headed arch,
+are traces of gilding and coloring, which are supposed to be remains of
+a painting of the Princess Catherine and two brothers who died in their
+infancy.
+
+Here then is the first memorial of the many "Holy Innocents" who lie in
+the great Abbey--of the children who found a resting-place among
+
+  The princes and the worthies of all sorts;
+
+and whose histories we are about to study together. But Princess
+Catherine was not the only child whose early death helped to bring King
+Henry's gray hairs in sorrow to the grave. Before the close of his reign
+another young life was cut short by a crime so terrible as to win a
+mention for Westminster from the lips of Dante himself.
+
+In 1271, only two years after the translation of the Confessor, the
+king's youthful nephew, Prince Henry, son of Richard king of Germany,
+was returning from the crusade in which St. Louis had died. Charles of
+Sicily granted a safe conduct to him and to his cousin Philip, son of
+St. Louis, who was hurrying home to be crowned king of France. But at
+Viterbo in Italy, while Henry was at mass in the Church of St.
+Sylvester, he was stabbed during the Elevation of the Host by Guy and
+Simon, sons of Simon de Montfort. It was a fearful revenge on Henry the
+Third for the death of their father five years before at the battle of
+Evesham--for their own banishment--for the seizure of their father's
+lands and Earldom, which Henry bestowed on his own son Edmund. All
+Europe was filled with horror at the dreadful deed, a crime almost
+unheard of in its impiety. The young prince's bones were buried in the
+monastery of Hayles which his father had founded; while his heart was
+brought to Westminster, and placed in a golden chalice "in the hand of
+a statue" near the shrine of Edward the Confessor. The old chronicler
+Matthew of Westminster adds with deep satisfaction, "One of his
+murderers, Simon, died this year in a certain castle near the city of
+Sienna: who during the latter part of his life being, like Cain,
+accursed of the Lord, was a vagabond and a fugitive on the face of the
+earth."[11]
+
+Apart, however, from all other interest, the terrible deed will be
+forever memorable, as it drew from Dante "the one single notice of
+Westminster Abbey in the _Divina Commedia_."[12]
+
+In the _Inferno_, the centaur who was then guiding Dante and Virgil,
+showed them a shade up to his chin in the river of blood--all alone in a
+corner, shunned even by his fellow-murderers--and said,
+
+    Colui fesse in grembo a Dio
+    Lo cuor, che'n su'l Tamigi ancor si cola.
+
+    _Inferno, xii._, 119.
+
+    He in God's bosom smote the heart,
+    Which yet is honour'd on the bank of Thames.[13]
+
+The citizens of Viterbo had a picture of the young prince's murder
+painted on the wall in his memory; "and a certain poet beholding the
+painting, spoke thus:
+
+    Henry, the illustrious offspring of great Richard,
+    Fair Allmaine's king, was treacherously slain,
+    As well this picture shows, while home returning
+    From Tripoli, by royal favour guided;
+    Slain in the service of the cross of Christ
+    By wicked hands. For scarcely mass was done,
+    When Leicester's offspring, Guy and Simon fierce,
+    Pierced his young heart with unrelenting swords.
+    Thus did God will; lest if those barons fierce
+    Returned, fair England should be quite undone.
+    This happened in the sad twelve hundredth year
+    And seventieth of grace, while Charles was king.
+    And in Viterbo was this brave prince slain.
+    I pray the Queen of Heaven to take his soul again."[14]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Dean Stanley says in his "Memorials of Westminster," "The bones of
+such an ox (Bos primicerius) were discovered under the foundations of
+the Victoria Tower, and red deer, with very fine antlers, below the
+River Terrace." I derive this from Professor Owen. Bones and antlers of
+the elk and red deer were also found in 1868 in Broad Sanctuary in
+making the Metropolitan Railway.
+
+[2] "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 21.
+
+[3] Lectures delivered in America. Charles Kingsley.
+
+[4] "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 28.
+
+[5] "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 46.
+
+[6] "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 129.
+
+[7] "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 126.
+
+[8] Street. Essay on Influence of Foreign Art on English Architecture
+
+[9] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey," Dean Stanley, p. 136.
+
+[10] Matthew Paris' Chronicle.
+
+[11] Matthew of Westminster's Chronicle.
+
+[12] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey," Dean Stanley, p. 140.
+
+[13] Cary's Dante.
+
+[14] Matthew of Westminster.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE CONQUEST OF WALES--PRINCE ALPHONZO.
+
+
+In our first stroll about Westminster Abbey, we saw its gray walls
+towering up in the midst of noisy, hurrying London. We stood in the
+Sacrarium and looked at the foundations of Edward the Confessor's great
+Norman Church. We learned how Henry the Third built the new and noble
+Abbey which is standing at this day. We saw how he crowned his long and
+troubled reign by the translation of the Confessor's body to the
+gorgeous shrine he had prepared for it. Let us now, standing for a
+moment beside this shrine, talk of a little boy whose memory is closely
+bound up with an important event in the history of Great Britain.
+
+Yet first, for the sake of those who have not been to Westminster, I
+will try to explain the general plan of the eastern end of the Abbey.
+Imagine a narrow horseshoe of which the points are straight instead of
+being bent inwards. The space inside the horseshoe represents Edward the
+Confessor's Chapel; the shoe itself the ambulatory, a wide passage where
+the monks used to walk, and processions passed round to the shrine; and
+outside this passage are built, on the south the chapels of St. Edmund,
+and St. Nicholas; on the north the chapels of St. Paul and St. John the
+Baptist; while on the east of the horseshoe curve are the steps up to
+Henry the Seventh's Chapel. These chapels all lie behind the grand
+screen that runs right across the choir at the back of the altar, and
+are not used for service any longer, with the exception of Henry the
+Seventh's. All the congregation sit in the choir in front of the altar
+rails, and in the north and south transepts, which spread out right and
+left from the choir like two broad arms of a cross.
+
+I know few more overpowering sights than the vast Sunday congregation of
+between three and four thousand people. The Sacrarium black with men.
+The wide altar steps closely packed with people who have often been
+waiting for more than an hour outside the doors to secure a good place.
+Men and women and children wedged together in the densely crowded
+transepts, standing willingly throughout the long service because there
+is not a seat left. The privileged few coming in by the comparatively
+empty nave from the cloisters, and taking their places in the stalls or
+in the seats of those connected with the Abbey; well-known faces there
+are among them--princes and statesmen, men of letters and foreigners of
+note. Then the hush as the clock strikes three in Poets' Corner, and a
+faint harmonious "amen" is sung in the distant Baptistery by the choir,
+at the end of the prayer which is always said before they come in to
+service. The organ plays softly, so softly that you hear the echoing
+tramp of the long procession now winding up the nave. Six or eight
+pensioners, old soldiers in quaint blue cloth gowns and silver badges,
+enter and take their places. And as the white-surpliced boys appear in
+the black shadow of the gateway under the organ screen, the whole three
+thousand people rise quietly to their feet and stand. First come the
+boys of Westminster School with their masters, and take their places
+right and left. Then the little chorister boys, walking two and two, the
+smallest in front--little mites who look as if they would hardly know
+their letters, but who march gravely to their seats, and sing the long
+service like sweet-voiced little birds. Then the "singing gentlemen of
+Westminster Abbey," as the men in the choir are called--many of them
+well-known professionals, whose names are seen during the week at the
+best concerts in England. Then come the clergy. The minor Canons first
+who intone the service. Next to them the Canon in residence, who, during
+his two months at Westminster, is present at every service week-day and
+Sunday. And last of all the Dean.
+
+After the Dean has gone into his stall on the right of the entrance, the
+service begins. The monotone of the prayers breaks into rich harmonies
+now and again at the responses--the organ re-echoes through the arches
+and pillars with thundering of the pedals, and wild, pathetic
+reed-notes. The splendid voices of the choir fill the building from end
+to end in the Psalms and canticles; or a boy's voice, singing a solo
+verse, floats up quivering and throbbing like a nightingale's song in a
+still wood at evening. And then--but I am speaking of "the days that are
+no more"--a small figure--unutterably dignified, with a pale, refined,
+determined face--in his white robes, his scarlet Doctor of Divinity's
+hood, and the crimson ribbon of the Order of the Bath with its golden
+jewel round his neck--followed the black-robed verger who carried a
+silver mace, up from the stalls, through the two walls of human beings,
+to the marble pulpit just outside the altar rails. And every face turned
+with eager expectation towards the bowed head, and hung breathless on
+the eloquent words that rang like a clarion through the great church;
+for it was Arthur Stanley, Dean of Westminster, who was preaching.
+
+But we are lingering in the choir, full, to us who know and love it, of
+such keen present interest. I must take you back into the Confessor's
+Chapel and the remote past.
+
+We go through the iron gates that shut off the chapels from the choir,
+and climb the steps out of the ambulatory, for the Confessor's Chapel is
+raised several feet above the pavement of the Abbey. It lies, as I have
+said, directly behind the altar, only divided from it by the splendid
+screen which was erected early in the fifteenth century. This screen on
+the western side has been beautified and restored, and forms the reredos
+to the altar. But in the Chapel its eastern face is untouched; and, if
+you have patience to trace out the quaint carvings along the top, you
+will find they are a history of some of the miraculous and wonderful
+events of Edward the Confessor's life; the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus;
+St. John giving the ring to the Pilgrims; the quarrel between Tosti and
+Harold, Earl Godwin's sons, when the king predicted the calamities they
+would bring in after years upon England; and many more scenes of like
+nature.
+
+Below the screen, which is wrought with exquisite carving into niches
+and canopies, stands a curious old chair. This is the Coronation Chair,
+in which all English sovereigns have sat at their coronations since it
+was made in Edward the First's reign. But more curious than the chair is
+the rough block of stone which it incases. That block is the mysterious
+stone of Fate which Edward the First captured at Scone in Scotland--the
+stone on which every Scotch king had been crowned from the days of
+Fergus the First--the stone on which every English king or queen has
+been crowned since. And legends carry the history of that stone back
+into the remotest past. They say that it was the stone pillow on which
+Jacob slept at Bethel; that it was carried by the Jews into Egypt; that
+the son of Cecrops, King of Athens, carried it off to Sicily or Spain;
+that from Spain it was taken by Simon Brech, the son of Milo the Scot,
+to Ireland, where after many marvelous adventures it was set up on the
+sacred Hill of Tara as the "Lia Fail" or Stone of Destiny; and that
+Fergus, the founder of the Scottish monarchy, bore it at length across
+the sea to Dunstaffnage.
+
+[Illustration: DEAN STANLEY.]
+
+Whether we believe the whole history of the Stone of Destiny or not, the
+chapel in which it stands is a wonderful place. In the centre rises the
+Confessor's shrine, the remains of the mosaics with which it was
+encrusted showing what its splendor must have been. The mosaic pavement
+of 1260 is under our feet. Henry the Fifth's shield and helmet hang
+aloft on a bar above his chantry. All round us are the splendid
+monuments of the kings. Richard the Second, Edward the Third and Queen
+Phillipa, Henry the Fifth under his beautiful chantry, Henry the Third
+in his gorgeous tomb inlaid with marbles and mosaic, Good Queen Eleanor,
+and her husband Edward the First--they all are there! "The greatest of
+the Plantagenets," as he has been called, lies beneath an enormous
+monument of solid gray stone, absolutely plain, without carving, brass
+or mosaic. Only his gigantic two-handed sword lies upon it, and along it
+runs this inscription:
+
+"_Edwardus Primus Scotorum malleus hic est, 1308. Pactum Serva._"[15]
+
+It is of Edward the First's reign we are to talk. For besides being the
+Hammer of the Scots, he conquered the last stronghold of the British
+race, and made their land forever a part of England.
+
+For four hundred years Wales had been a thorn in the sides of the Saxon
+kings, a thorn in the sides of the Norman Conquerors and their
+descendants. The Britons, driven westward by the all-conquering
+Anglo-Saxons, had taken refuge in the fastnesses of that wild and
+mountainous region. There they had lived, "a mass of savage herdsmen,
+clad in the skins and fed by the milk of the cattle they tended,
+faithless, greedy, and revengeful."[16] Every fresh earldom which the
+English had wrested from them, often with barbarous injustice and
+cruelty, had been the signal for some equally barbarous reprisal. The
+history of the border countries is one perpetual record of raids and
+fightings, of lands laid waste with fire and sword, flocks and herds
+driven off, women and children carried into captivity.
+
+But in Henry the Second's reign, just as the British race seemed sinking
+deeper and deeper into barbarism, a strange revival of patriotism took
+place. The Bards of Britain, for centuries silent, suddenly burst into
+song again. The praise of every British hero, the glory of every fight,
+was sung throughout the land; and the sound of the harp heard in every
+house. These singers of freedom chanted of joy in battle, of their
+country's liberty, of hatred of the Saxon oppressor. And they sang of
+their great prince, Llewellyn, "towering above the rest of men with his
+long red lance, his red helmet of battle crested with a fierce wolf;
+tender-hearted, wise, witty, ingenious." Wales, stirred by their trumpet
+calls, had soon burst aflame to drive the Saxon from the land.
+
+With a succession of victories for the Welsh prince, Llewellyn--the Lord
+of Snowdon--the hopes of his people had risen high. The dissensions of
+Henry the Third's reign had strengthened their hands. Llewellyn the
+younger, no longer calling himself Lord of Snowdon, but "Prince of
+Wales," had made himself sovereign of all the Welsh chieftains, and had
+also allied himself with Simon de Montfort during the great earl's
+revolt against the king.
+
+But now in the very moment of Llewellyn's triumph, the accession of
+Edward the First to the English throne revived all the old questions of
+homage to the sovereign. Llewellyn and the King of Scotland were both
+summoned as vassals of the crown to Edward's coronation--the first that
+took place in Westminster Abbey as we know it. The King of Scotland
+came. But the "Prince of Wales" was absent. He did not dispute Edward's
+right to claim his homage: but excused himself on account of the dangers
+he would run on a journey to London, by reason of the enmity that
+existed between him and some of the lords marchers. Six times in two
+years was he summoned. And to none of these appeals did he vouchsafe the
+slightest attention.
+
+Edward was a wise and politic prince; he saw of course from the very
+beginning that the union of England and Wales would be a boon to both
+countries, and that it must inevitably come about sooner or later. But
+though some historians have accused him in this matter of grasping
+ambition, and greedy haste to seize on the principality, the records
+seem to show that he exercised most uncommon patience with his turbulent
+and troublesome neighbor, wishing rather to make him his loyal vassal
+and friend than to wrest his territory from him.
+
+In 1276, in reply to the sixth summons Llewellyn sent letters demanding
+his bride, Eleanor de Montfort, Earl Simon's daughter, and cousin of the
+king, who had been taken prisoner the year before on her way from France
+to join Llewellyn to whom she had been married by proxy. He further said
+that he would do homage at Oswestry or Montgomery, "provided a safe
+conduct were sent him guaranteed by the archbishop and the archdeacon,
+by the Bishop of Winchester, and by the earls of Warrenne and
+Gloucester, Lincoln and Norfolk"--thereby implying that the king's word
+was not sufficient.
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL OF HENRY THE FIFTH.]
+
+This insolence raised a universal feeling of anger. The king's patience
+was exhausted. "The Parliament at once declared Llewellyn contumacious,"
+and the "military tenants" of the crown were ordered to assemble in the
+following midsummer at Worcester, to march into Wales. Six months seem
+in these days rather a long pause after declaring war. But this gives
+one a notion of the slowness of communication, and the difficulties of
+travel and transport in the Middle Ages. It now takes but three weeks or
+so to equip a whole army, and send it overseas in transports that can be
+had at a moment's notice. But in the thirteenth century it was all that
+Edward, one of the first generals and greatest politicians of his age,
+could do, to prepare a little fleet at the Cinque Ports, and to gather
+his land forces by the appointed time. When once, however, he found
+himself face to face with the enemy, "the fabric of Welsh greatness fell
+at a blow." The southern chiefs speedily submitted. Llewellyn's
+brothers, David and Roderick, joined the king, and were honorably
+received by him. The fleet attacked Anglesea by sea, and the "Prince of
+Wales," finding himself hemmed in on every side in the wilds of Snowdon,
+threw himself upon the royal mercy.
+
+Edward now gave full proof of his natural generosity and clemency. A
+treaty was signed in which Llewellyn consented to pay the king a tribute
+of one thousand marks a year for the Isle of Anglesea; to pay fifty
+thousand pounds for the cost of the war; and to give ten hostages for
+the fulfilment of these engagements. The very next day, Edward, who had
+made peace the moment the Welsh Prince desired it, remitted the fine of
+fifty thousand pounds and soon after gave up the tribute for Anglesea
+and restored the hostages. He then invited Llewellyn to spend Christmas
+at Westminster; and in the following summer prepared a princely wedding
+at Worcester for him and Eleanor de Montfort.
+
+For four years the Welsh troubles seemed at an end. All was apparently
+peace and content. But "a prophecy of Merlin had announced that when
+English money became round, the Prince of Wales should be crowned at
+London, and a new coinage of copper money, coupled with the prohibition
+to break the silver penny into halves and quarters, as had been usual,
+was supposed to have fulfilled the prediction."[17] Upon such slight
+matters do the fate of nations hang. The hopes of the misguided Welsh
+were again excited; and in 1282, Llewellyn's brother David--who had been
+heaped with favors by Edward, given an English earldom, and married to
+the Earl of Derby's daughter--suddenly broke into open rebellion. On
+Palm Sunday he surprised the garrison of Hawarden Castle--now well known
+as the residence of Mr. Gladstone, the English Premier. He hurried Lord
+Roger de Clifford the governor, wounded and in chains, over the
+mountains, while he himself and Llewellyn, who never before agreed, were
+now reconciled, and together overran the marches with fire and sword.
+
+Even now Edward strove to come to terms before taking up arms. He
+allowed the archbishop to go to Llewellyn as a mediator. It was of no
+use. So in the summer of 1283 he collected his forces and once more
+entered Wales.
+
+In the campaign which followed, the sufferings of the English were
+terrible. Llewellyn held out in Snowdon with the determination of
+despair. An English detachment was cut to pieces at the Menai Straits;
+and the war was prolonged into the winter. The undaunted king, however,
+rejected all proposals of retreat; and gave orders for the formation of
+a new army at Caermarthen to complete the circle of investment. This
+proved needless. Llewellyn, fearing probably to be shut up and starved
+out in his fastness, left Snowdon and passed into Radnorshire. Here he
+fell in with a party of English under the command of Edward Mortimer and
+John Gifford; and in a skirmish at Builth on the banks of the Wye he was
+killed by Adam Frankton, an English soldier, who did not even know who
+he was. But the body of the dead man, lying in the little hollow among
+the broom beside the spring, was recognized by some of the leaders. His
+head was cut off and sent to the king. Then, crowned with ivy, it was
+set up over the gate of the tower of London. Thus was Merlin's prophecy
+fulfilled. The "Prince of Wales" was indeed crowned at London.
+
+David of Snowdon held out in the wilds of the mountains for a few
+months, and at last was arrested and sentenced to a traitor's death.
+
+With Llewellyn's death Wales became and has remained ever since, part of
+the kingdom of England. English laws were established, and the barbarous
+Welsh laws abolished. The country was divided into shires and hundreds
+on the English model. Strong castles were built at Conway and
+Caernarvon; and at the latter in 1284, Queen Eleanor gave birth to "the
+Prince of Wales, who could not speak a word of English," as his father
+said when he presented the future Edward the Second to the Welsh
+chieftains. A tradition has existed that Edward completed the
+pacification of Wales by a massacre of the Bards. In spite of that very
+familiar quotation from Gray's Ode,
+
+  Ruin seize thee, ruthless king!
+
+one is thankful to know that modern historians have proved this terrible
+accusation to be a mere fable; besides it is a fact that from the time
+of Edward to that of Elizabeth, the productions of the bards were so
+numerous as to fill more than sixty volumes in quarto.
+
+Meantime the Abbey had been yearly growing in beauty. Edward the First
+added to his father's building. On his return from the crusades he
+brought from France the slabs of porphyry, the precious marbles, which
+still help to make his father's tomb one of the most gorgeous monuments
+in the Abbey. He filled the Confessor's Chapel with trophies of his
+wars--the dagger with which he was wounded at Acre--the Black Rood of
+St. Margaret and the Stone of Fate from Scotland. But these were all
+given in later years. What we have to do with were certain trophies of
+the Conquest of Wales.
+
+While the king was still engaged in quieting down his new principality,
+his eldest son Prince Alfonzo, named after his grandfather Alfonzo of
+Castile, came journeying back to London. He brought with him Llewellyn's
+golden crown, said by tradition to have belonged to King Arthur, also
+jewels and ornaments, and possibly the precious Crocis Gneyth (or Cross
+of St. Neot) which certainly was brought to the Abbey from Wales during
+Edward the First's reign.
+
+The little lad who was twelve years old, came with these treasures to
+Westminster; and he offered up Llewellyn's crown and the jewels in the
+Confessor's Chapel, where "they were all applied to adorn the tomb of
+the blessed King Edward."[18] We can fancy the boy, dressed after the
+fashion of those days in chain armour from head to foot with a long
+flowing cloak, accompanied by a great train of knights and nobles,
+wending his way up the solemn Abbey with his offerings, and gravely
+hanging up the crown in the Sanctuary of the English Kings.
+
+There is indeed something to touch one's imagination in this act--the
+hand of the innocent boy putting the finishing stroke to the great
+struggle between the British and Anglo-Saxon races. Henceforth they were
+to be one. The proudest title of the heir to the English throne was to
+be "Prince of Wales." The Plantagenets were to reign over Arthur's
+mysterious realm, till two hundred years later Arthur and Llewellyn's
+descendants, the Tudors, should sit on the throne of England.
+
+But Alfonzo's short life was nearly at an end. Matthew of Westminster
+goes on to say: "This Alfonzo died this year, being about twelve years
+of age--dying on the nineteenth of August, on the day of St. Magnus the
+king, and his body was honorably buried in the Church of Westminster,
+near the tomb of St. Edward, where it is placed between his brothers
+and sisters, who were buried before him in the same place."
+
+The exact spot where Alfonzo lies is uncertain. Bur Mr. Burges, writing
+in Sir Gilbert Scott's _Gleanings from Westminster Abbey_, makes a happy
+suggestion, which I like to think is a correct one. When all England was
+mourning for Henry the Fifth, a chantry where daily masses were said for
+the repose of his soul, was built over his tomb at the extreme east end
+of the Confessor's Chapel. The heavy stone step on which his tomb rests
+was laid upon, and nearly covered, a flat monumental slab in the mosaic
+pavement. The part of the slab which projects beyond the step is worn
+down by hard usage into a mere mass of gray stone. But Sir Gilbert Scott
+thought that if a bit of the superincumbent stone was raised, some
+portion of the more ancient monument might exist beneath. He therefore
+cut a square block out of the step, and underneath it, sure enough,
+found the remains of a fine Purbeck slab. It was inlaid with a brass
+cross, brass letters ran around the edge, and what heralds call "the
+field" was filled with glass mosaic. Four letters of the inscription
+remain on each side--most likely part of the words "_pries pur
+l'ame_."[19] This monument is generally said to commemorate the infant
+son of William de Valence. Mr. Burges however suggests that it is just
+as likely to be the tomb of Alfonzo; and as it would exactly correspond
+with the position in which Matthew of Westminster says he was buried, I
+think we may safely conclude that the young prince lies there.
+
+Near by in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist there is a very beautiful
+monument to a little nephew and niece of Prince Alfonzo--Hugh and Mary
+de Bohun. They were children of his sister Elizabeth and of the powerful
+and resolute Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who more than once
+opposed Edward the First in measures which he thought hurtful to the
+kingdom.
+
+"This gentleman and his sister," as one of the Abbey historians calls
+the children, died about 1300; and their tomb stood at first in the
+Confessor's Chapel. It was removed from thence by Richard the Second to
+make room for his own monument, and placed in the Chapel of St. John
+the Baptist, where it is half buried in the wall.
+
+Young Alfonzo, the bearer of the trophies of the conquest, sleeps
+peacefully enough here at our feet, while we tell his part in the growth
+of England. But what memorial remains in the nineteenth century of the
+last hero of the Britons--the "Eagle of men"--the "Devastator of
+England." The Golden Crown that Alfonzo hung up disappeared from the
+Abbey at the Reformation, when sacrilegious robbers broke in and carried
+off the silver head from Henry the Fifth's monument, and many another
+treasure. At Builth a modern house is built over the "Lord of Snowdon's"
+grave. While at the "Llewellyn Arms," a little inn close to the spot
+where he fell, some local artist has made a rough copy of the well-known
+picture of Napoleon crossing the Alps do duty on the signboard as a
+portrait of Llewellyn ap Gruffyd.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[15] Edward the First, Hammer of the Scots, is here. Keep the Pact.
+
+[16] "Green's Short History of the English People," p. 155.
+
+[17] Green, p. 162.
+
+[18] "Matthew of Westminster."
+
+[19] Gleanings. p. 138.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+JOHN OF ELTHAM.
+
+
+Just within the gate of St. Edmund's Chapel lies the figure of a young
+knight in full armor. His hands, in their jointed gloves, are folded in
+prayer. His head, with the front of his helmet open to show the face, is
+gracefully turned to one side. His feet are crossed against a lion--a
+creature full of life, who looks round watching his young lord's placid
+face.
+
+Who is this fair young knight, deemed worthy of a place in what Dean
+Stanley loved to call "the half-royal chapel, full of kings' wives and
+brothers"?
+
+He is Prince John of Eltham, son of Edward the Second, created Earl of
+Cornwall by his brother, Edward the Third, who lies in state on the
+other side of the ambulatory.
+
+Prince John was born on Ascension Day, 1315, at Eltham in Kent, "where
+our English kings had sometime a seat." The second son of Edward the
+Second and his wicked wife Isabella of France, the poor baby came into
+the world in sorely troubled times. The year before his birth his weak
+and worthless father had been hopelessly defeated by the Scots under
+Robert Bruce at Bannockburn. And during the young prince's short life
+England was a prey to war without, intrigue and revolution within. The
+whole of Edward the Second's reign is a confused record of public and
+private strife. A horrible succession of famines laid waste the land. A
+fresh campaign against Scotland ended in a humiliating truce for
+thirteen years. The Queen, Prince John's mother, on pretence of
+concluding a treaty between her husband and her brother, King Charles
+the Fourth, carried off Prince Edward, a child twelve years of age, to
+France. There she was joined by her vile favorite Mortimer; and neither
+threats nor entreaties could persuade her to return until she landed at
+Orwell in 1326 with a great following of exiled nobles, and proclaimed
+her son Edward "guardian of the realm." Deserted by all, her wretched
+husband was at last captured in Wales and carried to Kenilworth, where
+he was deposed by the Queen and Parliament in 1327. He died a few months
+later, murdered by Mortimer's orders at Berkeley Castle.
+
+[Illustration: EFFIGY OF JOHN OF ELTHAM.]
+
+His downfall was the sign for a new outbreak in Scotland. Bruce broke
+the thirteen years' truce; and the boy-king, Edward the Third, marched
+against him only to meet with fresh disaster. The tide of fortune
+however was turning. Isabella and her favorite were fast becoming
+odious to the nation; and in 1330 Edward, the future conqueror of
+Cressy, with his own hands arrested Mortimer at Nottingham, whence he
+was hurried to execution. The Queen-mother went into lifelong seclusion
+at Castle Rising in Norfolk; and the young king assumed the control of
+the affairs of the kingdom.
+
+In 1328, the year after his brother Edward's accession to the crown,
+John of Eltham was created Earl of Cornwall in a parliament at
+Salisbury. The next year Edward journeyed to France to do homage for his
+lands there; and Prince John was made "Custos of the kingdom and King's
+Lieutenant while he went beyond the seas." It seems an extraordinary
+responsibility for a boy of fourteen. But those Plantagenets were a
+strong and precocious race. Edward the Third was only eighteen when he
+took the reins of government into his own hands in 1330--the year that
+his eldest son, the famous Black Prince, was born. And the Black Prince
+won his spurs in the glorious fight of Cressy when he was barely
+sixteen. So there was nothing very unusual in the young Earl of Cornwall
+administering the government of the kingdom during his brother's absence
+in France, and again later on while the king was in Scotland.
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF JOHN OF ELTHAM, ST. EDMUND'S CHAPEL.]
+
+In 1333, when he was seventeen, proposals of marriage were made between
+John of Eltham and Joan daughter of Ralph the Count of Eu; and in the
+next year with Mary daughter of the Count of Blois: but both
+negotiations fell through. Perhaps Prince John, full of the fighting
+instinct of his race, preferred to follow his brother to Scotland, where
+a fresh war had broken out. In 1334 a third proposal of marriage was
+made between the Prince and Mary, daughter of Ferdinand, King of Spain.
+The agreement was drawn up and all was settled. The wedding however was
+not to be. "For in the month following being in Scotland in St. John's
+Town (now Perth) he died in October, 1334, at his nineteenth year of
+age."
+
+Prince John's body was brought from Scotland to Westminster, where he
+was solemnly interred in the Abbey. The funeral was one of extreme
+magnificence; the Westminster monks receiving as much as one hundred
+pounds for horses and armor offered as gifts at it. This practice of
+offering at funerals armor and horses which sometimes were afterwards
+redeemed for money, was by no means unusual in the Middle Ages. At Henry
+the Fifth's burial, his three chargers marched up the nave to the altar
+steps behind his funeral car. And every one who has been in the Abbey
+must remember how the saddle, the shield, and "the very casque that did
+affright the air at Agincourt--"[20] the helmet "which twice saved his
+life on that eventful day," and still shows the dents of the Duke of
+Alençon's ponderous sword--hang in the dusky light above his chantry.
+
+King Edward seems to have been dissatisfied with the first place chosen
+for his young brother's tomb. There is a very interesting warrant
+written in curious old French among the archives of the Abbey, dated
+"Brussels, the twenty-third day of August, in the thirteenth year of our
+reign," while Edward was beseiging Tournay in 1340. In it he directs the
+abbot and monks to order and suffer, _"que le corps de nostre trescher
+frere Johan jadis Counte de Cornewaill peusse estre remuez et translatez
+du lieu ou il gist jusques a autre plus covenable place entre les
+Roials. Faisant toutesfoitz reserver et garder les places plus
+honourables illoeques pour le gisir et la sepulture de nous et de noz
+heirs, selonc ce que reson le voudra droitement demander."_[21]
+
+St. Edmund's Chapel was therefore chosen as meeting all requirements. It
+lies on the south side of the Abbey, and is only separated from the
+Confessor's Shrine and the tombs of the kings by the ambulatory. Of all
+the tombs of that period in the Abbey, John of Eltham's is considered
+one of the most remarkable. He must have been the very pattern of a
+gallant young knight. His effigy of white alabaster impresses you at
+first with a sense of profound repose. Then when you look more closely
+you begin to see what a striking figure it is; and you picture to
+yourself the young Earl of Cornwall riding with his young brother, the
+king, at the head of their troops through the bleak north-country, over
+the wild wastes of the Border, up to fair Perth lying on the Tay, where
+the fishermen draw in nets full of silvery salmon, and the
+moors--covered with pink and brown heather and swarming with plump
+grouse--roll up to the mountains of the Highlands. We can see the very
+clothes he wore, for his effigy as a specimen of military costume is
+most interesting and valuable. He is clad in plate armor, and wears the
+_cyclas_, a curious garment cut much shorter in front than behind;
+"beneath it, the _gambeson_; then the coat of mail; and lastly the
+_haqueton_." The Prince's sword-handle, ornamented with lion's heads, is
+beautifully sculptured; and the shield has three splendid lions on
+it--the English royal arms--bordered with the French fleur-de-lis. Round
+his helmet is a coronet, which is remarkable as the first of the kind
+known. It is of the ducal form with greater and lesser trefoil leaves
+alternately, instead of the usual circlet.
+
+The tomb is surrounded by small, finely executed alabaster statues
+representing mourning kings, queens, and relations of the dead prince.
+Terribly broken though they now are--some are destroyed altogether, and
+all are headless--enough of them remain to show that they were
+sculptured with wonderful grace and spirit.
+
+[Illustration: ANCIENT CANOPY OF THE TOMB OF JOHN OF ELTHAM.]
+
+But the worst loss that the monument has sustained is in the exquisite
+Gothic canopy of carved stone which once surmounted it. It was highly
+colored and gilded, with an angel on a small spire crowning the centre.
+
+In 1776 Elizabeth Percy, first duchess of Northumberland, whose name
+will always be remembered as the patroness of literature to whom we owe
+the _Percy Reliques_, was buried in the family vault of the Percys in
+the Chapel of St. Nicholas. In spite of her repeated desire that the
+funeral should be "as private as her rank would permit" a vast crowd
+collected, so
+
+    that the officiating clergy and choir could scarcely make
+    their way from the west door to the chapel. Just as the
+    procession had passed St. Edmund's Chapel, the whole of the
+    screen, including the canopy of John of Eltham's tomb, came
+    down with a crash, which brought with it the men and boys
+    who had clambered to the top of it to see the spectacle,
+    and severely wounded many of those below. The uproar and
+    confusion put a stop to the ceremony for two hours. The body
+    was left in the ruined Chapel, and the Dean did not return
+    till after midnight, when the funeral was completed, but
+    still amidst cries of murder, raised by such of the
+    sufferers as had not been removed.[22]
+
+The broken canopy was never restored. The Dean of that day seems to have
+thought it not worth while to take the trouble of mending it; and by his
+order it was swept away. The fragments, it is said, found their way to
+Strawberry Hill, Walpole's famous villa, where, at some time in the end
+of the last century, they were put up for sale, having been used as a
+chimney piece. Their subsequent fate I have not been able to ascertain.
+
+It is difficult to believe that such an act of vandalism took place
+little more than a hundred years ago. The Deans of Westminster now are a
+very different race to the one who swept away John of Eltham's beautiful
+canopy. With the beginning of this century a spirit of love and
+veneration for Westminster Abbey seemed to revive. Dean Vincent
+appealed to Parliament and persuaded the nation to repair Henry the
+Seventh's chapel which was falling into decay. Under Dean Ireland free
+admission was given to the greater part of the Abbey. And Dean Buckland,
+the well-known geologist, carried on the good work by taking down some
+hideous screens which shut off the transepts from the choir. He was
+succeeded by Dean Trench, the present learned Archbishop of Dublin, who
+inaugurated the special services on Sunday evening in the nave--a grand
+movement in the right direction. And all this time public interest was
+growing more and more keen about the Abbey. New discoveries were being
+made by architects and antiquarians each year. But it was not until Dean
+Stanley succeeded the Archbishop of Dublin that the Abbey came quite to
+life. No one who has ever accompanied the late Dean in those memorable
+excursions which he delighted to make over the building can forget the
+enthusiasm with which his vivid descriptions inspired his listeners.
+Whether he was talking to the Emperor of Brazil, or a score of poor
+factory lads from some northern town, the brilliancy and humor of his
+speech held them spellbound. To him Westminster owes among many other
+things that unrivalled volume of _Memorials_--from which I have so often
+had occasion to quote--the most perfect handbook to any cathedral that I
+know, save his yet more perfect _Memorials of Canterbury_, written when
+he was canon of that cathedral. Dean Stanley's memory which must always
+be present in the minds of those who have known him at Westminster, is
+specially bound up with my recollections of St. Edmund's Chapel; it was
+one of his most favorite spots in the Abbey, and John of Eltham's tomb
+one of those he most delighted to show to all his visitors. And this
+brings us back from nineteenth century deans to fourteenth century
+princes, and to the old tombs in whose histories we can find such
+inexhaustible mines of interest.
+
+In 1340, two more young "royals" were buried beside John of Eltham in
+St. Edmund's Chapel. These were his nephew and niece who died quite
+young--William of Windsor and Blanche de la Tour--children of Edward
+the Third. The boy was born at Windsor, which was fast becoming a rival
+to Westminster as a royal residence; and little Blanche was born at the
+Tower of London. The effigies in white alabaster are very small, only
+about twenty inches long: but they are in full costume of the time. The
+boy wears the short close-fitting jerkin, with a wide jewelled belt
+round the hips, and a flowing cloak fastened with a jewelled clasp falls
+to his feet. The little girl has on a full long petticoat with a tightly
+fitting bodice, to the square neck of which her mantle is fastened by a
+cordon with a rose and two studs. The hideous muffled chins of the last
+century had given place to a horned headdress (the horns are broken in
+little Blanche's effigy) and a close net of gold, each wide mesh,
+through which the hair shows, being fastened at the crossing with pearls
+or precious stones. Blanche's feet rest against a little lion: but her
+brother's have been broken off obliquely. The tomb altogether has been
+cruelly used, and no trace of the children's faces remain. Yet who can
+wonder, when we see the way in which John of Eltham's splendid monument
+has been mutilated.
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF WILLIAM OF WINDSOR AND HIS SISTER BLANCHE.]
+
+When these two little children were laid to rest in the Abbey, their
+father was just beginning his great wars with France--the wars that
+lasted for a hundred years and only ended in Henry the Sixth's reign
+with England's final loss of her French possessions. And six years
+after, in 1346, Cressy was fought and won by their brother, the Black
+Prince. With the battle of Cressy, England entered upon a career of
+military glory, which, though for a time it proved fatal to her higher
+interests, gave her a life and energy she had never known before, and
+laid the foundation of the Englishman's dogged love of fighting that is
+not quite dead yet, if we may judge by the way British soldiers and
+sailors fought at El Teb.
+
+At Cressy, too, Feudalism received its death blow, when the English
+churl struck down the French noble, and the despised yeoman "proved more
+than a match in sheer hard fighting for the knight." Though the nobles
+rode into battle as of old at the head of their vassals and retainers,
+the body of the army consisted no longer of baronial levies, but of
+stout Englishmen serving willingly for pay, and armed like Chaucer's
+Yeoman on the pilgrimage to Canterbury:--
+
+    A sheaf of peacock arrows bright and keen
+    Under his belt he bare full thriftily.
+    Well could he dress his tackle yeomanly:
+    His arrows droopèd not with feathers low,
+    And in his hand he bare a mighty bow.
+
+If you would know how men fought in those days, read for yourselves in
+old Froissart's chronicle, and see how he exults in the charge of the
+cavalry bearing down the foe on their ponderous Flemish horses--in the
+solid ranks of the foot soldiers--in the flights of arrows that fall
+like hail from the tough bows of the archers. And when the fight is over
+how he glories in the tourneys and jousts--the song of troubadour and
+minstrel--the chase with hawk and hound.
+
+In spite of abuses, in spite of all the miseries that these protracted
+wars, this lust of conquest and fighting entailed, there still is
+something inexpressibly attractive in the nobler aspects of chivalry. To
+rescue the captive, to free the oppressed, to journey away
+
+                into Walachy
+    To Prussia and to Tartary,
+    To Alexandria or Turkey,
+
+doing deeds of valor for the mere reward of a silken scarf from his
+lady, or, noblest of all, for the love of right and truth--is there not
+something admirable in this? Is not the idea of true knight and
+lady--"a race of noblest men and women, trying to make all below them as
+noble as themselves"--[23] is not that a fair ideal, worthy of imitation
+by all of us?
+
+The earlier phases of Chivalry with its elaborate rules, its laws
+written and unwritten, were past long before Cressy. The great mediæval
+companies of knights, which made it one of the greatest powers for good
+or evil in Europe, were broken up. The Crusades were over, and knights
+could no longer gain fame and honor by fighting against the Paynim under
+the banner of the Cross. But still it was in Edward the Third's reign
+that Chivalry entered upon a period of unequalled glory and
+magnificence. The Garter--the most illustrious order of English
+knighthood, was instituted by the king at Windsor; and he and his son
+were foremost to set examples of unsurpassed valor in many a deed of
+desperate daring. Although Chivalry was far from perfect, let us
+remember that Bayard "_sans pure et sans reproche_" was its ideal
+knight.--That many a gentle knight and squire was trying to do his best,
+to live worthy of his God, his King, and his Lady.--That
+
+    all dignity, courtesy, purity, self-restraint,
+    devotion--such as they were understood in those rough
+    days--centred themselves round the idea of _the rider_ as
+    the attributes of the man whose supposed duty, as well as
+    his supposed right, was to govern his fellow men, by example
+    as well as by law and force;--attributes which gathered
+    themselves up into that one word--Chivalry: an idea, which,
+    perfect or imperfect, God forbid that mankind should ever
+    forget, till it has become the possession--as it is the
+    God-given right--of the poorest slave that ever trudged on
+    foot.[24]
+
+And when we look on young John of Eltham's noble face, let us believe
+that had he grown to man's estate, "Mary, daughter of Ferdinand, King of
+Spain," might have said to him:
+
+    For trust ye well that your estate royál,
+    Nor vain delight, nor only worthiness
+    Of you in war or tourney martial,
+    Nor pomp, array, nobility, richés,
+    Of these none made me rue on your distress;
+    _But moral virtue, grounded upon truth,
+    That was the cause I first had on you ruth._[25]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[20] Shakespeare _King Henry the Fifth_.
+
+[21] "Memorials of Westminster," p. 599. "That the body of our very dear
+brother John late Count of Cornwall should be removed and translated
+from the spot where it lies to another and more suitable place among the
+Royals. Always reserving and keeping the most honorable places for the
+rest and sepulture of us and our heirs, according to that which reason
+will justly demand."
+
+[22] _Memorials_, p. 352.
+
+[23] "Ancien Régime." C. Kingsley.
+
+[24] "Ancien Régime." C. Kingsley.
+
+[25] "Chaucer's Troilus and Cressid."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+EDWARD THE FIFTH AND RICHARD.
+
+
+Across the wide roadway that runs past Westminster Abbey from the Houses
+of Parliament, stands a low group of buildings, facing the north door.
+Part of these are the Westminster Police Courts; and about one o'clock,
+black-gowned and white-wigged lawyers may be seen rushing out of them to
+get their luncheon. The part which fronts the road is the National
+Society's Depot, from whence maps and books, slates and pencils go to
+furnish all the village schools in England. Hundreds of people go in and
+out of the door every day. Thousands pass it by. But very few, I
+imagine, reflect on the meaning of the blue plate on the corner, upon
+which is written in white letters: "Broad Sanctuary."
+
+From its earliest foundation, Westminster Abbey shared with some thirty
+other English monasteries the right of "Sanctuary." Any man in danger of
+life or liberty, let the cause be what it might, was safe could he but
+once set foot within the precincts of the Sanctuary. No one could touch
+him. The monks would not violate this sacred privilege by giving him up.
+His foes dared not violate it by pursuing him and taking him by force.
+This right of Sanctuary, established in days when "law" meant the will
+of the strongest, was often useful in saving an innocent life that
+otherwise would have been sacrificed to some unjust tyrant. But as
+civilization developed, as the constitution of England encouraged the
+framing of wise and just laws for the protection of the good and
+punishment of the evil-doer, "Sanctuary" became a frightful abuse.
+
+"The grim old Norman fortress"--the actual sanctuary--stood on the
+present site of the National Society's Depot. But the whole precinct of
+the Abbey shared the privilege; and the space now covered by St.
+Margaret's Church and churchyard was often occupied by a vast crowd of
+distressed or discontented citizens who desired, as they called it, to
+"take Westminster."
+
+    Sometimes, if they were of higher rank, they established
+    their quarters in the great Northern Porch of the Abbey,
+    with tents pitched, and guards watching round, for days and
+    nights together.[26]
+
+Thieves or malefactors would often break away from their captors, as
+they were being led by the winding "Thieven Lane" outside to their
+prison in the gatehouse, and darting into the consecrated ground would
+defy all attempts to lure them forth.
+
+    Rich men run thither with poor men's goods. There they
+    build, there they spend and bid their creditors go whistle
+    for them. Men's wives run thither with their husband's
+    plate, and say they dare not abide with their husbands for
+    beating. Thieves bring thither their stolen goods, and there
+    live thereon. There devise they new robberies: nightly they
+    steal out, they rob and reave, and kill, and come in again
+    as though these places gave not only a safeguard for the
+    harm they have done, but a license also to do more.[27]
+
+The results of this state of things were felt long after the right of
+Sanctuary ceased to exist in James the First's reign. The district
+outside the precincts of Westminster has always been one of the very
+worst in London. The writer remembers some twenty years ago walking home
+with her relative, Mr. Froude, from Sunday afternoon service at the
+Abbey, through Great Peter street, and being told to take care of her
+purse as every house was a thieves' den. In many of them there was a
+dressed-up manikin hung with bells, on which little children were given
+lessons in stealing. If they picked the manikin's pockets without
+ringing the bells they were rewarded: but if a bell tinkled they were
+beaten. Happily this street and many others like it were swept away by
+the great new thoroughfare, Victoria street, and its branches; and noble
+men and women are working day and night to civilize and christianize the
+slums which lie to the south of the Abbey. But it will be many a year
+before that Augean stable is cleaned out, which originated with those
+who "took Westminster."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Only twice was Sanctuary broken at Westminster. On August 11, 1378, two
+knights named Hawle and Shackle, escaped from the Tower of London where
+they had been imprisoned by John of Gaunt, and fled to the Abbey. For
+greater security they took refuge in the Choir itself, during the
+celebration of High Mass. Alan Boxall, constable of the Tower, and Sir
+Ralph Ferrers with fifty armed men were close behind them, and burst in
+upon the service "regardless of time or place." Shackle escaped. But
+Hawle, chased round and round the Choir, at last fell dead in front of
+the Prior's Stall, pierced with twelve wounds. His servant and one of
+the monks who had tried to save him, were killed with him; and the stone
+on which he lay dead may be seen to this day with the effigy traced upon
+it. The Abbey--profaned by the horrible crime--was shut up for four
+months, and "Parliament was suspended, lest its assembly should be
+polluted by sitting within the desecrated precincts."[28]
+
+The second outrage took place during Wat Tyler's rebellion, when, by his
+orders, one John Mangett, Marshal of the Marshalsea, was torn from one
+of the slender pillars of the Confessor's Shrine to which he clung for
+safety.
+
+But to us, "Sanctuary" is specially interesting, as it is intimately
+connected with the short and tragic lives of Edward the Fifth and
+Richard, Duke of York, his brother.
+
+In 1470, Edward the Fourth--betrayed by his brother Clarence, and by
+that terrible and splendid personage Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick,
+"The Kingmaker"--fled over seas with a small following to the court of
+his brother-in-law, Charles the Bold, in Flanders. His Queen, Elizabeth
+Woodville, was then living in the Tower, where Henry the Sixth, the
+deposed king, was imprisoned; and thus by a strange conjunction, the
+Yorkist Queen and the Lancastrian King were within that grim building at
+the same time. When Elizabeth heard that her husband had taken flight,
+and that Henry was to be restored to the throne, she came secretly by
+water from the Tower, and took Sanctuary at Westminster, with her three
+daughters and Lady Scroope "in greate penurie forsaken of all her
+friends." Here Thomas Millyng, the abbot, received her with kindness,
+sending her provisions--"half a loaf and two muttons"--daily. And here
+on the fourth of November was born her
+
+    faire son, called Edward, which was with small pompe like a
+    poore man's child christened, the godfathers being the Abbot
+    and the Prior of Westminster, and the godmother the Ladie
+    Scroope.[29]
+
+The Queen remained in Sanctuary until the spring of the next year, when
+her husband returned in triumph to the capital two days before the great
+battle of Barnet. There Warwick the Kingmaker, was slain, the
+Lancastrian forces were broken up, and Edward was once more king of
+England. The Queen has given in her own words an account of her joyful
+meeting at Westminster.
+
+    When my lord and husband returned safe again and had the
+    victory, then went I hence to welcome him home, and from
+    hence I brought my babe the Prince unto his father, when he
+    first took him in his arms.[30]
+
+Edward was not ungrateful to Westminster for the refuge it had afforded
+his queen in her sore distress. Abbot Millyng became a favorite at
+court, and was made Bishop of Hereford. The king gave at different times
+"fourscore oaks and about two hundred and fifty pounds[31] in money
+towards the new building of the nave." The Queen gave one hundred and
+seventy pounds, and built the Chapel of St. Erasmus on part of the
+present site of Henry the Seventh's chapel, and endowed it with the
+manors of Cradeley and Hagley in Worcestershire. And the young prince
+during the last eight years of his father's life gave twenty marks
+yearly towards the completion of the nave, which work had been begun by
+Henry the Fifth.
+
+But the poor Queen was destined to fly again to Sanctuary, in yet more
+sore distress. In April, 1483, Edward the Fourth died. Edward, Prince of
+Wales--the babe born in Westminster--was twelve and a half years old,
+and was living in some state at Ludlow Castle in Shropshire. He had a
+council of his own, composed chiefly of his mother's relations and
+friends; foremost among whom was Earl Rivers, his mother's brother, and
+his own half brother Lord Grey (son of the Queen by her first marriage
+to Sir John Grey). Shortly before his death the king had drawn up
+ordinances for Prince Edward's daily conduct,
+
+    which prescribe his morning attendance at mass, his
+    occupation "at his school," his meals, and his sports. No
+    man is to sit at his board but such as earl Rivers shall
+    allow; and at this hour of meat it is ordered "that there
+    shall be read before him noble stories, as behoveth a prince
+    to understand; and that the communication at all times, in
+    his presence, be of virtue, honour, cunning (knowledge),
+    wisdom, and deeds of worship, and of nothing that shall move
+    him to vice."[32]
+
+From this quiet, happy life the little boy was rudely awakened by his
+father's death. He was proclaimed King of England under the title of
+Edward the Fifth; and a fortnight later set out for London with his
+uncle Lord Rivers, Lord Grey, Sir Thomas Vaughan and a large retinue.
+All went well until they reached Stony Stratford, a little distance
+from Northampton. There the young king stayed for the night with his
+attendants, while Lord Rivers returned to Northampton to meet the late
+king's brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who was hurrying down from
+the Scotch marches--ostensibly to pay homage to his nephew.
+
+A struggle had been long impending between two rival parties in the
+state. On one hand the Queen, with her relations, who had been raised to
+wealth and power by her marriage. On the other, Gloucester, with many of
+the old nobility, whose jealousy had been roused by the sudden advance
+of the Woodville family. The king's death and his successor's tender age
+would inevitably bring about a collision. It was now merely a question
+which faction could out-manoeuvre the other. Richard of Gloucester
+struck the first blow. Rivers was arrested at his inn.
+
+Gloucester and the duke of Buckingham then rode on to Stony Stratford,
+where they found the poor little king with his company "ready to leap on
+horseback, and depart forward." But it was too late. The dukes arrested
+Vaughan and Grey, and brought the frightened boy back to Northampton.
+"He wept, and was nothing content, but it booted not."[33] Richard
+himself took his nephew to London; and at the young king's public entry
+on the fourth of May he bore himself "in open sight most reverently to
+the prince, with all semblance of lowliness."[34] The peers also took
+the oath of fealty. But it was only "a semblance." Able and
+unscrupulous, Richard of Gloucester had long been meditating a scheme of
+daring ambition. The first step was accomplished. He had possession of
+his young nephew's person. Now he was appointed "Protector of England."
+And during poor little King Edward's short reign his signature was used
+as an instrument for the ruin of his mother's kindred and friends, and
+for the aggrandizement of his uncle Gloucester's party.
+
+The Queen, meanwhile, saw only too clearly whither these events tended.
+Terrified at Richard's successful blow, seeing that her own faction was
+utterly undone, and fearing for the lives of herself and her children,
+she flew again to her well-known refuge. She left the Palace of
+Westminster at midnight with her youngest son, Richard Duke of York, and
+her five daughters, and lodged in the Abbot's Place.
+
+    It was in one of the great chambers of the house, probably
+    the Dining-hall (now the College Hall) that she was received
+    by Abbot Esteney.[35]
+
+    The Queen sate alow on the rushes all desolate and dismayed,
+    and all about her much heaviness, rumble, haste and
+    business; carriage and conveyance of her stuff into
+    Sanctuary; chests, coffers, packers, fardels, trussed all on
+    men's backs; no man unoccupied--some lading, some going,
+    some discharging, some coming for more, some breaking down
+    the walls to bring in the next (nearest) way.[36]
+
+In the midst of all this dismay and confusion the Archbishop of York,
+Thomas Rotheram, Chancellor of England, brought the Queen the Great
+Seal, trying to comfort and encourage her with a message from the Lord
+Chamberlain Hastings, who thought matters were not so hopeless as she
+imagined. But she mistrusted Hastings as "one of those that laboreth to
+destroy me and my blood." The Archbishop left the Great Seal with her,
+
+    and departed home again, yet in the dawning of the day. By
+    which time, he might in his chamber window (his palace was
+    on the site of the present Whitehall) see all the Thames
+    full of boats of the Duke of Gloucester's servants, watching
+    that no man should go to Sanctuary; nor none could pass
+    unsearched.
+
+The Queen seems to have withdrawn into her old quarters in the fortress
+of the Sanctuary itself, where she had before found safety; and the
+Protector, determined to get possession of both his nephews, proposed at
+his council in the Star Chamber, that if she would not give up the Duke
+of York to keep his brother company he should be taken from thence by
+force. But this proposition only served to show in what respect the
+privilege of Sanctuary was held. The archbishops and spiritual lords
+promptly refused their consent to such a sacrilegious measure. Said the
+Archbishop of Canterbury,
+
+    God forbid that any man should for anything earthly,
+    enterprise or break the immunity and liberty of the sacred
+    Sanctuary, that hath been the safeguard of so many a good
+    man's life.[37]
+
+The Protector then tried to show that as the child was incapable of such
+crimes as needed sanctuary, so he was incapable of receiving it. This
+ingenious bit of casuistry convinced some of the listeners; and the
+archbishop and several lords went at once to Westminster to try to
+persuade the Queen to give up her boy. But she resisted "with all the
+force of a woman's art and a mother's love."[38]
+
+    _In what place could I reckon him sure, if he be not sure in
+    this Sanctuary, whereof was there never tyrant yet so
+    devilish that durst presume to break...._ If examples be
+    sufficient to obtain privilege for my child I need not far
+    to seek; _for in this place in which we now be_ (and which
+    is now in question whether my child may take benefit of it)
+    _mine other son, now King, was born and kept in his cradle,
+    and preserved to a more prosperous fortune...._ And I pray
+    God that my son's palace may be as great a safeguard unto
+    him now reigning, as this place was sometime unto the king's
+    enemy.
+
+Gallantly had the poor mother fought for her child's liberty; and at
+last wearied out she ended with a fierce and terrible denunciation of
+her persecutors:
+
+    I can no more, but _whosoever he be that breaketh this holy
+    sanctuary, I pray God shortly to send him need of sanctuary
+    where he may not come to it_. For taken out of sanctuary
+    would I not my mortal enemy were.[39]
+
+At length, pledging both "body and soul," the archbishop prevailed; and
+the Queen determined to deliver up Prince Richard as a sacred trust.
+Then turning to the child she took leave of him in those well-known and
+most pathetic words:
+
+    "Farewell mine owne sweete sonne, God send you good keeping;
+    let me kisse you yet once ere you go, for God knoweth when
+    we shall kisse togither againe." And therewith she kissed
+    him and blessed him, turned her back and wept and went her
+    way, leaving the child weeping as fast.[40]
+
+Poor mother! Her fears were only too well founded. She never saw her
+sons again. When little Richard was taken into the Star Chamber, the
+Protector took him in his arms and kissed him saying, "Now welcome, my
+Lord, even with all my heart." The boy was then conveyed to the Bishop
+of London's palace, where his brother, the young king, met him with
+delight. This was in the beginning of June; and the two children were
+next removed to the Tower (under pretext of preparing for the coronation
+fixed for the twenty-second), "out of the which," says Sir Thomas More,
+"after that day they never came abroad."
+
+Richard Duke of Gloucester's policy had been developing fast since the
+day he took possession of the young king at Stony Stratford. The Queen's
+party were all in prison--many of them awaiting execution. Shakespeare
+has vividly described how Richard ridded himself of Lord Hastings,[41]
+the late king's favorite adviser, who was the only remaining check on
+his plans. After Hastings' execution the Protector declared that Edward
+the Fourth's marriage was invalid, and that his children could not
+therefore succeed to the crown. After a faint show of reluctance he
+allowed himself to be proclaimed king, under the title of Richard the
+Third, and was crowned at Westminster on the sixth of July.
+
+Every one knows the tragic end to the story. While the little boys lived
+their uncle's throne was insecure. They were still in the Tower. Rivers
+their uncle was beheaded; so were their half-brother Grey and many more
+of their mother's kinsmen and friends. A mystery must always hang over
+this dreadful deed. Whether by Richard's direct order, or simply in
+accordance with his known but half-expressed wishes, the two children
+suddenly disappeared--murdered, as it was alleged, by their uncle. Sir
+James Tyrell, when tried for high treason in Henry the Seventh's reign,
+only eight years after, confessed to the murder. And it was commonly
+supposed that the boys were "buried in a great heap of rubbish near the
+footstairs of their lodging; where is now the raised terrace."[42] But
+the priest of the Tower having died shortly after, "left the world in
+dark as to the place."
+
+For nearly two hundred years nothing more was known. In Charles the
+Second's reign, however, orders were given to rebuild some offices in
+the Tower. In taking away the stairs going from the King's Lodging into
+the Chapel of the White Tower, the workmen found a wooden chest buried
+ten feet deep in the ground, which contained the bones of two boys,
+about eleven and thirteen years of age. Charles the Second hearing of
+this discovery ordered the bones to be carefully collected and put in a
+marble urn, which he placed in Westminster Abbey, with an inscription in
+Latin of which the following is a translation:
+
+                           Here lie
+                         The Reliques
+  of Edward the Fifth King of _England_, and Richard, Duke
+                           of York.
+           These brothers being confined in the Tower,
+                 and there stifled with Pillows,
+                Were privately and meanly buried,
+                          By order of
+           Their perfidious Uncle _Richard_ the usurper;
+            Whose bones, long enquired after and wished for,
+                  After two hundred and one years
+     In the Rubbish of the Stairs (i. e. those lately leading to
+                          the Chapel
+                  of the _White Tower_)
+  Were on the 17th day of _July_, 1674, by undoubted Proofs
+                          discovered,
+                Being buried deep in that Place.
+     Charles the Second, a most compassionate Prince, pitying
+                       their severe fate,
+            Ordered these unhappy Princes to be laid
+          Amongst the monuments of their Predecessors,
+         _Anno Dom_ 1678, in the 30th year of his Reign.
+
+The mean and ugly little urn, which was the only monument that "most
+compassionate Prince" could afford to the memory of these two children,
+stands at the end of the north aisle of Henry the Seventh's Chapel,
+close to Queen Elizabeth's tomb.
+
+But let us turn from this dismal theme to something much more cheerful.
+While little Richard Duke of York was in Sanctuary with his mother, he
+must have often run across under the shadow of the great elms that stood
+before the Abbots House, to the Almonry, a small building near by. For
+to the Almonry eight years before a wise man had come with a strange new
+invention. He hung a red pole at the door for a sign; and soon all the
+learned men in the kingdom began to gather at the Almonry of
+Westminster, and talk to William Caxton, the printer of books. For he it
+was who had come from Bruges in Flanders, bringing with him the first
+printing press that had ever been seen in England. And at Westminster he
+worked away for fifteen years, translating and printing with ceaseless
+industry. It was a hard task that the industrious printer had
+undertaken, for the English language was in a state of transition. The
+tongue of each shire varied so as to be hardly intelligible to men of
+the next county; and Caxton says that the old-English Charters which the
+Abbot of Westminster fetched him as models seemed "more like to Dutch
+than to English." In his translations he had to choose between two
+schools--French affectation, and English pedantry. "Some honest and
+great clerks," he says, "have been with me and desired me to write the
+most curious terms I could find;" and others blamed him, saying that in
+his translations he "had over many curious terms which could not be
+understood of common people, and desired me to use old and homely
+terms." "Fain would I please every man," the good-tempered printer
+exclaims. But, happily for his successors, Caxton's excellent sense
+inclined him to good, plain English, "to the common terms that be daily
+used"--and he therefore left a far more lasting mark on English
+literature than can be gauged by the number and importance of the books
+he printed.
+
+[Illustration: MEMORIAL URN IN HENRY THE SEVENTH'S CHAPEL.]
+
+The Almonry soon became a centre for all that was most cultivated in
+England. Lord Arundel pressed the printer to take courage when the
+length of the Golden Legend made him "half desperate to have accomplisht
+it," and ready to "lay it apart;" and promised him a yearly fee of a
+buck in summer and a doe in winter if it were done. Noble ladies lent
+him their precious books. Churchmen brought him their translations. A
+mercer of London prayed him to undertake the "Royal Book" of Philip le
+Bel. The Queen's brother, the hapless Lord Rivers, chatted with him over
+his own translation of the "Sayings of the Philosophers." His "Tully"
+was printed under the patronage of Edward the Fourth. And among his
+chief supporters was Richard, Duke of Gloucester, to whom his "Order of
+Chivalry" was dedicated.
+
+It is therefore no mere flight of fancy, but a supposition founded on
+good evidence, that little Prince Richard may have beguiled some of the
+weary hours of his captivity by visits to the Almonry, watching the
+curious presses which struck off sheet after sheet of printing, and
+talking to the good-natured printer, who must, by all accounts, have
+been the cheeriest and busiest of men.
+
+The Almonry is gone.
+
+Bareheaded boys from Westminster School play foot-ball under the few
+remaining descendants of the old elms in Dean's Yard, and hurry in and
+out of the gateway with their school books under their arms. All that
+remains of the ancient Sanctuary is that blue plate with white letters.
+But within the great Abbey, the two little princes are in Sanctuary once
+more; never again to leave it while the fabric stands. And William
+Caxton sleeps in St. Margaret's Church close by, while his memory lives
+in every printed page of the English tongue.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[26] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 405. Dean Stanley.
+
+[27] Speech of Duke of Buckingham in Sir T. More's "Life of Richard the
+Third."
+
+[28] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 408. Dean Stanley.
+
+[29] Holinshed's Chronicle. Vol. 3. p. 300.
+
+[30] Sir Thomas More's History of Edward the Fifth, and Richard the
+Third.
+
+[31] Equal to about £2500 in the present day.
+
+[32] C. Knight's History of England. Vol. 2. p. 176.
+
+[33] More.
+
+[34] More.
+
+[35] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey," Dean Stanley. p. 411.
+
+[36] More's Life of Edward the Fifth. p. 40.
+
+[37] More.
+
+[38] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 412.
+
+[39] More.
+
+[40] More.
+
+[41] "King Richard the Third." Act III., Scene IV.
+
+[42] Dart. Vol. I. p. 170.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+KING EDWARD THE SIXTH.
+
+
+Between the death of Edward the Fifth and the coronation of another
+boy-king, Edward the Sixth, Westminster Abbey saw momentous changes. Its
+fabric and its constitution were alike altered by the stupendous
+transformation through which England passed in those seventy years.
+
+Henry the Seventh's reign marks a great break in English History. It is
+the close of the Middle Ages. And the Abbey tells the story of this
+break in a strangely vivid and emphatic fashion. As we walk up the wide
+flight of steps beyond the Confessor's Chapel at the extreme east end of
+the Abbey, we find ourselves in a new world. The grave, stately,
+mediæval church is left behind. And, entering Henry the Seventh's
+matchless chapel, a sense of fervor and richness in the architecture
+seizes on us. Our eyes feast on the bayed windows with their innumerable
+little diamond panes; the traceries and mouldings on the walls--not a
+foot left unwrought--the niches with figures of saint and martyr; the
+grand bronze gates with their Tudor arms--the rose and portcullis, the
+falcon and fetterlock--the rich dark wood carving of the stalls, with
+the banners of the Knights of the Bath hanging motionless above each;
+and then the roof, that marvelous stone cobweb, with its bosses,
+carvings and coats of arms, its vaultings springing from the slenderest
+pillars imaginable like graceful palm stems, and spreading out into the
+exquisite fan-tracery that covers the whole--a network of stone lace. As
+Washington Irving says in his unrivalled description of Westminster,
+
+    Stone seems, by the cunning labor of the chisel, to have
+    been robbed of its weight and density, suspended aloft as if
+    by magic; and the fretted roof achieved with the wonderful
+    minuteness and airy security of a cobweb.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL OF HENRY THE SEVENTH.]
+
+Those prodigious pendants of stone, richly carved over their whole
+surface, which hang poised aloft in airy splendor, may well fill the
+mind with wonder almost akin to terror. How do they hold together? How
+has the cunning of man been able to counteract the force of gravity?
+What keeps them from falling on us as we stand gazing up at the stone
+miracle, and grinding us to powder? Not only we, but many wise
+architects have marvelled at that "prodigy of art,"--at the "daring
+hardihood" which keyed that roof together, every block depending on the
+next, and the whole structure cohering by the perfection of each
+minutest part. The very richness of the work, the seemingly lavish
+tracery, the perforated ornaments behind the spring of the main arches,
+all help to weld it into one abiding whole. It is a fit type of the
+noble strength of perfect unity. For, so say the masons, if one stone
+were to give away, if one pendant were to fall, the whole roof would
+collapse.
+
+Nothing gives one a just idea of the awful weight of stone in that roof
+until one has climbed above it. Would that I could take you, my readers,
+as I have taken more than one American child, for a wander about the
+roofs of the Abbey. It is a world within a world. Do not fancy it is
+all dark and dirty and terrific. Not at all. I know few more charming
+excursions. A little door in the corner of the north transept lets us
+into a turret staircase. Up and up it winds, round the solid smooth
+shaft of stone, till we reach the Triforium. This is the row of double
+trefoil-headed arches that runs all around the Abbey above the great
+pier-arches. From below you think, how frightful to be up on that narrow
+ledge, clinging to the wall. But when you get up to it you find it
+anything but a narrow ledge. It is a grand gallery twenty feet wide,
+large enough to drive a coach and four along it, and lighted at many
+points by rose-windows in the outer walls. The double arches and slender
+pillars which look so beautiful from the ground, are just as interesting
+when seen close. Hardly two of them are alike; the builders of those
+days did their work in no grudging spirit: but lavished fresh designs
+upon every yard.
+
+It is a strange sensation up aloft in this wide gallery, looking down a
+sheer sixty feet into the Abbey, peeping at the stalls of the choir
+peering down the pipes of the organ, watching the people wandering like
+flies over the pavement below us. But the strangest experience of all is
+an excursion such as I am describing at night. One such wandering is
+specially impressed on my memory. Some American friends were with us;
+and lighted by one little lantern we threaded our way through the
+darkness, through the solemn stillness of the wonderful building, and
+came out into the Triforium. Then suddenly three or four clear rich
+voices, one of which is well-known to all who frequent the services at
+Westminster, came floating up from the gulf of gloom beneath us,
+singing,
+
+    Lift thine eyes, oh! lift thine eyes to the mountains,
+    whence cometh help.
+
+I do not think any one of us will ever forget the startling,
+overpowering effect; or listen again to Mendelssohn's trio without a
+thrill.
+
+But we must go on. In only one place is the way perilous--just under the
+great window in the north transept; for there the passage does narrow to
+a ledge; and the Clerk of the Works, who always accompanies these
+wanderings in high places, bids the untried hands be careful. Once past
+the window all is plain sailing again. We make our way round, above the
+Confessor's Chapel, and see his coffin lying in his shrine. We pass
+great rooms where all sorts of _débris_ from the building are kept--old
+oaken chairs, bits of stone carving, paraphernalia for the coronation or
+for any great ceremony. We walk under the painted glass windows that we
+have watched, shining like jewels at the end of the apse, when we are at
+service in the choir. Then comes another door, another narrow stair, and
+we find ourselves in the strangest place of all. We are on the roof of
+Henry the Seventh's chapel. Overhead the great rafters are piled,
+supporting the outer roof; and as we advance a whirr and a rush of wings
+startle our nerves which are perhaps a little on edge by this time.
+There is nothing to alarm us however, for it is we who have startled
+some of the flock of pigeons who live up in the roofs of the Abbey.
+Hundreds of them congregate here, and get their living down in the great
+restless city below, especially in Palace Yard. The cabmen on the
+cabstand there, waiting for the members to come out of the House of
+Parliament, are greatly attached to the Abbey pigeons. I have often
+watched a rough, gruff "cabby" fetch a pailful of water and set it down
+near his hansom for the pretty birds, who flutter fearlessly, bridling
+and cooing, on to the edge, and dip their pink bills in the cool water,
+and then hop down and peck up the oats the cab-horse has dropped from
+his nose-bag. One would think that nowhere could birds be safer than in
+the sanctuary of Westminster. But alas! they have enemies who respect
+sanctuary far less than King Richard the Third. The vast roofs of the
+Abbey are infested by a breed of fierce half-wild cats. They have lived
+up there for years, and cannot be exterminated; and not only are they a
+perfect pest and plague to all dwellers in the cloisters, but they get
+their living by preying on the poor dear Abbey pigeons.
+
+[Illustration: EXTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL OF HENRY THE SEVENTH.]
+
+However, we did not climb all this height to talk of cats and pigeons;
+and if you once find yourselves in this strange place you will give them
+but little thought. For under our feet is a great stone sea--vast
+circular pits and troughs of solid stone--a very maelstrom of rock. Each
+of those great wells narrowing towards the bottom represents one of the
+gigantic pendants below. And here one's wonder is I think increased
+sevenfold, and we ask how was it possible to poise this prodigious
+weight on those slender walls. If we want an answer to our question we
+must look outside the chapel, and observe the graceful Flying
+Buttresses, which hold roof and walls together, springing from the
+upper part of the windows, and ending in tall turrets which run down
+and bury themselves in the ground. The buttresses are so light, and so
+richly carved, and the turrets look so completely ornamental, with their
+crockets, and the delicate canopies over the niches--empty alas! and
+their string-course formed of the Tudor arms, that one thinks of them
+merely as a lovely part of a lovely whole. So they are. But they are one
+of the chief means of binding that splendid roof together--of keeping
+the walls from being pulled inward by the mass of stone they have to
+support. They act like the guy-ropes which keep a flagstaff upright.
+
+Thus far we have seen how by Edward the Sixth's time the mediæval
+architecture has given place to the Tudor, the feudal Gothic to the more
+domestic Perpendicular. But in the constitution of the Abbey a far more
+momentous change had taken place. In Henry the Eighth's reign the
+Reformation shook the life of England to its very foundation. It is not
+my intention to enter upon that vast and deeply important subject. I
+only wish to show you some of its effects on Westminster Abbey. The
+Abbey and Monastery of Westminster shared in the general Dissolution of
+Monasteries in 1539. The last Abbot of Westminster was converted into a
+Dean, and "the Monks were succeeded by twelve Prebendaries, each to be
+present daily in the Choir, and to preach once a quarter."[43] The
+"Abbot's Place" was to be known henceforth as the "Deanery." And for us,
+who have known that Deanery in the brilliant days of Arthur Penrhyn
+Stanley, what memories does the name awake. But more. All the relics in
+the Abbey that had been given, as we have seen, by successive kings, and
+with them Llewellyn's golden crown, and the banners and statues around
+the shrine of St. Edward, all these were swept away as worthless or
+worse than worthless. Even the bones of the Confessor were not
+respected; but were moved and buried apart, until Queen Mary brought
+them back and laid them once more in the shrine where they had reposed
+so long, and where they rest to this day. Then robbers broke into the
+Abbey and carried off, among other treasures, the silver head from Henry
+the Fifth's monument. And in Edward the Sixth's reign, when the spirit
+of iconoclasm was at its height, the Protector Somerset even talked of
+demolishing the Abbey Church, and was only deterred from such an act of
+vandalism by the rising, some say, of the inhabitants of Westminster,
+or, by the sacrifice of seventeen manors belonging to the Chapter for
+the needs of the protectorate.
+
+A boy king was once more head of the English nation. When Henry the
+Eighth died in January, 1547, Prince Edward was not quite ten years old,
+his sister Elizabeth nearly fourteen, while Mary, the elder sister, was
+thirty-one. In less than a month after his father's death, Edward was
+crowned at Westminster, and very curious the accounts are of the
+ceremony. As was usual, the prince spent the few days before his
+coronation at the Tower; and the procession from thence to Westminster
+was of extreme magnificence. The little boy was delighted by an
+Arragonese sailor who "capered on a tight-rope down from the battlements
+of St. Paul's to a window at the Dean's Gate."[44]
+
+    An old man in a chair, with crown and sceptre, represented
+    the state of King Edward the Confessor. St. George would
+    have spoken, but that His Grace made such speed for lack of
+    time he could not.[45]
+
+The service at which Archbishop Cranmer, the king's godfather,
+officiated, was still that of the Church of Rome: but it was greatly
+shortened,
+
+    partly "for the tedious length of the same," and "the tender
+    age" of the King--partly for "that many points of the same
+    were such as, by the laws of the nation, were not
+    allowable."[46]
+
+And there were various other differences in matters of detail, into
+which we have no space to enter, which showed that a radical change had
+taken place in England since Henry the Eighth's coronation. Even
+shortened as it was, the service was so long and exhausting that the
+poor little king was carried out fainting before it was over.
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD THE SIXTH.--_From a Painting by Holbein._]
+
+A "marvellous boy," "_monstrificus peullus_" as an Italian physician
+described him, must King Edward have been. When other boys have their
+heads full of bats and balls, of bird'snesting and fishing, this little
+lad was writing a diary of political events, the history year by year of
+his own reign--a strange document when one thinks of the author's youth.
+In it he gravely set down all manner of questions which usually trouble
+only old heads. And King Edward's journal is still one of the most
+valuable records of the time. Although it does not exhibit any very
+original views, this diary shows a strangely impartial spirit. It shows
+too a good deal of the coldness of the Tudor nature; for one is
+unpleasantly impressed at finding the young king recording the
+executions of his two uncles--Somerset and Seymour--with the most
+stoical indifference; and setting aside the right of his sisters Mary
+and Elizabeth to the crown, with a hard cold remark that they are "unto
+us but of the half-blood."
+
+Edward held very strong and decided opinions on all points connected
+with the Reformed Church of England.
+
+He was the first sovereign to whom the Bible had been presented at his
+coronation,
+
+    an act which may perhaps have suggested to the young King
+    the substitution, which he had all but effected, of the
+    Bible for St. George in the insignia of the Order of the
+    Garter.
+
+By the time he was fourteen his precocious mind became aware of the
+manner in which his uncle Somerset, had abused his power and taken
+advantage of his childhood. He saw how the exchequer had been emptied by
+the rash wars with France and Scotland into which the Protector's
+ambition had dragged England. How the coinage was debased. How crown
+lands worth five million of English money of the present day, had been
+granted away to the Protector's friends. All this the boy-king saw. He
+felt the shame of his debts; and although he could do little to stop
+such scandals, he did what he could. According to a schedule he devised,
+we find him diminishing the garrisons of the forts and the Irish army;
+ordering greater economy in his household; cutting down the wardrobe
+charges, and disallowing various claims for fees.
+
+Edward now took part regularly in public business, and began to inquire
+into the daily transactions of the Council. "He required notice
+beforehand of the business with which the council was to be occupied,
+and an account was given in to him each Saturday of the proceedings of
+the week." There is a rough draft of his will, dictated to Sir William
+Petre the year before his death, which shows how his mind had dwelt
+silently on the events of his boyhood. "Should his successor like
+himself, be a minor, his executors, unlike his father's, should meddle
+with no wars unless the country was invaded." But of all the writings he
+left, the most interesting and important is an unfinished fragment on
+the condition of England. Although it was written three hundred years
+ago by a boy of fifteen, some of it is such fine and wholesome reading
+for us nowadays, that I must quote part of Mr. Froude's account of it.
+
+"A king who at fifteen could sketch the work which was before him so
+distinctly, would in a few years have demanded a sharp account of the
+Stewardship of the Duke of Northumberland."
+
+    Looking at England, ... as England was, the young king saw
+    "all things out of order." "Farming gentlemen and clerking
+    knights" neglecting their duties as overseers of the
+    people, "were exercising the gain of living." ... Artificers
+    and clothiers no longer worked honestly; the necessaries of
+    life had risen in price, and the labourers had raised their
+    wages, "whereby to recompense the loss of things they
+    bought." The country swarmed with vagabonds; and those who
+    broke the laws escaped punishment by bribery or through
+    foolish pity. The lawyers and even the judges were corrupt.
+
+    Peace and order were violated by religious dissensions and
+    universal neglect of the law. Offices of trust were bought
+    and sold; benefices impropriated, tillage-ground turned to
+    pasture, "not considering the sustaining of men." The poor
+    were robbed by the enclosures; and extravagance in dress and
+    idle luxury of living were eating like ulcers into the
+    State. These were the vices of the age; nor were they
+    likely, as Edward thought, to yield in any way to the most
+    correct formula of justification. The "medicines to cure
+    these sores" were to be looked for in good education, good
+    laws, and "just execution of the laws without respect of
+    persons, in the example of rulers, the punishment of
+    misdoers, and the encouragement of the good." Corrupt
+    magistrates should be deposed, seeing that those who were
+    themselves guilty would not enforce the laws against their
+    own faults; and all gentlemen and noblemen should be
+    compelled to reside on their estates, and fulfil the duties
+    of their place.[47]
+
+
+Boys and girls in all countries are apt to say "as happy as a king." I
+wonder if they ever think of the meaning of that phrase. Certainly a
+less enviable position than that of this young king cannot well be
+imagined. Holbein's portraits show him to us a delicate, precocious
+looking boy, with fine features, small mouth, and odd narrow eyes which
+glance with a keen penetration from under the sleepy lids. If he had
+been the son of some country squire he would have been living out of
+doors, making his frail little body strong and healthy, doing ordinary
+lessons, riding and leaping and playing tennis like any other lad of his
+age. But instead of this, we find him a mere tool in the hands of
+unscrupulous advisers, who are filling their own pockets and ruining the
+kingdom at his expense. He is pondering on matters of state when he
+ought to have been playing at marbles. Sitting for long hours in the
+council chamber, when he should have been riding about the forest with
+his hawks and hounds. Galloping all the night through, from Hampton
+Court to Windsor, when his uncle Somerset carried him off to serve his
+own ends, and thereby did the king's delicate chest an injury which it
+never recovered. And at length, after six years of a miserable,
+troublous reign, dying at Greenwich before he was sixteen, with the
+lords in council and the judges quarreling about his death bed. Poor
+boy! surely no one would be tempted to envy his fate.
+
+He was buried at Westminster in the splendid chapel that his grandfather
+built and that his father finished under "the matchless altar" which
+stood at the head of Henry the Seventh's tomb. This sumptuous
+"touchstone altar, all of one piece," with its "excellent workmanship of
+brass," was the work of Torregiano, the rival who broke Michael Angelo's
+nose in the gardens of St. Mark at Florence. He came to England to
+complete the adornment of Henry the Seventh's chapel, and lived for
+twenty years in the precincts of the Abbey, where he kept up his
+Florentine reputation by sundry fighting feats against the "bears of
+Englishmen."
+
+The Altar was "by the hot-brained zealots in 41 (1641) demolished; so
+that not the least footsteps now remain;" and only a gray stone slab
+marks the resting place of the last male heir of the Tudors. But when in
+1868 Dean Stanley made the memorable search in the vaults of the Abbey
+to discover where James the First was buried--a mystery unsolved till
+then--a beautiful piece of a carved white marble frieze was found at the
+entrance of Edward the Sixth's grave. This fragment, three feet eight
+inches long, seven inches high, and six inches thick, is the only relic
+which exists of Torregiano's altar. It is now restored as far as
+possible to its original position, under the present altar in Henry the
+Seventh's Chapel.
+
+King Edward's funeral, like his coronation, was remarkable in many ways.
+It was the first service of the Reformed Church of England ever used
+over an English sovereign; and this concession was made by the King's
+Roman Catholic sister, Queen Mary. She was not present; being at the
+requiem sung in the Tower under the direction of Gardiner, her chief
+adviser. Archbishop Cranmer conducted the service at Westminster. Thus
+"the last and saddest function of his public ministry which he was
+destined to perform," was the burial of his godson, this young king,
+whom he had both baptized and crowned.
+
+"The one admirable thing which the unhappy reign produced," must however
+never be forgotten. While King Edward's uncle Somerset was ruining the
+kingdom, and paying with his head for his ambition--while the Duke of
+Northumberland was plotting to set aside Henry the Eighth's will, and to
+place his own daughter-in-law, the hapless Lady Jane Grey, on the throne
+of England--Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, was working on quietly in
+the midst of all the uproar of war and treason, plot and counter-plot,
+at the English prayer book.
+
+    As the translation of the Bible bears upon it the imprint of
+    the mind of Tyndal, so, while the Church of England remains,
+    the image of Cranmer will be seen reflected on the calm
+    surface of the Liturgy. The most beautiful portions of it
+    are translations from the Breviary; yet the same prayers
+    translated by others would not be those which chime like
+    church-bells in the ears of the English child. The
+    translations, and the addresses which are original, have the
+    same silvery melody of language, and breathe the same
+    simplicity of spirit.
+
+One other admirable memory has the reign of Edward left in England. If
+you stand on Westminster Bridge near the houses of Parliament, and look
+across the Thames, you see several huge piles of red brick and white
+stone rising on the Lambeth shore. This is the modern St. Thomas's
+Hospital, one of the finest in England, built on the foundation which
+Edward made. Ridley in a sermon preached before the young king, urged
+the rich to be merciful to the poor and to comfort and relieve them by
+charitable works. The sermon so impressed the boy that he founded St.
+Thomas's--St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in Smithfield, where a few years
+later the martyrs were to suffer at the stake under his ruthless sister
+Mary--and Christ's Hospital, which we all know as the "Bluecoat" school,
+where Charles Lamb, and Coleridge, and Thackeray and many another
+learned man spent their schooldays. But the boy-king did yet more. In
+eighteen towns of England he founded the famous Grammar Schools which
+"throw a lustre over the name of Edward," although he did not live to
+see the fruit of his noble thought.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[43] Memorials, 464.
+
+[44] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 81.
+
+[45] Memorials. p. 81.
+
+[46] Leland. p. 324.
+
+[47] (Froude. Vol. V. p. 441.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+MISS ELIZABETH RUSSELL.
+
+
+On the 27th of October, 1575, there was a grand christening at
+Westminster. The tiny baby, wrapped in a mantle of crimson velvet, was
+carried with royal pomp into the Abbey. Some of the most splendid and
+famous personages of the day attended to do honor to the child, and the
+queen's majesty was godmother.
+
+Who was this baby? Why was all this display and ceremony expended on an
+infant only five days old?
+
+The little girl was of noble birth. She was daughter of John, Baron
+Russell, second son of the Earl of Bedford, one of that famous family
+which has given England some of her best statesmen for hundreds of
+years. Her mother was a daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, of Gildea Hall in
+Essex, "a man of the ancient equanimity and worship," well known for
+his goodness and learning. Sir Anthony brought up his daughters to
+follow in his own footsteps. They were noble and accomplished
+gentlewomen and learned withal, for they could write easily in Greek,
+Latin and Italian, as well as in their own tongue. One of them, Mildred,
+married Sir William Cecil, afterwards Lord Burleigh, Queen Elizabeth's
+famous councillor and adviser. Anne was wife of Sir Nicholas, afterwards
+Lord Chancellor Bacon, whose son was the great philosopher, Francis
+Bacon, Lord Verulam. Elizabeth, Lady Russell, the mother of our "child
+of Westminster," had been married before to Sir Thomas Hobby, ambassador
+to France. And when he died in 1566, Queen Elizabeth wrote a letter full
+of affection and esteem to his widow. In this letter she praises the
+dead Sir Thomas; and then goes on:
+
+    And for yourself, we cannot but let you know that we hear
+    out of France such singular good reports of your duty well
+    accomplished toward your husband, both living and dead, with
+    other your sober, wise and discreet behaviour in that court
+    and country, that we think it a part of great commendation
+    to us and commendation to our country, that such a
+    gentlewoman hath given so manifest a testimony of virtue in
+    such hard times of adversity. And therefore, though we
+    thought very well of you before, yet shall we hereafter make
+    a more assured account of your virtues and gifts; and
+    where-insoever we may conveniently do you pleasure, you may
+    be thereof assured. And so we would have you rest yourself
+    in quietness, with a firm opinion of our special favour
+    towards you. Given under our signet, at our city of Oxford,
+    the ---- of September, 1566, the eighth year of our reign.
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    ELIZABETH R.
+
+It was "at our city of Oxford" that we chanced upon this letter. Reading
+in the Bodleian Library, at the end of the great cross gallery lined
+with rows of books, tier upon tier, we sat in the month of September,
+1884, at a quiet table beside a huge stone-mullioned window. One of its
+casements of leaded panes, guarded with brown rusty iron bars, was open.
+In the acacia-tree outside a bird was singing. Beyond the delicate green
+foliage, untouched by any thought of autumn, the towers and spires of
+the glorious city rose above red and gray roofs. The silence about us
+was only broken by the crisp turning of leaves or the stealthy foot-fall
+of the attendants bringing fresh heaps of books to the half-dozen busy
+workers. There was a fragrant smell of old books--of leather
+bindings--so dear to the student's heart. The warm, sweet outer air and
+hot sunshine streamed in at the open window. "The merry, merry Christ
+Church bells--one, two, three, four, five, six," chimed the quarters;
+and "Mighty Tom" tolled the hours as the morning stole by only too
+quickly.
+
+Two hundred and eighteen years ago in this very month of September,
+Queen Elizabeth was at Oxford, on her way to or from Kenilworth Castle,
+and she wrote the letter to Lady Hobby with those same Christ Church
+bells chiming the quarters and the hours within hearing of her lodgings.
+
+What times those were! The fortunes of England under Elizabeth were
+recovering from long disgrace and decay. The foundation of the Royal
+Exchange, by Sir Thomas Gresham, in that very year 1566, gave English
+trade an impetus of which we in England and America are reaping the
+benefits. English ships under such men as Drake and Frobisher, Sir
+Richard Grenville and Sir Humphrey Gilbert, were sailing the seas,
+fighting the Spaniards, and bringing home the wealth of every country in
+the known globe to the port of London. A few years later, Drake in his
+little vessel with eighty men would sail through the straits of
+Magellan, and load his bark with gold-dust and silver ingots, with
+pearls, diamonds and emeralds, the spoils of the "great galleon that
+sailed once a year from Lima to Cadiz," and Raleigh would name Virginia
+after Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen.
+
+But something more precious than commerce, or mere tangible wealth, was
+reviving in England. The prosperity of Elizabeth's reign was signalized
+by an outburst of literature such as the world has seldom seen. In 1566
+Edmund Spenser was fourteen; Sir Philip Sidney was twelve; and William
+Shakespeare was a little two-year-old lad playing about his father's
+black and white half-timbered house in sunny Stratford-on-Avon. What
+need to go further? Those three names alone are enough, to say nothing
+of the host of other writers--Bacon and Fulke Grenville with the
+philosophers and the essayists, Hakluyt and his library of voyages and
+travels, Michael Drayton and the patriotic poets. These were some of the
+men who as statesmen, soldiers, discoverers, poets, have made the
+Elizabethan age the synonym for all that is most splendid, most
+brilliant at home and abroad.
+
+Nine years after the queen's letter from Oxford, Elizabeth Hobby, who
+had meanwhile married Lord Russell, took refuge at Westminster from the
+plague which was then prevalent in London--that is to say in what we now
+call the city, where all the grand folks of those days lived.
+
+    Having obtained so much favor from Dr. Goodman, Dean of
+    Westminster, as to have her lodgings within the late
+    dissolved Abbey,
+
+her little daughter was born in the precincts on October 22, 1575. Lord
+Russell wrote to announce the fact to his brother-in-law Lord Burleigh.
+He was sorely disappointed at the child being a girl. "I could have
+wished with all my heart to have had a boy:" but as that could not be
+he would like a wise man "rejoice in having a girl." Then he goes on to
+ask Lord Burleigh to pray the queen to be the baby's godmother. The
+queen willingly granted the request; for her old admiration for Lady
+Russell had by no means abated. Being at Windsor she sent Lady Warwick
+as her deputy, "attended by Mr. Wingfield, the queen's gentleman usher,
+to direct all things in the same cathedral."
+
+Mr. Wingfield caused "a traverse of crimson taffeta"--a kind of
+enclosure or regal pew if there be such a thing--to be set on the right
+side of the altar, near the steps within the chancel; and in the
+traverse a carpet, a chair and cushions of state. This was for the
+deputy, Lady Warwick, who, as she represented the queen, was treated as
+if she were royal.
+
+    Then a great basin was set up in the middle, near to the
+    high table, a yard high, upon a small frame for the purpose
+    covered with white linen, and the basin set thereon with
+    water and flowers about the brim.
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN ELIZABETH.--_From painting in the English National
+Portrait Gallery._]
+
+On Thursday, October 27, at ten o'clock, all was ready. The witnesses
+and a great company were assembled; and they proceeded from the Deanery
+through the cloister. First came the gentlemen in waiting; then the
+knights in their places; the barons and earls in their degree. Then the
+godfather--none other than that famous and brilliant personage, Robert
+Dudley, Earl of Leicester, the only man whom the great Queen Elizabeth
+really loved--her cousin, "Sweet Robin." If you ever come to
+Warwickshire go to Kenilworth Castle, and see the remains of the grand
+Hall where he received the queen with more than royal state at three
+different times. Then go to Warwick, and see his effigy in the Beauchamp
+Chapel, lying beside his third wife, whom he married after poor Amy
+Robsart's death.
+
+Look at the Earl's handsome proud face; and then picture him to
+yourselves as he walked through the cloisters and into the noble Abbey,
+magnificent in dress and bearing, in the heydey of his youth, splendor
+and prosperity at little Bess Russell's christening. After the godfather
+came the unconscious baby--the centre of all this display--wrapped
+
+    in a mantle of crimson velvet, guarded with two wrought
+    laces of gold, having also over the face a lawn, striped
+    with bone lace of gold athwart, and powdered with gold
+    flowers and white wrought thereon.
+
+She was carried by the nurse, Mrs. Bradshaw. Her second godmother, the
+Countess of Sussex--Frances Sidney, aunt of Sir Philip Sidney, and
+foundress of Sidney-Sussex College at Cambridge, followed her. Then a
+gentleman usher. And then the Countess of Warwick, deputy for the queen.
+Her train was borne by Lady Russell's two sisters, Lady Burleigh and
+Lady Bacon; and after them came "other ladies and gentlemen, many."
+
+The deputy went within the traverse, the rest remaining without, while
+the Dean made a short address. After it was over
+
+    Lady Bacon took the child and brought it to the font, where
+    the Dean attended in his surplice. Then the Earl Leicester
+    approached near to the traverse, and there tarried until the
+    deputy came forth, from whence they leisurely proceeded to
+    the font, the deputy's train still borne, where she
+    christened the child by the name of Elizabeth; which done
+    the deputy retired back into the traverse again, and the
+    nurse took the child, and came down, and there dressed it.
+
+Now comes one of the most impressive and picturesque episodes in the
+story.
+
+The account says--
+
+    In the meantime, Mr. Philip Sidney came out of the Chapel
+    called St. Edward's shrine having a towel on his left
+    shoulder, and with him came Mr. Delves, bearing the basin
+    and ewer. Then the deputy came forth, her train borne, and
+    they two kneeling, she washed.
+
+Imagine Philip Sidney, then twenty-three years old, appearing from the
+Confessor's Chapel, which as I have explained lies directly behind the
+altar, with his towel over his shoulder, to kneel before the good and
+charming Countess of Warwick--Philip Sidney, that exquisite and noble
+soul, the very type and pattern of all that is most beautiful and
+admirable in the age of Elizabeth.
+
+    Fair as he was brave, quick of wit as of affection, noble
+    and generous in temper, dear to Elizabeth as to Spenser, the
+    darling of the Court and of the camp; his learning and his
+    genius made him the centre of the literary world which was
+    springing into birth on English soil.
+
+Poet, philosopher, chivalrous knight errant, grave councillor, what
+wonder that he was the idol of the whole country? And the story of his
+death, which we all know, but of which I, for one, never tire, was a
+fitting close to the thirty-two years of this Bayard without fear and
+without reproach. He threw away his life to save the army of his queen
+in Flanders. As he lay dying he called for water. But when it was
+brought and the bottle was put to his lips he saw a poor soldier dying
+near him, and bade them give it to him. "Thy necessity," he said, "is
+greater than mine." And so he died. This was the man who humbly served
+Lady Warwick, the deputy, at our baby's christening.
+
+    Then other gentlemen with two basins and ewers, came to the
+    Countess of Sussex and the Earl of Leicester; and they
+    having washed, immediately came from the aforesaid place of
+    St. Edward's shrine, gentlemen with cups of hippocras and
+    wafers; that done, they all departed out of the Church
+    through the choir, in such order as before, the Lady Bacon
+    carrying the child, and so the said ladies and godfather
+    went into the Lady Russell's chamber.
+
+Then the company went to dinner, "a stately and costly delicate
+banquet;" and grace being said by Lord Russell's chaplain, the lords
+washed, and after rose and returned to Lady Russell's rooms.
+
+The baby Bess, like babies nowadays, had her christening presents: "By
+the queen's majesty a great standing cup; Countess of Sussex a standing
+cup; Earl of Leicester a great bowl."
+
+So the pretty child's life began; ushered into that splendid and
+brilliant court with all the pomp and circumstance possible. Not only is
+the record of her baptism curious because it gives us a vivid picture of
+the court at that time, and a glimpse of many famous men and women who
+were present at it: but christenings have been few and far between at
+Westminster. For a long while they ceased altogether; and during this
+century up to about 1868 the few baptisms have been those of children of
+members of the Abbey body. Since that date a very few children, more or
+less connected with Westminster, have been christened each year in Henry
+the Seventh's chapel. And on the last page of the register for 1883,
+there is the name of a little grandson of Alfred, Lord Tennyson--the
+Poet Laureate--a baby well-deserving such an honor, for his grandfather
+claims descent from King Edward the Third; and from his mother, whose
+wedding took place in the Abbey, he inherits the blood of Robert Bruce.
+
+The next we hear about our little Bess is some years later, when we
+learn that she and her younger sister, Anne, were appointed maids of
+honor to the queen. Their mother, Lady Russell, who was brilliant and
+vivacious, as well as learned in Latin and Greek, had considerable
+influence with Queen Elizabeth, and seems to have used her "kind
+enchantments" in the service of peace and goodwill at court. Towards the
+close of her reign sad days had come upon the great queen. She was
+growing old--though she could not bear to acknowledge the fact. Some of
+those in whom she had trusted most proved false to her--like Essex. Her
+splendid progresses through the country, her three thousand dresses,
+could no longer cheer the sad, lonely old woman, who had outlived so
+many of her early friends and counsellors. The violent Tudor temper
+which she inherited from her father became more and more ungovernable,
+and sometimes it showed itself towards the unlucky maids of honor.
+
+"The Queen," says Sir Rowland Whyte to Sir Robert Sidney, in 1600:
+
+    hath of late used the fair Miss Brydges (daughter of the
+    Lord Chandos), with words and _blows_ of anger; and she with
+    Miss Russell, were put out of the coffer-chamber, lying
+    three nights at Lady Stafford's, before they could return to
+    their wonted waiting.
+
+And what was their offence? They had ventured to take medicine without
+leave; and had broken some rule of court etiquette by "going through the
+private galleries to see the lords and gentlemen play at the _ballon_."
+This was early in 1600. But shortly afterwards the queen, with one of
+her capricious changes of temper, made the full _amende_ for her words
+and blows of anger to poor Bess Russell, on the occasion of her sister
+Anne's marriage to Lord Herbert, son and heir to Edward, fourth Earl of
+Worcester. On June 9, 1600, Lady Russell went to court to fetch her
+daughter Anne away, "of whom the queen in public used as gracious
+speeches as she had been heard to indulge in of any." She sent her lords
+and maids in waiting to escort the bride and her mother to their house
+at Blackfriars. "All went in a troop away"--the court attendants filling
+eighteen coaches.
+
+The marriage took place on June 16 at Blackfriars, and the queen honored
+the ceremony with her presence. The bride met the queen at the
+waterside, where Lord Cobham, who had offered Her Majesty the use of his
+house, had provided a "lectica made like half a litter, wherein she was
+carried by six knights to Lady Russell's house." The mere name
+Blackfriars now conjures up a vision of the smokiest and dirtiest parts
+of smoky, dirty, dearly-beloved London. A vision of grimy houses crowded
+together, and piled up story on story to utilize every inch of the space
+that is now so valuable--of tall factory chimneys; Powell's glass-works;
+bustling wharves; huge warehouses; of yelling railway trains, whistling
+and thundering over the great iron bridges that span the Thames; of
+penny steamboats; of heavy barges on the muddy river all defiled by the
+great city that presses down to its banks. St. Paul's dome, the grand
+old Tower of London, and the towers and spires of Sir Christopher Wren's
+"fifty new churches," pierce the smoke and the haze, and rise above the
+roofs of the busiest part of the city. The only trees to be seen are the
+planes on the embankment, along that waterside where the bride met the
+queen. Is this a fit place for a brilliant court to come to a gay
+wedding?
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO MISS ELIZABETH RUSSELL.]
+
+Happily we know what Blackfriars was like in Elizabethan days. At
+Sherbourne Castle in Dorsetshire, Lord Digby possesses a most
+interesting picture supposed to be painted by Isaac Oliver, of this very
+procession from the waterside. There is a pleasant background of fields
+and trees with two or three fine houses standing on the wooded slopes of
+Holborn hill. The queen, clad in a long-waisted dress covered with
+jewels, and wearing a great ruff open at the throat, which was then only
+worn by young unmarried women, is seated in a chair under a light canopy
+borne by six knights. Anne Russell, the bride, walks directly behind the
+litter, in huge hooped skirt of white, with a richly worked and
+bejewelled bodice. She wears an open ruff like the queen's, which shows
+her throat. Her mother and Lucy Harrington, Countess of Bedford, who are
+her supporters, have close ruffs that cover their necks, and are dressed
+in black and gray with rich jewels. Nobles splendidly habited, go
+before, two and two; and ladies follow, among whom we may suppose that
+the fair Bess Russell figures. Lord Herbert, the bridegroom, carries the
+right end of the pole that supports the litter, and reaches his left
+hand back to his pretty bride who is close behind him. Next him a slim
+and exquisitely dressed figure is thought by Mr. Scharf F. S. A. to be
+Sir Walter Raleigh, who had just returned with Lord Cobham from a
+mission in Flanders.
+
+After the marriage the queen dined with the wedding party at Lady
+Russell's, where "the entertainment was great and plentiful; and the
+mistress of the feast much commended for it." At night--for in those
+days dinners were early--she went to Lord Cobham's where she supped. And
+
+    after supper came a memorable masque of eight ladies, each
+    clad in a skirt of cloth of silver, a rich waistcoat
+    wrought with silks and gold and silver, a mantle of
+    carnation taffeta cast under the arm, and their hair loose
+    about their shoulders curiously knotted and interlaced. The
+    masquers were Lady Dorothy (Sidney), Miss Fitton, Miss
+    Carey, Miss Onslow, Miss Southwell, Miss Bess Russell, Miss
+    Darcy, and Lady Blanch Somerset, who danced to the music
+    that Apollo brought; and a fine speech was made of a _ninth_
+    muse, much to her praise and honor. "Delicate," says the
+    narrator, "it was to see eight ladies so prettily and richly
+    attired." Miss Fitton led; and after they had finished their
+    own ceremonies, the eight lady masquers chose eight other
+    ladies to dance the measures. Miss Fitton went to the queen
+    and wooed her to the dance. The queen asked what she was.
+    "Affection," was the answer. "Affection!" said the queen,
+    "affection is false!" yet she rose and danced as did the
+    Marchioness of Winchester.
+
+Poor, sad old queen, clinging like a child--like the true daughter of
+her hapless mother Anne Boleyn--to any amusement, excitement, display,
+that could divert her weary thoughts from her loneliness, from the
+burdening cares of state; with her bitter jibe at the falseness of
+affection, yet rising and dancing a measure with her maids of honor. It
+is as pathetic a picture as one can look upon.
+
+So ends the record of the gay wedding at Blackfriars. But alas! within a
+fortnight the marriage rejoicings were turned into mourning. Our
+beautiful Bess Russell, the child of the court, the child of the Abbey,
+was consumptive. She grew rapidly worse, and a fortnight after her
+sister Anne's wedding she was dead. Her illness indeed, at the last, was
+so sudden that it gave rise to an absurd story, which was commonly
+believed one hundred and fifty years ago; namely, that she died of the
+prick of a needle in her finger which produced gangrene. This however is
+a mere fable, and only came into existence some seventy years after her
+death. She was buried in Westminster Abbey--that Abbey under whose
+shadow she was born, within whose walls she was christened. Well may
+Dean Stanley call her "the child of Westminster."
+
+Her beautiful monument stands in the Chapel of St. Edmund, near that of
+her father, and of John of Eltham. She sits "in a curiously wrought
+osier chair," leaning her head upon her hand, and pointing at the skull,
+on which her right foot rests, with an expression on her face of great
+sadness and sweetness. On the richly carved pedestal upon which the
+figure is placed are engraved these words: "_Dormit, non mortua
+est_"--she is not dead but sleeping--and below on a scroll we read that
+to the "sacred and happy memory of Elizabeth Russell" this monument is
+dedicated by her afflicted sister Anne.
+
+Sweet Bess Russell's effigy is remarkable in more ways than one. It is
+the first of all in the Abbey that is seated erect. Hitherto kings,
+princes, warriors, noble ladies have been content to lie in profound
+repose, their hands crossed or folded in prayer. Lord Russell's figure
+on his splendid monument hard by, shows the first sign of restlessness.
+He lies on his side, supporting his head on his elbow. At his feet is
+the son he wished for so greatly--little Francis--who only lived a few
+months; and graceful figures of his two daughters in mourning robes
+support the coat of arms above. In a few years the effigies will begin
+to kneel--as in the case of Sir Francis Vere's noble tomb where four
+kneeling knights carry his arms on a slab resting upon their shoulders.
+So intensely alive do they look that Roubillac the famous sculptor was
+found standing wrapt before them, and when questioned said softly, with
+his eyes fixed on the fourth knight, "Hush! hush! he will speak
+presently!" A little later they will sit--then stand, like Walpole's
+beautiful mother. Then they will gesticulate with the orators, and rise
+out of the tomb, or the sea, and soar among the clouds, in the execrable
+taste of the last century. All this new movement and life in marble, was
+ushered in by pretty Elizabeth Russell and her worthy father; so that
+their monuments mark a very distinct period in the history of the Abbey.
+The reign, too, of her royal godmother inaugurated the "recognition of
+the Abbey as a Temple of Fame." Queen Elizabeth loved the Abbey, and the
+chapels were crowded with the "worthies" who served her so loyally and
+faithfully. Henceforth not only kings and princes were to be buried in
+the Church of Henry the Third, but all who were great and wise in action
+or in thought, statesmen, soldiers, poets, were to rest within the walls
+of the Pantheon of the English Nation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE PRINCESSES SOPHIA AND MARY.
+
+
+In 1603 a great change came over the destinies of England. Queen
+Elizabeth, the last of the house of Tudor, died. And James of Scotland,
+the first of those Stuart kings who were to bring civil war, ruin and
+disgrace on our land, came to the throne. A hundred years before, the
+rich Tudor architecture had taken the place in Westminster of the grave
+Gothic of the Middle Ages. Now the strong rule of the Tudors--often
+unscrupulous, but generally able--was in like manner succeeded by the
+extravagant misrule of the Stuarts.
+
+It was, however, through their Tudor blood--through their descent from
+Henry the Seventh, the great-grandfather of that most unhappy woman,
+Mary, Queen of Scots--that the Stuarts succeeded to the English throne.
+It was fitting, therefore, that they should turn to the chapel which
+had been built as a burial place for the Tudor race. And within four
+years of James the First's accession, two "royal rosebuds" were laid to
+rest within its walls.
+
+Let us go to-day and see their monuments.
+
+We mount the wide steps at the extreme east end of the ambulatory, that
+form a sort of vestibule of deepest shadow under the massive archway
+which joins the Abbey to Henry the Seventh's Chapel. The black and white
+marble floor gleams cold, and the sun streams in through the southern
+windows upon the brass of Henry the Seventh's tomb as we look through
+the great bronze gates. But we will not enter them. We will turn to the
+left, where an open doorway leads us out of the dark entry at the head
+of the steps into the quiet light of the north aisle. On either side of
+the great central chapel run these two aisles, only divided from it by
+slender pillars and by the dark oak stalls of the Knights of the Bath.
+They are separate chapels, narrower and smaller than the main one, but
+equally beautiful; with the same cobweb-like stone roof; the same
+clusters of pillars spreading out into fan traceries; and deep, embayed
+windows full of hundreds of diamond panes toned down by the grimy London
+air into a mellow amber color.
+
+[Illustration: THE MONUMENT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH IN THE NORTH AISLE.]
+
+As we enter the north aisle we tread on a stone that bears the name of
+Addison. Famous men, poets, generals, statesmen, are all about us. But
+the great monument that stands in the centre of the chapel claims all
+our attention. Under a magnificent marble canopy, still and stern in
+death, lies the last of the Tudors--that splendid personage who, for
+more than fifty years, ruled over England and kept all Europe at bay;
+and who by word and deed encouraged those who laid the foundation of the
+great transatlantic England. Yes! there sleeps Queen Elizabeth--the old
+lioness. And in spite of vanities and weaknesses that we are apt
+nowadays to dwell on all too hardly, she was perhaps the greatest woman
+that England has ever seen. Her tomb, built by James the First, "of
+white marble and touchstone from the royal store at Whitehall," is not
+only a worthy memorial of her, but a token of the peace and goodwill
+that the great Abbey speaks of to all who will hear. For by her own
+desire, Elizabeth was buried in the same grave with her sister Mary,
+that sister whose very name seems only to bring to mind hatred and
+persecution, the stake and the fagot. Now she and Elizabeth are at
+peace. And on their monument James the First inscribed "two lines full
+of a far deeper feeling than we should naturally have ascribed to
+him":[48]
+
+_Fellows in the kingdom, and in the tomb. Here we sleep; Mary and
+Elizabeth, the Sisters; in hope of the resurrection._
+
+There is another effigy of Queen Elizabeth in the Abbey; and a very
+curious one it is. From the thirteenth century until the beginning of
+the eighteenth, it was the custom at royal funerals to carry a
+life-size, waxen image before the coffin, representing the dead in the
+clothes they wore. These effigies were left on the grave for about a
+month, and some of the Abbey officials gained their living by showing
+them to visitors. Most of the waxen figures have crumbled to dust. The
+writer believes that she was the last person to look at that of hapless
+Anne Boleyn. It had so fallen to pieces as to be a very hideous object,
+and it has since been locked up and shown to no one. But in an upper
+chamber over the Islip chapel, reached by a little dark stairway, eleven
+of these strange figures are still to be seen in wainscot cupboards with
+glass doors. Among them is Queen Elizabeth; not the original
+effigy--that was worn out in 1708, when a certain Tom Brown who wrote _A
+Walk through London and Westminster_, says that he saw the remains of
+it. This is a copy made in 1760; and we see the poor old queen, dressed
+in the long-waisted bodice and hooped skirt we know so well in pictures.
+It is a piteous sight, however; for the effigy, battered and sorely the
+worse for wear, is leaning up against the side of the glass cupboard in
+a most undignified attitude. One would rather think of her as she lies
+still and stately in the beautiful north aisle.
+
+But we must linger no longer about Elizabeth's effigy or her tomb. We
+must pass on to the east end of the chapel, and there we shall find the
+monuments of her two little cousins.
+
+On what used to be the altar step of the north aisle stands a baby's
+cradle--a cradle on real rockers. A gorgeous coverlet, all trimmed with
+rich guipure lace, falls from the corners of the cradle in splendid,
+rich folds. The arms of England, Scotland, and Ireland are carved on the
+back. And when you look under the head of the cradle you see that a baby
+lies sleeping in it. A darling tiny baby it is--its little wee face set
+in a close lace cap and lace ruff, under a kind of lace-trimmed hood
+that forms part of the pillow. You can almost fancy that if the cradle
+were set rocking the babe might open her eyes. But "baby and cradle, and
+all," are marble--marble, yellow with the dust and wear of nearly three
+hundred years.
+
+"The Cradle Tomb" of Westminster, as it is called, has been far better
+described than by any words of mine. A card hangs close beside it,
+placed there by desire of Lady Augusta Stanley, on which is a poem "by
+an American lady." That lady is a well-known favorite of American
+readers; for she is none other than "Susan Coolidge." And the lovely
+verses--some of which I venture to transcribe--appeared in _Scribner's
+Monthly_ for 1875:
+
+    A little rudely sculptured bed,
+      With shadowing folds of marble lace,
+    And quilt of marble, primly spread,
+      And folded round a baby face.
+
+    Smoothly the mimic coverlet,
+      With royal blazonries bedight,
+    Hangs, as by tender fingers set,
+      And straightened for the last good-night.
+
+    And traced upon the pillowing stone
+      A dent is seen, as if, to bless
+    That quiet sleep, some grieving one
+      Had leaned, and left a soft impress.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    But dust upon the cradle lies,
+      And those who prized the baby so,
+    And decked her couch with heavy sighs,
+      Were turned to dust long years ago.
+
+The inscription on her cradle tells us that this dear baby,
+
+    Sophia, a royal rosebud, plucked by premature fate, and
+    snatched away from her parents--James, King of Great
+    Britain, France and Ireland, and Queen Anne--that she might
+    flourish again in the rosary of Christ, was placed here on
+    the twenty-third of June, in the fourth year of the reign of
+    King James, 1606.
+
+The little creature was born on the twenty-first of June at Greenwich--a
+favorite palace of the English sovereigns. Great preparations had been
+made for her christening, and for the tourneys which were to be held at
+the same time in honor of her grandfather the King of Denmark's visit.
+But the baby only lived two days, and was hastily baptized "Sophia,"
+after the Queen of Denmark. James the First gave orders that she should
+be buried "as cheaply as possible, without any solemnity or
+funeral."[49] Nevertheless he made a contract with Nicholas Poutrain,
+the royal sculptor, for her monument, the cost of which was not to
+exceed one hundred and forty pounds. And we find that her coffin was
+very solemnly conveyed up the river by barge, covered with black velvet,
+accompanied by three other barges covered with black cloth and bearing
+many nobles, lords, ladies, and the officers-of-arms, to the Parliament
+stairs at Westminster. Thence the procession went to the south-east
+door of the Abbey, where it was met by the great lords of the Council,
+the Heralds, and chief officers of the court, the
+
+    Dean and Prebends with the choir; and so they passed to King
+    Henry the Seventh's chapel where there was an Antiphon sung
+    with the organ; in the meantime the Body was interred in a
+    Vault at the end of the Tomb then erecting for Queen
+    Elizabeth.[50]
+
+[Illustration: THE CRADLE TOMB.]
+
+The chief mourner was that unhappy Lady Arabella Stuart, king James'
+cousin, who, years after, ended her troubled life in the Tower, and was
+brought like little baby Sophia "by the dark river," and laid in the
+same grave as Mary, Queen of Scots, her kinswoman.
+
+Upon the same altar step there is another monument to a little
+princess--Sophia's sister Mary. She was the third daughter of James the
+First: but the first princess of the new dynasty who was born in
+England, and the first royal child baptized in the Reformed Church. As
+"three quarters of a century had elapsed since a child was born to the
+Sovereign of England," great were the rejoicings on little Mary's birth
+upon the eighth of April, 1605. Bonfires were lighted, church bells were
+rung all day long, and there were scrambles for money in the streets.
+
+There is a curious account of the clothes provided for this first
+princess of Great Britain, which shows us how royal babies were dressed
+then. She had
+
+    a carnation velvet cradle, fringed with silver fringe, and
+    lined with carnation satin; a double scarlet cloth to lay
+    upon the cradle in the night; a cradle cloth of carnation
+    velvet with a train, laid with silver, and lined with
+    taffety to lay upon the cradle; two small mantles of unshorn
+    velvet, lined with the same velvet; one large bearing cloth
+    of carnation velvet, to be used when the child is brought
+    forth of the chamber, lined with taffety; one great head
+    sheet of cambric for the cradle, containing two breadths,
+    and three yards long, wrought all over with gold and colored
+    silks, and fringed with gold; six large handkerchiefs of
+    fine cambric, whereof one to be edged with fair cut work, to
+    lay over the child's face; six veils of lawn, edged with
+    fair bone lace, to pin with the mantles; six gathered bibs
+    of fine lawn with ruffles edged with bone lace; two bibs to
+    wear under them, wrought with gold and colored silks,
+    etc.[51]
+
+The total value of these fineries and of all the lace and cambric
+required for the baby's trousseau was estimated at three hundred pounds.
+
+Her christening upon the fifth of May, was conducted on the most
+gorgeous scale that had ever been seen in England. Many peers were
+raised to higher rank, and numbers of knights were created barons in
+honor of the occasion. The chapel at Greenwich palace was hung with
+green velvet and cloth of gold. "A very rich and stately font of silver
+and gilt, most curiously wrought with figures of beasts, serpents, and
+other antique works,"[52] stood under a canopy of cloth of gold twelve
+feet square. The child was carried from the queen's lodgings by the
+countess of Derby, under a canopy borne by eight barons. Dukes and
+bishops, earls and barons went before the Earl of Northumberland, who
+bore a gilt basin; and the Countess of Worcester came after him,
+"bearing a cushen covered with Lawne, which had thereon many jewels of
+inestimable price."[53] The Lady Derby's train was borne by the greatest
+countesses in the land; and the baby's "train of the mantle of purple
+velvet, embroidered round about with gold, and furred with ermines,"[54]
+was borne by noblemen. The Archbishop of Canterbury christened the
+little princess. Her godparents were the Duke of Holstein, brother to
+the queen, the Lady Arabella Stuart, and the Countess of Northumberland.
+And when the christening was over, "the heralds put on their coats, the
+trumpets sounded."
+
+King at arms, "making low reverence unto the King's Majesty,"[55]
+proclaimed the little girl's name aloud in the chapel.
+
+Times have happily changed since those days. Contrast all this fuss and
+cold formality with a simple christening that took place only a week ago
+in England. A little royal duke, in whose veins the blood of the Stuarts
+still flows, was brought to the font of the quiet village church of
+Esher in Surrey. Very peaceful and unpretentious was the baby Duke of
+Albany's christening--poor little fatherless boy. But there were none
+present who did not truly love and honor the widowed grandmother who
+held him in her arms and the young widowed mother who stood by, or mourn
+for the accomplished, studious father, who died but a few months ago.
+Which is likely to have the happiest childhood--the little Guelph
+wrapped in the pure white Honiton-lace robe in which all the children
+and grandchildren of Queen Victoria have been christened; or the little
+Stuart in her purple velvet train, among the cloth-of-gold, and heralds,
+and grandees of James the First's heartless, luxurious, extravagant
+court?
+
+Babies were differently treated in those days. Now, be they children of
+a queen, or of the humblest commoner, they stay safe at home in their
+nice, warm nurseries, under their mother's eye. But the royal children
+of that date were sent off to be cared for "by trusty persons of
+quality." Little Princess Mary was given into the charge of Lady
+Knyvett. And on the first of June, when she was not two months old, she
+was taken down to Stanwell where Sir Thomas Knyvett lived.
+
+    He was allowed twenty pounds per week for the diet of the
+    princess and of her suite, consisting of six rockers, and
+    several inferior attendants; but the king took upon himself
+    the payment of their wages, the expenses of her removals
+    from house to house, of her apparel, coach and horses,
+    etc.[56]
+
+
+[Illustration: THE MONUMENTS OF PRINCESS SOPHIA AND PRINCESS MARY.]
+
+Lady Knyvett took the greatest care of her little charge. But children
+were badly understood in those times. Badly nursed, and fed, and
+clothed, two thirds of the babies that were born in England died. It was
+only the very strong ones who could survive their bringing-up. Think
+only of that stuffy cradle of "carnation velvet," and the "mantles of
+unshorn velvet," and the bibs "wrought with gold and colored silks."
+Hot, uncomfortable, unhealthy things--one shudders to think of a little
+tender baby in such garments. Then think of the utter ignorance of most
+of the physicians of those days; and of the appalling disregard of
+ventilation, baths, and proper food. What wonder, then, that little
+Princess Mary did not live long. When she was scarcely more than two
+years old she caught a violent cold, which settled on her lungs with
+burning fever. The queen came constantly to see her little girl. But no
+tenderness or skill availed; and after a month's illness the little
+creature sank on the sixth of September, 1607. For fourteen hours
+
+    there was no sound of any word heard breaking from her lips;
+    yet when it sensibly appeared that she would soon make a
+    peaceable end of a troublesome life, she sighed out these
+    words, "I go, I go!"[57]
+
+
+And again when some stimulant was given her she looked up and said,
+"Away, I go." And yet once more she repeated faintly "I go;" and so went
+home.
+
+Thus another "royal rosebud" was laid beside the baby Sophia at Queen
+Elizabeth's feet.
+
+On her monument Princess Mary is represented lying on her side,
+half-raised on one elbow which rests upon an embroidered pillow, with
+one chubby little hand uplifted and clenched. She wears a
+straight-waisted bodice which looks as stiff as armor; an immensely full
+skirt that stands out all round her waist; a close lace cap; and a great
+square collar--the first representation in the Abbey, as far as I
+recollect, of those square collars that were soon to take the place of
+the beautiful Elizabethan ruff. At the corners of her tomb sit four fat
+weeping cherubs, one of whom has his hands raised in a perfect agony of
+grief. And a nice fierce little lion lies at the child's feet, looking
+very alert, and on the watch to guard his young mistress from harm.
+
+It is a beautiful place to rest in--this quiet chapel, with its walls
+all covered with traceries, and great stone bosses suspended aloft in
+the blue mist of the roof. Over the stalls in the central chapel hang
+the old banners of the Knights of the Bath with famous names written
+upon them in letters of gold--names of warriors, explorers, statesmen,
+lawyers, men of science. Glints of deep red, blue and amber from
+
+  Storied windows richly dight,
+
+flash through the dusky air. And above the tombs of the two young
+princesses is the urn containing the bones of Edward the Fifth and
+Richard Duke of York; making this chapel, as Dean Stanley aptly says,
+"The Innocents' Corner."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[48] Memorials of Westminster Abbey. p. 181.
+
+[49] Fuller's Worthies.
+
+[50] Sandford. Kings and Queens of England. Book VII. p. 577.
+
+[51] "Princesses of England." M. A. E. Green. Vol. VI. p. 91.
+
+[52] Nichols. Vol. I. p. 572.
+
+[53] Stow's Chronicle, p. 862.
+
+[54] Green's Princesses, p. 92.
+
+[55] Nichols. Vol. I. p. 573.
+
+[56] Green's Princesses. p. 94.
+
+[57] Funeral Sermon for Prs. Mary, by G. Leech, preached in Henry the
+Seventh's Chapel, Sept. 23, 1607.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES.
+
+
+Among the Hampshire moors, covered with sheets of purple heather and
+dark forests of Scotch firs, stands a grand old house built of red brick
+with stone facings. It is a noble mansion, with its saloons and
+libraries; its great hall where the Yule log burns at Christmas on the
+hearth of a vast fireplace; its wide oaken staircases, secret doors and
+passages; its "Long Gallery" running the whole width of the building;
+its wonderful ceilings fretted with patterns and pendants of
+plaster-work; its oak-panelled bedrooms; its attics big enough to house
+a whole regiment. Outside there are terraces and lawns of finest turf,
+where Troco and bowls used to be played nearly three hundred years ago;
+and walled gardens opening one into the other with beautiful
+wrought-iron gates of intricate pattern. The Virginian creeper climbs
+over the house, and veils the stone mullions of the deep embayed windows
+in a delicate tangled tracery of stems and leaves. Groups of tall red
+brick chimneys rise above the gables of the roof. And crowning the
+splendid western front--above the great entrance through a triple arched
+porch, above the exquisite oriel window that hangs out from the walls of
+the chapel-room--the Prince of Wales's three feathers, the badge that
+Edward the Black Prince won at Cressy, are carved in stone.
+
+It seems a long way from Westminster Abbey to Bramshill House. But the
+two are connected in more ways than one with the young hero of our
+story. For King James the First began to build that fine old house as a
+hunting box for his son Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. He brought
+those giant fir-trees from Scotland, that stand like sentinels on
+Hartford Bridge Flats and in Bramshill Park; and he planted them in
+groups here and there as a memento of his northern home, little dreaming
+that they would take so kindly to the soil, and that millions upon
+millions of their self-sown children would turn the bleak moorland into
+thick deep forest. Lastly it was in Bramshill Park that the writer's
+worthy ancestor, George Abbott, Archbishop of Canterbury, the dear
+friend and adviser of Henry, Prince of Wales, met with the misfortune
+that blighted his life. King James who was staying either at Bramshill,
+which had been bought by Lord Zouch, or at Elvetham close by, insisted
+on the archbishop going out shooting with him. And when, much against
+his will, the prelate consented, his shot aimed at a deer, glanced off a
+tree and killed one of the keepers instead. The archbishop was suspended
+from his office for a year, and it is said he never smiled again, a
+tradition that is borne out by his beautiful, sad portrait painted by
+Van Dyck.[58] It is not, however, with George Abbott, but with the young
+prince he loved so devotedly, that we have to do.
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO BRAMSHILL HOUSE.]
+
+The boy on whom the hopes of England were to be centered, was born at
+Stirling Castle in 1594. He was christened six months later at
+Edinburgh--a guard of the youths of the city, well dressed, standing on
+either side, as Lord Sussex, who had been sent by Queen Elizabeth to the
+ceremony with a present of plate, valued at three thousand pounds,
+carried the baby to the chapel. The child was named by his father,
+"Frederick Henry and Henry Frederick;" and the Bishop repeating these
+names over three times, they were proclaimed by heralds to the sound of
+trumpets. The little fellow was confided to the care of Lady Mar until
+he was five years old, and a very hard time he must have had. For "the
+severity of her temper, as well as the duty of her office, would not
+permit her to use any indulgence towards the prince."[59] But already,
+baby as he was, he gave signs of the sweetness of his disposition; for
+he showed not only reverence, but affection for the fierce old dame, and
+for Lord Mar, her son, who was his governor. When the Prince was taken
+from Lady Mar's severe care, he was given over to a tutor, Mr. Adam
+Newton, to whom he became greatly attached; and Lord Mar, Sir David
+Murray, and several lords, knights, and gentlemen made up his body of
+attendants. King James lost no time in teaching this little prince the
+duties and responsibilities of his station. The boy was scarcely six
+years old before his father wrote his book of "_instructions to his
+dearest son, Henry the Prince_," the best of all his works according to
+Bacon, who pronounced it "_excellently written_." These instructions are
+divided into three books;
+
+    the first instructing the prince in his duty toward God; the
+    second in his duty when he should be King; and the third
+    informing him how to behave himself in indifferent things,
+    which were neither right nor wrong, but according as they
+    were rightly or wrongly used.[60]
+
+Before he is seven years old we find the child writing a letter in
+French to the States General of Holland, in which "he expresses his
+great regard for the States, and gratitude for the good opinion, which
+they had so early conceived of him, and of which he had received an
+account from several persons."[61] And on his ninth birthday he writes a
+letter to his father in Latin, beginning "_Rex serennissime et
+amantissime pater_," in which he tells the king what progress he has
+made, and how that "since the king's departure he had read over
+Terence's _Hecyra_, the third book of Phædrus's _Fables_, and two books
+of Cicero's _Select Epistles_; and he now thought himself capable of
+performing something in the commendatory kind of Epistles."[62] This is
+a good deal for a little boy of eight years old to accomplish. How would
+boys of our day like to do as much? They would probably prefer the other
+part of young Prince Henry's education. In 1601, when he was seven years
+old, he
+
+    began to apply himself to, and take pleasure in, active and
+    manly exercises, learning to ride, sing, dance, leap, shoot
+    with the bow and gun, toss the pike, etc., being instructed
+    in the use of arms by Richard Preston, a gentleman of great
+    accomplishments both of mind and body,
+
+
+who was afterwards made Earl of Desmond in Ireland. Prince Henry was
+devoted to these manly pursuits as we shall see further on; and his
+fondness for them and his disregard of fatigue or exposure, helped, some
+thought, to bring about his untimely death.
+
+In 1603, at Queen Elizabeth's death, the prince was nine years old.
+Before King James left Scotland, which he did immediately upon receiving
+the proclamation that raised him to the throne of Great Britain, he
+wrote a sensible letter to his son, telling him of the immense change in
+their fortunes, but warning him not to let this news make him "proud or
+insolent; for a king's son and heir was ye before, and no more are ye
+now. The augmentation that is hereby like to fall unto you, is but in
+cares and heavy burthens. Be therefore merry, but not insolent: keep a
+greatness, but _sine fastu_: Be resolute, but not wilfull: keep your
+kindness, but in honorable sort."[63] Excellent maxims; and it would
+have been well for the writer of them to lay them to heart as earnestly
+as his little son did.
+
+The Prince and his mother, Anne of Denmark, followed the king to Windsor
+later in the year, spending a whole month on the journey from Edinburgh.
+This seems an absurd waste of time to us, who rush through in ten hours
+and a half by the Limited Mail, breakfasting at Edinburgh, and dining
+comfortably in London. However these Royal progresses were very slow and
+stately affairs. All the great lords and gentlemen whose places lay on
+the route, were honoured by visits. Their grand old castles, their
+beautiful new Elizabethan houses, such as Bramshill which I have
+described, or Hatfield, or Hardwicke Hall, were thronged with guests.
+There were hawking and hunting parties, masques and tourneys, and every
+sort and kind of amusement for the Royal visitors. And we can well
+imagine how interested the precocious young prince must have been in the
+novelty of this journey through the rich kingdom which he hoped to rule
+over one day.
+
+The queen and prince arrived at Windsor during the feast of St. George,
+the patron saint of the famous order of the Garter. The little boy was
+made a knight of this most illustrious order; and astonished those
+present by his "_quick witty answers, princely carriage and reverent
+obeisance at the altar_,"[64] which seemed extraordinary in one so
+young and so ignorant of such ceremonies.
+
+As the plague was increasing about Windsor, Prince Henry removed to the
+royal palace of Oatlands on the Thames near Weybridge. Here for a time
+his sister, Princess Elizabeth, lived with him. Few pages of history are
+prettier or more interesting than the story of Henry and Elizabeth's
+affection for each other. She was two years younger than her brother, a
+gay, sprightly girl, destined to a most troubled after-life, for she is
+best known to the world as "the unfortunate Queen of Bohemia,"
+grandmother of our English King, George the First. At sixteen she
+married the Elector Palatine, who was made king of Bohemia by the
+Protestant party in Germany, and thereby found herself in direct
+opposition to the Roman Catholic party, who, backed by Spain, supported
+the claim of Austria to the Bohemian throne. Poor Elizabeth, in spite of
+trouble and sorrow, poverty and the horrors of war, retained, though a
+fugitive and an exile, much of her gayety to the very end of her life;
+and some of her letters, even in her days of sorest need, are most
+amusing reading. But the letters that are chiefly interesting to us are
+those which passed between the young brother and sister in their happy
+youth, while Elizabeth was still a merry, light-hearted girl. The
+wretched system of which we have already spoken, that of sending royal
+children away from home to be "boarded out" in the house of some great
+noble or gentleman, caused no little sorrow to this brother and sister.
+Prince Henry, as heir to the crown, was given a separate establishment
+in 1603, and for a time Princess Elizabeth was permitted to share it.
+When they went to Oatlands the king allowed them seventy servants;
+twenty-two above stairs and forty-eight below. This number was soon
+increased to one hundred and four, and later in the year to one hundred
+and forty-one--fifty-six above and eighty-five below. But this happy
+arrangement did not last long. The princess was sent to Coombe Abbey in
+Warwickshire, under the care of good Lord Harrington, her governor. And
+the prince went to Wolsey's famous palace of Hampton Court,
+
+    where he resided chiefly till about Michaelmas of the year
+    following, when he returned to housekeeping, his servants
+    having in the interval been put to board-wages.
+
+Now began a constant interchange of letters between the children. The
+meetings were rare. So they consoled themselves by writing, telling each
+other of their amusements, their occupations, their journeys, their
+lessons and readings. Here is a pretty one from Prince Henry, written a
+few years later:
+
+    That you are displeased to be left in solitude I can well
+    believe, for you damsels and women are sociable creatures;
+    but you know that those who love each other best cannot
+    always be glued together; and if I have gone from you to
+    make war on hares, as you suppose, I would you should know
+    that it is not less honorable to combat against hares than
+    conies, and yet it is well authenticated by the experience
+    of our age, that this latter is a royal game. But this north
+    wind, preventing us from our ordinary exercises, will blow
+    us straight to London, so in a short time it is probable we
+    may celebrate together, the feast of St. Mangiart and St.
+    Pensard;[65] to whom recommending you this next Shrove
+    Tuesday,
+
+    I am etc. etc.[66]
+
+[ILLUSTRATION: BRAMSHILL HOUSE, FROM THE NORTH.]
+
+We now begin to learn something of the boy's tastes. So early as 1604
+when he is but ten years old, he is looked upon as a patron of letters.
+Lord Spencer sends him a present of Philippe de Comines' Memoirs from
+Althorpe, knowing his liking for solid reading. And he is given Pibrac's
+Quatrains in French to learn by heart. He is already corresponding in
+Latin with the Doge of Venice, the Landgrave of Hesse, the Duke of
+Brunswick, the Prince of Poland, and his grandfather, the King of
+Denmark. Then a year or so later we come upon a charming series of
+French letters between the prince and Henri Quatre, the famous King of
+France, who had a strong affection for the clever, high-minded boy, and
+foresaw how important his influence would be in Europe should he live.
+Prince Henry and the little Dauphin of France, afterward Louis the
+Thirteenth, were also warm friends, although they never met. When
+Monsieur de la Boderie came over to England as ambassador from France,
+he was charged with special messages to Prince Henry from Henri Quatre
+and the Dauphin. The latter begged the ambassador to tell the prince
+
+    that he cherished his friendship and often spoke of him and
+    of the pack of little dogs which his Highness had sent him,
+    and which he was very sorry that his Governess and Physician
+    would not permit him to make use of.[67]
+
+Poor little Dauphin! To have a pack of little dogs, and not be allowed
+to use them, must indeed have been hard. But he was not quite six years
+old then, so that perhaps he was a little young for field sports.
+
+Prince Henry and his sister were both devoted to horses, and were bold
+and accomplished riders. When the Prince was hardly ten years old he
+wished "to mount a horse of prodigious mettle," and refusing the help of
+his attendants, who were greatly alarmed and tried to dissuade him from
+the attempt,
+
+    he got up himself from the side of a bank, and spurred the
+    animal to a full gallop, in spite of the remonstrance of
+    those who stood by; and at last having thoroughly exercised
+    the horse, brought him in a gentle pace back, and
+    dismounting, said to them, "How long shall I continue to be
+    a child in your opinion?"[68]
+
+King Henri Quatre sent over a French riding-master to the boy, a
+Monsieur St. Anthoine, for in those days France excelled in the
+"_manège_"--the elaborate art of horsemanship--which was a part of every
+fine gentleman's education. When the French ambassador came over to
+England he went to the Riding School to see how Prince Henry was
+profited by his French teaching, and wrote to the French Secretary of
+State:
+
+    The Dauphin may make a return for the dogs lately sent him
+    by the Prince; for St. Anthoine tells me, that he cannot
+    gratify the Prince more, than by sending him a suit of
+    armour well gilt and enamelled, together with pistols and a
+    sword of the same kind; and if he will add to these a couple
+    of horses, one of which goes well, and the other a barb, it
+    will be a singular favor done to the Prince.[69]
+
+The Spanish ambassador, hearing of this present, instantly tried to
+curry favor with the boy by telling him that a number of horses were
+coming to him from the court of Spain--for young as he was, this wily
+statesman saw the important part the Prince might play in the fortunes
+of Europe.
+
+But Henry was loyal in his friendship to France, and waited with great
+eagerness for the Dauphin's horses and armour, which speedily arrived.
+Monsieur de la Boderie writing again to France about the Prince, says:
+
+    None of his pleasures savour the least of a child. He is a
+    particular lover of horses and what belongs to them; but is
+    not fond of hunting; and when he goes to it, it is rather
+    for the pleasure of galloping, than that which the dogs give
+    him. He plays willingly enough at Tennis. . . . . but this
+    always with persons elder than himself, as if he despised
+    those of his own age. He studies two hours a day, and
+    employs the rest of his time in tossing the pike, or
+    leaping, or shooting with the bow, or throwing the bar, or
+    vaulting, or some other exercise of that kind; and he is
+    never idle. He shows himself likewise very good natured to
+    his dependants, and supports their interests against any
+    persons whatever; and he pushes what he undertakes for them
+    or others with such zeal as gives success to it. For beside
+    his exerting his whole strength to compass what he desires,
+    he is already feared by those who have the management of
+    affairs, and especially the Earl of Salisbury, who appears
+    to be greatly apprehensive of the Prince's ascendant; as the
+    Prince, on the other hand, shows little esteem for his
+    Lordship.[70]
+
+
+Here we have a fair picture of this twelve-year-old boy who had already
+seen how to choose the good, and reject the evil. And everything we
+learn of him as he grew older only serves to confirm the French
+ambassador's estimate of his character.
+
+He was a fine, brave child, regardless of pain and danger; liking an old
+suit of Welsh freize, better than velvet and satin; obedient and dutiful
+to his parents, although he often disagreed with their opinions. And
+this was all the more creditable to him; for his mother openly showed
+her preference for his younger brother Charles; while his father was
+jealous and afraid of the noble-minded, truthful boy who would not
+countenance the scandals and evils of James's corrupt court.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[58] Now in the possession of Maurice Kingsley, Esq.
+
+[59] Life of Henry, Prince of Wales. By Dr. Thomas Birch. p. 11.
+
+[60] Birch. p. 16.
+
+[61] Birch. p. 20. The letter is in the Harleian MSS. in the British
+Museum.
+
+[62] Birch. p. 22.
+
+[63] Harleian MSS.
+
+[64] Edward Howe's Chronicle. p. 826.
+
+[65] A pun on _manger_ and _penser_, to eat and to think.
+
+[66] Green's Princesses. Vol. 5. p. 172.
+
+[67] Birch. p. 68.
+
+[68] Birch. p. 385.
+
+[69] Ambassades de la Boderie. Birch. p. 70.
+
+[70] Birch. p. 75. Ambassades de la Boderie. Vol. I, p. 400.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES (_continued_).
+
+
+All English and American children have heard of the Fifth of November.
+It was a day of mingled terror and delight in our childhood. Just at
+dusk a band of men and boys used to tramp down the road, and gather
+close under the windows. They were armed with guns, and bore on poles a
+chair upon which was seated a hideous life-size effigy of a man, dressed
+in an old tattered coat and battered tall hat. Then they began in
+sepulchral voices to repeat the following words, very fast, with no
+stops, and in broad Hampshire dialect:
+
+    Remember, remember the fifth of November
+      Gunpowder trayson and plot.
+    I know no rayson why gunpowder trayson
+      Ever should be forgot.
+
+    Old Guy Fox and his companions,
+    With fifty-two barrels of gunpowder
+    To blow old England up.
+    Look into your pocket, there's a little chink,
+    Pray pull it up and give us some drink;
+    All we wants is a little more money
+    To kindle up our old Bonfire.
+    If you won't give us one bavven[71] we'll take two,
+    The better for we and the wuss for you.
+
+      Holler, boys, holler, boys, God save the King!
+      Holler, boys, holler, boys, make the house ring.
+      Hip! Hip! hip! Hoorah![72]
+
+And "holler" they did. While the children, knowing what was coming,
+cowered shuddering inside the window curtains, frightened to death, and
+yet so fascinated with horror they were obliged to look, "Bang, bang,
+bang," went all the guns, fired up into the air round old Guy, with
+tremendous shouts. But that was not all. In the evening the huge bonfire
+twenty feet high down on the Common, for which all the men and boys had
+been begging "bavins" or cutting furze for days, was lighted. And round
+it every one in the parish assembled.
+
+Ah! the delights of Bonfire Night! the thrill of excitement as the
+match was applied to a heap of well-dried sticks and straw in a
+sheltered hole on the leeward side. The yells of joy as the furze caught
+and crackled as only furze can crackle, and the flames ran up the sides
+of the stack and lit up Guy Fawkes, whose effigy, after going the rounds
+of the parish, was at length deposited on the top of the bonfire; the
+cloud of sparks that streamed out from the cracking, snapping pile; the
+squibs and crackers that every body threw at every body else; and then
+the climax, when the fire reached old Guy himself, and with a mighty
+heave the old fellow sank into his fiery grave in the centre of the
+bonfire, the squibs in his hat exploding like a round of musketry, and a
+roar rose from the good Hampshire throats as the whole burning mass
+collapsed while the flames rushed up fiercely with one last effort high
+into the foggy air. Then the good-nights, and the walk home, our hair
+and clothes smelling of smoke, and our eyes so dazzled that we stumbled
+and staggered along across the Common, while the shouts of the boys,
+dancing about the embers of the great fire, gradually died away in the
+distance.
+
+What can all this have to do with Prince Henry you may ask?
+
+A great deal, we answer. For these bonfires all over England on the
+Fifth of November, commemorate an event in James the First's reign which
+had a great effect on our young hero's mind.
+
+Certain persons in England, who hated King James for his hard treatment
+of the Roman Catholic party, resolved to take the law into their own
+hands. They thought that if the king, Prince Henry, and the Parliament
+could be destroyed at one blow, they might take possession of Prince
+Charles and Princess Elizabeth, bring about a revolution and put the
+government into the hands of the Roman Catholics who would be helped by
+Spain. Robert Catesby was the chief of the conspirators; and for
+eighteen months he and a small band of desperate men worked in the
+utmost secrecy at their hideous scheme. The day chosen for its
+accomplishment was the fifth of November, 1605, the day on which
+Parliament met at Westminster. Everything was in readiness. Thirty-six
+barrels of gunpowder (not fifty-two as the Hampshire rhyme has it) were
+stored beneath the Parliament House. And Guido Fawkes, a daring
+adventurer, was in waiting in the cellar to set a light to them, and
+blow up King, Prince, and Parliament. But at the last moment, in spite
+of all their well-laid plans, in spite of all their wonderful secrecy,
+the plot leaked out. Lord Monteagle, a Roman Catholic Peer, received a
+mysterious warning from Tresham, one of the conspirators, whose courage
+failed him. Monteagle instantly told the Earl of Salisbury and the king.
+At midnight on the eve of the fifth, the cellars under the Parliament
+House were searched. There was Guido Fawkes, with touchwood and matches
+upon him, only waiting for the signal which was to be given him in a few
+hours. He was seized, dragged before the king and consigned to the
+Tower. The great heap of wood and coals in the cellar was torn down, and
+the barrels of gunpowder found beneath it. The conspirators fled. All
+Protestant England was roused to a frenzy of horror and dread at the
+discovery of such a fearful crime. The guilty men were chased from
+county to county, till at last all of them were either killed fighting,
+or captured and brought next year to the block. And thus ended the
+Gunpowder Plot. But its memory is still kept alive in England by the
+yearly bonfires and fireworks and Guy Fawkes processions of the Fifth of
+November.
+
+This escape from a sudden and dreadful death, affected Prince Henry
+deeply. He was a boy of strong religious feelings. And from this time he
+never suffered any business to keep him from hearing a sermon every
+Tuesday, which was the day of the week on which the Gunpowder Plot was
+to have been carried out. But hearing of sermons was not the only sign
+of Prince Henry's piety. He was diligent in his own private prayers,
+generally going apart three times a day to pray quietly by himself. He
+was most careful too of the good behavior of his household. And above
+all things he had a horror of profane swearing. At his three palaces,
+St. James's in London, Richmond, and Nonsuch, he ordered boxes to be
+kept for the fines he exacted from all those who used bad words; and
+this money was given to the poor.
+
+There is a story told by Coke, the historian, how that the prince was
+once hunting a stag. The stag was spent, and crossing a road fell in
+with a butcher and his dog. The dog killed the stag; and when the
+hunting party came up and found their sport was over they were enraged,
+and tried to incense the prince against the butcher. But Henry answered
+quietly: "What if the butcher's dog killed the stag? Could the butcher
+help it?" The rest replied that if the king had been so served "he would
+have sworn so as no man could have endured it." "_Away_," rejoined the
+prince; "_all the pleasure in the world is not worth an oath_."[73]
+
+[Illustration: HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES.]
+
+The prince was keenly interested in all foreign countries, and kept
+himself well informed upon their politics and customs by the large
+correspondence he now carried on with distinguished persons both at home
+and abroad. When he was just thirteen his curiosity caused no little
+amusement at the French Court. Prince Henry had long wished for an
+opportunity of learning something about the fortifications of Calais.
+And when the Prince de Joinville, who had been on a visit to England,
+returned to Paris, Henry sent an engineer of his own in the French
+prince's train, who made a careful examination of Calais and of the
+Rix-bank. This came to the ears of the French ambassador, who wrote in
+hot haste to the Court at Fontainebleau and to the Governor of Calais.
+But Henri Quatre was only entertained at the boyish inquisitiveness of
+his young cousin, and sent back word that he did not consider the
+occurrence betokened any dangerous designs upon the kingdom of France.
+
+A far more important report was sent in to the prince in the same year
+by his gunner, Mr. Robert Tindal. This gunner was employed by the
+Virginia Company established in 1606, to make a voyage to America. He
+set out on December 19, 1606, with Captain Christopher Newport, in a
+fleet of three ships, and arrived at Chesapeake Bay about the beginning
+of May, 1607. A letter which he wrote to the prince on his arrival is
+in the Harleian collection of MSS., together with his journal of the
+voyage and a map of the James River. In his letter, dated Jamestown in
+Virginia, the twenty-second of June, 1607, he says:
+
+    that this river was discovered by his fellow-adventurers,
+    and that no Christian had ever been there before; and that
+    they were safely arrived and settled in that country, which
+    they found to be in itself most fruitful, and of which they
+    had taken _a real and public possession in the name and to
+    the use of_ the King his Highness's father.[74]
+
+It seems to bring our young prince nearer to American children, to know
+that his youthful imagination was fired by accounts of the wonderful
+unexplored Western land--to think of him poring over the map of Richmond
+and the beautiful James River. What would he have thought, could he have
+foreseen a tithe of the wonders which have come to pass on those
+Transatlantic shores--the marvels of modern civilization; the railroads
+stretching away into the wilderness of which Robert Tindal only saw the
+outskirts; the telegraph lines that bind together Europe and America;
+and, above all, the great nation that has grown out of the first bands
+of hardy adventurers who went out to Virginia with the prince's gunner,
+or who fled from King James's stern rule a few years later to the bleak
+New England coast.
+
+The account of these distant voyages must have been especially
+interesting to Prince Henry; for of all matters pertaining to the
+welfare of his country that which occupied his attention most was the
+British Navy. Sir Walter Raleigh was the young prince's close friend.
+From his childhood the boy attached himself to the last of the
+Elizabethan heroes, visiting him in his prison in the Tower, and taking
+council with him as he grew older on all matters of war and seamanship.
+He made many efforts to obtain Raleigh's release, and is reported to
+have said that "_no king but his father would have kept such a bird in a
+cage_." But it was in vain; and the prince was happily spared the shame
+of seeing his glorious friend die on the scaffold, a sacrifice to
+Spain--the very power from which Raleigh had fought and toiled to save
+his country in Elizabeth's days. When Henry was ten years old, the Lord
+High Admiral Howard ordered a little ship to be built for the prince's
+instruction and amusement, by Phineas Pett, one of the Royal shipwrights
+at Chatham. This ship was twenty-eight feet long by twelve wide,
+"adorned with painting and carving, both within board and without." Can
+you imagine a more delightful possession for a boy of ten than this
+beautiful little ship, gay with ensigns and pennants? No wonder that he
+"shewed great delight in viewing" her, when she was brought to anchor
+outside the Tower where he and the king were then lodging. And his
+delight must have increased when he went on board her at Whitehall a few
+days later, accompanied by the Lord Admiral, Lord Worcester, and various
+other noblemen.
+
+    They immediately weighed, and fell down as far as Paul's
+    Wharf, under both topsails and foresail, and there coming to
+    anchor, his Highness, in the usual form, baptized the ship
+    with a great bowl of wine, giving her the name of
+    _Disdain_.[75]
+
+Mr. Pett, the builder, was on board; and the prince took him at once
+into his service, and formed a warm friendship with him.
+
+From this time the boy's interest in the navy grew keen; and we find
+constant mention made of visits to the Royal Dockyard at Woolwich,
+where, under Mr. Pett's guidance the prince was thoroughly instructed in
+questions of ships and shipping. He closely watched the building of a
+splendid vessel which the king gave him for his own. She was launched in
+1610; and was the largest ship that had then been built in England. "The
+keel was an hundred and fourteen feet long, and the cross-beam
+forty-four feet. It was able to carry sixty-four pieces of great
+ordnance, and the burthen was fourteen hundred tons."[76] On September
+24, the King, the Queen, the Duke of York,[77] Princess Elizabeth, and a
+large company, went with Prince Henry to see his great ship launched.
+But owing to the narrowness of the dock, the launch failed. So the
+prince had to return next morning; and in the midst of a terrific
+thunderstorm he stood on her deck as she floated out into the river,
+giving her the name, _Prince Royal_. Next year Henry determined to
+examine personally into the condition of the navy. He therefore made a
+private journey to Chatham, and spent three days closely inspecting all
+the shipping and storehouses there, and at Queenborough, Stroud, and
+Gravesend, making careful notes of the state of each ship in his own
+notebook from Mr. Pett's and Sir Robert Mansel's information, "no other
+persons being suffered to come near."
+
+In January, 1610, Prince Henry gave a great banquet to his father at
+St. James's Palace, where he now kept his separate Court and gathered
+round him the most promising young men in the kingdom. The banquet was
+preceded by a tourney at Whitehall, in which the prince took part, in
+the presence of the king and queen, the foreign ambassadors and all the
+greatest personages of the realm. Princess Elizabeth helped her brother
+to do the honors of the banquet, and distributed the prizes won at the
+tilting match, which were trinkets garnished with diamonds, the king
+handing them to her. The banquet was not over till ten at night; by
+which time King James, who was easily bored, especially with anything
+done by his son, had gone away. But Henry and Elizabeth, full of the
+enjoyment of young hosts, went off to a comedy which lasted two hours,
+and then returned to the gallery, where a fresh supper had been set. It
+was a most gorgeous affair. The crystal dishes were filled with
+sweetmeats of all shapes--fountains of rosewater, windmills, dryads,
+soldiers on horseback, pleasure gardens, the planetary system, etc.
+Prince Henry led his sister twice round the table to see all these
+marvels, and they then departed, leaving the company to their own
+devices. A most crazy company it must have been. For, no sooner had the
+prince and princess gone, than "the guests scrambled for the plunder,
+broke down the table and carried off, not only the supper, but all it
+was served in, to the very water bottles."[78]
+
+In this same year Henry was created Prince of Wales. This was the
+occasion for further display, such as King James delighted in. There
+were processions of barges on the river, banquets, splendid dresses,
+tilting matches in the Tiltyard, and a solemn and magnificent ceremony
+"within the great white chamber in the palace of Westminster," when, in
+the presence of both Houses of Parliament and an immense company, the
+prince was declared Prince of Great Britain and Wales. Robed in purple
+velvet he knelt before the king, who gave him with his own hands the
+crown, the sword, the ring, and the gold rod of the principality over
+which Llewellyn once ruled. A very gallant young figure must our prince
+have been. He was sixteen years old; a tall, well-made lad, with
+somewhat broad shoulders and a small waist. His hair was auburn; his
+face long, with a broad forehead; "a piercing eye; a most gracious
+smile, with a terrible frown."
+
+Henry had some years before been created Duke of Cornwall. And although
+these titles and dignities sound very grand and imposing for a boy of
+sixteen, yet his father's warning was fulfilled in his case. The
+augmentation of honours that fell to him, was "but in cares and heavy
+burthens." He was not merely a ruler in name. He managed his estates
+well and wisely. Not only were his tenants more contented and happy, and
+better off than they had ever been before; but by his good management he
+so improved the value of his lands, that they brought him in an
+immensely increased revenue.
+
+Besides the three palaces we have mentioned, Prince Henry purchased with
+his own money, in 1612, beautiful Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire,
+from the widow of the famous Earl of Leicester. And in the same year
+King James gave his son another house connected closely with the story
+of Leicester and Amy Robsart--Woodstock Manor in Oxfordshire. But the
+prince's days were numbered, and as far as we know he never visited his
+new purchase of Kenilworth. His health was not in a satisfactory state
+in this year of 1612, and he was careless about it. While he was staying
+at his palace of Richmond in June, he took great delight in swimming in
+the Thames after supper on the warm summer evenings; a most dangerous
+practice for any one. His attendants besought him to give it up. But
+he, like most of the Stuarts, was fond of his own way. He was deaf to
+all entreaties, and went on with his swimming. He also took much
+pleasure in walking beside the Thames in the moonlight, "to hear the
+sound and echo of the trumpets," regardless of the evening dews which
+rose cold and damp along the river. Then in exceedingly hot weather, he
+made a desperate journey on horseback, of ninety-six miles in two days,
+from Richmond to Belvoir Castle, to meet the king who was on a great
+progress--riding sixty miles the first day in nine hours. The progress
+ended at Woodstock, where the prince entertained his father and mother
+and Princess Elizabeth, after making several hasty and fatiguing
+journeys thither to see that all was in order in his new manor. He then
+returned to Richmond and busied himself with preparations for the coming
+of the young Elector Palatine, on whose marriage with Princess Elizabeth
+all Henry's hopes were fixed.
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY FROM THE NORTH.]
+
+The Elector arrived. But already Prince Henry was seriously ill. However
+his "pluck," as we should say now, carried him on for a time. He removed
+with his court to St. James's to receive the young Elector, for whom he
+conceived a great friendship. He even played a tennis match with his
+future brother-in-law on the twenty-fourth of October. But the next day
+he was much worse, and could with difficulty manage to go to church (it
+was a Sunday), and dine afterwards with the king. This was the last time
+he went out; for in the afternoon he was seized with sudden faintness
+and sickness and had to take his leave. That night he was in a burning
+fever. The ignorant physicians of those days mismanaged him hopelessly.
+Some of their remedies to lower the fever sound almost too absurd to be
+treated seriously--such as a cock, newly-killed, split down the back and
+applied all reeking hot to the soles of his feet. Raleigh from his
+prison sent him a cordial, which the old hero's enemies of course
+pretended was poison. However after it had been duly tested, the prince
+was allowed to take it, and it gave him temporary relief. But nothing
+availed. He grew worse and worse. His faithful friend, Archbishop Abbot,
+came to him and prayed with him. The fever increased in violence. And
+on the fifth of November, the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot, the
+archbishop told the prince of his extreme danger, and asked him if he
+should die, "whether or no he was well pleased to submit himself to the
+will of God?" To which the prince replied, "with all his heart."
+
+A few hours later the end was near. Henry was past speaking; and the
+archbishop, leaning over him, called upon him to believe, to hope and
+trust only in Christ. He then spoke louder:
+
+    Sir, hear you me? hear you me? hear you me? If you hear me,
+    in certain sign of your faith and hope in the blessed
+    resurrection, give us, for our comfort, a sign by lifting up
+    your hands. This the prince did, lifting up both his hands
+    together.
+
+And the archbishop with bitter tears, poured out by his Highness's
+bedside, a most pathetic prayer. At a quarter before eight that evening
+the hopes of the country were gone. Henry, Prince of Wales, was dead,
+who, had he lived, might have changed the whole course of events in
+English history during the seventeenth century. And the heir to the
+crown was Charles, Duke of York, destined within forty years to die upon
+the scaffold.
+
+While our gallant young prince lay dying, the king showed himself as
+selfish and indifferent as we might expect. He came once to visit his
+son: but fearing that the fever might be contagious, he went away
+without seeing him, and retired to Theobalds, Lord Salisbury's estate.
+The Princess Elizabeth was kept away from the prince for the same
+reason. But she tried her best to see him, coming disguised in the
+evening to St. James's and endeavoring to gain access, but in vain, to
+her dearly-loved brother, who asked for her constantly during his
+illness--almost his last intelligible words being, "Where is my dear
+sister?"
+
+But if his father showed want of feeling, the whole English nation
+mourned their young prince. He was buried at Westminster Abbey on the
+seventh of December, with all possible pomp. Prince Charles and the
+Elector Palatine were the chief mourners, attended by a train of two
+thousand mourners. Through the streets, thronged with weeping people,
+wound the great procession, with banners carried by nobles, led horses
+draped in black bearing the scutcheons of the prince's different titles
+and estates, all the notables of England and Scotland, clergy and peers,
+privy councillors and ambassadors. Then came the funeral car bearing the
+coffin, on which lay a beautiful effigy of the prince, dressed in his
+state robes; and the sight of it "caused a fearful outcry among the
+people, as if they felt their own ruin in that loss."[79]
+
+Henry, Prince of Wales, was laid to rest in the south aisle of Henry the
+Seventh's Chapel, in the vault which had just been made to receive his
+grandmother, the unhappy Mary, Queen of Scots, whose body had been
+removed there a month before. Over Mary's grave King James erected a
+monument even more magnificent than Queen Elizabeth's in the north
+aisle. Yet not a thought did the selfish father give to the grave of his
+son.
+
+But Prince Henry's memorial is a less perishable one than "brass or
+stony monument." He has left behind him a memory fragrant with all that
+makes youth lovely and manhood noble--the record of a pure and good
+life, which will last, as the memory of every good life must last, when
+stone and marble has crumbled to dust.
+
+    NOTE.--While writing the above words on Gunpowder Plot, Jan.
+    24, 1885, Westminster Hall, the House of Commons and the
+    White Tower in the Tower of London, all closely connected
+    with the histories of these children of Westminster, were
+    partially wrecked by "forces"--to use the words of an
+    Austrian writer--"such as to make those of Guy Fawkes' time
+    look almost childish."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[71] "Bavin." Hampshire for faggot.
+
+[72] There are many different versions of this old rhyme in the
+different counties of England. I give the Hampshire one exactly as it is
+used.
+
+[73] Birch. Life of Henry, Prince of Wales. p. 379.
+
+[74] Birch. p. 91.
+
+[75] Birch, p. 39.
+
+[76] Birch, p. 208.
+
+[77] Afterwards Charles the First.
+
+[78] Green's Princesses. Vol. V. p. 170.
+
+[79] State Papers. Dec. 19, 1612.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+LORD FRANCIS VILLIERS.
+
+
+On the north side of Henry the Seventh's Chapel, close to King Henry's
+tomb, there is a small side chapel, divided off by a low wall of carved
+stone, and almost filled up by a magnificent monument. A splendid
+personage of the time of Charles the First, remarkably handsome, and
+dressed in robes of state, lies on the tomb beside his fair wife.
+Allegorical figures stand at the four corners. The recumbent effigies
+are in brass, richly gilded. Behind their heads kneel three children, a
+boy and two girls, beautifully carved in marble; and above this trio an
+exquisite child leans on his elbow, tired out with grief and fallen
+gently asleep.
+
+Standing beside this tomb, Dean Stanley says:
+
+    We seem to be present in the Court of Charles as we look at
+    its fantastic ornaments ("Fame even bursting herself, and
+    trumpets to tell the news of his so sudden fall") and its
+    pompous inscriptions calling each State in Europe severally
+    to attest the several virtues of this "Enigma of the
+    World."[80]
+
+Who, we may well ask, is this man who lies buried among the tombs of the
+kings of England, in state far exceeding that accorded to many
+sovereigns?
+
+Every one who has read the history of the reigns of James the First and
+Charles the First will remember the most famous, and perhaps most
+dangerous of all the court favorites who helped to bring ruin upon
+England--George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham.
+
+His story reads like a chapter out of the _Arabian Nights_:
+
+    Never any man in any age, nor, I believe, in any country or
+    nation, rose in so short a time to so much greatness of
+    honour, fame, and fortune, upon no other advantage or
+    recommendation than the beauty and gracefulness of his
+    person.[81]
+
+Young and exceedingly handsome, George Villiers, the son of a
+Leicestershire squire, was taken into favor by James the First, on the
+disgrace of his first favorite, the Earl of Rochester. In an incredibly
+short space of time "Steenie," as his royal masters called him, rose
+through every rank of the peerage to a dukedom, and to the actual
+direction of English policy. Haughty, reckless, selfish, his only good
+quality was his personal bravery.
+
+This was the man whose evil influence made itself felt throughout
+England, who plunged the country into disastrous wars and encouraged
+King Charles in those fatal measures which at last brought him to the
+scaffold. When Charles the First came to the throne in 1625, Buckingham
+was at the height of his glory and power. In vain did Parliament
+remonstrate with the king. In vain did they petition him again and again
+to rid himself of a favorite who was becoming more hated and dreaded by
+the country each year. In vain did they impeach Buckingham. Charles, in
+his blind affection, took all the blame of the duke's deeds upon
+himself--burnt the remonstrance of the Commons--and actually dissolved
+Parliament in order to save his favorite.
+
+But what the Commons of England failed to do, came to pass by the hand
+of one discontented man.
+
+The Duke of Buckingham, after wasting men, money, and English prestige
+in one disastrous expedition to help the French Protestants at La
+Rochelle, was on the eve of setting out for a second attempt to relieve
+the beleagured town. He was at Portsmouth, and was to embark the very
+next day, when he was stabbed by John Felton, a lieutenant in the navy
+who had been disappointed of promotion.
+
+All England and the court rejoiced at the death of the favorite. But
+King Charles "flung himself upon his bed in a passion of tears when the
+news reached him."[82] On his first visit to the widowed Duchess of
+Buckingham he promised to be a father to her sons. He ordered the duke
+to be buried in the Chapel of Henry the Seventh--which hitherto had been
+reserved for anointed kings. And it is George Villiers who lies in state
+to this day on the splendid tomb we have been looking at.
+
+Soon after the duke's death, the lovely boy who leans sleeping above his
+father's monument was born.
+
+The king stood godfather to the baby at his christening, together with
+Francis, Earl of Rutland, the duchess's father. "After some compliments
+who should give the name," the king called the baby Francis, and the
+grandfather gave him his benediction, which was in the very pleasant
+form of seven thousand pounds a year.
+
+King Charles faithfully kept the promise he had made the duchess. Alas!
+it had been well for him had he kept all other promises as faithfully.
+He was indeed a father to young Francis and to his handsome, headstrong,
+worthless elder brother the young Duke of Buckingham.
+
+The boys were brought up with the royal children under the same tutors
+and governors. They were sent quite young to Trinity College, Cambridge,
+where their names were entered in the college-book in the same year as
+that of Prince Charles. And here among other famous and learned men,
+they made the acquaintance of Abraham Cowley, the poet, who had lately
+published his pastoral comedy "Love's Riddle," which had been performed
+by members of the college.
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF GEORGE VILLIERS, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.]
+
+From Cambridge the two brothers went to travel under the care of Mr.
+William Aylesbury, who was appointed their tutor by the king. But their
+sojourn abroad was short.
+
+Public affairs had been growing darker and darker at home. And at last,
+in 1642, there was an open breach between the king and the Parliament.
+The Royal Standard was raised at Nottingham, August 25, and England was
+plunged into civil war, the most horrible of all scourges that can come
+on any country.
+
+Francis Villiers was fourteen years old, and his brother, the young
+duke, a year older. Boys as they were, they now tried to show their
+gratitude to the king for his care of them. Upon the outbreak of the
+Civil War they hastened back to England. The king's headquarters were at
+Oxford; and his nephew, the famous Prince Rupert, kept the whole country
+between Oxford and London in constant alarm with his sudden raids and
+fierce skirmishes. To Oxford then the two young brothers came. They
+were a beautiful pair, inheriting from both their parents "so graceful a
+body, as gave lustre to the ornament of the mind." Full of headstrong
+courage, they "laid their lives and their fortunes at the king's feet,"
+and chose Prince Rupert and Lord Gerard as their tutors in the art of
+War. They soon had their first lesson; for they were present at the
+storming of the Close at Lichfield on March 2, 1643. When they returned
+to Oxford, happily without harm after their first fight, their mother,
+the duchess, was very angry with Lord Gerard for "tempting her sons into
+such danger." But he told her it was by the boys' own wish, "and the
+more the danger the greater the honor."
+
+Parliament at first seemed to look on this escapade as a serious
+offence, for they seized upon the brothers' estates. But they were soon
+restored in consideration of the two boys' extreme youth. However, says
+Bryan Fairfax, their historian, "the young men kept it (their fortune)
+no longer than till they came to be at an age to forfeit it again."[83]
+
+
+To keep these young fire-eaters out of fresh honorable danger, the king
+placed them in the care of the Earl of Northumberland, and sent them
+abroad again. They spent the next four or five years in France and
+Italy, living chiefly in Florence and Rome, where they kept as great
+state as many sovereign princes. It was the fashion of those days to
+send young noblemen for a time to foreign countries; and the result in a
+good many cases was that they abjured Protestantism and returned to
+England either concealed or avowed Roman Catholics. But the Villiers
+brothers "brought their religion home again, wherein they had been
+educated under the eye of the most devout and best of kings."[84]
+
+The moment at which the young men returned was a critical one. The royal
+cause had been going from bad to worse. And at the beginning of 1648
+England was in the hands of Cromwell and Fairfax. The king, given up by
+the Scots the year before to the Parliamentarians, was a prisoner at
+Carisbrooke Castle in the Isle of Wight. The Royalist forces were
+scattered and broken; and it seemed an almost hopeless task to make any
+further resistance in the king's behalf. Nevertheless, there were still
+a few faithful followers left; and the old English love for the monarchy
+still blazed up here and there in fierce outbursts against the
+Parliament and its army. But the Parliamentarians despised all these
+attempts, until in the spring of 1648 a serious rising took place in
+Kent, which was suppressed after a heavy fight at Maidstone. It was just
+at this juncture that the young Duke of Buckingham and his brother
+Francis returned to England. Strong, active, and courageous, they were
+burning with zeal to venture their large estates for the crown on the
+first opportunity.
+
+They had not long to wait.
+
+No sooner was the Kentish rising quelled than the Royalists crossed the
+Thames into Essex, and collected a large force at Colchester, intending
+from thence to march on London. Fairfax invested the town, and beseiged
+it for two months until it fell, August 27.
+
+Meanwhile the Earl of Holland had offered his services to the queen,
+his late mistress, in Paris, and informed her of his resolution to
+adventure everything for the king. The young Villiers threw in their lot
+with Lord Holland, and declared themselves ready and willing to
+sacrifice their estates and their lives if need be in the royal cause.
+The siege of Colchester which engaged the main body of the army under
+Fairfax seemed to offer a good opportunity for a rising nearer London.
+The young Duke of Buckingham was made General of the Horse. Lord Francis
+Villiers and various other young noblemen were given other posts. And
+these hot-blooded lads, impatient for action, urged Lord Holland to
+begin his perilous undertaking without further delay.
+
+Unhappily for them the whole business was miserably mismanaged. Such a
+rising could only hope to succeed if it were kept the most profound
+secret. But so far from being a secret, it was, says Clarendon, "the
+common discourse of the town." There was a great appearance every
+morning at Lord Holland's lodging of officers who were known to have
+served the king--.
+
+    his commission showed in many hands; and no question being
+    more commonly asked than--when doth my Lord Holland go out?
+    and the answer--Such and such a day; and the hour he did
+    take horse, when he was accompanied by an hundred horse from
+    his house was publickly talked of two or three days
+    before.[85]
+
+But these indiscretions were not all. The first rendezvous was to be at
+Kingston-on-Thames--the charming old town full of old red brick houses,
+and sunny walled gardens full of lilacs and laburnums and cedars of
+Lebanon, ten miles southwest of London. Here Lord Holland stayed for two
+nights and one whole day, expecting numbers to flock to his standard,
+"not only of officers, but of common men who had promised and listed
+themselves under several officers."[86] During his stay, some officers
+and soldiers, both of foot and horse did come. But the greater number of
+those who resorted to Kingston were "many persons of honor and quality,"
+who came down from London for the day in their coaches to visit the
+little army, and returned to town again, "to provide what was still
+wanting and resolved to be with him soon again."
+
+[Illustration: LORD FRANCIS VILLIERS.]
+
+Is it not a pitiable story? Want of plan, of management, of forethought,
+of seriousness. The whole thing arranged like a play upon the stage. The
+fair ladies, and the gallant cavaliers in their curly wigs and deep
+Vandyke collars, driving down on the hot summer day to visit their
+friends, and laugh and talk over the great victory that without doubt
+they would win--the victory that would restore the king to his throne,
+and drive the Parliamentarians into the sea. And beautiful young Francis
+Villiers, in the heyday of his youth and strength--his debts all paid
+two days before[87]--longing for a chance to strike a blow for the king
+who had been a father to him.
+
+How the grim puritan soldiers must have laughed at such a set of
+amateurs in the art of War. They were not far-off--those grave fighting
+men.
+
+The chief officer with Lord Holland's band was one Dalbeer, a Dutch
+malcontent. He seems to have been as incompetent as the rest of the
+little army; for he kept no watch at night round the camp.
+
+Early on the morning of July 7, the Parliamentary Colonel Rich, "eminent
+for praying but of no fame for fighting," surprised the town with a
+troop of horse. There was a general scrimmage. No one was ready to
+receive them. Lord Holland and a number of his followers made the best
+of their way out of the town, never offering to charge the enemy. Most
+of the footsoldiers and some of the officers "made shift to conceal
+themselves until they found means to retire to their close mansions in
+London."[88]
+
+But Francis Villiers alone seems to have made a stand. At the head of
+his troop, his horse having been killed under him, he
+
+    got to an oak-tree in the highway about two miles from
+    Kingston, where he stood with his back against it, defending
+    himself, scorning to ask quarter, and they barbarously
+    refusing to give it; till with nine wounds in his beautiful
+    face and body, he was slain.[89]
+
+So died Francis Villiers, in the twentieth year of his age--"This
+noble, valiant and beautiful youth," says Fairfax. "A youth of rare
+beauty and comeliness," says Clarendon. And so ended the unhappy fight
+of Kingston. Dalbeer defended himself till he was killed. Lord Holland
+with a hundred horse, wandered away and was caught at an inn at St.
+Neot's in Hertfordshire and thence sent prisoner to Windsor, of which
+place he had but lately been constable. The Duke of Buckingham reached
+London, and hid until he could escape to Holland "where the prince was;
+who received him with great grace and kindness."[90] And in six months
+the king for whom young Francis had died, was led out to execution at
+Whitehall.
+
+Lord Francis' body was brought by water from Kingston up the Thames to
+York House in the Strand; and was then embalmed and laid in his father's
+vault in Henry the Seventh's Chapel.
+
+The late duke's magnificent monument, and the position in which it was
+placed, gave rise to much comment at the time. No monument had been
+erected to King James. And when Charles the First sent for Lord Weston
+"to contrive the work of the tomb" for his favorite, Lord Weston,
+putting into words the opinion of the greater part of England "told his
+Majesty that not only our nation, but others, would talk of it, if he
+should make the duke a tomb, and not his father."[91]
+
+The tomb, however, was made. Henry the Seventh's Chapel for the first
+time was opened to a person not of royal lineage. And by the irony of
+fate, this burial of a royal favorite paved the way for the interments
+of many others in the next thirty years who were not of royal blood, and
+were bitterly opposed to kings and all that pertained to them, save
+power.
+
+Two years after Francis Villiers was killed at Kingston, Ireton,
+Cromwell's son-in-law, was buried in a vault at the extreme east of
+Henry the Seventh's Chapel. Then came Blake, the first of England's
+naval heroes--Colonel Mackworth, one of Cromwell's Council--Sir William
+Constable, one of the regicides--Worsley, Oliver's "great and rising
+favorite." And Bradshaw, Lord President of the High Court of Justice,
+was laid "in a superb tomb among the kings."
+
+Ten years after Francis Villiers' death, Cromwell's favorite
+daughter--the sweet Elizabeth Claypole--was buried in a vault close to
+the entrance of the Villiers Chapel. She was the "Betty" of Cromwell's
+earlier letters, "who belongs to the sect of the seekers rather than the
+finders. Happy are they who find--most happy are they who seek."[92]
+
+The great Protector never held up his head after the death of this
+lovable woman; and within a month of his daughter's funeral "his most
+serene and renowned highness, Oliver, Lord Protector, was taken to his
+rest"[93] in the same Chapel in which we have spent so much time of
+late.
+
+If we needed any fresh proof that the great Abbey of Westminster is a
+sign and symbol of reconciliation, here is one. Within its walls Kings
+and Covenanters, Puritan women, and gallant young Cavalier nobles who
+fought against those women's husbands and fathers, lie side by side. The
+feuds, the hatreds, the heart-burnings, the differences, political and
+religious, are all forgotten; and nothing is left but the common
+brotherhood of man with man, in the still peaceful atmosphere of the
+Abbey Church of St. Peter.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[80] Stanley. "Memorials of Westminster." p. 237.
+
+[81] Clarendon. Vol. I. p. 16.
+
+[82] "Short History of English People." Green, p. 488.
+
+[83] "Life of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham." Bryan Fairfax.
+
+[84] Fairfax.
+
+[85] Clarendon. Vol. XI. p. 102.
+
+[86] Ibid. Vol. XI. p. 102.
+
+[87] When he left London he ordered his steward, Mr. John May, to bring
+him a list of his debts, and he so charged his estate with them, that
+the Parliament, who seized on the estate, payed the debt.--FAIRFAX.
+
+[88] Clarendon. Vol. XI. p. 104.
+
+[89] Fairfax.
+
+[90] Clarendon. Vol. XI. p. 105.
+
+[91] "Court and Times of Charles the First." Vol. I. p. 391.
+
+[92] Carlyle's Cromwell. Vol. I. p. 295.
+
+[93] Commonwealth Mercury. Sep. 2-9, 1658.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+ANNE, AND HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.
+
+
+In 1637 a little daughter was born to King Charles the First, at St.
+James's Palace. Archbishop Laud christened her privately twelve days
+later; and she was named after her aunt, Anne of Austria, Queen of
+France.
+
+There were great rejoicings at the baby's birth. The University of
+Cambridge alone produced more than one hundred and thirty odes, in which
+she and her sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, were compared to Juno, Minerva,
+Venus, the Fates, the Graces, the Elder Muses, and many other classic
+celebrities. In the face of all these protestations of loyal affection
+no one would imagine that within six years Princess Anne's father would
+be fighting with his own subjects for his throne and his liberty, and
+that two of his children would be in the hands of his enemies.
+
+But little Anne was spared these sad experiences. Very soon after her
+birth she was assigned her place in the royal nursery at Richmond, with
+her regular suite of attendants, ten in number. From her earliest
+infancy she was extremely delicate. "A constant feverish cough showed a
+tendency to disease of the lungs;" and before she was four years old she
+died of consumption. The short account of her death is most touching:
+
+    Being minded by those about her to call upon God even when
+    the pangs of death were upon her; "I am not able," saith
+    she, "to say my long prayer" (meaning the Lord's Prayer),
+    "but I will say my short one: _Lighten mine eyes, O Lord,
+    lest I sleep the sleep of death._" This done the little lamb
+    gave up the ghost.[94]
+
+She was buried in the tomb of her great-grandmother, the beautiful Mary,
+Queen of Scots, in the South Aisle of Henry the Seventh's Chapel.
+
+[Illustration: The Effigies of the Lady Anna, who was borne ye 17th of
+March 1636, buried ye 30th of ye same month in the yeare of our Lord
+god--1637]
+
+The curious and very rare engraving, which we are fortunately able to
+reproduce, was published a few months after her death. The little
+creature, in a close-fitting skull-cap covering her head and fastened
+under her chin, stands grasping a rose in her little hand, with a
+thoughtful expression on her baby face. Based on the spelling of the
+name of the little princess we find the following quaint verse:
+
+    Anna is like a circle's endless frame,
+    For read it forward, backward, 'tis the same.
+    Eternity is circular and round,
+    And Anna hath eternal glory found.[95]
+
+In the same year, 1640, that little Anna found "eternal glory," her
+brother Henry was born at Oatlands Park in Surrey.
+
+There is a strong resemblance between this young prince, and his uncle
+Henry, Prince of Wales, with whom we are so well acquainted. Both were
+grave and studious beyond their years. Both were diligent and active in
+whatever work came in their way to do. Both were strong Protestants.
+Both cared for the society and friendship of older and wiser men, rather
+than that of the gay, frivolous young courtiers of their own age. In
+face and form they must have been somewhat alike; but the circumstances
+of their lives were different.
+
+Nothing could outwardly have been more happy and successful than the
+life of Henry, Prince of Wales, the son of a poor Scotch king, raised
+suddenly to the position of heir to the most prosperous kingdom in
+Europe. Henry, Duke of Gloucester, on the contrary, was destined to take
+his share from his earliest childhood in the disasters of his family.
+Before he was two years old his troubles began. While his father, as an
+old royalist writer expresses it, "was hunted from place to place like a
+partridge upon the mountains," his mother was over in Holland, where she
+gathered together an army with the proceeds of the crown jewels which
+she sold or pawned. She landed in England in 1643, fought several
+battles on her own account, and joined the king in Warwickshire on July
+13, sleeping the night before in Shakespeare's house at
+Stratford-on-Avon, which then belonged to the poet's daughter, Mrs.
+Hall.
+
+Henry of Oatlands, as the little Duke of Gloucester was called from his
+birthplace, was left meanwhile by his parents at St. James's Palace,
+with his sister Elizabeth. The Parliament on the outbreak of the Civil
+War in 1642, secured complete possession of London, and the two children
+remained in their hands in a sort of honorable captivity.
+
+    They were both of so tender years that they were neither
+    sensible of their father's sufferings nor capable to relieve
+    them; so that their innocent harmlessness on any account not
+    only protected them from the malice of their enemies, but
+    proved to be a meanes to work on their evil mindes to
+    provide for them not only an honorable sustenance, but a
+    royal attendance.[96]
+
+Little Henry must have been a charming child; and we can well imagine
+that he was kindly treated by his captors, who appeared to have
+entertained a notion that a royal child brought up under the stern
+puritan rule, and separated so early from the evil influences of courts
+and cavaliers, might be a good ruler for England when he grew up. The
+boy's natural disposition was all in favor of this possibility.
+
+    Such was the seriousness of his tender age, as wrought
+    admiration in his attendants, for he proceeded in so sweet a
+    method, that he was able in point of Religion--to render an
+    account beyond many whose years should have manifested a
+    surer and more certain judgment.[97]
+
+The little boy did not even know his father by sight; for they had never
+met since the king left London in 1642. But when Henry was six years old
+an unexpected opportunity offered itself of learning more about his
+absent father. Henry's elder brother, the Duke of York, afterwards King
+James the Second, was taken prisoner at Oxford in 1646. His servants
+were all dismissed; and he was brought to London to live with the Duke
+of Gloucester and Princess Elizabeth.
+
+    This new society was exceedingly pleasing to the young
+    innocent, who began now to hearken to his brother's
+    discourses with man-like attention imbibing from his lips a
+    new, though natural affection, towards his unknown and
+    distressed father.[98]
+
+This pleasant companionship between the two brothers lasted for nearly
+two years. Then the Duke of York escaped from St. James's and went to
+Holland to join his brother Charles, Prince of Wales, who had fitted out
+a fleet to attempt to rescue his father. Henry and Elizabeth were again
+left alone. Princess Elizabeth however kept her little brother
+constantly informed "of the hourely danger both themselves and father
+stood in." Poor little children! Our hearts ache for the eight-year-old
+boy and the thirteen-year-old girl who were trembling for their own and
+their father's safety. Their fears for the king were only too well
+founded.
+
+The extreme party in Parliament had been steadily gaining in strength.
+And on December 6, 1648, Colonel Pride "purged" the House of Commons of
+one hundred and forty-three members, who were willing to treat with the
+king and accept the concessions he offered. On December 18, King Charles
+was removed from Hurst Castle in the Isle of Wight, where he had been
+closely imprisoned, and brought to St. James's; and thence he was taken
+to Windsor Castle.
+
+On January 20, 1649, the king appeared before the High Court of Justice
+assembled in Westminster Hall. On January 27, judgment of death was
+pronounced against "Charles Stuart, King of England." Two days later,
+upon January 29, which
+
+    was the day before he dyed, he desired he might see and take
+    his last farewell to his children, which with some regret
+    was granted, and the Lady Elizabeth and the Duke of
+    Gloucester brought to him. The King taking the Duke upon his
+    knee, said "Sweet heart, now will they cut off thy father's
+    head, mark child what I say, they will cut off my head, and
+    perhaps make thee a King, but you must not be a King so long
+    as your brothers Charles and James be living, for they will
+    cut off your brothers' heads (when they can catch them) and
+    cut off thy head too at the last, and therefore I charge you
+    not to be made a King by them." At which words the child
+    smiling said, "I will be torn in pieces first," which
+    falling so unexpectedly from one so young made the King
+    rejoice exceedingly.... And after that day he never saw his
+    father's face more.[99]
+
+
+[Illustration: HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.]
+
+Whatever were King Charles's faults, and they were many, he at least
+knew how to die. The next day after this interview, he came on foot from
+St. James's to his banqueting room at Whitehall, and laid his head on
+the block like a gallant and Christian gentleman.
+
+What a strange and tragic memory that meeting must have been for the
+little Duke of Gloucester. At last he saw his unknown father; and found
+him a sad, worn man, on the eve of dying a terrible death.
+
+But the child's troubles were not to end here. The next year he and his
+sister were taken to Carisbroke Castle in the Isle of Wight, where their
+father had been confined for so long. And there Elizabeth fell into a
+consumption and died.
+
+"Now is the little Duke left totally alone, to take comfort only in his
+solitary meditations,"[100] says his historian, who indulges in rather
+violent expressions against the Protectorate. For he goes on to call the
+Parliament "those monsters at Westminster." The so-called "monsters"
+were somewhat embarrassed by the possession of the young duke; and at
+last resolved to send him abroad to complete his education on certain
+conditions.
+
+Henry was now eleven years old; and the prospect of comparative freedom
+was very welcome to him. "My father told me" (said he to one about him)
+"that God would provide for me, which he hath abundantly done, in that
+he delivereth me as a Lamb out of the pawes of the devouring Lyon."[101]
+
+A tutor was chosen for the Prince; and an allowance of three thousand
+pounds a year was to be granted him if he fulfilled the following
+conditions:
+
+I. He was to go to a Protestant School.
+
+II. He was to correspond with the Parliament by letter, and his tutor
+was to render account of his proficiency and learning.
+
+III. He was not to go near his mother or brothers, or have anything to
+do with them, "but in all things utterly disown them."
+
+IV. That he should immediately return upon notice from the Parliament
+given to him for that purpose.
+
+The third condition was one which the boy found it impossible to keep.
+For the moment he landed in France he went to see his mother and
+brothers, "takes the blessing of the one and salutes the other, and
+after a short stay for the future improvement of his learning, he goes
+to Leyden, and settles there to study."[102]
+
+For three years Henry stayed at Leyden, and eagerly profited by the
+teaching of the wise men who gathered to this famous university from all
+parts of Europe. "Such was his forwardnesse and zeal to learning, and to
+attain the arts, that he would steal from his houres of rest to adde to
+them of his study."[103] He was beloved and honored by all who knew him,
+and was soon pronounced "a most compleat Gentleman, and rarely
+accomplished." In looks he resembled his father; "his hair of a sad or
+dark brown, of a middle stature, strong judgment, a deep and reaching
+understanding, and a most pleasing affable delivery."[104]
+
+Our prince was no mere pedant. Young as he was, he knew that there is
+other precious knowledge besides mere book-learning--though that was
+pleasant to his studious mind. A man who is to rule men must understand
+them. He must study men, or he will only be able to govern by theories,
+which are always dangerous things if they are not backed up by practical
+knowledge. The duke believed in the great importance of a knowledge of
+the world and of human nature. Therefore when he was fourteen, after
+laying the foundation of his learning by hard work at Leyden, he
+returned to the Court of France to study men instead of books for a
+time, in order to make himself more capable of assisting his brother
+Charles, if he should come to his father's throne again.
+
+The compact between Henry and the Parliament was completely at an end.
+Whether he ever received the allowance of three thousand pounds seems
+doubtful. Fuller declares it never was paid. The lad was therefore free
+to go where he chose. He travelled a great deal. And in France he always
+tried to know and imitate the best, "not being caught with novelties,
+nor infected with customes, nor given to affectation."[105]
+
+In Paris a sore trial of the boy's strength of principle awaited him.
+Charles the Second, the king without a kingdom, left Paris in 1654 with
+the Duke of York, and returned to Flanders where most of his exile was
+spent, leaving Henry with his mother, Queen Henrietta Maria, in order to
+pursue his studies. The queen was a strong Roman Catholic; and no sooner
+had Charles left the French Court than she tried by every means in her
+power to convert her son Henry to her own church. She first told him
+that his brothers' fortunes were almost desperate: but that if he would
+embrace the Romish Faith, the Pope and other European Princes would at
+once take part in King Charles's cause. Then she said that as the duke
+had no fortune of his own, and as she could give him none, if he would
+but abjure his faith the Queen of France would confer rich abbeys and
+benefices upon him, such as would enable him to live
+
+    in that splendour as was suitable to his birth, that in a
+    little time the pope would make him a Cardinal; by which he
+    might be able to do the king, his brother, much service, and
+    contribute to his recovery; whereas without this he must be
+    exposed to great necessity and misery, for that she was not
+    able any longer to give him maintenance.[106]
+
+But no argument the queen used could shake the resolute boy. He reminded
+her of the precepts he had received from the king, his father, who had
+died in the faith of the Anglican Church. He put her in mind of the
+promise he had lately made to his eldest brother, never to change his
+religion. And he besought the queen to press him no further, until he
+could at least communicate with the king his brother.
+
+[Illustration: PRINCESS ELIZABETH IN PRISON.]
+
+Queen Henrietta knew well enough what Charles's views were on the
+subject. So finding that her persuasions availed nothing, she dismissed
+the tutor, and packed Prince Henry off to the Abbey of Pontoise, of
+which her almoner, Montague, was abbot. Here the duke was entirely
+separated from every one but Roman Catholics; and a very bad time he
+had, for every hour some one or other was trying to break down his
+resolution. Happily for the boy, the king heard of his mother's doings.
+In a fury he sent off the Marquis of Ormonde to Paris, who managed the
+disagreeable negotiation so well, that the queen at last said,
+ungraciously enough, "that the duke might dispose of himself as he
+pleased, and that she would not concern herself any further, nor see him
+any more."[107]
+
+Lord Ormonde thereupon hastened to Pontoise, brought the duke away
+rejoicing at his release, and took him shortly after, to join the king
+in Flanders.
+
+Henry now had some experience of warlike training; for during the next
+two or three years he and his brothers joined the French against the
+Spaniards. And when Cromwell's alliance with their French relatives made
+it impossible for them to keep up any further connection with the French
+Court, the young men joined Condé in the Spanish camp for a time. The
+Duke of Gloucester, however, soon tired of soldiering; and went back
+again to his books and his wise friends at Leyden, where he gained great
+renown by his retired, studious life, until another change came over the
+fortunes of his family.
+
+In 1660 Cromwell was dead. England was weary of war and
+revolution--weary of army rule--and when Charles the Second signed the
+Declaration of Breda on April 4, the English nation was rejoiced to
+return to its natural government by King and Parliament. The Duke of
+Gloucester was at Breda when that famous Declaration was signed. He
+accompanied his brothers to England, and rode on the king's left hand in
+his triumphal entry into London on May 29.
+
+Henry now proved that in prosperity, as in adversity, his love of work,
+almost the best gift that any young lad can possess, was as strong as
+ever. "He was active, and loved business, was apt to have particular
+friendships; and had an insinuating temper which was generally very
+acceptable."[108] The king was strongly attached to him, and was vexed
+when he saw that no post was left for this favorite brother; for Monk
+was General, and the Duke of York was in command of the Fleet. However,
+although Lord Clarendon considered the post was beneath his dignity,
+Henry begged to be made Lord Treasurer, "for he could not bear an idle
+life."
+
+Alas! he only enjoyed this prosperous change in his fortune for four
+short months. "The mirth and entertainments" of the restoration, "raised
+his blood so high, that he took the smallpox." The ignorant physicians
+bled him three times, thus effectually taking away his last chance of
+recovery. And on September 13, 1660, this promising young prince died at
+Whitehall, the very palace where, eleven years before, his sad, broken
+father had been executed.
+
+All the nation mourned the loss of the duke, for every one loved and
+admired him.
+
+    With his namesake Prince Henry he completed not twenty
+    years, and what was said of the unkle, was as true of the
+    nephew.
+
+In searching at the British Museum a little while ago for documents
+concerning this prince, we came upon a mention under his name in the
+catalogue of "Some Teares." Curious to see what they were, we were told
+that the book which contained them was too valuable to be brought into
+the great reading room, where hundreds of workers congregate in busy
+silence every day. So we were taken through locked doors into an inner
+sanctum; and there the precious document was intrusted to us. It was a
+large sheet of stiff paper, with wide black borders, and on it a long
+poem (of which I can only give a few lines) was printed, entitled,
+
+SOME TEARES DROPT ON THE HERSE OF THE INCOMPARABLE PRINCE
+
+HENRY DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.
+
+    Fatal _September_ to the Royal line
+    Has snatch'd one Heroë of our hopeful _Trine_
+    From Earth; 'tis strange heaven should not proedeclare
+    A loss so grievous by some _Blazing Star_,
+    Which might our senses overjoy'd, alarm,
+    And time give to prepare for so great harm.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    He was Fair Fruit sprung from a Royal Bud,
+    And grown as great by fair Renown as Blood;
+    Ripe too too soon; for in a Youth so green
+    An Harvest was of gray-haired Wisdome seen.
+
+    _Minerva's_ Darling, Patron of the Gown,
+    Lover of Learning, and _Apollo's_ Crown
+    He was; the Muses he began to nourish,
+    Learn'd men and arts under his wings did flourish.
+    But lest we should commit Idolatry,
+    Heav'n took him from our sight, not Memory.
+
+    _London:_ Printed by _W. Godbid_ for _Henry Brome_ at the
+    _Gun_ in _Ivy Lane_, and _Henry Marsh_ at the _Princes Arms_
+    in _Chancery-lane_ near _Fleet-street_, M.D.C.L.X.
+
+As we handled the stiff old sheet with its black borders, and saw
+September 20, written in before the date in faded ink, we seemed to see
+the handsome, gentle, studious prince, borne out of the palace where the
+tragedy of his father's death was yet fresh in the minds of those who
+were rejoicing at the young king's restoration. We seemed to follow the
+sad procession down to the Abbey of Westminster, and watch him laid in
+the grave of his great-grandmother, beside his little sister Anna. And
+it saddened us to think of that gallant young lad cut off just when
+fortune smiled upon him after his lonely childhood, his stormy boyhood.
+But then we thought again of all he was saved from--of the corruption
+and evil-doing of his brother Charles's abominable court--of the
+troubles and disgraces of James the Second's reign. And the little
+chapel where he lies was transformed into a safe haven of refuge from
+evils far worse than death.
+
+No monument is raised to his memory. But above his grave, Mary, Queen of
+Scots, with her proud beautiful face in scornful repose, lies under her
+splendid canopy, a fierce little Scotch lion crowned at her feet. And in
+the dim mysterious light that comes through the tiny diamond panes of
+the windows, we read words on her tomb that are indeed true of her
+great-grandson, Henry, Duke of Gloucester; and as we leave him here at
+rest we too say:
+
+  Bonæ Memoriæ
+  Et spei Æternæ.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[94] "Fuller's Worthies." Vol. II. p. 108.
+
+[95] "English Princesses." M. A. Greene, p. 395.
+
+[96] Short view of the Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester, 1661, p. 16.
+
+[97] Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester. p. 17.
+
+[98] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester." p. 19.
+
+[99] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester."
+
+[100] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester."
+
+[101] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester."
+
+[102] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester." p. 26.
+
+[103] Ibid.
+
+[104] Ibid.
+
+[105] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester." p. 39.
+
+[106] "Somers' Civil Tract." p. 316.
+
+[107] "Somer's Civil Notes."
+
+[108] "Bishop Burnet's History of his own Time." Vol. I. p. 248.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+WILLIAM HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.
+
+
+From our childhood up we have all heard of "Good Queen Anne." When we
+were small tots in the nursery we sang little rhymes about
+
+    Queen Anne, Queen Anne, she sat in the sun.
+    I send you three letters, you don't read one.
+
+Then as we grew older we succumbed more or less to the rage for the
+eighteenth century which has laid hold on so large a section of English
+and Americans during the last few years. And we began to use Queen
+Anne's name in season and out of season--to talk glibly of Queen Anne
+architecture, Queen Anne furniture, and Queen Anne plate. The subject is
+doubtless an interesting one. And I for one am grateful to Queen
+Anne--or rather to the architects of her reign. Those stately red brick
+houses of her time, though they are far less graceful than Elizabethan
+mansions, and less romantic than the French chateaux of the same period
+with their high roofs, and charming tourelles with extinguisher tops,
+are among the most comfortable, homelike, lovable dwelling-places we can
+find in England.
+
+The plate too of Queen Anne's reign is justly esteemed as the handsomest
+and richest that can be found. As I write a bit of veritable Queen Anne
+plate stands beside me on the table--a graceful little candlestick five
+inches high, of plain, solid silver. No need to look at its Hall-mark,
+or puzzle over its history; for the only ornament on its foot is an
+open-work pattern formed of roughly cut letters, "Queen Anne. 1702"; and
+on the rim above is engraved "His Highness Prince George. S.^{L}S. Anno
+Dom. 1702."
+
+The candlestick was a present from Queen Anne on her coronation, to a
+certain old ancestress of ours, who had been one of the ladies in
+attendance on the Queen's young son, William Henry, Duke of
+Gloucester--the only one of her numerous children who lived beyond his
+babyhood.
+
+This little boy, the last of our children of Westminster Abbey, was born
+on July 24, 1689. It was a memorable year in the history of England, for
+it had seen the great and bloodless revolution by which James the Second
+had been driven from Great Britain, and William the Third put on the
+throne. The misgovernment of James had become unbearable; and William,
+Prince of Orange, who had married the king's eldest daughter Mary, was
+invited "by a small party of ardent Whigs to assist in preserving the
+civil and religious liberties of the nation." William and Mary accepted
+the Declaration of Right, and were crowned as joint sovereigns on April
+11, 1689. They had no children. So when Princess Anne, the Queen's
+sister, and wife of Prince George of Denmark, gave birth to her little
+boy in the following July, he was welcomed as the future King of
+England.
+
+King William and the King of Denmark were the baby's godfathers. The
+marchioness of Halifax was his godmother. Queen Mary adopted him as her
+heir; and the king conferred upon him the title of Duke of Gloucester:
+but he was not created Duke "because his mother considered that title
+dreadfully unlucky."
+
+But at first it seemed highly improbable that the poor child would live
+long. He was delicate from his birth--very small--and for two months his
+death was constantly expected. The doctors advised an incessant change
+of nurses; and the wretched baby, as was to be expected, grew weaker and
+weaker. At last, however, a fine-looking young Quakeress, a Mrs. Pack,
+with a month-old baby in her arms, came up from Kingston to tell the
+Princess Anne of a remedy which had done her children good. The Prince
+of Denmark besought her to become wet-nurse to the suffering little
+prince; and from that moment the unfortunate child began to thrive.
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LOOKING TOWARD THE ALTAR. _From
+etching by H. Toussaint._]
+
+Then came the question of the most healthy residence for the baby on
+whom so much depended. And Princess Anne at length chose Lord Craven's
+fine house at Kensington Gravelpits, which he offered to lend her for
+the little prince's nursery. He went out every day, no matter how cold
+it was, in a tiny carriage which the Duchess of Ormonde presented to
+him. The horses were in keeping with the size of the carriage; for they
+were a pair of Shetland ponies "scarcely larger than good-sized
+mastiffs," and were guided by Dick Drury, the Prince of Denmark's
+coachman.
+
+The first two or three years of the little Duke of Gloucester's life
+were spent between Lord Craven's house at Kensington, and London. For in
+those days Kensington was a country village, out in the woods and
+fields. West of Mayfair there were no houses until Kensington was
+reached on the breezy slopes of Camden Hill. South Kensington, that vast
+quarter of handsome houses, has only come into existence in the last
+fifty years. The writer's grandfather was laughed at for going "out of
+town," when he and his old friend, Lord Essex, built themselves two of
+the first houses in Belgrave Square about 1830. And one of his
+sons-in-law, when a lad at Westminster School early in the century,
+remembers snipe-shooting in the marshes which separated Chelsea from
+London.
+
+The Princess Anne and the queen were on exceedingly bad terms, the chief
+reason of their disagreement being Anne's passionate devotion to the
+famous Sarah Jennings, wife of the yet more famous Duke of Marlborough.
+The Marlboroughs, a clever, able, ambitious, unscrupulous pair,
+encouraged the jealousy between the sisters to secure their own ends,
+and at length formed a "Princess's party," which gave William the Third
+considerable trouble during his reign. The Queen insisted that Lady
+Marlborough, as she then was, should be dismissed from the Princess's
+service. Anne was equally determined to keep her beloved friend about
+her at all risks. This led to endless disputes and quarrels between the
+royal ladies; and the little Duke of Gloucester became a fresh subject
+of contention. When she was in town,
+
+    the Princess, who was a tender mother, passed much of her
+    time in the nursery of her heir.... Whenever the Queen heard
+    her sister was there she forebore to enter the room, but
+    would send an inquiry or a message to her royal nephew--"a
+    compliment," as it was called in the phraseology of the day.
+    The set speech used to be delivered by the queen's official
+    in formal terms to the unconscious infant, as he sat on his
+    nurse's knee; and then the courtly messenger would depart,
+    without taking the slightest notice of the Princess Anne,
+    although she was in the room with her child. Sometimes Queen
+    Mary sent her nephew rattles or balls, or other toys, all
+    which were chronicled in the _Gazette_ with great solemnity;
+    but every attention to the little Gloucester was attended
+    with some signal impertinence to his mother.[109]
+
+For two years the little boy throve well in the good air of Kensington,
+without any illness. But in the third year he was attacked by ague.
+Fifty years before he would probably have been bled and reduced in every
+way, and would speedily have died. But medical science was improving;
+and a wonderful discovery had been made in far-off Peru. The ague was
+cured by Doctor Radcliffe and Sir Charles Scarborough, "who prescribed
+the Jesuit's Powder, of which the Duke took large quantities early in
+the spring of 1694, for the same complaint most manfully."[110]
+
+This Jesuit's Powder was none other than the famous Peruvian Bark, made
+as we all know from the bark of the Chinchona trees, so-called by
+Linnæus after the Countess of Chincon, wife of the Viceroy of Peru. This
+lady's cure in 1638 from a desperate fever, brought the quinine--the
+"bark-of-barks" as its Indian name signifies--into notice, and gave the
+world one of the most precious remedies we possess against disease.
+
+This ague was the first, but by no means the last illness our poor
+little boy had to endure; for all through his short life he was
+delicate.
+
+His faithful attendant, Jenkin Lewis, a young man who was tenderly
+attached to him, has left us a most interesting memoir of the young
+prince. And from this we get charming details of his daily life, his
+many illnesses, and his character.
+
+    When first he began to walk about and speak plain, he
+    fancied he must be of all trades; one day a carpenter,
+    another day a smith, and so on; which the queen observing
+    sent him a box of ivory tools, said to cost twenty-five
+    pounds, which he used till he learnt the names of them, and
+    also the terms of those mechanical arts.[111]
+
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD DORMITORY AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL.]
+
+But from his infancy the little duke began to show his passion for
+horses, drums, and anything to do with soldiers. In 1693, when he was
+only four years old, he threw away childish toys, saying he was a man
+and a soldier. And he had up from Kensington village a little company of
+twenty-two boys, wearing paper caps and armed with wooden swords, who
+enlisted themselves as his guard. The duke was enchanted; and appointed
+a very pretty boy, Sir Thomas Lawrence's son, to be lieutenant. This
+little army was his constant delight. In a short time the child gained a
+real knowledge of military matters; and before long he began to use his
+bodyguard to some purpose. In 1694, seeing how active he was, and that
+"his stiff-bodied coats were very troublesome to him in his military
+amusements," the Prince and Princess put him into breeches on Easter
+Day.
+
+    His suit was a white camblet, with silver loops, and buttons
+    of silver thread. He wore stiff stays under his waistcoat,
+    which hurt him; whereupon, Mr. Hughes, his taylor, was sent
+    for; when he came the duke bade his boys (whom he stiled his
+    Horse Guards) put the taylor on the wooden horse, which
+    stood in the presence-room for the punishment of offenders,
+    as is usual in martial law: who presently were for hoisting
+    him on, if they had had strength enough.[112]
+
+It must have been an absurd scene. The little duke, not five years old,
+in his first pair of breeches, long waistcoat of white and silver, and
+coat with wide skirts and handsome, deep-cuffed sleeves--the bodyguard
+of small rogues setting on their victim--and the hapless tailor, who was
+so genuinely alarmed at these violent proceedings, that good-natured
+Jenkin had to beg him off.
+
+A year or two later we find the duke going down to Kensington Palace,
+where he ordered his boys--now two companies numbering ninety in all,
+armed with wooden swords and muskets, and in red grenadiers' caps--to
+exercise in the garden before the king and queen. The king was
+delighted; and gave the young soldiers twenty guineas, besides two gold
+pieces which he presented to one of them, William Gardner, who beat the
+drum "equal to the ablest drummer." The next day, Sunday, the king sent
+word he was coming to visit his nephew. This was a great occasion, as
+the king very seldom came to see him. The duke prepared a pasteboard
+fortification, and got his four little brass cannon ready; and when the
+king arrived the boy was so engrossed in shewing him that he could
+salute him like a soldier and afterwards "compliment him," that he could
+not be persuaded to thank His Majesty first for coming. He fired his
+cannon, and he
+
+    then talked to the king of horses and arms, and thanked him
+    of his own accord for the honor he did him in coming to see
+    him. He told the king that one of his cannon was broke; the
+    king promised to send him some cannon, but never did; the
+    duke thanked him and complimented him in these words--"My
+    dear king, you shall have both my companies with you to
+    Flanders," where the king was to go soon after.[113]
+
+All his talk was of wars, soldiers, and fortifications.
+
+    He was scarce seven years old when he understood the terms
+    of fortification and navigation, knew all the different
+    parts of a strong place, and a ship of war, and could
+    marshall a company of boys, who had voluntarily listed
+    themselves to attend him.... He had a particular aversion to
+    dancing and all womanish exercises, his whole delight being
+    in martial sports and hunting.[114]
+
+Even when he was ill in bed he insisted on having his cannon drawn up
+in his sight, and made his servant stand sentinel at his door as in a
+fortress. The faithful Jenkin told him stories of Alexander and Cæsar,
+and on the sly studied the art of fortification, in order to teach the
+young duke more about it. But this was discovered by Lady Fitz Hardinge,
+who was the queen's spy in Princess Anne's household. Jenkin Lewis was
+threatened with instant dismissal if he ventured again to instruct the
+boy in matters with which he had no concern; and he was obliged
+regretfully to put away his fortification books. But he found a more
+allowable diversion in putting some of the young duke's words of command
+into verse, and had them set to music by Mr. John Church, "one of the
+gentlemen of Westminster Abbey, who had studied Mr. Henry Purcel's works
+and imitated his manner." It was not very grand poetry, but the little
+soldier was delighted. It begins--
+
+    Hark! hark! the hostile drum alarms;
+    Let ours now beat and call to arms!
+
+
+In 1696, after the discovery of the Rye House Plot, loyal addresses were
+offered to the king by both Houses of Parliament, and an association was
+formed to preserve King William or avenge his death, which was very
+generally signed throughout the kingdom. The Duke of Gloucester and his
+boys were eager to follow the public example. The duke composed an
+address which one of his boys wrote down as follows:
+
+    I, your Majesty's most dutiful subject, had rather lose my
+    life in your Majesty's cause, than in any man's else; and I
+    hope it will not be long 'ere you conquer France.
+
+  (_Signed_)       GLOSTER.
+
+He also dictated one for his boys and his household to sign, which was
+much to the point, and ran thus:
+
+    We, your Majesty's dutiful subjects, will stand by you as
+    long as we have a drop of blood.
+
+The prince and his boys were closely associated in all their pursuits
+and interests. Not only did they study the art of war, but they were
+catechised together by Mr. Prat, the duke's first tutor. The child had
+been carefully instructed in religion from his infancy. "He had early
+suck'd in his mother's piety," says one writer, "and was always
+attentive to prayers." One day in the catechising, Mr. Prat asked him
+before his boys, "How can you, being born a prince, keep yourself from
+the pomps and vanities of this world?" And the little fellow made the
+simple and straightforward answer, "I will keep God's commandments, and
+do all I can to walk in his ways."
+
+[Illustration: DINING HALL, WESTMINSTER SCHOOL.]
+
+He was a pretty boy. Something like his royal mother in her younger
+days; for she is described as a "sylph-like creature" when a girl,
+though she afterwards grew to be the mountain of fat we know in most of
+her portraits. His face was oval; and for the most part glowed with a
+fine colour. His shape was fine, his body easy, and his arms finely
+hung.[115]
+
+His disposition was naturally a sweet one; and he was admirably loyal to
+his friends and attendants, always willing to take blame himself rather
+than allow another to be scolded. But his weak health, a strong will,
+and a hot temper made him liable to fits of passion in which he lost all
+control over himself. Jenkin Lewis describes some of these outbursts of
+fury, and one in particular when he was the object of the prince's
+wrath. Jenkin quietly turned him round to the looking-glass, so that the
+boy might see what a shocking spectacle he was making of himself.
+Whereupon his passion fell as quickly as it had risen. He grew calm upon
+seeing himself, and expressed his sorrow.
+
+When he was nine years old, the king appointed Bishop Burnet to be his
+preceptor, and the Duke of Marlborough to be his governor.
+
+The Bishop writes two years later, that he had made "amazing progress."
+They had read together the Psalms, Proverbs and Gospels, and the bishop
+had explained things that fell in his way "very copiously, and was often
+surprised at the questions he put me, and the reflections that he made.
+He came to understand things relating to religion beyond
+imagination."[116] Besides religion the good bishop seems to have
+crammed his pupil's head with a mass of knowledge--geography, forms of
+government in every country, the interests and trades of every nation,
+the history "of all the great revolutions that had been in the world;"
+and he explained "the Gothic constitution and the beneficiary and feudal
+laws."
+
+No wonder that as one historian says, "his tender constitution bended
+under the weight of his manly soul, and was too much harass'd by the
+vivacity of his genius, to be of long duration.... In a word, he was too
+forward to arrive at maturity."[117]
+
+On July 24, 1700, the Duke of Gloucester was eleven years old. The next
+day Bishop Burnet tells that he complained a little: but every one
+thought he was tired with his birthday festivities. The day after he
+grew rapidly worse. A malignant fever declared itself, and he "died on
+the fourth day of his illness, to the great grief of all who were
+concerned with him." He was buried quite quietly, in the same vault as
+his great-uncle Henry, Duke of Gloucester, beside their common
+ancestress, Mary, Queen of Scots.
+
+The death of this little boy was an event of enormous importance to
+England. The Stuart line was at an end, and the eyes of England now
+turned to George Lewis, the Elector of Hanover, grandson of that
+unfortunate Queen of Bohemia, who we know best as Princess Elizabeth,
+the favorite sister and playfellow of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales.
+And with the death of "the last hope of the race--thus withered, as it
+must have seemed, by the doom of Providence"[118]--our history of the
+children of Westminster draws to a close. Besides those whose lives and
+stories we have studied together, there are several of whom little is
+known but the facts of their death and burial in our stately Abbey. The
+year before little William, Duke of Gloucester, was born, two "holy
+innocents" were laid to rest at Westminster; one, Nicholas Bagnall, an
+"infant of two months old, by his nurse unfortunately overlaid," is
+commemorated by a white marble urn in the Chapel of St. Nicholas, among
+the Percys and the Cecils. And in the Cloisters there is a touchingly
+simple tablet which Dean Stanley delighted to point out to every one,
+bearing these words:
+
+"Jane Lister, dear child, died October 7, 1688."
+
+[Illustration: A WESTMINSTER BOY.]
+
+In 1711, three years before Queen Anne's death, a young Westminster
+Scholar, Carteret by name, aged nineteen, was buried in the North Aisle
+of the Choir, "with the chiefs of his house." This is, I think, the only
+instance of a Westminster boy being buried in the Abbey. And young
+Carteret, the Westminster Scholar, leads me to an institution at
+Westminster which I have too long neglected. I mean Westminster School.
+
+From the earliest days of the Abbey, from Edith and Edward the
+Confessor's time, a school for the training of the novices was attached
+to Westminster as to other great monasteries. When the constitution of
+the Abbey was changed by the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539-40,
+Henry the Eighth founded a school in connection with the reformed Abbey.
+But the school was refounded and enlarged by Queen Elizabeth in the year
+of the Armada, and to her we owe its prosperity and fame. The great
+tables of chestnut wood in the black-beamed College Dining Hall, are
+said by tradition to have been given by the queen from the wrecks of the
+Spanish Armada. From this time forth Westminster School took its place
+among the most famous public schools in England. The names of many of
+the greatest of England's worthies are inscribed on the walls of the old
+schoolroom. In Elizabeth's reign the famous Camden was its head master.
+And a few years later we find young George Herbert being commended to
+the Dean for Westminster School, where "the beauties of his pretty
+behavior and wit shined and became so eminent and lovely in this his
+tender age, that he seemed marked out for piety and to have the care of
+heaven, and of a particular good angel to guard and guide him."[119]
+
+Westminster School was always loyal, and during the Protectorate the
+boys were ardent partisans of the king, whose scholars they said they
+were and would always remain. "It will never be well with the nation
+until Westminster School is suppressed," said the Puritan Dean of Christ
+Church, John Owen.
+
+However, the "King's School" remained vehemently loyal in spite of all
+the efforts of the Presbyterian and Independent preachers in the Abbey;
+and it was not suppressed.
+
+In Queen Anne's reign the School buildings took their present form. The
+old Dormitory, which had been in the Middle Ages the Granary of the
+Convent, stood on the west side of Dean's Yard.
+
+    "The wear-and-tear of four centuries, which included the
+    rough usage of many generations of schoolboys, had rendered
+    this venerable building quite unfit for its purposes. The
+    gaping roof and broken windows, which freely admitted the
+    rain and snow, wind and sun; the beams, cracked and hung
+    with cobwebs; the cavernous walls, with many a gash
+    inflicted by youthful Dukes and Earls in their boyish days;
+    the chairs, scorched by many a fire, and engraven deep with
+    many a famous name--provoked alternately the affection and
+    derision of Westminster students."[120]
+
+So the Dormitory was doomed, and was re-built by Lord Burlington after
+designs by Sir Christopher Wren, in the College Garden--a lovely space
+of cool green beyond the Little Cloisters--where it stands to this day.
+
+The school of Westminster has been always intimately connected with the
+Abbey Church, since the days when the abbot sat on one side of the Great
+Cloisters with his monks, and the master of the novices on the other
+with his disciples. And quaint customs still survive from early days in
+which the Chapter and the Scholars take part more or less.
+
+Across the Great School runs the famous Bar, over which it is the duty
+of the college cook to toss a pancake on Shrove Tuesday "to be scrambled
+for by the boys and presented to the Dean." Once a year the Dean and
+Chapter "receive in the Hall the former Westminster Scholars, and hear
+the recitation of the Epigrams, which have contributed for so many years
+their lively comments on the events of each passing generation,"[121] a
+relic of the old custom by which the Dean and Prebendaries dined in the
+College Hall--the ancient Refectory--with all the School. Every Sunday
+and Saint's day during the school year, the Westminster Scholars troop
+into the Choir in their white surplices in front of the Abbey body, and
+take the seats which have been theirs by right since the coronation of
+James the Second. And in modern days their shouts from those seats have
+testified the assent of the people of England to the sovereign's
+election in the Coronation Service.
+
+And now from the shouts of the young, vigorous, active boys of
+Westminster, let us turn once more to the Abbey. In its still dim
+aisles, under the vaulted, misty roof, let us bid a tender and loving
+farewell to its children--the Holy Innocents who have "gone
+before"--whose sweet memories live in the minds of men; whose souls are
+safe in God's good keeping; and whose ashes rest in England's Pantheon.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[109] Strickland. "Lives of the Queens of England." Vol. VII. p. 237.
+
+[110] "Memoirs of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester." By Jenkin
+Lewis. p. 7.
+
+[111] "Memoirs of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester." By Jenkin
+Lewis. p. 8.
+
+[112] Memoirs. Jenkin Lewis. p. 8.
+
+[113] Memoir. Jenkin Lewis. p. 16.
+
+[114] "Impartial History of Queen Anne's Reign." Bishop White Kennett.
+p. 39.
+
+[115] Jenkin Lewis.
+
+[116] Memoir. Jenkin Lewis. p. 100.
+
+[117] Bishop White Kennet. "Impartial History of Queen Anne's Reign." p.
+39.
+
+[118] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." Dean Stanley, p. 196.
+
+[119] Walton's Life. Vol. II. p. 24.
+
+[120] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey. Dean Stanley." p. 536
+
+[121] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." Dean Stanley, p. 481.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY.
+
+
+=Aisle=, the lateral divisions of a church, on each side of the nave.
+From Aile--a wing. p. 99.
+
+=Almonry=, a room where alms were distributed. In Abbeys generally a
+stone building near the church. p. 99.
+
+=Ambulatory=, a place to walk in. At Westminster the passage round the
+outside of the Chapel of St. Edward. p. 26.
+
+=Arcade=, a series of arches, supported by columns, either open or
+closed with masonry. Frequently used for the decoration of the walls of
+churches, on the exterior and interior. p. 13.
+
+=Baptistery=, the part of a church containing the font. p. 33.
+
+=Boss=, an ornament placed at the intersection of the ribs in vaulted
+roofs. p. 106.
+
+=Breviary=, the book containing the daily service of the Roman Catholic
+Church. p. 128.
+
+=Buttress=, a projection from a wall to give extra strength and support.
+The _flying buttress_, or _Arc-boutant_ is carried across by an arch
+from one wall to another. p. 13.
+
+=Chalice=, the cup used at the celebration of the Eucharist. p. 28.
+
+=Chantry=, a sepulchral chapel, in which masses for the dead were
+chanted. p. 24.
+
+=Choir=, the chancel of collegiate or cathedral churches. p. 32.
+
+=Clerestory=, (old spelling clear-story) the upper story or row of
+windows in a Gothic Church. p. 15.
+
+=Cloisters=, covered galleries of communication between the different
+parts of a monastic building or college. They generally have roofs of
+groined stone. At Westminster they run round the two quadrangles of the
+Great and Little Cloisters, and join them together by long stone
+passages. p. 33.
+
+=Crocket=, detached flowers or bunches of foliage, used to decorate the
+angles of spires, pinnacles and gables. p. 115.
+
+=Gable=, the upright triangular piece of masonry or woodwork at the end
+of a roof.
+
+=Gargoyle=, a projecting stone water-spout in the shape of some monster,
+or the figure of a man from whose mouth the water runs. p. 13.
+
+=Gothic= Architecture is chiefly distinguished by the _pointed arch_. It
+is divided into three periods. The Early English, which prevailed during
+the thirteenth century. The Decorated style, which prevailed during the
+fourteenth century. And the Perpendicular, or style of the fifteenth
+century. In France the latest Gothic style is called Flamboyant. p. 115.
+
+=Mullions=, upright bars of stone between the lights of a window.
+
+=Nave=, the principal or central division of a Gothic Church, extending
+from the west end to the entrance of the Choir. p. 64.
+
+=Oriel=, a window projecting from the face of the wall, frequently
+resting on brackets.
+
+=Pendant=, a sculptured ornament hanging from a Gothic roof. In the
+latest or Perpendicular style the pendants are sculptured in the most
+delicate manner and form the Keystones of the roof, taking the place of
+the bosses. p. 106.
+
+=Pier-Arches=, arches supported on piers (or pillars) between the centre
+and side aisles. p. 110.
+
+=Pyx=, a gold or silver circular vessel in which the Eucharistic wafer
+was reserved before the Reformation for communicating the sick. The term
+is also used sometimes, for a casket in which relics are kept; or for
+boxes in which deeds are preserved. p. 22.
+
+=Reredos=, the screen at the back of the Altar. p. 15.
+
+=Rood=, the Holy Rood, or Crucifix. A cross with the figure of our
+Saviour upon it. p. 52.
+
+=Rose-Window=, a circular window, called also a Catherine-wheel, or a
+Marigold window. p. 13.
+
+=Sacrarium=, the part of a temple where the sacred things were
+deposited. At Westminster, the wide space within the Altar rails. p. 15.
+
+=String-course=, a projecting line of mouldings running horizontally
+along the face of a building, frequently under the windows. p. 115.
+
+=Transept=, the division of a church running north and south, forming
+the arms of a cross. p. 32.
+
+=Triforium=, a range of small arches or panels between the top of the
+pier-arches and the bottom of the clerestory windows, usually opening
+into a passage above the side aisles. p. 15.
+
+=Troco=, an old game played with large wooden balls which were pushed
+through a ring set up in the turf, by poles with a little iron cup at
+the end.
+
+=Tudor= or Perpendicular style. In the windows the mullions are
+continued through the head of the window.
+
+=Turret=, a small tower of great height in proportion to its diameter.
+p. 115.
+
+=Vaulting=, or Vaulted Roof. An arched roof, the stones or materials of
+which are so placed as to support each other. p. 106.
+
+  Press of
+  Berwick & Smith,
+  Boston.
+
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+
+=Wide Awake S.= (Popular edition). Contains tales, biography, history,
+and poetry, with an intermingling of lighter matter, profusely
+illustrated, and especially adapted to the taste of intelligent and
+inquiring young folks. Handsome lithograph cover, $1.50.
+
+=Little Folks' Art Book.= Such artists as Bodfish, Sweeney, Barnes, and
+Francis, have furnished outline drawings calculated to entice the little
+ones into attempts at copying, and thus lead them to a taste for art.
+
+=The Gray Masque, and Other Poems.= By Mary Barker Dodge. This little
+volume of "tender and beautiful poems" as the London _Literary World_
+styles them, has passed to second edition, which appears in a rich dress
+of cardinal, red and gilt. 12mo, $1.25.
+
+=Artists' Gallery Series.= Six volumes. First, _Millais_, second _Alma
+Tadema_, third _Rosa Bonheur_, fourth _Bouguereau_, fifth _Fortuny_,
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+
+=Helps by the Way.= Compiled by S. W. W. and M. S. H. with an
+introduction by Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D., contains triple quotations
+for each day in the year. Elegant cloth, 16mo, $1.00, gilt edges, $1.25.
+
+=Boys' Heroes.= By Edward Everett Hale. Reading Union Library. 16mo,
+illustrated, cloth, $1.00. Twelve chapters containing the story told in
+Dr. Hale's characteristic style, of a dozen characters famed in history
+as worthy to bear the title of heroes, and the story of whose deeds and
+lives possesses a special interest for boys.
+
+=The Temperance Teachings of Science.= By Prof. A. B. Palmer, M. D. LL.
+D. A book for home and school use, presenting the strongest arguments in
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+
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+
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+
+
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+various authors, very fully illustrated. 16mo, cloth, $1.50.
+
+=Pine Cones.= By Willis Boyd Allen. 12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.00. A
+story of adventure for girls and boys by an author who possesses the
+secret of success as a writer for the young.
+
+=What's Mine's Mine.= By Geo. MacDonald, author of "Annals of a Quiet
+Neighborhood." 12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. Published from the
+original manuscript in advance of its appearance in England. A
+fascinating fairy tale.
+
+=Echoes Of Many Voices.= A collection of short sayings from various
+sources, compiled by Elizabeth A. Thurston. Spare Minute Series. 12mo,
+extra cloth, $1.00. As a compendium of wit and wisdom, sense and
+sentiment, in their most terse and attractive expressions, this volume
+is unrivalled.
+
+=Tom Tits and Other Bits.= With other verses, by Amelia M. Starkweather.
+Quarto, extra cloth, finely illustrated, $1.00. Pleasant stories and
+sketches in verse, with illustrative pictures of unusual merit.
+
+=Life of General U. S. Grant= by E. E. Brown. 12mo. $1.50. Containing a
+sketch of his political services, with portrait and illustrations. Has
+been long in preparation and is the careful and successful work of a
+popular writer.
+
+=Up Hill and Down Dale.= By Laura D. Nichols. One of the valuable and
+fascinating natural history volumes, or "nature-books," similar to
+"Overhead" and "Underfoot," which have proven so popular in home circles
+and reading unions. 12mo, cloth, $1.75. Boards, $1.25.
+
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+The book is a worthy companion to the six preceding volumes of the
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+Kingsley; "Right to the Point," Doctor Cuyler. Extra cloth, $1.00.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes
+
+    Inconsistencies in spelling of proper names retained.
+
+    Punctuation normalised.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Children of Westminster Abbey, by 
+Rose G. Kingsley
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Children Of, by Rose G. Kingsley.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
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+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Children of Westminster Abbey, by Rose G. Kingsley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Children of Westminster Abbey
+       Studies in English History
+
+Author: Rose G. Kingsley
+
+Release Date: June 23, 2010 [EBook #32955]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILDREN OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander, Juliet Sutherland, Christine D.
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 415px;">
+<img src="images/cover_th.jpg" width="415" height="500" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/frontis_th.jpg" width="500" height="341" alt="WESTMINSTER ABBEY.&mdash;FRONT." title="" />
+<span class="caption">WESTMINSTER ABBEY.&mdash;FRONT.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class='padding'>
+
+<h1>THE CHILDREN OF<br />
+WESTMINSTER ABBEY</h1>
+
+<p class='center'>STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY</p>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>ROSE G. KINGSLEY</h2>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 407px;">
+<img src="images/illus002_th.jpg" width="407" height="500" alt="EDWARD THE SIXTH" title="" />
+<span class="caption">EDWARD THE SIXTH</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class='center'><i>ILLUSTRATIONS</i></p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+BOSTON<br />
+D. LOTHROP AND COMPANY<br />
+FRANKLIN AND HAWLEY STREETS<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class='padding'>
+<p class='center'>
+Copyright, 1886.<br />
+by<br />
+<span class="smcap">D. Lothrop &amp; Company.</span><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class='padding'>
+<p class='center'>
+Dedication<br />
+<br />
+TO MY NEPHEWS<br />
+<br />
+RANULPH AND FRANCIS<br />
+KINGSLEY<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='padding'>
+<p>
+<i>Tachbrook Mallory</i><br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oct. 16, 1885<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'></td><td align='right'><span class="smcap">Page.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'>The Building of the Abbey&mdash;Princess Catherine and Prince Henry</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'>The Conquest of Wales&mdash;Prince Alfonso</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'>John of Eltham, the Young Knight</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>IV.</td><td align='left'>Edward the Fifth, and Richard, Duke of York</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>V.</td><td align='left'>King Edward the Sixth</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VI.</td><td align='left'>Miss Elizabeth Russell, "the Child of Westminster"</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VII.</td><td align='left'>The Princesses Sophia and Mary</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>VIII.</td><td align='left'>Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>IX.</td><td align='left'>Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (<i>continued</i>)</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>X.</td><td align='left'>Lord Francis Villiers</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XI.</td><td align='left'>Princess Anne, and Henry, Duke of Gloucester</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>XII.</td><td align='left'>William Henry, Duke of Gloucester</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="ILLUSTRATIONS" id="ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+<p class='center'>(<i>From rare old Prints and Photographs.</i>)</p>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><span class="smcap">Page</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Westminster Abbey.&mdash;Front</td><td align='right'><a href="#frontis">Frontis</a>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Westminster Abbey.&mdash;North Entrance</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Shrine of Edward the Confessor.&mdash;At left, Tomb of Henry the Third</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dean Stanley</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chapel of Henry the Fifth</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Effigy of John of Eltham</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tomb of John of Eltham, St. Edmund's Chapel</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ancient Canopy of the Tomb of John of Eltham</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tomb of William of Windsor and his Sister Blanche</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Edward the Fifth</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Memorial Urn in Henry the Seventh's Chapel</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior of the Chapel of Henry the Seventh</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Exterior of the Chapel of Henry the Seventh</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Edward the Sixth.&mdash;<i>From a Painting by Holbein</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Queen Elizabeth.&mdash;<i>From Painting in the English National Portrait Gallery</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Monument to Miss Elizabeth Russell</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Monument to Queen Elizabeth in the North Aisle</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Cradle Tomb</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Monuments of Princess Sophia and Princess Mary</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Entrance to Bramshill House</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bramshill House, from the North</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Westminster Abbey, from the North</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tomb of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lord Francis Villiers.&mdash;<i>After Vandyck</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Effigies of the Lady Anna</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Henry, Duke of Gloucester</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Princess Elizabeth in Prison</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Westminster Abbey, looking toward the Altar.&mdash;<i>From Etching by H. Toussaint</i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The Old Dormitory at Westminster School</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Dining Hall, Westminster School</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>A Westminster Boy</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1>THE CHILDREN OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY.</h1>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE BUILDING OF THE ABBEY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Twelve hundred years ago, in the reign of King Sebert the Saxon, a poor
+fisherman called Edric, was casting his nets one Sunday night into the
+Thames. He lived on the Isle of Thorns, a dry spot in the marshes, some
+three miles up the river from the Roman fortress of London. The silvery
+Thames washed against the island's gravelly shores. It was covered with
+tangled thickets of thorns. And not so long before, the red deer, and
+elk and fierce wild ox had strayed into its shades from the neighboring
+forests.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Upon the island a little church had just been built, which was to be
+consecrated on the morrow. Suddenly Edric was hailed from the further
+bank by a venerable man in strange attire. He ferried the stranger
+across the river, who entered the church and consecrated it with all the
+usual rites&mdash;the dark night being bright with celestial splendor. When
+the ceremony was over, the stranger revealed to the awestruck fisherman
+that he was St. Peter, who had come to consecrate his own Church of
+Westminster. "For yourself," he said, "go out into the river; you will
+catch a plentiful supply of fish, whereof the larger part shall be
+salmon. This I have granted on two conditions&mdash;first, that you never
+again fish on Sundays; and secondly, that you pay a tithe of them to the
+Abbey of Westminster."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>The next day when bishop and king came with a great train to consecrate
+the church, Edric told them his story, presented a salmon "from St.
+Peter in a gentle manner to the bishop," and showed them that their
+pious work was already done.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So runs the legend. And on the site of that little church dedicated to
+St. Peter upon the thorn-grown island in the marshes, grew up centuries
+later the glorious Abbey that all English and American boys and girls
+should love. For that Abbey is the record of the growth of our two great
+nations. Within its walls we are on common ground. We are "in goodly
+company;" among those who by their words and deeds and examples have
+made England and America what they are. America is represented just as
+much as England "by every monument in the Abbey earlier than the Civil
+Wars."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> And within the last few years England has been proud to
+enshrine in her Pantheon the memories of two great and good
+Americans&mdash;George Peabody, the philanthropist, and Henry Wadsworth
+Longfellow, the poet.</p>
+
+<p>Come with me, in spirit, my American friends, and let us wander down to
+Westminster on some warm June morning.</p>
+
+<p>We will go down Parliament street from Trafalgar Square, along the road
+that English kings took<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> in old days from the Tower of London to their
+coronations at the Abbey. Whitehall is on our left; and we remember with
+a shudder that King Charles stepped out of that great middle window and
+laid his unhappy head on the block prepared outside upon the scaffold.
+On our right "The Horse Guards"&mdash;the headquarters of the English army,
+with a couple of gorgeous lifeguardsmen in scarlet and white, and
+shining cuirasses, sitting like statues on their great black horses.
+Through the archway we catch a glimpse of the thorns in St. James' Park,
+all white with blossom; and we wonder whether their remote ancestors
+were the thorns of Edric's time. Next comes the mass of the Foreign
+Office and all the government buildings, with footguards in scarlet
+tunics and huge bearskin caps standing sentry at each door. Parliament
+street narrows; and at the end of it we see the Clock Tower of the
+Houses of Parliament high up in the air, and the still larger square
+Victoria Tower. Then it opens out into a wide space of gardens and
+roadways; and, across the bright flower beds, there stands Westminster
+Abbey.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What would Edric, the poor fisherman, think if he could see the
+Thames&mdash;silvery no longer&mdash;hurrying by the wide granite
+embankments&mdash;past Doulton's gigantic Lambeth potteries and Lambeth
+Palace and the River Terrace of the Houses of Parliament&mdash;covered with
+panting steamboats and heavy barges&mdash;swirling brown and turbid under the
+splendid bridges that span it, down to the Tower of London, and the
+Pool, and the Docks, where the crossing lines of thousands of masts and
+spars make a brown mist above the shipping from every quarter of the
+globe? Poor Edric would look in vain for fish in that dirty river; and
+full four hundred years have passed since "the Reverend Brother John
+Wratting, Prior of Westminster," saw twenty-four salmon offered as tithe
+at the High Altar of the Abbey.</p>
+
+<p>What would King Sebert the Saxon think if we took him into the glorious
+building that has risen upon the foundations of his little church in the
+marshes?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;">
+<img src="images/illus015_th.jpg" width="402" height="500" alt="WESTMINSTER ABBEY.&mdash;NORTH ENTRANCE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">WESTMINSTER ABBEY.&mdash;NORTH ENTRANCE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At first sight Westminster Abbey is a little dwarfed by the enormous
+pile of the Houses of Parliament and their great towers. And St.
+Margaret's Church, nestling close to it on the north, mars the full view
+of its length. But when we draw near to it, all other buildings are
+forgotten. Crossing St. Margaret's churchyard where Raleigh sleeps, we
+seem to come into the shadow of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> great gray cliff. Arch and buttress
+and pinnacle and exquisite pointed windows tier upon tier, are piled up
+to the parapet more than a hundred feet over our heads. Before us is the
+north entrance&mdash;well named "Solomon's Porch." It is a "beautiful gate of
+the temple" indeed, with its three deep-shadowed recesses, rich with
+grouped pillars supporting the pointed arches above the doorways&mdash;its
+lines of windows and arcades above and below the grand Rose Window, over
+thirty feet across&mdash;its flying buttresses and delicate pinnacles
+terminating one hundred and seventy feet above the ground&mdash;the whole
+surface wrought with intricate carving, figures of saint and martyr,
+likeness of bird and flower, grotesque gargoyles, fanciful traceries and
+lines and patterns&mdash;a stone lace-work of surpassing beauty.</p>
+
+<p>We gaze and gaze, and try to take in the wonder of stone before us.
+Then, through the bewildering noise of London streets, the rattle of
+cabs and carriages, the whistle and rumble of underground railways, the
+ceaseless tramp of hurrying feet on the pavement&mdash;"Big Ben" booms out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+eleven times solemnly and slowly from the Clock Tower. We pass the
+photograph and guide-book sellers, and push open the doors under the
+central archway of Solomon's Porch. In an instant the glare and noise
+and hurry are left behind. We find ourselves in a sweet mellow
+silence&mdash;in a dim tender light&mdash;in a vast airy stillness, such as you
+find at noontide in the depths of a beech forest. But here the boles of
+the beech-trees are huge pillars of stone&mdash;the branches are graceful
+pointed arches that spring from them, and vaultings and ribs that flash
+with gold through the blue mist that hangs forever about the roof a
+hundred feet overhead. Outside the Abbey surge the waves of the great
+city. We hear a faint murmur of the roar and turmoil of its restless
+life breaking like distant surf upon the shore. But within these walls
+we are still and peaceful&mdash;and, if we will, we may read in "brass and
+stony monument" the story not only of England's worthies, but of her
+religion, her politics, her art, and her literature for full eight
+hundred years. Yes! for eight hundred years. For although the present
+Abbey is but six centuries old,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> there are still remains to be seen of
+an earlier building.</p>
+
+<p>Morning service is just over. The choir boys have slipped off their
+white surplices, and are setting the music books in order. The crowd of
+sight-seers is beginning to wander about the Abbey. The monotonous
+voices of the vergers are beginning their explanations of tomb and
+chapel to the eager strangers. Let us get my good friends Mr. Berrington
+or Mr. Deer who show the tombs, to come quietly with us in their black
+gowns. Let us stand within the Sacrarium&mdash;the wide space inside the
+altar rails. The splendid reredos glittering with gold, mosaic, and
+jewels, blazes above the altar of carved cedar from Lebanon. Against the
+stalls on the opposite side hangs the famous picture of King Richard the
+Second. Beside us rise the gray stone canopies of the magnificent tombs
+of Aymer de Valence and Edmund Crouchback&mdash;two of the finest specimens
+of medi&aelig;val art in England. The great groups of pillars round the choir
+carry the eye upwards to the arcades of the Triforium, to the delicate
+tracery of the great clerestory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> windows, to the wonderful misty roof.
+But it is not overhead that I would have you look. Beneath your feet is
+the mosaic pavement that Abbot Ware brought from Rome in 1267, when he
+journeyed thither to be consecrated Abbot of Westminster by the Pope.
+Our guide stoops down, touches a secret spring, and lifts up a square
+block of the pavement. You look into a space some few feet deep. It is
+almost filled with a mass of rudely chiselled stone&mdash;the base and part
+of the shaft of a huge round pillar.</p>
+
+<p>Look on that pillar with reverence. It has seen strange sights.</p>
+
+<p>Under the arches it once supported, Edward the Confessor was buried.
+Under them William the Norman was crowned king of England.</p>
+
+<p>It was on the twenty-eighth of December, in the year of grace 1065, that
+the Collegiate Church of St. Peter was consecrated. For fifteen years
+Edward the Confessor, the last Saxon king, who built it "to the honor of
+God and St. Peter and all God's saints," had lavished time and money and
+pious thought on the grandest building England had yet<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> seen. It had
+cost one tenth of the property of the kingdom. Its vast size, covering
+as it did almost the same ground as the present Abbey, its great round
+arches, its massive pillars, its deep foundations, its windows filled
+with stained glass, its richly sculptured stones, its roof covered with
+lead, its five big bells&mdash;all these wonders filled the minds of men
+accustomed to the rude wooden rafters and beams of the common Saxon
+churches, with amazement and awe. Then too a mysterious interest had
+always attached to the site. Besides the old legend of the first
+consecration by St. Peter, the belief in many mysteries and miracles
+connected with the Confessor had grown up with the growth of his Abbey
+Church.</p>
+
+<p>The saintly king, with his pink cheeks, his long white beard, his wavy
+hair and his delicate hands that healed the diseases of his people by
+their magical touch, would startle his courtiers with a strange laugh
+now and again, and then recount some vision which had come to him while
+they thought he slept. "He had seen the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus
+suddenly turn from their right sides to their left, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> recognized in
+this omen the sign of war, famine, and pestilence for the coming seventy
+years, during which the sleepers were to lie in their new position."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>He had given a precious ring, "large, royal and beautiful," off his
+finger, to a beggar who implored alms of him in the name of St. John.
+The beggar vanished. And the ring was brought back to him from Syria by
+two English pilgrims, to whom an aged man had confided it, telling them
+that he was St. John the Evangelist, "with the warning that in six
+months the king should be with him in Paradise."</p>
+
+<p>The six months have ended.</p>
+
+<p>The Abbey Church of St. Peter is finished, while hard by, in his palace
+of Westminster, Edward, the last Saxon king, lies dying. On Wednesday,
+the Feast of the Holy Innocents, or Childermas, the dying king rouses
+himself sufficiently to sign the Charter of the foundation: but Edith
+his queen has to represent him at the consecration. And the first
+ceremony after the consecration<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> of the glorious minster he loved so
+well, is the Confessor's own burial. In his royal robes, a crown of gold
+upon his head, a crucifix of gold on his breast, a golden chain about
+his neck, and the pilgrim's ring on his hand, he lies before the High
+Altar with an unearthly smile upon his lips.</p>
+
+<p>A great horror and terror had fallen upon the people of England&mdash;and
+well it might. Well might the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus turn uneasily in
+their slumber&mdash;for within a year William the Norman was standing before
+that same High Altar&mdash;standing on the very gravestone of King Edward,
+"trembling from head to foot"<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> for the first time in his life amid
+clamor and tumult, as Aldred, the Saxon Archbishop of York, put the
+crown of England on his head, and made him swear to protect his Saxon
+subjects, while the fierce Norman cavalry were trampling those Saxon
+subjects under their horses' hoofs outside the Abbey gates.</p>
+
+<p>For one hundred and fifty years England was under foreign kings. And
+although the Norman Conquerors were crowned in Edward the Saxon's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> Abbey
+Church at Westminster, not one of them was laid within its walls. But
+with the fall of the Norman and Angevin kings, better days dawned for
+England. The Barons at Runnymede had forced King John, the last English
+Duke of Normandy and Anjou, to grant them the Great Charter&mdash;the glory
+and pride of all English-speaking people. And at John's death his son
+Henry the Third came to the throne in 1216 as the first English king of
+a free English people.</p>
+
+<p>The young king prided himself upon his Anglo-Saxon ancestors. He was
+descended from King Alfred through "the good Matilda," Henry the First's
+wife. He called his sons by Anglo-Saxon names. His interests, and those
+of his descendants, were to be concentrated in the island which was now
+their sole kingdom. He therefore determined to desert the city of
+Winchester, which his Norman predecessors had made their headquarters,
+and "to take up his abode in Westminster beside the Confessor's
+tomb."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>During the Norman occupation an irresistible instinct had been drawing
+the conquerors towards their English subjects, "and therefore towards
+the dust of the last Saxon king." In Henry the Second's reign Edward the
+Confessor had been canonized. Many English anniversaries were celebrated
+yearly in the Abbey. Good Queen Matilda was buried close to her kinsman
+Edward and Edith the Swanneck, "the first royal personage so interred
+since the troubles of the conquest."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was to Henry the Third, however, that the thought came of making the
+Shrine of the Confessor the centre of a burial place for his race. In
+addition to his love for all things pertaining to his Saxon ancestry,
+Henry was passionately devoted to all sacred observances. "Even St.
+Louis," says Dean Stanley, "seemed to him but a lukewarm Rationalist."
+He possessed in a very high degree what we nowadays call the artistic
+sense. Art in all its forms was a complete passion with him; and with
+his Proven&ccedil;al wife Eleanor a swarm of foreign artists, painters,
+sculptors, poets, troubadours, found their way to England. Louis the
+Ninth was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> re-building and re-embellishing the Abbey of St. Denys as a
+place of sepulture for the French kings. Henry had also seen the
+splendid churches of Amiens, Beauvais, and Reims, in his journeys
+through France. His English, his religious, and his artistic instincts
+therefore, all combined to fire his imagination with the idea of making
+the most glorious shrine for the English king and saint that the world
+could see.</p>
+
+<p>Henry's work at Westminster began with his reign. He dedicated the newly
+built Lady Chapel at the back of the High Altar, the day before his
+coronation; and "the first offering laid upon its altar were the spurs
+worn by the King in that ceremony." Then Edward's Abbey, "consecrated by
+recollections of the Confessor and the Conqueror," was swept away.
+Little remains of it now save the bases of those pillars of which I have
+spoken above&mdash;the substructures of the Dormitory&mdash;and the heavy
+low-browed passage leading from the Great Cloister into Little Dean's
+Yard and the Little Cloisters. The famous "Chapel of the Pyx," close to
+the Chapter House, is still in good preservation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> But as it can only be
+opened by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, with seven huge keys,
+it is impossible to gain entrance to it&mdash;the ancient Treasury of
+England. It is now only opened by these officers once in five years for
+the "Trial of the Pyx," the Standard Trial Pieces of gold and silver,
+used for determining the just weight of the coin of the realm issued at
+the Mint.</p>
+
+<p>But now upon the old foundations rose the Abbey we all know and love. In
+every smallest detail the new church was to be incomparable in beauty.
+Foreign painters and sculptors expended on it all their cunning. Peter
+of Rome set to work on the Confessor's Shrine, where you may still read
+his name, and made it glow with gold, mosaics and enamels, the like of
+which could not be found in England. And when the wondrous
+building&mdash;"the most lovely and lovable thing in Christendom"<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>&mdash;was
+finished, the Confessor's body was translated on October 13, 1269, from
+its tomb in front of the High Altar to the splendid shrine prepared for
+it. The king, now growing old, had gathered his family<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> about him for
+the last time. Edward, his eldest son, was just on the eve of departure
+with his wife Eleanor for Palestine to join St. Louis in the Crusades.
+He, his brother Edmund, and his uncle Richard, king of Germany,
+"supported the coffin of the Confessor, and laid him in the spot where
+(with the exception of one short interval) he has remained ever
+since."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> The King himself carried from St. Paul's the sacred relics
+which the Knights Templars had given him twenty years before, and
+deposited them behind the shrine, where Henry the Fifth's Chantry now
+stands.</p>
+
+<p>Dear as the Abbey was to King Henry as a monument of his own piety and
+taste, and as the shrine of his sainted kinsman, yet he must have loved
+it even more tenderly for being the resting-place of a little child. The
+Confessor's Church as you will remember was consecrated on Childermas,
+the Holy Innocents' Day. And it seems to me not without significance,
+that the first interment of importance in Henry the Third's new building
+was that of a child of five years old&mdash;his beautiful little daughter
+Catherine. In 1257, during an insurrection of the Welsh which laid waste
+the Border, and which the King strove in vain to quell&mdash;the kingdom
+desolated with famine&mdash;the Barons mutinous and defiant&mdash;Henry's cup of
+trouble was filled by the death of his little child.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 387px;">
+<img src="images/illus028_th.jpg" width="387" height="500" alt="SHRINE OF EDWARD THE CONFESSOR.&mdash;AT LEFT, TOMB OF HENRY THE THIRD." title="" />
+<span class="caption">SHRINE OF EDWARD THE CONFESSOR.&mdash;AT LEFT, TOMB OF HENRY THE THIRD.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p><p>"She was dumb, and fit for nothing," says old Matthew Paris rather
+cruelly, "though possessing great beauty." The poor queen fell ill and
+nearly died of grief at the loss of her little deaf and dumb girl, loved
+all the more dearly no doubt, by reason of her affliction. And her
+illness, his own want of success against the Welsh, and the little
+princess's death, so overwhelmed the king with grief as to bring on "a
+tertian fever, which detained him for a long time at London, whilst at
+the same time the queen was confined to her bed at Windsor by an attack
+of pleurisy."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>The little Catherine was buried with great pomp in the ambulatory just
+outside the gate of St. Edmund's Chapel to the south of the Confessor's
+Shrine, and close to the grand tomb of her uncle, the king's half
+brother, William de Valence. Her father raised a splendid monument to
+her memory. It was rich with mosaic and polished slabs of serpentine, in
+much the same style as his own magnificent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> tomb on the north of the
+Confessor's Chapel. A silver image of St. Catherine was placed upon it,
+for which William de Gloucester, the king's goldsmith, was paid seventy
+marks. The image of course has vanished, like many other precious
+things. Most of the mosaic has been picked out. But enough of it and of
+the polished marbles exist to show the elaborate design of the upper
+slab, while on the wall above it, under a graceful trefoil-headed arch,
+are traces of gilding and coloring, which are supposed to be remains of
+a painting of the Princess Catherine and two brothers who died in their
+infancy.</p>
+
+<p>Here then is the first memorial of the many "Holy Innocents" who lie in
+the great Abbey&mdash;of the children who found a resting-place among</p>
+
+<p>
+The princes and the worthies of all sorts;<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>and whose histories we are about to study together. But Princess
+Catherine was not the only child whose early death helped to bring King
+Henry's gray hairs in sorrow to the grave. Before the close of his reign
+another young life was cut short<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> by a crime so terrible as to win a
+mention for Westminster from the lips of Dante himself.</p>
+
+<p>In 1271, only two years after the translation of the Confessor, the
+king's youthful nephew, Prince Henry, son of Richard king of Germany,
+was returning from the crusade in which St. Louis had died. Charles of
+Sicily granted a safe conduct to him and to his cousin Philip, son of
+St. Louis, who was hurrying home to be crowned king of France. But at
+Viterbo in Italy, while Henry was at mass in the Church of St.
+Sylvester, he was stabbed during the Elevation of the Host by Guy and
+Simon, sons of Simon de Montfort. It was a fearful revenge on Henry the
+Third for the death of their father five years before at the battle of
+Evesham&mdash;for their own banishment&mdash;for the seizure of their father's
+lands and Earldom, which Henry bestowed on his own son Edmund. All
+Europe was filled with horror at the dreadful deed, a crime almost
+unheard of in its impiety. The young prince's bones were buried in the
+monastery of Hayles which his father had founded; while his heart was
+brought to Westminster, and placed in a golden chalice "in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> hand of
+a statue" near the shrine of Edward the Confessor. The old chronicler
+Matthew of Westminster adds with deep satisfaction, "One of his
+murderers, Simon, died this year in a certain castle near the city of
+Sienna: who during the latter part of his life being, like Cain,
+accursed of the Lord, was a vagabond and a fugitive on the face of the
+earth."<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>Apart, however, from all other interest, the terrible deed will be
+forever memorable, as it drew from Dante "the one single notice of
+Westminster Abbey in the <i>Divina Commedia</i>."<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Inferno</i>, the centaur who was then guiding Dante and Virgil,
+showed them a shade up to his chin in the river of blood&mdash;all alone in a
+corner, shunned even by his fellow-murderers&mdash;and said,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Colui fesse in grembo a Dio<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lo cuor, che'n su'l Tamigi ancor si cola.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6"><i>Inferno, xii.</i>, 119.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He in God's bosom smote the heart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which yet is honour'd on the bank of Thames.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p><p>The citizens of Viterbo had a picture of the young prince's murder
+painted on the wall in his memory; "and a certain poet beholding the
+painting, spoke thus:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Henry, the illustrious offspring of great Richard,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fair Allmaine's king, was treacherously slain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">As well this picture shows, while home returning<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From Tripoli, by royal favour guided;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Slain in the service of the cross of Christ<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By wicked hands. For scarcely mass was done,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When Leicester's offspring, Guy and Simon fierce,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pierced his young heart with unrelenting swords.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus did God will; lest if those barons fierce<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Returned, fair England should be quite undone.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This happened in the sad twelve hundredth year<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And seventieth of grace, while Charles was king.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And in Viterbo was this brave prince slain.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I pray the Queen of Heaven to take his soul again."<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Dean Stanley says in his "Memorials of Westminster," "The
+bones of such an ox (Bos primicerius) were discovered under the
+foundations of the Victoria Tower, and red deer, with very fine antlers,
+below the River Terrace." I derive this from Professor Owen. Bones and
+antlers of the elk and red deer were also found in 1868 in Broad
+Sanctuary in making the Metropolitan Railway.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 21.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Lectures delivered in America. Charles Kingsley.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 28.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 129.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 126.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Street. Essay on Influence of Foreign Art on English
+Architecture</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster Abbey," Dean Stanley, p. 136.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Matthew Paris' Chronicle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Matthew of Westminster's Chronicle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster Abbey," Dean Stanley, p. 140.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Cary's Dante.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Matthew of Westminster.</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CONQUEST OF WALES&mdash;PRINCE ALPHONZO.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In our first stroll about Westminster Abbey, we saw its gray walls
+towering up in the midst of noisy, hurrying London. We stood in the
+Sacrarium and looked at the foundations of Edward the Confessor's great
+Norman Church. We learned how Henry the Third built the new and noble
+Abbey which is standing at this day. We saw how he crowned his long and
+troubled reign by the translation of the Confessor's body to the
+gorgeous shrine he had prepared for it. Let us now, standing for a
+moment beside this shrine, talk of a little boy whose memory is closely
+bound up with an important event in the history of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Yet first, for the sake of those who have not been to Westminster, I
+will try to explain the general plan of the eastern end of the Abbey.
+Imagine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> a narrow horseshoe of which the points are straight instead of
+being bent inwards. The space inside the horseshoe represents Edward the
+Confessor's Chapel; the shoe itself the ambulatory, a wide passage where
+the monks used to walk, and processions passed round to the shrine; and
+outside this passage are built, on the south the chapels of St. Edmund,
+and St. Nicholas; on the north the chapels of St. Paul and St. John the
+Baptist; while on the east of the horseshoe curve are the steps up to
+Henry the Seventh's Chapel. These chapels all lie behind the grand
+screen that runs right across the choir at the back of the altar, and
+are not used for service any longer, with the exception of Henry the
+Seventh's. All the congregation sit in the choir in front of the altar
+rails, and in the north and south transepts, which spread out right and
+left from the choir like two broad arms of a cross.</p>
+
+<p>I know few more overpowering sights than the vast Sunday congregation of
+between three and four thousand people. The Sacrarium black with men.
+The wide altar steps closely packed with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> people who have often been
+waiting for more than an hour outside the doors to secure a good place.
+Men and women and children wedged together in the densely crowded
+transepts, standing willingly throughout the long service because there
+is not a seat left. The privileged few coming in by the comparatively
+empty nave from the cloisters, and taking their places in the stalls or
+in the seats of those connected with the Abbey; well-known faces there
+are among them&mdash;princes and statesmen, men of letters and foreigners of
+note. Then the hush as the clock strikes three in Poets' Corner, and a
+faint harmonious "amen" is sung in the distant Baptistery by the choir,
+at the end of the prayer which is always said before they come in to
+service. The organ plays softly, so softly that you hear the echoing
+tramp of the long procession now winding up the nave. Six or eight
+pensioners, old soldiers in quaint blue cloth gowns and silver badges,
+enter and take their places. And as the white-surpliced boys appear in
+the black shadow of the gateway under the organ screen, the whole three
+thousand people rise quietly to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> their feet and stand. First come the
+boys of Westminster School with their masters, and take their places
+right and left. Then the little chorister boys, walking two and two, the
+smallest in front&mdash;little mites who look as if they would hardly know
+their letters, but who march gravely to their seats, and sing the long
+service like sweet-voiced little birds. Then the "singing gentlemen of
+Westminster Abbey," as the men in the choir are called&mdash;many of them
+well-known professionals, whose names are seen during the week at the
+best concerts in England. Then come the clergy. The minor Canons first
+who intone the service. Next to them the Canon in residence, who, during
+his two months at Westminster, is present at every service week-day and
+Sunday. And last of all the Dean.</p>
+
+<p>After the Dean has gone into his stall on the right of the entrance, the
+service begins. The monotone of the prayers breaks into rich harmonies
+now and again at the responses&mdash;the organ re-echoes through the arches
+and pillars with thundering of the pedals, and wild, pathetic
+reed-notes. The splendid voices of the choir fill the building<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> from end
+to end in the Psalms and canticles; or a boy's voice, singing a solo
+verse, floats up quivering and throbbing like a nightingale's song in a
+still wood at evening. And then&mdash;but I am speaking of "the days that are
+no more"&mdash;a small figure&mdash;unutterably dignified, with a pale, refined,
+determined face&mdash;in his white robes, his scarlet Doctor of Divinity's
+hood, and the crimson ribbon of the Order of the Bath with its golden
+jewel round his neck&mdash;followed the black-robed verger who carried a
+silver mace, up from the stalls, through the two walls of human beings,
+to the marble pulpit just outside the altar rails. And every face turned
+with eager expectation towards the bowed head, and hung breathless on
+the eloquent words that rang like a clarion through the great church;
+for it was Arthur Stanley, Dean of Westminster, who was preaching.</p>
+
+<p>But we are lingering in the choir, full, to us who know and love it, of
+such keen present interest. I must take you back into the Confessor's
+Chapel and the remote past.</p>
+
+<p>We go through the iron gates that shut off the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> chapels from the choir,
+and climb the steps out of the ambulatory, for the Confessor's Chapel is
+raised several feet above the pavement of the Abbey. It lies, as I have
+said, directly behind the altar, only divided from it by the splendid
+screen which was erected early in the fifteenth century. This screen on
+the western side has been beautified and restored, and forms the reredos
+to the altar. But in the Chapel its eastern face is untouched; and, if
+you have patience to trace out the quaint carvings along the top, you
+will find they are a history of some of the miraculous and wonderful
+events of Edward the Confessor's life; the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus;
+St. John giving the ring to the Pilgrims; the quarrel between Tosti and
+Harold, Earl Godwin's sons, when the king predicted the calamities they
+would bring in after years upon England; and many more scenes of like
+nature.</p>
+
+<p>Below the screen, which is wrought with exquisite carving into niches
+and canopies, stands a curious old chair. This is the Coronation Chair,
+in which all English sovereigns have sat at their coronations since it
+was made in Edward the First's reign. But more curious than the chair is
+the rough block of stone which it incases. That block is the mysterious
+stone of Fate which Edward the First captured at Scone in Scotland&mdash;the
+stone on which every Scotch king had been crowned from the days of
+Fergus the First&mdash;the stone on which every English king or queen has
+been crowned since. And legends carry the history of that stone back
+into the remotest past. They say that it was the stone pillow on which
+Jacob slept at Bethel; that it was carried by the Jews into Egypt; that
+the son of Cecrops, King of Athens, carried it off to Sicily or Spain;
+that from Spain it was taken by Simon Brech, the son of Milo the Scot,
+to Ireland, where after many marvelous adventures it was set up on the
+sacred Hill of Tara as the "Lia Fail" or Stone of Destiny; and that
+Fergus, the founder of the Scottish monarchy, bore it at length across
+the sea to Dunstaffnage.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 347px;">
+<img src="images/illus040_th.jpg" width="347" height="500" alt="DEAN STANLEY." title="" />
+<span class="caption">DEAN STANLEY.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p><p>Whether we believe the whole history of the Stone of Destiny or not, the
+chapel in which it stands is a wonderful place. In the centre rises the
+Confessor's shrine, the remains of the mosaics<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> with which it was
+encrusted showing what its splendor must have been. The mosaic pavement
+of 1260 is under our feet. Henry the Fifth's shield and helmet hang
+aloft on a bar above his chantry. All round us are the splendid
+monuments of the kings. Richard the Second, Edward the Third and Queen
+Phillipa, Henry the Fifth under his beautiful chantry, Henry the Third
+in his gorgeous tomb inlaid with marbles and mosaic, Good Queen Eleanor,
+and her husband Edward the First&mdash;they all are there! "The greatest of
+the Plantagenets," as he has been called, lies beneath an enormous
+monument of solid gray stone, absolutely plain, without carving, brass
+or mosaic. Only his gigantic two-handed sword lies upon it, and along it
+runs this inscription:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Edwardus Primus Scotorum malleus hic est, 1308. Pactum Serva.</i>"<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is of Edward the First's reign we are to talk. For besides being the
+Hammer of the Scots, he conquered the last stronghold of the British
+race, and made their land forever a part of England.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For four hundred years Wales had been a thorn in the sides of the Saxon
+kings, a thorn in the sides of the Norman Conquerors and their
+descendants. The Britons, driven westward by the all-conquering
+Anglo-Saxons, had taken refuge in the fastnesses of that wild and
+mountainous region. There they had lived, "a mass of savage herdsmen,
+clad in the skins and fed by the milk of the cattle they tended,
+faithless, greedy, and revengeful."<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Every fresh earldom which the
+English had wrested from them, often with barbarous injustice and
+cruelty, had been the signal for some equally barbarous reprisal. The
+history of the border countries is one perpetual record of raids and
+fightings, of lands laid waste with fire and sword, flocks and herds
+driven off, women and children carried into captivity.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But in Henry the Second's reign, just as the British race seemed sinking
+deeper and deeper into barbarism, a strange revival of patriotism took
+place. The Bards of Britain, for centuries silent, suddenly burst into
+song again. The praise of every British hero, the glory of every fight,
+was sung throughout the land; and the sound of the harp heard in every
+house. These singers of freedom chanted of joy in battle, of their
+country's liberty, of hatred of the Saxon oppressor. And they sang of
+their great prince, Llewellyn, "towering above the rest of men with his
+long red lance, his red helmet of battle crested with a fierce wolf;
+tender-hearted, wise, witty, ingenious." Wales, stirred by their trumpet
+calls, had soon burst aflame to drive the Saxon from the land.</p>
+
+<p>With a succession of victories for the Welsh prince, Llewellyn&mdash;the Lord
+of Snowdon&mdash;the hopes of his people had risen high. The dissensions of
+Henry the Third's reign had strengthened their hands. Llewellyn the
+younger, no longer calling himself Lord of Snowdon, but "Prince of
+Wales," had made himself sovereign of all the Welsh chieftains, and had
+also allied himself with Simon de Montfort during the great earl's
+revolt against the king.</p>
+
+<p>But now in the very moment of Llewellyn's triumph, the accession of
+Edward the First to the English<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> throne revived all the old questions of
+homage to the sovereign. Llewellyn and the King of Scotland were both
+summoned as vassals of the crown to Edward's coronation&mdash;the first that
+took place in Westminster Abbey as we know it. The King of Scotland
+came. But the "Prince of Wales" was absent. He did not dispute Edward's
+right to claim his homage: but excused himself on account of the dangers
+he would run on a journey to London, by reason of the enmity that
+existed between him and some of the lords marchers. Six times in two
+years was he summoned. And to none of these appeals did he vouchsafe the
+slightest attention.</p>
+
+<p>Edward was a wise and politic prince; he saw of course from the very
+beginning that the union of England and Wales would be a boon to both
+countries, and that it must inevitably come about sooner or later. But
+though some historians have accused him in this matter of grasping
+ambition, and greedy haste to seize on the principality, the records
+seem to show that he exercised most uncommon patience with his turbulent
+and troublesome<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> neighbor, wishing rather to make him his loyal vassal
+and friend than to wrest his territory from him.</p>
+
+<p>In 1276, in reply to the sixth summons Llewellyn sent letters demanding
+his bride, Eleanor de Montfort, Earl Simon's daughter, and cousin of the
+king, who had been taken prisoner the year before on her way from France
+to join Llewellyn to whom she had been married by proxy. He further said
+that he would do homage at Oswestry or Montgomery, "provided a safe
+conduct were sent him guaranteed by the archbishop and the archdeacon,
+by the Bishop of Winchester, and by the earls of Warrenne and
+Gloucester, Lincoln and Norfolk"&mdash;thereby implying that the king's word
+was not sufficient.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 374px;">
+<img src="images/illus048_th.jpg" width="374" height="500" alt="CHAPEL OF HENRY THE FIFTH." title="" />
+<span class="caption">CHAPEL OF HENRY THE FIFTH.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p><p>This insolence raised a universal feeling of anger. The king's patience
+was exhausted. "The Parliament at once declared Llewellyn contumacious,"
+and the "military tenants" of the crown were ordered to assemble in the
+following midsummer at Worcester, to march into Wales. Six months seem
+in these days rather a long pause after declaring war. But this gives
+one a notion of the slowness of communication, and the difficulties of
+travel and transport in the Middle Ages. It now takes but three weeks or
+so to equip a whole army, and send it overseas in transports that can be
+had at a moment's notice. But in the thirteenth century it was all that
+Edward, one of the first generals and greatest politicians of his age,
+could do, to prepare a little fleet at the Cinque Ports, and to gather
+his land forces by the appointed time. When once, however, he found
+himself face to face with the enemy, "the fabric of Welsh greatness fell
+at a blow." The southern chiefs speedily submitted. Llewellyn's
+brothers, David and Roderick, joined the king, and were honorably
+received by him. The fleet attacked Anglesea by sea, and the "Prince of
+Wales," finding himself hemmed in on every side in the wilds of Snowdon,
+threw himself upon the royal mercy.</p>
+
+<p>Edward now gave full proof of his natural generosity and clemency. A
+treaty was signed in which Llewellyn consented to pay the king a tribute
+of one thousand marks a year for the Isle of Anglesea; to pay fifty
+thousand pounds for the cost of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> war; and to give ten hostages for
+the fulfilment of these engagements. The very next day, Edward, who had
+made peace the moment the Welsh Prince desired it, remitted the fine of
+fifty thousand pounds and soon after gave up the tribute for Anglesea
+and restored the hostages. He then invited Llewellyn to spend Christmas
+at Westminster; and in the following summer prepared a princely wedding
+at Worcester for him and Eleanor de Montfort.</p>
+
+<p>For four years the Welsh troubles seemed at an end. All was apparently
+peace and content. But "a prophecy of Merlin had announced that when
+English money became round, the Prince of Wales should be crowned at
+London, and a new coinage of copper money, coupled with the prohibition
+to break the silver penny into halves and quarters, as had been usual,
+was supposed to have fulfilled the prediction."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> Upon such slight
+matters do the fate of nations hang. The hopes of the misguided Welsh
+were again excited; and in 1282, Llewellyn's brother David&mdash;who had been
+heaped with favors by Edward, given an English earldom,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> and married to
+the Earl of Derby's daughter&mdash;suddenly broke into open rebellion. On
+Palm Sunday he surprised the garrison of Hawarden Castle&mdash;now well known
+as the residence of Mr. Gladstone, the English Premier. He hurried Lord
+Roger de Clifford the governor, wounded and in chains, over the
+mountains, while he himself and Llewellyn, who never before agreed, were
+now reconciled, and together overran the marches with fire and sword.</p>
+
+<p>Even now Edward strove to come to terms before taking up arms. He
+allowed the archbishop to go to Llewellyn as a mediator. It was of no
+use. So in the summer of 1283 he collected his forces and once more
+entered Wales.</p>
+
+<p>In the campaign which followed, the sufferings of the English were
+terrible. Llewellyn held out in Snowdon with the determination of
+despair. An English detachment was cut to pieces at the Menai Straits;
+and the war was prolonged into the winter. The undaunted king, however,
+rejected all proposals of retreat; and gave orders for the formation of
+a new army at Caermarthen to complete the circle of investment. This
+proved needless. Llewellyn,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> fearing probably to be shut up and starved
+out in his fastness, left Snowdon and passed into Radnorshire. Here he
+fell in with a party of English under the command of Edward Mortimer and
+John Gifford; and in a skirmish at Builth on the banks of the Wye he was
+killed by Adam Frankton, an English soldier, who did not even know who
+he was. But the body of the dead man, lying in the little hollow among
+the broom beside the spring, was recognized by some of the leaders. His
+head was cut off and sent to the king. Then, crowned with ivy, it was
+set up over the gate of the tower of London. Thus was Merlin's prophecy
+fulfilled. The "Prince of Wales" was indeed crowned at London.</p>
+
+<p>David of Snowdon held out in the wilds of the mountains for a few
+months, and at last was arrested and sentenced to a traitor's death.</p>
+
+<p>With Llewellyn's death Wales became and has remained ever since, part of
+the kingdom of England. English laws were established, and the barbarous
+Welsh laws abolished. The country was divided into shires and hundreds
+on the English model. Strong castles were built at Conway and
+Caernarvon;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> and at the latter in 1284, Queen Eleanor gave birth to "the
+Prince of Wales, who could not speak a word of English," as his father
+said when he presented the future Edward the Second to the Welsh
+chieftains. A tradition has existed that Edward completed the
+pacification of Wales by a massacre of the Bards. In spite of that very
+familiar quotation from Gray's Ode,</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+Ruin seize thee, ruthless king!<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>one is thankful to know that modern historians have proved this terrible
+accusation to be a mere fable; besides it is a fact that from the time
+of Edward to that of Elizabeth, the productions of the bards were so
+numerous as to fill more than sixty volumes in quarto.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime the Abbey had been yearly growing in beauty. Edward the First
+added to his father's building. On his return from the crusades he
+brought from France the slabs of porphyry, the precious marbles, which
+still help to make his father's tomb one of the most gorgeous monuments
+in the Abbey. He filled the Confessor's Chapel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> with trophies of his
+wars&mdash;the dagger with which he was wounded at Acre&mdash;the Black Rood of
+St. Margaret and the Stone of Fate from Scotland. But these were all
+given in later years. What we have to do with were certain trophies of
+the Conquest of Wales.</p>
+
+<p>While the king was still engaged in quieting down his new principality,
+his eldest son Prince Alfonzo, named after his grandfather Alfonzo of
+Castile, came journeying back to London. He brought with him Llewellyn's
+golden crown, said by tradition to have belonged to King Arthur, also
+jewels and ornaments, and possibly the precious Crocis Gneyth (or Cross
+of St. Neot) which certainly was brought to the Abbey from Wales during
+Edward the First's reign.</p>
+
+<p>The little lad who was twelve years old, came with these treasures to
+Westminster; and he offered up Llewellyn's crown and the jewels in the
+Confessor's Chapel, where "they were all applied to adorn the tomb of
+the blessed King Edward."<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> We can fancy the boy, dressed after the
+fashion of those days in chain armour from head to foot with a long
+flowing cloak, accompanied by a great train of knights and nobles,
+wending his way up the solemn Abbey with his offerings, and gravely
+hanging up the crown in the Sanctuary of the English Kings.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There is indeed something to touch one's imagination in this act&mdash;the
+hand of the innocent boy putting the finishing stroke to the great
+struggle between the British and Anglo-Saxon races. Henceforth they were
+to be one. The proudest title of the heir to the English throne was to
+be "Prince of Wales." The Plantagenets were to reign over Arthur's
+mysterious realm, till two hundred years later Arthur and Llewellyn's
+descendants, the Tudors, should sit on the throne of England.</p>
+
+<p>But Alfonzo's short life was nearly at an end. Matthew of Westminster
+goes on to say: "This Alfonzo died this year, being about twelve years
+of age&mdash;dying on the nineteenth of August, on the day of St. Magnus the
+king, and his body was honorably buried in the Church of Westminster,
+near the tomb of St. Edward, where it is placed between his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> brothers
+and sisters, who were buried before him in the same place."</p>
+
+<p>The exact spot where Alfonzo lies is uncertain. Bur Mr. Burges, writing
+in Sir Gilbert Scott's <i>Gleanings from Westminster Abbey</i>, makes a happy
+suggestion, which I like to think is a correct one. When all England was
+mourning for Henry the Fifth, a chantry where daily masses were said for
+the repose of his soul, was built over his tomb at the extreme east end
+of the Confessor's Chapel. The heavy stone step on which his tomb rests
+was laid upon, and nearly covered, a flat monumental slab in the mosaic
+pavement. The part of the slab which projects beyond the step is worn
+down by hard usage into a mere mass of gray stone. But Sir Gilbert Scott
+thought that if a bit of the superincumbent stone was raised, some
+portion of the more ancient monument might exist beneath. He therefore
+cut a square block out of the step, and underneath it, sure enough,
+found the remains of a fine Purbeck slab. It was inlaid with a brass
+cross, brass letters ran around the edge, and what heralds call "the
+field" was filled with glass mosaic. Four letters<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> of the inscription
+remain on each side&mdash;most likely part of the words "<i>pries pur
+l'ame</i>."<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> This monument is generally said to commemorate the infant
+son of William de Valence. Mr. Burges however suggests that it is just
+as likely to be the tomb of Alfonzo; and as it would exactly correspond
+with the position in which Matthew of Westminster says he was buried, I
+think we may safely conclude that the young prince lies there.</p>
+
+<p>Near by in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist there is a very beautiful
+monument to a little nephew and niece of Prince Alfonzo&mdash;Hugh and Mary
+de Bohun. They were children of his sister Elizabeth and of the powerful
+and resolute Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who more than once
+opposed Edward the First in measures which he thought hurtful to the
+kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>"This gentleman and his sister," as one of the Abbey historians calls
+the children, died about 1300; and their tomb stood at first in the
+Confessor's Chapel. It was removed from thence by Richard the Second to
+make room for his own<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> monument, and placed in the Chapel of St. John
+the Baptist, where it is half buried in the wall.</p>
+
+<p>Young Alfonzo, the bearer of the trophies of the conquest, sleeps
+peacefully enough here at our feet, while we tell his part in the growth
+of England. But what memorial remains in the nineteenth century of the
+last hero of the Britons&mdash;the "Eagle of men"&mdash;the "Devastator of
+England." The Golden Crown that Alfonzo hung up disappeared from the
+Abbey at the Reformation, when sacrilegious robbers broke in and carried
+off the silver head from Henry the Fifth's monument, and many another
+treasure. At Builth a modern house is built over the "Lord of Snowdon's"
+grave. While at the "Llewellyn Arms," a little inn close to the spot
+where he fell, some local artist has made a rough copy of the well-known
+picture of Napoleon crossing the Alps do duty on the signboard as a
+portrait of Llewellyn ap Gruffyd.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Edward the First, Hammer of the Scots, is here. Keep the
+Pact.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> "Green's Short History of the English People," p. 155.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Green, p. 162.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> "Matthew of Westminster."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Gleanings. p. 138.</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3>JOHN OF ELTHAM.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Just within the gate of St. Edmund's Chapel lies the figure of a young
+knight in full armor. His hands, in their jointed gloves, are folded in
+prayer. His head, with the front of his helmet open to show the face, is
+gracefully turned to one side. His feet are crossed against a lion&mdash;a
+creature full of life, who looks round watching his young lord's placid
+face.</p>
+
+<p>Who is this fair young knight, deemed worthy of a place in what Dean
+Stanley loved to call "the half-royal chapel, full of kings' wives and
+brothers"?</p>
+
+<p>He is Prince John of Eltham, son of Edward the Second, created Earl of
+Cornwall by his brother, Edward the Third, who lies in state on the
+other side of the ambulatory.</p>
+
+<p>Prince John was born on Ascension Day, 1315, at Eltham in Kent, "where
+our English kings had sometime a seat." The second son of Edward the
+Second and his wicked wife Isabella of France, the poor baby came into
+the world in sorely troubled times. The year before his birth his weak
+and worthless father had been hopelessly defeated by the Scots under
+Robert Bruce at Bannockburn. And during the young prince's short life
+England was a prey to war without, intrigue and revolution within. The
+whole of Edward the Second's reign is a confused record of public and
+private strife. A horrible succession of famines laid waste the land. A
+fresh campaign against Scotland ended in a humiliating truce for
+thirteen years. The Queen, Prince John's mother, on pretence of
+concluding a treaty between her husband and her brother, King Charles
+the Fourth, carried off Prince Edward, a child twelve years of age, to
+France. There she was joined by her vile favorite Mortimer; and neither
+threats nor entreaties could persuade her to return until she landed at
+Orwell in 1326 with a great following of exiled nobles, and proclaimed
+her son Edward "guardian of the realm." Deserted by all, her wretched
+husband was at last captured in Wales and carried to Kenilworth, where
+he was deposed by the Queen and Parliament in 1327. He died a few months
+later, murdered by Mortimer's orders at Berkeley Castle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 167px;">
+<img src="images/illus061_th.jpg" width="167" height="500" alt="EFFIGY OF JOHN OF ELTHAM." title="" />
+<span class="caption">EFFIGY OF JOHN OF ELTHAM.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p><p>His downfall was the sign for a new outbreak in Scotland. Bruce broke
+the thirteen years' truce; and the boy-king, Edward the Third, marched
+against him only to meet with fresh disaster. The tide of fortune
+however was turning. Isabella and her favorite were fast becoming<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+odious to the nation; and in 1330 Edward, the future conqueror of
+Cressy, with his own hands arrested Mortimer at Nottingham, whence he
+was hurried to execution. The Queen-mother went into lifelong seclusion
+at Castle Rising in Norfolk; and the young king assumed the control of
+the affairs of the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>In 1328, the year after his brother Edward's accession to the crown,
+John of Eltham was created Earl of Cornwall in a parliament at
+Salisbury. The next year Edward journeyed to France to do homage for his
+lands there; and Prince John was made "Custos of the kingdom and King's
+Lieutenant while he went beyond the seas." It seems an extraordinary
+responsibility for a boy of fourteen. But those Plantagenets were a
+strong and precocious race. Edward the Third was only eighteen when he
+took the reins of government into his own hands in 1330&mdash;the year that
+his eldest son, the famous Black Prince, was born. And the Black Prince
+won his spurs in the glorious fight of Cressy when he was barely
+sixteen. So there was nothing very unusual in the young Earl of Cornwall
+administering the government of the kingdom during his brother's absence
+in France, and again later on while the king was in Scotland.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 396px;">
+<img src="images/illus064_th.jpg" width="396" height="500" alt="TOMB OF JOHN OF ELTHAM, ST. EDMUND&#39;S CHAPEL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">TOMB OF JOHN OF ELTHAM, ST. EDMUND&#39;S CHAPEL.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p><p>In 1333, when he was seventeen, proposals of marriage were made between
+John of Eltham and Joan daughter of Ralph the Count of Eu; and in the
+next year with Mary daughter of the Count of Blois: but both
+negotiations fell through. Perhaps Prince John, full of the fighting
+instinct of his race, preferred to follow his brother to Scotland, where
+a fresh war had broken out. In 1334 a third proposal of marriage was
+made between the Prince and Mary, daughter of Ferdinand, King of Spain.
+The agreement was drawn up and all was settled. The wedding however was
+not to be. "For in the month following being in Scotland in St. John's
+Town (now Perth) he died in October, 1334, at his nineteenth year of
+age."</p>
+
+<p>Prince John's body was brought from Scotland to Westminster, where he
+was solemnly interred in the Abbey. The funeral was one of extreme
+magnificence; the Westminster monks receiving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> as much as one hundred
+pounds for horses and armor offered as gifts at it. This practice of
+offering at funerals armor and horses which sometimes were afterwards
+redeemed for money, was by no means unusual in the Middle Ages. At Henry
+the Fifth's burial, his three chargers marched up the nave to the altar
+steps behind his funeral car. And every one who has been in the Abbey
+must remember how the saddle, the shield, and "the very casque that did
+affright the air at Agincourt&mdash;"<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> the helmet "which twice saved his
+life on that eventful day," and still shows the dents of the Duke of
+Alen&ccedil;on's ponderous sword&mdash;hang in the dusky light above his chantry.</p>
+
+<p>King Edward seems to have been dissatisfied with the first place chosen
+for his young brother's tomb. There is a very interesting warrant
+written in curious old French among the archives of the Abbey, dated
+"Brussels, the twenty-third day of August, in the thirteenth year of our
+reign," while Edward was beseiging Tournay in 1340. In it he directs the
+abbot and monks to order and suffer, <i>"que le corps de nostre trescher
+frere Johan jadis Counte de Cornewaill peusse estre remuez et translatez
+du lieu ou il gist jusques a autre plus covenable place entre les
+Roials. Faisant toutesfoitz reserver et garder les places plus
+honourables illoeques pour le gisir et la sepulture de nous et de noz
+heirs, selonc ce que reson le voudra droitement demander."</i><a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>St. Edmund's Chapel was therefore chosen as meeting all requirements. It
+lies on the south side of the Abbey, and is only separated from the
+Confessor's Shrine and the tombs of the kings by the ambulatory. Of all
+the tombs of that period in the Abbey, John of Eltham's is considered
+one of the most remarkable. He must have been the very pattern of a
+gallant young knight. His effigy of white alabaster impresses you at
+first with a sense of profound repose. Then when you look more closely
+you begin to see what a striking figure it is; and you picture to
+yourself the young Earl of Cornwall riding with his young brother, the
+king, at the head of their troops through the bleak<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> north-country, over
+the wild wastes of the Border, up to fair Perth lying on the Tay, where
+the fishermen draw in nets full of silvery salmon, and the
+moors&mdash;covered with pink and brown heather and swarming with plump
+grouse&mdash;roll up to the mountains of the Highlands. We can see the very
+clothes he wore, for his effigy as a specimen of military costume is
+most interesting and valuable. He is clad in plate armor, and wears the
+<i>cyclas</i>, a curious garment cut much shorter in front than behind;
+"beneath it, the <i>gambeson</i>; then the coat of mail; and lastly the
+<i>haqueton</i>." The Prince's sword-handle, ornamented with lion's heads, is
+beautifully sculptured; and the shield has three splendid lions on
+it&mdash;the English royal arms&mdash;bordered with the French fleur-de-lis. Round
+his helmet is a coronet, which is remarkable as the first of the kind
+known. It is of the ducal form with greater and lesser trefoil leaves
+alternately, instead of the usual circlet.</p>
+
+<p>The tomb is surrounded by small, finely executed alabaster statues
+representing mourning kings, queens, and relations of the dead prince.
+Terribly broken though they now are&mdash;some are destroyed altogether, and
+all are headless&mdash;enough of them remain to show that they were
+sculptured with wonderful grace and spirit.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 329px;">
+<img src="images/illus070_th.jpg" width="329" height="500" alt="ANCIENT CANOPY OF THE TOMB OF JOHN OF ELTHAM." title="" />
+<span class="caption">ANCIENT CANOPY OF THE TOMB OF JOHN OF ELTHAM.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p><p>But the worst loss that the monument has sustained is in the exquisite
+Gothic canopy of carved stone which once surmounted it. It was highly
+colored and gilded, with an angel on a small spire crowning the centre.</p>
+
+<p>In 1776 Elizabeth Percy, first duchess of Northumberland, whose name
+will always be remembered as the patroness of literature to whom we owe
+the <i>Percy Reliques</i>, was buried in the family vault of the Percys in
+the Chapel of St. Nicholas. In spite of her repeated desire that the
+funeral should be "as private as her rank would permit" a vast crowd
+collected, so</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>that the officiating clergy and choir could scarcely make
+their way from the west door to the chapel. Just as the
+procession had passed St. Edmund's Chapel, the whole of the
+screen, including the canopy of John of Eltham's tomb, came
+down with a crash, which brought with it the men and boys
+who had clambered to the top of it to see the spectacle,
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> severely wounded many of those below. The uproar and
+confusion put a stop to the ceremony for two hours. The body
+was left in the ruined Chapel, and the Dean did not return
+till after midnight, when the funeral was completed, but
+still amidst cries of murder, raised by such of the
+sufferers as had not been removed.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The broken canopy was never restored. The Dean of that day seems to have
+thought it not worth while to take the trouble of mending it; and by his
+order it was swept away. The fragments, it is said, found their way to
+Strawberry Hill, Walpole's famous villa, where, at some time in the end
+of the last century, they were put up for sale, having been used as a
+chimney piece. Their subsequent fate I have not been able to ascertain.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to believe that such an act of vandalism took place
+little more than a hundred years ago. The Deans of Westminster now are a
+very different race to the one who swept away John of Eltham's beautiful
+canopy. With the beginning of this century a spirit of love and
+veneration for Westminster Abbey seemed to revive. Dean Vincent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+appealed to Parliament and persuaded the nation to repair Henry the
+Seventh's chapel which was falling into decay. Under Dean Ireland free
+admission was given to the greater part of the Abbey. And Dean Buckland,
+the well-known geologist, carried on the good work by taking down some
+hideous screens which shut off the transepts from the choir. He was
+succeeded by Dean Trench, the present learned Archbishop of Dublin, who
+inaugurated the special services on Sunday evening in the nave&mdash;a grand
+movement in the right direction. And all this time public interest was
+growing more and more keen about the Abbey. New discoveries were being
+made by architects and antiquarians each year. But it was not until Dean
+Stanley succeeded the Archbishop of Dublin that the Abbey came quite to
+life. No one who has ever accompanied the late Dean in those memorable
+excursions which he delighted to make over the building can forget the
+enthusiasm with which his vivid descriptions inspired his listeners.
+Whether he was talking to the Emperor of Brazil, or a score of poor
+factory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> lads from some northern town, the brilliancy and humor of his
+speech held them spellbound. To him Westminster owes among many other
+things that unrivalled volume of <i>Memorials</i>&mdash;from which I have so often
+had occasion to quote&mdash;the most perfect handbook to any cathedral that I
+know, save his yet more perfect <i>Memorials of Canterbury</i>, written when
+he was canon of that cathedral. Dean Stanley's memory which must always
+be present in the minds of those who have known him at Westminster, is
+specially bound up with my recollections of St. Edmund's Chapel; it was
+one of his most favorite spots in the Abbey, and John of Eltham's tomb
+one of those he most delighted to show to all his visitors. And this
+brings us back from nineteenth century deans to fourteenth century
+princes, and to the old tombs in whose histories we can find such
+inexhaustible mines of interest.</p>
+
+<p>In 1340, two more young "royals" were buried beside John of Eltham in
+St. Edmund's Chapel. These were his nephew and niece who died quite
+young&mdash;William of Windsor and Blanche de la<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> Tour&mdash;children of Edward
+the Third. The boy was born at Windsor, which was fast becoming a rival
+to Westminster as a royal residence; and little Blanche was born at the
+Tower of London. The effigies in white alabaster are very small, only
+about twenty inches long: but they are in full costume of the time. The
+boy wears the short close-fitting jerkin, with a wide jewelled belt
+round the hips, and a flowing cloak fastened with a jewelled clasp falls
+to his feet. The little girl has on a full long petticoat with a tightly
+fitting bodice, to the square neck of which her mantle is fastened by a
+cordon with a rose and two studs. The hideous muffled chins of the last
+century had given place to a horned headdress (the horns are broken in
+little Blanche's effigy) and a close net of gold, each wide mesh,
+through which the hair shows, being fastened at the crossing with pearls
+or precious stones. Blanche's feet rest against a little lion: but her
+brother's have been broken off obliquely. The tomb altogether has been
+cruelly used, and no trace of the children's faces remain. Yet who can
+wonder, when we see the way in which John<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> of Eltham's splendid monument
+has been mutilated.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 460px;">
+<img src="images/illus077_th.jpg" width="460" height="500" alt="TOMB OF WILLIAM OF WINDSOR AND HIS SISTER BLANCHE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">TOMB OF WILLIAM OF WINDSOR AND HIS SISTER BLANCHE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>When these two little children were laid to rest in the Abbey, their
+father was just beginning his great wars with France&mdash;the wars that
+lasted for a hundred years and only ended in Henry the Sixth's reign
+with England's final loss of her French possessions. And six years
+after, in 1346, Cressy was fought and won by their brother, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> Black
+Prince. With the battle of Cressy, England entered upon a career of
+military glory, which, though for a time it proved fatal to her higher
+interests, gave her a life and energy she had never known before, and
+laid the foundation of the Englishman's dogged love of fighting that is
+not quite dead yet, if we may judge by the way British soldiers and
+sailors fought at El Teb.</p>
+
+<p>At Cressy, too, Feudalism received its death blow, when the English
+churl struck down the French noble, and the despised yeoman "proved more
+than a match in sheer hard fighting for the knight." Though the nobles
+rode into battle as of old at the head of their vassals and retainers,
+the body of the army consisted no longer of baronial levies, but of
+stout Englishmen serving willingly for pay, and armed like Chaucer's
+Yeoman on the pilgrimage to Canterbury:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A sheaf of peacock arrows bright and keen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Under his belt he bare full thriftily.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Well could he dress his tackle yeomanly:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His arrows droop&egrave;d not with feathers low,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And in his hand he bare a mighty bow.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p><p>If you would know how men fought in those days, read for yourselves in
+old Froissart's chronicle, and see how he exults in the charge of the
+cavalry bearing down the foe on their ponderous Flemish horses&mdash;in the
+solid ranks of the foot soldiers&mdash;in the flights of arrows that fall
+like hail from the tough bows of the archers. And when the fight is over
+how he glories in the tourneys and jousts&mdash;the song of troubadour and
+minstrel&mdash;the chase with hawk and hound.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of abuses, in spite of all the miseries that these protracted
+wars, this lust of conquest and fighting entailed, there still is
+something inexpressibly attractive in the nobler aspects of chivalry. To
+rescue the captive, to free the oppressed, to journey away</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">into Walachy<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To Prussia and to Tartary,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To Alexandria or Turkey,<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>doing deeds of valor for the mere reward of a silken scarf from his
+lady, or, noblest of all, for the love of right and truth&mdash;is there not
+something admirable in this? Is not the idea of true<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> knight and
+lady&mdash;"a race of noblest men and women, trying to make all below them as
+noble as themselves"&mdash;<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> is not that a fair ideal, worthy of imitation
+by all of us?</p>
+
+<p>The earlier phases of Chivalry with its elaborate rules, its laws
+written and unwritten, were past long before Cressy. The great medi&aelig;val
+companies of knights, which made it one of the greatest powers for good
+or evil in Europe, were broken up. The Crusades were over, and knights
+could no longer gain fame and honor by fighting against the Paynim under
+the banner of the Cross. But still it was in Edward the Third's reign
+that Chivalry entered upon a period of unequalled glory and
+magnificence. The Garter&mdash;the most illustrious order of English
+knighthood, was instituted by the king at Windsor; and he and his son
+were foremost to set examples of unsurpassed valor in many a deed of
+desperate daring. Although Chivalry was far from perfect, let us
+remember that Bayard "<i>sans pure et sans reproche</i>" was its ideal
+knight.&mdash;That many a gentle knight and squire was trying to do his best,
+to live worthy of his God, his King, and his Lady.&mdash;That<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>all dignity, courtesy, purity, self-restraint,
+devotion&mdash;such as they were understood in those rough
+days&mdash;centred themselves round the idea of <i>the rider</i> as
+the attributes of the man whose supposed duty, as well as
+his supposed right, was to govern his fellow men, by example
+as well as by law and force;&mdash;attributes which gathered
+themselves up into that one word&mdash;Chivalry: an idea, which,
+perfect or imperfect, God forbid that mankind should ever
+forget, till it has become the possession&mdash;as it is the
+God-given right&mdash;of the poorest slave that ever trudged on
+foot.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>And when we look on young John of Eltham's noble face, let us believe
+that had he grown to man's estate, "Mary, daughter of Ferdinand, King of
+Spain," might have said to him:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For trust ye well that your estate roy&aacute;l,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor vain delight, nor only worthiness<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of you in war or tourney martial,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor pomp, array, nobility, rich&eacute;s,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of these none made me rue on your distress;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>But moral virtue, grounded upon truth,</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>That was the cause I first had on you ruth.</i><a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Shakespeare <i>King Henry the Fifth</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster," p. 599. "That the body of our
+very dear brother John late Count of Cornwall should be removed and
+translated from the spot where it lies to another and more suitable
+place among the Royals. Always reserving and keeping the most honorable
+places for the rest and sepulture of us and our heirs, according to that
+which reason will justly demand."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>Memorials</i>, p. 352.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> "Ancien R&eacute;gime." C. Kingsley.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> "Ancien R&eacute;gime." C. Kingsley.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> "Chaucer's Troilus and Cressid."</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3>EDWARD THE FIFTH AND RICHARD.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Across the wide roadway that runs past Westminster Abbey from the Houses
+of Parliament, stands a low group of buildings, facing the north door.
+Part of these are the Westminster Police Courts; and about one o'clock,
+black-gowned and white-wigged lawyers may be seen rushing out of them to
+get their luncheon. The part which fronts the road is the National
+Society's Depot, from whence maps and books, slates and pencils go to
+furnish all the village schools in England. Hundreds of people go in and
+out of the door every day. Thousands pass it by. But very few, I
+imagine, reflect on the meaning of the blue plate on the corner, upon
+which is written in white letters: "Broad Sanctuary."</p>
+
+<p>From its earliest foundation, Westminster Abbey<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> shared with some thirty
+other English monasteries the right of "Sanctuary." Any man in danger of
+life or liberty, let the cause be what it might, was safe could he but
+once set foot within the precincts of the Sanctuary. No one could touch
+him. The monks would not violate this sacred privilege by giving him up.
+His foes dared not violate it by pursuing him and taking him by force.
+This right of Sanctuary, established in days when "law" meant the will
+of the strongest, was often useful in saving an innocent life that
+otherwise would have been sacrificed to some unjust tyrant. But as
+civilization developed, as the constitution of England encouraged the
+framing of wise and just laws for the protection of the good and
+punishment of the evil-doer, "Sanctuary" became a frightful abuse.</p>
+
+<p>"The grim old Norman fortress"&mdash;the actual sanctuary&mdash;stood on the
+present site of the National Society's Depot. But the whole precinct of
+the Abbey shared the privilege; and the space now covered by St.
+Margaret's Church and churchyard was often occupied by a vast crowd of
+distressed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> or discontented citizens who desired, as they called it, to
+"take Westminster."</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sometimes, if they were of higher rank, they established
+their quarters in the great Northern Porch of the Abbey,
+with tents pitched, and guards watching round, for days and
+nights together.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Thieves or malefactors would often break away from their captors, as
+they were being led by the winding "Thieven Lane" outside to their
+prison in the gatehouse, and darting into the consecrated ground would
+defy all attempts to lure them forth.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Rich men run thither with poor men's goods. There they
+build, there they spend and bid their creditors go whistle
+for them. Men's wives run thither with their husband's
+plate, and say they dare not abide with their husbands for
+beating. Thieves bring thither their stolen goods, and there
+live thereon. There devise they new robberies: nightly they
+steal out, they rob and reave, and kill, and come in again
+as though these places gave not only a safeguard for the
+harm they have done, but a license also to do more.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p><p>The results of this state of things were felt long after the right of
+Sanctuary ceased to exist in James the First's reign. The district
+outside the precincts of Westminster has always been one of the very
+worst in London. The writer remembers some twenty years ago walking home
+with her relative, Mr. Froude, from Sunday afternoon service at the
+Abbey, through Great Peter street, and being told to take care of her
+purse as every house was a thieves' den. In many of them there was a
+dressed-up manikin hung with bells, on which little children were given
+lessons in stealing. If they picked the manikin's pockets without
+ringing the bells they were rewarded: but if a bell tinkled they were
+beaten. Happily this street and many others like it were swept away by
+the great new thoroughfare, Victoria street, and its branches; and noble
+men and women are working day and night to civilize and christianize the
+slums which lie to the south of the Abbey. But it will be many a year
+before that Augean stable is cleaned out, which originated with those
+who "took Westminster."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;">
+<img src="images/illus086_th.jpg" width="325" height="500" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p><p>Only twice was Sanctuary broken at Westminster. On August 11, 1378, two
+knights named Hawle and Shackle, escaped from the Tower of London where
+they had been imprisoned by John of Gaunt, and fled to the Abbey. For
+greater security they took refuge in the Choir itself, during the
+celebration of High Mass. Alan Boxall, constable of the Tower, and Sir
+Ralph Ferrers with fifty armed men were close behind them, and burst in
+upon the service "regardless of time or place." Shackle escaped. But
+Hawle, chased round and round the Choir, at last fell dead in front of
+the Prior's Stall, pierced with twelve wounds. His servant and one of
+the monks who had tried to save him, were killed with him; and the stone
+on which he lay dead may be seen to this day with the effigy traced upon
+it. The Abbey&mdash;profaned by the horrible crime&mdash;was shut up for four
+months, and "Parliament was suspended, lest its assembly should be
+polluted by sitting within the desecrated precincts."<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The second outrage took place during Wat Tyler's rebellion, when, by his
+orders, one John Mangett, Marshal of the Marshalsea, was torn from one
+of the slender pillars of the Confessor's Shrine to which he clung for
+safety.</p>
+
+<p>But to us, "Sanctuary" is specially interesting, as it is intimately
+connected with the short and tragic lives of Edward the Fifth and
+Richard, Duke of York, his brother.</p>
+
+<p>In 1470, Edward the Fourth&mdash;betrayed by his brother Clarence, and by
+that terrible and splendid personage Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick,
+"The Kingmaker"&mdash;fled over seas with a small following to the court of
+his brother-in-law, Charles the Bold, in Flanders. His Queen, Elizabeth
+Woodville, was then living in the Tower, where Henry the Sixth, the
+deposed king, was imprisoned; and thus by a strange conjunction, the
+Yorkist Queen and the Lancastrian King were within that grim building at
+the same time. When Elizabeth heard that her husband had taken flight,
+and that Henry was to be restored to the throne, she came secretly by
+water from the Tower, and took Sanctuary at Westminster, with her three
+daughters and Lady Scroope "in greate penurie<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> forsaken of all her
+friends." Here Thomas Millyng, the abbot, received her with kindness,
+sending her provisions&mdash;"half a loaf and two muttons"&mdash;daily. And here
+on the fourth of November was born her</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>faire son, called Edward, which was with small pompe like a
+poore man's child christened, the godfathers being the Abbot
+and the Prior of Westminster, and the godmother the Ladie
+Scroope.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Queen remained in Sanctuary until the spring of the next year, when
+her husband returned in triumph to the capital two days before the great
+battle of Barnet. There Warwick the Kingmaker, was slain, the
+Lancastrian forces were broken up, and Edward was once more king of
+England. The Queen has given in her own words an account of her joyful
+meeting at Westminster.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When my lord and husband returned safe again and had the
+victory, then went I hence to welcome him home, and from
+hence I brought my babe the Prince unto his father, when he
+first took him in his arms.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p><p>Edward was not ungrateful to Westminster for the refuge it had afforded
+his queen in her sore distress. Abbot Millyng became a favorite at
+court, and was made Bishop of Hereford. The king gave at different times
+"fourscore oaks and about two hundred and fifty pounds<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> in money
+towards the new building of the nave." The Queen gave one hundred and
+seventy pounds, and built the Chapel of St. Erasmus on part of the
+present site of Henry the Seventh's chapel, and endowed it with the
+manors of Cradeley and Hagley in Worcestershire. And the young prince
+during the last eight years of his father's life gave twenty marks
+yearly towards the completion of the nave, which work had been begun by
+Henry the Fifth.</p>
+
+<p>But the poor Queen was destined to fly again to Sanctuary, in yet more
+sore distress. In April, 1483, Edward the Fourth died. Edward, Prince of
+Wales&mdash;the babe born in Westminster&mdash;was twelve and a half years old,
+and was living in some state at Ludlow Castle in Shropshire. He had a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+council of his own, composed chiefly of his mother's relations and
+friends; foremost among whom was Earl Rivers, his mother's brother, and
+his own half brother Lord Grey (son of the Queen by her first marriage
+to Sir John Grey). Shortly before his death the king had drawn up
+ordinances for Prince Edward's daily conduct,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>which prescribe his morning attendance at mass, his
+occupation "at his school," his meals, and his sports. No
+man is to sit at his board but such as earl Rivers shall
+allow; and at this hour of meat it is ordered "that there
+shall be read before him noble stories, as behoveth a prince
+to understand; and that the communication at all times, in
+his presence, be of virtue, honour, cunning (knowledge),
+wisdom, and deeds of worship, and of nothing that shall move
+him to vice."<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>From this quiet, happy life the little boy was rudely awakened by his
+father's death. He was proclaimed King of England under the title of
+Edward the Fifth; and a fortnight later set out for London with his
+uncle Lord Rivers, Lord Grey, Sir Thomas Vaughan and a large retinue.
+All went well until they reached Stony Stratford, a little distance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+from Northampton. There the young king stayed for the night with his
+attendants, while Lord Rivers returned to Northampton to meet the late
+king's brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who was hurrying down from
+the Scotch marches&mdash;ostensibly to pay homage to his nephew.</p>
+
+<p>A struggle had been long impending between two rival parties in the
+state. On one hand the Queen, with her relations, who had been raised to
+wealth and power by her marriage. On the other, Gloucester, with many of
+the old nobility, whose jealousy had been roused by the sudden advance
+of the Woodville family. The king's death and his successor's tender age
+would inevitably bring about a collision. It was now merely a question
+which faction could out-man&#339;uvre the other. Richard of Gloucester struck
+the first blow. Rivers was arrested at his inn.</p>
+
+<p>Gloucester and the duke of Buckingham then rode on to Stony Stratford,
+where they found the poor little king with his company "ready to leap on
+horseback, and depart forward." But it was too late. The dukes arrested
+Vaughan and Grey,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> and brought the frightened boy back to Northampton.
+"He wept, and was nothing content, but it booted not."<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> Richard
+himself took his nephew to London; and at the young king's public entry
+on the fourth of May he bore himself "in open sight most reverently to
+the prince, with all semblance of lowliness."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> The peers also took
+the oath of fealty. But it was only "a semblance." Able and
+unscrupulous, Richard of Gloucester had long been meditating a scheme of
+daring ambition. The first step was accomplished. He had possession of
+his young nephew's person. Now he was appointed "Protector of England."
+And during poor little King Edward's short reign his signature was used
+as an instrument for the ruin of his mother's kindred and friends, and
+for the aggrandizement of his uncle Gloucester's party.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen, meanwhile, saw only too clearly whither these events tended.
+Terrified at Richard's successful blow, seeing that her own faction was
+utterly undone, and fearing for the lives of herself and her children,
+she flew again to her well-known refuge. She left the Palace of
+Westminster at midnight with her youngest son, Richard Duke of York, and
+her five daughters, and lodged in the Abbot's Place.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It was in one of the great chambers of the house, probably
+the Dining-hall (now the College Hall) that she was received
+by Abbot Esteney.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Queen sate alow on the rushes all desolate and dismayed,
+and all about her much heaviness, rumble, haste and
+business; carriage and conveyance of her stuff into
+Sanctuary; chests, coffers, packers, fardels, trussed all on
+men's backs; no man unoccupied&mdash;some lading, some going,
+some discharging, some coming for more, some breaking down
+the walls to bring in the next (nearest) way.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>In the midst of all this dismay and confusion the Archbishop of York,
+Thomas Rotheram, Chancellor of England, brought the Queen the Great
+Seal, trying to comfort and encourage her with a message from the Lord
+Chamberlain Hastings, who thought matters were not so hopeless as she
+imagined. But she mistrusted Hastings as "one of those that laboreth to
+destroy me and my blood." The Archbishop left the Great Seal with her,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>and departed home again, yet in the dawning of the day. By
+which time, he might in his chamber window (his palace was
+on the site of the present Whitehall) see all the Thames
+full of boats of the Duke of Gloucester's servants, watching
+that no man should go to Sanctuary; nor none could pass
+unsearched.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Queen seems to have withdrawn into her old quarters in the fortress
+of the Sanctuary itself, where she had before found safety; and the
+Protector, determined to get possession of both his nephews, proposed at
+his council in the Star Chamber, that if she would not give up the Duke
+of York to keep his brother company he should be taken from thence by
+force. But this proposition only served to show in what respect the
+privilege of Sanctuary was held. The archbishops and spiritual lords
+promptly refused their consent to such a sacrilegious measure. Said the
+Archbishop of Canterbury,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>God forbid that any man should for anything earthly,
+enterprise or break the immunity and liberty of the sacred
+Sanctuary,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> that hath been the safeguard of so many a good
+man's life.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Protector then tried to show that as the child was incapable of such
+crimes as needed sanctuary, so he was incapable of receiving it. This
+ingenious bit of casuistry convinced some of the listeners; and the
+archbishop and several lords went at once to Westminster to try to
+persuade the Queen to give up her boy. But she resisted "with all the
+force of a woman's art and a mother's love."<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>In what place could I reckon him sure, if he be not sure in
+this Sanctuary, whereof was there never tyrant yet so
+devilish that durst presume to break....</i> If examples be
+sufficient to obtain privilege for my child I need not far
+to seek; <i>for in this place in which we now be</i> (and which
+is now in question whether my child may take benefit of it)
+<i>mine other son, now King, was born and kept in his cradle,
+and preserved to a more prosperous fortune....</i> And I pray
+God that my son's palace may be as great a safeguard unto
+him now reigning, as this place was sometime unto the king's
+enemy.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p><p>Gallantly had the poor mother fought for her child's liberty; and at
+last wearied out she ended with a fierce and terrible denunciation of
+her persecutors:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I can no more, but <i>whosoever he be that breaketh this holy
+sanctuary, I pray God shortly to send him need of sanctuary
+where he may not come to it</i>. For taken out of sanctuary
+would I not my mortal enemy were.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>At length, pledging both "body and soul," the archbishop prevailed; and
+the Queen determined to deliver up Prince Richard as a sacred trust.
+Then turning to the child she took leave of him in those well-known and
+most pathetic words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Farewell mine owne sweete sonne, God send you good keeping;
+let me kisse you yet once ere you go, for God knoweth when
+we shall kisse togither againe." And therewith she kissed
+him and blessed him, turned her back and wept and went her
+way, leaving the child weeping as fast.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p><p>Poor mother! Her fears were only too well founded. She never saw her
+sons again. When little Richard was taken into the Star Chamber, the
+Protector took him in his arms and kissed him saying, "Now welcome, my
+Lord, even with all my heart." The boy was then conveyed to the Bishop
+of London's palace, where his brother, the young king, met him with
+delight. This was in the beginning of June; and the two children were
+next removed to the Tower (under pretext of preparing for the coronation
+fixed for the twenty-second), "out of the which," says Sir Thomas More,
+"after that day they never came abroad."</p>
+
+<p>Richard Duke of Gloucester's policy had been developing fast since the
+day he took possession of the young king at Stony Stratford. The Queen's
+party were all in prison&mdash;many of them awaiting execution. Shakespeare
+has vividly described how Richard ridded himself of Lord Hastings,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>
+the late king's favorite adviser, who was the only remaining check on
+his plans. After Hastings' execution the Protector declared that Edward
+the Fourth's marriage was invalid, and that his children could not
+therefore succeed to the crown. After a faint show of reluctance he
+allowed himself to be proclaimed king, under the title of Richard the
+Third, and was crowned at Westminster on the sixth of July.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Every one knows the tragic end to the story. While the little boys lived
+their uncle's throne was insecure. They were still in the Tower. Rivers
+their uncle was beheaded; so were their half-brother Grey and many more
+of their mother's kinsmen and friends. A mystery must always hang over
+this dreadful deed. Whether by Richard's direct order, or simply in
+accordance with his known but half-expressed wishes, the two children
+suddenly disappeared&mdash;murdered, as it was alleged, by their uncle. Sir
+James Tyrell, when tried for high treason in Henry the Seventh's reign,
+only eight years after, confessed to the murder. And it was commonly
+supposed that the boys were "buried in a great heap of rubbish near the
+footstairs of their lodging; where is now the raised terrace."<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> But
+the priest of the Tower having died shortly after, "left the world in
+dark as to the place."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For nearly two hundred years nothing more was known. In Charles the
+Second's reign, however, orders were given to rebuild some offices in
+the Tower. In taking away the stairs going from the King's Lodging into
+the Chapel of the White Tower, the workmen found a wooden chest buried
+ten feet deep in the ground, which contained the bones of two boys,
+about eleven and thirteen years of age. Charles the Second hearing of
+this discovery ordered the bones to be carefully collected and put in a
+marble urn, which he placed in Westminster Abbey, with an inscription in
+Latin of which the following is a translation:</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+Here lie<br />
+The Reliques<br />
+of Edward the Fifth King of <i>England</i>, and Richard, Duke<br />
+of York.<br />
+These brothers being confined in the Tower,<br />
+and there stifled with Pillows,<br />
+Were privately and meanly buried,<br />
+By order of<br />
+Their perfidious Uncle <i>Richard</i> the usurper;<br />
+Whose bones, long enquired after and wished for,<br />
+After two hundred and one years<br />
+In the Rubbish of the Stairs (i. e. those lately leading to<br />
+the Chapel<br />
+of the <i>White Tower</i>)<br />
+Were on the 17th day of <i>July</i>, 1674, by undoubted Proofs<br />
+discovered,<br />
+Being buried deep in that Place.<br />
+Charles the Second, a most compassionate Prince, pitying<br />
+their severe fate,<br />
+Ordered these unhappy Princes to be laid<br />
+Amongst the monuments of their Predecessors,<br />
+<i>Anno Dom</i> 1678, in the 30th year of his Reign.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p><p>The mean and ugly little urn, which was the only monument that "most
+compassionate Prince" could afford to the memory of these two children,
+stands at the end of the north aisle of Henry the Seventh's Chapel,
+close to Queen Elizabeth's tomb.</p>
+
+<p>But let us turn from this dismal theme to something much more cheerful.
+While little Richard Duke of York was in Sanctuary with his mother, he
+must have often run across under the shadow of the great elms that stood
+before the Abbots House, to the Almonry, a small building near by. For
+to the Almonry eight years before a wise man had come with a strange new
+invention. He hung a red pole at the door for a sign; and soon all the
+learned men in the kingdom began to gather at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> Almonry of
+Westminster, and talk to William Caxton, the printer of books. For he it
+was who had come from Bruges in Flanders, bringing with him the first
+printing press that had ever been seen in England. And at Westminster he
+worked away for fifteen years, translating and printing with ceaseless
+industry. It was a hard task that the industrious printer had
+undertaken, for the English language was in a state of transition. The
+tongue of each shire varied so as to be hardly intelligible to men of
+the next county; and Caxton says that the old-English Charters which the
+Abbot of Westminster fetched him as models seemed "more like to Dutch
+than to English." In his translations he had to choose between two
+schools&mdash;French affectation, and English pedantry. "Some honest and
+great clerks," he says, "have been with me and desired me to write the
+most curious terms I could find;" and others blamed him, saying that in
+his translations he "had over many curious terms which could not be
+understood of common people, and desired me to use old and homely
+terms." "Fain would I please every man," the good-tempered printer
+exclaims. But, happily for his successors, Caxton's excellent sense
+inclined him to good, plain English, "to the common terms that be daily
+used"&mdash;and he therefore left a far more lasting mark on English
+literature than can be gauged by the number and importance of the books
+he printed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 317px;">
+<img src="images/illus104_th.jpg" width="317" height="500" alt="MEMORIAL URN IN HENRY THE SEVENTH&#39;S CHAPEL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MEMORIAL URN IN HENRY THE SEVENTH&#39;S CHAPEL.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p><p>The Almonry soon became a centre for all that was most cultivated in
+England. Lord Arundel pressed the printer to take courage when the
+length of the Golden Legend made him "half desperate to have accomplisht
+it," and ready to "lay it apart;" and promised him a yearly fee of a
+buck in summer and a doe in winter if it were done. Noble ladies lent
+him their precious books. Churchmen brought him their translations. A
+mercer of London prayed him to undertake the "Royal Book" of Philip le
+Bel. The Queen's brother, the hapless Lord Rivers, chatted with him over
+his own translation of the "Sayings of the Philosophers." His "Tully"
+was printed under the patronage of Edward the Fourth. And among his
+chief supporters was Richard, Duke of Gloucester, to whom his "Order of
+Chivalry" was dedicated.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is therefore no mere flight of fancy, but a supposition founded on
+good evidence, that little Prince Richard may have beguiled some of the
+weary hours of his captivity by visits to the Almonry, watching the
+curious presses which struck off sheet after sheet of printing, and
+talking to the good-natured printer, who must, by all accounts, have
+been the cheeriest and busiest of men.</p>
+
+<p>The Almonry is gone.</p>
+
+<p>Bareheaded boys from Westminster School play foot-ball under the few
+remaining descendants of the old elms in Dean's Yard, and hurry in and
+out of the gateway with their school books under their arms. All that
+remains of the ancient Sanctuary is that blue plate with white letters.
+But within the great Abbey, the two little princes are in Sanctuary once
+more; never again to leave it while the fabric stands. And William
+Caxton sleeps in St. Margaret's Church close by, while his memory lives
+in every printed page of the English tongue.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 405. Dean Stanley.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Speech of Duke of Buckingham in Sir T. More's "Life of
+Richard the Third."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 408. Dean Stanley.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Holinshed's Chronicle. Vol. 3. p. 300.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Sir Thomas More's History of Edward the Fifth, and Richard
+the Third.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Equal to about &pound;2500 in the present day.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> C. Knight's History of England. Vol. 2. p. 176.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> More.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> More.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster Abbey," Dean Stanley. p. 411.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> More's Life of Edward the Fifth. p. 40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> More.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 412.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> More.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> More.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> "King Richard the Third." Act III., Scene IV.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Dart. Vol. I. p. 170.</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h3>KING EDWARD THE SIXTH.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Between the death of Edward the Fifth and the coronation of another
+boy-king, Edward the Sixth, Westminster Abbey saw momentous changes. Its
+fabric and its constitution were alike altered by the stupendous
+transformation through which England passed in those seventy years.</p>
+
+<p>Henry the Seventh's reign marks a great break in English History. It is
+the close of the Middle Ages. And the Abbey tells the story of this
+break in a strangely vivid and emphatic fashion. As we walk up the wide
+flight of steps beyond the Confessor's Chapel at the extreme east end of
+the Abbey, we find ourselves in a new world. The grave, stately,
+medi&aelig;val church is left behind. And, entering Henry the Seventh's
+matchless chapel, a sense of fervor and richness in the architecture<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+seizes on us. Our eyes feast on the bayed windows with their innumerable
+little diamond panes; the traceries and mouldings on the walls&mdash;not a
+foot left unwrought&mdash;the niches with figures of saint and martyr; the
+grand bronze gates with their Tudor arms&mdash;the rose and portcullis, the
+falcon and fetterlock&mdash;the rich dark wood carving of the stalls, with
+the banners of the Knights of the Bath hanging motionless above each;
+and then the roof, that marvelous stone cobweb, with its bosses,
+carvings and coats of arms, its vaultings springing from the slenderest
+pillars imaginable like graceful palm stems, and spreading out into the
+exquisite fan-tracery that covers the whole&mdash;a network of stone lace. As
+Washington Irving says in his unrivalled description of Westminster,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Stone seems, by the cunning labor of the chisel, to have
+been robbed of its weight and density, suspended aloft as if
+by magic; and the fretted roof achieved with the wonderful
+minuteness and airy security of a cobweb.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 374px;">
+<img src="images/illus110_th.jpg" width="374" height="500" alt="INTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL OF HENRY THE SEVENTH." title="" />
+<span class="caption">INTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL OF HENRY THE SEVENTH.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p><p>Those prodigious pendants of stone, richly carved over their whole
+surface, which hang poised aloft in airy splendor, may well fill the
+mind with wonder almost akin to terror. How do they hold together? How
+has the cunning of man been able to counteract the force of gravity?
+What keeps them from falling on us as we stand gazing up at the stone
+miracle, and grinding us to powder? Not only we, but many wise
+architects have marvelled at that "prodigy of art,"&mdash;at the "daring
+hardihood" which keyed that roof together, every block depending on the
+next, and the whole structure cohering by the perfection of each
+minutest part. The very richness of the work, the seemingly lavish
+tracery, the perforated ornaments behind the spring of the main arches,
+all help to weld it into one abiding whole. It is a fit type of the
+noble strength of perfect unity. For, so say the masons, if one stone
+were to give away, if one pendant were to fall, the whole roof would
+collapse.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing gives one a just idea of the awful weight of stone in that roof
+until one has climbed above it. Would that I could take you, my readers,
+as I have taken more than one American child, for a wander about the
+roofs of the Abbey. It is a world<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> within a world. Do not fancy it is
+all dark and dirty and terrific. Not at all. I know few more charming
+excursions. A little door in the corner of the north transept lets us
+into a turret staircase. Up and up it winds, round the solid smooth
+shaft of stone, till we reach the Triforium. This is the row of double
+trefoil-headed arches that runs all around the Abbey above the great
+pier-arches. From below you think, how frightful to be up on that narrow
+ledge, clinging to the wall. But when you get up to it you find it
+anything but a narrow ledge. It is a grand gallery twenty feet wide,
+large enough to drive a coach and four along it, and lighted at many
+points by rose-windows in the outer walls. The double arches and slender
+pillars which look so beautiful from the ground, are just as interesting
+when seen close. Hardly two of them are alike; the builders of those
+days did their work in no grudging spirit: but lavished fresh designs
+upon every yard.</p>
+
+<p>It is a strange sensation up aloft in this wide gallery, looking down a
+sheer sixty feet into the Abbey, peeping at the stalls of the choir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+peering down the pipes of the organ, watching the people wandering like
+flies over the pavement below us. But the strangest experience of all is
+an excursion such as I am describing at night. One such wandering is
+specially impressed on my memory. Some American friends were with us;
+and lighted by one little lantern we threaded our way through the
+darkness, through the solemn stillness of the wonderful building, and
+came out into the Triforium. Then suddenly three or four clear rich
+voices, one of which is well-known to all who frequent the services at
+Westminster, came floating up from the gulf of gloom beneath us,
+singing,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Lift thine eyes, oh! lift thine eyes to the mountains,
+whence cometh help.</p></div>
+
+<p>I do not think any one of us will ever forget the startling,
+overpowering effect; or listen again to Mendelssohn's trio without a
+thrill.</p>
+
+<p>But we must go on. In only one place is the way perilous&mdash;just under the
+great window in the north transept; for there the passage does narrow to
+a ledge; and the Clerk of the Works, who always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> accompanies these
+wanderings in high places, bids the untried hands be careful. Once past
+the window all is plain sailing again. We make our way round, above the
+Confessor's Chapel, and see his coffin lying in his shrine. We pass
+great rooms where all sorts of <i>d&eacute;bris</i> from the building are kept&mdash;old
+oaken chairs, bits of stone carving, paraphernalia for the coronation or
+for any great ceremony. We walk under the painted glass windows that we
+have watched, shining like jewels at the end of the apse, when we are at
+service in the choir. Then comes another door, another narrow stair, and
+we find ourselves in the strangest place of all. We are on the roof of
+Henry the Seventh's chapel. Overhead the great rafters are piled,
+supporting the outer roof; and as we advance a whirr and a rush of wings
+startle our nerves which are perhaps a little on edge by this time.
+There is nothing to alarm us however, for it is we who have startled
+some of the flock of pigeons who live up in the roofs of the Abbey.
+Hundreds of them congregate here, and get their living down in the great
+restless city below, especially in Palace Yard. The cabmen on the
+cabstand there, waiting for the members to come out of the House of
+Parliament, are greatly attached to the Abbey pigeons. I have often
+watched a rough, gruff "cabby" fetch a pailful of water and set it down
+near his hansom for the pretty birds, who flutter fearlessly, bridling
+and cooing, on to the edge, and dip their pink bills in the cool water,
+and then hop down and peck up the oats the cab-horse has dropped from
+his nose-bag. One would think that nowhere could birds be safer than in
+the sanctuary of Westminster. But alas! they have enemies who respect
+sanctuary far less than King Richard the Third. The vast roofs of the
+Abbey are infested by a breed of fierce half-wild cats. They have lived
+up there for years, and cannot be exterminated; and not only are they a
+perfect pest and plague to all dwellers in the cloisters, but they get
+their living by preying on the poor dear Abbey pigeons.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illus116_th.jpg" width="500" height="411" alt="EXTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL OF HENRY THE SEVENTH." title="" />
+<span class="caption">EXTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL OF HENRY THE SEVENTH.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>However, we did not climb all this height to talk of cats and pigeons;
+and if you once find yourselves in this strange place you will give them
+but little thought. For under our feet is a great stone sea&mdash;vast
+circular pits and troughs of solid stone&mdash;a very maelstrom of rock. Each
+of those great wells narrowing towards the bottom represents one of the
+gigantic pendants below. And here one's wonder is I think increased
+sevenfold, and we ask how was it possible to poise this prodigious
+weight on those slender walls. If we want an answer to our question we
+must look outside the chapel, and observe the graceful Flying
+Buttresses, which hold roof and walls together, springing from the
+upper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> part of the windows, and ending in tall turrets which run down
+and bury themselves in the ground. The buttresses are so light, and so
+richly carved, and the turrets look so completely ornamental, with their
+crockets, and the delicate canopies over the niches&mdash;empty alas! and
+their string-course formed of the Tudor arms, that one thinks of them
+merely as a lovely part of a lovely whole. So they are. But they are one
+of the chief means of binding that splendid roof together&mdash;of keeping
+the walls from being pulled inward by the mass of stone they have to
+support. They act like the guy-ropes which keep a flagstaff upright.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far we have seen how by Edward the Sixth's time the medi&aelig;val
+architecture has given place to the Tudor, the feudal Gothic to the more
+domestic Perpendicular. But in the constitution of the Abbey a far more
+momentous change had taken place. In Henry the Eighth's reign the
+Reformation shook the life of England to its very foundation. It is not
+my intention to enter upon that vast and deeply important subject. I
+only wish to show you some of its effects on Westminster<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> Abbey. The
+Abbey and Monastery of Westminster shared in the general Dissolution of
+Monasteries in 1539. The last Abbot of Westminster was converted into a
+Dean, and "the Monks were succeeded by twelve Prebendaries, each to be
+present daily in the Choir, and to preach once a quarter."<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> The
+"Abbot's Place" was to be known henceforth as the "Deanery." And for us,
+who have known that Deanery in the brilliant days of Arthur Penrhyn
+Stanley, what memories does the name awake. But more. All the relics in
+the Abbey that had been given, as we have seen, by successive kings, and
+with them Llewellyn's golden crown, and the banners and statues around
+the shrine of St. Edward, all these were swept away as worthless or
+worse than worthless. Even the bones of the Confessor were not
+respected; but were moved and buried apart, until Queen Mary brought
+them back and laid them once more in the shrine where they had reposed
+so long, and where they rest to this day. Then robbers broke into the
+Abbey and carried off, among other treasures, the silver head from Henry
+the Fifth's monument. And in Edward the Sixth's reign, when the spirit
+of iconoclasm was at its height, the Protector Somerset even talked of
+demolishing the Abbey Church, and was only deterred from such an act of
+vandalism by the rising, some say, of the inhabitants of Westminster,
+or, by the sacrifice of seventeen manors belonging to the Chapter for
+the needs of the protectorate.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A boy king was once more head of the English nation. When Henry the
+Eighth died in January, 1547, Prince Edward was not quite ten years old,
+his sister Elizabeth nearly fourteen, while Mary, the elder sister, was
+thirty-one. In less than a month after his father's death, Edward was
+crowned at Westminster, and very curious the accounts are of the
+ceremony. As was usual, the prince spent the few days before his
+coronation at the Tower; and the procession from thence to Westminster
+was of extreme magnificence. The little boy was delighted by an
+Arragonese sailor who "capered on a tight-rope down from the battlements
+of St. Paul's to a window at the Dean's Gate."<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>An old man in a chair, with crown and sceptre, represented
+the state of King Edward the Confessor. St. George would
+have spoken, but that His Grace made such speed for lack of
+time he could not.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The service at which Archbishop Cranmer, the king's godfather,
+officiated, was still that of the Church of Rome: but it was greatly
+shortened,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>partly "for the tedious length of the same," and "the tender
+age" of the King&mdash;partly for "that many points of the same
+were such as, by the laws of the nation, were not
+allowable."<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>And there were various other differences in matters of detail, into
+which we have no space to enter, which showed that a radical change had
+taken place in England since Henry the Eighth's coronation. Even
+shortened as it was, the service was so long and exhausting that the
+poor little king was carried out fainting before it was over.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;">
+<img src="images/illus122_th.jpg" width="395" height="500" alt="EDWARD THE SIXTH.&mdash;From a Painting by Holbein." title="" />
+<span class="caption">EDWARD THE SIXTH.&mdash;From a Painting by Holbein.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p><p>A "marvellous boy," "<i>monstrificus peullus</i>" as an Italian physician
+described him, must King Edward have been. When other boys have their
+heads full of bats and balls, of bird'snesting and fishing, this little
+lad was writing a diary of political events, the history year by year of
+his own reign&mdash;a strange document when one thinks of the author's youth.
+In it he gravely set down all manner of questions which usually trouble
+only old heads. And King Edward's journal is still one of the most
+valuable records of the time. Although it does not exhibit any very
+original views, this diary shows a strangely impartial spirit. It shows
+too a good deal of the coldness of the Tudor nature; for one is
+unpleasantly impressed at finding the young king recording the
+executions of his two uncles&mdash;Somerset and Seymour&mdash;with the most
+stoical indifference; and setting aside the right of his sisters Mary
+and Elizabeth to the crown, with a hard cold remark that they are "unto
+us but of the half-blood."</p>
+
+<p>Edward held very strong and decided opinions on all points connected
+with the Reformed Church of England.</p>
+
+<p>He was the first sovereign to whom the Bible had been presented at his
+coronation,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>an act which may perhaps have suggested to the young King
+the substitution, which he had all but effected, of the
+Bible for St. George in the insignia of the Order of the
+Garter.</p></div>
+
+<p>By the time he was fourteen his precocious mind became aware of the
+manner in which his uncle Somerset, had abused his power and taken
+advantage of his childhood. He saw how the exchequer had been emptied by
+the rash wars with France and Scotland into which the Protector's
+ambition had dragged England. How the coinage was debased. How crown
+lands worth five million of English money of the present day, had been
+granted away to the Protector's friends. All this the boy-king saw. He
+felt the shame of his debts; and although he could do little to stop
+such scandals, he did what he could. According to a schedule he devised,
+we find him diminishing the garrisons of the forts and the Irish army;
+ordering greater economy in his household; cutting down the wardrobe
+charges, and disallowing various claims for fees.</p>
+
+<p>Edward now took part regularly in public business, and began to inquire
+into the daily transactions of the Council. "He required notice
+beforehand of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> the business with which the council was to be occupied,
+and an account was given in to him each Saturday of the proceedings of
+the week." There is a rough draft of his will, dictated to Sir William
+Petre the year before his death, which shows how his mind had dwelt
+silently on the events of his boyhood. "Should his successor like
+himself, be a minor, his executors, unlike his father's, should meddle
+with no wars unless the country was invaded." But of all the writings he
+left, the most interesting and important is an unfinished fragment on
+the condition of England. Although it was written three hundred years
+ago by a boy of fifteen, some of it is such fine and wholesome reading
+for us nowadays, that I must quote part of Mr. Froude's account of it.</p>
+
+<p>"A king who at fifteen could sketch the work which was before him so
+distinctly, would in a few years have demanded a sharp account of the
+Stewardship of the Duke of Northumberland."</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Looking at England, ... as England was, the young king saw
+"all things out of order." "Farming gentlemen and clerking
+knights" neglecting their duties as overseers of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> the
+people, "were exercising the gain of living." ... Artificers
+and clothiers no longer worked honestly; the necessaries of
+life had risen in price, and the labourers had raised their
+wages, "whereby to recompense the loss of things they
+bought." The country swarmed with vagabonds; and those who
+broke the laws escaped punishment by bribery or through
+foolish pity. The lawyers and even the judges were corrupt.</p>
+
+<p>Peace and order were violated by religious dissensions and
+universal neglect of the law. Offices of trust were bought
+and sold; benefices impropriated, tillage-ground turned to
+pasture, "not considering the sustaining of men." The poor
+were robbed by the enclosures; and extravagance in dress and
+idle luxury of living were eating like ulcers into the
+State. These were the vices of the age; nor were they
+likely, as Edward thought, to yield in any way to the most
+correct formula of justification. The "medicines to cure
+these sores" were to be looked for in good education, good
+laws, and "just execution of the laws without respect of
+persons, in the example of rulers, the punishment of
+misdoers, and the encouragement of the good." Corrupt
+magistrates should be deposed, seeing that those who were
+themselves guilty would not enforce the laws against their
+own faults; and all gentlemen and noblemen should be
+compelled to reside on their estates, and fulfil the duties
+of their place.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p><p>Boys and girls in all countries are apt to say "as happy as a king." I
+wonder if they ever think of the meaning of that phrase. Certainly a
+less enviable position than that of this young king cannot well be
+imagined. Holbein's portraits show him to us a delicate, precocious
+looking boy, with fine features, small mouth, and odd narrow eyes which
+glance with a keen penetration from under the sleepy lids. If he had
+been the son of some country squire he would have been living out of
+doors, making his frail little body strong and healthy, doing ordinary
+lessons, riding and leaping and playing tennis like any other lad of his
+age. But instead of this, we find him a mere tool in the hands of
+unscrupulous advisers, who are filling their own pockets and ruining the
+kingdom at his expense. He is pondering on matters of state when he
+ought to have been playing at marbles. Sitting for long hours in the
+council chamber, when he should have been riding about the forest with
+his hawks and hounds. Galloping all the night through, from Hampton
+Court to Windsor, when his uncle Somerset carried him off to serve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> his
+own ends, and thereby did the king's delicate chest an injury which it
+never recovered. And at length, after six years of a miserable,
+troublous reign, dying at Greenwich before he was sixteen, with the
+lords in council and the judges quarreling about his death bed. Poor
+boy! surely no one would be tempted to envy his fate.</p>
+
+<p>He was buried at Westminster in the splendid chapel that his grandfather
+built and that his father finished under "the matchless altar" which
+stood at the head of Henry the Seventh's tomb. This sumptuous
+"touchstone altar, all of one piece," with its "excellent workmanship of
+brass," was the work of Torregiano, the rival who broke Michael Angelo's
+nose in the gardens of St. Mark at Florence. He came to England to
+complete the adornment of Henry the Seventh's chapel, and lived for
+twenty years in the precincts of the Abbey, where he kept up his
+Florentine reputation by sundry fighting feats against the "bears of
+Englishmen."</p>
+
+<p>The Altar was "by the hot-brained zealots in 41 (1641) demolished; so
+that not the least footsteps<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> now remain;" and only a gray stone slab
+marks the resting place of the last male heir of the Tudors. But when in
+1868 Dean Stanley made the memorable search in the vaults of the Abbey
+to discover where James the First was buried&mdash;a mystery unsolved till
+then&mdash;a beautiful piece of a carved white marble frieze was found at the
+entrance of Edward the Sixth's grave. This fragment, three feet eight
+inches long, seven inches high, and six inches thick, is the only relic
+which exists of Torregiano's altar. It is now restored as far as
+possible to its original position, under the present altar in Henry the
+Seventh's Chapel.</p>
+
+<p>King Edward's funeral, like his coronation, was remarkable in many ways.
+It was the first service of the Reformed Church of England ever used
+over an English sovereign; and this concession was made by the King's
+Roman Catholic sister, Queen Mary. She was not present; being at the
+requiem sung in the Tower under the direction of Gardiner, her chief
+adviser. Archbishop Cranmer conducted the service at Westminster. Thus
+"the last and saddest function of his public ministry which he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> was
+destined to perform," was the burial of his godson, this young king,
+whom he had both baptized and crowned.</p>
+
+<p>"The one admirable thing which the unhappy reign produced," must however
+never be forgotten. While King Edward's uncle Somerset was ruining the
+kingdom, and paying with his head for his ambition&mdash;while the Duke of
+Northumberland was plotting to set aside Henry the Eighth's will, and to
+place his own daughter-in-law, the hapless Lady Jane Grey, on the throne
+of England&mdash;Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, was working on quietly in
+the midst of all the uproar of war and treason, plot and counter-plot,
+at the English prayer book.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>As the translation of the Bible bears upon it the imprint of
+the mind of Tyndal, so, while the Church of England remains,
+the image of Cranmer will be seen reflected on the calm
+surface of the Liturgy. The most beautiful portions of it
+are translations from the Breviary; yet the same prayers
+translated by others would not be those which chime like
+church-bells in the ears of the English child. The
+translations, and the addresses which are original, have the
+same silvery melody of language, and breathe the same
+simplicity of spirit.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p><p>One other admirable memory has the reign of Edward left in England. If
+you stand on Westminster Bridge near the houses of Parliament, and look
+across the Thames, you see several huge piles of red brick and white
+stone rising on the Lambeth shore. This is the modern St. Thomas's
+Hospital, one of the finest in England, built on the foundation which
+Edward made. Ridley in a sermon preached before the young king, urged
+the rich to be merciful to the poor and to comfort and relieve them by
+charitable works. The sermon so impressed the boy that he founded St.
+Thomas's&mdash;St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in Smithfield, where a few years
+later the martyrs were to suffer at the stake under his ruthless sister
+Mary&mdash;and Christ's Hospital, which we all know as the "Bluecoat" school,
+where Charles Lamb, and Coleridge, and Thackeray and many another
+learned man spent their schooldays. But the boy-king did yet more. In
+eighteen towns of England he founded the famous Grammar Schools which
+"throw a lustre over the name of Edward," although he did not live to
+see the fruit of his noble thought.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Memorials, 464.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 81.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Memorials. p. 81.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Leland. p. 324.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> (Froude. Vol. V. p. 441.)</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<h3>MISS ELIZABETH RUSSELL.</h3>
+
+
+<p>On the 27th of October, 1575, there was a grand christening at
+Westminster. The tiny baby, wrapped in a mantle of crimson velvet, was
+carried with royal pomp into the Abbey. Some of the most splendid and
+famous personages of the day attended to do honor to the child, and the
+queen's majesty was godmother.</p>
+
+<p>Who was this baby? Why was all this display and ceremony expended on an
+infant only five days old?</p>
+
+<p>The little girl was of noble birth. She was daughter of John, Baron
+Russell, second son of the Earl of Bedford, one of that famous family
+which has given England some of her best statesmen for hundreds of
+years. Her mother was a daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, of Gildea Hall in
+Essex, "a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> man of the ancient equanimity and worship," well known for
+his goodness and learning. Sir Anthony brought up his daughters to
+follow in his own footsteps. They were noble and accomplished
+gentlewomen and learned withal, for they could write easily in Greek,
+Latin and Italian, as well as in their own tongue. One of them, Mildred,
+married Sir William Cecil, afterwards Lord Burleigh, Queen Elizabeth's
+famous councillor and adviser. Anne was wife of Sir Nicholas, afterwards
+Lord Chancellor Bacon, whose son was the great philosopher, Francis
+Bacon, Lord Verulam. Elizabeth, Lady Russell, the mother of our "child
+of Westminster," had been married before to Sir Thomas Hobby, ambassador
+to France. And when he died in 1566, Queen Elizabeth wrote a letter full
+of affection and esteem to his widow. In this letter she praises the
+dead Sir Thomas; and then goes on:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>And for yourself, we cannot but let you know that we hear
+out of France such singular good reports of your duty well
+accomplished toward your husband, both living and dead, with
+other your sober, wise and discreet behaviour in that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> court
+and country, that we think it a part of great commendation
+to us and commendation to our country, that such a
+gentlewoman hath given so manifest a testimony of virtue in
+such hard times of adversity. And therefore, though we
+thought very well of you before, yet shall we hereafter make
+a more assured account of your virtues and gifts; and
+where-insoever we may conveniently do you pleasure, you may
+be thereof assured. And so we would have you rest yourself
+in quietness, with a firm opinion of our special favour
+towards you. Given under our signet, at our city of Oxford,
+the &mdash;&mdash; of September, 1566, the eighth year of our reign.</p>
+
+<p class='center'>Your loving friend,</p>
+
+<p class='right'><span class="smcap">Elizabeth R.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>It was "at our city of Oxford" that we chanced upon this letter. Reading
+in the Bodleian Library, at the end of the great cross gallery lined
+with rows of books, tier upon tier, we sat in the month of September,
+1884, at a quiet table beside a huge stone-mullioned window. One of its
+casements of leaded panes, guarded with brown rusty iron bars, was open.
+In the acacia-tree outside a bird was singing. Beyond the delicate green
+foliage, untouched by any thought of autumn, the towers and spires of
+the glorious city rose above red and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> gray roofs. The silence about us
+was only broken by the crisp turning of leaves or the stealthy foot-fall
+of the attendants bringing fresh heaps of books to the half-dozen busy
+workers. There was a fragrant smell of old books&mdash;of leather
+bindings&mdash;so dear to the student's heart. The warm, sweet outer air and
+hot sunshine streamed in at the open window. "The merry, merry Christ
+Church bells&mdash;one, two, three, four, five, six," chimed the quarters;
+and "Mighty Tom" tolled the hours as the morning stole by only too
+quickly.</p>
+
+<p>Two hundred and eighteen years ago in this very month of September,
+Queen Elizabeth was at Oxford, on her way to or from Kenilworth Castle,
+and she wrote the letter to Lady Hobby with those same Christ Church
+bells chiming the quarters and the hours within hearing of her lodgings.</p>
+
+<p>What times those were! The fortunes of England under Elizabeth were
+recovering from long disgrace and decay. The foundation of the Royal
+Exchange, by Sir Thomas Gresham, in that very year 1566, gave English
+trade an impetus of which we in England and America are reaping the
+benefits.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> English ships under such men as Drake and Frobisher, Sir
+Richard Grenville and Sir Humphrey Gilbert, were sailing the seas,
+fighting the Spaniards, and bringing home the wealth of every country in
+the known globe to the port of London. A few years later, Drake in his
+little vessel with eighty men would sail through the straits of
+Magellan, and load his bark with gold-dust and silver ingots, with
+pearls, diamonds and emeralds, the spoils of the "great galleon that
+sailed once a year from Lima to Cadiz," and Raleigh would name Virginia
+after Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen.</p>
+
+<p>But something more precious than commerce, or mere tangible wealth, was
+reviving in England. The prosperity of Elizabeth's reign was signalized
+by an outburst of literature such as the world has seldom seen. In 1566
+Edmund Spenser was fourteen; Sir Philip Sidney was twelve; and William
+Shakespeare was a little two-year-old lad playing about his father's
+black and white half-timbered house in sunny Stratford-on-Avon. What
+need to go further? Those three names alone are enough, to say nothing
+of the host of other writers&mdash;Bacon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> and Fulke Grenville with the
+philosophers and the essayists, Hakluyt and his library of voyages and
+travels, Michael Drayton and the patriotic poets. These were some of the
+men who as statesmen, soldiers, discoverers, poets, have made the
+Elizabethan age the synonym for all that is most splendid, most
+brilliant at home and abroad.</p>
+
+<p>Nine years after the queen's letter from Oxford, Elizabeth Hobby, who
+had meanwhile married Lord Russell, took refuge at Westminster from the
+plague which was then prevalent in London&mdash;that is to say in what we now
+call the city, where all the grand folks of those days lived.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Having obtained so much favor from Dr. Goodman, Dean of
+Westminster, as to have her lodgings within the late
+dissolved Abbey,</p></div>
+
+<p>her little daughter was born in the precincts on October 22, 1575. Lord
+Russell wrote to announce the fact to his brother-in-law Lord Burleigh.
+He was sorely disappointed at the child being a girl. "I could have
+wished with all my heart to have had a boy:" but as that could not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> be
+he would like a wise man "rejoice in having a girl." Then he goes on to
+ask Lord Burleigh to pray the queen to be the baby's godmother. The
+queen willingly granted the request; for her old admiration for Lady
+Russell had by no means abated. Being at Windsor she sent Lady Warwick
+as her deputy, "attended by Mr. Wingfield, the queen's gentleman usher,
+to direct all things in the same cathedral."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wingfield caused "a traverse of crimson taffeta"&mdash;a kind of
+enclosure or regal pew if there be such a thing&mdash;to be set on the right
+side of the altar, near the steps within the chancel; and in the
+traverse a carpet, a chair and cushions of state. This was for the
+deputy, Lady Warwick, who, as she represented the queen, was treated as
+if she were royal.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Then a great basin was set up in the middle, near to the
+high table, a yard high, upon a small frame for the purpose
+covered with white linen, and the basin set thereon with
+water and flowers about the brim.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 390px;">
+<img src="images/illus140_th.jpg" width="390" height="500" alt="QUEEN ELIZABETH.&mdash;From painting in the English National
+Portrait Gallery." title="" />
+<span class="caption">QUEEN ELIZABETH.&mdash;From painting in the English National
+Portrait Gallery.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p><p>On Thursday, October 27, at ten o'clock, all was ready. The witnesses
+and a great company were assembled; and they proceeded from the Deanery
+through the cloister. First came the gentlemen in waiting; then the
+knights in their places; the barons and earls in their degree. Then the
+godfather&mdash;none other than that famous and brilliant personage, Robert
+Dudley, Earl of Leicester, the only man whom the great Queen Elizabeth
+really loved&mdash;her cousin, "Sweet Robin." If you ever come to
+Warwickshire go to Kenilworth Castle, and see the remains of the grand
+Hall where he received the queen with more than royal state at three
+different times. Then go to Warwick, and see his effigy in the Beauchamp
+Chapel, lying beside his third wife, whom he married after poor Amy
+Robsart's death.</p>
+
+<p>Look at the Earl's handsome proud face; and then picture him to
+yourselves as he walked through the cloisters and into the noble Abbey,
+magnificent in dress and bearing, in the heydey of his youth, splendor
+and prosperity at little Bess Russell's christening. After the godfather
+came the unconscious baby&mdash;the centre of all this display&mdash;wrapped<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>in a mantle of crimson velvet, guarded with two wrought
+laces of gold, having also over the face a lawn, striped
+with bone lace of gold athwart, and powdered with gold
+flowers and white wrought thereon.</p></div>
+
+<p>She was carried by the nurse, Mrs. Bradshaw. Her second godmother, the
+Countess of Sussex&mdash;Frances Sidney, aunt of Sir Philip Sidney, and
+foundress of Sidney-Sussex College at Cambridge, followed her. Then a
+gentleman usher. And then the Countess of Warwick, deputy for the queen.
+Her train was borne by Lady Russell's two sisters, Lady Burleigh and
+Lady Bacon; and after them came "other ladies and gentlemen, many."</p>
+
+<p>The deputy went within the traverse, the rest remaining without, while
+the Dean made a short address. After it was over</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Lady Bacon took the child and brought it to the font, where
+the Dean attended in his surplice. Then the Earl Leicester
+approached near to the traverse, and there tarried until the
+deputy came forth, from whence they leisurely proceeded to
+the font, the deputy's train still borne, where she
+christened the child by the name of Elizabeth; which done<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
+the deputy retired back into the traverse again, and the
+nurse took the child, and came down, and there dressed it.</p></div>
+
+<p>Now comes one of the most impressive and picturesque episodes in the
+story.</p>
+
+<p>The account says&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In the meantime, Mr. Philip Sidney came out of the Chapel
+called St. Edward's shrine having a towel on his left
+shoulder, and with him came Mr. Delves, bearing the basin
+and ewer. Then the deputy came forth, her train borne, and
+they two kneeling, she washed.</p></div>
+
+<p>Imagine Philip Sidney, then twenty-three years old, appearing from the
+Confessor's Chapel, which as I have explained lies directly behind the
+altar, with his towel over his shoulder, to kneel before the good and
+charming Countess of Warwick&mdash;Philip Sidney, that exquisite and noble
+soul, the very type and pattern of all that is most beautiful and
+admirable in the age of Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Fair as he was brave, quick of wit as of affection, noble
+and generous in temper, dear to Elizabeth as to Spenser, the
+darling of the Court and of the camp; his learning and his
+genius made him the centre of the literary world which was
+springing into birth on English soil.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p><p>Poet, philosopher, chivalrous knight errant, grave councillor, what
+wonder that he was the idol of the whole country? And the story of his
+death, which we all know, but of which I, for one, never tire, was a
+fitting close to the thirty-two years of this Bayard without fear and
+without reproach. He threw away his life to save the army of his queen
+in Flanders. As he lay dying he called for water. But when it was
+brought and the bottle was put to his lips he saw a poor soldier dying
+near him, and bade them give it to him. "Thy necessity," he said, "is
+greater than mine." And so he died. This was the man who humbly served
+Lady Warwick, the deputy, at our baby's christening.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Then other gentlemen with two basins and ewers, came to the
+Countess of Sussex and the Earl of Leicester; and they
+having washed, immediately came from the aforesaid place of
+St. Edward's shrine, gentlemen with cups of hippocras and
+wafers; that done, they all departed out of the Church
+through the choir, in such order as before, the Lady Bacon
+carrying the child, and so the said ladies and godfather
+went into the Lady Russell's chamber.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p><p>Then the company went to dinner, "a stately and costly delicate
+banquet;" and grace being said by Lord Russell's chaplain, the lords
+washed, and after rose and returned to Lady Russell's rooms.</p>
+
+<p>The baby Bess, like babies nowadays, had her christening presents: "By
+the queen's majesty a great standing cup; Countess of Sussex a standing
+cup; Earl of Leicester a great bowl."</p>
+
+<p>So the pretty child's life began; ushered into that splendid and
+brilliant court with all the pomp and circumstance possible. Not only is
+the record of her baptism curious because it gives us a vivid picture of
+the court at that time, and a glimpse of many famous men and women who
+were present at it: but christenings have been few and far between at
+Westminster. For a long while they ceased altogether; and during this
+century up to about 1868 the few baptisms have been those of children of
+members of the Abbey body. Since that date a very few children, more or
+less connected with Westminster, have been christened each year in Henry
+the Seventh's chapel. And on the last page of the register for 1883,
+there is the name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> of a little grandson of Alfred, Lord Tennyson&mdash;the
+Poet Laureate&mdash;a baby well-deserving such an honor, for his grandfather
+claims descent from King Edward the Third; and from his mother, whose
+wedding took place in the Abbey, he inherits the blood of Robert Bruce.</p>
+
+<p>The next we hear about our little Bess is some years later, when we
+learn that she and her younger sister, Anne, were appointed maids of
+honor to the queen. Their mother, Lady Russell, who was brilliant and
+vivacious, as well as learned in Latin and Greek, had considerable
+influence with Queen Elizabeth, and seems to have used her "kind
+enchantments" in the service of peace and goodwill at court. Towards the
+close of her reign sad days had come upon the great queen. She was
+growing old&mdash;though she could not bear to acknowledge the fact. Some of
+those in whom she had trusted most proved false to her&mdash;like Essex. Her
+splendid progresses through the country, her three thousand dresses,
+could no longer cheer the sad, lonely old woman, who had outlived so
+many of her early friends and counsellors. The violent Tudor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> temper
+which she inherited from her father became more and more ungovernable,
+and sometimes it showed itself towards the unlucky maids of honor.</p>
+
+<p>"The Queen," says Sir Rowland Whyte to Sir Robert Sidney, in 1600:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>hath of late used the fair Miss Brydges (daughter of the
+Lord Chandos), with words and <i>blows</i> of anger; and she with
+Miss Russell, were put out of the coffer-chamber, lying
+three nights at Lady Stafford's, before they could return to
+their wonted waiting.</p></div>
+
+<p>And what was their offence? They had ventured to take medicine without
+leave; and had broken some rule of court etiquette by "going through the
+private galleries to see the lords and gentlemen play at the <i>ballon</i>."
+This was early in 1600. But shortly afterwards the queen, with one of
+her capricious changes of temper, made the full <i>amende</i> for her words
+and blows of anger to poor Bess Russell, on the occasion of her sister
+Anne's marriage to Lord Herbert, son and heir to Edward, fourth Earl of
+Worcester. On June 9, 1600, Lady Russell went to court to fetch her
+daughter Anne away, "of whom the queen in public used as gracious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+speeches as she had been heard to indulge in of any." She sent her lords
+and maids in waiting to escort the bride and her mother to their house
+at Blackfriars. "All went in a troop away"&mdash;the court attendants filling
+eighteen coaches.</p>
+
+<p>The marriage took place on June 16 at Blackfriars, and the queen honored
+the ceremony with her presence. The bride met the queen at the
+waterside, where Lord Cobham, who had offered Her Majesty the use of his
+house, had provided a "lectica made like half a litter, wherein she was
+carried by six knights to Lady Russell's house." The mere name
+Blackfriars now conjures up a vision of the smokiest and dirtiest parts
+of smoky, dirty, dearly-beloved London. A vision of grimy houses crowded
+together, and piled up story on story to utilize every inch of the space
+that is now so valuable&mdash;of tall factory chimneys; Powell's glass-works;
+bustling wharves; huge warehouses; of yelling railway trains, whistling
+and thundering over the great iron bridges that span the Thames; of
+penny steamboats; of heavy barges on the muddy river all defiled by the
+great city that presses down to its banks. St. Paul's dome, the grand
+old Tower of London, and the towers and spires of Sir Christopher Wren's
+"fifty new churches," pierce the smoke and the haze, and rise above the
+roofs of the busiest part of the city. The only trees to be seen are the
+planes on the embankment, along that waterside where the bride met the
+queen. Is this a fit place for a brilliant court to come to a gay
+wedding?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 199px;">
+<img src="images/illus150_th.jpg" width="199" height="500" alt="MONUMENT TO MISS ELIZABETH RUSSELL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">MONUMENT TO MISS ELIZABETH RUSSELL.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p><p>Happily we know what Blackfriars was like in Elizabethan days. At
+Sherbourne Castle in Dorsetshire, Lord Digby possesses a most
+interesting picture supposed to be painted by Isaac Oliver, of this very
+procession from the waterside. There is a pleasant background of fields
+and trees with two or three fine houses standing on the wooded slopes of
+Holborn hill. The queen, clad in a long-waisted dress covered with
+jewels, and wearing a great ruff open at the throat, which was then only
+worn by young unmarried women, is seated in a chair under a light canopy
+borne by six knights. Anne Russell, the bride, walks directly behind the
+litter, in huge hooped skirt of white, with a richly worked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> and
+bejewelled bodice. She wears an open ruff like the queen's, which shows
+her throat. Her mother and Lucy Harrington, Countess of Bedford, who are
+her supporters, have close ruffs that cover their necks, and are dressed
+in black and gray with rich jewels. Nobles splendidly habited, go
+before, two and two; and ladies follow, among whom we may suppose that
+the fair Bess Russell figures. Lord Herbert, the bridegroom, carries the
+right end of the pole that supports the litter, and reaches his left
+hand back to his pretty bride who is close behind him. Next him a slim
+and exquisitely dressed figure is thought by Mr. Scharf F. S. A. to be
+Sir Walter Raleigh, who had just returned with Lord Cobham from a
+mission in Flanders.</p>
+
+<p>After the marriage the queen dined with the wedding party at Lady
+Russell's, where "the entertainment was great and plentiful; and the
+mistress of the feast much commended for it." At night&mdash;for in those
+days dinners were early&mdash;she went to Lord Cobham's where she supped. And</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>after supper came a memorable masque of eight ladies, each
+clad in a skirt of cloth of silver, a rich waistcoat
+wrought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> with silks and gold and silver, a mantle of
+carnation taffeta cast under the arm, and their hair loose
+about their shoulders curiously knotted and interlaced. The
+masquers were Lady Dorothy (Sidney), Miss Fitton, Miss
+Carey, Miss Onslow, Miss Southwell, Miss Bess Russell, Miss
+Darcy, and Lady Blanch Somerset, who danced to the music
+that Apollo brought; and a fine speech was made of a <i>ninth</i>
+muse, much to her praise and honor. "Delicate," says the
+narrator, "it was to see eight ladies so prettily and richly
+attired." Miss Fitton led; and after they had finished their
+own ceremonies, the eight lady masquers chose eight other
+ladies to dance the measures. Miss Fitton went to the queen
+and wooed her to the dance. The queen asked what she was.
+"Affection," was the answer. "Affection!" said the queen,
+"affection is false!" yet she rose and danced as did the
+Marchioness of Winchester.</p></div>
+
+<p>Poor, sad old queen, clinging like a child&mdash;like the true daughter of
+her hapless mother Anne Boleyn&mdash;to any amusement, excitement, display,
+that could divert her weary thoughts from her loneliness, from the
+burdening cares of state; with her bitter jibe at the falseness of
+affection, yet rising and dancing a measure with her maids of honor. It
+is as pathetic a picture as one can look upon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So ends the record of the gay wedding at Blackfriars. But alas! within a
+fortnight the marriage rejoicings were turned into mourning. Our
+beautiful Bess Russell, the child of the court, the child of the Abbey,
+was consumptive. She grew rapidly worse, and a fortnight after her
+sister Anne's wedding she was dead. Her illness indeed, at the last, was
+so sudden that it gave rise to an absurd story, which was commonly
+believed one hundred and fifty years ago; namely, that she died of the
+prick of a needle in her finger which produced gangrene. This however is
+a mere fable, and only came into existence some seventy years after her
+death. She was buried in Westminster Abbey&mdash;that Abbey under whose
+shadow she was born, within whose walls she was christened. Well may
+Dean Stanley call her "the child of Westminster."</p>
+
+<p>Her beautiful monument stands in the Chapel of St. Edmund, near that of
+her father, and of John of Eltham. She sits "in a curiously wrought
+osier chair," leaning her head upon her hand, and pointing at the skull,
+on which her right foot rests, with an expression on her face of great
+sadness<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> and sweetness. On the richly carved pedestal upon which the
+figure is placed are engraved these words: "<i>Dormit, non mortua
+est</i>"&mdash;she is not dead but sleeping&mdash;and below on a scroll we read that
+to the "sacred and happy memory of Elizabeth Russell" this monument is
+dedicated by her afflicted sister Anne.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Bess Russell's effigy is remarkable in more ways than one. It is
+the first of all in the Abbey that is seated erect. Hitherto kings,
+princes, warriors, noble ladies have been content to lie in profound
+repose, their hands crossed or folded in prayer. Lord Russell's figure
+on his splendid monument hard by, shows the first sign of restlessness.
+He lies on his side, supporting his head on his elbow. At his feet is
+the son he wished for so greatly&mdash;little Francis&mdash;who only lived a few
+months; and graceful figures of his two daughters in mourning robes
+support the coat of arms above. In a few years the effigies will begin
+to kneel&mdash;as in the case of Sir Francis Vere's noble tomb where four
+kneeling knights carry his arms on a slab resting upon their shoulders.
+So intensely alive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> do they look that Roubillac the famous sculptor was
+found standing wrapt before them, and when questioned said softly, with
+his eyes fixed on the fourth knight, "Hush! hush! he will speak
+presently!" A little later they will sit&mdash;then stand, like Walpole's
+beautiful mother. Then they will gesticulate with the orators, and rise
+out of the tomb, or the sea, and soar among the clouds, in the execrable
+taste of the last century. All this new movement and life in marble, was
+ushered in by pretty Elizabeth Russell and her worthy father; so that
+their monuments mark a very distinct period in the history of the Abbey.
+The reign, too, of her royal godmother inaugurated the "recognition of
+the Abbey as a Temple of Fame." Queen Elizabeth loved the Abbey, and the
+chapels were crowded with the "worthies" who served her so loyally and
+faithfully. Henceforth not only kings and princes were to be buried in
+the Church of Henry the Third, but all who were great and wise in action
+or in thought, statesmen, soldiers, poets, were to rest within the walls
+of the Pantheon of the English Nation.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE PRINCESSES SOPHIA AND MARY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In 1603 a great change came over the destinies of England. Queen
+Elizabeth, the last of the house of Tudor, died. And James of Scotland,
+the first of those Stuart kings who were to bring civil war, ruin and
+disgrace on our land, came to the throne. A hundred years before, the
+rich Tudor architecture had taken the place in Westminster of the grave
+Gothic of the Middle Ages. Now the strong rule of the Tudors&mdash;often
+unscrupulous, but generally able&mdash;was in like manner succeeded by the
+extravagant misrule of the Stuarts.</p>
+
+<p>It was, however, through their Tudor blood&mdash;through their descent from
+Henry the Seventh, the great-grandfather of that most unhappy woman,
+Mary, Queen of Scots&mdash;that the Stuarts succeeded to the English throne.
+It was fitting, therefore,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> that they should turn to the chapel which
+had been built as a burial place for the Tudor race. And within four
+years of James the First's accession, two "royal rosebuds" were laid to
+rest within its walls.</p>
+
+<p>Let us go to-day and see their monuments.</p>
+
+<p>We mount the wide steps at the extreme east end of the ambulatory, that
+form a sort of vestibule of deepest shadow under the massive archway
+which joins the Abbey to Henry the Seventh's Chapel. The black and white
+marble floor gleams cold, and the sun streams in through the southern
+windows upon the brass of Henry the Seventh's tomb as we look through
+the great bronze gates. But we will not enter them. We will turn to the
+left, where an open doorway leads us out of the dark entry at the head
+of the steps into the quiet light of the north aisle. On either side of
+the great central chapel run these two aisles, only divided from it by
+slender pillars and by the dark oak stalls of the Knights of the Bath.
+They are separate chapels, narrower and smaller than the main one, but
+equally beautiful; with the same cobweb-like stone roof; the same
+clusters of pillars spreading out into fan traceries; and deep, embayed
+windows full of hundreds of diamond panes toned down by the grimy London
+air into a mellow amber color.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 359px;">
+<img src="images/illus160_th.jpg" width="359" height="500" alt="THE MONUMENT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH IN THE NORTH AISLE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE MONUMENT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH IN THE NORTH AISLE.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p><p>As we enter the north aisle we tread on a stone that bears the name of
+Addison. Famous men, poets, generals, statesmen, are all about us. But
+the great monument that stands in the centre of the chapel claims all
+our attention. Under a magnificent marble canopy, still and stern in
+death, lies the last of the Tudors&mdash;that splendid personage who, for
+more than fifty years, ruled over England and kept all Europe at bay;
+and who by word and deed encouraged those who laid the foundation of the
+great transatlantic England. Yes! there sleeps Queen Elizabeth&mdash;the old
+lioness. And in spite of vanities and weaknesses that we are apt
+nowadays to dwell on all too hardly, she was perhaps the greatest woman
+that England has ever seen. Her tomb, built by James the First, "of
+white marble and touchstone from the royal store at Whitehall," is not
+only a worthy memorial of her, but a token of the peace and goodwill
+that the great Abbey speaks of to all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> who will hear. For by her own
+desire, Elizabeth was buried in the same grave with her sister Mary,
+that sister whose very name seems only to bring to mind hatred and
+persecution, the stake and the fagot. Now she and Elizabeth are at
+peace. And on their monument James the First inscribed "two lines full
+of a far deeper feeling than we should naturally have ascribed to
+him":<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Fellows in the kingdom, and in the tomb. Here we sleep; Mary and
+Elizabeth, the Sisters; in hope of the resurrection.</i></p>
+
+<p>There is another effigy of Queen Elizabeth in the Abbey; and a very
+curious one it is. From the thirteenth century until the beginning of
+the eighteenth, it was the custom at royal funerals to carry a
+life-size, waxen image before the coffin, representing the dead in the
+clothes they wore. These effigies were left on the grave for about a
+month, and some of the Abbey officials gained their living by showing
+them to visitors. Most of the waxen figures have crumbled to dust. The
+writer believes that she was the last person to look at that of hapless<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
+Anne Boleyn. It had so fallen to pieces as to be a very hideous object,
+and it has since been locked up and shown to no one. But in an upper
+chamber over the Islip chapel, reached by a little dark stairway, eleven
+of these strange figures are still to be seen in wainscot cupboards with
+glass doors. Among them is Queen Elizabeth; not the original
+effigy&mdash;that was worn out in 1708, when a certain Tom Brown who wrote <i>A
+Walk through London and Westminster</i>, says that he saw the remains of
+it. This is a copy made in 1760; and we see the poor old queen, dressed
+in the long-waisted bodice and hooped skirt we know so well in pictures.
+It is a piteous sight, however; for the effigy, battered and sorely the
+worse for wear, is leaning up against the side of the glass cupboard in
+a most undignified attitude. One would rather think of her as she lies
+still and stately in the beautiful north aisle.</p>
+
+<p>But we must linger no longer about Elizabeth's effigy or her tomb. We
+must pass on to the east end of the chapel, and there we shall find the
+monuments of her two little cousins.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On what used to be the altar step of the north aisle stands a baby's
+cradle&mdash;a cradle on real rockers. A gorgeous coverlet, all trimmed with
+rich guipure lace, falls from the corners of the cradle in splendid,
+rich folds. The arms of England, Scotland, and Ireland are carved on the
+back. And when you look under the head of the cradle you see that a baby
+lies sleeping in it. A darling tiny baby it is&mdash;its little wee face set
+in a close lace cap and lace ruff, under a kind of lace-trimmed hood
+that forms part of the pillow. You can almost fancy that if the cradle
+were set rocking the babe might open her eyes. But "baby and cradle, and
+all," are marble&mdash;marble, yellow with the dust and wear of nearly three
+hundred years.</p>
+
+<p>"The Cradle Tomb" of Westminster, as it is called, has been far better
+described than by any words of mine. A card hangs close beside it,
+placed there by desire of Lady Augusta Stanley, on which is a poem "by
+an American lady." That lady is a well-known favorite of American
+readers; for she is none other than "Susan Coolidge." And the lovely
+verses&mdash;some of which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> I venture to transcribe&mdash;appeared in <i>Scribner's
+Monthly</i> for 1875:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A little rudely sculptured bed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With shadowing folds of marble lace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And quilt of marble, primly spread,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And folded round a baby face.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Smoothly the mimic coverlet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With royal blazonries bedight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hangs, as by tender fingers set,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And straightened for the last good-night.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And traced upon the pillowing stone<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A dent is seen, as if, to bless<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That quiet sleep, some grieving one<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Had leaned, and left a soft impress.<br /></span>
+</div>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But dust upon the cradle lies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And those who prized the baby so,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And decked her couch with heavy sighs,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Were turned to dust long years ago.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The inscription on her cradle tells us that this dear baby,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sophia, a royal rosebud, plucked by premature fate, and
+snatched away from her parents&mdash;James, King of Great
+Britain, France and Ireland, and Queen Anne&mdash;that she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> might
+flourish again in the rosary of Christ, was placed here on
+the twenty-third of June, in the fourth year of the reign of
+King James, 1606.</p></div>
+
+<p>The little creature was born on the twenty-first of June at Greenwich&mdash;a
+favorite palace of the English sovereigns. Great preparations had been
+made for her christening, and for the tourneys which were to be held at
+the same time in honor of her grandfather the King of Denmark's visit.
+But the baby only lived two days, and was hastily baptized "Sophia,"
+after the Queen of Denmark. James the First gave orders that she should
+be buried "as cheaply as possible, without any solemnity or
+funeral."<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> Nevertheless he made a contract with Nicholas Poutrain,
+the royal sculptor, for her monument, the cost of which was not to
+exceed one hundred and forty pounds. And we find that her coffin was
+very solemnly conveyed up the river by barge, covered with black velvet,
+accompanied by three other barges covered with black cloth and bearing
+many nobles, lords, ladies, and the officers-of-arms, to the Parliament
+stairs at Westminster.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> Thence the procession went to the south-east
+door of the Abbey, where it was met by the great lords of the Council,
+the Heralds, and chief officers of the court, the</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Dean and Prebends with the choir; and so they passed to King
+Henry the Seventh's chapel where there was an Antiphon sung
+with the organ; in the meantime the Body was interred in a
+Vault at the end of the Tomb then erecting for Queen
+Elizabeth.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illus168_th.jpg" width="500" height="367" alt="THE CRADLE TOMB." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE CRADLE TOMB.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The chief mourner was that unhappy Lady Arabella Stuart, king James'
+cousin, who, years after,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> ended her troubled life in the Tower, and was
+brought like little baby Sophia "by the dark river," and laid in the
+same grave as Mary, Queen of Scots, her kinswoman.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the same altar step there is another monument to a little
+princess&mdash;Sophia's sister Mary. She was the third daughter of James the
+First: but the first princess of the new dynasty who was born in
+England, and the first royal child baptized in the Reformed Church. As
+"three quarters of a century had elapsed since a child was born to the
+Sovereign of England," great were the rejoicings on little Mary's birth
+upon the eighth of April, 1605. Bonfires were lighted, church bells were
+rung all day long, and there were scrambles for money in the streets.</p>
+
+<p>There is a curious account of the clothes provided for this first
+princess of Great Britain, which shows us how royal babies were dressed
+then. She had</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>a carnation velvet cradle, fringed with silver fringe, and
+lined with carnation satin; a double scarlet cloth to lay
+upon the cradle in the night; a cradle cloth of carnation
+velvet with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> a train, laid with silver, and lined with
+taffety to lay upon the cradle; two small mantles of unshorn
+velvet, lined with the same velvet; one large bearing cloth
+of carnation velvet, to be used when the child is brought
+forth of the chamber, lined with taffety; one great head
+sheet of cambric for the cradle, containing two breadths,
+and three yards long, wrought all over with gold and colored
+silks, and fringed with gold; six large handkerchiefs of
+fine cambric, whereof one to be edged with fair cut work, to
+lay over the child's face; six veils of lawn, edged with
+fair bone lace, to pin with the mantles; six gathered bibs
+of fine lawn with ruffles edged with bone lace; two bibs to
+wear under them, wrought with gold and colored silks,
+etc.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The total value of these fineries and of all the lace and cambric
+required for the baby's trousseau was estimated at three hundred pounds.</p>
+
+<p>Her christening upon the fifth of May, was conducted on the most
+gorgeous scale that had ever been seen in England. Many peers were
+raised to higher rank, and numbers of knights were created barons in
+honor of the occasion. The chapel at Greenwich palace was hung with
+green velvet and cloth of gold. "A very rich and stately font<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> of silver
+and gilt, most curiously wrought with figures of beasts, serpents, and
+other antique works,"<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> stood under a canopy of cloth of gold twelve
+feet square. The child was carried from the queen's lodgings by the
+countess of Derby, under a canopy borne by eight barons. Dukes and
+bishops, earls and barons went before the Earl of Northumberland, who
+bore a gilt basin; and the Countess of Worcester came after him,
+"bearing a cushen covered with Lawne, which had thereon many jewels of
+inestimable price."<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> The Lady Derby's train was borne by the greatest
+countesses in the land; and the baby's "train of the mantle of purple
+velvet, embroidered round about with gold, and furred with ermines,"<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>
+was borne by noblemen. The Archbishop of Canterbury christened the
+little princess. Her godparents were the Duke of Holstein, brother to
+the queen, the Lady Arabella Stuart, and the Countess of Northumberland.
+And when the christening was over, "the heralds put on their coats, the
+trumpets sounded."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p><p>King at arms, "making low reverence unto the King's Majesty,"<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>
+proclaimed the little girl's name aloud in the chapel.</p>
+
+<p>Times have happily changed since those days. Contrast all this fuss and
+cold formality with a simple christening that took place only a week ago
+in England. A little royal duke, in whose veins the blood of the Stuarts
+still flows, was brought to the font of the quiet village church of
+Esher in Surrey. Very peaceful and unpretentious was the baby Duke of
+Albany's christening&mdash;poor little fatherless boy. But there were none
+present who did not truly love and honor the widowed grandmother who
+held him in her arms and the young widowed mother who stood by, or mourn
+for the accomplished, studious father, who died but a few months ago.
+Which is likely to have the happiest childhood&mdash;the little Guelph
+wrapped in the pure white Honiton-lace robe in which all the children
+and grandchildren of Queen Victoria have been christened; or the little
+Stuart in her purple velvet train, among the cloth-of-gold, and heralds,
+and grandees of James the First's heartless, luxurious, extravagant
+court?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Babies were differently treated in those days. Now, be they children of
+a queen, or of the humblest commoner, they stay safe at home in their
+nice, warm nurseries, under their mother's eye. But the royal children
+of that date were sent off to be cared for "by trusty persons of
+quality." Little Princess Mary was given into the charge of Lady
+Knyvett. And on the first of June, when she was not two months old, she
+was taken down to Stanwell where Sir Thomas Knyvett lived.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>He was allowed twenty pounds per week for the diet of the
+princess and of her suite, consisting of six rockers, and
+several inferior attendants; but the king took upon himself
+the payment of their wages, the expenses of her removals
+from house to house, of her apparel, coach and horses,
+etc.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;">
+<img src="images/illus174_th.jpg" width="325" height="500" alt="THE MONUMENTS OF PRINCESS SOPHIA AND PRINCESS MARY." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE MONUMENTS OF PRINCESS SOPHIA AND PRINCESS MARY.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p><p>Lady Knyvett took the greatest care of her little charge. But children
+were badly understood in those times. Badly nursed, and fed, and
+clothed, two thirds of the babies that were born in England died. It was
+only the very strong ones who could survive their bringing-up. Think
+only of that stuffy cradle of "carnation velvet," and the "mantles of
+unshorn velvet," and the bibs "wrought with gold and colored silks."
+Hot, uncomfortable, unhealthy things&mdash;one shudders to think of a little
+tender baby in such garments. Then think of the utter ignorance of most
+of the physicians of those days; and of the appalling disregard of
+ventilation, baths, and proper food. What wonder, then, that little
+Princess Mary did not live long. When she was scarcely more than two
+years old she caught a violent cold, which settled on her lungs with
+burning fever. The queen came constantly to see her little girl. But no
+tenderness or skill availed; and after a month's illness the little
+creature sank on the sixth of September, 1607. For fourteen hours</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>there was no sound of any word heard breaking from her lips;
+yet when it sensibly appeared that she would soon make a
+peaceable end of a troublesome life, she sighed out these
+words, "I go, I go!"<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p><p>And again when some stimulant was given her she looked up and said,
+"Away, I go." And yet once more she repeated faintly "I go;" and so went
+home.</p>
+
+<p>Thus another "royal rosebud" was laid beside the baby Sophia at Queen
+Elizabeth's feet.</p>
+
+<p>On her monument Princess Mary is represented lying on her side,
+half-raised on one elbow which rests upon an embroidered pillow, with
+one chubby little hand uplifted and clenched. She wears a
+straight-waisted bodice which looks as stiff as armor; an immensely full
+skirt that stands out all round her waist; a close lace cap; and a great
+square collar&mdash;the first representation in the Abbey, as far as I
+recollect, of those square collars that were soon to take the place of
+the beautiful Elizabethan ruff. At the corners of her tomb sit four fat
+weeping cherubs, one of whom has his hands raised in a perfect agony of
+grief. And a nice fierce little lion lies at the child's feet, looking
+very alert, and on the watch to guard his young mistress from harm.</p>
+
+<p>It is a beautiful place to rest in&mdash;this quiet chapel, with its walls
+all covered with traceries, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> great stone bosses suspended aloft in
+the blue mist of the roof. Over the stalls in the central chapel hang
+the old banners of the Knights of the Bath with famous names written
+upon them in letters of gold&mdash;names of warriors, explorers, statesmen,
+lawyers, men of science. Glints of deep red, blue and amber from</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+Storied windows richly dight,<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>flash through the dusky air. And above the tombs of the two young
+princesses is the urn containing the bones of Edward the Fifth and
+Richard Duke of York; making this chapel, as Dean Stanley aptly says,
+"The Innocents' Corner."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Memorials of Westminster Abbey. p. 181.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Fuller's Worthies.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Sandford. Kings and Queens of England. Book VII. p. 577.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> "Princesses of England." M. A. E. Green. Vol. VI. p. 91.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Nichols. Vol. I. p. 572.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Stow's Chronicle, p. 862.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Green's Princesses, p. 92.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Nichols. Vol. I. p. 573.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Green's Princesses. p. 94.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Funeral Sermon for Prs. Mary, by G. Leech, preached in
+Henry the Seventh's Chapel, Sept. 23, 1607.</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3>HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Among the Hampshire moors, covered with sheets of purple heather and
+dark forests of Scotch firs, stands a grand old house built of red brick
+with stone facings. It is a noble mansion, with its saloons and
+libraries; its great hall where the Yule log burns at Christmas on the
+hearth of a vast fireplace; its wide oaken staircases, secret doors and
+passages; its "Long Gallery" running the whole width of the building;
+its wonderful ceilings fretted with patterns and pendants of
+plaster-work; its oak-panelled bedrooms; its attics big enough to house
+a whole regiment. Outside there are terraces and lawns of finest turf,
+where Troco and bowls used to be played nearly three hundred years ago;
+and walled gardens opening one into the other with beautiful
+wrought-iron gates of intricate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> pattern. The Virginian creeper climbs
+over the house, and veils the stone mullions of the deep embayed windows
+in a delicate tangled tracery of stems and leaves. Groups of tall red
+brick chimneys rise above the gables of the roof. And crowning the
+splendid western front&mdash;above the great entrance through a triple arched
+porch, above the exquisite oriel window that hangs out from the walls of
+the chapel-room&mdash;the Prince of Wales's three feathers, the badge that
+Edward the Black Prince won at Cressy, are carved in stone.</p>
+
+<p>It seems a long way from Westminster Abbey to Bramshill House. But the
+two are connected in more ways than one with the young hero of our
+story. For King James the First began to build that fine old house as a
+hunting box for his son Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. He brought
+those giant fir-trees from Scotland, that stand like sentinels on
+Hartford Bridge Flats and in Bramshill Park; and he planted them in
+groups here and there as a memento of his northern home, little dreaming
+that they would take so kindly to the soil, and that millions upon
+millions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> of their self-sown children would turn the bleak moorland into
+thick deep forest. Lastly it was in Bramshill Park that the writer's
+worthy ancestor, George Abbott, Archbishop of Canterbury, the dear
+friend and adviser of Henry, Prince of Wales, met with the misfortune
+that blighted his life. King James who was staying either at Bramshill,
+which had been bought by Lord Zouch, or at Elvetham close by, insisted
+on the archbishop going out shooting with him. And when, much against
+his will, the prelate consented, his shot aimed at a deer, glanced off a
+tree and killed one of the keepers instead. The archbishop was suspended
+from his office for a year, and it is said he never smiled again, a
+tradition that is borne out by his beautiful, sad portrait painted by
+Van Dyck.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> It is not, however, with George Abbott, but with the young
+prince he loved so devotedly, that we have to do.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 353px;">
+<img src="images/illus182_th.jpg" width="353" height="500" alt="ENTRANCE TO BRAMSHILL HOUSE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">ENTRANCE TO BRAMSHILL HOUSE.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p><p>The boy on whom the hopes of England were to be centered, was born at
+Stirling Castle in 1594. He was christened six months later at
+Edinburgh&mdash;a guard of the youths of the city, well dressed, standing on
+either side, as Lord Sussex, who had been sent by Queen Elizabeth to the
+ceremony with a present of plate, valued at three thousand pounds,
+carried the baby to the chapel. The child was named by his father,
+"Frederick Henry and Henry Frederick;" and the Bishop repeating these
+names over three times, they were proclaimed by heralds to the sound of
+trumpets. The little fellow was confided to the care of Lady Mar until
+he was five years old, and a very hard time he must have had. For "the
+severity of her temper, as well as the duty of her office, would not
+permit her to use any indulgence towards the prince."<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> But already,
+baby as he was, he gave signs of the sweetness of his disposition; for
+he showed not only reverence, but affection for the fierce old dame, and
+for Lord Mar, her son, who was his governor. When the Prince was taken
+from Lady Mar's severe care, he was given over to a tutor, Mr. Adam
+Newton, to whom he became greatly attached; and Lord Mar, Sir David
+Murray, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> several lords, knights, and gentlemen made up his body of
+attendants. King James lost no time in teaching this little prince the
+duties and responsibilities of his station. The boy was scarcely six
+years old before his father wrote his book of "<i>instructions to his
+dearest son, Henry the Prince</i>," the best of all his works according to
+Bacon, who pronounced it "<i>excellently written</i>." These instructions are
+divided into three books;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>the first instructing the prince in his duty toward God; the
+second in his duty when he should be King; and the third
+informing him how to behave himself in indifferent things,
+which were neither right nor wrong, but according as they
+were rightly or wrongly used.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Before he is seven years old we find the child writing a letter in
+French to the States General of Holland, in which "he expresses his
+great regard for the States, and gratitude for the good opinion, which
+they had so early conceived of him, and of which he had received an
+account from several persons."<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> And on his ninth birthday he writes a
+letter to his father in Latin, beginning "<i>Rex serennissime et
+amantissime pater</i>," in which he tells the king what progress he has
+made, and how that "since the king's departure he had read over
+Terence's <i>Hecyra</i>, the third book of Ph&aelig;drus's <i>Fables</i>, and two books
+of Cicero's <i>Select Epistles</i>; and he now thought himself capable of
+performing something in the commendatory kind of Epistles."<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> This is
+a good deal for a little boy of eight years old to accomplish. How would
+boys of our day like to do as much? They would probably prefer the other
+part of young Prince Henry's education. In 1601, when he was seven years
+old, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>began to apply himself to, and take pleasure in, active and
+manly exercises, learning to ride, sing, dance, leap, shoot
+with the bow and gun, toss the pike, etc., being instructed
+in the use of arms by Richard Preston, a gentleman of great
+accomplishments both of mind and body,</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p><p>who was afterwards made Earl of Desmond in Ireland. Prince Henry was
+devoted to these manly pursuits as we shall see further on; and his
+fondness for them and his disregard of fatigue or exposure, helped, some
+thought, to bring about his untimely death.</p>
+
+<p>In 1603, at Queen Elizabeth's death, the prince was nine years old.
+Before King James left Scotland, which he did immediately upon receiving
+the proclamation that raised him to the throne of Great Britain, he
+wrote a sensible letter to his son, telling him of the immense change in
+their fortunes, but warning him not to let this news make him "proud or
+insolent; for a king's son and heir was ye before, and no more are ye
+now. The augmentation that is hereby like to fall unto you, is but in
+cares and heavy burthens. Be therefore merry, but not insolent: keep a
+greatness, but <i>sine fastu</i>: Be resolute, but not wilfull: keep your
+kindness, but in honorable sort."<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> Excellent maxims; and it would
+have been well for the writer of them to lay them to heart as earnestly
+as his little son did.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Prince and his mother, Anne of Denmark, followed the king to Windsor
+later in the year, spending a whole month on the journey from Edinburgh.
+This seems an absurd waste of time to us, who rush through in ten hours
+and a half by the Limited Mail, breakfasting at Edinburgh, and dining
+comfortably in London. However these Royal progresses were very slow and
+stately affairs. All the great lords and gentlemen whose places lay on
+the route, were honoured by visits. Their grand old castles, their
+beautiful new Elizabethan houses, such as Bramshill which I have
+described, or Hatfield, or Hardwicke Hall, were thronged with guests.
+There were hawking and hunting parties, masques and tourneys, and every
+sort and kind of amusement for the Royal visitors. And we can well
+imagine how interested the precocious young prince must have been in the
+novelty of this journey through the rich kingdom which he hoped to rule
+over one day.</p>
+
+<p>The queen and prince arrived at Windsor during the feast of St. George,
+the patron saint of the famous order of the Garter. The little boy was
+made a knight of this most illustrious order; and astonished those
+present by his "<i>quick witty answers, princely carriage and reverent
+obeisance at the altar</i>,"<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>
+which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>seemed extraordinary in one so
+young and so ignorant of such ceremonies.</p>
+
+<p>As the plague was increasing about Windsor, Prince Henry removed to the
+royal palace of Oatlands on the Thames near Weybridge. Here for a time
+his sister, Princess Elizabeth, lived with him. Few pages of history are
+prettier or more interesting than the story of Henry and Elizabeth's
+affection for each other. She was two years younger than her brother, a
+gay, sprightly girl, destined to a most troubled after-life, for she is
+best known to the world as "the unfortunate Queen of Bohemia,"
+grandmother of our English King, George the First. At sixteen she
+married the Elector Palatine, who was made king of Bohemia by the
+Protestant party in Germany, and thereby found herself in direct
+opposition to the Roman Catholic party, who, backed by Spain, supported
+the claim of Austria to the Bohemian throne. Poor Elizabeth, in spite of
+trouble and sorrow, poverty and the horrors of war, retained, though a
+fugitive and an exile, much of her gayety to the very end of her life;
+and some of her letters,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> even in her days of sorest need, are most
+amusing reading. But the letters that are chiefly interesting to us are
+those which passed between the young brother and sister in their happy
+youth, while Elizabeth was still a merry, light-hearted girl. The
+wretched system of which we have already spoken, that of sending royal
+children away from home to be "boarded out" in the house of some great
+noble or gentleman, caused no little sorrow to this brother and sister.
+Prince Henry, as heir to the crown, was given a separate establishment
+in 1603, and for a time Princess Elizabeth was permitted to share it.
+When they went to Oatlands the king allowed them seventy servants;
+twenty-two above stairs and forty-eight below. This number was soon
+increased to one hundred and four, and later in the year to one hundred
+and forty-one&mdash;fifty-six above and eighty-five below. But this happy
+arrangement did not last long. The princess was sent to Coombe Abbey in
+Warwickshire, under the care of good Lord Harrington, her governor. And
+the prince went to Wolsey's famous palace of Hampton Court,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>where he resided chiefly till about Michaelmas of the year
+following, when he returned to housekeeping, his servants
+having in the interval been put to board-wages.</p></div>
+
+<p>Now began a constant interchange of letters between the children. The
+meetings were rare. So they consoled themselves by writing, telling each
+other of their amusements, their occupations, their journeys, their
+lessons and readings. Here is a pretty one from Prince Henry, written a
+few years later:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>That you are displeased to be left in solitude I can well
+believe, for you damsels and women are sociable creatures;
+but you know that those who love each other best cannot
+always be glued together; and if I have gone from you to
+make war on hares, as you suppose, I would you should know
+that it is not less honorable to combat against hares than
+conies, and yet it is well authenticated by the experience
+of our age, that this latter is a royal game. But this north
+wind, preventing us from our ordinary exercises, will blow
+us straight to London, so in a short time it is probable we
+may celebrate together, the feast of St. Mangiart and St.
+Pensard;<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> to whom recommending you this next Shrove
+Tuesday,</p>
+
+<p class='center'>I am &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;etc. etc.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illus192_th.jpg" width="500" height="349" alt="" title="BRAMSHILL HOUSE, FROM THE NORTH." />
+<span class="caption">BRAMSHILL HOUSE, FROM THE NORTH.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p><p>We now begin to learn something of the boy's tastes. So early as 1604
+when he is but ten years old, he is looked upon as a patron of letters.
+Lord Spencer sends him a present of Philippe de Comines' Memoirs from
+Althorpe, knowing his liking for solid reading. And he is given Pibrac's
+Quatrains in French to learn by heart. He is already corresponding in
+Latin with the Doge of Venice, the Landgrave of Hesse, the Duke of
+Brunswick, the Prince of Poland, and his grandfather, the King of
+Denmark. Then a year or so later we come upon a charming series of
+French letters between the prince and Henri Quatre, the famous King of
+France, who had a strong affection for the clever, high-minded boy, and
+foresaw how important his influence would be in Europe should he live.
+Prince Henry and the little Dauphin of France, afterward Louis the
+Thirteenth, were also warm friends, although they never met. When
+Monsieur de la Boderie came over to England as ambassador from France,
+he was charged with special messages to Prince Henry from Henri Quatre
+and the Dauphin. The latter begged the ambassador to tell the prince<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>that he cherished his friendship and often spoke of him and
+of the pack of little dogs which his Highness had sent him,
+and which he was very sorry that his Governess and Physician
+would not permit him to make use of.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Poor little Dauphin! To have a pack of little dogs, and not be allowed
+to use them, must indeed have been hard. But he was not quite six years
+old then, so that perhaps he was a little young for field sports.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Henry and his sister were both devoted to horses, and were bold
+and accomplished riders. When the Prince was hardly ten years old he
+wished "to mount a horse of prodigious mettle," and refusing the help of
+his attendants, who were greatly alarmed and tried to dissuade him from
+the attempt,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>he got up himself from the side of a bank, and spurred the
+animal to a full gallop, in spite of the remonstrance of
+those who stood by; and at last having thoroughly exercised
+the horse, brought him in a gentle pace back, and
+dismounting, said to them, "How long shall I continue to be
+a child in your opinion?"<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p><p>King Henri Quatre sent over a French riding-master to the boy, a
+Monsieur St. Anthoine, for in those days France excelled in the
+"<i>man&egrave;ge</i>"&mdash;the elaborate art of horsemanship&mdash;which was a part of every
+fine gentleman's education. When the French ambassador came over to
+England he went to the Riding School to see how Prince Henry was
+profited by his French teaching, and wrote to the French Secretary of
+State:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Dauphin may make a return for the dogs lately sent him
+by the Prince; for St. Anthoine tells me, that he cannot
+gratify the Prince more, than by sending him a suit of
+armour well gilt and enamelled, together with pistols and a
+sword of the same kind; and if he will add to these a couple
+of horses, one of which goes well, and the other a barb, it
+will be a singular favor done to the Prince.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Spanish ambassador, hearing of this present, instantly tried to
+curry favor with the boy by telling him that a number of horses were
+coming to him from the court of Spain&mdash;for young as he was, this wily
+statesman saw the important part the Prince might play in the fortunes
+of Europe.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But Henry was loyal in his friendship to France, and waited with great
+eagerness for the Dauphin's horses and armour, which speedily arrived.
+Monsieur de la Boderie writing again to France about the Prince, says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>None of his pleasures savour the least of a child. He is a
+particular lover of horses and what belongs to them; but is
+not fond of hunting; and when he goes to it, it is rather
+for the pleasure of galloping, than that which the dogs give
+him. He plays willingly enough at Tennis. . . . . but this
+always with persons elder than himself, as if he despised
+those of his own age. He studies two hours a day, and
+employs the rest of his time in tossing the pike, or
+leaping, or shooting with the bow, or throwing the bar, or
+vaulting, or some other exercise of that kind; and he is
+never idle. He shows himself likewise very good natured to
+his dependants, and supports their interests against any
+persons whatever; and he pushes what he undertakes for them
+or others with such zeal as gives success to it. For beside
+his exerting his whole strength to compass what he desires,
+he is already feared by those who have the management of
+affairs, and especially the Earl of Salisbury, who appears
+to be greatly apprehensive of the Prince's ascendant; as the
+Prince, on the other hand, shows little esteem for his
+Lordship.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p><p>Here we have a fair picture of this twelve-year-old boy who had already
+seen how to choose the good, and reject the evil. And everything we
+learn of him as he grew older only serves to confirm the French
+ambassador's estimate of his character.</p>
+
+<p>He was a fine, brave child, regardless of pain and danger; liking an old
+suit of Welsh freize, better than velvet and satin; obedient and dutiful
+to his parents, although he often disagreed with their opinions. And
+this was all the more creditable to him; for his mother openly showed
+her preference for his younger brother Charles; while his father was
+jealous and afraid of the noble-minded, truthful boy who would not
+countenance the scandals and evils of James's corrupt court.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Now in the possession of Maurice Kingsley, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Life of Henry, Prince of Wales. By Dr. Thomas Birch. p.
+11.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Birch. p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Birch. p. 20. The letter is in the Harleian MSS. in the
+British Museum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Birch. p. 22.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Harleian MSS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Edward Howe's Chronicle. p. 826.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> A pun on <i>manger</i> and <i>penser</i>, to eat and to think.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Green's Princesses. Vol. 5. p. 172.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Birch. p. 68.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Birch. p. 385.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Ambassades de la Boderie. Birch. p. 70.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Birch. p. 75. Ambassades de la Boderie. Vol. I, p. 400.</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<h3>HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES (<i>continued</i>).</h3>
+
+
+<p>All English and American children have heard of the Fifth of November.
+It was a day of mingled terror and delight in our childhood. Just at
+dusk a band of men and boys used to tramp down the road, and gather
+close under the windows. They were armed with guns, and bore on poles a
+chair upon which was seated a hideous life-size effigy of a man, dressed
+in an old tattered coat and battered tall hat. Then they began in
+sepulchral voices to repeat the following words, very fast, with no
+stops, and in broad Hampshire dialect:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Remember, remember the fifth of November<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Gunpowder trayson and plot.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I know no rayson why gunpowder trayson<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Ever should be forgot.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Old Guy Fox and his companions,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With fifty-two barrels of gunpowder<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To blow old England up.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Look into your pocket, there's a little chink,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pray pull it up and give us some drink;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All we wants is a little more money<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To kindle up our old Bonfire.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">If you won't give us one bavven<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> we'll take two,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The better for we and the wuss for you.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">Holler, boys, holler, boys, God save the King!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Holler, boys, holler, boys, make the house ring.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hip! Hip! hip! Hoorah!<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And "holler" they did. While the children, knowing what was coming,
+cowered shuddering inside the window curtains, frightened to death, and
+yet so fascinated with horror they were obliged to look, "Bang, bang,
+bang," went all the guns, fired up into the air round old Guy, with
+tremendous shouts. But that was not all. In the evening the huge bonfire
+twenty feet high down on the Common, for which all the men and boys had
+been begging "bavins" or cutting furze for days, was lighted. And round
+it every one in the parish assembled.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p><p>Ah! the delights of Bonfire Night! the thrill of excitement as the
+match was applied to a heap of well-dried sticks and straw in a
+sheltered hole on the leeward side. The yells of joy as the furze caught
+and crackled as only furze can crackle, and the flames ran up the sides
+of the stack and lit up Guy Fawkes, whose effigy, after going the rounds
+of the parish, was at length deposited on the top of the bonfire; the
+cloud of sparks that streamed out from the cracking, snapping pile; the
+squibs and crackers that every body threw at every body else; and then
+the climax, when the fire reached old Guy himself, and with a mighty
+heave the old fellow sank into his fiery grave in the centre of the
+bonfire, the squibs in his hat exploding like a round of musketry, and a
+roar rose from the good Hampshire throats as the whole burning mass
+collapsed while the flames rushed up fiercely with one last effort high
+into the foggy air. Then the good-nights, and the walk home, our hair
+and clothes smelling of smoke, and our eyes so dazzled that we stumbled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>
+and staggered along across the Common, while the shouts of the boys,
+dancing about the embers of the great fire, gradually died away in the
+distance.</p>
+
+<p>What can all this have to do with Prince Henry you may ask?</p>
+
+<p>A great deal, we answer. For these bonfires all over England on the
+Fifth of November, commemorate an event in James the First's reign which
+had a great effect on our young hero's mind.</p>
+
+<p>Certain persons in England, who hated King James for his hard treatment
+of the Roman Catholic party, resolved to take the law into their own
+hands. They thought that if the king, Prince Henry, and the Parliament
+could be destroyed at one blow, they might take possession of Prince
+Charles and Princess Elizabeth, bring about a revolution and put the
+government into the hands of the Roman Catholics who would be helped by
+Spain. Robert Catesby was the chief of the conspirators; and for
+eighteen months he and a small band of desperate men worked in the
+utmost secrecy at their hideous scheme. The day chosen for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> its
+accomplishment was the fifth of November, 1605, the day on which
+Parliament met at Westminster. Everything was in readiness. Thirty-six
+barrels of gunpowder (not fifty-two as the Hampshire rhyme has it) were
+stored beneath the Parliament House. And Guido Fawkes, a daring
+adventurer, was in waiting in the cellar to set a light to them, and
+blow up King, Prince, and Parliament. But at the last moment, in spite
+of all their well-laid plans, in spite of all their wonderful secrecy,
+the plot leaked out. Lord Monteagle, a Roman Catholic Peer, received a
+mysterious warning from Tresham, one of the conspirators, whose courage
+failed him. Monteagle instantly told the Earl of Salisbury and the king.
+At midnight on the eve of the fifth, the cellars under the Parliament
+House were searched. There was Guido Fawkes, with touchwood and matches
+upon him, only waiting for the signal which was to be given him in a few
+hours. He was seized, dragged before the king and consigned to the
+Tower. The great heap of wood and coals in the cellar was torn down, and
+the barrels of gunpowder found beneath it. The conspirators fled.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> All
+Protestant England was roused to a frenzy of horror and dread at the
+discovery of such a fearful crime. The guilty men were chased from
+county to county, till at last all of them were either killed fighting,
+or captured and brought next year to the block. And thus ended the
+Gunpowder Plot. But its memory is still kept alive in England by the
+yearly bonfires and fireworks and Guy Fawkes processions of the Fifth of
+November.</p>
+
+<p>This escape from a sudden and dreadful death, affected Prince Henry
+deeply. He was a boy of strong religious feelings. And from this time he
+never suffered any business to keep him from hearing a sermon every
+Tuesday, which was the day of the week on which the Gunpowder Plot was
+to have been carried out. But hearing of sermons was not the only sign
+of Prince Henry's piety. He was diligent in his own private prayers,
+generally going apart three times a day to pray quietly by himself. He
+was most careful too of the good behavior of his household. And above
+all things he had a horror of profane swearing. At his three palaces,
+St. James's in London, Richmond, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> Nonsuch, he ordered boxes to be
+kept for the fines he exacted from all those who used bad words; and
+this money was given to the poor.</p>
+
+<p>There is a story told by Coke, the historian, how that the prince was
+once hunting a stag. The stag was spent, and crossing a road fell in
+with a butcher and his dog. The dog killed the stag; and when the
+hunting party came up and found their sport was over they were enraged,
+and tried to incense the prince against the butcher. But Henry answered
+quietly: "What if the butcher's dog killed the stag? Could the butcher
+help it?" The rest replied that if the king had been so served "he would
+have sworn so as no man could have endured it." "<i>Away</i>," rejoined the
+prince; "<i>all the pleasure in the world is not worth an oath</i>."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 397px;">
+<img src="images/illus206_th.jpg" width="397" height="500" alt="HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES." title="" />
+<span class="caption">HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p><p>The prince was keenly interested in all foreign countries, and kept
+himself well informed upon their politics and customs by the large
+correspondence he now carried on with distinguished persons both at home
+and abroad. When he was just thirteen his curiosity caused no little
+amusement at the French Court. Prince Henry had long wished for an
+opportunity of learning something about the fortifications of Calais.
+And when the Prince de Joinville, who had been on a visit to England,
+returned to Paris, Henry sent an engineer of his own in the French
+prince's train, who made a careful examination of Calais and of the
+Rix-bank. This came to the ears of the French ambassador, who wrote in
+hot haste to the Court at Fontainebleau and to the Governor of Calais.
+But Henri Quatre was only entertained at the boyish inquisitiveness of
+his young cousin, and sent back word that he did not consider the
+occurrence betokened any dangerous designs upon the kingdom of France.</p>
+
+<p>A far more important report was sent in to the prince in the same year
+by his gunner, Mr. Robert Tindal. This gunner was employed by the
+Virginia Company established in 1606, to make a voyage to America. He
+set out on December 19, 1606, with Captain Christopher Newport, in a
+fleet of three ships, and arrived at Chesapeake Bay about the beginning
+of May, 1607. A letter which he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> wrote to the prince on his arrival is
+in the Harleian collection of MSS., together with his journal of the
+voyage and a map of the James River. In his letter, dated Jamestown in
+Virginia, the twenty-second of June, 1607, he says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>that this river was discovered by his fellow-adventurers,
+and that no Christian had ever been there before; and that
+they were safely arrived and settled in that country, which
+they found to be in itself most fruitful, and of which they
+had taken <i>a real and public possession in the name and to
+the use of</i> the King his Highness's father.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>It seems to bring our young prince nearer to American children, to know
+that his youthful imagination was fired by accounts of the wonderful
+unexplored Western land&mdash;to think of him poring over the map of Richmond
+and the beautiful James River. What would he have thought, could he have
+foreseen a tithe of the wonders which have come to pass on those
+Transatlantic shores&mdash;the marvels of modern civilization; the railroads
+stretching away into the wilderness of which Robert Tindal only saw the
+outskirts; the telegraph lines<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> that bind together Europe and America;
+and, above all, the great nation that has grown out of the first bands
+of hardy adventurers who went out to Virginia with the prince's gunner,
+or who fled from King James's stern rule a few years later to the bleak
+New England coast.</p>
+
+<p>The account of these distant voyages must have been especially
+interesting to Prince Henry; for of all matters pertaining to the
+welfare of his country that which occupied his attention most was the
+British Navy. Sir Walter Raleigh was the young prince's close friend.
+From his childhood the boy attached himself to the last of the
+Elizabethan heroes, visiting him in his prison in the Tower, and taking
+council with him as he grew older on all matters of war and seamanship.
+He made many efforts to obtain Raleigh's release, and is reported to
+have said that "<i>no king but his father would have kept such a bird in a
+cage</i>." But it was in vain; and the prince was happily spared the shame
+of seeing his glorious friend die on the scaffold, a sacrifice to
+Spain&mdash;the very power from which Raleigh had fought and toiled to save
+his country in Elizabeth's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> days. When Henry was ten years old, the Lord
+High Admiral Howard ordered a little ship to be built for the prince's
+instruction and amusement, by Phineas Pett, one of the Royal shipwrights
+at Chatham. This ship was twenty-eight feet long by twelve wide,
+"adorned with painting and carving, both within board and without." Can
+you imagine a more delightful possession for a boy of ten than this
+beautiful little ship, gay with ensigns and pennants? No wonder that he
+"shewed great delight in viewing" her, when she was brought to anchor
+outside the Tower where he and the king were then lodging. And his
+delight must have increased when he went on board her at Whitehall a few
+days later, accompanied by the Lord Admiral, Lord Worcester, and various
+other noblemen.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>They immediately weighed, and fell down as far as Paul's
+Wharf, under both topsails and foresail, and there coming to
+anchor, his Highness, in the usual form, baptized the ship
+with a great bowl of wine, giving her the name of
+<i>Disdain</i>.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Pett, the builder, was on board; and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> prince took him at once
+into his service, and formed a warm friendship with him.</p>
+
+<p>From this time the boy's interest in the navy grew keen; and we find
+constant mention made of visits to the Royal Dockyard at Woolwich,
+where, under Mr. Pett's guidance the prince was thoroughly instructed in
+questions of ships and shipping. He closely watched the building of a
+splendid vessel which the king gave him for his own. She was launched in
+1610; and was the largest ship that had then been built in England. "The
+keel was an hundred and fourteen feet long, and the cross-beam
+forty-four feet. It was able to carry sixty-four pieces of great
+ordnance, and the burthen was fourteen hundred tons."<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> On September
+24, the King, the Queen, the Duke of York,<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> Princess Elizabeth, and a
+large company, went with Prince Henry to see his great ship launched.
+But owing to the narrowness of the dock, the launch failed. So the
+prince had to return next morning; and in the midst of a terrific
+thunderstorm he stood on her deck as she floated out into the river,
+giving her the name, <i>Prince Royal</i>. Next year Henry determined to
+examine personally into the condition of the navy. He therefore made a
+private journey to Chatham, and spent three days closely inspecting all
+the shipping and storehouses there, and at Queenborough, Stroud, and
+Gravesend, making careful notes of the state of each ship in his own
+notebook from Mr. Pett's and Sir Robert Mansel's information, "no other
+persons being suffered to come near."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p><p>In January, 1610, Prince Henry gave a great banquet to his father at
+St. James's Palace, where he now kept his separate Court and gathered
+round him the most promising young men in the kingdom. The banquet was
+preceded by a tourney at Whitehall, in which the prince took part, in
+the presence of the king and queen, the foreign ambassadors and all the
+greatest personages of the realm. Princess Elizabeth helped her brother
+to do the honors of the banquet, and distributed the prizes won at the
+tilting match, which were trinkets garnished with diamonds, the king
+handing them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> to her. The banquet was not over till ten at night; by
+which time King James, who was easily bored, especially with anything
+done by his son, had gone away. But Henry and Elizabeth, full of the
+enjoyment of young hosts, went off to a comedy which lasted two hours,
+and then returned to the gallery, where a fresh supper had been set. It
+was a most gorgeous affair. The crystal dishes were filled with
+sweetmeats of all shapes&mdash;fountains of rosewater, windmills, dryads,
+soldiers on horseback, pleasure gardens, the planetary system, etc.
+Prince Henry led his sister twice round the table to see all these
+marvels, and they then departed, leaving the company to their own
+devices. A most crazy company it must have been. For, no sooner had the
+prince and princess gone, than "the guests scrambled for the plunder,
+broke down the table and carried off, not only the supper, but all it
+was served in, to the very water bottles."<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p>
+
+<p>In this same year Henry was created Prince of Wales. This was the
+occasion for further display, such as King James delighted in. There
+were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> processions of barges on the river, banquets, splendid dresses,
+tilting matches in the Tiltyard, and a solemn and magnificent ceremony
+"within the great white chamber in the palace of Westminster," when, in
+the presence of both Houses of Parliament and an immense company, the
+prince was declared Prince of Great Britain and Wales. Robed in purple
+velvet he knelt before the king, who gave him with his own hands the
+crown, the sword, the ring, and the gold rod of the principality over
+which Llewellyn once ruled. A very gallant young figure must our prince
+have been. He was sixteen years old; a tall, well-made lad, with
+somewhat broad shoulders and a small waist. His hair was auburn; his
+face long, with a broad forehead; "a piercing eye; a most gracious
+smile, with a terrible frown."</p>
+
+<p>Henry had some years before been created Duke of Cornwall. And although
+these titles and dignities sound very grand and imposing for a boy of
+sixteen, yet his father's warning was fulfilled in his case. The
+augmentation of honours that fell to him, was "but in cares and heavy
+burthens."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> He was not merely a ruler in name. He managed his estates
+well and wisely. Not only were his tenants more contented and happy, and
+better off than they had ever been before; but by his good management he
+so improved the value of his lands, that they brought him in an
+immensely increased revenue.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the three palaces we have mentioned, Prince Henry purchased with
+his own money, in 1612, beautiful Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire,
+from the widow of the famous Earl of Leicester. And in the same year
+King James gave his son another house connected closely with the story
+of Leicester and Amy Robsart&mdash;Woodstock Manor in Oxfordshire. But the
+prince's days were numbered, and as far as we know he never visited his
+new purchase of Kenilworth. His health was not in a satisfactory state
+in this year of 1612, and he was careless about it. While he was staying
+at his palace of Richmond in June, he took great delight in swimming in
+the Thames after supper on the warm summer evenings; a most dangerous
+practice for any one. His attendants besought him to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> give it up. But
+he, like most of the Stuarts, was fond of his own way. He was deaf to
+all entreaties, and went on with his swimming. He also took much
+pleasure in walking beside the Thames in the moonlight, "to hear the
+sound and echo of the trumpets," regardless of the evening dews which
+rose cold and damp along the river. Then in exceedingly hot weather, he
+made a desperate journey on horseback, of ninety-six miles in two days,
+from Richmond to Belvoir Castle, to meet the king who was on a great
+progress&mdash;riding sixty miles the first day in nine hours. The progress
+ended at Woodstock, where the prince entertained his father and mother
+and Princess Elizabeth, after making several hasty and fatiguing
+journeys thither to see that all was in order in his new manor. He then
+returned to Richmond and busied himself with preparations for the coming
+of the young Elector Palatine, on whose marriage with Princess Elizabeth
+all Henry's hopes were fixed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illus218_th.jpg" width="500" height="322" alt="WESTMINSTER ABBEY FROM THE NORTH." title="" />
+<span class="caption">WESTMINSTER ABBEY FROM THE NORTH.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p><p>The Elector arrived. But already Prince Henry was seriously ill. However
+his "pluck," as we should say now, carried him on for a time. He removed
+with his court to St. James's to receive the young Elector, for whom he
+conceived a great friendship. He even played a tennis match with his
+future brother-in-law on the twenty-fourth of October. But the next day
+he was much worse, and could with difficulty manage to go to church (it
+was a Sunday), and dine afterwards with the king. This was the last time
+he went out; for in the afternoon he was seized with sudden faintness
+and sickness and had to take his leave. That night he was in a burning
+fever. The ignorant physicians of those days mismanaged him hopelessly.
+Some of their remedies to lower the fever sound almost too absurd to be
+treated seriously&mdash;such as a cock, newly-killed, split down the back and
+applied all reeking hot to the soles of his feet. Raleigh from his
+prison sent him a cordial, which the old hero's enemies of course
+pretended was poison. However after it had been duly tested, the prince
+was allowed to take it, and it gave him temporary relief. But nothing
+availed. He grew worse and worse. His faithful friend, Archbishop Abbot,
+came to him and prayed with him. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> fever increased in violence. And
+on the fifth of November, the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot, the
+archbishop told the prince of his extreme danger, and asked him if he
+should die, "whether or no he was well pleased to submit himself to the
+will of God?" To which the prince replied, "with all his heart."</p>
+
+<p>A few hours later the end was near. Henry was past speaking; and the
+archbishop, leaning over him, called upon him to believe, to hope and
+trust only in Christ. He then spoke louder:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sir, hear you me? hear you me? hear you me? If you hear me,
+in certain sign of your faith and hope in the blessed
+resurrection, give us, for our comfort, a sign by lifting up
+your hands. This the prince did, lifting up both his hands
+together.</p></div>
+
+<p>And the archbishop with bitter tears, poured out by his Highness's
+bedside, a most pathetic prayer. At a quarter before eight that evening
+the hopes of the country were gone. Henry, Prince of Wales, was dead,
+who, had he lived, might have changed the whole course of events in
+English history during the seventeenth century. And the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> heir to the
+crown was Charles, Duke of York, destined within forty years to die upon
+the scaffold.</p>
+
+<p>While our gallant young prince lay dying, the king showed himself as
+selfish and indifferent as we might expect. He came once to visit his
+son: but fearing that the fever might be contagious, he went away
+without seeing him, and retired to Theobalds, Lord Salisbury's estate.
+The Princess Elizabeth was kept away from the prince for the same
+reason. But she tried her best to see him, coming disguised in the
+evening to St. James's and endeavoring to gain access, but in vain, to
+her dearly-loved brother, who asked for her constantly during his
+illness&mdash;almost his last intelligible words being, "Where is my dear
+sister?"</p>
+
+<p>But if his father showed want of feeling, the whole English nation
+mourned their young prince. He was buried at Westminster Abbey on the
+seventh of December, with all possible pomp. Prince Charles and the
+Elector Palatine were the chief mourners, attended by a train of two
+thousand mourners. Through the streets, thronged<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> with weeping people,
+wound the great procession, with banners carried by nobles, led horses
+draped in black bearing the scutcheons of the prince's different titles
+and estates, all the notables of England and Scotland, clergy and peers,
+privy councillors and ambassadors. Then came the funeral car bearing the
+coffin, on which lay a beautiful effigy of the prince, dressed in his
+state robes; and the sight of it "caused a fearful outcry among the
+people, as if they felt their own ruin in that loss."<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p>
+
+<p>Henry, Prince of Wales, was laid to rest in the south aisle of Henry the
+Seventh's Chapel, in the vault which had just been made to receive his
+grandmother, the unhappy Mary, Queen of Scots, whose body had been
+removed there a month before. Over Mary's grave King James erected a
+monument even more magnificent than Queen Elizabeth's in the north
+aisle. Yet not a thought did the selfish father give to the grave of his
+son.</p>
+
+<p>But Prince Henry's memorial is a less perishable one than "brass or
+stony monument." He has left behind him a memory fragrant with all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> that
+makes youth lovely and manhood noble&mdash;the record of a pure and good
+life, which will last, as the memory of every good life must last, when
+stone and marble has crumbled to dust.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;While writing the above words on Gunpowder Plot, Jan.
+24, 1885, Westminster Hall, the House of Commons and the
+White Tower in the Tower of London, all closely connected
+with the histories of these children of Westminster, were
+partially wrecked by "forces"&mdash;to use the words of an
+Austrian writer&mdash;"such as to make those of Guy Fawkes' time
+look almost childish."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> "Bavin." Hampshire for faggot.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> There are many different versions of this old rhyme in the
+different counties of England. I give the Hampshire one exactly as it is
+used.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Birch. Life of Henry, Prince of Wales. p. 379.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Birch. p. 91.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Birch, p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Birch, p. 208.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Afterwards Charles the First.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Green's Princesses. Vol. V. p. 170.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> State Papers. Dec. 19, 1612.</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<h3>LORD FRANCIS VILLIERS.</h3>
+
+
+<p>On the north side of Henry the Seventh's Chapel, close to King Henry's
+tomb, there is a small side chapel, divided off by a low wall of carved
+stone, and almost filled up by a magnificent monument. A splendid
+personage of the time of Charles the First, remarkably handsome, and
+dressed in robes of state, lies on the tomb beside his fair wife.
+Allegorical figures stand at the four corners. The recumbent effigies
+are in brass, richly gilded. Behind their heads kneel three children, a
+boy and two girls, beautifully carved in marble; and above this trio an
+exquisite child leans on his elbow, tired out with grief and fallen
+gently asleep.</p>
+
+<p>Standing beside this tomb, Dean Stanley says:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We seem to be present in the Court of Charles as we look at
+its fantastic ornaments ("Fame even bursting herself, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>
+trumpets to tell the news of his so sudden fall") and its
+pompous inscriptions calling each State in Europe severally
+to attest the several virtues of this "Enigma of the
+World."<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Who, we may well ask, is this man who lies buried among the tombs of the
+kings of England, in state far exceeding that accorded to many
+sovereigns?</p>
+
+<p>Every one who has read the history of the reigns of James the First and
+Charles the First will remember the most famous, and perhaps most
+dangerous of all the court favorites who helped to bring ruin upon
+England&mdash;George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham.</p>
+
+<p>His story reads like a chapter out of the <i>Arabian Nights</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Never any man in any age, nor, I believe, in any country or
+nation, rose in so short a time to so much greatness of
+honour, fame, and fortune, upon no other advantage or
+recommendation than the beauty and gracefulness of his
+person.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p><p>Young and exceedingly handsome, George Villiers, the son of a
+Leicestershire squire, was taken into favor by James the First, on the
+disgrace of his first favorite, the Earl of Rochester. In an incredibly
+short space of time "Steenie," as his royal masters called him, rose
+through every rank of the peerage to a dukedom, and to the actual
+direction of English policy. Haughty, reckless, selfish, his only good
+quality was his personal bravery.</p>
+
+<p>This was the man whose evil influence made itself felt throughout
+England, who plunged the country into disastrous wars and encouraged
+King Charles in those fatal measures which at last brought him to the
+scaffold. When Charles the First came to the throne in 1625, Buckingham
+was at the height of his glory and power. In vain did Parliament
+remonstrate with the king. In vain did they petition him again and again
+to rid himself of a favorite who was becoming more hated and dreaded by
+the country each year. In vain did they impeach Buckingham. Charles, in
+his blind affection, took all the blame of the duke's deeds upon
+himself&mdash;burnt the remonstrance of the Commons&mdash;and actually dissolved
+Parliament in order to save his favorite.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But what the Commons of England failed to do, came to pass by the hand
+of one discontented man.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Buckingham, after wasting men, money, and English prestige
+in one disastrous expedition to help the French Protestants at La
+Rochelle, was on the eve of setting out for a second attempt to relieve
+the beleagured town. He was at Portsmouth, and was to embark the very
+next day, when he was stabbed by John Felton, a lieutenant in the navy
+who had been disappointed of promotion.</p>
+
+<p>All England and the court rejoiced at the death of the favorite. But
+King Charles "flung himself upon his bed in a passion of tears when the
+news reached him."<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> On his first visit to the widowed Duchess of
+Buckingham he promised to be a father to her sons. He ordered the duke
+to be buried in the Chapel of Henry the Seventh&mdash;which hitherto had been
+reserved for anointed kings. And it is George Villiers who lies in state
+to this day on the splendid tomb we have been looking at.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Soon after the duke's death, the lovely boy who leans sleeping above his
+father's monument was born.</p>
+
+<p>The king stood godfather to the baby at his christening, together with
+Francis, Earl of Rutland, the duchess's father. "After some compliments
+who should give the name," the king called the baby Francis, and the
+grandfather gave him his benediction, which was in the very pleasant
+form of seven thousand pounds a year.</p>
+
+<p>King Charles faithfully kept the promise he had made the duchess. Alas!
+it had been well for him had he kept all other promises as faithfully.
+He was indeed a father to young Francis and to his handsome, headstrong,
+worthless elder brother the young Duke of Buckingham.</p>
+
+<p>The boys were brought up with the royal children under the same tutors
+and governors. They were sent quite young to Trinity College, Cambridge,
+where their names were entered in the college-book in the same year as
+that of Prince Charles. And here among other famous and learned men,
+they made the acquaintance of Abraham Cowley, the poet, who had lately
+published his pastoral comedy "Love's Riddle," which had been performed
+by members of the college.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 316px;">
+<img src="images/illus230_th.jpg" width="316" height="500" alt="TOMB OF GEORGE VILLIERS, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM." title="" />
+<span class="caption">TOMB OF GEORGE VILLIERS, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p><p>From Cambridge the two brothers went to travel under the care of Mr.
+William Aylesbury, who was appointed their tutor by the king. But their
+sojourn abroad was short.</p>
+
+<p>Public affairs had been growing darker and darker at home. And at last,
+in 1642, there was an open breach between the king and the Parliament.
+The Royal Standard was raised at Nottingham, August 25, and England was
+plunged into civil war, the most horrible of all scourges that can come
+on any country.</p>
+
+<p>Francis Villiers was fourteen years old, and his brother, the young
+duke, a year older. Boys as they were, they now tried to show their
+gratitude to the king for his care of them. Upon the outbreak of the
+Civil War they hastened back to England. The king's headquarters were at
+Oxford; and his nephew, the famous Prince Rupert, kept the whole country
+between Oxford and London in constant alarm with his sudden raids and
+fierce skirmishes. To Oxford then the two young brothers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> came. They
+were a beautiful pair, inheriting from both their parents "so graceful a
+body, as gave lustre to the ornament of the mind." Full of headstrong
+courage, they "laid their lives and their fortunes at the king's feet,"
+and chose Prince Rupert and Lord Gerard as their tutors in the art of
+War. They soon had their first lesson; for they were present at the
+storming of the Close at Lichfield on March 2, 1643. When they returned
+to Oxford, happily without harm after their first fight, their mother,
+the duchess, was very angry with Lord Gerard for "tempting her sons into
+such danger." But he told her it was by the boys' own wish, "and the
+more the danger the greater the honor."</p>
+
+<p>Parliament at first seemed to look on this escapade as a serious
+offence, for they seized upon the brothers' estates. But they were soon
+restored in consideration of the two boys' extreme youth. However, says
+Bryan Fairfax, their historian, "the young men kept it (their fortune)
+no longer than till they came to be at an age to forfeit it again."<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>To keep these young fire-eaters out of fresh honorable danger, the king
+placed them in the care of the Earl of Northumberland, and sent them
+abroad again. They spent the next four or five years in France and
+Italy, living chiefly in Florence and Rome, where they kept as great
+state as many sovereign princes. It was the fashion of those days to
+send young noblemen for a time to foreign countries; and the result in a
+good many cases was that they abjured Protestantism and returned to
+England either concealed or avowed Roman Catholics. But the Villiers
+brothers "brought their religion home again, wherein they had been
+educated under the eye of the most devout and best of kings."<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The moment at which the young men returned was a critical one. The royal
+cause had been going from bad to worse. And at the beginning of 1648
+England was in the hands of Cromwell and Fairfax. The king, given up by
+the Scots the year before to the Parliamentarians, was a prisoner at
+Carisbrooke Castle in the Isle of Wight. The Royalist forces were
+scattered and broken; and it seemed an almost hopeless task to make any
+further resistance in the king's behalf. Nevertheless, there were still
+a few faithful followers left; and the old English love for the monarchy
+still blazed up here and there in fierce outbursts against the
+Parliament and its army. But the Parliamentarians despised all these
+attempts, until in the spring of 1648 a serious rising took place in
+Kent, which was suppressed after a heavy fight at Maidstone. It was just
+at this juncture that the young Duke of Buckingham and his brother
+Francis returned to England. Strong, active, and courageous, they were
+burning with zeal to venture their large estates for the crown on the
+first opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>They had not long to wait.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner was the Kentish rising quelled than the Royalists crossed the
+Thames into Essex, and collected a large force at Colchester, intending
+from thence to march on London. Fairfax invested the town, and beseiged
+it for two months until it fell, August 27.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the Earl of Holland had offered his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> services to the queen,
+his late mistress, in Paris, and informed her of his resolution to
+adventure everything for the king. The young Villiers threw in their lot
+with Lord Holland, and declared themselves ready and willing to
+sacrifice their estates and their lives if need be in the royal cause.
+The siege of Colchester which engaged the main body of the army under
+Fairfax seemed to offer a good opportunity for a rising nearer London.
+The young Duke of Buckingham was made General of the Horse. Lord Francis
+Villiers and various other young noblemen were given other posts. And
+these hot-blooded lads, impatient for action, urged Lord Holland to
+begin his perilous undertaking without further delay.</p>
+
+<p>Unhappily for them the whole business was miserably mismanaged. Such a
+rising could only hope to succeed if it were kept the most profound
+secret. But so far from being a secret, it was, says Clarendon, "the
+common discourse of the town." There was a great appearance every
+morning at Lord Holland's lodging of officers who were known to have
+served the king&mdash;.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>his commission showed in many hands; and no question being
+more commonly asked than&mdash;when doth my Lord Holland go out?
+and the answer&mdash;Such and such a day; and the hour he did
+take horse, when he was accompanied by an hundred horse from
+his house was publickly talked of two or three days
+before.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But these indiscretions were not all. The first rendezvous was to be at
+Kingston-on-Thames&mdash;the charming old town full of old red brick houses,
+and sunny walled gardens full of lilacs and laburnums and cedars of
+Lebanon, ten miles southwest of London. Here Lord Holland stayed for two
+nights and one whole day, expecting numbers to flock to his standard,
+"not only of officers, but of common men who had promised and listed
+themselves under several officers."<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> During his stay, some officers
+and soldiers, both of foot and horse did come. But the greater number of
+those who resorted to Kingston were "many persons of honor and quality,"
+who came down from London for the day in their coaches to visit the
+little army, and returned to town again, "to provide what was still
+wanting and resolved to be with him soon again."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 379px;">
+<img src="images/illus238_th.jpg" width="379" height="500" alt="LORD FRANCIS VILLIERS." title="" />
+<span class="caption">LORD FRANCIS VILLIERS.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p><p>Is it not a pitiable story? Want of plan, of management, of forethought,
+of seriousness. The whole thing arranged like a play upon the stage. The
+fair ladies, and the gallant cavaliers in their curly wigs and deep
+Vandyke collars, driving down on the hot summer day to visit their
+friends, and laugh and talk over the great victory that without doubt
+they would win&mdash;the victory that would restore the king to his throne,
+and drive the Parliamentarians into the sea. And beautiful young Francis
+Villiers, in the heyday of his youth and strength&mdash;his debts all paid
+two days before<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>&mdash;longing for a chance to strike a blow for the king
+who had been a father to him.</p>
+
+<p>How the grim puritan soldiers must have laughed at such a set of
+amateurs in the art of War. They were not far-off&mdash;those grave fighting
+men.</p>
+
+<p>The chief officer with Lord Holland's band was one Dalbeer, a Dutch
+malcontent. He seems to have been as incompetent as the rest of the
+little army; for he kept no watch at night round the camp.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Early on the morning of July 7, the Parliamentary Colonel Rich, "eminent
+for praying but of no fame for fighting," surprised the town with a
+troop of horse. There was a general scrimmage. No one was ready to
+receive them. Lord Holland and a number of his followers made the best
+of their way out of the town, never offering to charge the enemy. Most
+of the footsoldiers and some of the officers "made shift to conceal
+themselves until they found means to retire to their close mansions in
+London."<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>But Francis Villiers alone seems to have made a stand. At the head of
+his troop, his horse having been killed under him, he</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>got to an oak-tree in the highway about two miles from
+Kingston, where he stood with his back against it, defending
+himself, scorning to ask quarter, and they barbarously
+refusing to give it; till with nine wounds in his beautiful
+face and body, he was slain.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p><p>So died Francis Villiers, in the twentieth year of his age&mdash;"This
+noble, valiant and beautiful youth," says Fairfax. "A youth of rare
+beauty and comeliness," says Clarendon. And so ended the unhappy fight
+of Kingston. Dalbeer defended himself till he was killed. Lord Holland
+with a hundred horse, wandered away and was caught at an inn at St.
+Neot's in Hertfordshire and thence sent prisoner to Windsor, of which
+place he had but lately been constable. The Duke of Buckingham reached
+London, and hid until he could escape to Holland "where the prince was;
+who received him with great grace and kindness."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> And in six months
+the king for whom young Francis had died, was led out to execution at
+Whitehall.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Francis' body was brought by water from Kingston up the Thames to
+York House in the Strand; and was then embalmed and laid in his father's
+vault in Henry the Seventh's Chapel.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The late duke's magnificent monument, and the position in which it was
+placed, gave rise to much comment at the time. No monument had been
+erected to King James. And when Charles the First sent for Lord Weston
+"to contrive the work of the tomb" for his favorite, Lord Weston,
+putting into words the opinion of the greater part of England "told his
+Majesty that not only our nation, but others, would talk of it, if he
+should make the duke a tomb, and not his father."<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></p>
+
+<p>The tomb, however, was made. Henry the Seventh's Chapel for the first
+time was opened to a person not of royal lineage. And by the irony of
+fate, this burial of a royal favorite paved the way for the interments
+of many others in the next thirty years who were not of royal blood, and
+were bitterly opposed to kings and all that pertained to them, save
+power.</p>
+
+<p>Two years after Francis Villiers was killed at Kingston, Ireton,
+Cromwell's son-in-law, was buried in a vault at the extreme east of
+Henry the Seventh's Chapel. Then came Blake, the first of England's
+naval heroes&mdash;Colonel Mackworth, one of Cromwell's Council&mdash;Sir William
+Constable, one of the regicides&mdash;Worsley, Oliver's "great and rising
+favorite." And Bradshaw, Lord President of the High Court of Justice,
+was laid "in a superb tomb among the kings."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Ten years after Francis Villiers' death, Cromwell's favorite
+daughter&mdash;the sweet Elizabeth Claypole&mdash;was buried in a vault close to
+the entrance of the Villiers Chapel. She was the "Betty" of Cromwell's
+earlier letters, "who belongs to the sect of the seekers rather than the
+finders. Happy are they who find&mdash;most happy are they who seek."<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p>
+
+<p>The great Protector never held up his head after the death of this
+lovable woman; and within a month of his daughter's funeral "his most
+serene and renowned highness, Oliver, Lord Protector, was taken to his
+rest"<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> in the same Chapel in which we have spent so much time of
+late.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p><p>If we needed any fresh proof that the great Abbey of Westminster is a
+sign and symbol of reconciliation, here is one. Within its walls Kings
+and Covenanters, Puritan women, and gallant young Cavalier nobles who
+fought against those women's husbands and fathers, lie side by side. The
+feuds, the hatreds, the heart-burnings, the differences, political and
+religious, are all forgotten; and nothing is left but the common
+brotherhood of man with man, in the still peaceful atmosphere of the
+Abbey Church of St. Peter.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Stanley. "Memorials of Westminster." p. 237.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Clarendon. Vol. I. p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> "Short History of English People." Green, p. 488.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> "Life of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham." Bryan
+Fairfax.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Fairfax.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Clarendon. Vol. XI. p. 102.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Ibid. Vol. XI. p. 102.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> When he left London he ordered his steward, Mr. John May,
+to bring him a list of his debts, and he so charged his estate with
+them, that the Parliament, who seized on the estate, payed the
+debt.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Fairfax.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Clarendon. Vol. XI. p. 104.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Fairfax.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Clarendon. Vol. XI. p. 105.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> "Court and Times of Charles the First." Vol. I. p. 391.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Carlyle's Cromwell. Vol. I. p. 295.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Commonwealth Mercury. Sep. 2-9, 1658.</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<h3>ANNE, AND HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.</h3>
+
+
+<p>In 1637 a little daughter was born to King Charles the First, at St.
+James's Palace. Archbishop Laud christened her privately twelve days
+later; and she was named after her aunt, Anne of Austria, Queen of
+France.</p>
+
+<p>There were great rejoicings at the baby's birth. The University of
+Cambridge alone produced more than one hundred and thirty odes, in which
+she and her sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, were compared to Juno, Minerva,
+Venus, the Fates, the Graces, the Elder Muses, and many other classic
+celebrities. In the face of all these protestations of loyal affection
+no one would imagine that within six years Princess Anne's father would
+be fighting with his own subjects for his throne and his liberty,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> and
+that two of his children would be in the hands of his enemies.</p>
+
+<p>But little Anne was spared these sad experiences. Very soon after her
+birth she was assigned her place in the royal nursery at Richmond, with
+her regular suite of attendants, ten in number. From her earliest
+infancy she was extremely delicate. "A constant feverish cough showed a
+tendency to disease of the lungs;" and before she was four years old she
+died of consumption. The short account of her death is most touching:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Being minded by those about her to call upon God even when
+the pangs of death were upon her; "I am not able," saith
+she, "to say my long prayer" (meaning the Lord's Prayer),
+"but I will say my short one: <i>Lighten mine eyes, O Lord,
+lest I sleep the sleep of death.</i>" This done the little lamb
+gave up the ghost.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>She was buried in the tomb of her great-grandmother, the beautiful Mary,
+Queen of Scots, in the South Aisle of Henry the Seventh's Chapel.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 318px;">
+<img src="images/illus248_th.jpg" width="318" height="500" alt="The Effigies of the Lady Anna, who was borne ye 17th of
+March 1636, buried ye 30th of ye same month in the yeare of our Lord
+god&mdash;1637" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Effigies of the Lady Anna, who was borne ye 17th of
+March 1636, buried ye 30th of ye same month in the yeare of our Lord
+god&mdash;1637</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p><p>The curious and very rare engraving, which we are fortunately able to
+reproduce, was published a few months after her death. The little
+creature, in a close-fitting skull-cap covering her head and fastened
+under her chin, stands grasping a rose in her little hand, with a
+thoughtful expression on her baby face. Based on the spelling of the
+name of the little princess we find the following quaint verse:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Anna is like a circle's endless frame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For read it forward, backward, 'tis the same.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Eternity is circular and round,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Anna hath eternal glory found.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In the same year, 1640, that little Anna found "eternal glory," her
+brother Henry was born at Oatlands Park in Surrey.</p>
+
+<p>There is a strong resemblance between this young prince, and his uncle
+Henry, Prince of Wales, with whom we are so well acquainted. Both were
+grave and studious beyond their years. Both were diligent and active in
+whatever work came in their way to do. Both were strong Protestants.
+Both cared for the society and friendship of older and wiser men, rather
+than that of the gay, frivolous young courtiers of their own age. In
+face and form they must have been somewhat alike; but the circumstances
+of their lives were different.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Nothing could outwardly have been more happy and successful than the
+life of Henry, Prince of Wales, the son of a poor Scotch king, raised
+suddenly to the position of heir to the most prosperous kingdom in
+Europe. Henry, Duke of Gloucester, on the contrary, was destined to take
+his share from his earliest childhood in the disasters of his family.
+Before he was two years old his troubles began. While his father, as an
+old royalist writer expresses it, "was hunted from place to place like a
+partridge upon the mountains," his mother was over in Holland, where she
+gathered together an army with the proceeds of the crown jewels which
+she sold or pawned. She landed in England in 1643, fought several
+battles on her own account, and joined the king in Warwickshire on July
+13, sleeping the night before in Shakespeare's house at
+Stratford-on-Avon, which then belonged to the poet's daughter, Mrs.
+Hall.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Henry of Oatlands, as the little Duke of Gloucester was called from his
+birthplace, was left meanwhile by his parents at St. James's Palace,
+with his sister Elizabeth. The Parliament on the outbreak of the Civil
+War in 1642, secured complete possession of London, and the two children
+remained in their hands in a sort of honorable captivity.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>They were both of so tender years that they were neither
+sensible of their father's sufferings nor capable to relieve
+them; so that their innocent harmlessness on any account not
+only protected them from the malice of their enemies, but
+proved to be a meanes to work on their evil mindes to
+provide for them not only an honorable sustenance, but a
+royal attendance.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Little Henry must have been a charming child; and we can well imagine
+that he was kindly treated by his captors, who appeared to have
+entertained a notion that a royal child brought up under the stern
+puritan rule, and separated so early from the evil influences of courts
+and cavaliers, might be a good ruler for England when he grew up. The
+boy's natural disposition was all in favor of this possibility.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Such was the seriousness of his tender age, as wrought
+admiration in his attendants, for he proceeded in so sweet a
+method, that he was able in point of Religion&mdash;to render an
+account beyond many whose years should have manifested a
+surer and more certain judgment.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The little boy did not even know his father by sight; for they had never
+met since the king left London in 1642. But when Henry was six years old
+an unexpected opportunity offered itself of learning more about his
+absent father. Henry's elder brother, the Duke of York, afterwards King
+James the Second, was taken prisoner at Oxford in 1646. His servants
+were all dismissed; and he was brought to London to live with the Duke
+of Gloucester and Princess Elizabeth.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>This new society was exceedingly pleasing to the young
+innocent, who began now to hearken to his brother's
+discourses with man-like attention imbibing from his lips a
+new, though natural affection, towards his unknown and
+distressed father.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p><p>This pleasant companionship between the two brothers lasted for nearly
+two years. Then the Duke of York escaped from St. James's and went to
+Holland to join his brother Charles, Prince of Wales, who had fitted out
+a fleet to attempt to rescue his father. Henry and Elizabeth were again
+left alone. Princess Elizabeth however kept her little brother
+constantly informed "of the hourely danger both themselves and father
+stood in." Poor little children! Our hearts ache for the eight-year-old
+boy and the thirteen-year-old girl who were trembling for their own and
+their father's safety. Their fears for the king were only too well
+founded.</p>
+
+<p>The extreme party in Parliament had been steadily gaining in strength.
+And on December 6, 1648, Colonel Pride "purged" the House of Commons of
+one hundred and forty-three members, who were willing to treat with the
+king and accept the concessions he offered. On December 18, King Charles
+was removed from Hurst Castle in the Isle of Wight, where he had been
+closely imprisoned, and brought to St. James's; and thence he was taken
+to Windsor Castle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On January 20, 1649, the king appeared before the High Court of Justice
+assembled in Westminster Hall. On January 27, judgment of death was
+pronounced against "Charles Stuart, King of England." Two days later,
+upon January 29, which</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>was the day before he dyed, he desired he might see and take
+his last farewell to his children, which with some regret
+was granted, and the Lady Elizabeth and the Duke of
+Gloucester brought to him. The King taking the Duke upon his
+knee, said "Sweet heart, now will they cut off thy father's
+head, mark child what I say, they will cut off my head, and
+perhaps make thee a King, but you must not be a King so long
+as your brothers Charles and James be living, for they will
+cut off your brothers' heads (when they can catch them) and
+cut off thy head too at the last, and therefore I charge you
+not to be made a King by them." At which words the child
+smiling said, "I will be torn in pieces first," which
+falling so unexpectedly from one so young made the King
+rejoice exceedingly.... And after that day he never saw his
+father's face more.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 418px;">
+<img src="images/illus256_th.jpg" width="418" height="500" alt="HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER." title="" />
+<span class="caption">HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p><p>Whatever were King Charles's faults, and they were many, he at least
+knew how to die. The next day after this interview, he came on foot from
+St. James's to his banqueting room at Whitehall, and laid his head on
+the block like a gallant and Christian gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>What a strange and tragic memory that meeting must have been for the
+little Duke of Gloucester. At last he saw his unknown father; and found
+him a sad, worn man, on the eve of dying a terrible death.</p>
+
+<p>But the child's troubles were not to end here. The next year he and his
+sister were taken to Carisbroke Castle in the Isle of Wight, where their
+father had been confined for so long. And there Elizabeth fell into a
+consumption and died.</p>
+
+<p>"Now is the little Duke left totally alone, to take comfort only in his
+solitary meditations,"<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> says his historian, who indulges in rather
+violent expressions against the Protectorate. For he goes on to call the
+Parliament "those monsters at Westminster." The so-called "monsters"
+were somewhat embarrassed by the possession of the young duke; and at
+last resolved to send him abroad to complete his education on certain
+conditions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Henry was now eleven years old; and the prospect of comparative freedom
+was very welcome to him. "My father told me" (said he to one about him)
+"that God would provide for me, which he hath abundantly done, in that
+he delivereth me as a Lamb out of the pawes of the devouring Lyon."<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p>
+
+<p>A tutor was chosen for the Prince; and an allowance of three thousand
+pounds a year was to be granted him if he fulfilled the following
+conditions:</p>
+
+<p>I. He was to go to a Protestant School.</p>
+
+<p>II. He was to correspond with the Parliament by letter, and his tutor
+was to render account of his proficiency and learning.</p>
+
+<p>III. He was not to go near his mother or brothers, or have anything to
+do with them, "but in all things utterly disown them."</p>
+
+<p>IV. That he should immediately return upon notice from the Parliament
+given to him for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The third condition was one which the boy found it impossible to keep.
+For the moment he landed in France he went to see his mother and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>
+brothers, "takes the blessing of the one and salutes the other, and
+after a short stay for the future improvement of his learning, he goes
+to Leyden, and settles there to study."<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p>
+
+<p>For three years Henry stayed at Leyden, and eagerly profited by the
+teaching of the wise men who gathered to this famous university from all
+parts of Europe. "Such was his forwardnesse and zeal to learning, and to
+attain the arts, that he would steal from his houres of rest to adde to
+them of his study."<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> He was beloved and honored by all who knew him,
+and was soon pronounced "a most compleat Gentleman, and rarely
+accomplished." In looks he resembled his father; "his hair of a sad or
+dark brown, of a middle stature, strong judgment, a deep and reaching
+understanding, and a most pleasing affable delivery."<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p><p>Our prince was no mere pedant. Young as he was, he knew that there is
+other precious knowledge besides mere book-learning&mdash;though that was
+pleasant to his studious mind. A man who is to rule men must understand
+them. He must study men, or he will only be able to govern by theories,
+which are always dangerous things if they are not backed up by practical
+knowledge. The duke believed in the great importance of a knowledge of
+the world and of human nature. Therefore when he was fourteen, after
+laying the foundation of his learning by hard work at Leyden, he
+returned to the Court of France to study men instead of books for a
+time, in order to make himself more capable of assisting his brother
+Charles, if he should come to his father's throne again.</p>
+
+<p>The compact between Henry and the Parliament was completely at an end.
+Whether he ever received the allowance of three thousand pounds seems
+doubtful. Fuller declares it never was paid. The lad was therefore free
+to go where he chose. He travelled a great deal. And in France he always
+tried to know and imitate the best, "not being caught with novelties,
+nor infected with customes, nor given to affectation."<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In Paris a sore trial of the boy's strength of principle awaited him.
+Charles the Second, the king without a kingdom, left Paris in 1654 with
+the Duke of York, and returned to Flanders where most of his exile was
+spent, leaving Henry with his mother, Queen Henrietta Maria, in order to
+pursue his studies. The queen was a strong Roman Catholic; and no sooner
+had Charles left the French Court than she tried by every means in her
+power to convert her son Henry to her own church. She first told him
+that his brothers' fortunes were almost desperate: but that if he would
+embrace the Romish Faith, the Pope and other European Princes would at
+once take part in King Charles's cause. Then she said that as the duke
+had no fortune of his own, and as she could give him none, if he would
+but abjure his faith the Queen of France would confer rich abbeys and
+benefices upon him, such as would enable him to live</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>in that splendour as was suitable to his birth, that in a
+little time the pope would make him a Cardinal; by which he
+might be able to do the king, his brother, much service, and
+contribute to his recovery; whereas without this he must be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>
+exposed to great necessity and misery, for that she was not
+able any longer to give him maintenance.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>But no argument the queen used could shake the resolute boy. He reminded
+her of the precepts he had received from the king, his father, who had
+died in the faith of the Anglican Church. He put her in mind of the
+promise he had lately made to his eldest brother, never to change his
+religion. And he besought the queen to press him no further, until he
+could at least communicate with the king his brother.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 341px;">
+<img src="images/illus264_th.jpg" width="341" height="500" alt="PRINCESS ELIZABETH IN PRISON." title="" />
+<span class="caption">PRINCESS ELIZABETH IN PRISON.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p><p>Queen Henrietta knew well enough what Charles's views were on the
+subject. So finding that her persuasions availed nothing, she dismissed
+the tutor, and packed Prince Henry off to the Abbey of Pontoise, of
+which her almoner, Montague, was abbot. Here the duke was entirely
+separated from every one but Roman Catholics; and a very bad time he
+had, for every hour some one or other was trying to break down his
+resolution. Happily for the boy, the king heard of his mother's doings.
+In a fury he sent off the Marquis of Ormonde to Paris, who managed the
+disagreeable negotiation so well, that the queen at last said,
+ungraciously enough, "that the duke might dispose of himself as he
+pleased, and that she would not concern herself any further, nor see him
+any more."<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lord Ormonde thereupon hastened to Pontoise, brought the duke away
+rejoicing at his release, and took him shortly after, to join the king
+in Flanders.</p>
+
+<p>Henry now had some experience of warlike training; for during the next
+two or three years he and his brothers joined the French against the
+Spaniards. And when Cromwell's alliance with their French relatives made
+it impossible for them to keep up any further connection with the French
+Court, the young men joined Cond&eacute; in the Spanish camp for a time. The
+Duke of Gloucester, however, soon tired of soldiering; and went back
+again to his books and his wise friends at Leyden, where he gained great
+renown by his retired, studious life, until another change came over the
+fortunes of his family.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1660 Cromwell was dead. England was weary of war and
+revolution&mdash;weary of army rule&mdash;and when Charles the Second signed the
+Declaration of Breda on April 4, the English nation was rejoiced to
+return to its natural government by King and Parliament. The Duke of
+Gloucester was at Breda when that famous Declaration was signed. He
+accompanied his brothers to England, and rode on the king's left hand in
+his triumphal entry into London on May 29.</p>
+
+<p>Henry now proved that in prosperity, as in adversity, his love of work,
+almost the best gift that any young lad can possess, was as strong as
+ever. "He was active, and loved business, was apt to have particular
+friendships; and had an insinuating temper which was generally very
+acceptable."<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> The king was strongly attached to him, and was vexed
+when he saw that no post was left for this favorite brother; for Monk
+was General, and the Duke of York was in command of the Fleet. However,
+although Lord Clarendon considered the post was beneath his dignity,
+Henry begged to be made Lord Treasurer, "for he could not bear an idle
+life."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Alas! he only enjoyed this prosperous change in his fortune for four
+short months. "The mirth and entertainments" of the restoration, "raised
+his blood so high, that he took the smallpox." The ignorant physicians
+bled him three times, thus effectually taking away his last chance of
+recovery. And on September 13, 1660, this promising young prince died at
+Whitehall, the very palace where, eleven years before, his sad, broken
+father had been executed.</p>
+
+<p>All the nation mourned the loss of the duke, for every one loved and
+admired him.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>With his namesake Prince Henry he completed not twenty
+years, and what was said of the unkle, was as true of the
+nephew.</p></div>
+
+<p>In searching at the British Museum a little while ago for documents
+concerning this prince, we came upon a mention under his name in the
+catalogue of "Some Teares." Curious to see what they were, we were told
+that the book which contained<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> them was too valuable to be brought into
+the great reading room, where hundreds of workers congregate in busy
+silence every day. So we were taken through locked doors into an inner
+sanctum; and there the precious document was intrusted to us. It was a
+large sheet of stiff paper, with wide black borders, and on it a long
+poem (of which I can only give a few lines) was printed, entitled,</p>
+
+<p class='center'>SOME TEARES DROPT ON THE HERSE OF THE INCOMPARABLE PRINCE</p>
+
+<p class='center'><big>HENRY DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.</big></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Fatal <i>September</i> to the Royal line<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Has snatch'd one Hero&euml; of our hopeful <i>Trine</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From Earth; 'tis strange heaven should not pr&#339;declare<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A loss so grievous by some <i>Blazing Star</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which might our senses overjoy'd, alarm,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And time give to prepare for so great harm.<br /></span>
+</div>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He was Fair Fruit sprung from a Royal Bud,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And grown as great by fair Renown as Blood;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ripe too too soon; for in a Youth so green<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">An Harvest was of gray-haired Wisdome seen.<br /></span>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>Minerva's</i> Darling, Patron of the Gown,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lover of Learning, and <i>Apollo's</i> Crown<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He was; the Muses he began to nourish,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Learn'd men and arts under his wings did flourish.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But lest we should commit Idolatry,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heav'n took him from our sight, not Memory.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>London:</i> Printed by <i>W. Godbid</i> for <i>Henry Brome</i> at the
+<i>Gun</i> in <i>Ivy Lane</i>, and <i>Henry Marsh</i> at the <i>Princes Arms</i>
+in <i>Chancery-lane</i> near <i>Fleet-street</i>, M.D.C.L.X.</p></div>
+
+<p>As we handled the stiff old sheet with its black borders, and saw
+September 20, written in before the date in faded ink, we seemed to see
+the handsome, gentle, studious prince, borne out of the palace where the
+tragedy of his father's death was yet fresh in the minds of those who
+were rejoicing at the young king's restoration. We seemed to follow the
+sad procession down to the Abbey of Westminster, and watch him laid in
+the grave of his great-grandmother, beside his little sister Anna. And
+it saddened us to think of that gallant young lad cut off just when
+fortune smiled upon him after his lonely childhood, his stormy boyhood.
+But then we thought again of all he was saved from&mdash;of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> the corruption
+and evil-doing of his brother Charles's abominable court&mdash;of the
+troubles and disgraces of James the Second's reign. And the little
+chapel where he lies was transformed into a safe haven of refuge from
+evils far worse than death.</p>
+
+<p>No monument is raised to his memory. But above his grave, Mary, Queen of
+Scots, with her proud beautiful face in scornful repose, lies under her
+splendid canopy, a fierce little Scotch lion crowned at her feet. And in
+the dim mysterious light that comes through the tiny diamond panes of
+the windows, we read words on her tomb that are indeed true of her
+great-grandson, Henry, Duke of Gloucester; and as we leave him here at
+rest we too say:</p>
+
+<p class='center'>
+Bon&aelig; Memori&aelig;<br />
+Et spei &AElig;tern&aelig;.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> "Fuller's Worthies." Vol. II. p. 108.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> "English Princesses." M. A. Greene, p. 395.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Short view of the Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester, 1661,
+p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester. p. 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester." p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester." p. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester." p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> "Somers' Civil Tract." p. 316.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> "Somer's Civil Notes."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> "Bishop Burnet's History of his own Time." Vol. I. p.
+248.</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.</h3>
+
+
+<p>From our childhood up we have all heard of "Good Queen Anne." When we
+were small tots in the nursery we sang little rhymes about</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Queen Anne, Queen Anne, she sat in the sun.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I send you three letters, you don't read one.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Then as we grew older we succumbed more or less to the rage for the
+eighteenth century which has laid hold on so large a section of English
+and Americans during the last few years. And we began to use Queen
+Anne's name in season and out of season&mdash;to talk glibly of Queen Anne
+architecture, Queen Anne furniture, and Queen Anne plate. The subject is
+doubtless an interesting one. And I for one am grateful to Queen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>
+Anne&mdash;or rather to the architects of her reign. Those stately red brick
+houses of her time, though they are far less graceful than Elizabethan
+mansions, and less romantic than the French chateaux of the same period
+with their high roofs, and charming tourelles with extinguisher tops,
+are among the most comfortable, homelike, lovable dwelling-places we can
+find in England.</p>
+
+<p>The plate too of Queen Anne's reign is justly esteemed as the handsomest
+and richest that can be found. As I write a bit of veritable Queen Anne
+plate stands beside me on the table&mdash;a graceful little candlestick five
+inches high, of plain, solid silver. No need to look at its Hall-mark,
+or puzzle over its history; for the only ornament on its foot is an
+open-work pattern formed of roughly cut letters, "Queen Anne. 1702"; and
+on the rim above is engraved "His Highness Prince George. S.<sup>L</sup>S. Anno
+Dom. 1702."</p>
+
+<p>The candlestick was a present from Queen Anne on her coronation, to a
+certain old ancestress of ours, who had been one of the ladies in
+attendance on the Queen's young son, William<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> Henry, Duke of
+Gloucester&mdash;the only one of her numerous children who lived beyond his
+babyhood.</p>
+
+<p>This little boy, the last of our children of Westminster Abbey, was born
+on July 24, 1689. It was a memorable year in the history of England, for
+it had seen the great and bloodless revolution by which James the Second
+had been driven from Great Britain, and William the Third put on the
+throne. The misgovernment of James had become unbearable; and William,
+Prince of Orange, who had married the king's eldest daughter Mary, was
+invited "by a small party of ardent Whigs to assist in preserving the
+civil and religious liberties of the nation." William and Mary accepted
+the Declaration of Right, and were crowned as joint sovereigns on April
+11, 1689. They had no children. So when Princess Anne, the Queen's
+sister, and wife of Prince George of Denmark, gave birth to her little
+boy in the following July, he was welcomed as the future King of
+England.</p>
+
+<p>King William and the King of Denmark were the baby's godfathers. The
+marchioness of Halifax was his godmother. Queen Mary adopted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> him as her
+heir; and the king conferred upon him the title of Duke of Gloucester:
+but he was not created Duke "because his mother considered that title
+dreadfully unlucky."</p>
+
+<p>But at first it seemed highly improbable that the poor child would live
+long. He was delicate from his birth&mdash;very small&mdash;and for two months his
+death was constantly expected. The doctors advised an incessant change
+of nurses; and the wretched baby, as was to be expected, grew weaker and
+weaker. At last, however, a fine-looking young Quakeress, a Mrs. Pack,
+with a month-old baby in her arms, came up from Kingston to tell the
+Princess Anne of a remedy which had done her children good. The Prince
+of Denmark besought her to become wet-nurse to the suffering little
+prince; and from that moment the unfortunate child began to thrive.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 351px;">
+<img src="images/illus276_th.jpg" width="351" height="500" alt="WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LOOKING TOWARD THE ALTAR. From
+etching by H. Toussaint." title="" />
+<span class="caption">WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LOOKING TOWARD THE ALTAR. From
+etching by H. Toussaint.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p><p>Then came the question of the most healthy residence for the baby on
+whom so much depended. And Princess Anne at length chose Lord Craven's
+fine house at Kensington Gravelpits, which he offered to lend her for
+the little prince's nursery. He went out every day, no matter how cold
+it was, in a tiny carriage which the Duchess of Ormonde presented to
+him. The horses were in keeping with the size of the carriage; for they
+were a pair of Shetland ponies "scarcely larger than good-sized
+mastiffs," and were guided by Dick Drury, the Prince of Denmark's
+coachman.</p>
+
+<p>The first two or three years of the little Duke of Gloucester's life
+were spent between Lord Craven's house at Kensington, and London. For in
+those days Kensington was a country village, out in the woods and
+fields. West of Mayfair there were no houses until Kensington was
+reached on the breezy slopes of Camden Hill. South Kensington, that vast
+quarter of handsome houses, has only come into existence in the last
+fifty years. The writer's grandfather was laughed at for going "out of
+town," when he and his old friend, Lord Essex, built themselves two of
+the first houses in Belgrave Square about 1830. And one of his
+sons-in-law, when a lad at Westminster School early in the century,
+remembers snipe-shooting in the marshes which separated Chelsea from
+London.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Princess Anne and the queen were on exceedingly bad terms, the chief
+reason of their disagreement being Anne's passionate devotion to the
+famous Sarah Jennings, wife of the yet more famous Duke of Marlborough.
+The Marlboroughs, a clever, able, ambitious, unscrupulous pair,
+encouraged the jealousy between the sisters to secure their own ends,
+and at length formed a "Princess's party," which gave William the Third
+considerable trouble during his reign. The Queen insisted that Lady
+Marlborough, as she then was, should be dismissed from the Princess's
+service. Anne was equally determined to keep her beloved friend about
+her at all risks. This led to endless disputes and quarrels between the
+royal ladies; and the little Duke of Gloucester became a fresh subject
+of contention. When she was in town,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>the Princess, who was a tender mother, passed much of her
+time in the nursery of her heir.... Whenever the Queen heard
+her sister was there she forebore to enter the room, but
+would send an inquiry or a message to her royal nephew&mdash;"a
+compliment," as it was called in the phraseology of the day.
+The set speech used to be delivered by the queen's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> official
+in formal terms to the unconscious infant, as he sat on his
+nurse's knee; and then the courtly messenger would depart,
+without taking the slightest notice of the Princess Anne,
+although she was in the room with her child. Sometimes Queen
+Mary sent her nephew rattles or balls, or other toys, all
+which were chronicled in the <i>Gazette</i> with great solemnity;
+but every attention to the little Gloucester was attended
+with some signal impertinence to his mother.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>For two years the little boy throve well in the good air of Kensington,
+without any illness. But in the third year he was attacked by ague.
+Fifty years before he would probably have been bled and reduced in every
+way, and would speedily have died. But medical science was improving;
+and a wonderful discovery had been made in far-off Peru. The ague was
+cured by Doctor Radcliffe and Sir Charles Scarborough, "who prescribed
+the Jesuit's Powder, of which the Duke took large quantities early in
+the spring of 1694, for the same complaint most manfully."<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p><p>This Jesuit's Powder was none other than the famous Peruvian Bark, made
+as we all know from the bark of the Chinchona trees, so-called by
+Linn&aelig;us after the Countess of Chincon, wife of the Viceroy of Peru. This
+lady's cure in 1638 from a desperate fever, brought the quinine&mdash;the
+"bark-of-barks" as its Indian name signifies&mdash;into notice, and gave the
+world one of the most precious remedies we possess against disease.</p>
+
+<p>This ague was the first, but by no means the last illness our poor
+little boy had to endure; for all through his short life he was
+delicate.</p>
+
+<p>His faithful attendant, Jenkin Lewis, a young man who was tenderly
+attached to him, has left us a most interesting memoir of the young
+prince. And from this we get charming details of his daily life, his
+many illnesses, and his character.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When first he began to walk about and speak plain, he
+fancied he must be of all trades; one day a carpenter,
+another day a smith, and so on; which the queen observing
+sent him a box of ivory tools, said to cost twenty-five
+pounds, which he used till he learnt the names of them, and
+also the terms of those mechanical arts.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illus282_th.jpg" width="500" height="369" alt="THE OLD DORMITORY AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE OLD DORMITORY AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>But from his infancy the little duke began to show his passion for
+horses, drums, and anything to do with soldiers. In 1693, when he was
+only four years old, he threw away childish toys, saying he was a man
+and a soldier. And he had up from Kensington village a little company of
+twenty-two boys, wearing paper caps and armed with wooden swords, who
+enlisted themselves as his guard. The duke was enchanted; and appointed
+a very pretty boy, Sir Thomas Lawrence's son, to be lieutenant. This
+little army was his constant delight. In a short time the child gained a
+real<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> knowledge of military matters; and before long he began to use his
+bodyguard to some purpose. In 1694, seeing how active he was, and that
+"his stiff-bodied coats were very troublesome to him in his military
+amusements," the Prince and Princess put him into breeches on Easter
+Day.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>His suit was a white camblet, with silver loops, and buttons
+of silver thread. He wore stiff stays under his waistcoat,
+which hurt him; whereupon, Mr. Hughes, his taylor, was sent
+for; when he came the duke bade his boys (whom he stiled his
+Horse Guards) put the taylor on the wooden horse, which
+stood in the presence-room for the punishment of offenders,
+as is usual in martial law: who presently were for hoisting
+him on, if they had had strength enough.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>It must have been an absurd scene. The little duke, not five years old,
+in his first pair of breeches, long waistcoat of white and silver, and
+coat with wide skirts and handsome, deep-cuffed sleeves&mdash;the bodyguard
+of small rogues setting on their victim&mdash;and the hapless tailor, who was
+so genuinely alarmed at these violent proceedings, that good-natured
+Jenkin had to beg him off.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A year or two later we find the duke going down to Kensington Palace,
+where he ordered his boys&mdash;now two companies numbering ninety in all,
+armed with wooden swords and muskets, and in red grenadiers' caps&mdash;to
+exercise in the garden before the king and queen. The king was
+delighted; and gave the young soldiers twenty guineas, besides two gold
+pieces which he presented to one of them, William Gardner, who beat the
+drum "equal to the ablest drummer." The next day, Sunday, the king sent
+word he was coming to visit his nephew. This was a great occasion, as
+the king very seldom came to see him. The duke prepared a pasteboard
+fortification, and got his four little brass cannon ready; and when the
+king arrived the boy was so engrossed in shewing him that he could
+salute him like a soldier and afterwards "compliment him," that he could
+not be persuaded to thank His Majesty first for coming. He fired his
+cannon, and he</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>then talked to the king of horses and arms, and thanked him
+of his own accord for the honor he did him in coming to see
+him. He told the king that one of his cannon was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> broke; the
+king promised to send him some cannon, but never did; the
+duke thanked him and complimented him in these words&mdash;"My
+dear king, you shall have both my companies with you to
+Flanders," where the king was to go soon after.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>All his talk was of wars, soldiers, and fortifications.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>He was scarce seven years old when he understood the terms
+of fortification and navigation, knew all the different
+parts of a strong place, and a ship of war, and could
+marshall a company of boys, who had voluntarily listed
+themselves to attend him.... He had a particular aversion to
+dancing and all womanish exercises, his whole delight being
+in martial sports and hunting.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></p><p>Even when he was ill in bed he insisted on having his cannon drawn up
+in his sight, and made his servant stand sentinel at his door as in a
+fortress. The faithful Jenkin told him stories of Alexander and C&aelig;sar,
+and on the sly studied the art of fortification, in order to teach the
+young duke more about it. But this was discovered by Lady Fitz Hardinge,
+who was the queen's spy in Princess Anne's household. Jenkin Lewis was
+threatened with instant dismissal if he ventured again to instruct the
+boy in matters with which he had no concern; and he was obliged
+regretfully to put away his fortification books. But he found a more
+allowable diversion in putting some of the young duke's words of command
+into verse, and had them set to music by Mr. John Church, "one of the
+gentlemen of Westminster Abbey, who had studied Mr. Henry Purcel's works
+and imitated his manner." It was not very grand poetry, but the little
+soldier was delighted. It begins&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Hark! hark! the hostile drum alarms;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let ours now beat and call to arms!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>In 1696, after the discovery of the Rye House Plot, loyal addresses were
+offered to the king by both Houses of Parliament, and an association was
+formed to preserve King William or avenge his death, which was very
+generally signed throughout the kingdom. The Duke of Gloucester and his
+boys were eager to follow the public example.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> The duke composed an
+address which one of his boys wrote down as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I, your Majesty's most dutiful subject, had rather lose my
+life in your Majesty's cause, than in any man's else; and I
+hope it will not be long 'ere you conquer France.</p></div>
+
+<p class='center'>
+(<i>Signed</i>) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="smcap">Gloster.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>He also dictated one for his boys and his household to sign, which was
+much to the point, and ran thus:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We, your Majesty's dutiful subjects, will stand by you as
+long as we have a drop of blood.</p></div>
+
+<p>The prince and his boys were closely associated in all their pursuits
+and interests. Not only did they study the art of war, but they were
+catechised together by Mr. Prat, the duke's first tutor. The child had
+been carefully instructed in religion from his infancy. "He had early
+suck'd in his mother's piety," says one writer, "and was always
+attentive to prayers." One day in the catechising, Mr. Prat asked him
+before his boys, "How can you, being born a prince, keep yourself from
+the pomps and vanities of this world?" And the little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> fellow made the
+simple and straightforward answer, "I will keep God's commandments, and
+do all I can to walk in his ways."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illus288_th.jpg" width="500" height="374" alt="DINING HALL, WESTMINSTER SCHOOL." title="" />
+<span class="caption">DINING HALL, WESTMINSTER SCHOOL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>He was a pretty boy. Something like his royal mother in her younger
+days; for she is described as a "sylph-like creature" when a girl,
+though she afterwards grew to be the mountain of fat we know in most of
+her portraits. His face was oval; and for the most part glowed with a
+fine colour. His shape was fine, his body easy, and his arms finely
+hung.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>His disposition was naturally a sweet one; and he was admirably loyal to
+his friends and attendants, always willing to take blame himself rather
+than allow another to be scolded. But his weak health, a strong will,
+and a hot temper made him liable to fits of passion in which he lost all
+control over himself. Jenkin Lewis describes some of these outbursts of
+fury, and one in particular when he was the object of the prince's
+wrath. Jenkin quietly turned him round to the looking-glass, so that the
+boy might see what a shocking spectacle he was making of himself.
+Whereupon his passion fell as quickly as it had risen. He grew calm upon
+seeing himself, and expressed his sorrow.</p>
+
+<p>When he was nine years old, the king appointed Bishop Burnet to be his
+preceptor, and the Duke of Marlborough to be his governor.</p>
+
+<p>The Bishop writes two years later, that he had made "amazing progress."
+They had read together the Psalms, Proverbs and Gospels, and the bishop
+had explained things that fell in his way "very copiously, and was often
+surprised at the questions he put me, and the reflections that he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> made.
+He came to understand things relating to religion beyond
+imagination."<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> Besides religion the good bishop seems to have
+crammed his pupil's head with a mass of knowledge&mdash;geography, forms of
+government in every country, the interests and trades of every nation,
+the history "of all the great revolutions that had been in the world;"
+and he explained "the Gothic constitution and the beneficiary and feudal
+laws."</p>
+
+<p>No wonder that as one historian says, "his tender constitution bended
+under the weight of his manly soul, and was too much harass'd by the
+vivacity of his genius, to be of long duration.... In a word, he was too
+forward to arrive at maturity."<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></p>
+
+<p>On July 24, 1700, the Duke of Gloucester was eleven years old. The next
+day Bishop Burnet tells that he complained a little: but every one
+thought he was tired with his birthday festivities. The day after he
+grew rapidly worse. A malignant fever declared itself, and he "died on
+the fourth day of his illness, to the great grief of all who were
+concerned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> with him." He was buried quite quietly, in the same vault as
+his great-uncle Henry, Duke of Gloucester, beside their common
+ancestress, Mary, Queen of Scots.</p>
+
+<p>The death of this little boy was an event of enormous importance to
+England. The Stuart line was at an end, and the eyes of England now
+turned to George Lewis, the Elector of Hanover, grandson of that
+unfortunate Queen of Bohemia, who we know best as Princess Elizabeth,
+the favorite sister and playfellow of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales.
+And with the death of "the last hope of the race&mdash;thus withered, as it
+must have seemed, by the doom of Providence"<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>&mdash;our history of the
+children of Westminster draws to a close. Besides those whose lives and
+stories we have studied together, there are several of whom little is
+known but the facts of their death and burial in our stately Abbey. The
+year before little William, Duke of Gloucester, was born, two "holy
+innocents" were laid to rest at Westminster; one, Nicholas Bagnall, an
+"infant of two months old, by his nurse unfortunately overlaid," is
+commemorated by a white marble urn in the Chapel of St. Nicholas, among
+the Percys and the Cecils. And in the Cloisters there is a touchingly
+simple tablet which Dean Stanley delighted to point out to every one,
+bearing these words:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Jane Lister, dear child, died October 7, 1688."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 255px;">
+<img src="images/illus292_th.jpg" width="255" height="500" alt="A WESTMINSTER BOY." title="" />
+<span class="caption">A WESTMINSTER BOY.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1711, three years before Queen Anne's death, a young Westminster
+Scholar, Carteret by name, aged nineteen, was buried in the North Aisle
+of the Choir, "with the chiefs of his house." This is, I think, the only
+instance of a Westminster boy being buried in the Abbey. And young
+Carteret, the Westminster Scholar, leads me to an institution<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> at
+Westminster which I have too long neglected. I mean Westminster School.</p>
+
+<p>From the earliest days of the Abbey, from Edith and Edward the
+Confessor's time, a school for the training of the novices was attached
+to Westminster as to other great monasteries. When the constitution of
+the Abbey was changed by the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539-40,
+Henry the Eighth founded a school in connection with the reformed Abbey.
+But the school was refounded and enlarged by Queen Elizabeth in the year
+of the Armada, and to her we owe its prosperity and fame. The great
+tables of chestnut wood in the black-beamed College Dining Hall, are
+said by tradition to have been given by the queen from the wrecks of the
+Spanish Armada. From this time forth Westminster School took its place
+among the most famous public schools in England. The names of many of
+the greatest of England's worthies are inscribed on the walls of the old
+schoolroom. In Elizabeth's reign the famous Camden was its head master.
+And a few years later we find young George Herbert being commended to
+the Dean for Westminster<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> School, where "the beauties of his pretty
+behavior and wit shined and became so eminent and lovely in this his
+tender age, that he seemed marked out for piety and to have the care of
+heaven, and of a particular good angel to guard and guide him."<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p>
+
+<p>Westminster School was always loyal, and during the Protectorate the
+boys were ardent partisans of the king, whose scholars they said they
+were and would always remain. "It will never be well with the nation
+until Westminster School is suppressed," said the Puritan Dean of Christ
+Church, John Owen.</p>
+
+<p>However, the "King's School" remained vehemently loyal in spite of all
+the efforts of the Presbyterian and Independent preachers in the Abbey;
+and it was not suppressed.</p>
+
+<p>In Queen Anne's reign the School buildings took their present form. The
+old Dormitory, which had been in the Middle Ages the Granary of the
+Convent, stood on the west side of Dean's Yard.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The wear-and-tear of four centuries, which included the
+rough usage of many generations of schoolboys, had rendered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>
+this venerable building quite unfit for its purposes. The
+gaping roof and broken windows, which freely admitted the
+rain and snow, wind and sun; the beams, cracked and hung
+with cobwebs; the cavernous walls, with many a gash
+inflicted by youthful Dukes and Earls in their boyish days;
+the chairs, scorched by many a fire, and engraven deep with
+many a famous name&mdash;provoked alternately the affection and
+derision of Westminster students."<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>So the Dormitory was doomed, and was re-built by Lord Burlington after
+designs by Sir Christopher Wren, in the College Garden&mdash;a lovely space
+of cool green beyond the Little Cloisters&mdash;where it stands to this day.</p>
+
+<p>The school of Westminster has been always intimately connected with the
+Abbey Church, since the days when the abbot sat on one side of the Great
+Cloisters with his monks, and the master of the novices on the other
+with his disciples. And quaint customs still survive from early days in
+which the Chapter and the Scholars take part more or less.</p>
+
+<p>Across the Great School runs the famous Bar,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> over which it is the duty
+of the college cook to toss a pancake on Shrove Tuesday "to be scrambled
+for by the boys and presented to the Dean." Once a year the Dean and
+Chapter "receive in the Hall the former Westminster Scholars, and hear
+the recitation of the Epigrams, which have contributed for so many years
+their lively comments on the events of each passing generation,"<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> a
+relic of the old custom by which the Dean and Prebendaries dined in the
+College Hall&mdash;the ancient Refectory&mdash;with all the School. Every Sunday
+and Saint's day during the school year, the Westminster Scholars troop
+into the Choir in their white surplices in front of the Abbey body, and
+take the seats which have been theirs by right since the coronation of
+James the Second. And in modern days their shouts from those seats have
+testified the assent of the people of England to the sovereign's
+election in the Coronation Service.</p>
+
+<p>And now from the shouts of the young, vigorous, active boys of
+Westminster, let us turn once more to the Abbey. In its still dim
+aisles, under the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> vaulted, misty roof, let us bid a tender and loving
+farewell to its children&mdash;the Holy Innocents who have "gone
+before"&mdash;whose sweet memories live in the minds of men; whose souls are
+safe in God's good keeping; and whose ashes rest in England's Pantheon.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Strickland. "Lives of the Queens of England." Vol. VII.
+p. 237.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> "Memoirs of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester." By
+Jenkin Lewis. p. 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> "Memoirs of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester." By
+Jenkin Lewis. p. 8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Memoirs. Jenkin Lewis. p. 8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Memoir. Jenkin Lewis. p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> "Impartial History of Queen Anne's Reign." Bishop White
+Kennett. p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Jenkin Lewis.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Memoir. Jenkin Lewis. p. 100.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Bishop White Kennet. "Impartial History of Queen Anne's
+Reign." p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." Dean Stanley, p. 196.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Walton's Life. Vol. II. p. 24.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster Abbey. Dean Stanley." p. 536</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." Dean Stanley, p. 481.</p></div></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="GLOSSARY" id="GLOSSARY"></a>GLOSSARY.</h2>
+
+
+<p><b>Aisle</b>, the lateral divisions of a church, on each side of the nave. From
+Aile&mdash;a wing. p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Almonry</b>, a room where alms were distributed. In Abbeys generally a stone
+building near the church. p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ambulatory</b>, a place to walk in. At Westminster the passage round the
+outside of the Chapel of St. Edward. p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Arcade</b>, a series of arches, supported by columns, either open or closed
+with masonry. Frequently used for the decoration of the walls of
+churches, on the exterior and interior. p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Baptistery</b>, the part of a church containing the font. p. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Boss</b>, an ornament placed at the intersection of the ribs in vaulted
+roofs. p. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Breviary</b>, the book containing the daily service of the Roman Catholic
+Church. p. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Buttress</b>, a projection from a wall to give extra strength and support.
+The <i>flying buttress</i>, or <i>Arc-boutant</i> is carried across by an arch
+from one wall to another. p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Chalice</b>, the cup used at the celebration of the Eucharist. p. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Chantry</b>, a sepulchral chapel, in which masses for the dead were chanted.
+p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Choir</b>, the chancel of collegiate or cathedral churches. p. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Clerestory</b>, (old spelling clear-story) the upper story or row of windows
+in a Gothic Church. p. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cloisters</b>, covered galleries of communication between the different
+parts of a monastic building or college. They generally have roofs of
+groined stone. At Westminster they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span> run round the two quadrangles of the
+Great and Little Cloisters, and join them together by long stone
+passages. p. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Crocket</b>, detached flowers or bunches of foliage, used to decorate the
+angles of spires, pinnacles and gables. p. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gable</b>, the upright triangular piece of masonry or woodwork at the end of
+a roof.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gargoyle</b>, a projecting stone water-spout in the shape of some monster,
+or the figure of a man from whose mouth the water runs. p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gothic</b> Architecture is chiefly distinguished by the <i>pointed arch</i>. It
+is divided into three periods. The Early English, which prevailed during
+the thirteenth century. The Decorated style, which prevailed during the
+fourteenth century. And the Perpendicular, or style of the fifteenth
+century. In France the latest Gothic style is called Flamboyant. p. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mullions</b>, upright bars of stone between the lights of a window.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nave</b>, the principal or central division of a Gothic Church, extending
+from the west end to the entrance of the Choir. p. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Oriel</b>, a window projecting from the face of the wall, frequently resting
+on brackets.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pendant</b>, a sculptured ornament hanging from a Gothic roof. In the latest
+or Perpendicular style the pendants are sculptured in the most delicate
+manner and form the Keystones of the roof, taking the place of the
+bosses. p. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pier-Arches</b>, arches supported on piers (or pillars) between the centre
+and side aisles. p. <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pyx</b>, a gold or silver circular vessel in which the Eucharistic wafer was
+reserved before the Reformation for communicating the sick. The term is
+also used sometimes, for a casket in which relics are kept; or for boxes
+in which deeds are preserved. p. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Reredos</b>, the screen at the back of the Altar. p. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rood</b>, the Holy Rood, or Crucifix. A cross with the figure of our Saviour
+upon it. p. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rose-Window</b>, a circular window, called also a Catherine-wheel, or a
+Marigold window. p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sacrarium</b>, the part of a temple where the sacred things were deposited.
+At Westminster, the wide space within the Altar rails. p. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>String-course</b>, a projecting line of mouldings running horizontally along
+the face of a building, frequently under the windows. p. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Transept</b>, the division of a church running north and south, forming the
+arms of a cross. p. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Triforium</b>, a range of small arches or panels between the top of the
+pier-arches and the bottom of the clerestory windows, usually opening
+into a passage above the side aisles. p. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Troco</b>, an old game played with large wooden balls which were pushed
+through a ring set up in the turf, by poles with a little iron cup at
+the end.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tudor</b> or Perpendicular style. In the windows the mullions are continued
+through the head of the window.</p>
+
+<p><b>Turret</b>, a small tower of great height in proportion to its diameter. p.
+<a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vaulting</b>, or Vaulted Roof. An arched roof, the stones or materials of
+which are so placed as to support each other. p. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<div class='padding'>
+<p class='center'>
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+
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+Francis, have furnished outline drawings calculated to entice the little
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+
+<p><b>The Gray Masque, and Other Poems.</b> By Mary Barker Dodge. This little
+volume of "tender and beautiful poems" as the London <i>Literary World</i>
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+
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+
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+
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+Neighborhood." 12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. Published from the
+original manuscript in advance of its appearance in England. A
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+
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+is unrivalled.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tom Tits and Other Bits.</b> With other verses, by Amelia M. Starkweather.
+Quarto, extra cloth, finely illustrated, $1.00. Pleasant stories and
+sketches in verse, with illustrative pictures of unusual merit.</p>
+
+<p><b>Life of General U. S. Grant</b> by E. E. Brown. 12mo. $1.50. Containing a
+sketch of his political services, with portrait and illustrations. Has
+been long in preparation and is the careful and successful work of a
+popular writer.</p>
+
+<p><b>Up Hill and Down Dale.</b> By Laura D. Nichols. One of the valuable and
+fascinating natural history volumes, or "nature-books," similar to
+"Overhead" and "Underfoot," which have proven so popular in home circles
+and reading unions. 12mo, cloth, $1.75. Boards, $1.25.</p>
+
+<p><b>Many Colored Threads.</b> Selections from the writings of Goethe, edited by
+Carrie Adelaide Cook. Those familiar with the writings of the great
+German author, and those who know little of them, will be alike
+interested in this collection of "best thoughts." Eloquence, pathos,
+romance, philosophy&mdash;a wide range of sentiment and feeling,
+characteristic of the life of Goethe&mdash;are revealed in these selections.
+The book is a worthy companion to the six preceding volumes of the
+widely-circulated "Spare Minute Series"&mdash;"Thoughts that Breathe," Dean
+Stanley; "Cheerful Words" George MacDonald; "The Might of Right,"
+Gladstone; "True Manliness," Thos. Hughes; "Living Truths," Charles
+Kingsley; "Right to the Point," Doctor Cuyler. Extra cloth, $1.00.</p>
+
+<div class='trnote'>
+<p class='center'>Transcriber's notes</p>
+
+<p>Inconsistencies in spelling of proper names retained.</p>
+
+<p>Punctuation normalised.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Children of Westminster Abbey, by 
+Rose G. Kingsley
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's The Children of Westminster Abbey, by Rose G. Kingsley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Children of Westminster Abbey
+       Studies in English History
+
+Author: Rose G. Kingsley
+
+Release Date: June 23, 2010 [EBook #32955]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHILDREN OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by D Alexander, Juliet Sutherland, Christine D.
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY.--FRONT.]
+
+
+
+
+THE CHILDREN OF
+
+WESTMINSTER ABBEY
+
+STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY
+
+BY
+
+ROSE G. KINGSLEY
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD THE SIXTH]
+
+_ILLUSTRATIONS_
+
+  BOSTON
+  D. LOTHROP AND COMPANY
+  FRANKLIN AND HAWLEY STREETS
+
+
+
+
+  Copyright, 1886.
+  by
+  D. LOTHROP & COMPANY.
+
+
+
+
+  Dedication
+
+  TO MY NEPHEWS
+
+  RANULPH AND FRANCIS
+  KINGSLEY
+
+  _Tachbrook Mallory_
+  Oct. 16, 1885
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                            PAGE.
+
+  I.    The Building of the Abbey--Princess Catherine
+        and Prince Henry                                                 7
+
+  II.   The Conquest of Wales--Prince Alfonso                           31
+
+  III.  John of Eltham, the Young Knight                                57
+
+  IV.   Edward the Fifth, and Richard, Duke of
+        York                                                            79
+
+  V.    King Edward the Sixth                                          105
+
+  VI.   Miss Elizabeth Russell, "the Child of Westminster"             130
+
+  VII.  The Princesses Sophia and Mary                                 155
+
+  VIII. Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales                               176
+
+  IX.   Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (_continued_)                 196
+
+  X.    Lord Francis Villiers                                          222
+
+  XI.   Princess Anne, and Henry, Duke of Gloucester                   243
+
+  XII.  William Henry, Duke of Gloucester                              269
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+(_From rare old Prints and Photographs._)
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE.
+  Westminster Abbey.--Front                                       Frontis.
+
+  Westminster Abbey.--North Entrance                                    12
+
+  Shrine of Edward the Confessor.--At left, Tomb of Henry the Third     25
+
+  Dean Stanley                                                          37
+
+  Chapel of Henry the Fifth                                             45
+
+  Effigy of John of Eltham                                              58
+
+  Tomb of John of Eltham, St. Edmund's Chapel                           61
+
+  Ancient Canopy of the Tomb of John of Eltham                          67
+
+  Tomb of William of Windsor and his Sister Blanche                     74
+
+  Edward the Fifth                                                      83
+
+  Memorial Urn in Henry the Seventh's Chapel                           101
+
+  Interior of the Chapel of Henry the Seventh                          107
+
+  Exterior of the Chapel of Henry the Seventh                          113
+
+  Edward the Sixth.--_From a Painting by Holbein_                      119
+
+  Queen Elizabeth.--_From Painting in the English National Portrait
+                                                             Gallery_  137
+
+  Monument to Miss Elizabeth Russell                                   147
+
+  The Monument to Queen Elizabeth in the North Aisle                   157
+
+  The Cradle Tomb                                                      165
+
+  The Monuments of Princess Sophia and Princess Mary                   171
+
+  Entrance to Bramshill House                                          179
+
+  Bramshill House, from the North                                      189
+
+  Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales                                     203
+
+  Westminster Abbey, from the North                                    215
+
+  Tomb of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham                          227
+
+  Lord Francis Villiers.--_After Vandyck_                         235
+
+  The Effigies of the Lady Anna                                        245
+
+  Henry, Duke of Gloucester                                            253
+
+  Princess Elizabeth in Prison                                         261
+
+  Westminster Abbey, looking toward the Altar.--_From
+  Etching by H. Toussaint_                                          273
+
+  The Old Dormitory at Westminster School                              279
+
+  Dining Hall, Westminster School                                      285
+
+  A Westminster Boy                                                    289
+
+
+
+
+THE CHILDREN OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE BUILDING OF THE ABBEY.
+
+
+Twelve hundred years ago, in the reign of King Sebert the Saxon, a poor
+fisherman called Edric, was casting his nets one Sunday night into the
+Thames. He lived on the Isle of Thorns, a dry spot in the marshes, some
+three miles up the river from the Roman fortress of London. The silvery
+Thames washed against the island's gravelly shores. It was covered with
+tangled thickets of thorns. And not so long before, the red deer, and
+elk and fierce wild ox had strayed into its shades from the neighboring
+forests.[1]
+
+Upon the island a little church had just been built, which was to be
+consecrated on the morrow. Suddenly Edric was hailed from the further
+bank by a venerable man in strange attire. He ferried the stranger
+across the river, who entered the church and consecrated it with all the
+usual rites--the dark night being bright with celestial splendor. When
+the ceremony was over, the stranger revealed to the awestruck fisherman
+that he was St. Peter, who had come to consecrate his own Church of
+Westminster. "For yourself," he said, "go out into the river; you will
+catch a plentiful supply of fish, whereof the larger part shall be
+salmon. This I have granted on two conditions--first, that you never
+again fish on Sundays; and secondly, that you pay a tithe of them to the
+Abbey of Westminster."[2]
+
+The next day when bishop and king came with a great train to consecrate
+the church, Edric told them his story, presented a salmon "from St.
+Peter in a gentle manner to the bishop," and showed them that their
+pious work was already done.
+
+So runs the legend. And on the site of that little church dedicated to
+St. Peter upon the thorn-grown island in the marshes, grew up centuries
+later the glorious Abbey that all English and American boys and girls
+should love. For that Abbey is the record of the growth of our two great
+nations. Within its walls we are on common ground. We are "in goodly
+company;" among those who by their words and deeds and examples have
+made England and America what they are. America is represented just as
+much as England "by every monument in the Abbey earlier than the Civil
+Wars."[3] And within the last few years England has been proud to
+enshrine in her Pantheon the memories of two great and good
+Americans--George Peabody, the philanthropist, and Henry Wadsworth
+Longfellow, the poet.
+
+Come with me, in spirit, my American friends, and let us wander down to
+Westminster on some warm June morning.
+
+We will go down Parliament street from Trafalgar Square, along the road
+that English kings took in old days from the Tower of London to their
+coronations at the Abbey. Whitehall is on our left; and we remember with
+a shudder that King Charles stepped out of that great middle window and
+laid his unhappy head on the block prepared outside upon the scaffold.
+On our right "The Horse Guards"--the headquarters of the English army,
+with a couple of gorgeous lifeguardsmen in scarlet and white, and
+shining cuirasses, sitting like statues on their great black horses.
+Through the archway we catch a glimpse of the thorns in St. James' Park,
+all white with blossom; and we wonder whether their remote ancestors
+were the thorns of Edric's time. Next comes the mass of the Foreign
+Office and all the government buildings, with footguards in scarlet
+tunics and huge bearskin caps standing sentry at each door. Parliament
+street narrows; and at the end of it we see the Clock Tower of the
+Houses of Parliament high up in the air, and the still larger square
+Victoria Tower. Then it opens out into a wide space of gardens and
+roadways; and, across the bright flower beds, there stands Westminster
+Abbey.
+
+What would Edric, the poor fisherman, think if he could see the
+Thames--silvery no longer--hurrying by the wide granite
+embankments--past Doulton's gigantic Lambeth potteries and Lambeth
+Palace and the River Terrace of the Houses of Parliament--covered with
+panting steamboats and heavy barges--swirling brown and turbid under the
+splendid bridges that span it, down to the Tower of London, and the
+Pool, and the Docks, where the crossing lines of thousands of masts and
+spars make a brown mist above the shipping from every quarter of the
+globe? Poor Edric would look in vain for fish in that dirty river; and
+full four hundred years have passed since "the Reverend Brother John
+Wratting, Prior of Westminster," saw twenty-four salmon offered as tithe
+at the High Altar of the Abbey.
+
+What would King Sebert the Saxon think if we took him into the glorious
+building that has risen upon the foundations of his little church in the
+marshes?
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY.--NORTH ENTRANCE.]
+
+At first sight Westminster Abbey is a little dwarfed by the enormous
+pile of the Houses of Parliament and their great towers. And St.
+Margaret's Church, nestling close to it on the north, mars the full view
+of its length. But when we draw near to it, all other buildings are
+forgotten. Crossing St. Margaret's churchyard where Raleigh sleeps, we
+seem to come into the shadow of a great gray cliff. Arch and buttress
+and pinnacle and exquisite pointed windows tier upon tier, are piled up
+to the parapet more than a hundred feet over our heads. Before us is the
+north entrance--well named "Solomon's Porch." It is a "beautiful gate of
+the temple" indeed, with its three deep-shadowed recesses, rich with
+grouped pillars supporting the pointed arches above the doorways--its
+lines of windows and arcades above and below the grand Rose Window, over
+thirty feet across--its flying buttresses and delicate pinnacles
+terminating one hundred and seventy feet above the ground--the whole
+surface wrought with intricate carving, figures of saint and martyr,
+likeness of bird and flower, grotesque gargoyles, fanciful traceries and
+lines and patterns--a stone lace-work of surpassing beauty.
+
+We gaze and gaze, and try to take in the wonder of stone before us.
+Then, through the bewildering noise of London streets, the rattle of
+cabs and carriages, the whistle and rumble of underground railways, the
+ceaseless tramp of hurrying feet on the pavement--"Big Ben" booms out
+eleven times solemnly and slowly from the Clock Tower. We pass the
+photograph and guide-book sellers, and push open the doors under the
+central archway of Solomon's Porch. In an instant the glare and noise
+and hurry are left behind. We find ourselves in a sweet mellow
+silence--in a dim tender light--in a vast airy stillness, such as you
+find at noontide in the depths of a beech forest. But here the boles of
+the beech-trees are huge pillars of stone--the branches are graceful
+pointed arches that spring from them, and vaultings and ribs that flash
+with gold through the blue mist that hangs forever about the roof a
+hundred feet overhead. Outside the Abbey surge the waves of the great
+city. We hear a faint murmur of the roar and turmoil of its restless
+life breaking like distant surf upon the shore. But within these walls
+we are still and peaceful--and, if we will, we may read in "brass and
+stony monument" the story not only of England's worthies, but of her
+religion, her politics, her art, and her literature for full eight
+hundred years. Yes! for eight hundred years. For although the present
+Abbey is but six centuries old, there are still remains to be seen of
+an earlier building.
+
+Morning service is just over. The choir boys have slipped off their
+white surplices, and are setting the music books in order. The crowd of
+sight-seers is beginning to wander about the Abbey. The monotonous
+voices of the vergers are beginning their explanations of tomb and
+chapel to the eager strangers. Let us get my good friends Mr. Berrington
+or Mr. Deer who show the tombs, to come quietly with us in their black
+gowns. Let us stand within the Sacrarium--the wide space inside the
+altar rails. The splendid reredos glittering with gold, mosaic, and
+jewels, blazes above the altar of carved cedar from Lebanon. Against the
+stalls on the opposite side hangs the famous picture of King Richard the
+Second. Beside us rise the gray stone canopies of the magnificent tombs
+of Aymer de Valence and Edmund Crouchback--two of the finest specimens
+of mediaeval art in England. The great groups of pillars round the choir
+carry the eye upwards to the arcades of the Triforium, to the delicate
+tracery of the great clerestory windows, to the wonderful misty roof.
+But it is not overhead that I would have you look. Beneath your feet is
+the mosaic pavement that Abbot Ware brought from Rome in 1267, when he
+journeyed thither to be consecrated Abbot of Westminster by the Pope.
+Our guide stoops down, touches a secret spring, and lifts up a square
+block of the pavement. You look into a space some few feet deep. It is
+almost filled with a mass of rudely chiselled stone--the base and part
+of the shaft of a huge round pillar.
+
+Look on that pillar with reverence. It has seen strange sights.
+
+Under the arches it once supported, Edward the Confessor was buried.
+Under them William the Norman was crowned king of England.
+
+It was on the twenty-eighth of December, in the year of grace 1065, that
+the Collegiate Church of St. Peter was consecrated. For fifteen years
+Edward the Confessor, the last Saxon king, who built it "to the honor of
+God and St. Peter and all God's saints," had lavished time and money and
+pious thought on the grandest building England had yet seen. It had
+cost one tenth of the property of the kingdom. Its vast size, covering
+as it did almost the same ground as the present Abbey, its great round
+arches, its massive pillars, its deep foundations, its windows filled
+with stained glass, its richly sculptured stones, its roof covered with
+lead, its five big bells--all these wonders filled the minds of men
+accustomed to the rude wooden rafters and beams of the common Saxon
+churches, with amazement and awe. Then too a mysterious interest had
+always attached to the site. Besides the old legend of the first
+consecration by St. Peter, the belief in many mysteries and miracles
+connected with the Confessor had grown up with the growth of his Abbey
+Church.
+
+The saintly king, with his pink cheeks, his long white beard, his wavy
+hair and his delicate hands that healed the diseases of his people by
+their magical touch, would startle his courtiers with a strange laugh
+now and again, and then recount some vision which had come to him while
+they thought he slept. "He had seen the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus
+suddenly turn from their right sides to their left, and recognized in
+this omen the sign of war, famine, and pestilence for the coming seventy
+years, during which the sleepers were to lie in their new position."[4]
+
+He had given a precious ring, "large, royal and beautiful," off his
+finger, to a beggar who implored alms of him in the name of St. John.
+The beggar vanished. And the ring was brought back to him from Syria by
+two English pilgrims, to whom an aged man had confided it, telling them
+that he was St. John the Evangelist, "with the warning that in six
+months the king should be with him in Paradise."
+
+The six months have ended.
+
+The Abbey Church of St. Peter is finished, while hard by, in his palace
+of Westminster, Edward, the last Saxon king, lies dying. On Wednesday,
+the Feast of the Holy Innocents, or Childermas, the dying king rouses
+himself sufficiently to sign the Charter of the foundation: but Edith
+his queen has to represent him at the consecration. And the first
+ceremony after the consecration of the glorious minster he loved so
+well, is the Confessor's own burial. In his royal robes, a crown of gold
+upon his head, a crucifix of gold on his breast, a golden chain about
+his neck, and the pilgrim's ring on his hand, he lies before the High
+Altar with an unearthly smile upon his lips.
+
+A great horror and terror had fallen upon the people of England--and
+well it might. Well might the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus turn uneasily in
+their slumber--for within a year William the Norman was standing before
+that same High Altar--standing on the very gravestone of King Edward,
+"trembling from head to foot"[5] for the first time in his life amid
+clamor and tumult, as Aldred, the Saxon Archbishop of York, put the
+crown of England on his head, and made him swear to protect his Saxon
+subjects, while the fierce Norman cavalry were trampling those Saxon
+subjects under their horses' hoofs outside the Abbey gates.
+
+For one hundred and fifty years England was under foreign kings. And
+although the Norman Conquerors were crowned in Edward the Saxon's Abbey
+Church at Westminster, not one of them was laid within its walls. But
+with the fall of the Norman and Angevin kings, better days dawned for
+England. The Barons at Runnymede had forced King John, the last English
+Duke of Normandy and Anjou, to grant them the Great Charter--the glory
+and pride of all English-speaking people. And at John's death his son
+Henry the Third came to the throne in 1216 as the first English king of
+a free English people.
+
+The young king prided himself upon his Anglo-Saxon ancestors. He was
+descended from King Alfred through "the good Matilda," Henry the First's
+wife. He called his sons by Anglo-Saxon names. His interests, and those
+of his descendants, were to be concentrated in the island which was now
+their sole kingdom. He therefore determined to desert the city of
+Winchester, which his Norman predecessors had made their headquarters,
+and "to take up his abode in Westminster beside the Confessor's
+tomb."[6]
+
+During the Norman occupation an irresistible instinct had been drawing
+the conquerors towards their English subjects, "and therefore towards
+the dust of the last Saxon king." In Henry the Second's reign Edward the
+Confessor had been canonized. Many English anniversaries were celebrated
+yearly in the Abbey. Good Queen Matilda was buried close to her kinsman
+Edward and Edith the Swanneck, "the first royal personage so interred
+since the troubles of the conquest."[7]
+
+It was to Henry the Third, however, that the thought came of making the
+Shrine of the Confessor the centre of a burial place for his race. In
+addition to his love for all things pertaining to his Saxon ancestry,
+Henry was passionately devoted to all sacred observances. "Even St.
+Louis," says Dean Stanley, "seemed to him but a lukewarm Rationalist."
+He possessed in a very high degree what we nowadays call the artistic
+sense. Art in all its forms was a complete passion with him; and with
+his Provencal wife Eleanor a swarm of foreign artists, painters,
+sculptors, poets, troubadours, found their way to England. Louis the
+Ninth was re-building and re-embellishing the Abbey of St. Denys as a
+place of sepulture for the French kings. Henry had also seen the
+splendid churches of Amiens, Beauvais, and Reims, in his journeys
+through France. His English, his religious, and his artistic instincts
+therefore, all combined to fire his imagination with the idea of making
+the most glorious shrine for the English king and saint that the world
+could see.
+
+Henry's work at Westminster began with his reign. He dedicated the newly
+built Lady Chapel at the back of the High Altar, the day before his
+coronation; and "the first offering laid upon its altar were the spurs
+worn by the King in that ceremony." Then Edward's Abbey, "consecrated by
+recollections of the Confessor and the Conqueror," was swept away.
+Little remains of it now save the bases of those pillars of which I have
+spoken above--the substructures of the Dormitory--and the heavy
+low-browed passage leading from the Great Cloister into Little Dean's
+Yard and the Little Cloisters. The famous "Chapel of the Pyx," close to
+the Chapter House, is still in good preservation. But as it can only be
+opened by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, with seven huge keys,
+it is impossible to gain entrance to it--the ancient Treasury of
+England. It is now only opened by these officers once in five years for
+the "Trial of the Pyx," the Standard Trial Pieces of gold and silver,
+used for determining the just weight of the coin of the realm issued at
+the Mint.
+
+But now upon the old foundations rose the Abbey we all know and love. In
+every smallest detail the new church was to be incomparable in beauty.
+Foreign painters and sculptors expended on it all their cunning. Peter
+of Rome set to work on the Confessor's Shrine, where you may still read
+his name, and made it glow with gold, mosaics and enamels, the like of
+which could not be found in England. And when the wondrous
+building--"the most lovely and lovable thing in Christendom"[8]--was
+finished, the Confessor's body was translated on October 13, 1269, from
+its tomb in front of the High Altar to the splendid shrine prepared for
+it. The king, now growing old, had gathered his family about him for
+the last time. Edward, his eldest son, was just on the eve of departure
+with his wife Eleanor for Palestine to join St. Louis in the Crusades.
+He, his brother Edmund, and his uncle Richard, king of Germany,
+"supported the coffin of the Confessor, and laid him in the spot where
+(with the exception of one short interval) he has remained ever
+since."[9] The King himself carried from St. Paul's the sacred relics
+which the Knights Templars had given him twenty years before, and
+deposited them behind the shrine, where Henry the Fifth's Chantry now
+stands.
+
+Dear as the Abbey was to King Henry as a monument of his own piety and
+taste, and as the shrine of his sainted kinsman, yet he must have loved
+it even more tenderly for being the resting-place of a little child. The
+Confessor's Church as you will remember was consecrated on Childermas,
+the Holy Innocents' Day. And it seems to me not without significance,
+that the first interment of importance in Henry the Third's new building
+was that of a child of five years old--his beautiful little daughter
+Catherine. In 1257, during an insurrection of the Welsh which laid waste
+the Border, and which the King strove in vain to quell--the kingdom
+desolated with famine--the Barons mutinous and defiant--Henry's cup of
+trouble was filled by the death of his little child.
+
+[Illustration: SHRINE OF EDWARD THE CONFESSOR.--AT LEFT, TOMB OF HENRY
+THE THIRD.]
+
+"She was dumb, and fit for nothing," says old Matthew Paris rather
+cruelly, "though possessing great beauty." The poor queen fell ill and
+nearly died of grief at the loss of her little deaf and dumb girl, loved
+all the more dearly no doubt, by reason of her affliction. And her
+illness, his own want of success against the Welsh, and the little
+princess's death, so overwhelmed the king with grief as to bring on "a
+tertian fever, which detained him for a long time at London, whilst at
+the same time the queen was confined to her bed at Windsor by an attack
+of pleurisy."[10]
+
+The little Catherine was buried with great pomp in the ambulatory just
+outside the gate of St. Edmund's Chapel to the south of the Confessor's
+Shrine, and close to the grand tomb of her uncle, the king's half
+brother, William de Valence. Her father raised a splendid monument to
+her memory. It was rich with mosaic and polished slabs of serpentine, in
+much the same style as his own magnificent tomb on the north of the
+Confessor's Chapel. A silver image of St. Catherine was placed upon it,
+for which William de Gloucester, the king's goldsmith, was paid seventy
+marks. The image of course has vanished, like many other precious
+things. Most of the mosaic has been picked out. But enough of it and of
+the polished marbles exist to show the elaborate design of the upper
+slab, while on the wall above it, under a graceful trefoil-headed arch,
+are traces of gilding and coloring, which are supposed to be remains of
+a painting of the Princess Catherine and two brothers who died in their
+infancy.
+
+Here then is the first memorial of the many "Holy Innocents" who lie in
+the great Abbey--of the children who found a resting-place among
+
+  The princes and the worthies of all sorts;
+
+and whose histories we are about to study together. But Princess
+Catherine was not the only child whose early death helped to bring King
+Henry's gray hairs in sorrow to the grave. Before the close of his reign
+another young life was cut short by a crime so terrible as to win a
+mention for Westminster from the lips of Dante himself.
+
+In 1271, only two years after the translation of the Confessor, the
+king's youthful nephew, Prince Henry, son of Richard king of Germany,
+was returning from the crusade in which St. Louis had died. Charles of
+Sicily granted a safe conduct to him and to his cousin Philip, son of
+St. Louis, who was hurrying home to be crowned king of France. But at
+Viterbo in Italy, while Henry was at mass in the Church of St.
+Sylvester, he was stabbed during the Elevation of the Host by Guy and
+Simon, sons of Simon de Montfort. It was a fearful revenge on Henry the
+Third for the death of their father five years before at the battle of
+Evesham--for their own banishment--for the seizure of their father's
+lands and Earldom, which Henry bestowed on his own son Edmund. All
+Europe was filled with horror at the dreadful deed, a crime almost
+unheard of in its impiety. The young prince's bones were buried in the
+monastery of Hayles which his father had founded; while his heart was
+brought to Westminster, and placed in a golden chalice "in the hand of
+a statue" near the shrine of Edward the Confessor. The old chronicler
+Matthew of Westminster adds with deep satisfaction, "One of his
+murderers, Simon, died this year in a certain castle near the city of
+Sienna: who during the latter part of his life being, like Cain,
+accursed of the Lord, was a vagabond and a fugitive on the face of the
+earth."[11]
+
+Apart, however, from all other interest, the terrible deed will be
+forever memorable, as it drew from Dante "the one single notice of
+Westminster Abbey in the _Divina Commedia_."[12]
+
+In the _Inferno_, the centaur who was then guiding Dante and Virgil,
+showed them a shade up to his chin in the river of blood--all alone in a
+corner, shunned even by his fellow-murderers--and said,
+
+    Colui fesse in grembo a Dio
+    Lo cuor, che'n su'l Tamigi ancor si cola.
+
+    _Inferno, xii._, 119.
+
+    He in God's bosom smote the heart,
+    Which yet is honour'd on the bank of Thames.[13]
+
+The citizens of Viterbo had a picture of the young prince's murder
+painted on the wall in his memory; "and a certain poet beholding the
+painting, spoke thus:
+
+    Henry, the illustrious offspring of great Richard,
+    Fair Allmaine's king, was treacherously slain,
+    As well this picture shows, while home returning
+    From Tripoli, by royal favour guided;
+    Slain in the service of the cross of Christ
+    By wicked hands. For scarcely mass was done,
+    When Leicester's offspring, Guy and Simon fierce,
+    Pierced his young heart with unrelenting swords.
+    Thus did God will; lest if those barons fierce
+    Returned, fair England should be quite undone.
+    This happened in the sad twelve hundredth year
+    And seventieth of grace, while Charles was king.
+    And in Viterbo was this brave prince slain.
+    I pray the Queen of Heaven to take his soul again."[14]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Dean Stanley says in his "Memorials of Westminster," "The bones of
+such an ox (Bos primicerius) were discovered under the foundations of
+the Victoria Tower, and red deer, with very fine antlers, below the
+River Terrace." I derive this from Professor Owen. Bones and antlers of
+the elk and red deer were also found in 1868 in Broad Sanctuary in
+making the Metropolitan Railway.
+
+[2] "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 21.
+
+[3] Lectures delivered in America. Charles Kingsley.
+
+[4] "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 28.
+
+[5] "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 46.
+
+[6] "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 129.
+
+[7] "Memorials of Westminster," Dean Stanley, p. 126.
+
+[8] Street. Essay on Influence of Foreign Art on English Architecture
+
+[9] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey," Dean Stanley, p. 136.
+
+[10] Matthew Paris' Chronicle.
+
+[11] Matthew of Westminster's Chronicle.
+
+[12] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey," Dean Stanley, p. 140.
+
+[13] Cary's Dante.
+
+[14] Matthew of Westminster.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE CONQUEST OF WALES--PRINCE ALPHONZO.
+
+
+In our first stroll about Westminster Abbey, we saw its gray walls
+towering up in the midst of noisy, hurrying London. We stood in the
+Sacrarium and looked at the foundations of Edward the Confessor's great
+Norman Church. We learned how Henry the Third built the new and noble
+Abbey which is standing at this day. We saw how he crowned his long and
+troubled reign by the translation of the Confessor's body to the
+gorgeous shrine he had prepared for it. Let us now, standing for a
+moment beside this shrine, talk of a little boy whose memory is closely
+bound up with an important event in the history of Great Britain.
+
+Yet first, for the sake of those who have not been to Westminster, I
+will try to explain the general plan of the eastern end of the Abbey.
+Imagine a narrow horseshoe of which the points are straight instead of
+being bent inwards. The space inside the horseshoe represents Edward the
+Confessor's Chapel; the shoe itself the ambulatory, a wide passage where
+the monks used to walk, and processions passed round to the shrine; and
+outside this passage are built, on the south the chapels of St. Edmund,
+and St. Nicholas; on the north the chapels of St. Paul and St. John the
+Baptist; while on the east of the horseshoe curve are the steps up to
+Henry the Seventh's Chapel. These chapels all lie behind the grand
+screen that runs right across the choir at the back of the altar, and
+are not used for service any longer, with the exception of Henry the
+Seventh's. All the congregation sit in the choir in front of the altar
+rails, and in the north and south transepts, which spread out right and
+left from the choir like two broad arms of a cross.
+
+I know few more overpowering sights than the vast Sunday congregation of
+between three and four thousand people. The Sacrarium black with men.
+The wide altar steps closely packed with people who have often been
+waiting for more than an hour outside the doors to secure a good place.
+Men and women and children wedged together in the densely crowded
+transepts, standing willingly throughout the long service because there
+is not a seat left. The privileged few coming in by the comparatively
+empty nave from the cloisters, and taking their places in the stalls or
+in the seats of those connected with the Abbey; well-known faces there
+are among them--princes and statesmen, men of letters and foreigners of
+note. Then the hush as the clock strikes three in Poets' Corner, and a
+faint harmonious "amen" is sung in the distant Baptistery by the choir,
+at the end of the prayer which is always said before they come in to
+service. The organ plays softly, so softly that you hear the echoing
+tramp of the long procession now winding up the nave. Six or eight
+pensioners, old soldiers in quaint blue cloth gowns and silver badges,
+enter and take their places. And as the white-surpliced boys appear in
+the black shadow of the gateway under the organ screen, the whole three
+thousand people rise quietly to their feet and stand. First come the
+boys of Westminster School with their masters, and take their places
+right and left. Then the little chorister boys, walking two and two, the
+smallest in front--little mites who look as if they would hardly know
+their letters, but who march gravely to their seats, and sing the long
+service like sweet-voiced little birds. Then the "singing gentlemen of
+Westminster Abbey," as the men in the choir are called--many of them
+well-known professionals, whose names are seen during the week at the
+best concerts in England. Then come the clergy. The minor Canons first
+who intone the service. Next to them the Canon in residence, who, during
+his two months at Westminster, is present at every service week-day and
+Sunday. And last of all the Dean.
+
+After the Dean has gone into his stall on the right of the entrance, the
+service begins. The monotone of the prayers breaks into rich harmonies
+now and again at the responses--the organ re-echoes through the arches
+and pillars with thundering of the pedals, and wild, pathetic
+reed-notes. The splendid voices of the choir fill the building from end
+to end in the Psalms and canticles; or a boy's voice, singing a solo
+verse, floats up quivering and throbbing like a nightingale's song in a
+still wood at evening. And then--but I am speaking of "the days that are
+no more"--a small figure--unutterably dignified, with a pale, refined,
+determined face--in his white robes, his scarlet Doctor of Divinity's
+hood, and the crimson ribbon of the Order of the Bath with its golden
+jewel round his neck--followed the black-robed verger who carried a
+silver mace, up from the stalls, through the two walls of human beings,
+to the marble pulpit just outside the altar rails. And every face turned
+with eager expectation towards the bowed head, and hung breathless on
+the eloquent words that rang like a clarion through the great church;
+for it was Arthur Stanley, Dean of Westminster, who was preaching.
+
+But we are lingering in the choir, full, to us who know and love it, of
+such keen present interest. I must take you back into the Confessor's
+Chapel and the remote past.
+
+We go through the iron gates that shut off the chapels from the choir,
+and climb the steps out of the ambulatory, for the Confessor's Chapel is
+raised several feet above the pavement of the Abbey. It lies, as I have
+said, directly behind the altar, only divided from it by the splendid
+screen which was erected early in the fifteenth century. This screen on
+the western side has been beautified and restored, and forms the reredos
+to the altar. But in the Chapel its eastern face is untouched; and, if
+you have patience to trace out the quaint carvings along the top, you
+will find they are a history of some of the miraculous and wonderful
+events of Edward the Confessor's life; the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus;
+St. John giving the ring to the Pilgrims; the quarrel between Tosti and
+Harold, Earl Godwin's sons, when the king predicted the calamities they
+would bring in after years upon England; and many more scenes of like
+nature.
+
+Below the screen, which is wrought with exquisite carving into niches
+and canopies, stands a curious old chair. This is the Coronation Chair,
+in which all English sovereigns have sat at their coronations since it
+was made in Edward the First's reign. But more curious than the chair is
+the rough block of stone which it incases. That block is the mysterious
+stone of Fate which Edward the First captured at Scone in Scotland--the
+stone on which every Scotch king had been crowned from the days of
+Fergus the First--the stone on which every English king or queen has
+been crowned since. And legends carry the history of that stone back
+into the remotest past. They say that it was the stone pillow on which
+Jacob slept at Bethel; that it was carried by the Jews into Egypt; that
+the son of Cecrops, King of Athens, carried it off to Sicily or Spain;
+that from Spain it was taken by Simon Brech, the son of Milo the Scot,
+to Ireland, where after many marvelous adventures it was set up on the
+sacred Hill of Tara as the "Lia Fail" or Stone of Destiny; and that
+Fergus, the founder of the Scottish monarchy, bore it at length across
+the sea to Dunstaffnage.
+
+[Illustration: DEAN STANLEY.]
+
+Whether we believe the whole history of the Stone of Destiny or not, the
+chapel in which it stands is a wonderful place. In the centre rises the
+Confessor's shrine, the remains of the mosaics with which it was
+encrusted showing what its splendor must have been. The mosaic pavement
+of 1260 is under our feet. Henry the Fifth's shield and helmet hang
+aloft on a bar above his chantry. All round us are the splendid
+monuments of the kings. Richard the Second, Edward the Third and Queen
+Phillipa, Henry the Fifth under his beautiful chantry, Henry the Third
+in his gorgeous tomb inlaid with marbles and mosaic, Good Queen Eleanor,
+and her husband Edward the First--they all are there! "The greatest of
+the Plantagenets," as he has been called, lies beneath an enormous
+monument of solid gray stone, absolutely plain, without carving, brass
+or mosaic. Only his gigantic two-handed sword lies upon it, and along it
+runs this inscription:
+
+"_Edwardus Primus Scotorum malleus hic est, 1308. Pactum Serva._"[15]
+
+It is of Edward the First's reign we are to talk. For besides being the
+Hammer of the Scots, he conquered the last stronghold of the British
+race, and made their land forever a part of England.
+
+For four hundred years Wales had been a thorn in the sides of the Saxon
+kings, a thorn in the sides of the Norman Conquerors and their
+descendants. The Britons, driven westward by the all-conquering
+Anglo-Saxons, had taken refuge in the fastnesses of that wild and
+mountainous region. There they had lived, "a mass of savage herdsmen,
+clad in the skins and fed by the milk of the cattle they tended,
+faithless, greedy, and revengeful."[16] Every fresh earldom which the
+English had wrested from them, often with barbarous injustice and
+cruelty, had been the signal for some equally barbarous reprisal. The
+history of the border countries is one perpetual record of raids and
+fightings, of lands laid waste with fire and sword, flocks and herds
+driven off, women and children carried into captivity.
+
+But in Henry the Second's reign, just as the British race seemed sinking
+deeper and deeper into barbarism, a strange revival of patriotism took
+place. The Bards of Britain, for centuries silent, suddenly burst into
+song again. The praise of every British hero, the glory of every fight,
+was sung throughout the land; and the sound of the harp heard in every
+house. These singers of freedom chanted of joy in battle, of their
+country's liberty, of hatred of the Saxon oppressor. And they sang of
+their great prince, Llewellyn, "towering above the rest of men with his
+long red lance, his red helmet of battle crested with a fierce wolf;
+tender-hearted, wise, witty, ingenious." Wales, stirred by their trumpet
+calls, had soon burst aflame to drive the Saxon from the land.
+
+With a succession of victories for the Welsh prince, Llewellyn--the Lord
+of Snowdon--the hopes of his people had risen high. The dissensions of
+Henry the Third's reign had strengthened their hands. Llewellyn the
+younger, no longer calling himself Lord of Snowdon, but "Prince of
+Wales," had made himself sovereign of all the Welsh chieftains, and had
+also allied himself with Simon de Montfort during the great earl's
+revolt against the king.
+
+But now in the very moment of Llewellyn's triumph, the accession of
+Edward the First to the English throne revived all the old questions of
+homage to the sovereign. Llewellyn and the King of Scotland were both
+summoned as vassals of the crown to Edward's coronation--the first that
+took place in Westminster Abbey as we know it. The King of Scotland
+came. But the "Prince of Wales" was absent. He did not dispute Edward's
+right to claim his homage: but excused himself on account of the dangers
+he would run on a journey to London, by reason of the enmity that
+existed between him and some of the lords marchers. Six times in two
+years was he summoned. And to none of these appeals did he vouchsafe the
+slightest attention.
+
+Edward was a wise and politic prince; he saw of course from the very
+beginning that the union of England and Wales would be a boon to both
+countries, and that it must inevitably come about sooner or later. But
+though some historians have accused him in this matter of grasping
+ambition, and greedy haste to seize on the principality, the records
+seem to show that he exercised most uncommon patience with his turbulent
+and troublesome neighbor, wishing rather to make him his loyal vassal
+and friend than to wrest his territory from him.
+
+In 1276, in reply to the sixth summons Llewellyn sent letters demanding
+his bride, Eleanor de Montfort, Earl Simon's daughter, and cousin of the
+king, who had been taken prisoner the year before on her way from France
+to join Llewellyn to whom she had been married by proxy. He further said
+that he would do homage at Oswestry or Montgomery, "provided a safe
+conduct were sent him guaranteed by the archbishop and the archdeacon,
+by the Bishop of Winchester, and by the earls of Warrenne and
+Gloucester, Lincoln and Norfolk"--thereby implying that the king's word
+was not sufficient.
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL OF HENRY THE FIFTH.]
+
+This insolence raised a universal feeling of anger. The king's patience
+was exhausted. "The Parliament at once declared Llewellyn contumacious,"
+and the "military tenants" of the crown were ordered to assemble in the
+following midsummer at Worcester, to march into Wales. Six months seem
+in these days rather a long pause after declaring war. But this gives
+one a notion of the slowness of communication, and the difficulties of
+travel and transport in the Middle Ages. It now takes but three weeks or
+so to equip a whole army, and send it overseas in transports that can be
+had at a moment's notice. But in the thirteenth century it was all that
+Edward, one of the first generals and greatest politicians of his age,
+could do, to prepare a little fleet at the Cinque Ports, and to gather
+his land forces by the appointed time. When once, however, he found
+himself face to face with the enemy, "the fabric of Welsh greatness fell
+at a blow." The southern chiefs speedily submitted. Llewellyn's
+brothers, David and Roderick, joined the king, and were honorably
+received by him. The fleet attacked Anglesea by sea, and the "Prince of
+Wales," finding himself hemmed in on every side in the wilds of Snowdon,
+threw himself upon the royal mercy.
+
+Edward now gave full proof of his natural generosity and clemency. A
+treaty was signed in which Llewellyn consented to pay the king a tribute
+of one thousand marks a year for the Isle of Anglesea; to pay fifty
+thousand pounds for the cost of the war; and to give ten hostages for
+the fulfilment of these engagements. The very next day, Edward, who had
+made peace the moment the Welsh Prince desired it, remitted the fine of
+fifty thousand pounds and soon after gave up the tribute for Anglesea
+and restored the hostages. He then invited Llewellyn to spend Christmas
+at Westminster; and in the following summer prepared a princely wedding
+at Worcester for him and Eleanor de Montfort.
+
+For four years the Welsh troubles seemed at an end. All was apparently
+peace and content. But "a prophecy of Merlin had announced that when
+English money became round, the Prince of Wales should be crowned at
+London, and a new coinage of copper money, coupled with the prohibition
+to break the silver penny into halves and quarters, as had been usual,
+was supposed to have fulfilled the prediction."[17] Upon such slight
+matters do the fate of nations hang. The hopes of the misguided Welsh
+were again excited; and in 1282, Llewellyn's brother David--who had been
+heaped with favors by Edward, given an English earldom, and married to
+the Earl of Derby's daughter--suddenly broke into open rebellion. On
+Palm Sunday he surprised the garrison of Hawarden Castle--now well known
+as the residence of Mr. Gladstone, the English Premier. He hurried Lord
+Roger de Clifford the governor, wounded and in chains, over the
+mountains, while he himself and Llewellyn, who never before agreed, were
+now reconciled, and together overran the marches with fire and sword.
+
+Even now Edward strove to come to terms before taking up arms. He
+allowed the archbishop to go to Llewellyn as a mediator. It was of no
+use. So in the summer of 1283 he collected his forces and once more
+entered Wales.
+
+In the campaign which followed, the sufferings of the English were
+terrible. Llewellyn held out in Snowdon with the determination of
+despair. An English detachment was cut to pieces at the Menai Straits;
+and the war was prolonged into the winter. The undaunted king, however,
+rejected all proposals of retreat; and gave orders for the formation of
+a new army at Caermarthen to complete the circle of investment. This
+proved needless. Llewellyn, fearing probably to be shut up and starved
+out in his fastness, left Snowdon and passed into Radnorshire. Here he
+fell in with a party of English under the command of Edward Mortimer and
+John Gifford; and in a skirmish at Builth on the banks of the Wye he was
+killed by Adam Frankton, an English soldier, who did not even know who
+he was. But the body of the dead man, lying in the little hollow among
+the broom beside the spring, was recognized by some of the leaders. His
+head was cut off and sent to the king. Then, crowned with ivy, it was
+set up over the gate of the tower of London. Thus was Merlin's prophecy
+fulfilled. The "Prince of Wales" was indeed crowned at London.
+
+David of Snowdon held out in the wilds of the mountains for a few
+months, and at last was arrested and sentenced to a traitor's death.
+
+With Llewellyn's death Wales became and has remained ever since, part of
+the kingdom of England. English laws were established, and the barbarous
+Welsh laws abolished. The country was divided into shires and hundreds
+on the English model. Strong castles were built at Conway and
+Caernarvon; and at the latter in 1284, Queen Eleanor gave birth to "the
+Prince of Wales, who could not speak a word of English," as his father
+said when he presented the future Edward the Second to the Welsh
+chieftains. A tradition has existed that Edward completed the
+pacification of Wales by a massacre of the Bards. In spite of that very
+familiar quotation from Gray's Ode,
+
+  Ruin seize thee, ruthless king!
+
+one is thankful to know that modern historians have proved this terrible
+accusation to be a mere fable; besides it is a fact that from the time
+of Edward to that of Elizabeth, the productions of the bards were so
+numerous as to fill more than sixty volumes in quarto.
+
+Meantime the Abbey had been yearly growing in beauty. Edward the First
+added to his father's building. On his return from the crusades he
+brought from France the slabs of porphyry, the precious marbles, which
+still help to make his father's tomb one of the most gorgeous monuments
+in the Abbey. He filled the Confessor's Chapel with trophies of his
+wars--the dagger with which he was wounded at Acre--the Black Rood of
+St. Margaret and the Stone of Fate from Scotland. But these were all
+given in later years. What we have to do with were certain trophies of
+the Conquest of Wales.
+
+While the king was still engaged in quieting down his new principality,
+his eldest son Prince Alfonzo, named after his grandfather Alfonzo of
+Castile, came journeying back to London. He brought with him Llewellyn's
+golden crown, said by tradition to have belonged to King Arthur, also
+jewels and ornaments, and possibly the precious Crocis Gneyth (or Cross
+of St. Neot) which certainly was brought to the Abbey from Wales during
+Edward the First's reign.
+
+The little lad who was twelve years old, came with these treasures to
+Westminster; and he offered up Llewellyn's crown and the jewels in the
+Confessor's Chapel, where "they were all applied to adorn the tomb of
+the blessed King Edward."[18] We can fancy the boy, dressed after the
+fashion of those days in chain armour from head to foot with a long
+flowing cloak, accompanied by a great train of knights and nobles,
+wending his way up the solemn Abbey with his offerings, and gravely
+hanging up the crown in the Sanctuary of the English Kings.
+
+There is indeed something to touch one's imagination in this act--the
+hand of the innocent boy putting the finishing stroke to the great
+struggle between the British and Anglo-Saxon races. Henceforth they were
+to be one. The proudest title of the heir to the English throne was to
+be "Prince of Wales." The Plantagenets were to reign over Arthur's
+mysterious realm, till two hundred years later Arthur and Llewellyn's
+descendants, the Tudors, should sit on the throne of England.
+
+But Alfonzo's short life was nearly at an end. Matthew of Westminster
+goes on to say: "This Alfonzo died this year, being about twelve years
+of age--dying on the nineteenth of August, on the day of St. Magnus the
+king, and his body was honorably buried in the Church of Westminster,
+near the tomb of St. Edward, where it is placed between his brothers
+and sisters, who were buried before him in the same place."
+
+The exact spot where Alfonzo lies is uncertain. Bur Mr. Burges, writing
+in Sir Gilbert Scott's _Gleanings from Westminster Abbey_, makes a happy
+suggestion, which I like to think is a correct one. When all England was
+mourning for Henry the Fifth, a chantry where daily masses were said for
+the repose of his soul, was built over his tomb at the extreme east end
+of the Confessor's Chapel. The heavy stone step on which his tomb rests
+was laid upon, and nearly covered, a flat monumental slab in the mosaic
+pavement. The part of the slab which projects beyond the step is worn
+down by hard usage into a mere mass of gray stone. But Sir Gilbert Scott
+thought that if a bit of the superincumbent stone was raised, some
+portion of the more ancient monument might exist beneath. He therefore
+cut a square block out of the step, and underneath it, sure enough,
+found the remains of a fine Purbeck slab. It was inlaid with a brass
+cross, brass letters ran around the edge, and what heralds call "the
+field" was filled with glass mosaic. Four letters of the inscription
+remain on each side--most likely part of the words "_pries pur
+l'ame_."[19] This monument is generally said to commemorate the infant
+son of William de Valence. Mr. Burges however suggests that it is just
+as likely to be the tomb of Alfonzo; and as it would exactly correspond
+with the position in which Matthew of Westminster says he was buried, I
+think we may safely conclude that the young prince lies there.
+
+Near by in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist there is a very beautiful
+monument to a little nephew and niece of Prince Alfonzo--Hugh and Mary
+de Bohun. They were children of his sister Elizabeth and of the powerful
+and resolute Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who more than once
+opposed Edward the First in measures which he thought hurtful to the
+kingdom.
+
+"This gentleman and his sister," as one of the Abbey historians calls
+the children, died about 1300; and their tomb stood at first in the
+Confessor's Chapel. It was removed from thence by Richard the Second to
+make room for his own monument, and placed in the Chapel of St. John
+the Baptist, where it is half buried in the wall.
+
+Young Alfonzo, the bearer of the trophies of the conquest, sleeps
+peacefully enough here at our feet, while we tell his part in the growth
+of England. But what memorial remains in the nineteenth century of the
+last hero of the Britons--the "Eagle of men"--the "Devastator of
+England." The Golden Crown that Alfonzo hung up disappeared from the
+Abbey at the Reformation, when sacrilegious robbers broke in and carried
+off the silver head from Henry the Fifth's monument, and many another
+treasure. At Builth a modern house is built over the "Lord of Snowdon's"
+grave. While at the "Llewellyn Arms," a little inn close to the spot
+where he fell, some local artist has made a rough copy of the well-known
+picture of Napoleon crossing the Alps do duty on the signboard as a
+portrait of Llewellyn ap Gruffyd.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[15] Edward the First, Hammer of the Scots, is here. Keep the Pact.
+
+[16] "Green's Short History of the English People," p. 155.
+
+[17] Green, p. 162.
+
+[18] "Matthew of Westminster."
+
+[19] Gleanings. p. 138.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+JOHN OF ELTHAM.
+
+
+Just within the gate of St. Edmund's Chapel lies the figure of a young
+knight in full armor. His hands, in their jointed gloves, are folded in
+prayer. His head, with the front of his helmet open to show the face, is
+gracefully turned to one side. His feet are crossed against a lion--a
+creature full of life, who looks round watching his young lord's placid
+face.
+
+Who is this fair young knight, deemed worthy of a place in what Dean
+Stanley loved to call "the half-royal chapel, full of kings' wives and
+brothers"?
+
+He is Prince John of Eltham, son of Edward the Second, created Earl of
+Cornwall by his brother, Edward the Third, who lies in state on the
+other side of the ambulatory.
+
+Prince John was born on Ascension Day, 1315, at Eltham in Kent, "where
+our English kings had sometime a seat." The second son of Edward the
+Second and his wicked wife Isabella of France, the poor baby came into
+the world in sorely troubled times. The year before his birth his weak
+and worthless father had been hopelessly defeated by the Scots under
+Robert Bruce at Bannockburn. And during the young prince's short life
+England was a prey to war without, intrigue and revolution within. The
+whole of Edward the Second's reign is a confused record of public and
+private strife. A horrible succession of famines laid waste the land. A
+fresh campaign against Scotland ended in a humiliating truce for
+thirteen years. The Queen, Prince John's mother, on pretence of
+concluding a treaty between her husband and her brother, King Charles
+the Fourth, carried off Prince Edward, a child twelve years of age, to
+France. There she was joined by her vile favorite Mortimer; and neither
+threats nor entreaties could persuade her to return until she landed at
+Orwell in 1326 with a great following of exiled nobles, and proclaimed
+her son Edward "guardian of the realm." Deserted by all, her wretched
+husband was at last captured in Wales and carried to Kenilworth, where
+he was deposed by the Queen and Parliament in 1327. He died a few months
+later, murdered by Mortimer's orders at Berkeley Castle.
+
+[Illustration: EFFIGY OF JOHN OF ELTHAM.]
+
+His downfall was the sign for a new outbreak in Scotland. Bruce broke
+the thirteen years' truce; and the boy-king, Edward the Third, marched
+against him only to meet with fresh disaster. The tide of fortune
+however was turning. Isabella and her favorite were fast becoming
+odious to the nation; and in 1330 Edward, the future conqueror of
+Cressy, with his own hands arrested Mortimer at Nottingham, whence he
+was hurried to execution. The Queen-mother went into lifelong seclusion
+at Castle Rising in Norfolk; and the young king assumed the control of
+the affairs of the kingdom.
+
+In 1328, the year after his brother Edward's accession to the crown,
+John of Eltham was created Earl of Cornwall in a parliament at
+Salisbury. The next year Edward journeyed to France to do homage for his
+lands there; and Prince John was made "Custos of the kingdom and King's
+Lieutenant while he went beyond the seas." It seems an extraordinary
+responsibility for a boy of fourteen. But those Plantagenets were a
+strong and precocious race. Edward the Third was only eighteen when he
+took the reins of government into his own hands in 1330--the year that
+his eldest son, the famous Black Prince, was born. And the Black Prince
+won his spurs in the glorious fight of Cressy when he was barely
+sixteen. So there was nothing very unusual in the young Earl of Cornwall
+administering the government of the kingdom during his brother's absence
+in France, and again later on while the king was in Scotland.
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF JOHN OF ELTHAM, ST. EDMUND'S CHAPEL.]
+
+In 1333, when he was seventeen, proposals of marriage were made between
+John of Eltham and Joan daughter of Ralph the Count of Eu; and in the
+next year with Mary daughter of the Count of Blois: but both
+negotiations fell through. Perhaps Prince John, full of the fighting
+instinct of his race, preferred to follow his brother to Scotland, where
+a fresh war had broken out. In 1334 a third proposal of marriage was
+made between the Prince and Mary, daughter of Ferdinand, King of Spain.
+The agreement was drawn up and all was settled. The wedding however was
+not to be. "For in the month following being in Scotland in St. John's
+Town (now Perth) he died in October, 1334, at his nineteenth year of
+age."
+
+Prince John's body was brought from Scotland to Westminster, where he
+was solemnly interred in the Abbey. The funeral was one of extreme
+magnificence; the Westminster monks receiving as much as one hundred
+pounds for horses and armor offered as gifts at it. This practice of
+offering at funerals armor and horses which sometimes were afterwards
+redeemed for money, was by no means unusual in the Middle Ages. At Henry
+the Fifth's burial, his three chargers marched up the nave to the altar
+steps behind his funeral car. And every one who has been in the Abbey
+must remember how the saddle, the shield, and "the very casque that did
+affright the air at Agincourt--"[20] the helmet "which twice saved his
+life on that eventful day," and still shows the dents of the Duke of
+Alencon's ponderous sword--hang in the dusky light above his chantry.
+
+King Edward seems to have been dissatisfied with the first place chosen
+for his young brother's tomb. There is a very interesting warrant
+written in curious old French among the archives of the Abbey, dated
+"Brussels, the twenty-third day of August, in the thirteenth year of our
+reign," while Edward was beseiging Tournay in 1340. In it he directs the
+abbot and monks to order and suffer, _"que le corps de nostre trescher
+frere Johan jadis Counte de Cornewaill peusse estre remuez et translatez
+du lieu ou il gist jusques a autre plus covenable place entre les
+Roials. Faisant toutesfoitz reserver et garder les places plus
+honourables illoeques pour le gisir et la sepulture de nous et de noz
+heirs, selonc ce que reson le voudra droitement demander."_[21]
+
+St. Edmund's Chapel was therefore chosen as meeting all requirements. It
+lies on the south side of the Abbey, and is only separated from the
+Confessor's Shrine and the tombs of the kings by the ambulatory. Of all
+the tombs of that period in the Abbey, John of Eltham's is considered
+one of the most remarkable. He must have been the very pattern of a
+gallant young knight. His effigy of white alabaster impresses you at
+first with a sense of profound repose. Then when you look more closely
+you begin to see what a striking figure it is; and you picture to
+yourself the young Earl of Cornwall riding with his young brother, the
+king, at the head of their troops through the bleak north-country, over
+the wild wastes of the Border, up to fair Perth lying on the Tay, where
+the fishermen draw in nets full of silvery salmon, and the
+moors--covered with pink and brown heather and swarming with plump
+grouse--roll up to the mountains of the Highlands. We can see the very
+clothes he wore, for his effigy as a specimen of military costume is
+most interesting and valuable. He is clad in plate armor, and wears the
+_cyclas_, a curious garment cut much shorter in front than behind;
+"beneath it, the _gambeson_; then the coat of mail; and lastly the
+_haqueton_." The Prince's sword-handle, ornamented with lion's heads, is
+beautifully sculptured; and the shield has three splendid lions on
+it--the English royal arms--bordered with the French fleur-de-lis. Round
+his helmet is a coronet, which is remarkable as the first of the kind
+known. It is of the ducal form with greater and lesser trefoil leaves
+alternately, instead of the usual circlet.
+
+The tomb is surrounded by small, finely executed alabaster statues
+representing mourning kings, queens, and relations of the dead prince.
+Terribly broken though they now are--some are destroyed altogether, and
+all are headless--enough of them remain to show that they were
+sculptured with wonderful grace and spirit.
+
+[Illustration: ANCIENT CANOPY OF THE TOMB OF JOHN OF ELTHAM.]
+
+But the worst loss that the monument has sustained is in the exquisite
+Gothic canopy of carved stone which once surmounted it. It was highly
+colored and gilded, with an angel on a small spire crowning the centre.
+
+In 1776 Elizabeth Percy, first duchess of Northumberland, whose name
+will always be remembered as the patroness of literature to whom we owe
+the _Percy Reliques_, was buried in the family vault of the Percys in
+the Chapel of St. Nicholas. In spite of her repeated desire that the
+funeral should be "as private as her rank would permit" a vast crowd
+collected, so
+
+    that the officiating clergy and choir could scarcely make
+    their way from the west door to the chapel. Just as the
+    procession had passed St. Edmund's Chapel, the whole of the
+    screen, including the canopy of John of Eltham's tomb, came
+    down with a crash, which brought with it the men and boys
+    who had clambered to the top of it to see the spectacle,
+    and severely wounded many of those below. The uproar and
+    confusion put a stop to the ceremony for two hours. The body
+    was left in the ruined Chapel, and the Dean did not return
+    till after midnight, when the funeral was completed, but
+    still amidst cries of murder, raised by such of the
+    sufferers as had not been removed.[22]
+
+The broken canopy was never restored. The Dean of that day seems to have
+thought it not worth while to take the trouble of mending it; and by his
+order it was swept away. The fragments, it is said, found their way to
+Strawberry Hill, Walpole's famous villa, where, at some time in the end
+of the last century, they were put up for sale, having been used as a
+chimney piece. Their subsequent fate I have not been able to ascertain.
+
+It is difficult to believe that such an act of vandalism took place
+little more than a hundred years ago. The Deans of Westminster now are a
+very different race to the one who swept away John of Eltham's beautiful
+canopy. With the beginning of this century a spirit of love and
+veneration for Westminster Abbey seemed to revive. Dean Vincent
+appealed to Parliament and persuaded the nation to repair Henry the
+Seventh's chapel which was falling into decay. Under Dean Ireland free
+admission was given to the greater part of the Abbey. And Dean Buckland,
+the well-known geologist, carried on the good work by taking down some
+hideous screens which shut off the transepts from the choir. He was
+succeeded by Dean Trench, the present learned Archbishop of Dublin, who
+inaugurated the special services on Sunday evening in the nave--a grand
+movement in the right direction. And all this time public interest was
+growing more and more keen about the Abbey. New discoveries were being
+made by architects and antiquarians each year. But it was not until Dean
+Stanley succeeded the Archbishop of Dublin that the Abbey came quite to
+life. No one who has ever accompanied the late Dean in those memorable
+excursions which he delighted to make over the building can forget the
+enthusiasm with which his vivid descriptions inspired his listeners.
+Whether he was talking to the Emperor of Brazil, or a score of poor
+factory lads from some northern town, the brilliancy and humor of his
+speech held them spellbound. To him Westminster owes among many other
+things that unrivalled volume of _Memorials_--from which I have so often
+had occasion to quote--the most perfect handbook to any cathedral that I
+know, save his yet more perfect _Memorials of Canterbury_, written when
+he was canon of that cathedral. Dean Stanley's memory which must always
+be present in the minds of those who have known him at Westminster, is
+specially bound up with my recollections of St. Edmund's Chapel; it was
+one of his most favorite spots in the Abbey, and John of Eltham's tomb
+one of those he most delighted to show to all his visitors. And this
+brings us back from nineteenth century deans to fourteenth century
+princes, and to the old tombs in whose histories we can find such
+inexhaustible mines of interest.
+
+In 1340, two more young "royals" were buried beside John of Eltham in
+St. Edmund's Chapel. These were his nephew and niece who died quite
+young--William of Windsor and Blanche de la Tour--children of Edward
+the Third. The boy was born at Windsor, which was fast becoming a rival
+to Westminster as a royal residence; and little Blanche was born at the
+Tower of London. The effigies in white alabaster are very small, only
+about twenty inches long: but they are in full costume of the time. The
+boy wears the short close-fitting jerkin, with a wide jewelled belt
+round the hips, and a flowing cloak fastened with a jewelled clasp falls
+to his feet. The little girl has on a full long petticoat with a tightly
+fitting bodice, to the square neck of which her mantle is fastened by a
+cordon with a rose and two studs. The hideous muffled chins of the last
+century had given place to a horned headdress (the horns are broken in
+little Blanche's effigy) and a close net of gold, each wide mesh,
+through which the hair shows, being fastened at the crossing with pearls
+or precious stones. Blanche's feet rest against a little lion: but her
+brother's have been broken off obliquely. The tomb altogether has been
+cruelly used, and no trace of the children's faces remain. Yet who can
+wonder, when we see the way in which John of Eltham's splendid monument
+has been mutilated.
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF WILLIAM OF WINDSOR AND HIS SISTER BLANCHE.]
+
+When these two little children were laid to rest in the Abbey, their
+father was just beginning his great wars with France--the wars that
+lasted for a hundred years and only ended in Henry the Sixth's reign
+with England's final loss of her French possessions. And six years
+after, in 1346, Cressy was fought and won by their brother, the Black
+Prince. With the battle of Cressy, England entered upon a career of
+military glory, which, though for a time it proved fatal to her higher
+interests, gave her a life and energy she had never known before, and
+laid the foundation of the Englishman's dogged love of fighting that is
+not quite dead yet, if we may judge by the way British soldiers and
+sailors fought at El Teb.
+
+At Cressy, too, Feudalism received its death blow, when the English
+churl struck down the French noble, and the despised yeoman "proved more
+than a match in sheer hard fighting for the knight." Though the nobles
+rode into battle as of old at the head of their vassals and retainers,
+the body of the army consisted no longer of baronial levies, but of
+stout Englishmen serving willingly for pay, and armed like Chaucer's
+Yeoman on the pilgrimage to Canterbury:--
+
+    A sheaf of peacock arrows bright and keen
+    Under his belt he bare full thriftily.
+    Well could he dress his tackle yeomanly:
+    His arrows drooped not with feathers low,
+    And in his hand he bare a mighty bow.
+
+If you would know how men fought in those days, read for yourselves in
+old Froissart's chronicle, and see how he exults in the charge of the
+cavalry bearing down the foe on their ponderous Flemish horses--in the
+solid ranks of the foot soldiers--in the flights of arrows that fall
+like hail from the tough bows of the archers. And when the fight is over
+how he glories in the tourneys and jousts--the song of troubadour and
+minstrel--the chase with hawk and hound.
+
+In spite of abuses, in spite of all the miseries that these protracted
+wars, this lust of conquest and fighting entailed, there still is
+something inexpressibly attractive in the nobler aspects of chivalry. To
+rescue the captive, to free the oppressed, to journey away
+
+                into Walachy
+    To Prussia and to Tartary,
+    To Alexandria or Turkey,
+
+doing deeds of valor for the mere reward of a silken scarf from his
+lady, or, noblest of all, for the love of right and truth--is there not
+something admirable in this? Is not the idea of true knight and
+lady--"a race of noblest men and women, trying to make all below them as
+noble as themselves"--[23] is not that a fair ideal, worthy of imitation
+by all of us?
+
+The earlier phases of Chivalry with its elaborate rules, its laws
+written and unwritten, were past long before Cressy. The great mediaeval
+companies of knights, which made it one of the greatest powers for good
+or evil in Europe, were broken up. The Crusades were over, and knights
+could no longer gain fame and honor by fighting against the Paynim under
+the banner of the Cross. But still it was in Edward the Third's reign
+that Chivalry entered upon a period of unequalled glory and
+magnificence. The Garter--the most illustrious order of English
+knighthood, was instituted by the king at Windsor; and he and his son
+were foremost to set examples of unsurpassed valor in many a deed of
+desperate daring. Although Chivalry was far from perfect, let us
+remember that Bayard "_sans pure et sans reproche_" was its ideal
+knight.--That many a gentle knight and squire was trying to do his best,
+to live worthy of his God, his King, and his Lady.--That
+
+    all dignity, courtesy, purity, self-restraint,
+    devotion--such as they were understood in those rough
+    days--centred themselves round the idea of _the rider_ as
+    the attributes of the man whose supposed duty, as well as
+    his supposed right, was to govern his fellow men, by example
+    as well as by law and force;--attributes which gathered
+    themselves up into that one word--Chivalry: an idea, which,
+    perfect or imperfect, God forbid that mankind should ever
+    forget, till it has become the possession--as it is the
+    God-given right--of the poorest slave that ever trudged on
+    foot.[24]
+
+And when we look on young John of Eltham's noble face, let us believe
+that had he grown to man's estate, "Mary, daughter of Ferdinand, King of
+Spain," might have said to him:
+
+    For trust ye well that your estate royal,
+    Nor vain delight, nor only worthiness
+    Of you in war or tourney martial,
+    Nor pomp, array, nobility, riches,
+    Of these none made me rue on your distress;
+    _But moral virtue, grounded upon truth,
+    That was the cause I first had on you ruth._[25]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[20] Shakespeare _King Henry the Fifth_.
+
+[21] "Memorials of Westminster," p. 599. "That the body of our very dear
+brother John late Count of Cornwall should be removed and translated
+from the spot where it lies to another and more suitable place among the
+Royals. Always reserving and keeping the most honorable places for the
+rest and sepulture of us and our heirs, according to that which reason
+will justly demand."
+
+[22] _Memorials_, p. 352.
+
+[23] "Ancien Regime." C. Kingsley.
+
+[24] "Ancien Regime." C. Kingsley.
+
+[25] "Chaucer's Troilus and Cressid."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+EDWARD THE FIFTH AND RICHARD.
+
+
+Across the wide roadway that runs past Westminster Abbey from the Houses
+of Parliament, stands a low group of buildings, facing the north door.
+Part of these are the Westminster Police Courts; and about one o'clock,
+black-gowned and white-wigged lawyers may be seen rushing out of them to
+get their luncheon. The part which fronts the road is the National
+Society's Depot, from whence maps and books, slates and pencils go to
+furnish all the village schools in England. Hundreds of people go in and
+out of the door every day. Thousands pass it by. But very few, I
+imagine, reflect on the meaning of the blue plate on the corner, upon
+which is written in white letters: "Broad Sanctuary."
+
+From its earliest foundation, Westminster Abbey shared with some thirty
+other English monasteries the right of "Sanctuary." Any man in danger of
+life or liberty, let the cause be what it might, was safe could he but
+once set foot within the precincts of the Sanctuary. No one could touch
+him. The monks would not violate this sacred privilege by giving him up.
+His foes dared not violate it by pursuing him and taking him by force.
+This right of Sanctuary, established in days when "law" meant the will
+of the strongest, was often useful in saving an innocent life that
+otherwise would have been sacrificed to some unjust tyrant. But as
+civilization developed, as the constitution of England encouraged the
+framing of wise and just laws for the protection of the good and
+punishment of the evil-doer, "Sanctuary" became a frightful abuse.
+
+"The grim old Norman fortress"--the actual sanctuary--stood on the
+present site of the National Society's Depot. But the whole precinct of
+the Abbey shared the privilege; and the space now covered by St.
+Margaret's Church and churchyard was often occupied by a vast crowd of
+distressed or discontented citizens who desired, as they called it, to
+"take Westminster."
+
+    Sometimes, if they were of higher rank, they established
+    their quarters in the great Northern Porch of the Abbey,
+    with tents pitched, and guards watching round, for days and
+    nights together.[26]
+
+Thieves or malefactors would often break away from their captors, as
+they were being led by the winding "Thieven Lane" outside to their
+prison in the gatehouse, and darting into the consecrated ground would
+defy all attempts to lure them forth.
+
+    Rich men run thither with poor men's goods. There they
+    build, there they spend and bid their creditors go whistle
+    for them. Men's wives run thither with their husband's
+    plate, and say they dare not abide with their husbands for
+    beating. Thieves bring thither their stolen goods, and there
+    live thereon. There devise they new robberies: nightly they
+    steal out, they rob and reave, and kill, and come in again
+    as though these places gave not only a safeguard for the
+    harm they have done, but a license also to do more.[27]
+
+The results of this state of things were felt long after the right of
+Sanctuary ceased to exist in James the First's reign. The district
+outside the precincts of Westminster has always been one of the very
+worst in London. The writer remembers some twenty years ago walking home
+with her relative, Mr. Froude, from Sunday afternoon service at the
+Abbey, through Great Peter street, and being told to take care of her
+purse as every house was a thieves' den. In many of them there was a
+dressed-up manikin hung with bells, on which little children were given
+lessons in stealing. If they picked the manikin's pockets without
+ringing the bells they were rewarded: but if a bell tinkled they were
+beaten. Happily this street and many others like it were swept away by
+the great new thoroughfare, Victoria street, and its branches; and noble
+men and women are working day and night to civilize and christianize the
+slums which lie to the south of the Abbey. But it will be many a year
+before that Augean stable is cleaned out, which originated with those
+who "took Westminster."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Only twice was Sanctuary broken at Westminster. On August 11, 1378, two
+knights named Hawle and Shackle, escaped from the Tower of London where
+they had been imprisoned by John of Gaunt, and fled to the Abbey. For
+greater security they took refuge in the Choir itself, during the
+celebration of High Mass. Alan Boxall, constable of the Tower, and Sir
+Ralph Ferrers with fifty armed men were close behind them, and burst in
+upon the service "regardless of time or place." Shackle escaped. But
+Hawle, chased round and round the Choir, at last fell dead in front of
+the Prior's Stall, pierced with twelve wounds. His servant and one of
+the monks who had tried to save him, were killed with him; and the stone
+on which he lay dead may be seen to this day with the effigy traced upon
+it. The Abbey--profaned by the horrible crime--was shut up for four
+months, and "Parliament was suspended, lest its assembly should be
+polluted by sitting within the desecrated precincts."[28]
+
+The second outrage took place during Wat Tyler's rebellion, when, by his
+orders, one John Mangett, Marshal of the Marshalsea, was torn from one
+of the slender pillars of the Confessor's Shrine to which he clung for
+safety.
+
+But to us, "Sanctuary" is specially interesting, as it is intimately
+connected with the short and tragic lives of Edward the Fifth and
+Richard, Duke of York, his brother.
+
+In 1470, Edward the Fourth--betrayed by his brother Clarence, and by
+that terrible and splendid personage Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick,
+"The Kingmaker"--fled over seas with a small following to the court of
+his brother-in-law, Charles the Bold, in Flanders. His Queen, Elizabeth
+Woodville, was then living in the Tower, where Henry the Sixth, the
+deposed king, was imprisoned; and thus by a strange conjunction, the
+Yorkist Queen and the Lancastrian King were within that grim building at
+the same time. When Elizabeth heard that her husband had taken flight,
+and that Henry was to be restored to the throne, she came secretly by
+water from the Tower, and took Sanctuary at Westminster, with her three
+daughters and Lady Scroope "in greate penurie forsaken of all her
+friends." Here Thomas Millyng, the abbot, received her with kindness,
+sending her provisions--"half a loaf and two muttons"--daily. And here
+on the fourth of November was born her
+
+    faire son, called Edward, which was with small pompe like a
+    poore man's child christened, the godfathers being the Abbot
+    and the Prior of Westminster, and the godmother the Ladie
+    Scroope.[29]
+
+The Queen remained in Sanctuary until the spring of the next year, when
+her husband returned in triumph to the capital two days before the great
+battle of Barnet. There Warwick the Kingmaker, was slain, the
+Lancastrian forces were broken up, and Edward was once more king of
+England. The Queen has given in her own words an account of her joyful
+meeting at Westminster.
+
+    When my lord and husband returned safe again and had the
+    victory, then went I hence to welcome him home, and from
+    hence I brought my babe the Prince unto his father, when he
+    first took him in his arms.[30]
+
+Edward was not ungrateful to Westminster for the refuge it had afforded
+his queen in her sore distress. Abbot Millyng became a favorite at
+court, and was made Bishop of Hereford. The king gave at different times
+"fourscore oaks and about two hundred and fifty pounds[31] in money
+towards the new building of the nave." The Queen gave one hundred and
+seventy pounds, and built the Chapel of St. Erasmus on part of the
+present site of Henry the Seventh's chapel, and endowed it with the
+manors of Cradeley and Hagley in Worcestershire. And the young prince
+during the last eight years of his father's life gave twenty marks
+yearly towards the completion of the nave, which work had been begun by
+Henry the Fifth.
+
+But the poor Queen was destined to fly again to Sanctuary, in yet more
+sore distress. In April, 1483, Edward the Fourth died. Edward, Prince of
+Wales--the babe born in Westminster--was twelve and a half years old,
+and was living in some state at Ludlow Castle in Shropshire. He had a
+council of his own, composed chiefly of his mother's relations and
+friends; foremost among whom was Earl Rivers, his mother's brother, and
+his own half brother Lord Grey (son of the Queen by her first marriage
+to Sir John Grey). Shortly before his death the king had drawn up
+ordinances for Prince Edward's daily conduct,
+
+    which prescribe his morning attendance at mass, his
+    occupation "at his school," his meals, and his sports. No
+    man is to sit at his board but such as earl Rivers shall
+    allow; and at this hour of meat it is ordered "that there
+    shall be read before him noble stories, as behoveth a prince
+    to understand; and that the communication at all times, in
+    his presence, be of virtue, honour, cunning (knowledge),
+    wisdom, and deeds of worship, and of nothing that shall move
+    him to vice."[32]
+
+From this quiet, happy life the little boy was rudely awakened by his
+father's death. He was proclaimed King of England under the title of
+Edward the Fifth; and a fortnight later set out for London with his
+uncle Lord Rivers, Lord Grey, Sir Thomas Vaughan and a large retinue.
+All went well until they reached Stony Stratford, a little distance
+from Northampton. There the young king stayed for the night with his
+attendants, while Lord Rivers returned to Northampton to meet the late
+king's brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who was hurrying down from
+the Scotch marches--ostensibly to pay homage to his nephew.
+
+A struggle had been long impending between two rival parties in the
+state. On one hand the Queen, with her relations, who had been raised to
+wealth and power by her marriage. On the other, Gloucester, with many of
+the old nobility, whose jealousy had been roused by the sudden advance
+of the Woodville family. The king's death and his successor's tender age
+would inevitably bring about a collision. It was now merely a question
+which faction could out-manoeuvre the other. Richard of Gloucester
+struck the first blow. Rivers was arrested at his inn.
+
+Gloucester and the duke of Buckingham then rode on to Stony Stratford,
+where they found the poor little king with his company "ready to leap on
+horseback, and depart forward." But it was too late. The dukes arrested
+Vaughan and Grey, and brought the frightened boy back to Northampton.
+"He wept, and was nothing content, but it booted not."[33] Richard
+himself took his nephew to London; and at the young king's public entry
+on the fourth of May he bore himself "in open sight most reverently to
+the prince, with all semblance of lowliness."[34] The peers also took
+the oath of fealty. But it was only "a semblance." Able and
+unscrupulous, Richard of Gloucester had long been meditating a scheme of
+daring ambition. The first step was accomplished. He had possession of
+his young nephew's person. Now he was appointed "Protector of England."
+And during poor little King Edward's short reign his signature was used
+as an instrument for the ruin of his mother's kindred and friends, and
+for the aggrandizement of his uncle Gloucester's party.
+
+The Queen, meanwhile, saw only too clearly whither these events tended.
+Terrified at Richard's successful blow, seeing that her own faction was
+utterly undone, and fearing for the lives of herself and her children,
+she flew again to her well-known refuge. She left the Palace of
+Westminster at midnight with her youngest son, Richard Duke of York, and
+her five daughters, and lodged in the Abbot's Place.
+
+    It was in one of the great chambers of the house, probably
+    the Dining-hall (now the College Hall) that she was received
+    by Abbot Esteney.[35]
+
+    The Queen sate alow on the rushes all desolate and dismayed,
+    and all about her much heaviness, rumble, haste and
+    business; carriage and conveyance of her stuff into
+    Sanctuary; chests, coffers, packers, fardels, trussed all on
+    men's backs; no man unoccupied--some lading, some going,
+    some discharging, some coming for more, some breaking down
+    the walls to bring in the next (nearest) way.[36]
+
+In the midst of all this dismay and confusion the Archbishop of York,
+Thomas Rotheram, Chancellor of England, brought the Queen the Great
+Seal, trying to comfort and encourage her with a message from the Lord
+Chamberlain Hastings, who thought matters were not so hopeless as she
+imagined. But she mistrusted Hastings as "one of those that laboreth to
+destroy me and my blood." The Archbishop left the Great Seal with her,
+
+    and departed home again, yet in the dawning of the day. By
+    which time, he might in his chamber window (his palace was
+    on the site of the present Whitehall) see all the Thames
+    full of boats of the Duke of Gloucester's servants, watching
+    that no man should go to Sanctuary; nor none could pass
+    unsearched.
+
+The Queen seems to have withdrawn into her old quarters in the fortress
+of the Sanctuary itself, where she had before found safety; and the
+Protector, determined to get possession of both his nephews, proposed at
+his council in the Star Chamber, that if she would not give up the Duke
+of York to keep his brother company he should be taken from thence by
+force. But this proposition only served to show in what respect the
+privilege of Sanctuary was held. The archbishops and spiritual lords
+promptly refused their consent to such a sacrilegious measure. Said the
+Archbishop of Canterbury,
+
+    God forbid that any man should for anything earthly,
+    enterprise or break the immunity and liberty of the sacred
+    Sanctuary, that hath been the safeguard of so many a good
+    man's life.[37]
+
+The Protector then tried to show that as the child was incapable of such
+crimes as needed sanctuary, so he was incapable of receiving it. This
+ingenious bit of casuistry convinced some of the listeners; and the
+archbishop and several lords went at once to Westminster to try to
+persuade the Queen to give up her boy. But she resisted "with all the
+force of a woman's art and a mother's love."[38]
+
+    _In what place could I reckon him sure, if he be not sure in
+    this Sanctuary, whereof was there never tyrant yet so
+    devilish that durst presume to break...._ If examples be
+    sufficient to obtain privilege for my child I need not far
+    to seek; _for in this place in which we now be_ (and which
+    is now in question whether my child may take benefit of it)
+    _mine other son, now King, was born and kept in his cradle,
+    and preserved to a more prosperous fortune...._ And I pray
+    God that my son's palace may be as great a safeguard unto
+    him now reigning, as this place was sometime unto the king's
+    enemy.
+
+Gallantly had the poor mother fought for her child's liberty; and at
+last wearied out she ended with a fierce and terrible denunciation of
+her persecutors:
+
+    I can no more, but _whosoever he be that breaketh this holy
+    sanctuary, I pray God shortly to send him need of sanctuary
+    where he may not come to it_. For taken out of sanctuary
+    would I not my mortal enemy were.[39]
+
+At length, pledging both "body and soul," the archbishop prevailed; and
+the Queen determined to deliver up Prince Richard as a sacred trust.
+Then turning to the child she took leave of him in those well-known and
+most pathetic words:
+
+    "Farewell mine owne sweete sonne, God send you good keeping;
+    let me kisse you yet once ere you go, for God knoweth when
+    we shall kisse togither againe." And therewith she kissed
+    him and blessed him, turned her back and wept and went her
+    way, leaving the child weeping as fast.[40]
+
+Poor mother! Her fears were only too well founded. She never saw her
+sons again. When little Richard was taken into the Star Chamber, the
+Protector took him in his arms and kissed him saying, "Now welcome, my
+Lord, even with all my heart." The boy was then conveyed to the Bishop
+of London's palace, where his brother, the young king, met him with
+delight. This was in the beginning of June; and the two children were
+next removed to the Tower (under pretext of preparing for the coronation
+fixed for the twenty-second), "out of the which," says Sir Thomas More,
+"after that day they never came abroad."
+
+Richard Duke of Gloucester's policy had been developing fast since the
+day he took possession of the young king at Stony Stratford. The Queen's
+party were all in prison--many of them awaiting execution. Shakespeare
+has vividly described how Richard ridded himself of Lord Hastings,[41]
+the late king's favorite adviser, who was the only remaining check on
+his plans. After Hastings' execution the Protector declared that Edward
+the Fourth's marriage was invalid, and that his children could not
+therefore succeed to the crown. After a faint show of reluctance he
+allowed himself to be proclaimed king, under the title of Richard the
+Third, and was crowned at Westminster on the sixth of July.
+
+Every one knows the tragic end to the story. While the little boys lived
+their uncle's throne was insecure. They were still in the Tower. Rivers
+their uncle was beheaded; so were their half-brother Grey and many more
+of their mother's kinsmen and friends. A mystery must always hang over
+this dreadful deed. Whether by Richard's direct order, or simply in
+accordance with his known but half-expressed wishes, the two children
+suddenly disappeared--murdered, as it was alleged, by their uncle. Sir
+James Tyrell, when tried for high treason in Henry the Seventh's reign,
+only eight years after, confessed to the murder. And it was commonly
+supposed that the boys were "buried in a great heap of rubbish near the
+footstairs of their lodging; where is now the raised terrace."[42] But
+the priest of the Tower having died shortly after, "left the world in
+dark as to the place."
+
+For nearly two hundred years nothing more was known. In Charles the
+Second's reign, however, orders were given to rebuild some offices in
+the Tower. In taking away the stairs going from the King's Lodging into
+the Chapel of the White Tower, the workmen found a wooden chest buried
+ten feet deep in the ground, which contained the bones of two boys,
+about eleven and thirteen years of age. Charles the Second hearing of
+this discovery ordered the bones to be carefully collected and put in a
+marble urn, which he placed in Westminster Abbey, with an inscription in
+Latin of which the following is a translation:
+
+                           Here lie
+                         The Reliques
+  of Edward the Fifth King of _England_, and Richard, Duke
+                           of York.
+           These brothers being confined in the Tower,
+                 and there stifled with Pillows,
+                Were privately and meanly buried,
+                          By order of
+           Their perfidious Uncle _Richard_ the usurper;
+            Whose bones, long enquired after and wished for,
+                  After two hundred and one years
+     In the Rubbish of the Stairs (i. e. those lately leading to
+                          the Chapel
+                  of the _White Tower_)
+  Were on the 17th day of _July_, 1674, by undoubted Proofs
+                          discovered,
+                Being buried deep in that Place.
+     Charles the Second, a most compassionate Prince, pitying
+                       their severe fate,
+            Ordered these unhappy Princes to be laid
+          Amongst the monuments of their Predecessors,
+         _Anno Dom_ 1678, in the 30th year of his Reign.
+
+The mean and ugly little urn, which was the only monument that "most
+compassionate Prince" could afford to the memory of these two children,
+stands at the end of the north aisle of Henry the Seventh's Chapel,
+close to Queen Elizabeth's tomb.
+
+But let us turn from this dismal theme to something much more cheerful.
+While little Richard Duke of York was in Sanctuary with his mother, he
+must have often run across under the shadow of the great elms that stood
+before the Abbots House, to the Almonry, a small building near by. For
+to the Almonry eight years before a wise man had come with a strange new
+invention. He hung a red pole at the door for a sign; and soon all the
+learned men in the kingdom began to gather at the Almonry of
+Westminster, and talk to William Caxton, the printer of books. For he it
+was who had come from Bruges in Flanders, bringing with him the first
+printing press that had ever been seen in England. And at Westminster he
+worked away for fifteen years, translating and printing with ceaseless
+industry. It was a hard task that the industrious printer had
+undertaken, for the English language was in a state of transition. The
+tongue of each shire varied so as to be hardly intelligible to men of
+the next county; and Caxton says that the old-English Charters which the
+Abbot of Westminster fetched him as models seemed "more like to Dutch
+than to English." In his translations he had to choose between two
+schools--French affectation, and English pedantry. "Some honest and
+great clerks," he says, "have been with me and desired me to write the
+most curious terms I could find;" and others blamed him, saying that in
+his translations he "had over many curious terms which could not be
+understood of common people, and desired me to use old and homely
+terms." "Fain would I please every man," the good-tempered printer
+exclaims. But, happily for his successors, Caxton's excellent sense
+inclined him to good, plain English, "to the common terms that be daily
+used"--and he therefore left a far more lasting mark on English
+literature than can be gauged by the number and importance of the books
+he printed.
+
+[Illustration: MEMORIAL URN IN HENRY THE SEVENTH'S CHAPEL.]
+
+The Almonry soon became a centre for all that was most cultivated in
+England. Lord Arundel pressed the printer to take courage when the
+length of the Golden Legend made him "half desperate to have accomplisht
+it," and ready to "lay it apart;" and promised him a yearly fee of a
+buck in summer and a doe in winter if it were done. Noble ladies lent
+him their precious books. Churchmen brought him their translations. A
+mercer of London prayed him to undertake the "Royal Book" of Philip le
+Bel. The Queen's brother, the hapless Lord Rivers, chatted with him over
+his own translation of the "Sayings of the Philosophers." His "Tully"
+was printed under the patronage of Edward the Fourth. And among his
+chief supporters was Richard, Duke of Gloucester, to whom his "Order of
+Chivalry" was dedicated.
+
+It is therefore no mere flight of fancy, but a supposition founded on
+good evidence, that little Prince Richard may have beguiled some of the
+weary hours of his captivity by visits to the Almonry, watching the
+curious presses which struck off sheet after sheet of printing, and
+talking to the good-natured printer, who must, by all accounts, have
+been the cheeriest and busiest of men.
+
+The Almonry is gone.
+
+Bareheaded boys from Westminster School play foot-ball under the few
+remaining descendants of the old elms in Dean's Yard, and hurry in and
+out of the gateway with their school books under their arms. All that
+remains of the ancient Sanctuary is that blue plate with white letters.
+But within the great Abbey, the two little princes are in Sanctuary once
+more; never again to leave it while the fabric stands. And William
+Caxton sleeps in St. Margaret's Church close by, while his memory lives
+in every printed page of the English tongue.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[26] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 405. Dean Stanley.
+
+[27] Speech of Duke of Buckingham in Sir T. More's "Life of Richard the
+Third."
+
+[28] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 408. Dean Stanley.
+
+[29] Holinshed's Chronicle. Vol. 3. p. 300.
+
+[30] Sir Thomas More's History of Edward the Fifth, and Richard the
+Third.
+
+[31] Equal to about L2500 in the present day.
+
+[32] C. Knight's History of England. Vol. 2. p. 176.
+
+[33] More.
+
+[34] More.
+
+[35] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey," Dean Stanley. p. 411.
+
+[36] More's Life of Edward the Fifth. p. 40.
+
+[37] More.
+
+[38] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 412.
+
+[39] More.
+
+[40] More.
+
+[41] "King Richard the Third." Act III., Scene IV.
+
+[42] Dart. Vol. I. p. 170.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+KING EDWARD THE SIXTH.
+
+
+Between the death of Edward the Fifth and the coronation of another
+boy-king, Edward the Sixth, Westminster Abbey saw momentous changes. Its
+fabric and its constitution were alike altered by the stupendous
+transformation through which England passed in those seventy years.
+
+Henry the Seventh's reign marks a great break in English History. It is
+the close of the Middle Ages. And the Abbey tells the story of this
+break in a strangely vivid and emphatic fashion. As we walk up the wide
+flight of steps beyond the Confessor's Chapel at the extreme east end of
+the Abbey, we find ourselves in a new world. The grave, stately,
+mediaeval church is left behind. And, entering Henry the Seventh's
+matchless chapel, a sense of fervor and richness in the architecture
+seizes on us. Our eyes feast on the bayed windows with their innumerable
+little diamond panes; the traceries and mouldings on the walls--not a
+foot left unwrought--the niches with figures of saint and martyr; the
+grand bronze gates with their Tudor arms--the rose and portcullis, the
+falcon and fetterlock--the rich dark wood carving of the stalls, with
+the banners of the Knights of the Bath hanging motionless above each;
+and then the roof, that marvelous stone cobweb, with its bosses,
+carvings and coats of arms, its vaultings springing from the slenderest
+pillars imaginable like graceful palm stems, and spreading out into the
+exquisite fan-tracery that covers the whole--a network of stone lace. As
+Washington Irving says in his unrivalled description of Westminster,
+
+    Stone seems, by the cunning labor of the chisel, to have
+    been robbed of its weight and density, suspended aloft as if
+    by magic; and the fretted roof achieved with the wonderful
+    minuteness and airy security of a cobweb.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL OF HENRY THE SEVENTH.]
+
+Those prodigious pendants of stone, richly carved over their whole
+surface, which hang poised aloft in airy splendor, may well fill the
+mind with wonder almost akin to terror. How do they hold together? How
+has the cunning of man been able to counteract the force of gravity?
+What keeps them from falling on us as we stand gazing up at the stone
+miracle, and grinding us to powder? Not only we, but many wise
+architects have marvelled at that "prodigy of art,"--at the "daring
+hardihood" which keyed that roof together, every block depending on the
+next, and the whole structure cohering by the perfection of each
+minutest part. The very richness of the work, the seemingly lavish
+tracery, the perforated ornaments behind the spring of the main arches,
+all help to weld it into one abiding whole. It is a fit type of the
+noble strength of perfect unity. For, so say the masons, if one stone
+were to give away, if one pendant were to fall, the whole roof would
+collapse.
+
+Nothing gives one a just idea of the awful weight of stone in that roof
+until one has climbed above it. Would that I could take you, my readers,
+as I have taken more than one American child, for a wander about the
+roofs of the Abbey. It is a world within a world. Do not fancy it is
+all dark and dirty and terrific. Not at all. I know few more charming
+excursions. A little door in the corner of the north transept lets us
+into a turret staircase. Up and up it winds, round the solid smooth
+shaft of stone, till we reach the Triforium. This is the row of double
+trefoil-headed arches that runs all around the Abbey above the great
+pier-arches. From below you think, how frightful to be up on that narrow
+ledge, clinging to the wall. But when you get up to it you find it
+anything but a narrow ledge. It is a grand gallery twenty feet wide,
+large enough to drive a coach and four along it, and lighted at many
+points by rose-windows in the outer walls. The double arches and slender
+pillars which look so beautiful from the ground, are just as interesting
+when seen close. Hardly two of them are alike; the builders of those
+days did their work in no grudging spirit: but lavished fresh designs
+upon every yard.
+
+It is a strange sensation up aloft in this wide gallery, looking down a
+sheer sixty feet into the Abbey, peeping at the stalls of the choir
+peering down the pipes of the organ, watching the people wandering like
+flies over the pavement below us. But the strangest experience of all is
+an excursion such as I am describing at night. One such wandering is
+specially impressed on my memory. Some American friends were with us;
+and lighted by one little lantern we threaded our way through the
+darkness, through the solemn stillness of the wonderful building, and
+came out into the Triforium. Then suddenly three or four clear rich
+voices, one of which is well-known to all who frequent the services at
+Westminster, came floating up from the gulf of gloom beneath us,
+singing,
+
+    Lift thine eyes, oh! lift thine eyes to the mountains,
+    whence cometh help.
+
+I do not think any one of us will ever forget the startling,
+overpowering effect; or listen again to Mendelssohn's trio without a
+thrill.
+
+But we must go on. In only one place is the way perilous--just under the
+great window in the north transept; for there the passage does narrow to
+a ledge; and the Clerk of the Works, who always accompanies these
+wanderings in high places, bids the untried hands be careful. Once past
+the window all is plain sailing again. We make our way round, above the
+Confessor's Chapel, and see his coffin lying in his shrine. We pass
+great rooms where all sorts of _debris_ from the building are kept--old
+oaken chairs, bits of stone carving, paraphernalia for the coronation or
+for any great ceremony. We walk under the painted glass windows that we
+have watched, shining like jewels at the end of the apse, when we are at
+service in the choir. Then comes another door, another narrow stair, and
+we find ourselves in the strangest place of all. We are on the roof of
+Henry the Seventh's chapel. Overhead the great rafters are piled,
+supporting the outer roof; and as we advance a whirr and a rush of wings
+startle our nerves which are perhaps a little on edge by this time.
+There is nothing to alarm us however, for it is we who have startled
+some of the flock of pigeons who live up in the roofs of the Abbey.
+Hundreds of them congregate here, and get their living down in the great
+restless city below, especially in Palace Yard. The cabmen on the
+cabstand there, waiting for the members to come out of the House of
+Parliament, are greatly attached to the Abbey pigeons. I have often
+watched a rough, gruff "cabby" fetch a pailful of water and set it down
+near his hansom for the pretty birds, who flutter fearlessly, bridling
+and cooing, on to the edge, and dip their pink bills in the cool water,
+and then hop down and peck up the oats the cab-horse has dropped from
+his nose-bag. One would think that nowhere could birds be safer than in
+the sanctuary of Westminster. But alas! they have enemies who respect
+sanctuary far less than King Richard the Third. The vast roofs of the
+Abbey are infested by a breed of fierce half-wild cats. They have lived
+up there for years, and cannot be exterminated; and not only are they a
+perfect pest and plague to all dwellers in the cloisters, but they get
+their living by preying on the poor dear Abbey pigeons.
+
+[Illustration: EXTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL OF HENRY THE SEVENTH.]
+
+However, we did not climb all this height to talk of cats and pigeons;
+and if you once find yourselves in this strange place you will give them
+but little thought. For under our feet is a great stone sea--vast
+circular pits and troughs of solid stone--a very maelstrom of rock. Each
+of those great wells narrowing towards the bottom represents one of the
+gigantic pendants below. And here one's wonder is I think increased
+sevenfold, and we ask how was it possible to poise this prodigious
+weight on those slender walls. If we want an answer to our question we
+must look outside the chapel, and observe the graceful Flying
+Buttresses, which hold roof and walls together, springing from the
+upper part of the windows, and ending in tall turrets which run down
+and bury themselves in the ground. The buttresses are so light, and so
+richly carved, and the turrets look so completely ornamental, with their
+crockets, and the delicate canopies over the niches--empty alas! and
+their string-course formed of the Tudor arms, that one thinks of them
+merely as a lovely part of a lovely whole. So they are. But they are one
+of the chief means of binding that splendid roof together--of keeping
+the walls from being pulled inward by the mass of stone they have to
+support. They act like the guy-ropes which keep a flagstaff upright.
+
+Thus far we have seen how by Edward the Sixth's time the mediaeval
+architecture has given place to the Tudor, the feudal Gothic to the more
+domestic Perpendicular. But in the constitution of the Abbey a far more
+momentous change had taken place. In Henry the Eighth's reign the
+Reformation shook the life of England to its very foundation. It is not
+my intention to enter upon that vast and deeply important subject. I
+only wish to show you some of its effects on Westminster Abbey. The
+Abbey and Monastery of Westminster shared in the general Dissolution of
+Monasteries in 1539. The last Abbot of Westminster was converted into a
+Dean, and "the Monks were succeeded by twelve Prebendaries, each to be
+present daily in the Choir, and to preach once a quarter."[43] The
+"Abbot's Place" was to be known henceforth as the "Deanery." And for us,
+who have known that Deanery in the brilliant days of Arthur Penrhyn
+Stanley, what memories does the name awake. But more. All the relics in
+the Abbey that had been given, as we have seen, by successive kings, and
+with them Llewellyn's golden crown, and the banners and statues around
+the shrine of St. Edward, all these were swept away as worthless or
+worse than worthless. Even the bones of the Confessor were not
+respected; but were moved and buried apart, until Queen Mary brought
+them back and laid them once more in the shrine where they had reposed
+so long, and where they rest to this day. Then robbers broke into the
+Abbey and carried off, among other treasures, the silver head from Henry
+the Fifth's monument. And in Edward the Sixth's reign, when the spirit
+of iconoclasm was at its height, the Protector Somerset even talked of
+demolishing the Abbey Church, and was only deterred from such an act of
+vandalism by the rising, some say, of the inhabitants of Westminster,
+or, by the sacrifice of seventeen manors belonging to the Chapter for
+the needs of the protectorate.
+
+A boy king was once more head of the English nation. When Henry the
+Eighth died in January, 1547, Prince Edward was not quite ten years old,
+his sister Elizabeth nearly fourteen, while Mary, the elder sister, was
+thirty-one. In less than a month after his father's death, Edward was
+crowned at Westminster, and very curious the accounts are of the
+ceremony. As was usual, the prince spent the few days before his
+coronation at the Tower; and the procession from thence to Westminster
+was of extreme magnificence. The little boy was delighted by an
+Arragonese sailor who "capered on a tight-rope down from the battlements
+of St. Paul's to a window at the Dean's Gate."[44]
+
+    An old man in a chair, with crown and sceptre, represented
+    the state of King Edward the Confessor. St. George would
+    have spoken, but that His Grace made such speed for lack of
+    time he could not.[45]
+
+The service at which Archbishop Cranmer, the king's godfather,
+officiated, was still that of the Church of Rome: but it was greatly
+shortened,
+
+    partly "for the tedious length of the same," and "the tender
+    age" of the King--partly for "that many points of the same
+    were such as, by the laws of the nation, were not
+    allowable."[46]
+
+And there were various other differences in matters of detail, into
+which we have no space to enter, which showed that a radical change had
+taken place in England since Henry the Eighth's coronation. Even
+shortened as it was, the service was so long and exhausting that the
+poor little king was carried out fainting before it was over.
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD THE SIXTH.--_From a Painting by Holbein._]
+
+A "marvellous boy," "_monstrificus peullus_" as an Italian physician
+described him, must King Edward have been. When other boys have their
+heads full of bats and balls, of bird'snesting and fishing, this little
+lad was writing a diary of political events, the history year by year of
+his own reign--a strange document when one thinks of the author's youth.
+In it he gravely set down all manner of questions which usually trouble
+only old heads. And King Edward's journal is still one of the most
+valuable records of the time. Although it does not exhibit any very
+original views, this diary shows a strangely impartial spirit. It shows
+too a good deal of the coldness of the Tudor nature; for one is
+unpleasantly impressed at finding the young king recording the
+executions of his two uncles--Somerset and Seymour--with the most
+stoical indifference; and setting aside the right of his sisters Mary
+and Elizabeth to the crown, with a hard cold remark that they are "unto
+us but of the half-blood."
+
+Edward held very strong and decided opinions on all points connected
+with the Reformed Church of England.
+
+He was the first sovereign to whom the Bible had been presented at his
+coronation,
+
+    an act which may perhaps have suggested to the young King
+    the substitution, which he had all but effected, of the
+    Bible for St. George in the insignia of the Order of the
+    Garter.
+
+By the time he was fourteen his precocious mind became aware of the
+manner in which his uncle Somerset, had abused his power and taken
+advantage of his childhood. He saw how the exchequer had been emptied by
+the rash wars with France and Scotland into which the Protector's
+ambition had dragged England. How the coinage was debased. How crown
+lands worth five million of English money of the present day, had been
+granted away to the Protector's friends. All this the boy-king saw. He
+felt the shame of his debts; and although he could do little to stop
+such scandals, he did what he could. According to a schedule he devised,
+we find him diminishing the garrisons of the forts and the Irish army;
+ordering greater economy in his household; cutting down the wardrobe
+charges, and disallowing various claims for fees.
+
+Edward now took part regularly in public business, and began to inquire
+into the daily transactions of the Council. "He required notice
+beforehand of the business with which the council was to be occupied,
+and an account was given in to him each Saturday of the proceedings of
+the week." There is a rough draft of his will, dictated to Sir William
+Petre the year before his death, which shows how his mind had dwelt
+silently on the events of his boyhood. "Should his successor like
+himself, be a minor, his executors, unlike his father's, should meddle
+with no wars unless the country was invaded." But of all the writings he
+left, the most interesting and important is an unfinished fragment on
+the condition of England. Although it was written three hundred years
+ago by a boy of fifteen, some of it is such fine and wholesome reading
+for us nowadays, that I must quote part of Mr. Froude's account of it.
+
+"A king who at fifteen could sketch the work which was before him so
+distinctly, would in a few years have demanded a sharp account of the
+Stewardship of the Duke of Northumberland."
+
+    Looking at England, ... as England was, the young king saw
+    "all things out of order." "Farming gentlemen and clerking
+    knights" neglecting their duties as overseers of the
+    people, "were exercising the gain of living." ... Artificers
+    and clothiers no longer worked honestly; the necessaries of
+    life had risen in price, and the labourers had raised their
+    wages, "whereby to recompense the loss of things they
+    bought." The country swarmed with vagabonds; and those who
+    broke the laws escaped punishment by bribery or through
+    foolish pity. The lawyers and even the judges were corrupt.
+
+    Peace and order were violated by religious dissensions and
+    universal neglect of the law. Offices of trust were bought
+    and sold; benefices impropriated, tillage-ground turned to
+    pasture, "not considering the sustaining of men." The poor
+    were robbed by the enclosures; and extravagance in dress and
+    idle luxury of living were eating like ulcers into the
+    State. These were the vices of the age; nor were they
+    likely, as Edward thought, to yield in any way to the most
+    correct formula of justification. The "medicines to cure
+    these sores" were to be looked for in good education, good
+    laws, and "just execution of the laws without respect of
+    persons, in the example of rulers, the punishment of
+    misdoers, and the encouragement of the good." Corrupt
+    magistrates should be deposed, seeing that those who were
+    themselves guilty would not enforce the laws against their
+    own faults; and all gentlemen and noblemen should be
+    compelled to reside on their estates, and fulfil the duties
+    of their place.[47]
+
+
+Boys and girls in all countries are apt to say "as happy as a king." I
+wonder if they ever think of the meaning of that phrase. Certainly a
+less enviable position than that of this young king cannot well be
+imagined. Holbein's portraits show him to us a delicate, precocious
+looking boy, with fine features, small mouth, and odd narrow eyes which
+glance with a keen penetration from under the sleepy lids. If he had
+been the son of some country squire he would have been living out of
+doors, making his frail little body strong and healthy, doing ordinary
+lessons, riding and leaping and playing tennis like any other lad of his
+age. But instead of this, we find him a mere tool in the hands of
+unscrupulous advisers, who are filling their own pockets and ruining the
+kingdom at his expense. He is pondering on matters of state when he
+ought to have been playing at marbles. Sitting for long hours in the
+council chamber, when he should have been riding about the forest with
+his hawks and hounds. Galloping all the night through, from Hampton
+Court to Windsor, when his uncle Somerset carried him off to serve his
+own ends, and thereby did the king's delicate chest an injury which it
+never recovered. And at length, after six years of a miserable,
+troublous reign, dying at Greenwich before he was sixteen, with the
+lords in council and the judges quarreling about his death bed. Poor
+boy! surely no one would be tempted to envy his fate.
+
+He was buried at Westminster in the splendid chapel that his grandfather
+built and that his father finished under "the matchless altar" which
+stood at the head of Henry the Seventh's tomb. This sumptuous
+"touchstone altar, all of one piece," with its "excellent workmanship of
+brass," was the work of Torregiano, the rival who broke Michael Angelo's
+nose in the gardens of St. Mark at Florence. He came to England to
+complete the adornment of Henry the Seventh's chapel, and lived for
+twenty years in the precincts of the Abbey, where he kept up his
+Florentine reputation by sundry fighting feats against the "bears of
+Englishmen."
+
+The Altar was "by the hot-brained zealots in 41 (1641) demolished; so
+that not the least footsteps now remain;" and only a gray stone slab
+marks the resting place of the last male heir of the Tudors. But when in
+1868 Dean Stanley made the memorable search in the vaults of the Abbey
+to discover where James the First was buried--a mystery unsolved till
+then--a beautiful piece of a carved white marble frieze was found at the
+entrance of Edward the Sixth's grave. This fragment, three feet eight
+inches long, seven inches high, and six inches thick, is the only relic
+which exists of Torregiano's altar. It is now restored as far as
+possible to its original position, under the present altar in Henry the
+Seventh's Chapel.
+
+King Edward's funeral, like his coronation, was remarkable in many ways.
+It was the first service of the Reformed Church of England ever used
+over an English sovereign; and this concession was made by the King's
+Roman Catholic sister, Queen Mary. She was not present; being at the
+requiem sung in the Tower under the direction of Gardiner, her chief
+adviser. Archbishop Cranmer conducted the service at Westminster. Thus
+"the last and saddest function of his public ministry which he was
+destined to perform," was the burial of his godson, this young king,
+whom he had both baptized and crowned.
+
+"The one admirable thing which the unhappy reign produced," must however
+never be forgotten. While King Edward's uncle Somerset was ruining the
+kingdom, and paying with his head for his ambition--while the Duke of
+Northumberland was plotting to set aside Henry the Eighth's will, and to
+place his own daughter-in-law, the hapless Lady Jane Grey, on the throne
+of England--Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, was working on quietly in
+the midst of all the uproar of war and treason, plot and counter-plot,
+at the English prayer book.
+
+    As the translation of the Bible bears upon it the imprint of
+    the mind of Tyndal, so, while the Church of England remains,
+    the image of Cranmer will be seen reflected on the calm
+    surface of the Liturgy. The most beautiful portions of it
+    are translations from the Breviary; yet the same prayers
+    translated by others would not be those which chime like
+    church-bells in the ears of the English child. The
+    translations, and the addresses which are original, have the
+    same silvery melody of language, and breathe the same
+    simplicity of spirit.
+
+One other admirable memory has the reign of Edward left in England. If
+you stand on Westminster Bridge near the houses of Parliament, and look
+across the Thames, you see several huge piles of red brick and white
+stone rising on the Lambeth shore. This is the modern St. Thomas's
+Hospital, one of the finest in England, built on the foundation which
+Edward made. Ridley in a sermon preached before the young king, urged
+the rich to be merciful to the poor and to comfort and relieve them by
+charitable works. The sermon so impressed the boy that he founded St.
+Thomas's--St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in Smithfield, where a few years
+later the martyrs were to suffer at the stake under his ruthless sister
+Mary--and Christ's Hospital, which we all know as the "Bluecoat" school,
+where Charles Lamb, and Coleridge, and Thackeray and many another
+learned man spent their schooldays. But the boy-king did yet more. In
+eighteen towns of England he founded the famous Grammar Schools which
+"throw a lustre over the name of Edward," although he did not live to
+see the fruit of his noble thought.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[43] Memorials, 464.
+
+[44] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." p. 81.
+
+[45] Memorials. p. 81.
+
+[46] Leland. p. 324.
+
+[47] (Froude. Vol. V. p. 441.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+MISS ELIZABETH RUSSELL.
+
+
+On the 27th of October, 1575, there was a grand christening at
+Westminster. The tiny baby, wrapped in a mantle of crimson velvet, was
+carried with royal pomp into the Abbey. Some of the most splendid and
+famous personages of the day attended to do honor to the child, and the
+queen's majesty was godmother.
+
+Who was this baby? Why was all this display and ceremony expended on an
+infant only five days old?
+
+The little girl was of noble birth. She was daughter of John, Baron
+Russell, second son of the Earl of Bedford, one of that famous family
+which has given England some of her best statesmen for hundreds of
+years. Her mother was a daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, of Gildea Hall in
+Essex, "a man of the ancient equanimity and worship," well known for
+his goodness and learning. Sir Anthony brought up his daughters to
+follow in his own footsteps. They were noble and accomplished
+gentlewomen and learned withal, for they could write easily in Greek,
+Latin and Italian, as well as in their own tongue. One of them, Mildred,
+married Sir William Cecil, afterwards Lord Burleigh, Queen Elizabeth's
+famous councillor and adviser. Anne was wife of Sir Nicholas, afterwards
+Lord Chancellor Bacon, whose son was the great philosopher, Francis
+Bacon, Lord Verulam. Elizabeth, Lady Russell, the mother of our "child
+of Westminster," had been married before to Sir Thomas Hobby, ambassador
+to France. And when he died in 1566, Queen Elizabeth wrote a letter full
+of affection and esteem to his widow. In this letter she praises the
+dead Sir Thomas; and then goes on:
+
+    And for yourself, we cannot but let you know that we hear
+    out of France such singular good reports of your duty well
+    accomplished toward your husband, both living and dead, with
+    other your sober, wise and discreet behaviour in that court
+    and country, that we think it a part of great commendation
+    to us and commendation to our country, that such a
+    gentlewoman hath given so manifest a testimony of virtue in
+    such hard times of adversity. And therefore, though we
+    thought very well of you before, yet shall we hereafter make
+    a more assured account of your virtues and gifts; and
+    where-insoever we may conveniently do you pleasure, you may
+    be thereof assured. And so we would have you rest yourself
+    in quietness, with a firm opinion of our special favour
+    towards you. Given under our signet, at our city of Oxford,
+    the ---- of September, 1566, the eighth year of our reign.
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    ELIZABETH R.
+
+It was "at our city of Oxford" that we chanced upon this letter. Reading
+in the Bodleian Library, at the end of the great cross gallery lined
+with rows of books, tier upon tier, we sat in the month of September,
+1884, at a quiet table beside a huge stone-mullioned window. One of its
+casements of leaded panes, guarded with brown rusty iron bars, was open.
+In the acacia-tree outside a bird was singing. Beyond the delicate green
+foliage, untouched by any thought of autumn, the towers and spires of
+the glorious city rose above red and gray roofs. The silence about us
+was only broken by the crisp turning of leaves or the stealthy foot-fall
+of the attendants bringing fresh heaps of books to the half-dozen busy
+workers. There was a fragrant smell of old books--of leather
+bindings--so dear to the student's heart. The warm, sweet outer air and
+hot sunshine streamed in at the open window. "The merry, merry Christ
+Church bells--one, two, three, four, five, six," chimed the quarters;
+and "Mighty Tom" tolled the hours as the morning stole by only too
+quickly.
+
+Two hundred and eighteen years ago in this very month of September,
+Queen Elizabeth was at Oxford, on her way to or from Kenilworth Castle,
+and she wrote the letter to Lady Hobby with those same Christ Church
+bells chiming the quarters and the hours within hearing of her lodgings.
+
+What times those were! The fortunes of England under Elizabeth were
+recovering from long disgrace and decay. The foundation of the Royal
+Exchange, by Sir Thomas Gresham, in that very year 1566, gave English
+trade an impetus of which we in England and America are reaping the
+benefits. English ships under such men as Drake and Frobisher, Sir
+Richard Grenville and Sir Humphrey Gilbert, were sailing the seas,
+fighting the Spaniards, and bringing home the wealth of every country in
+the known globe to the port of London. A few years later, Drake in his
+little vessel with eighty men would sail through the straits of
+Magellan, and load his bark with gold-dust and silver ingots, with
+pearls, diamonds and emeralds, the spoils of the "great galleon that
+sailed once a year from Lima to Cadiz," and Raleigh would name Virginia
+after Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen.
+
+But something more precious than commerce, or mere tangible wealth, was
+reviving in England. The prosperity of Elizabeth's reign was signalized
+by an outburst of literature such as the world has seldom seen. In 1566
+Edmund Spenser was fourteen; Sir Philip Sidney was twelve; and William
+Shakespeare was a little two-year-old lad playing about his father's
+black and white half-timbered house in sunny Stratford-on-Avon. What
+need to go further? Those three names alone are enough, to say nothing
+of the host of other writers--Bacon and Fulke Grenville with the
+philosophers and the essayists, Hakluyt and his library of voyages and
+travels, Michael Drayton and the patriotic poets. These were some of the
+men who as statesmen, soldiers, discoverers, poets, have made the
+Elizabethan age the synonym for all that is most splendid, most
+brilliant at home and abroad.
+
+Nine years after the queen's letter from Oxford, Elizabeth Hobby, who
+had meanwhile married Lord Russell, took refuge at Westminster from the
+plague which was then prevalent in London--that is to say in what we now
+call the city, where all the grand folks of those days lived.
+
+    Having obtained so much favor from Dr. Goodman, Dean of
+    Westminster, as to have her lodgings within the late
+    dissolved Abbey,
+
+her little daughter was born in the precincts on October 22, 1575. Lord
+Russell wrote to announce the fact to his brother-in-law Lord Burleigh.
+He was sorely disappointed at the child being a girl. "I could have
+wished with all my heart to have had a boy:" but as that could not be
+he would like a wise man "rejoice in having a girl." Then he goes on to
+ask Lord Burleigh to pray the queen to be the baby's godmother. The
+queen willingly granted the request; for her old admiration for Lady
+Russell had by no means abated. Being at Windsor she sent Lady Warwick
+as her deputy, "attended by Mr. Wingfield, the queen's gentleman usher,
+to direct all things in the same cathedral."
+
+Mr. Wingfield caused "a traverse of crimson taffeta"--a kind of
+enclosure or regal pew if there be such a thing--to be set on the right
+side of the altar, near the steps within the chancel; and in the
+traverse a carpet, a chair and cushions of state. This was for the
+deputy, Lady Warwick, who, as she represented the queen, was treated as
+if she were royal.
+
+    Then a great basin was set up in the middle, near to the
+    high table, a yard high, upon a small frame for the purpose
+    covered with white linen, and the basin set thereon with
+    water and flowers about the brim.
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN ELIZABETH.--_From painting in the English National
+Portrait Gallery._]
+
+On Thursday, October 27, at ten o'clock, all was ready. The witnesses
+and a great company were assembled; and they proceeded from the Deanery
+through the cloister. First came the gentlemen in waiting; then the
+knights in their places; the barons and earls in their degree. Then the
+godfather--none other than that famous and brilliant personage, Robert
+Dudley, Earl of Leicester, the only man whom the great Queen Elizabeth
+really loved--her cousin, "Sweet Robin." If you ever come to
+Warwickshire go to Kenilworth Castle, and see the remains of the grand
+Hall where he received the queen with more than royal state at three
+different times. Then go to Warwick, and see his effigy in the Beauchamp
+Chapel, lying beside his third wife, whom he married after poor Amy
+Robsart's death.
+
+Look at the Earl's handsome proud face; and then picture him to
+yourselves as he walked through the cloisters and into the noble Abbey,
+magnificent in dress and bearing, in the heydey of his youth, splendor
+and prosperity at little Bess Russell's christening. After the godfather
+came the unconscious baby--the centre of all this display--wrapped
+
+    in a mantle of crimson velvet, guarded with two wrought
+    laces of gold, having also over the face a lawn, striped
+    with bone lace of gold athwart, and powdered with gold
+    flowers and white wrought thereon.
+
+She was carried by the nurse, Mrs. Bradshaw. Her second godmother, the
+Countess of Sussex--Frances Sidney, aunt of Sir Philip Sidney, and
+foundress of Sidney-Sussex College at Cambridge, followed her. Then a
+gentleman usher. And then the Countess of Warwick, deputy for the queen.
+Her train was borne by Lady Russell's two sisters, Lady Burleigh and
+Lady Bacon; and after them came "other ladies and gentlemen, many."
+
+The deputy went within the traverse, the rest remaining without, while
+the Dean made a short address. After it was over
+
+    Lady Bacon took the child and brought it to the font, where
+    the Dean attended in his surplice. Then the Earl Leicester
+    approached near to the traverse, and there tarried until the
+    deputy came forth, from whence they leisurely proceeded to
+    the font, the deputy's train still borne, where she
+    christened the child by the name of Elizabeth; which done
+    the deputy retired back into the traverse again, and the
+    nurse took the child, and came down, and there dressed it.
+
+Now comes one of the most impressive and picturesque episodes in the
+story.
+
+The account says--
+
+    In the meantime, Mr. Philip Sidney came out of the Chapel
+    called St. Edward's shrine having a towel on his left
+    shoulder, and with him came Mr. Delves, bearing the basin
+    and ewer. Then the deputy came forth, her train borne, and
+    they two kneeling, she washed.
+
+Imagine Philip Sidney, then twenty-three years old, appearing from the
+Confessor's Chapel, which as I have explained lies directly behind the
+altar, with his towel over his shoulder, to kneel before the good and
+charming Countess of Warwick--Philip Sidney, that exquisite and noble
+soul, the very type and pattern of all that is most beautiful and
+admirable in the age of Elizabeth.
+
+    Fair as he was brave, quick of wit as of affection, noble
+    and generous in temper, dear to Elizabeth as to Spenser, the
+    darling of the Court and of the camp; his learning and his
+    genius made him the centre of the literary world which was
+    springing into birth on English soil.
+
+Poet, philosopher, chivalrous knight errant, grave councillor, what
+wonder that he was the idol of the whole country? And the story of his
+death, which we all know, but of which I, for one, never tire, was a
+fitting close to the thirty-two years of this Bayard without fear and
+without reproach. He threw away his life to save the army of his queen
+in Flanders. As he lay dying he called for water. But when it was
+brought and the bottle was put to his lips he saw a poor soldier dying
+near him, and bade them give it to him. "Thy necessity," he said, "is
+greater than mine." And so he died. This was the man who humbly served
+Lady Warwick, the deputy, at our baby's christening.
+
+    Then other gentlemen with two basins and ewers, came to the
+    Countess of Sussex and the Earl of Leicester; and they
+    having washed, immediately came from the aforesaid place of
+    St. Edward's shrine, gentlemen with cups of hippocras and
+    wafers; that done, they all departed out of the Church
+    through the choir, in such order as before, the Lady Bacon
+    carrying the child, and so the said ladies and godfather
+    went into the Lady Russell's chamber.
+
+Then the company went to dinner, "a stately and costly delicate
+banquet;" and grace being said by Lord Russell's chaplain, the lords
+washed, and after rose and returned to Lady Russell's rooms.
+
+The baby Bess, like babies nowadays, had her christening presents: "By
+the queen's majesty a great standing cup; Countess of Sussex a standing
+cup; Earl of Leicester a great bowl."
+
+So the pretty child's life began; ushered into that splendid and
+brilliant court with all the pomp and circumstance possible. Not only is
+the record of her baptism curious because it gives us a vivid picture of
+the court at that time, and a glimpse of many famous men and women who
+were present at it: but christenings have been few and far between at
+Westminster. For a long while they ceased altogether; and during this
+century up to about 1868 the few baptisms have been those of children of
+members of the Abbey body. Since that date a very few children, more or
+less connected with Westminster, have been christened each year in Henry
+the Seventh's chapel. And on the last page of the register for 1883,
+there is the name of a little grandson of Alfred, Lord Tennyson--the
+Poet Laureate--a baby well-deserving such an honor, for his grandfather
+claims descent from King Edward the Third; and from his mother, whose
+wedding took place in the Abbey, he inherits the blood of Robert Bruce.
+
+The next we hear about our little Bess is some years later, when we
+learn that she and her younger sister, Anne, were appointed maids of
+honor to the queen. Their mother, Lady Russell, who was brilliant and
+vivacious, as well as learned in Latin and Greek, had considerable
+influence with Queen Elizabeth, and seems to have used her "kind
+enchantments" in the service of peace and goodwill at court. Towards the
+close of her reign sad days had come upon the great queen. She was
+growing old--though she could not bear to acknowledge the fact. Some of
+those in whom she had trusted most proved false to her--like Essex. Her
+splendid progresses through the country, her three thousand dresses,
+could no longer cheer the sad, lonely old woman, who had outlived so
+many of her early friends and counsellors. The violent Tudor temper
+which she inherited from her father became more and more ungovernable,
+and sometimes it showed itself towards the unlucky maids of honor.
+
+"The Queen," says Sir Rowland Whyte to Sir Robert Sidney, in 1600:
+
+    hath of late used the fair Miss Brydges (daughter of the
+    Lord Chandos), with words and _blows_ of anger; and she with
+    Miss Russell, were put out of the coffer-chamber, lying
+    three nights at Lady Stafford's, before they could return to
+    their wonted waiting.
+
+And what was their offence? They had ventured to take medicine without
+leave; and had broken some rule of court etiquette by "going through the
+private galleries to see the lords and gentlemen play at the _ballon_."
+This was early in 1600. But shortly afterwards the queen, with one of
+her capricious changes of temper, made the full _amende_ for her words
+and blows of anger to poor Bess Russell, on the occasion of her sister
+Anne's marriage to Lord Herbert, son and heir to Edward, fourth Earl of
+Worcester. On June 9, 1600, Lady Russell went to court to fetch her
+daughter Anne away, "of whom the queen in public used as gracious
+speeches as she had been heard to indulge in of any." She sent her lords
+and maids in waiting to escort the bride and her mother to their house
+at Blackfriars. "All went in a troop away"--the court attendants filling
+eighteen coaches.
+
+The marriage took place on June 16 at Blackfriars, and the queen honored
+the ceremony with her presence. The bride met the queen at the
+waterside, where Lord Cobham, who had offered Her Majesty the use of his
+house, had provided a "lectica made like half a litter, wherein she was
+carried by six knights to Lady Russell's house." The mere name
+Blackfriars now conjures up a vision of the smokiest and dirtiest parts
+of smoky, dirty, dearly-beloved London. A vision of grimy houses crowded
+together, and piled up story on story to utilize every inch of the space
+that is now so valuable--of tall factory chimneys; Powell's glass-works;
+bustling wharves; huge warehouses; of yelling railway trains, whistling
+and thundering over the great iron bridges that span the Thames; of
+penny steamboats; of heavy barges on the muddy river all defiled by the
+great city that presses down to its banks. St. Paul's dome, the grand
+old Tower of London, and the towers and spires of Sir Christopher Wren's
+"fifty new churches," pierce the smoke and the haze, and rise above the
+roofs of the busiest part of the city. The only trees to be seen are the
+planes on the embankment, along that waterside where the bride met the
+queen. Is this a fit place for a brilliant court to come to a gay
+wedding?
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENT TO MISS ELIZABETH RUSSELL.]
+
+Happily we know what Blackfriars was like in Elizabethan days. At
+Sherbourne Castle in Dorsetshire, Lord Digby possesses a most
+interesting picture supposed to be painted by Isaac Oliver, of this very
+procession from the waterside. There is a pleasant background of fields
+and trees with two or three fine houses standing on the wooded slopes of
+Holborn hill. The queen, clad in a long-waisted dress covered with
+jewels, and wearing a great ruff open at the throat, which was then only
+worn by young unmarried women, is seated in a chair under a light canopy
+borne by six knights. Anne Russell, the bride, walks directly behind the
+litter, in huge hooped skirt of white, with a richly worked and
+bejewelled bodice. She wears an open ruff like the queen's, which shows
+her throat. Her mother and Lucy Harrington, Countess of Bedford, who are
+her supporters, have close ruffs that cover their necks, and are dressed
+in black and gray with rich jewels. Nobles splendidly habited, go
+before, two and two; and ladies follow, among whom we may suppose that
+the fair Bess Russell figures. Lord Herbert, the bridegroom, carries the
+right end of the pole that supports the litter, and reaches his left
+hand back to his pretty bride who is close behind him. Next him a slim
+and exquisitely dressed figure is thought by Mr. Scharf F. S. A. to be
+Sir Walter Raleigh, who had just returned with Lord Cobham from a
+mission in Flanders.
+
+After the marriage the queen dined with the wedding party at Lady
+Russell's, where "the entertainment was great and plentiful; and the
+mistress of the feast much commended for it." At night--for in those
+days dinners were early--she went to Lord Cobham's where she supped. And
+
+    after supper came a memorable masque of eight ladies, each
+    clad in a skirt of cloth of silver, a rich waistcoat
+    wrought with silks and gold and silver, a mantle of
+    carnation taffeta cast under the arm, and their hair loose
+    about their shoulders curiously knotted and interlaced. The
+    masquers were Lady Dorothy (Sidney), Miss Fitton, Miss
+    Carey, Miss Onslow, Miss Southwell, Miss Bess Russell, Miss
+    Darcy, and Lady Blanch Somerset, who danced to the music
+    that Apollo brought; and a fine speech was made of a _ninth_
+    muse, much to her praise and honor. "Delicate," says the
+    narrator, "it was to see eight ladies so prettily and richly
+    attired." Miss Fitton led; and after they had finished their
+    own ceremonies, the eight lady masquers chose eight other
+    ladies to dance the measures. Miss Fitton went to the queen
+    and wooed her to the dance. The queen asked what she was.
+    "Affection," was the answer. "Affection!" said the queen,
+    "affection is false!" yet she rose and danced as did the
+    Marchioness of Winchester.
+
+Poor, sad old queen, clinging like a child--like the true daughter of
+her hapless mother Anne Boleyn--to any amusement, excitement, display,
+that could divert her weary thoughts from her loneliness, from the
+burdening cares of state; with her bitter jibe at the falseness of
+affection, yet rising and dancing a measure with her maids of honor. It
+is as pathetic a picture as one can look upon.
+
+So ends the record of the gay wedding at Blackfriars. But alas! within a
+fortnight the marriage rejoicings were turned into mourning. Our
+beautiful Bess Russell, the child of the court, the child of the Abbey,
+was consumptive. She grew rapidly worse, and a fortnight after her
+sister Anne's wedding she was dead. Her illness indeed, at the last, was
+so sudden that it gave rise to an absurd story, which was commonly
+believed one hundred and fifty years ago; namely, that she died of the
+prick of a needle in her finger which produced gangrene. This however is
+a mere fable, and only came into existence some seventy years after her
+death. She was buried in Westminster Abbey--that Abbey under whose
+shadow she was born, within whose walls she was christened. Well may
+Dean Stanley call her "the child of Westminster."
+
+Her beautiful monument stands in the Chapel of St. Edmund, near that of
+her father, and of John of Eltham. She sits "in a curiously wrought
+osier chair," leaning her head upon her hand, and pointing at the skull,
+on which her right foot rests, with an expression on her face of great
+sadness and sweetness. On the richly carved pedestal upon which the
+figure is placed are engraved these words: "_Dormit, non mortua
+est_"--she is not dead but sleeping--and below on a scroll we read that
+to the "sacred and happy memory of Elizabeth Russell" this monument is
+dedicated by her afflicted sister Anne.
+
+Sweet Bess Russell's effigy is remarkable in more ways than one. It is
+the first of all in the Abbey that is seated erect. Hitherto kings,
+princes, warriors, noble ladies have been content to lie in profound
+repose, their hands crossed or folded in prayer. Lord Russell's figure
+on his splendid monument hard by, shows the first sign of restlessness.
+He lies on his side, supporting his head on his elbow. At his feet is
+the son he wished for so greatly--little Francis--who only lived a few
+months; and graceful figures of his two daughters in mourning robes
+support the coat of arms above. In a few years the effigies will begin
+to kneel--as in the case of Sir Francis Vere's noble tomb where four
+kneeling knights carry his arms on a slab resting upon their shoulders.
+So intensely alive do they look that Roubillac the famous sculptor was
+found standing wrapt before them, and when questioned said softly, with
+his eyes fixed on the fourth knight, "Hush! hush! he will speak
+presently!" A little later they will sit--then stand, like Walpole's
+beautiful mother. Then they will gesticulate with the orators, and rise
+out of the tomb, or the sea, and soar among the clouds, in the execrable
+taste of the last century. All this new movement and life in marble, was
+ushered in by pretty Elizabeth Russell and her worthy father; so that
+their monuments mark a very distinct period in the history of the Abbey.
+The reign, too, of her royal godmother inaugurated the "recognition of
+the Abbey as a Temple of Fame." Queen Elizabeth loved the Abbey, and the
+chapels were crowded with the "worthies" who served her so loyally and
+faithfully. Henceforth not only kings and princes were to be buried in
+the Church of Henry the Third, but all who were great and wise in action
+or in thought, statesmen, soldiers, poets, were to rest within the walls
+of the Pantheon of the English Nation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE PRINCESSES SOPHIA AND MARY.
+
+
+In 1603 a great change came over the destinies of England. Queen
+Elizabeth, the last of the house of Tudor, died. And James of Scotland,
+the first of those Stuart kings who were to bring civil war, ruin and
+disgrace on our land, came to the throne. A hundred years before, the
+rich Tudor architecture had taken the place in Westminster of the grave
+Gothic of the Middle Ages. Now the strong rule of the Tudors--often
+unscrupulous, but generally able--was in like manner succeeded by the
+extravagant misrule of the Stuarts.
+
+It was, however, through their Tudor blood--through their descent from
+Henry the Seventh, the great-grandfather of that most unhappy woman,
+Mary, Queen of Scots--that the Stuarts succeeded to the English throne.
+It was fitting, therefore, that they should turn to the chapel which
+had been built as a burial place for the Tudor race. And within four
+years of James the First's accession, two "royal rosebuds" were laid to
+rest within its walls.
+
+Let us go to-day and see their monuments.
+
+We mount the wide steps at the extreme east end of the ambulatory, that
+form a sort of vestibule of deepest shadow under the massive archway
+which joins the Abbey to Henry the Seventh's Chapel. The black and white
+marble floor gleams cold, and the sun streams in through the southern
+windows upon the brass of Henry the Seventh's tomb as we look through
+the great bronze gates. But we will not enter them. We will turn to the
+left, where an open doorway leads us out of the dark entry at the head
+of the steps into the quiet light of the north aisle. On either side of
+the great central chapel run these two aisles, only divided from it by
+slender pillars and by the dark oak stalls of the Knights of the Bath.
+They are separate chapels, narrower and smaller than the main one, but
+equally beautiful; with the same cobweb-like stone roof; the same
+clusters of pillars spreading out into fan traceries; and deep, embayed
+windows full of hundreds of diamond panes toned down by the grimy London
+air into a mellow amber color.
+
+[Illustration: THE MONUMENT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH IN THE NORTH AISLE.]
+
+As we enter the north aisle we tread on a stone that bears the name of
+Addison. Famous men, poets, generals, statesmen, are all about us. But
+the great monument that stands in the centre of the chapel claims all
+our attention. Under a magnificent marble canopy, still and stern in
+death, lies the last of the Tudors--that splendid personage who, for
+more than fifty years, ruled over England and kept all Europe at bay;
+and who by word and deed encouraged those who laid the foundation of the
+great transatlantic England. Yes! there sleeps Queen Elizabeth--the old
+lioness. And in spite of vanities and weaknesses that we are apt
+nowadays to dwell on all too hardly, she was perhaps the greatest woman
+that England has ever seen. Her tomb, built by James the First, "of
+white marble and touchstone from the royal store at Whitehall," is not
+only a worthy memorial of her, but a token of the peace and goodwill
+that the great Abbey speaks of to all who will hear. For by her own
+desire, Elizabeth was buried in the same grave with her sister Mary,
+that sister whose very name seems only to bring to mind hatred and
+persecution, the stake and the fagot. Now she and Elizabeth are at
+peace. And on their monument James the First inscribed "two lines full
+of a far deeper feeling than we should naturally have ascribed to
+him":[48]
+
+_Fellows in the kingdom, and in the tomb. Here we sleep; Mary and
+Elizabeth, the Sisters; in hope of the resurrection._
+
+There is another effigy of Queen Elizabeth in the Abbey; and a very
+curious one it is. From the thirteenth century until the beginning of
+the eighteenth, it was the custom at royal funerals to carry a
+life-size, waxen image before the coffin, representing the dead in the
+clothes they wore. These effigies were left on the grave for about a
+month, and some of the Abbey officials gained their living by showing
+them to visitors. Most of the waxen figures have crumbled to dust. The
+writer believes that she was the last person to look at that of hapless
+Anne Boleyn. It had so fallen to pieces as to be a very hideous object,
+and it has since been locked up and shown to no one. But in an upper
+chamber over the Islip chapel, reached by a little dark stairway, eleven
+of these strange figures are still to be seen in wainscot cupboards with
+glass doors. Among them is Queen Elizabeth; not the original
+effigy--that was worn out in 1708, when a certain Tom Brown who wrote _A
+Walk through London and Westminster_, says that he saw the remains of
+it. This is a copy made in 1760; and we see the poor old queen, dressed
+in the long-waisted bodice and hooped skirt we know so well in pictures.
+It is a piteous sight, however; for the effigy, battered and sorely the
+worse for wear, is leaning up against the side of the glass cupboard in
+a most undignified attitude. One would rather think of her as she lies
+still and stately in the beautiful north aisle.
+
+But we must linger no longer about Elizabeth's effigy or her tomb. We
+must pass on to the east end of the chapel, and there we shall find the
+monuments of her two little cousins.
+
+On what used to be the altar step of the north aisle stands a baby's
+cradle--a cradle on real rockers. A gorgeous coverlet, all trimmed with
+rich guipure lace, falls from the corners of the cradle in splendid,
+rich folds. The arms of England, Scotland, and Ireland are carved on the
+back. And when you look under the head of the cradle you see that a baby
+lies sleeping in it. A darling tiny baby it is--its little wee face set
+in a close lace cap and lace ruff, under a kind of lace-trimmed hood
+that forms part of the pillow. You can almost fancy that if the cradle
+were set rocking the babe might open her eyes. But "baby and cradle, and
+all," are marble--marble, yellow with the dust and wear of nearly three
+hundred years.
+
+"The Cradle Tomb" of Westminster, as it is called, has been far better
+described than by any words of mine. A card hangs close beside it,
+placed there by desire of Lady Augusta Stanley, on which is a poem "by
+an American lady." That lady is a well-known favorite of American
+readers; for she is none other than "Susan Coolidge." And the lovely
+verses--some of which I venture to transcribe--appeared in _Scribner's
+Monthly_ for 1875:
+
+    A little rudely sculptured bed,
+      With shadowing folds of marble lace,
+    And quilt of marble, primly spread,
+      And folded round a baby face.
+
+    Smoothly the mimic coverlet,
+      With royal blazonries bedight,
+    Hangs, as by tender fingers set,
+      And straightened for the last good-night.
+
+    And traced upon the pillowing stone
+      A dent is seen, as if, to bless
+    That quiet sleep, some grieving one
+      Had leaned, and left a soft impress.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    But dust upon the cradle lies,
+      And those who prized the baby so,
+    And decked her couch with heavy sighs,
+      Were turned to dust long years ago.
+
+The inscription on her cradle tells us that this dear baby,
+
+    Sophia, a royal rosebud, plucked by premature fate, and
+    snatched away from her parents--James, King of Great
+    Britain, France and Ireland, and Queen Anne--that she might
+    flourish again in the rosary of Christ, was placed here on
+    the twenty-third of June, in the fourth year of the reign of
+    King James, 1606.
+
+The little creature was born on the twenty-first of June at Greenwich--a
+favorite palace of the English sovereigns. Great preparations had been
+made for her christening, and for the tourneys which were to be held at
+the same time in honor of her grandfather the King of Denmark's visit.
+But the baby only lived two days, and was hastily baptized "Sophia,"
+after the Queen of Denmark. James the First gave orders that she should
+be buried "as cheaply as possible, without any solemnity or
+funeral."[49] Nevertheless he made a contract with Nicholas Poutrain,
+the royal sculptor, for her monument, the cost of which was not to
+exceed one hundred and forty pounds. And we find that her coffin was
+very solemnly conveyed up the river by barge, covered with black velvet,
+accompanied by three other barges covered with black cloth and bearing
+many nobles, lords, ladies, and the officers-of-arms, to the Parliament
+stairs at Westminster. Thence the procession went to the south-east
+door of the Abbey, where it was met by the great lords of the Council,
+the Heralds, and chief officers of the court, the
+
+    Dean and Prebends with the choir; and so they passed to King
+    Henry the Seventh's chapel where there was an Antiphon sung
+    with the organ; in the meantime the Body was interred in a
+    Vault at the end of the Tomb then erecting for Queen
+    Elizabeth.[50]
+
+[Illustration: THE CRADLE TOMB.]
+
+The chief mourner was that unhappy Lady Arabella Stuart, king James'
+cousin, who, years after, ended her troubled life in the Tower, and was
+brought like little baby Sophia "by the dark river," and laid in the
+same grave as Mary, Queen of Scots, her kinswoman.
+
+Upon the same altar step there is another monument to a little
+princess--Sophia's sister Mary. She was the third daughter of James the
+First: but the first princess of the new dynasty who was born in
+England, and the first royal child baptized in the Reformed Church. As
+"three quarters of a century had elapsed since a child was born to the
+Sovereign of England," great were the rejoicings on little Mary's birth
+upon the eighth of April, 1605. Bonfires were lighted, church bells were
+rung all day long, and there were scrambles for money in the streets.
+
+There is a curious account of the clothes provided for this first
+princess of Great Britain, which shows us how royal babies were dressed
+then. She had
+
+    a carnation velvet cradle, fringed with silver fringe, and
+    lined with carnation satin; a double scarlet cloth to lay
+    upon the cradle in the night; a cradle cloth of carnation
+    velvet with a train, laid with silver, and lined with
+    taffety to lay upon the cradle; two small mantles of unshorn
+    velvet, lined with the same velvet; one large bearing cloth
+    of carnation velvet, to be used when the child is brought
+    forth of the chamber, lined with taffety; one great head
+    sheet of cambric for the cradle, containing two breadths,
+    and three yards long, wrought all over with gold and colored
+    silks, and fringed with gold; six large handkerchiefs of
+    fine cambric, whereof one to be edged with fair cut work, to
+    lay over the child's face; six veils of lawn, edged with
+    fair bone lace, to pin with the mantles; six gathered bibs
+    of fine lawn with ruffles edged with bone lace; two bibs to
+    wear under them, wrought with gold and colored silks,
+    etc.[51]
+
+The total value of these fineries and of all the lace and cambric
+required for the baby's trousseau was estimated at three hundred pounds.
+
+Her christening upon the fifth of May, was conducted on the most
+gorgeous scale that had ever been seen in England. Many peers were
+raised to higher rank, and numbers of knights were created barons in
+honor of the occasion. The chapel at Greenwich palace was hung with
+green velvet and cloth of gold. "A very rich and stately font of silver
+and gilt, most curiously wrought with figures of beasts, serpents, and
+other antique works,"[52] stood under a canopy of cloth of gold twelve
+feet square. The child was carried from the queen's lodgings by the
+countess of Derby, under a canopy borne by eight barons. Dukes and
+bishops, earls and barons went before the Earl of Northumberland, who
+bore a gilt basin; and the Countess of Worcester came after him,
+"bearing a cushen covered with Lawne, which had thereon many jewels of
+inestimable price."[53] The Lady Derby's train was borne by the greatest
+countesses in the land; and the baby's "train of the mantle of purple
+velvet, embroidered round about with gold, and furred with ermines,"[54]
+was borne by noblemen. The Archbishop of Canterbury christened the
+little princess. Her godparents were the Duke of Holstein, brother to
+the queen, the Lady Arabella Stuart, and the Countess of Northumberland.
+And when the christening was over, "the heralds put on their coats, the
+trumpets sounded."
+
+King at arms, "making low reverence unto the King's Majesty,"[55]
+proclaimed the little girl's name aloud in the chapel.
+
+Times have happily changed since those days. Contrast all this fuss and
+cold formality with a simple christening that took place only a week ago
+in England. A little royal duke, in whose veins the blood of the Stuarts
+still flows, was brought to the font of the quiet village church of
+Esher in Surrey. Very peaceful and unpretentious was the baby Duke of
+Albany's christening--poor little fatherless boy. But there were none
+present who did not truly love and honor the widowed grandmother who
+held him in her arms and the young widowed mother who stood by, or mourn
+for the accomplished, studious father, who died but a few months ago.
+Which is likely to have the happiest childhood--the little Guelph
+wrapped in the pure white Honiton-lace robe in which all the children
+and grandchildren of Queen Victoria have been christened; or the little
+Stuart in her purple velvet train, among the cloth-of-gold, and heralds,
+and grandees of James the First's heartless, luxurious, extravagant
+court?
+
+Babies were differently treated in those days. Now, be they children of
+a queen, or of the humblest commoner, they stay safe at home in their
+nice, warm nurseries, under their mother's eye. But the royal children
+of that date were sent off to be cared for "by trusty persons of
+quality." Little Princess Mary was given into the charge of Lady
+Knyvett. And on the first of June, when she was not two months old, she
+was taken down to Stanwell where Sir Thomas Knyvett lived.
+
+    He was allowed twenty pounds per week for the diet of the
+    princess and of her suite, consisting of six rockers, and
+    several inferior attendants; but the king took upon himself
+    the payment of their wages, the expenses of her removals
+    from house to house, of her apparel, coach and horses,
+    etc.[56]
+
+
+[Illustration: THE MONUMENTS OF PRINCESS SOPHIA AND PRINCESS MARY.]
+
+Lady Knyvett took the greatest care of her little charge. But children
+were badly understood in those times. Badly nursed, and fed, and
+clothed, two thirds of the babies that were born in England died. It was
+only the very strong ones who could survive their bringing-up. Think
+only of that stuffy cradle of "carnation velvet," and the "mantles of
+unshorn velvet," and the bibs "wrought with gold and colored silks."
+Hot, uncomfortable, unhealthy things--one shudders to think of a little
+tender baby in such garments. Then think of the utter ignorance of most
+of the physicians of those days; and of the appalling disregard of
+ventilation, baths, and proper food. What wonder, then, that little
+Princess Mary did not live long. When she was scarcely more than two
+years old she caught a violent cold, which settled on her lungs with
+burning fever. The queen came constantly to see her little girl. But no
+tenderness or skill availed; and after a month's illness the little
+creature sank on the sixth of September, 1607. For fourteen hours
+
+    there was no sound of any word heard breaking from her lips;
+    yet when it sensibly appeared that she would soon make a
+    peaceable end of a troublesome life, she sighed out these
+    words, "I go, I go!"[57]
+
+
+And again when some stimulant was given her she looked up and said,
+"Away, I go." And yet once more she repeated faintly "I go;" and so went
+home.
+
+Thus another "royal rosebud" was laid beside the baby Sophia at Queen
+Elizabeth's feet.
+
+On her monument Princess Mary is represented lying on her side,
+half-raised on one elbow which rests upon an embroidered pillow, with
+one chubby little hand uplifted and clenched. She wears a
+straight-waisted bodice which looks as stiff as armor; an immensely full
+skirt that stands out all round her waist; a close lace cap; and a great
+square collar--the first representation in the Abbey, as far as I
+recollect, of those square collars that were soon to take the place of
+the beautiful Elizabethan ruff. At the corners of her tomb sit four fat
+weeping cherubs, one of whom has his hands raised in a perfect agony of
+grief. And a nice fierce little lion lies at the child's feet, looking
+very alert, and on the watch to guard his young mistress from harm.
+
+It is a beautiful place to rest in--this quiet chapel, with its walls
+all covered with traceries, and great stone bosses suspended aloft in
+the blue mist of the roof. Over the stalls in the central chapel hang
+the old banners of the Knights of the Bath with famous names written
+upon them in letters of gold--names of warriors, explorers, statesmen,
+lawyers, men of science. Glints of deep red, blue and amber from
+
+  Storied windows richly dight,
+
+flash through the dusky air. And above the tombs of the two young
+princesses is the urn containing the bones of Edward the Fifth and
+Richard Duke of York; making this chapel, as Dean Stanley aptly says,
+"The Innocents' Corner."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[48] Memorials of Westminster Abbey. p. 181.
+
+[49] Fuller's Worthies.
+
+[50] Sandford. Kings and Queens of England. Book VII. p. 577.
+
+[51] "Princesses of England." M. A. E. Green. Vol. VI. p. 91.
+
+[52] Nichols. Vol. I. p. 572.
+
+[53] Stow's Chronicle, p. 862.
+
+[54] Green's Princesses, p. 92.
+
+[55] Nichols. Vol. I. p. 573.
+
+[56] Green's Princesses. p. 94.
+
+[57] Funeral Sermon for Prs. Mary, by G. Leech, preached in Henry the
+Seventh's Chapel, Sept. 23, 1607.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES.
+
+
+Among the Hampshire moors, covered with sheets of purple heather and
+dark forests of Scotch firs, stands a grand old house built of red brick
+with stone facings. It is a noble mansion, with its saloons and
+libraries; its great hall where the Yule log burns at Christmas on the
+hearth of a vast fireplace; its wide oaken staircases, secret doors and
+passages; its "Long Gallery" running the whole width of the building;
+its wonderful ceilings fretted with patterns and pendants of
+plaster-work; its oak-panelled bedrooms; its attics big enough to house
+a whole regiment. Outside there are terraces and lawns of finest turf,
+where Troco and bowls used to be played nearly three hundred years ago;
+and walled gardens opening one into the other with beautiful
+wrought-iron gates of intricate pattern. The Virginian creeper climbs
+over the house, and veils the stone mullions of the deep embayed windows
+in a delicate tangled tracery of stems and leaves. Groups of tall red
+brick chimneys rise above the gables of the roof. And crowning the
+splendid western front--above the great entrance through a triple arched
+porch, above the exquisite oriel window that hangs out from the walls of
+the chapel-room--the Prince of Wales's three feathers, the badge that
+Edward the Black Prince won at Cressy, are carved in stone.
+
+It seems a long way from Westminster Abbey to Bramshill House. But the
+two are connected in more ways than one with the young hero of our
+story. For King James the First began to build that fine old house as a
+hunting box for his son Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. He brought
+those giant fir-trees from Scotland, that stand like sentinels on
+Hartford Bridge Flats and in Bramshill Park; and he planted them in
+groups here and there as a memento of his northern home, little dreaming
+that they would take so kindly to the soil, and that millions upon
+millions of their self-sown children would turn the bleak moorland into
+thick deep forest. Lastly it was in Bramshill Park that the writer's
+worthy ancestor, George Abbott, Archbishop of Canterbury, the dear
+friend and adviser of Henry, Prince of Wales, met with the misfortune
+that blighted his life. King James who was staying either at Bramshill,
+which had been bought by Lord Zouch, or at Elvetham close by, insisted
+on the archbishop going out shooting with him. And when, much against
+his will, the prelate consented, his shot aimed at a deer, glanced off a
+tree and killed one of the keepers instead. The archbishop was suspended
+from his office for a year, and it is said he never smiled again, a
+tradition that is borne out by his beautiful, sad portrait painted by
+Van Dyck.[58] It is not, however, with George Abbott, but with the young
+prince he loved so devotedly, that we have to do.
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO BRAMSHILL HOUSE.]
+
+The boy on whom the hopes of England were to be centered, was born at
+Stirling Castle in 1594. He was christened six months later at
+Edinburgh--a guard of the youths of the city, well dressed, standing on
+either side, as Lord Sussex, who had been sent by Queen Elizabeth to the
+ceremony with a present of plate, valued at three thousand pounds,
+carried the baby to the chapel. The child was named by his father,
+"Frederick Henry and Henry Frederick;" and the Bishop repeating these
+names over three times, they were proclaimed by heralds to the sound of
+trumpets. The little fellow was confided to the care of Lady Mar until
+he was five years old, and a very hard time he must have had. For "the
+severity of her temper, as well as the duty of her office, would not
+permit her to use any indulgence towards the prince."[59] But already,
+baby as he was, he gave signs of the sweetness of his disposition; for
+he showed not only reverence, but affection for the fierce old dame, and
+for Lord Mar, her son, who was his governor. When the Prince was taken
+from Lady Mar's severe care, he was given over to a tutor, Mr. Adam
+Newton, to whom he became greatly attached; and Lord Mar, Sir David
+Murray, and several lords, knights, and gentlemen made up his body of
+attendants. King James lost no time in teaching this little prince the
+duties and responsibilities of his station. The boy was scarcely six
+years old before his father wrote his book of "_instructions to his
+dearest son, Henry the Prince_," the best of all his works according to
+Bacon, who pronounced it "_excellently written_." These instructions are
+divided into three books;
+
+    the first instructing the prince in his duty toward God; the
+    second in his duty when he should be King; and the third
+    informing him how to behave himself in indifferent things,
+    which were neither right nor wrong, but according as they
+    were rightly or wrongly used.[60]
+
+Before he is seven years old we find the child writing a letter in
+French to the States General of Holland, in which "he expresses his
+great regard for the States, and gratitude for the good opinion, which
+they had so early conceived of him, and of which he had received an
+account from several persons."[61] And on his ninth birthday he writes a
+letter to his father in Latin, beginning "_Rex serennissime et
+amantissime pater_," in which he tells the king what progress he has
+made, and how that "since the king's departure he had read over
+Terence's _Hecyra_, the third book of Phaedrus's _Fables_, and two books
+of Cicero's _Select Epistles_; and he now thought himself capable of
+performing something in the commendatory kind of Epistles."[62] This is
+a good deal for a little boy of eight years old to accomplish. How would
+boys of our day like to do as much? They would probably prefer the other
+part of young Prince Henry's education. In 1601, when he was seven years
+old, he
+
+    began to apply himself to, and take pleasure in, active and
+    manly exercises, learning to ride, sing, dance, leap, shoot
+    with the bow and gun, toss the pike, etc., being instructed
+    in the use of arms by Richard Preston, a gentleman of great
+    accomplishments both of mind and body,
+
+
+who was afterwards made Earl of Desmond in Ireland. Prince Henry was
+devoted to these manly pursuits as we shall see further on; and his
+fondness for them and his disregard of fatigue or exposure, helped, some
+thought, to bring about his untimely death.
+
+In 1603, at Queen Elizabeth's death, the prince was nine years old.
+Before King James left Scotland, which he did immediately upon receiving
+the proclamation that raised him to the throne of Great Britain, he
+wrote a sensible letter to his son, telling him of the immense change in
+their fortunes, but warning him not to let this news make him "proud or
+insolent; for a king's son and heir was ye before, and no more are ye
+now. The augmentation that is hereby like to fall unto you, is but in
+cares and heavy burthens. Be therefore merry, but not insolent: keep a
+greatness, but _sine fastu_: Be resolute, but not wilfull: keep your
+kindness, but in honorable sort."[63] Excellent maxims; and it would
+have been well for the writer of them to lay them to heart as earnestly
+as his little son did.
+
+The Prince and his mother, Anne of Denmark, followed the king to Windsor
+later in the year, spending a whole month on the journey from Edinburgh.
+This seems an absurd waste of time to us, who rush through in ten hours
+and a half by the Limited Mail, breakfasting at Edinburgh, and dining
+comfortably in London. However these Royal progresses were very slow and
+stately affairs. All the great lords and gentlemen whose places lay on
+the route, were honoured by visits. Their grand old castles, their
+beautiful new Elizabethan houses, such as Bramshill which I have
+described, or Hatfield, or Hardwicke Hall, were thronged with guests.
+There were hawking and hunting parties, masques and tourneys, and every
+sort and kind of amusement for the Royal visitors. And we can well
+imagine how interested the precocious young prince must have been in the
+novelty of this journey through the rich kingdom which he hoped to rule
+over one day.
+
+The queen and prince arrived at Windsor during the feast of St. George,
+the patron saint of the famous order of the Garter. The little boy was
+made a knight of this most illustrious order; and astonished those
+present by his "_quick witty answers, princely carriage and reverent
+obeisance at the altar_,"[64] which seemed extraordinary in one so
+young and so ignorant of such ceremonies.
+
+As the plague was increasing about Windsor, Prince Henry removed to the
+royal palace of Oatlands on the Thames near Weybridge. Here for a time
+his sister, Princess Elizabeth, lived with him. Few pages of history are
+prettier or more interesting than the story of Henry and Elizabeth's
+affection for each other. She was two years younger than her brother, a
+gay, sprightly girl, destined to a most troubled after-life, for she is
+best known to the world as "the unfortunate Queen of Bohemia,"
+grandmother of our English King, George the First. At sixteen she
+married the Elector Palatine, who was made king of Bohemia by the
+Protestant party in Germany, and thereby found herself in direct
+opposition to the Roman Catholic party, who, backed by Spain, supported
+the claim of Austria to the Bohemian throne. Poor Elizabeth, in spite of
+trouble and sorrow, poverty and the horrors of war, retained, though a
+fugitive and an exile, much of her gayety to the very end of her life;
+and some of her letters, even in her days of sorest need, are most
+amusing reading. But the letters that are chiefly interesting to us are
+those which passed between the young brother and sister in their happy
+youth, while Elizabeth was still a merry, light-hearted girl. The
+wretched system of which we have already spoken, that of sending royal
+children away from home to be "boarded out" in the house of some great
+noble or gentleman, caused no little sorrow to this brother and sister.
+Prince Henry, as heir to the crown, was given a separate establishment
+in 1603, and for a time Princess Elizabeth was permitted to share it.
+When they went to Oatlands the king allowed them seventy servants;
+twenty-two above stairs and forty-eight below. This number was soon
+increased to one hundred and four, and later in the year to one hundred
+and forty-one--fifty-six above and eighty-five below. But this happy
+arrangement did not last long. The princess was sent to Coombe Abbey in
+Warwickshire, under the care of good Lord Harrington, her governor. And
+the prince went to Wolsey's famous palace of Hampton Court,
+
+    where he resided chiefly till about Michaelmas of the year
+    following, when he returned to housekeeping, his servants
+    having in the interval been put to board-wages.
+
+Now began a constant interchange of letters between the children. The
+meetings were rare. So they consoled themselves by writing, telling each
+other of their amusements, their occupations, their journeys, their
+lessons and readings. Here is a pretty one from Prince Henry, written a
+few years later:
+
+    That you are displeased to be left in solitude I can well
+    believe, for you damsels and women are sociable creatures;
+    but you know that those who love each other best cannot
+    always be glued together; and if I have gone from you to
+    make war on hares, as you suppose, I would you should know
+    that it is not less honorable to combat against hares than
+    conies, and yet it is well authenticated by the experience
+    of our age, that this latter is a royal game. But this north
+    wind, preventing us from our ordinary exercises, will blow
+    us straight to London, so in a short time it is probable we
+    may celebrate together, the feast of St. Mangiart and St.
+    Pensard;[65] to whom recommending you this next Shrove
+    Tuesday,
+
+    I am etc. etc.[66]
+
+[ILLUSTRATION: BRAMSHILL HOUSE, FROM THE NORTH.]
+
+We now begin to learn something of the boy's tastes. So early as 1604
+when he is but ten years old, he is looked upon as a patron of letters.
+Lord Spencer sends him a present of Philippe de Comines' Memoirs from
+Althorpe, knowing his liking for solid reading. And he is given Pibrac's
+Quatrains in French to learn by heart. He is already corresponding in
+Latin with the Doge of Venice, the Landgrave of Hesse, the Duke of
+Brunswick, the Prince of Poland, and his grandfather, the King of
+Denmark. Then a year or so later we come upon a charming series of
+French letters between the prince and Henri Quatre, the famous King of
+France, who had a strong affection for the clever, high-minded boy, and
+foresaw how important his influence would be in Europe should he live.
+Prince Henry and the little Dauphin of France, afterward Louis the
+Thirteenth, were also warm friends, although they never met. When
+Monsieur de la Boderie came over to England as ambassador from France,
+he was charged with special messages to Prince Henry from Henri Quatre
+and the Dauphin. The latter begged the ambassador to tell the prince
+
+    that he cherished his friendship and often spoke of him and
+    of the pack of little dogs which his Highness had sent him,
+    and which he was very sorry that his Governess and Physician
+    would not permit him to make use of.[67]
+
+Poor little Dauphin! To have a pack of little dogs, and not be allowed
+to use them, must indeed have been hard. But he was not quite six years
+old then, so that perhaps he was a little young for field sports.
+
+Prince Henry and his sister were both devoted to horses, and were bold
+and accomplished riders. When the Prince was hardly ten years old he
+wished "to mount a horse of prodigious mettle," and refusing the help of
+his attendants, who were greatly alarmed and tried to dissuade him from
+the attempt,
+
+    he got up himself from the side of a bank, and spurred the
+    animal to a full gallop, in spite of the remonstrance of
+    those who stood by; and at last having thoroughly exercised
+    the horse, brought him in a gentle pace back, and
+    dismounting, said to them, "How long shall I continue to be
+    a child in your opinion?"[68]
+
+King Henri Quatre sent over a French riding-master to the boy, a
+Monsieur St. Anthoine, for in those days France excelled in the
+"_manege_"--the elaborate art of horsemanship--which was a part of every
+fine gentleman's education. When the French ambassador came over to
+England he went to the Riding School to see how Prince Henry was
+profited by his French teaching, and wrote to the French Secretary of
+State:
+
+    The Dauphin may make a return for the dogs lately sent him
+    by the Prince; for St. Anthoine tells me, that he cannot
+    gratify the Prince more, than by sending him a suit of
+    armour well gilt and enamelled, together with pistols and a
+    sword of the same kind; and if he will add to these a couple
+    of horses, one of which goes well, and the other a barb, it
+    will be a singular favor done to the Prince.[69]
+
+The Spanish ambassador, hearing of this present, instantly tried to
+curry favor with the boy by telling him that a number of horses were
+coming to him from the court of Spain--for young as he was, this wily
+statesman saw the important part the Prince might play in the fortunes
+of Europe.
+
+But Henry was loyal in his friendship to France, and waited with great
+eagerness for the Dauphin's horses and armour, which speedily arrived.
+Monsieur de la Boderie writing again to France about the Prince, says:
+
+    None of his pleasures savour the least of a child. He is a
+    particular lover of horses and what belongs to them; but is
+    not fond of hunting; and when he goes to it, it is rather
+    for the pleasure of galloping, than that which the dogs give
+    him. He plays willingly enough at Tennis. . . . . but this
+    always with persons elder than himself, as if he despised
+    those of his own age. He studies two hours a day, and
+    employs the rest of his time in tossing the pike, or
+    leaping, or shooting with the bow, or throwing the bar, or
+    vaulting, or some other exercise of that kind; and he is
+    never idle. He shows himself likewise very good natured to
+    his dependants, and supports their interests against any
+    persons whatever; and he pushes what he undertakes for them
+    or others with such zeal as gives success to it. For beside
+    his exerting his whole strength to compass what he desires,
+    he is already feared by those who have the management of
+    affairs, and especially the Earl of Salisbury, who appears
+    to be greatly apprehensive of the Prince's ascendant; as the
+    Prince, on the other hand, shows little esteem for his
+    Lordship.[70]
+
+
+Here we have a fair picture of this twelve-year-old boy who had already
+seen how to choose the good, and reject the evil. And everything we
+learn of him as he grew older only serves to confirm the French
+ambassador's estimate of his character.
+
+He was a fine, brave child, regardless of pain and danger; liking an old
+suit of Welsh freize, better than velvet and satin; obedient and dutiful
+to his parents, although he often disagreed with their opinions. And
+this was all the more creditable to him; for his mother openly showed
+her preference for his younger brother Charles; while his father was
+jealous and afraid of the noble-minded, truthful boy who would not
+countenance the scandals and evils of James's corrupt court.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[58] Now in the possession of Maurice Kingsley, Esq.
+
+[59] Life of Henry, Prince of Wales. By Dr. Thomas Birch. p. 11.
+
+[60] Birch. p. 16.
+
+[61] Birch. p. 20. The letter is in the Harleian MSS. in the British
+Museum.
+
+[62] Birch. p. 22.
+
+[63] Harleian MSS.
+
+[64] Edward Howe's Chronicle. p. 826.
+
+[65] A pun on _manger_ and _penser_, to eat and to think.
+
+[66] Green's Princesses. Vol. 5. p. 172.
+
+[67] Birch. p. 68.
+
+[68] Birch. p. 385.
+
+[69] Ambassades de la Boderie. Birch. p. 70.
+
+[70] Birch. p. 75. Ambassades de la Boderie. Vol. I, p. 400.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES (_continued_).
+
+
+All English and American children have heard of the Fifth of November.
+It was a day of mingled terror and delight in our childhood. Just at
+dusk a band of men and boys used to tramp down the road, and gather
+close under the windows. They were armed with guns, and bore on poles a
+chair upon which was seated a hideous life-size effigy of a man, dressed
+in an old tattered coat and battered tall hat. Then they began in
+sepulchral voices to repeat the following words, very fast, with no
+stops, and in broad Hampshire dialect:
+
+    Remember, remember the fifth of November
+      Gunpowder trayson and plot.
+    I know no rayson why gunpowder trayson
+      Ever should be forgot.
+
+    Old Guy Fox and his companions,
+    With fifty-two barrels of gunpowder
+    To blow old England up.
+    Look into your pocket, there's a little chink,
+    Pray pull it up and give us some drink;
+    All we wants is a little more money
+    To kindle up our old Bonfire.
+    If you won't give us one bavven[71] we'll take two,
+    The better for we and the wuss for you.
+
+      Holler, boys, holler, boys, God save the King!
+      Holler, boys, holler, boys, make the house ring.
+      Hip! Hip! hip! Hoorah![72]
+
+And "holler" they did. While the children, knowing what was coming,
+cowered shuddering inside the window curtains, frightened to death, and
+yet so fascinated with horror they were obliged to look, "Bang, bang,
+bang," went all the guns, fired up into the air round old Guy, with
+tremendous shouts. But that was not all. In the evening the huge bonfire
+twenty feet high down on the Common, for which all the men and boys had
+been begging "bavins" or cutting furze for days, was lighted. And round
+it every one in the parish assembled.
+
+Ah! the delights of Bonfire Night! the thrill of excitement as the
+match was applied to a heap of well-dried sticks and straw in a
+sheltered hole on the leeward side. The yells of joy as the furze caught
+and crackled as only furze can crackle, and the flames ran up the sides
+of the stack and lit up Guy Fawkes, whose effigy, after going the rounds
+of the parish, was at length deposited on the top of the bonfire; the
+cloud of sparks that streamed out from the cracking, snapping pile; the
+squibs and crackers that every body threw at every body else; and then
+the climax, when the fire reached old Guy himself, and with a mighty
+heave the old fellow sank into his fiery grave in the centre of the
+bonfire, the squibs in his hat exploding like a round of musketry, and a
+roar rose from the good Hampshire throats as the whole burning mass
+collapsed while the flames rushed up fiercely with one last effort high
+into the foggy air. Then the good-nights, and the walk home, our hair
+and clothes smelling of smoke, and our eyes so dazzled that we stumbled
+and staggered along across the Common, while the shouts of the boys,
+dancing about the embers of the great fire, gradually died away in the
+distance.
+
+What can all this have to do with Prince Henry you may ask?
+
+A great deal, we answer. For these bonfires all over England on the
+Fifth of November, commemorate an event in James the First's reign which
+had a great effect on our young hero's mind.
+
+Certain persons in England, who hated King James for his hard treatment
+of the Roman Catholic party, resolved to take the law into their own
+hands. They thought that if the king, Prince Henry, and the Parliament
+could be destroyed at one blow, they might take possession of Prince
+Charles and Princess Elizabeth, bring about a revolution and put the
+government into the hands of the Roman Catholics who would be helped by
+Spain. Robert Catesby was the chief of the conspirators; and for
+eighteen months he and a small band of desperate men worked in the
+utmost secrecy at their hideous scheme. The day chosen for its
+accomplishment was the fifth of November, 1605, the day on which
+Parliament met at Westminster. Everything was in readiness. Thirty-six
+barrels of gunpowder (not fifty-two as the Hampshire rhyme has it) were
+stored beneath the Parliament House. And Guido Fawkes, a daring
+adventurer, was in waiting in the cellar to set a light to them, and
+blow up King, Prince, and Parliament. But at the last moment, in spite
+of all their well-laid plans, in spite of all their wonderful secrecy,
+the plot leaked out. Lord Monteagle, a Roman Catholic Peer, received a
+mysterious warning from Tresham, one of the conspirators, whose courage
+failed him. Monteagle instantly told the Earl of Salisbury and the king.
+At midnight on the eve of the fifth, the cellars under the Parliament
+House were searched. There was Guido Fawkes, with touchwood and matches
+upon him, only waiting for the signal which was to be given him in a few
+hours. He was seized, dragged before the king and consigned to the
+Tower. The great heap of wood and coals in the cellar was torn down, and
+the barrels of gunpowder found beneath it. The conspirators fled. All
+Protestant England was roused to a frenzy of horror and dread at the
+discovery of such a fearful crime. The guilty men were chased from
+county to county, till at last all of them were either killed fighting,
+or captured and brought next year to the block. And thus ended the
+Gunpowder Plot. But its memory is still kept alive in England by the
+yearly bonfires and fireworks and Guy Fawkes processions of the Fifth of
+November.
+
+This escape from a sudden and dreadful death, affected Prince Henry
+deeply. He was a boy of strong religious feelings. And from this time he
+never suffered any business to keep him from hearing a sermon every
+Tuesday, which was the day of the week on which the Gunpowder Plot was
+to have been carried out. But hearing of sermons was not the only sign
+of Prince Henry's piety. He was diligent in his own private prayers,
+generally going apart three times a day to pray quietly by himself. He
+was most careful too of the good behavior of his household. And above
+all things he had a horror of profane swearing. At his three palaces,
+St. James's in London, Richmond, and Nonsuch, he ordered boxes to be
+kept for the fines he exacted from all those who used bad words; and
+this money was given to the poor.
+
+There is a story told by Coke, the historian, how that the prince was
+once hunting a stag. The stag was spent, and crossing a road fell in
+with a butcher and his dog. The dog killed the stag; and when the
+hunting party came up and found their sport was over they were enraged,
+and tried to incense the prince against the butcher. But Henry answered
+quietly: "What if the butcher's dog killed the stag? Could the butcher
+help it?" The rest replied that if the king had been so served "he would
+have sworn so as no man could have endured it." "_Away_," rejoined the
+prince; "_all the pleasure in the world is not worth an oath_."[73]
+
+[Illustration: HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES.]
+
+The prince was keenly interested in all foreign countries, and kept
+himself well informed upon their politics and customs by the large
+correspondence he now carried on with distinguished persons both at home
+and abroad. When he was just thirteen his curiosity caused no little
+amusement at the French Court. Prince Henry had long wished for an
+opportunity of learning something about the fortifications of Calais.
+And when the Prince de Joinville, who had been on a visit to England,
+returned to Paris, Henry sent an engineer of his own in the French
+prince's train, who made a careful examination of Calais and of the
+Rix-bank. This came to the ears of the French ambassador, who wrote in
+hot haste to the Court at Fontainebleau and to the Governor of Calais.
+But Henri Quatre was only entertained at the boyish inquisitiveness of
+his young cousin, and sent back word that he did not consider the
+occurrence betokened any dangerous designs upon the kingdom of France.
+
+A far more important report was sent in to the prince in the same year
+by his gunner, Mr. Robert Tindal. This gunner was employed by the
+Virginia Company established in 1606, to make a voyage to America. He
+set out on December 19, 1606, with Captain Christopher Newport, in a
+fleet of three ships, and arrived at Chesapeake Bay about the beginning
+of May, 1607. A letter which he wrote to the prince on his arrival is
+in the Harleian collection of MSS., together with his journal of the
+voyage and a map of the James River. In his letter, dated Jamestown in
+Virginia, the twenty-second of June, 1607, he says:
+
+    that this river was discovered by his fellow-adventurers,
+    and that no Christian had ever been there before; and that
+    they were safely arrived and settled in that country, which
+    they found to be in itself most fruitful, and of which they
+    had taken _a real and public possession in the name and to
+    the use of_ the King his Highness's father.[74]
+
+It seems to bring our young prince nearer to American children, to know
+that his youthful imagination was fired by accounts of the wonderful
+unexplored Western land--to think of him poring over the map of Richmond
+and the beautiful James River. What would he have thought, could he have
+foreseen a tithe of the wonders which have come to pass on those
+Transatlantic shores--the marvels of modern civilization; the railroads
+stretching away into the wilderness of which Robert Tindal only saw the
+outskirts; the telegraph lines that bind together Europe and America;
+and, above all, the great nation that has grown out of the first bands
+of hardy adventurers who went out to Virginia with the prince's gunner,
+or who fled from King James's stern rule a few years later to the bleak
+New England coast.
+
+The account of these distant voyages must have been especially
+interesting to Prince Henry; for of all matters pertaining to the
+welfare of his country that which occupied his attention most was the
+British Navy. Sir Walter Raleigh was the young prince's close friend.
+From his childhood the boy attached himself to the last of the
+Elizabethan heroes, visiting him in his prison in the Tower, and taking
+council with him as he grew older on all matters of war and seamanship.
+He made many efforts to obtain Raleigh's release, and is reported to
+have said that "_no king but his father would have kept such a bird in a
+cage_." But it was in vain; and the prince was happily spared the shame
+of seeing his glorious friend die on the scaffold, a sacrifice to
+Spain--the very power from which Raleigh had fought and toiled to save
+his country in Elizabeth's days. When Henry was ten years old, the Lord
+High Admiral Howard ordered a little ship to be built for the prince's
+instruction and amusement, by Phineas Pett, one of the Royal shipwrights
+at Chatham. This ship was twenty-eight feet long by twelve wide,
+"adorned with painting and carving, both within board and without." Can
+you imagine a more delightful possession for a boy of ten than this
+beautiful little ship, gay with ensigns and pennants? No wonder that he
+"shewed great delight in viewing" her, when she was brought to anchor
+outside the Tower where he and the king were then lodging. And his
+delight must have increased when he went on board her at Whitehall a few
+days later, accompanied by the Lord Admiral, Lord Worcester, and various
+other noblemen.
+
+    They immediately weighed, and fell down as far as Paul's
+    Wharf, under both topsails and foresail, and there coming to
+    anchor, his Highness, in the usual form, baptized the ship
+    with a great bowl of wine, giving her the name of
+    _Disdain_.[75]
+
+Mr. Pett, the builder, was on board; and the prince took him at once
+into his service, and formed a warm friendship with him.
+
+From this time the boy's interest in the navy grew keen; and we find
+constant mention made of visits to the Royal Dockyard at Woolwich,
+where, under Mr. Pett's guidance the prince was thoroughly instructed in
+questions of ships and shipping. He closely watched the building of a
+splendid vessel which the king gave him for his own. She was launched in
+1610; and was the largest ship that had then been built in England. "The
+keel was an hundred and fourteen feet long, and the cross-beam
+forty-four feet. It was able to carry sixty-four pieces of great
+ordnance, and the burthen was fourteen hundred tons."[76] On September
+24, the King, the Queen, the Duke of York,[77] Princess Elizabeth, and a
+large company, went with Prince Henry to see his great ship launched.
+But owing to the narrowness of the dock, the launch failed. So the
+prince had to return next morning; and in the midst of a terrific
+thunderstorm he stood on her deck as she floated out into the river,
+giving her the name, _Prince Royal_. Next year Henry determined to
+examine personally into the condition of the navy. He therefore made a
+private journey to Chatham, and spent three days closely inspecting all
+the shipping and storehouses there, and at Queenborough, Stroud, and
+Gravesend, making careful notes of the state of each ship in his own
+notebook from Mr. Pett's and Sir Robert Mansel's information, "no other
+persons being suffered to come near."
+
+In January, 1610, Prince Henry gave a great banquet to his father at
+St. James's Palace, where he now kept his separate Court and gathered
+round him the most promising young men in the kingdom. The banquet was
+preceded by a tourney at Whitehall, in which the prince took part, in
+the presence of the king and queen, the foreign ambassadors and all the
+greatest personages of the realm. Princess Elizabeth helped her brother
+to do the honors of the banquet, and distributed the prizes won at the
+tilting match, which were trinkets garnished with diamonds, the king
+handing them to her. The banquet was not over till ten at night; by
+which time King James, who was easily bored, especially with anything
+done by his son, had gone away. But Henry and Elizabeth, full of the
+enjoyment of young hosts, went off to a comedy which lasted two hours,
+and then returned to the gallery, where a fresh supper had been set. It
+was a most gorgeous affair. The crystal dishes were filled with
+sweetmeats of all shapes--fountains of rosewater, windmills, dryads,
+soldiers on horseback, pleasure gardens, the planetary system, etc.
+Prince Henry led his sister twice round the table to see all these
+marvels, and they then departed, leaving the company to their own
+devices. A most crazy company it must have been. For, no sooner had the
+prince and princess gone, than "the guests scrambled for the plunder,
+broke down the table and carried off, not only the supper, but all it
+was served in, to the very water bottles."[78]
+
+In this same year Henry was created Prince of Wales. This was the
+occasion for further display, such as King James delighted in. There
+were processions of barges on the river, banquets, splendid dresses,
+tilting matches in the Tiltyard, and a solemn and magnificent ceremony
+"within the great white chamber in the palace of Westminster," when, in
+the presence of both Houses of Parliament and an immense company, the
+prince was declared Prince of Great Britain and Wales. Robed in purple
+velvet he knelt before the king, who gave him with his own hands the
+crown, the sword, the ring, and the gold rod of the principality over
+which Llewellyn once ruled. A very gallant young figure must our prince
+have been. He was sixteen years old; a tall, well-made lad, with
+somewhat broad shoulders and a small waist. His hair was auburn; his
+face long, with a broad forehead; "a piercing eye; a most gracious
+smile, with a terrible frown."
+
+Henry had some years before been created Duke of Cornwall. And although
+these titles and dignities sound very grand and imposing for a boy of
+sixteen, yet his father's warning was fulfilled in his case. The
+augmentation of honours that fell to him, was "but in cares and heavy
+burthens." He was not merely a ruler in name. He managed his estates
+well and wisely. Not only were his tenants more contented and happy, and
+better off than they had ever been before; but by his good management he
+so improved the value of his lands, that they brought him in an
+immensely increased revenue.
+
+Besides the three palaces we have mentioned, Prince Henry purchased with
+his own money, in 1612, beautiful Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire,
+from the widow of the famous Earl of Leicester. And in the same year
+King James gave his son another house connected closely with the story
+of Leicester and Amy Robsart--Woodstock Manor in Oxfordshire. But the
+prince's days were numbered, and as far as we know he never visited his
+new purchase of Kenilworth. His health was not in a satisfactory state
+in this year of 1612, and he was careless about it. While he was staying
+at his palace of Richmond in June, he took great delight in swimming in
+the Thames after supper on the warm summer evenings; a most dangerous
+practice for any one. His attendants besought him to give it up. But
+he, like most of the Stuarts, was fond of his own way. He was deaf to
+all entreaties, and went on with his swimming. He also took much
+pleasure in walking beside the Thames in the moonlight, "to hear the
+sound and echo of the trumpets," regardless of the evening dews which
+rose cold and damp along the river. Then in exceedingly hot weather, he
+made a desperate journey on horseback, of ninety-six miles in two days,
+from Richmond to Belvoir Castle, to meet the king who was on a great
+progress--riding sixty miles the first day in nine hours. The progress
+ended at Woodstock, where the prince entertained his father and mother
+and Princess Elizabeth, after making several hasty and fatiguing
+journeys thither to see that all was in order in his new manor. He then
+returned to Richmond and busied himself with preparations for the coming
+of the young Elector Palatine, on whose marriage with Princess Elizabeth
+all Henry's hopes were fixed.
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY FROM THE NORTH.]
+
+The Elector arrived. But already Prince Henry was seriously ill. However
+his "pluck," as we should say now, carried him on for a time. He removed
+with his court to St. James's to receive the young Elector, for whom he
+conceived a great friendship. He even played a tennis match with his
+future brother-in-law on the twenty-fourth of October. But the next day
+he was much worse, and could with difficulty manage to go to church (it
+was a Sunday), and dine afterwards with the king. This was the last time
+he went out; for in the afternoon he was seized with sudden faintness
+and sickness and had to take his leave. That night he was in a burning
+fever. The ignorant physicians of those days mismanaged him hopelessly.
+Some of their remedies to lower the fever sound almost too absurd to be
+treated seriously--such as a cock, newly-killed, split down the back and
+applied all reeking hot to the soles of his feet. Raleigh from his
+prison sent him a cordial, which the old hero's enemies of course
+pretended was poison. However after it had been duly tested, the prince
+was allowed to take it, and it gave him temporary relief. But nothing
+availed. He grew worse and worse. His faithful friend, Archbishop Abbot,
+came to him and prayed with him. The fever increased in violence. And
+on the fifth of November, the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot, the
+archbishop told the prince of his extreme danger, and asked him if he
+should die, "whether or no he was well pleased to submit himself to the
+will of God?" To which the prince replied, "with all his heart."
+
+A few hours later the end was near. Henry was past speaking; and the
+archbishop, leaning over him, called upon him to believe, to hope and
+trust only in Christ. He then spoke louder:
+
+    Sir, hear you me? hear you me? hear you me? If you hear me,
+    in certain sign of your faith and hope in the blessed
+    resurrection, give us, for our comfort, a sign by lifting up
+    your hands. This the prince did, lifting up both his hands
+    together.
+
+And the archbishop with bitter tears, poured out by his Highness's
+bedside, a most pathetic prayer. At a quarter before eight that evening
+the hopes of the country were gone. Henry, Prince of Wales, was dead,
+who, had he lived, might have changed the whole course of events in
+English history during the seventeenth century. And the heir to the
+crown was Charles, Duke of York, destined within forty years to die upon
+the scaffold.
+
+While our gallant young prince lay dying, the king showed himself as
+selfish and indifferent as we might expect. He came once to visit his
+son: but fearing that the fever might be contagious, he went away
+without seeing him, and retired to Theobalds, Lord Salisbury's estate.
+The Princess Elizabeth was kept away from the prince for the same
+reason. But she tried her best to see him, coming disguised in the
+evening to St. James's and endeavoring to gain access, but in vain, to
+her dearly-loved brother, who asked for her constantly during his
+illness--almost his last intelligible words being, "Where is my dear
+sister?"
+
+But if his father showed want of feeling, the whole English nation
+mourned their young prince. He was buried at Westminster Abbey on the
+seventh of December, with all possible pomp. Prince Charles and the
+Elector Palatine were the chief mourners, attended by a train of two
+thousand mourners. Through the streets, thronged with weeping people,
+wound the great procession, with banners carried by nobles, led horses
+draped in black bearing the scutcheons of the prince's different titles
+and estates, all the notables of England and Scotland, clergy and peers,
+privy councillors and ambassadors. Then came the funeral car bearing the
+coffin, on which lay a beautiful effigy of the prince, dressed in his
+state robes; and the sight of it "caused a fearful outcry among the
+people, as if they felt their own ruin in that loss."[79]
+
+Henry, Prince of Wales, was laid to rest in the south aisle of Henry the
+Seventh's Chapel, in the vault which had just been made to receive his
+grandmother, the unhappy Mary, Queen of Scots, whose body had been
+removed there a month before. Over Mary's grave King James erected a
+monument even more magnificent than Queen Elizabeth's in the north
+aisle. Yet not a thought did the selfish father give to the grave of his
+son.
+
+But Prince Henry's memorial is a less perishable one than "brass or
+stony monument." He has left behind him a memory fragrant with all that
+makes youth lovely and manhood noble--the record of a pure and good
+life, which will last, as the memory of every good life must last, when
+stone and marble has crumbled to dust.
+
+    NOTE.--While writing the above words on Gunpowder Plot, Jan.
+    24, 1885, Westminster Hall, the House of Commons and the
+    White Tower in the Tower of London, all closely connected
+    with the histories of these children of Westminster, were
+    partially wrecked by "forces"--to use the words of an
+    Austrian writer--"such as to make those of Guy Fawkes' time
+    look almost childish."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[71] "Bavin." Hampshire for faggot.
+
+[72] There are many different versions of this old rhyme in the
+different counties of England. I give the Hampshire one exactly as it is
+used.
+
+[73] Birch. Life of Henry, Prince of Wales. p. 379.
+
+[74] Birch. p. 91.
+
+[75] Birch, p. 39.
+
+[76] Birch, p. 208.
+
+[77] Afterwards Charles the First.
+
+[78] Green's Princesses. Vol. V. p. 170.
+
+[79] State Papers. Dec. 19, 1612.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+LORD FRANCIS VILLIERS.
+
+
+On the north side of Henry the Seventh's Chapel, close to King Henry's
+tomb, there is a small side chapel, divided off by a low wall of carved
+stone, and almost filled up by a magnificent monument. A splendid
+personage of the time of Charles the First, remarkably handsome, and
+dressed in robes of state, lies on the tomb beside his fair wife.
+Allegorical figures stand at the four corners. The recumbent effigies
+are in brass, richly gilded. Behind their heads kneel three children, a
+boy and two girls, beautifully carved in marble; and above this trio an
+exquisite child leans on his elbow, tired out with grief and fallen
+gently asleep.
+
+Standing beside this tomb, Dean Stanley says:
+
+    We seem to be present in the Court of Charles as we look at
+    its fantastic ornaments ("Fame even bursting herself, and
+    trumpets to tell the news of his so sudden fall") and its
+    pompous inscriptions calling each State in Europe severally
+    to attest the several virtues of this "Enigma of the
+    World."[80]
+
+Who, we may well ask, is this man who lies buried among the tombs of the
+kings of England, in state far exceeding that accorded to many
+sovereigns?
+
+Every one who has read the history of the reigns of James the First and
+Charles the First will remember the most famous, and perhaps most
+dangerous of all the court favorites who helped to bring ruin upon
+England--George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham.
+
+His story reads like a chapter out of the _Arabian Nights_:
+
+    Never any man in any age, nor, I believe, in any country or
+    nation, rose in so short a time to so much greatness of
+    honour, fame, and fortune, upon no other advantage or
+    recommendation than the beauty and gracefulness of his
+    person.[81]
+
+Young and exceedingly handsome, George Villiers, the son of a
+Leicestershire squire, was taken into favor by James the First, on the
+disgrace of his first favorite, the Earl of Rochester. In an incredibly
+short space of time "Steenie," as his royal masters called him, rose
+through every rank of the peerage to a dukedom, and to the actual
+direction of English policy. Haughty, reckless, selfish, his only good
+quality was his personal bravery.
+
+This was the man whose evil influence made itself felt throughout
+England, who plunged the country into disastrous wars and encouraged
+King Charles in those fatal measures which at last brought him to the
+scaffold. When Charles the First came to the throne in 1625, Buckingham
+was at the height of his glory and power. In vain did Parliament
+remonstrate with the king. In vain did they petition him again and again
+to rid himself of a favorite who was becoming more hated and dreaded by
+the country each year. In vain did they impeach Buckingham. Charles, in
+his blind affection, took all the blame of the duke's deeds upon
+himself--burnt the remonstrance of the Commons--and actually dissolved
+Parliament in order to save his favorite.
+
+But what the Commons of England failed to do, came to pass by the hand
+of one discontented man.
+
+The Duke of Buckingham, after wasting men, money, and English prestige
+in one disastrous expedition to help the French Protestants at La
+Rochelle, was on the eve of setting out for a second attempt to relieve
+the beleagured town. He was at Portsmouth, and was to embark the very
+next day, when he was stabbed by John Felton, a lieutenant in the navy
+who had been disappointed of promotion.
+
+All England and the court rejoiced at the death of the favorite. But
+King Charles "flung himself upon his bed in a passion of tears when the
+news reached him."[82] On his first visit to the widowed Duchess of
+Buckingham he promised to be a father to her sons. He ordered the duke
+to be buried in the Chapel of Henry the Seventh--which hitherto had been
+reserved for anointed kings. And it is George Villiers who lies in state
+to this day on the splendid tomb we have been looking at.
+
+Soon after the duke's death, the lovely boy who leans sleeping above his
+father's monument was born.
+
+The king stood godfather to the baby at his christening, together with
+Francis, Earl of Rutland, the duchess's father. "After some compliments
+who should give the name," the king called the baby Francis, and the
+grandfather gave him his benediction, which was in the very pleasant
+form of seven thousand pounds a year.
+
+King Charles faithfully kept the promise he had made the duchess. Alas!
+it had been well for him had he kept all other promises as faithfully.
+He was indeed a father to young Francis and to his handsome, headstrong,
+worthless elder brother the young Duke of Buckingham.
+
+The boys were brought up with the royal children under the same tutors
+and governors. They were sent quite young to Trinity College, Cambridge,
+where their names were entered in the college-book in the same year as
+that of Prince Charles. And here among other famous and learned men,
+they made the acquaintance of Abraham Cowley, the poet, who had lately
+published his pastoral comedy "Love's Riddle," which had been performed
+by members of the college.
+
+[Illustration: TOMB OF GEORGE VILLIERS, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.]
+
+From Cambridge the two brothers went to travel under the care of Mr.
+William Aylesbury, who was appointed their tutor by the king. But their
+sojourn abroad was short.
+
+Public affairs had been growing darker and darker at home. And at last,
+in 1642, there was an open breach between the king and the Parliament.
+The Royal Standard was raised at Nottingham, August 25, and England was
+plunged into civil war, the most horrible of all scourges that can come
+on any country.
+
+Francis Villiers was fourteen years old, and his brother, the young
+duke, a year older. Boys as they were, they now tried to show their
+gratitude to the king for his care of them. Upon the outbreak of the
+Civil War they hastened back to England. The king's headquarters were at
+Oxford; and his nephew, the famous Prince Rupert, kept the whole country
+between Oxford and London in constant alarm with his sudden raids and
+fierce skirmishes. To Oxford then the two young brothers came. They
+were a beautiful pair, inheriting from both their parents "so graceful a
+body, as gave lustre to the ornament of the mind." Full of headstrong
+courage, they "laid their lives and their fortunes at the king's feet,"
+and chose Prince Rupert and Lord Gerard as their tutors in the art of
+War. They soon had their first lesson; for they were present at the
+storming of the Close at Lichfield on March 2, 1643. When they returned
+to Oxford, happily without harm after their first fight, their mother,
+the duchess, was very angry with Lord Gerard for "tempting her sons into
+such danger." But he told her it was by the boys' own wish, "and the
+more the danger the greater the honor."
+
+Parliament at first seemed to look on this escapade as a serious
+offence, for they seized upon the brothers' estates. But they were soon
+restored in consideration of the two boys' extreme youth. However, says
+Bryan Fairfax, their historian, "the young men kept it (their fortune)
+no longer than till they came to be at an age to forfeit it again."[83]
+
+
+To keep these young fire-eaters out of fresh honorable danger, the king
+placed them in the care of the Earl of Northumberland, and sent them
+abroad again. They spent the next four or five years in France and
+Italy, living chiefly in Florence and Rome, where they kept as great
+state as many sovereign princes. It was the fashion of those days to
+send young noblemen for a time to foreign countries; and the result in a
+good many cases was that they abjured Protestantism and returned to
+England either concealed or avowed Roman Catholics. But the Villiers
+brothers "brought their religion home again, wherein they had been
+educated under the eye of the most devout and best of kings."[84]
+
+The moment at which the young men returned was a critical one. The royal
+cause had been going from bad to worse. And at the beginning of 1648
+England was in the hands of Cromwell and Fairfax. The king, given up by
+the Scots the year before to the Parliamentarians, was a prisoner at
+Carisbrooke Castle in the Isle of Wight. The Royalist forces were
+scattered and broken; and it seemed an almost hopeless task to make any
+further resistance in the king's behalf. Nevertheless, there were still
+a few faithful followers left; and the old English love for the monarchy
+still blazed up here and there in fierce outbursts against the
+Parliament and its army. But the Parliamentarians despised all these
+attempts, until in the spring of 1648 a serious rising took place in
+Kent, which was suppressed after a heavy fight at Maidstone. It was just
+at this juncture that the young Duke of Buckingham and his brother
+Francis returned to England. Strong, active, and courageous, they were
+burning with zeal to venture their large estates for the crown on the
+first opportunity.
+
+They had not long to wait.
+
+No sooner was the Kentish rising quelled than the Royalists crossed the
+Thames into Essex, and collected a large force at Colchester, intending
+from thence to march on London. Fairfax invested the town, and beseiged
+it for two months until it fell, August 27.
+
+Meanwhile the Earl of Holland had offered his services to the queen,
+his late mistress, in Paris, and informed her of his resolution to
+adventure everything for the king. The young Villiers threw in their lot
+with Lord Holland, and declared themselves ready and willing to
+sacrifice their estates and their lives if need be in the royal cause.
+The siege of Colchester which engaged the main body of the army under
+Fairfax seemed to offer a good opportunity for a rising nearer London.
+The young Duke of Buckingham was made General of the Horse. Lord Francis
+Villiers and various other young noblemen were given other posts. And
+these hot-blooded lads, impatient for action, urged Lord Holland to
+begin his perilous undertaking without further delay.
+
+Unhappily for them the whole business was miserably mismanaged. Such a
+rising could only hope to succeed if it were kept the most profound
+secret. But so far from being a secret, it was, says Clarendon, "the
+common discourse of the town." There was a great appearance every
+morning at Lord Holland's lodging of officers who were known to have
+served the king--.
+
+    his commission showed in many hands; and no question being
+    more commonly asked than--when doth my Lord Holland go out?
+    and the answer--Such and such a day; and the hour he did
+    take horse, when he was accompanied by an hundred horse from
+    his house was publickly talked of two or three days
+    before.[85]
+
+But these indiscretions were not all. The first rendezvous was to be at
+Kingston-on-Thames--the charming old town full of old red brick houses,
+and sunny walled gardens full of lilacs and laburnums and cedars of
+Lebanon, ten miles southwest of London. Here Lord Holland stayed for two
+nights and one whole day, expecting numbers to flock to his standard,
+"not only of officers, but of common men who had promised and listed
+themselves under several officers."[86] During his stay, some officers
+and soldiers, both of foot and horse did come. But the greater number of
+those who resorted to Kingston were "many persons of honor and quality,"
+who came down from London for the day in their coaches to visit the
+little army, and returned to town again, "to provide what was still
+wanting and resolved to be with him soon again."
+
+[Illustration: LORD FRANCIS VILLIERS.]
+
+Is it not a pitiable story? Want of plan, of management, of forethought,
+of seriousness. The whole thing arranged like a play upon the stage. The
+fair ladies, and the gallant cavaliers in their curly wigs and deep
+Vandyke collars, driving down on the hot summer day to visit their
+friends, and laugh and talk over the great victory that without doubt
+they would win--the victory that would restore the king to his throne,
+and drive the Parliamentarians into the sea. And beautiful young Francis
+Villiers, in the heyday of his youth and strength--his debts all paid
+two days before[87]--longing for a chance to strike a blow for the king
+who had been a father to him.
+
+How the grim puritan soldiers must have laughed at such a set of
+amateurs in the art of War. They were not far-off--those grave fighting
+men.
+
+The chief officer with Lord Holland's band was one Dalbeer, a Dutch
+malcontent. He seems to have been as incompetent as the rest of the
+little army; for he kept no watch at night round the camp.
+
+Early on the morning of July 7, the Parliamentary Colonel Rich, "eminent
+for praying but of no fame for fighting," surprised the town with a
+troop of horse. There was a general scrimmage. No one was ready to
+receive them. Lord Holland and a number of his followers made the best
+of their way out of the town, never offering to charge the enemy. Most
+of the footsoldiers and some of the officers "made shift to conceal
+themselves until they found means to retire to their close mansions in
+London."[88]
+
+But Francis Villiers alone seems to have made a stand. At the head of
+his troop, his horse having been killed under him, he
+
+    got to an oak-tree in the highway about two miles from
+    Kingston, where he stood with his back against it, defending
+    himself, scorning to ask quarter, and they barbarously
+    refusing to give it; till with nine wounds in his beautiful
+    face and body, he was slain.[89]
+
+So died Francis Villiers, in the twentieth year of his age--"This
+noble, valiant and beautiful youth," says Fairfax. "A youth of rare
+beauty and comeliness," says Clarendon. And so ended the unhappy fight
+of Kingston. Dalbeer defended himself till he was killed. Lord Holland
+with a hundred horse, wandered away and was caught at an inn at St.
+Neot's in Hertfordshire and thence sent prisoner to Windsor, of which
+place he had but lately been constable. The Duke of Buckingham reached
+London, and hid until he could escape to Holland "where the prince was;
+who received him with great grace and kindness."[90] And in six months
+the king for whom young Francis had died, was led out to execution at
+Whitehall.
+
+Lord Francis' body was brought by water from Kingston up the Thames to
+York House in the Strand; and was then embalmed and laid in his father's
+vault in Henry the Seventh's Chapel.
+
+The late duke's magnificent monument, and the position in which it was
+placed, gave rise to much comment at the time. No monument had been
+erected to King James. And when Charles the First sent for Lord Weston
+"to contrive the work of the tomb" for his favorite, Lord Weston,
+putting into words the opinion of the greater part of England "told his
+Majesty that not only our nation, but others, would talk of it, if he
+should make the duke a tomb, and not his father."[91]
+
+The tomb, however, was made. Henry the Seventh's Chapel for the first
+time was opened to a person not of royal lineage. And by the irony of
+fate, this burial of a royal favorite paved the way for the interments
+of many others in the next thirty years who were not of royal blood, and
+were bitterly opposed to kings and all that pertained to them, save
+power.
+
+Two years after Francis Villiers was killed at Kingston, Ireton,
+Cromwell's son-in-law, was buried in a vault at the extreme east of
+Henry the Seventh's Chapel. Then came Blake, the first of England's
+naval heroes--Colonel Mackworth, one of Cromwell's Council--Sir William
+Constable, one of the regicides--Worsley, Oliver's "great and rising
+favorite." And Bradshaw, Lord President of the High Court of Justice,
+was laid "in a superb tomb among the kings."
+
+Ten years after Francis Villiers' death, Cromwell's favorite
+daughter--the sweet Elizabeth Claypole--was buried in a vault close to
+the entrance of the Villiers Chapel. She was the "Betty" of Cromwell's
+earlier letters, "who belongs to the sect of the seekers rather than the
+finders. Happy are they who find--most happy are they who seek."[92]
+
+The great Protector never held up his head after the death of this
+lovable woman; and within a month of his daughter's funeral "his most
+serene and renowned highness, Oliver, Lord Protector, was taken to his
+rest"[93] in the same Chapel in which we have spent so much time of
+late.
+
+If we needed any fresh proof that the great Abbey of Westminster is a
+sign and symbol of reconciliation, here is one. Within its walls Kings
+and Covenanters, Puritan women, and gallant young Cavalier nobles who
+fought against those women's husbands and fathers, lie side by side. The
+feuds, the hatreds, the heart-burnings, the differences, political and
+religious, are all forgotten; and nothing is left but the common
+brotherhood of man with man, in the still peaceful atmosphere of the
+Abbey Church of St. Peter.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[80] Stanley. "Memorials of Westminster." p. 237.
+
+[81] Clarendon. Vol. I. p. 16.
+
+[82] "Short History of English People." Green, p. 488.
+
+[83] "Life of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham." Bryan Fairfax.
+
+[84] Fairfax.
+
+[85] Clarendon. Vol. XI. p. 102.
+
+[86] Ibid. Vol. XI. p. 102.
+
+[87] When he left London he ordered his steward, Mr. John May, to bring
+him a list of his debts, and he so charged his estate with them, that
+the Parliament, who seized on the estate, payed the debt.--FAIRFAX.
+
+[88] Clarendon. Vol. XI. p. 104.
+
+[89] Fairfax.
+
+[90] Clarendon. Vol. XI. p. 105.
+
+[91] "Court and Times of Charles the First." Vol. I. p. 391.
+
+[92] Carlyle's Cromwell. Vol. I. p. 295.
+
+[93] Commonwealth Mercury. Sep. 2-9, 1658.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+ANNE, AND HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.
+
+
+In 1637 a little daughter was born to King Charles the First, at St.
+James's Palace. Archbishop Laud christened her privately twelve days
+later; and she was named after her aunt, Anne of Austria, Queen of
+France.
+
+There were great rejoicings at the baby's birth. The University of
+Cambridge alone produced more than one hundred and thirty odes, in which
+she and her sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, were compared to Juno, Minerva,
+Venus, the Fates, the Graces, the Elder Muses, and many other classic
+celebrities. In the face of all these protestations of loyal affection
+no one would imagine that within six years Princess Anne's father would
+be fighting with his own subjects for his throne and his liberty, and
+that two of his children would be in the hands of his enemies.
+
+But little Anne was spared these sad experiences. Very soon after her
+birth she was assigned her place in the royal nursery at Richmond, with
+her regular suite of attendants, ten in number. From her earliest
+infancy she was extremely delicate. "A constant feverish cough showed a
+tendency to disease of the lungs;" and before she was four years old she
+died of consumption. The short account of her death is most touching:
+
+    Being minded by those about her to call upon God even when
+    the pangs of death were upon her; "I am not able," saith
+    she, "to say my long prayer" (meaning the Lord's Prayer),
+    "but I will say my short one: _Lighten mine eyes, O Lord,
+    lest I sleep the sleep of death._" This done the little lamb
+    gave up the ghost.[94]
+
+She was buried in the tomb of her great-grandmother, the beautiful Mary,
+Queen of Scots, in the South Aisle of Henry the Seventh's Chapel.
+
+[Illustration: The Effigies of the Lady Anna, who was borne ye 17th of
+March 1636, buried ye 30th of ye same month in the yeare of our Lord
+god--1637]
+
+The curious and very rare engraving, which we are fortunately able to
+reproduce, was published a few months after her death. The little
+creature, in a close-fitting skull-cap covering her head and fastened
+under her chin, stands grasping a rose in her little hand, with a
+thoughtful expression on her baby face. Based on the spelling of the
+name of the little princess we find the following quaint verse:
+
+    Anna is like a circle's endless frame,
+    For read it forward, backward, 'tis the same.
+    Eternity is circular and round,
+    And Anna hath eternal glory found.[95]
+
+In the same year, 1640, that little Anna found "eternal glory," her
+brother Henry was born at Oatlands Park in Surrey.
+
+There is a strong resemblance between this young prince, and his uncle
+Henry, Prince of Wales, with whom we are so well acquainted. Both were
+grave and studious beyond their years. Both were diligent and active in
+whatever work came in their way to do. Both were strong Protestants.
+Both cared for the society and friendship of older and wiser men, rather
+than that of the gay, frivolous young courtiers of their own age. In
+face and form they must have been somewhat alike; but the circumstances
+of their lives were different.
+
+Nothing could outwardly have been more happy and successful than the
+life of Henry, Prince of Wales, the son of a poor Scotch king, raised
+suddenly to the position of heir to the most prosperous kingdom in
+Europe. Henry, Duke of Gloucester, on the contrary, was destined to take
+his share from his earliest childhood in the disasters of his family.
+Before he was two years old his troubles began. While his father, as an
+old royalist writer expresses it, "was hunted from place to place like a
+partridge upon the mountains," his mother was over in Holland, where she
+gathered together an army with the proceeds of the crown jewels which
+she sold or pawned. She landed in England in 1643, fought several
+battles on her own account, and joined the king in Warwickshire on July
+13, sleeping the night before in Shakespeare's house at
+Stratford-on-Avon, which then belonged to the poet's daughter, Mrs.
+Hall.
+
+Henry of Oatlands, as the little Duke of Gloucester was called from his
+birthplace, was left meanwhile by his parents at St. James's Palace,
+with his sister Elizabeth. The Parliament on the outbreak of the Civil
+War in 1642, secured complete possession of London, and the two children
+remained in their hands in a sort of honorable captivity.
+
+    They were both of so tender years that they were neither
+    sensible of their father's sufferings nor capable to relieve
+    them; so that their innocent harmlessness on any account not
+    only protected them from the malice of their enemies, but
+    proved to be a meanes to work on their evil mindes to
+    provide for them not only an honorable sustenance, but a
+    royal attendance.[96]
+
+Little Henry must have been a charming child; and we can well imagine
+that he was kindly treated by his captors, who appeared to have
+entertained a notion that a royal child brought up under the stern
+puritan rule, and separated so early from the evil influences of courts
+and cavaliers, might be a good ruler for England when he grew up. The
+boy's natural disposition was all in favor of this possibility.
+
+    Such was the seriousness of his tender age, as wrought
+    admiration in his attendants, for he proceeded in so sweet a
+    method, that he was able in point of Religion--to render an
+    account beyond many whose years should have manifested a
+    surer and more certain judgment.[97]
+
+The little boy did not even know his father by sight; for they had never
+met since the king left London in 1642. But when Henry was six years old
+an unexpected opportunity offered itself of learning more about his
+absent father. Henry's elder brother, the Duke of York, afterwards King
+James the Second, was taken prisoner at Oxford in 1646. His servants
+were all dismissed; and he was brought to London to live with the Duke
+of Gloucester and Princess Elizabeth.
+
+    This new society was exceedingly pleasing to the young
+    innocent, who began now to hearken to his brother's
+    discourses with man-like attention imbibing from his lips a
+    new, though natural affection, towards his unknown and
+    distressed father.[98]
+
+This pleasant companionship between the two brothers lasted for nearly
+two years. Then the Duke of York escaped from St. James's and went to
+Holland to join his brother Charles, Prince of Wales, who had fitted out
+a fleet to attempt to rescue his father. Henry and Elizabeth were again
+left alone. Princess Elizabeth however kept her little brother
+constantly informed "of the hourely danger both themselves and father
+stood in." Poor little children! Our hearts ache for the eight-year-old
+boy and the thirteen-year-old girl who were trembling for their own and
+their father's safety. Their fears for the king were only too well
+founded.
+
+The extreme party in Parliament had been steadily gaining in strength.
+And on December 6, 1648, Colonel Pride "purged" the House of Commons of
+one hundred and forty-three members, who were willing to treat with the
+king and accept the concessions he offered. On December 18, King Charles
+was removed from Hurst Castle in the Isle of Wight, where he had been
+closely imprisoned, and brought to St. James's; and thence he was taken
+to Windsor Castle.
+
+On January 20, 1649, the king appeared before the High Court of Justice
+assembled in Westminster Hall. On January 27, judgment of death was
+pronounced against "Charles Stuart, King of England." Two days later,
+upon January 29, which
+
+    was the day before he dyed, he desired he might see and take
+    his last farewell to his children, which with some regret
+    was granted, and the Lady Elizabeth and the Duke of
+    Gloucester brought to him. The King taking the Duke upon his
+    knee, said "Sweet heart, now will they cut off thy father's
+    head, mark child what I say, they will cut off my head, and
+    perhaps make thee a King, but you must not be a King so long
+    as your brothers Charles and James be living, for they will
+    cut off your brothers' heads (when they can catch them) and
+    cut off thy head too at the last, and therefore I charge you
+    not to be made a King by them." At which words the child
+    smiling said, "I will be torn in pieces first," which
+    falling so unexpectedly from one so young made the King
+    rejoice exceedingly.... And after that day he never saw his
+    father's face more.[99]
+
+
+[Illustration: HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.]
+
+Whatever were King Charles's faults, and they were many, he at least
+knew how to die. The next day after this interview, he came on foot from
+St. James's to his banqueting room at Whitehall, and laid his head on
+the block like a gallant and Christian gentleman.
+
+What a strange and tragic memory that meeting must have been for the
+little Duke of Gloucester. At last he saw his unknown father; and found
+him a sad, worn man, on the eve of dying a terrible death.
+
+But the child's troubles were not to end here. The next year he and his
+sister were taken to Carisbroke Castle in the Isle of Wight, where their
+father had been confined for so long. And there Elizabeth fell into a
+consumption and died.
+
+"Now is the little Duke left totally alone, to take comfort only in his
+solitary meditations,"[100] says his historian, who indulges in rather
+violent expressions against the Protectorate. For he goes on to call the
+Parliament "those monsters at Westminster." The so-called "monsters"
+were somewhat embarrassed by the possession of the young duke; and at
+last resolved to send him abroad to complete his education on certain
+conditions.
+
+Henry was now eleven years old; and the prospect of comparative freedom
+was very welcome to him. "My father told me" (said he to one about him)
+"that God would provide for me, which he hath abundantly done, in that
+he delivereth me as a Lamb out of the pawes of the devouring Lyon."[101]
+
+A tutor was chosen for the Prince; and an allowance of three thousand
+pounds a year was to be granted him if he fulfilled the following
+conditions:
+
+I. He was to go to a Protestant School.
+
+II. He was to correspond with the Parliament by letter, and his tutor
+was to render account of his proficiency and learning.
+
+III. He was not to go near his mother or brothers, or have anything to
+do with them, "but in all things utterly disown them."
+
+IV. That he should immediately return upon notice from the Parliament
+given to him for that purpose.
+
+The third condition was one which the boy found it impossible to keep.
+For the moment he landed in France he went to see his mother and
+brothers, "takes the blessing of the one and salutes the other, and
+after a short stay for the future improvement of his learning, he goes
+to Leyden, and settles there to study."[102]
+
+For three years Henry stayed at Leyden, and eagerly profited by the
+teaching of the wise men who gathered to this famous university from all
+parts of Europe. "Such was his forwardnesse and zeal to learning, and to
+attain the arts, that he would steal from his houres of rest to adde to
+them of his study."[103] He was beloved and honored by all who knew him,
+and was soon pronounced "a most compleat Gentleman, and rarely
+accomplished." In looks he resembled his father; "his hair of a sad or
+dark brown, of a middle stature, strong judgment, a deep and reaching
+understanding, and a most pleasing affable delivery."[104]
+
+Our prince was no mere pedant. Young as he was, he knew that there is
+other precious knowledge besides mere book-learning--though that was
+pleasant to his studious mind. A man who is to rule men must understand
+them. He must study men, or he will only be able to govern by theories,
+which are always dangerous things if they are not backed up by practical
+knowledge. The duke believed in the great importance of a knowledge of
+the world and of human nature. Therefore when he was fourteen, after
+laying the foundation of his learning by hard work at Leyden, he
+returned to the Court of France to study men instead of books for a
+time, in order to make himself more capable of assisting his brother
+Charles, if he should come to his father's throne again.
+
+The compact between Henry and the Parliament was completely at an end.
+Whether he ever received the allowance of three thousand pounds seems
+doubtful. Fuller declares it never was paid. The lad was therefore free
+to go where he chose. He travelled a great deal. And in France he always
+tried to know and imitate the best, "not being caught with novelties,
+nor infected with customes, nor given to affectation."[105]
+
+In Paris a sore trial of the boy's strength of principle awaited him.
+Charles the Second, the king without a kingdom, left Paris in 1654 with
+the Duke of York, and returned to Flanders where most of his exile was
+spent, leaving Henry with his mother, Queen Henrietta Maria, in order to
+pursue his studies. The queen was a strong Roman Catholic; and no sooner
+had Charles left the French Court than she tried by every means in her
+power to convert her son Henry to her own church. She first told him
+that his brothers' fortunes were almost desperate: but that if he would
+embrace the Romish Faith, the Pope and other European Princes would at
+once take part in King Charles's cause. Then she said that as the duke
+had no fortune of his own, and as she could give him none, if he would
+but abjure his faith the Queen of France would confer rich abbeys and
+benefices upon him, such as would enable him to live
+
+    in that splendour as was suitable to his birth, that in a
+    little time the pope would make him a Cardinal; by which he
+    might be able to do the king, his brother, much service, and
+    contribute to his recovery; whereas without this he must be
+    exposed to great necessity and misery, for that she was not
+    able any longer to give him maintenance.[106]
+
+But no argument the queen used could shake the resolute boy. He reminded
+her of the precepts he had received from the king, his father, who had
+died in the faith of the Anglican Church. He put her in mind of the
+promise he had lately made to his eldest brother, never to change his
+religion. And he besought the queen to press him no further, until he
+could at least communicate with the king his brother.
+
+[Illustration: PRINCESS ELIZABETH IN PRISON.]
+
+Queen Henrietta knew well enough what Charles's views were on the
+subject. So finding that her persuasions availed nothing, she dismissed
+the tutor, and packed Prince Henry off to the Abbey of Pontoise, of
+which her almoner, Montague, was abbot. Here the duke was entirely
+separated from every one but Roman Catholics; and a very bad time he
+had, for every hour some one or other was trying to break down his
+resolution. Happily for the boy, the king heard of his mother's doings.
+In a fury he sent off the Marquis of Ormonde to Paris, who managed the
+disagreeable negotiation so well, that the queen at last said,
+ungraciously enough, "that the duke might dispose of himself as he
+pleased, and that she would not concern herself any further, nor see him
+any more."[107]
+
+Lord Ormonde thereupon hastened to Pontoise, brought the duke away
+rejoicing at his release, and took him shortly after, to join the king
+in Flanders.
+
+Henry now had some experience of warlike training; for during the next
+two or three years he and his brothers joined the French against the
+Spaniards. And when Cromwell's alliance with their French relatives made
+it impossible for them to keep up any further connection with the French
+Court, the young men joined Conde in the Spanish camp for a time. The
+Duke of Gloucester, however, soon tired of soldiering; and went back
+again to his books and his wise friends at Leyden, where he gained great
+renown by his retired, studious life, until another change came over the
+fortunes of his family.
+
+In 1660 Cromwell was dead. England was weary of war and
+revolution--weary of army rule--and when Charles the Second signed the
+Declaration of Breda on April 4, the English nation was rejoiced to
+return to its natural government by King and Parliament. The Duke of
+Gloucester was at Breda when that famous Declaration was signed. He
+accompanied his brothers to England, and rode on the king's left hand in
+his triumphal entry into London on May 29.
+
+Henry now proved that in prosperity, as in adversity, his love of work,
+almost the best gift that any young lad can possess, was as strong as
+ever. "He was active, and loved business, was apt to have particular
+friendships; and had an insinuating temper which was generally very
+acceptable."[108] The king was strongly attached to him, and was vexed
+when he saw that no post was left for this favorite brother; for Monk
+was General, and the Duke of York was in command of the Fleet. However,
+although Lord Clarendon considered the post was beneath his dignity,
+Henry begged to be made Lord Treasurer, "for he could not bear an idle
+life."
+
+Alas! he only enjoyed this prosperous change in his fortune for four
+short months. "The mirth and entertainments" of the restoration, "raised
+his blood so high, that he took the smallpox." The ignorant physicians
+bled him three times, thus effectually taking away his last chance of
+recovery. And on September 13, 1660, this promising young prince died at
+Whitehall, the very palace where, eleven years before, his sad, broken
+father had been executed.
+
+All the nation mourned the loss of the duke, for every one loved and
+admired him.
+
+    With his namesake Prince Henry he completed not twenty
+    years, and what was said of the unkle, was as true of the
+    nephew.
+
+In searching at the British Museum a little while ago for documents
+concerning this prince, we came upon a mention under his name in the
+catalogue of "Some Teares." Curious to see what they were, we were told
+that the book which contained them was too valuable to be brought into
+the great reading room, where hundreds of workers congregate in busy
+silence every day. So we were taken through locked doors into an inner
+sanctum; and there the precious document was intrusted to us. It was a
+large sheet of stiff paper, with wide black borders, and on it a long
+poem (of which I can only give a few lines) was printed, entitled,
+
+SOME TEARES DROPT ON THE HERSE OF THE INCOMPARABLE PRINCE
+
+HENRY DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.
+
+    Fatal _September_ to the Royal line
+    Has snatch'd one Heroe of our hopeful _Trine_
+    From Earth; 'tis strange heaven should not proedeclare
+    A loss so grievous by some _Blazing Star_,
+    Which might our senses overjoy'd, alarm,
+    And time give to prepare for so great harm.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    He was Fair Fruit sprung from a Royal Bud,
+    And grown as great by fair Renown as Blood;
+    Ripe too too soon; for in a Youth so green
+    An Harvest was of gray-haired Wisdome seen.
+
+    _Minerva's_ Darling, Patron of the Gown,
+    Lover of Learning, and _Apollo's_ Crown
+    He was; the Muses he began to nourish,
+    Learn'd men and arts under his wings did flourish.
+    But lest we should commit Idolatry,
+    Heav'n took him from our sight, not Memory.
+
+    _London:_ Printed by _W. Godbid_ for _Henry Brome_ at the
+    _Gun_ in _Ivy Lane_, and _Henry Marsh_ at the _Princes Arms_
+    in _Chancery-lane_ near _Fleet-street_, M.D.C.L.X.
+
+As we handled the stiff old sheet with its black borders, and saw
+September 20, written in before the date in faded ink, we seemed to see
+the handsome, gentle, studious prince, borne out of the palace where the
+tragedy of his father's death was yet fresh in the minds of those who
+were rejoicing at the young king's restoration. We seemed to follow the
+sad procession down to the Abbey of Westminster, and watch him laid in
+the grave of his great-grandmother, beside his little sister Anna. And
+it saddened us to think of that gallant young lad cut off just when
+fortune smiled upon him after his lonely childhood, his stormy boyhood.
+But then we thought again of all he was saved from--of the corruption
+and evil-doing of his brother Charles's abominable court--of the
+troubles and disgraces of James the Second's reign. And the little
+chapel where he lies was transformed into a safe haven of refuge from
+evils far worse than death.
+
+No monument is raised to his memory. But above his grave, Mary, Queen of
+Scots, with her proud beautiful face in scornful repose, lies under her
+splendid canopy, a fierce little Scotch lion crowned at her feet. And in
+the dim mysterious light that comes through the tiny diamond panes of
+the windows, we read words on her tomb that are indeed true of her
+great-grandson, Henry, Duke of Gloucester; and as we leave him here at
+rest we too say:
+
+  Bonae Memoriae
+  Et spei AEternae.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[94] "Fuller's Worthies." Vol. II. p. 108.
+
+[95] "English Princesses." M. A. Greene, p. 395.
+
+[96] Short view of the Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester, 1661, p. 16.
+
+[97] Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester. p. 17.
+
+[98] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester." p. 19.
+
+[99] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester."
+
+[100] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester."
+
+[101] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester."
+
+[102] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester." p. 26.
+
+[103] Ibid.
+
+[104] Ibid.
+
+[105] "Life of Henry, Duke of Gloucester." p. 39.
+
+[106] "Somers' Civil Tract." p. 316.
+
+[107] "Somer's Civil Notes."
+
+[108] "Bishop Burnet's History of his own Time." Vol. I. p. 248.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+WILLIAM HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.
+
+
+From our childhood up we have all heard of "Good Queen Anne." When we
+were small tots in the nursery we sang little rhymes about
+
+    Queen Anne, Queen Anne, she sat in the sun.
+    I send you three letters, you don't read one.
+
+Then as we grew older we succumbed more or less to the rage for the
+eighteenth century which has laid hold on so large a section of English
+and Americans during the last few years. And we began to use Queen
+Anne's name in season and out of season--to talk glibly of Queen Anne
+architecture, Queen Anne furniture, and Queen Anne plate. The subject is
+doubtless an interesting one. And I for one am grateful to Queen
+Anne--or rather to the architects of her reign. Those stately red brick
+houses of her time, though they are far less graceful than Elizabethan
+mansions, and less romantic than the French chateaux of the same period
+with their high roofs, and charming tourelles with extinguisher tops,
+are among the most comfortable, homelike, lovable dwelling-places we can
+find in England.
+
+The plate too of Queen Anne's reign is justly esteemed as the handsomest
+and richest that can be found. As I write a bit of veritable Queen Anne
+plate stands beside me on the table--a graceful little candlestick five
+inches high, of plain, solid silver. No need to look at its Hall-mark,
+or puzzle over its history; for the only ornament on its foot is an
+open-work pattern formed of roughly cut letters, "Queen Anne. 1702"; and
+on the rim above is engraved "His Highness Prince George. S.^{L}S. Anno
+Dom. 1702."
+
+The candlestick was a present from Queen Anne on her coronation, to a
+certain old ancestress of ours, who had been one of the ladies in
+attendance on the Queen's young son, William Henry, Duke of
+Gloucester--the only one of her numerous children who lived beyond his
+babyhood.
+
+This little boy, the last of our children of Westminster Abbey, was born
+on July 24, 1689. It was a memorable year in the history of England, for
+it had seen the great and bloodless revolution by which James the Second
+had been driven from Great Britain, and William the Third put on the
+throne. The misgovernment of James had become unbearable; and William,
+Prince of Orange, who had married the king's eldest daughter Mary, was
+invited "by a small party of ardent Whigs to assist in preserving the
+civil and religious liberties of the nation." William and Mary accepted
+the Declaration of Right, and were crowned as joint sovereigns on April
+11, 1689. They had no children. So when Princess Anne, the Queen's
+sister, and wife of Prince George of Denmark, gave birth to her little
+boy in the following July, he was welcomed as the future King of
+England.
+
+King William and the King of Denmark were the baby's godfathers. The
+marchioness of Halifax was his godmother. Queen Mary adopted him as her
+heir; and the king conferred upon him the title of Duke of Gloucester:
+but he was not created Duke "because his mother considered that title
+dreadfully unlucky."
+
+But at first it seemed highly improbable that the poor child would live
+long. He was delicate from his birth--very small--and for two months his
+death was constantly expected. The doctors advised an incessant change
+of nurses; and the wretched baby, as was to be expected, grew weaker and
+weaker. At last, however, a fine-looking young Quakeress, a Mrs. Pack,
+with a month-old baby in her arms, came up from Kingston to tell the
+Princess Anne of a remedy which had done her children good. The Prince
+of Denmark besought her to become wet-nurse to the suffering little
+prince; and from that moment the unfortunate child began to thrive.
+
+[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LOOKING TOWARD THE ALTAR. _From
+etching by H. Toussaint._]
+
+Then came the question of the most healthy residence for the baby on
+whom so much depended. And Princess Anne at length chose Lord Craven's
+fine house at Kensington Gravelpits, which he offered to lend her for
+the little prince's nursery. He went out every day, no matter how cold
+it was, in a tiny carriage which the Duchess of Ormonde presented to
+him. The horses were in keeping with the size of the carriage; for they
+were a pair of Shetland ponies "scarcely larger than good-sized
+mastiffs," and were guided by Dick Drury, the Prince of Denmark's
+coachman.
+
+The first two or three years of the little Duke of Gloucester's life
+were spent between Lord Craven's house at Kensington, and London. For in
+those days Kensington was a country village, out in the woods and
+fields. West of Mayfair there were no houses until Kensington was
+reached on the breezy slopes of Camden Hill. South Kensington, that vast
+quarter of handsome houses, has only come into existence in the last
+fifty years. The writer's grandfather was laughed at for going "out of
+town," when he and his old friend, Lord Essex, built themselves two of
+the first houses in Belgrave Square about 1830. And one of his
+sons-in-law, when a lad at Westminster School early in the century,
+remembers snipe-shooting in the marshes which separated Chelsea from
+London.
+
+The Princess Anne and the queen were on exceedingly bad terms, the chief
+reason of their disagreement being Anne's passionate devotion to the
+famous Sarah Jennings, wife of the yet more famous Duke of Marlborough.
+The Marlboroughs, a clever, able, ambitious, unscrupulous pair,
+encouraged the jealousy between the sisters to secure their own ends,
+and at length formed a "Princess's party," which gave William the Third
+considerable trouble during his reign. The Queen insisted that Lady
+Marlborough, as she then was, should be dismissed from the Princess's
+service. Anne was equally determined to keep her beloved friend about
+her at all risks. This led to endless disputes and quarrels between the
+royal ladies; and the little Duke of Gloucester became a fresh subject
+of contention. When she was in town,
+
+    the Princess, who was a tender mother, passed much of her
+    time in the nursery of her heir.... Whenever the Queen heard
+    her sister was there she forebore to enter the room, but
+    would send an inquiry or a message to her royal nephew--"a
+    compliment," as it was called in the phraseology of the day.
+    The set speech used to be delivered by the queen's official
+    in formal terms to the unconscious infant, as he sat on his
+    nurse's knee; and then the courtly messenger would depart,
+    without taking the slightest notice of the Princess Anne,
+    although she was in the room with her child. Sometimes Queen
+    Mary sent her nephew rattles or balls, or other toys, all
+    which were chronicled in the _Gazette_ with great solemnity;
+    but every attention to the little Gloucester was attended
+    with some signal impertinence to his mother.[109]
+
+For two years the little boy throve well in the good air of Kensington,
+without any illness. But in the third year he was attacked by ague.
+Fifty years before he would probably have been bled and reduced in every
+way, and would speedily have died. But medical science was improving;
+and a wonderful discovery had been made in far-off Peru. The ague was
+cured by Doctor Radcliffe and Sir Charles Scarborough, "who prescribed
+the Jesuit's Powder, of which the Duke took large quantities early in
+the spring of 1694, for the same complaint most manfully."[110]
+
+This Jesuit's Powder was none other than the famous Peruvian Bark, made
+as we all know from the bark of the Chinchona trees, so-called by
+Linnaeus after the Countess of Chincon, wife of the Viceroy of Peru. This
+lady's cure in 1638 from a desperate fever, brought the quinine--the
+"bark-of-barks" as its Indian name signifies--into notice, and gave the
+world one of the most precious remedies we possess against disease.
+
+This ague was the first, but by no means the last illness our poor
+little boy had to endure; for all through his short life he was
+delicate.
+
+His faithful attendant, Jenkin Lewis, a young man who was tenderly
+attached to him, has left us a most interesting memoir of the young
+prince. And from this we get charming details of his daily life, his
+many illnesses, and his character.
+
+    When first he began to walk about and speak plain, he
+    fancied he must be of all trades; one day a carpenter,
+    another day a smith, and so on; which the queen observing
+    sent him a box of ivory tools, said to cost twenty-five
+    pounds, which he used till he learnt the names of them, and
+    also the terms of those mechanical arts.[111]
+
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD DORMITORY AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL.]
+
+But from his infancy the little duke began to show his passion for
+horses, drums, and anything to do with soldiers. In 1693, when he was
+only four years old, he threw away childish toys, saying he was a man
+and a soldier. And he had up from Kensington village a little company of
+twenty-two boys, wearing paper caps and armed with wooden swords, who
+enlisted themselves as his guard. The duke was enchanted; and appointed
+a very pretty boy, Sir Thomas Lawrence's son, to be lieutenant. This
+little army was his constant delight. In a short time the child gained a
+real knowledge of military matters; and before long he began to use his
+bodyguard to some purpose. In 1694, seeing how active he was, and that
+"his stiff-bodied coats were very troublesome to him in his military
+amusements," the Prince and Princess put him into breeches on Easter
+Day.
+
+    His suit was a white camblet, with silver loops, and buttons
+    of silver thread. He wore stiff stays under his waistcoat,
+    which hurt him; whereupon, Mr. Hughes, his taylor, was sent
+    for; when he came the duke bade his boys (whom he stiled his
+    Horse Guards) put the taylor on the wooden horse, which
+    stood in the presence-room for the punishment of offenders,
+    as is usual in martial law: who presently were for hoisting
+    him on, if they had had strength enough.[112]
+
+It must have been an absurd scene. The little duke, not five years old,
+in his first pair of breeches, long waistcoat of white and silver, and
+coat with wide skirts and handsome, deep-cuffed sleeves--the bodyguard
+of small rogues setting on their victim--and the hapless tailor, who was
+so genuinely alarmed at these violent proceedings, that good-natured
+Jenkin had to beg him off.
+
+A year or two later we find the duke going down to Kensington Palace,
+where he ordered his boys--now two companies numbering ninety in all,
+armed with wooden swords and muskets, and in red grenadiers' caps--to
+exercise in the garden before the king and queen. The king was
+delighted; and gave the young soldiers twenty guineas, besides two gold
+pieces which he presented to one of them, William Gardner, who beat the
+drum "equal to the ablest drummer." The next day, Sunday, the king sent
+word he was coming to visit his nephew. This was a great occasion, as
+the king very seldom came to see him. The duke prepared a pasteboard
+fortification, and got his four little brass cannon ready; and when the
+king arrived the boy was so engrossed in shewing him that he could
+salute him like a soldier and afterwards "compliment him," that he could
+not be persuaded to thank His Majesty first for coming. He fired his
+cannon, and he
+
+    then talked to the king of horses and arms, and thanked him
+    of his own accord for the honor he did him in coming to see
+    him. He told the king that one of his cannon was broke; the
+    king promised to send him some cannon, but never did; the
+    duke thanked him and complimented him in these words--"My
+    dear king, you shall have both my companies with you to
+    Flanders," where the king was to go soon after.[113]
+
+All his talk was of wars, soldiers, and fortifications.
+
+    He was scarce seven years old when he understood the terms
+    of fortification and navigation, knew all the different
+    parts of a strong place, and a ship of war, and could
+    marshall a company of boys, who had voluntarily listed
+    themselves to attend him.... He had a particular aversion to
+    dancing and all womanish exercises, his whole delight being
+    in martial sports and hunting.[114]
+
+Even when he was ill in bed he insisted on having his cannon drawn up
+in his sight, and made his servant stand sentinel at his door as in a
+fortress. The faithful Jenkin told him stories of Alexander and Caesar,
+and on the sly studied the art of fortification, in order to teach the
+young duke more about it. But this was discovered by Lady Fitz Hardinge,
+who was the queen's spy in Princess Anne's household. Jenkin Lewis was
+threatened with instant dismissal if he ventured again to instruct the
+boy in matters with which he had no concern; and he was obliged
+regretfully to put away his fortification books. But he found a more
+allowable diversion in putting some of the young duke's words of command
+into verse, and had them set to music by Mr. John Church, "one of the
+gentlemen of Westminster Abbey, who had studied Mr. Henry Purcel's works
+and imitated his manner." It was not very grand poetry, but the little
+soldier was delighted. It begins--
+
+    Hark! hark! the hostile drum alarms;
+    Let ours now beat and call to arms!
+
+
+In 1696, after the discovery of the Rye House Plot, loyal addresses were
+offered to the king by both Houses of Parliament, and an association was
+formed to preserve King William or avenge his death, which was very
+generally signed throughout the kingdom. The Duke of Gloucester and his
+boys were eager to follow the public example. The duke composed an
+address which one of his boys wrote down as follows:
+
+    I, your Majesty's most dutiful subject, had rather lose my
+    life in your Majesty's cause, than in any man's else; and I
+    hope it will not be long 'ere you conquer France.
+
+  (_Signed_)       GLOSTER.
+
+He also dictated one for his boys and his household to sign, which was
+much to the point, and ran thus:
+
+    We, your Majesty's dutiful subjects, will stand by you as
+    long as we have a drop of blood.
+
+The prince and his boys were closely associated in all their pursuits
+and interests. Not only did they study the art of war, but they were
+catechised together by Mr. Prat, the duke's first tutor. The child had
+been carefully instructed in religion from his infancy. "He had early
+suck'd in his mother's piety," says one writer, "and was always
+attentive to prayers." One day in the catechising, Mr. Prat asked him
+before his boys, "How can you, being born a prince, keep yourself from
+the pomps and vanities of this world?" And the little fellow made the
+simple and straightforward answer, "I will keep God's commandments, and
+do all I can to walk in his ways."
+
+[Illustration: DINING HALL, WESTMINSTER SCHOOL.]
+
+He was a pretty boy. Something like his royal mother in her younger
+days; for she is described as a "sylph-like creature" when a girl,
+though she afterwards grew to be the mountain of fat we know in most of
+her portraits. His face was oval; and for the most part glowed with a
+fine colour. His shape was fine, his body easy, and his arms finely
+hung.[115]
+
+His disposition was naturally a sweet one; and he was admirably loyal to
+his friends and attendants, always willing to take blame himself rather
+than allow another to be scolded. But his weak health, a strong will,
+and a hot temper made him liable to fits of passion in which he lost all
+control over himself. Jenkin Lewis describes some of these outbursts of
+fury, and one in particular when he was the object of the prince's
+wrath. Jenkin quietly turned him round to the looking-glass, so that the
+boy might see what a shocking spectacle he was making of himself.
+Whereupon his passion fell as quickly as it had risen. He grew calm upon
+seeing himself, and expressed his sorrow.
+
+When he was nine years old, the king appointed Bishop Burnet to be his
+preceptor, and the Duke of Marlborough to be his governor.
+
+The Bishop writes two years later, that he had made "amazing progress."
+They had read together the Psalms, Proverbs and Gospels, and the bishop
+had explained things that fell in his way "very copiously, and was often
+surprised at the questions he put me, and the reflections that he made.
+He came to understand things relating to religion beyond
+imagination."[116] Besides religion the good bishop seems to have
+crammed his pupil's head with a mass of knowledge--geography, forms of
+government in every country, the interests and trades of every nation,
+the history "of all the great revolutions that had been in the world;"
+and he explained "the Gothic constitution and the beneficiary and feudal
+laws."
+
+No wonder that as one historian says, "his tender constitution bended
+under the weight of his manly soul, and was too much harass'd by the
+vivacity of his genius, to be of long duration.... In a word, he was too
+forward to arrive at maturity."[117]
+
+On July 24, 1700, the Duke of Gloucester was eleven years old. The next
+day Bishop Burnet tells that he complained a little: but every one
+thought he was tired with his birthday festivities. The day after he
+grew rapidly worse. A malignant fever declared itself, and he "died on
+the fourth day of his illness, to the great grief of all who were
+concerned with him." He was buried quite quietly, in the same vault as
+his great-uncle Henry, Duke of Gloucester, beside their common
+ancestress, Mary, Queen of Scots.
+
+The death of this little boy was an event of enormous importance to
+England. The Stuart line was at an end, and the eyes of England now
+turned to George Lewis, the Elector of Hanover, grandson of that
+unfortunate Queen of Bohemia, who we know best as Princess Elizabeth,
+the favorite sister and playfellow of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales.
+And with the death of "the last hope of the race--thus withered, as it
+must have seemed, by the doom of Providence"[118]--our history of the
+children of Westminster draws to a close. Besides those whose lives and
+stories we have studied together, there are several of whom little is
+known but the facts of their death and burial in our stately Abbey. The
+year before little William, Duke of Gloucester, was born, two "holy
+innocents" were laid to rest at Westminster; one, Nicholas Bagnall, an
+"infant of two months old, by his nurse unfortunately overlaid," is
+commemorated by a white marble urn in the Chapel of St. Nicholas, among
+the Percys and the Cecils. And in the Cloisters there is a touchingly
+simple tablet which Dean Stanley delighted to point out to every one,
+bearing these words:
+
+"Jane Lister, dear child, died October 7, 1688."
+
+[Illustration: A WESTMINSTER BOY.]
+
+In 1711, three years before Queen Anne's death, a young Westminster
+Scholar, Carteret by name, aged nineteen, was buried in the North Aisle
+of the Choir, "with the chiefs of his house." This is, I think, the only
+instance of a Westminster boy being buried in the Abbey. And young
+Carteret, the Westminster Scholar, leads me to an institution at
+Westminster which I have too long neglected. I mean Westminster School.
+
+From the earliest days of the Abbey, from Edith and Edward the
+Confessor's time, a school for the training of the novices was attached
+to Westminster as to other great monasteries. When the constitution of
+the Abbey was changed by the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539-40,
+Henry the Eighth founded a school in connection with the reformed Abbey.
+But the school was refounded and enlarged by Queen Elizabeth in the year
+of the Armada, and to her we owe its prosperity and fame. The great
+tables of chestnut wood in the black-beamed College Dining Hall, are
+said by tradition to have been given by the queen from the wrecks of the
+Spanish Armada. From this time forth Westminster School took its place
+among the most famous public schools in England. The names of many of
+the greatest of England's worthies are inscribed on the walls of the old
+schoolroom. In Elizabeth's reign the famous Camden was its head master.
+And a few years later we find young George Herbert being commended to
+the Dean for Westminster School, where "the beauties of his pretty
+behavior and wit shined and became so eminent and lovely in this his
+tender age, that he seemed marked out for piety and to have the care of
+heaven, and of a particular good angel to guard and guide him."[119]
+
+Westminster School was always loyal, and during the Protectorate the
+boys were ardent partisans of the king, whose scholars they said they
+were and would always remain. "It will never be well with the nation
+until Westminster School is suppressed," said the Puritan Dean of Christ
+Church, John Owen.
+
+However, the "King's School" remained vehemently loyal in spite of all
+the efforts of the Presbyterian and Independent preachers in the Abbey;
+and it was not suppressed.
+
+In Queen Anne's reign the School buildings took their present form. The
+old Dormitory, which had been in the Middle Ages the Granary of the
+Convent, stood on the west side of Dean's Yard.
+
+    "The wear-and-tear of four centuries, which included the
+    rough usage of many generations of schoolboys, had rendered
+    this venerable building quite unfit for its purposes. The
+    gaping roof and broken windows, which freely admitted the
+    rain and snow, wind and sun; the beams, cracked and hung
+    with cobwebs; the cavernous walls, with many a gash
+    inflicted by youthful Dukes and Earls in their boyish days;
+    the chairs, scorched by many a fire, and engraven deep with
+    many a famous name--provoked alternately the affection and
+    derision of Westminster students."[120]
+
+So the Dormitory was doomed, and was re-built by Lord Burlington after
+designs by Sir Christopher Wren, in the College Garden--a lovely space
+of cool green beyond the Little Cloisters--where it stands to this day.
+
+The school of Westminster has been always intimately connected with the
+Abbey Church, since the days when the abbot sat on one side of the Great
+Cloisters with his monks, and the master of the novices on the other
+with his disciples. And quaint customs still survive from early days in
+which the Chapter and the Scholars take part more or less.
+
+Across the Great School runs the famous Bar, over which it is the duty
+of the college cook to toss a pancake on Shrove Tuesday "to be scrambled
+for by the boys and presented to the Dean." Once a year the Dean and
+Chapter "receive in the Hall the former Westminster Scholars, and hear
+the recitation of the Epigrams, which have contributed for so many years
+their lively comments on the events of each passing generation,"[121] a
+relic of the old custom by which the Dean and Prebendaries dined in the
+College Hall--the ancient Refectory--with all the School. Every Sunday
+and Saint's day during the school year, the Westminster Scholars troop
+into the Choir in their white surplices in front of the Abbey body, and
+take the seats which have been theirs by right since the coronation of
+James the Second. And in modern days their shouts from those seats have
+testified the assent of the people of England to the sovereign's
+election in the Coronation Service.
+
+And now from the shouts of the young, vigorous, active boys of
+Westminster, let us turn once more to the Abbey. In its still dim
+aisles, under the vaulted, misty roof, let us bid a tender and loving
+farewell to its children--the Holy Innocents who have "gone
+before"--whose sweet memories live in the minds of men; whose souls are
+safe in God's good keeping; and whose ashes rest in England's Pantheon.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[109] Strickland. "Lives of the Queens of England." Vol. VII. p. 237.
+
+[110] "Memoirs of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester." By Jenkin
+Lewis. p. 7.
+
+[111] "Memoirs of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester." By Jenkin
+Lewis. p. 8.
+
+[112] Memoirs. Jenkin Lewis. p. 8.
+
+[113] Memoir. Jenkin Lewis. p. 16.
+
+[114] "Impartial History of Queen Anne's Reign." Bishop White Kennett.
+p. 39.
+
+[115] Jenkin Lewis.
+
+[116] Memoir. Jenkin Lewis. p. 100.
+
+[117] Bishop White Kennet. "Impartial History of Queen Anne's Reign." p.
+39.
+
+[118] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." Dean Stanley, p. 196.
+
+[119] Walton's Life. Vol. II. p. 24.
+
+[120] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey. Dean Stanley." p. 536
+
+[121] "Memorials of Westminster Abbey." Dean Stanley, p. 481.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY.
+
+
+=Aisle=, the lateral divisions of a church, on each side of the nave.
+From Aile--a wing. p. 99.
+
+=Almonry=, a room where alms were distributed. In Abbeys generally a
+stone building near the church. p. 99.
+
+=Ambulatory=, a place to walk in. At Westminster the passage round the
+outside of the Chapel of St. Edward. p. 26.
+
+=Arcade=, a series of arches, supported by columns, either open or
+closed with masonry. Frequently used for the decoration of the walls of
+churches, on the exterior and interior. p. 13.
+
+=Baptistery=, the part of a church containing the font. p. 33.
+
+=Boss=, an ornament placed at the intersection of the ribs in vaulted
+roofs. p. 106.
+
+=Breviary=, the book containing the daily service of the Roman Catholic
+Church. p. 128.
+
+=Buttress=, a projection from a wall to give extra strength and support.
+The _flying buttress_, or _Arc-boutant_ is carried across by an arch
+from one wall to another. p. 13.
+
+=Chalice=, the cup used at the celebration of the Eucharist. p. 28.
+
+=Chantry=, a sepulchral chapel, in which masses for the dead were
+chanted. p. 24.
+
+=Choir=, the chancel of collegiate or cathedral churches. p. 32.
+
+=Clerestory=, (old spelling clear-story) the upper story or row of
+windows in a Gothic Church. p. 15.
+
+=Cloisters=, covered galleries of communication between the different
+parts of a monastic building or college. They generally have roofs of
+groined stone. At Westminster they run round the two quadrangles of the
+Great and Little Cloisters, and join them together by long stone
+passages. p. 33.
+
+=Crocket=, detached flowers or bunches of foliage, used to decorate the
+angles of spires, pinnacles and gables. p. 115.
+
+=Gable=, the upright triangular piece of masonry or woodwork at the end
+of a roof.
+
+=Gargoyle=, a projecting stone water-spout in the shape of some monster,
+or the figure of a man from whose mouth the water runs. p. 13.
+
+=Gothic= Architecture is chiefly distinguished by the _pointed arch_. It
+is divided into three periods. The Early English, which prevailed during
+the thirteenth century. The Decorated style, which prevailed during the
+fourteenth century. And the Perpendicular, or style of the fifteenth
+century. In France the latest Gothic style is called Flamboyant. p. 115.
+
+=Mullions=, upright bars of stone between the lights of a window.
+
+=Nave=, the principal or central division of a Gothic Church, extending
+from the west end to the entrance of the Choir. p. 64.
+
+=Oriel=, a window projecting from the face of the wall, frequently
+resting on brackets.
+
+=Pendant=, a sculptured ornament hanging from a Gothic roof. In the
+latest or Perpendicular style the pendants are sculptured in the most
+delicate manner and form the Keystones of the roof, taking the place of
+the bosses. p. 106.
+
+=Pier-Arches=, arches supported on piers (or pillars) between the centre
+and side aisles. p. 110.
+
+=Pyx=, a gold or silver circular vessel in which the Eucharistic wafer
+was reserved before the Reformation for communicating the sick. The term
+is also used sometimes, for a casket in which relics are kept; or for
+boxes in which deeds are preserved. p. 22.
+
+=Reredos=, the screen at the back of the Altar. p. 15.
+
+=Rood=, the Holy Rood, or Crucifix. A cross with the figure of our
+Saviour upon it. p. 52.
+
+=Rose-Window=, a circular window, called also a Catherine-wheel, or a
+Marigold window. p. 13.
+
+=Sacrarium=, the part of a temple where the sacred things were
+deposited. At Westminster, the wide space within the Altar rails. p. 15.
+
+=String-course=, a projecting line of mouldings running horizontally
+along the face of a building, frequently under the windows. p. 115.
+
+=Transept=, the division of a church running north and south, forming
+the arms of a cross. p. 32.
+
+=Triforium=, a range of small arches or panels between the top of the
+pier-arches and the bottom of the clerestory windows, usually opening
+into a passage above the side aisles. p. 15.
+
+=Troco=, an old game played with large wooden balls which were pushed
+through a ring set up in the turf, by poles with a little iron cup at
+the end.
+
+=Tudor= or Perpendicular style. In the windows the mullions are
+continued through the head of the window.
+
+=Turret=, a small tower of great height in proportion to its diameter.
+p. 115.
+
+=Vaulting=, or Vaulted Roof. An arched roof, the stones or materials of
+which are so placed as to support each other. p. 106.
+
+  Press of
+  Berwick & Smith,
+  Boston.
+
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+
+=Wide Awake S.= (Popular edition). Contains tales, biography, history,
+and poetry, with an intermingling of lighter matter, profusely
+illustrated, and especially adapted to the taste of intelligent and
+inquiring young folks. Handsome lithograph cover, $1.50.
+
+=Little Folks' Art Book.= Such artists as Bodfish, Sweeney, Barnes, and
+Francis, have furnished outline drawings calculated to entice the little
+ones into attempts at copying, and thus lead them to a taste for art.
+
+=The Gray Masque, and Other Poems.= By Mary Barker Dodge. This little
+volume of "tender and beautiful poems" as the London _Literary World_
+styles them, has passed to second edition, which appears in a rich dress
+of cardinal, red and gilt. 12mo, $1.25.
+
+=Artists' Gallery Series.= Six volumes. First, _Millais_, second _Alma
+Tadema_, third _Rosa Bonheur_, fourth _Bouguereau_, fifth _Fortuny_,
+sixth _Munkacsy_. Each of these volumes is a miniature gallery devoted
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+
+=Helps by the Way.= Compiled by S. W. W. and M. S. H. with an
+introduction by Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D., contains triple quotations
+for each day in the year. Elegant cloth, 16mo, $1.00, gilt edges, $1.25.
+
+=Boys' Heroes.= By Edward Everett Hale. Reading Union Library. 16mo,
+illustrated, cloth, $1.00. Twelve chapters containing the story told in
+Dr. Hale's characteristic style, of a dozen characters famed in history
+as worthy to bear the title of heroes, and the story of whose deeds and
+lives possesses a special interest for boys.
+
+=The Temperance Teachings of Science.= By Prof. A. B. Palmer, M. D. LL.
+D. A book for home and school use, presenting the strongest arguments in
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+
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+
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+
+
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+various authors, very fully illustrated. 16mo, cloth, $1.50.
+
+=Pine Cones.= By Willis Boyd Allen. 12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.00. A
+story of adventure for girls and boys by an author who possesses the
+secret of success as a writer for the young.
+
+=What's Mine's Mine.= By Geo. MacDonald, author of "Annals of a Quiet
+Neighborhood." 12mo, cloth, illustrated, $1.50. Published from the
+original manuscript in advance of its appearance in England. A
+fascinating fairy tale.
+
+=Echoes Of Many Voices.= A collection of short sayings from various
+sources, compiled by Elizabeth A. Thurston. Spare Minute Series. 12mo,
+extra cloth, $1.00. As a compendium of wit and wisdom, sense and
+sentiment, in their most terse and attractive expressions, this volume
+is unrivalled.
+
+=Tom Tits and Other Bits.= With other verses, by Amelia M. Starkweather.
+Quarto, extra cloth, finely illustrated, $1.00. Pleasant stories and
+sketches in verse, with illustrative pictures of unusual merit.
+
+=Life of General U. S. Grant= by E. E. Brown. 12mo. $1.50. Containing a
+sketch of his political services, with portrait and illustrations. Has
+been long in preparation and is the careful and successful work of a
+popular writer.
+
+=Up Hill and Down Dale.= By Laura D. Nichols. One of the valuable and
+fascinating natural history volumes, or "nature-books," similar to
+"Overhead" and "Underfoot," which have proven so popular in home circles
+and reading unions. 12mo, cloth, $1.75. Boards, $1.25.
+
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+The book is a worthy companion to the six preceding volumes of the
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+Kingsley; "Right to the Point," Doctor Cuyler. Extra cloth, $1.00.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes
+
+    Inconsistencies in spelling of proper names retained.
+
+    Punctuation normalised.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Children of Westminster Abbey, by
+Rose G. Kingsley
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