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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Trees and Shrubs for English Gardens, by 
+Ernest Thomas Cook
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Trees and Shrubs for English Gardens
+
+Author: Ernest Thomas Cook
+
+Release Date: June 24, 2010 [EBook #32969]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES, SHRUBS FOR ENGLISH GARDENS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS FOR ENGLISH GARDENS
+
+[Illustration: _THE CLUSTER PINE (Pinus Pinaster)._]
+
+
+
+
+_THE "COUNTRY LIFE"
+LIBRARY._
+
+
+
+
+TREES & SHRUBS
+
+FOR
+
+ENGLISH GARDENS
+
+
+BY
+
+E. T. COOK.
+
+
+SECOND EDITION.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PUBLISHED BY
+
+   "COUNTRY LIFE"               GEORGE NEWNES, LTD.
+20, TAVISTOCK STREET,        7-12, SOUTHAMPTON STREET,
+ COVENT GARDEN, W.C.            COVENT GARDEN, W.C.
+                        1908.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
+
+
+It cannot be urged against this work that it travels along a path
+already well worn, for the subject of trees and shrubs for English
+gardens, though almost inexhaustible, has never been so fully treated
+and illustrated as it deserves. The book may have many defects, but its
+pages will show that an honest effort has been made to offer helpful and
+instructive information to the many who wish to know more of the beauty
+of trees and shrubs.
+
+In writing this book, the labour of my spare hours for many months, I
+have been greatly helped by Mr. Bean, the assistant-curator of the Royal
+Gardens, Kew, whose deep knowledge of the subject has been willingly
+imparted; and by Miss Jekyll, to whom I am indebted for many valuable
+suggestions and notes. Among others to whom grateful thanks are tendered
+are Mrs. Davidson, Mr. J. Clark, Mr. Dallimore, and Mr. S. W.
+Fitzherbert.
+
+Some of the chapters have already appeared in the _Garden_, with the
+object of making known as widely as possible the importance of the most
+beautiful trees and shrubs for English woodland and pleasure-grounds.
+
+The illustrations will show how a shrub, so often stunted and mutilated
+by unwise pruning, becomes beautiful when allowed to develop naturally.
+
+The illustrations have their own teaching value, and in this matter
+also I desire to thank many willing helpers, especially Miss Jekyll,
+Miss Willmott, and Mr. Crump, of the Madresfield Court Gardens. Many of
+them are from photographs taken in the Royal Gardens, Kew. Under the
+present director (Sir William Thiselton-Dyer) much has been done in the
+judicious grouping of plants. Here is a living place of instruction open
+to all.
+
+Those who desire to know more about trees and shrubs than it is possible
+to give in this book should consult such famous works as Loudon's
+"Arboretum Britannicum" (8 vols.), and "Encyclopædia of Trees and
+Shrubs"; Professor Sargent's "Silva of North America," and "Forest Flora
+of Japan"; "Manual of Coniferæ," by Messrs. James Veitch & Sons; "The
+Pinetum," by George Gordon; The "Bamboo Garden," by Lord Redesdale; Sir
+Joseph Hooker's "Rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya"; and the
+excellent Kew Hand-list of Trees and Shrubs. Much information can also
+be gleaned from the volumes of _Garden and Forest_ (American), edited
+by Professor Sargent, but not now in publication.
+
+The nomenclature at Kew--that is, according to the _Index Kewensis_--is
+that adopted in this book.
+
+It is the wish and hope of the author, whose notes, taken during many
+years, are embodied, that the book may do something to make English
+gardens more beautiful and interesting, and that it may win many to see
+the better ways of planting; also that it may be the means of bringing
+forward the many trees and shrubs of rare charm that are generally
+unknown or unheeded.
+
+                                                            E. T. C.
+
+_November 1902._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
+
+
+This edition has been thoroughly revised to render it as useful as
+possible to those who desire a larger acquaintance with the many
+beautiful trees and shrubs that are hardy in this country. I must tender
+my heartiest thanks to Mr. William Atkinson (Messrs. Fisher, Son, &
+Sibray) for his valuable help in preparing this edition. Many of the
+illustrations represent trees and shrubs in the Royal Gardens, Kew,
+which are not only beautiful in themselves, but are the centre of
+scientific research.
+
+                                                            E. T. C.
+
+_March 1908._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+   CHAP.                                                        PAGE
+
+      I. WANT OF VARIETY A BLEMISH                                 1
+
+     II. ORNAMENTAL PLANTING IN WOODLAND                           6
+
+    III. GROUPING OF TREES AND SHRUBS                              8
+
+     IV. HEATHY PATHS IN OUTER GARDEN SPACES                      13
+
+      V. TREES AND SHRUBS IN POOR SOILS                           17
+
+     VI. PRUNING FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS                       19
+
+    VII. PROPAGATION OF HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS                    38
+
+   VIII. A WINTER GARDEN OF TREES AND SHRUBS                      47
+
+     IX. TREES AND SHRUBS WITH BEAUTIFUL CATKINS                  65
+
+      X. AUTUMN COLOURS                                           71
+
+     XI. TREES AND SHRUBS WITH FINE FRUITS                        77
+
+    XII. WEEPING TREES AND THEIR USES                             88
+
+   XIII. THE USE OF VARIEGATED TREES AND SHRUBS                   93
+
+    XIV. TREES AND SHRUBS FOR SEA-COAST                          101
+
+     XV. TREES AND SHRUBS FOR WIND-SWEPT GARDENS                 106
+
+    XVI. CONIFERS (INCLUDING PINES) IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTING       110
+
+   XVII. CARE OF OLD TREES                                       129
+
+  XVIII. TREES AND SHRUBS FOR WATERSIDE                          134
+
+    XIX. TREES AND SHRUBS FOR ROCK GARDEN                        138
+
+     XX. REMOVAL OF LARGE TREES AND SHRUBS                       151
+
+    XXI. YOUNG TREES AND SUNSTROKE                               159
+
+   XXII. SHADE TREES FOR STREETS                                 163
+
+  XXIII. TREES AND SHRUBS IN SCOTLAND                            166
+
+   XXIV. TENDER SHRUBS AND TREES IN THE SOUTH-WEST               187
+
+    XXV. TENDER WALL PLANTS IN THE SOUTH-WEST                    208
+
+   XXVI. TREES AND SHRUBS IN IRELAND                             215
+
+  XXVII. HARDY BAMBOOS                                           218
+
+ XXVIII. THE HEATHS                                              226
+
+   XXIX. NATIVE AND OTHER HARDY EVERGREENS                       240
+
+    XXX. SHRUBS FOR SMALL AND TOWN GARDENS                       251
+
+   XXXI. SHRUB AND FLOWER BORDERS                                257
+
+  XXXII. SHRUBS UNDER TREES                                      260
+
+ XXXIII. HARDY SHRUBS IN THE GREENHOUSE                          263
+
+  XXXIV. SHRUB GROUPS FOR WINTER AND SUMMER EFFECT               283
+
+   XXXV. THE USE OF HARDY CLIMBING SHRUBS                        303
+
+  XXXVI. FLOWERING AND OTHER HEDGES                              324
+
+ XXXVII. PLEACHED OR GREEN ALLEYS                                334
+
+XXXVIII. THE GARDEN ORCHARD                                      338
+
+  XXXIX. THE WORTHY USE OF ROSES                                 342
+
+     XL. PLANTING AND STAKING TREES                              353
+
+    XLI. HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS, TABLES OF                       357
+
+         INDEX                                                   489
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+CLUSTER PINE (_Pinus Pinaster_)                     _Frontispiece_
+
+GUELDER ROSE                                      _To face page_ 2
+
+MAGNOLIA STELLATA                                       "    "   3
+
+ÆSCULUS PARVIFLORA (late July)                          "    "   4
+
+SLOE, DOUBLE-FLOWERED (_Prunus spinosa, fl. pl._)       "    "   5
+
+IN THE WOODLAND AT KEW                                  "    "   6
+
+WAYFARING TREE (_Viburnum Lantana_)                     "    "   7
+
+GROUPING OF SHRUB AND DAFFODIL                          "    "  10
+
+NATURAL GROUPING OF SHRUB IN ROUGH GROUND               "    "  11
+
+SHRUB AND IRIS GROUPS BY WOODLAND                       "    "  14
+
+AZALEA GARDEN AT KEW                                    "    "  15
+
+CEANOTHUS AZUREUS AT KEW                                "    "  24
+
+CEANOTHUS AZUREUS, MARIE SIMON                          "    "  25
+
+PEARL BUSH (_Exochorda grandiflora_)                    "    "  26
+
+HYDRANGEA PANICULATA GRANDIFLORA (Unpruned)             "    "  30
+
+HYDRANGEA PANICULATA GRANDIFLORA                        "    "  31
+
+TULIP TREE AT RANELAGH (Winter)                         "    "  46
+
+LIME (Winter Beauty)                                    "    "  47
+
+WITCH HAZEL (_Hamamelis japonica_, var. _zuccariniana_) "    "  62
+
+ULMUS ALATA                                             "    "  63
+
+WILLOW, BABYLONIAN BY WATERSIDE                         "    "  88
+
+ASH, WEEPING                                            "    "  89
+
+WEEPING ASPEN (_Populus tremula_, var. _pendula_)       "    "  90
+
+WEEPING WYCH ELM                                        "    "  91
+
+ELÆAGNUS PUNGENS                                        "    "  98
+
+CORNUS MAS (var. _variegata_)                           "    "  99
+
+TAURIAN TAMARISK (_Tamarix tetrandra_) IN FLOWER        "    " 103
+
+ASHES BY WATER EDGE                                     "    " 106
+
+LOMBARDY POPLAR                                         "    " 107
+
+CORSICAN PINE WALK                                      "    " 110
+
+ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA (Chili Pine) AVENUE                 "    " 111
+
+MAIDENHAIR TREE AT FROGMORE                             "    " 112
+
+MAIDENHAIR TREE AT KEW                                  "    " 113
+
+CORSICAN PINE (var. _tenuifolia_)                       "    " 114
+
+AVENUE OF ABIES (_nobilis glauca_)                      "    " 118
+
+CEDRUS ATLANTICA GLAUCA AVENUE                          "    " 119
+
+LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS (Frogmore)                         "    " 121
+
+AVENUE OF YEW (Murthly)                                 "    " 124
+
+ALDERS NEAR WATER                                       "    " 134
+
+WHITE WILLOW (_Salix alba_) BY WATERSIDE                "    " 135
+
+NATURAL TREE GROWTH BY WATER (Burnham Beeches)          "    " 136
+
+WILLOWS BY WATERSIDE                                    "    " 137
+
+CISTUSES AND ROSES IN ROCK GARDEN                       "    " 140
+
+DWARF SHRUBS IN ROCK GARDEN                             "    " 141
+
+ONONIS FRUTICOSA (Shrubby Rest-Harrow) AT EXETER        "    " 150
+
+TREE IN COURSE OF REMOVAL                               "    " 151
+
+PLANE TREE (_Platanus orientalis_)                      "    " 164
+
+CYTISUS PRÆCOX                                          "    " 178
+
+A VARIETY OF MAHALEB CHERRY (_Prunus Mahaleb_,
+    var. _chrysocarpa_)                                 "    " 179
+
+GUELDER ROSE OR SNOWBALL TREE                           "    " 184
+
+WYCH ELMS BY HEDGEROW                                   "    " 185
+
+EDWARDSIA GRANDIFLORA                                   "    " 198
+
+FABIANA IMBRICATA                                       "    " 199
+
+PINUS MONTEZUMÆ                                         "    " 204
+
+PUERARIA THUNBERGIANA                                   "    " 212
+
+YUCCAS, PAMPAS GRASS, AND BAMBOOS (Kew)                 "    " 218
+
+BAMBOO GARDEN AT KEW                                    "    " 219
+
+ERICA CARNEA                                            "    " 232
+
+A GROUPING OF HEATHS                                    "    " 233
+
+WHITE SCOTCH HEATHER (_Erica cinerea alba_)             "    " 234
+
+WHITE MEDITERRANEAN HEATH (_Erica mediterranea alba_)   "    " 235
+
+WEEPING HOLLY                                           "    " 247
+
+ARBUTUS MENZIESII                                       "    " 248
+
+HIBISCUS SYRIACUS (_Althæa frutex_, var. _cæruleus_)    "    " 252
+
+MOCK ORANGE (_Philadelphus coronarius_)                 "    " 253
+
+TALL EVERGREEN SHRUBS IN FLOWER BORDER                  "    " 258
+
+SPIRÆA CANESCENS                                        "    " 294
+
+CLEMATIS MONTANA OVER ROUGH WALL                        "    " 300
+
+CLEMATIS MONTANA OVER ARCHWAY                           "    " 301
+
+CAMELLIA LEAF AND FRUIT (Outdoors)                      "    " 316
+
+DUTCH HONEYSUCKLE ON WALL                               "    " 317
+
+POLYGONUM BALDSCHUANICUM OVER FIR                       "    " 318
+
+PRUNUS TRILOBA ON SUNNY WALL                            "    " 319
+
+OLD WISTARIA AT HAMPTON COURT                           "    " 322
+
+WISTARIA RACEMES                                        "    " 323
+
+GREAT BEECH HEDGE                                       "    " 330
+
+HEDGE OF MAIDENS' BLUSH ROSE                            "    " 331
+
+NUT WALK                                                "    " 334
+
+OLD APPLE WALK                                          "    " 335
+
+OLD MULBERRY TREE, SYON                                 "    " 338
+
+OLD MEDLAR TREE                                         "    " 339
+
+ROSA MULTIFLORA                                         "    " 348
+
+HYBRID ROSE UNA                                         "    " 349
+
+STAKING TREES                                           "    " 354
+
+HORSE CHESTNUT                                          "    " 358
+
+CATALPA OR INDIAN BEAN TREE (_C. bignonioides_)         "    " 366
+
+CISTUS VILLOSUS                                         "    " 370
+
+CYTISUS CAPITATUS                                       "    " 373
+
+MOONLIGHT BROOM (_Cytisus scoparius_, var. _pallidus_)  "    " 376
+
+A HYBRID BROOM (_Cytisus kewensis_)                     "    " 377
+
+GARLAND FLOWER (_Daphne Cneorum_)                       "    " 382
+
+ERINACEA PUNGENS                                        "    " 383
+
+MAY-FLOWER (_Epigæa repens_)                            "    " 384
+
+ESCALLONIA PHILIPPIANA                                  "    " 385
+
+SPANISH FURZE (_Genista (Ulex) hispanica_)              "    " 388
+
+SPANISH FURZE ON ROUGH SLOPE                            "    " 389
+
+GENISTA MONOSPERMA                                      "    " 390
+
+SHOOT OF SNOWDROP TREE (_Halesia tetraptera_)           "    " 392
+
+HYDRANGEAS                                              "    " 393
+
+HYDRANGEA PETIOLARIS                                    "    " 394
+
+KALMIA LATIFOLIA                                        "    " 395
+
+YULAN (_Magnolia conspicua_)                            "    " 402
+
+YULAN AS A WALL SHRUB                                   "    " 403
+
+MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA, var. _soulangeana_ (late Spring)    "    " 404
+
+OLEARIA MACRODONTA                                      "    " 405
+
+PRUNUS PERSICA                                          "    " 410
+
+SPIRÆA ARGUTA                                           "    " 414
+
+PRUNUS SERRULATA                                        "    " 416
+
+PRUNUS PADUS, FL. PL.                                   "    " 417
+
+PYRUS SINAICA                                           "    " 420
+
+PYRUS SPECTABILIS                                       "    " 422
+
+SIBERIAN CRAB (_Pyrus Malus baccata_)                   "    " 423
+
+PYRUS LOBATA                                            "    " 427
+
+RHODODENDRON ARBOREUM (Hybrid)                          "    " 428
+
+RHODODENDRON HYBRID (Donegal)                           "    " 429
+
+RHODODENDRON PRÆCOX                                     "    " 432
+
+RHODODENDRON SAPHO IN IRISH GARDEN (Donegal)            "    " 433
+
+CALIFORNIAN POPPY (_Romneya Coulteri_)                  "    " 449
+
+NEILLIA (SPIRÆA) OPULIFOLIA                             "    " 452
+
+SPIRÆA LINDLEYANA                                       "    " 453
+
+LILACS                                                  "    " 456
+
+STANDARD LILAC                                          "    " 457
+
+VIBURNUM MACROCEPHALUM                                  "    " 464
+
+YUCCA GLORIOSA IN A SURREY GARDEN                       "    " 466
+
+YUCCA FILAMENTOSA                                       "    " 467
+
+PTEROCARYA CAUCASICA                                    "    " 480
+
+CORK OAK (_Quercus Suber_)                              "    " 481
+
+EVERGREEN OAKS                                          "    " 482
+
+DOVASTON YEW ON STEEP BANK                              "    " 486
+
+
+
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+WANT OF VARIETY A BLEMISH
+
+
+There is a sad want of variety amongst evergreen and deciduous shrubs in
+the average English garden. Faith is placed in a few shrubs with a
+reputation for robbing the soil of its goodness and making a monotonous
+ugly green bank, neither pleasant to look at nor of any protective
+value. As one who knows shrubs well and the way to group them says,
+"Even the landscape gardeners, the men who have the making of
+gardens--with, of course, notable exceptions--do not seem to know the
+rich storehouse to draw from." Very true is this. We see evidence of it
+every day. The mixed shrubbery is fondly clung to as a place for all
+shrubs, whether flowering or otherwise, and the result is a thicket of
+growths, a case indeed of a survival of the fittest. There are other
+shrubs than Privet in this fair world of ours, and as for providing
+shelter, the wind whistles through its bare stems and creates a draught
+good for neither man, beast, nor plant. Of the cherry laurel again there
+is far too much in gardens. Few other plants can stand against its
+greedy, searching roots, and its vigorous branches and big leaves kill
+other leaf-growth near them. Grown in the proper way, that is, as an
+isolated shrub, with abundance of space to develop its graceful branches
+and brilliant green leaves, the Cherry Laurel is a beautiful evergreen;
+it is quite happy in shady, half-wooded places. But grown, as it is so
+often, jammed up and smothering other things, or held in bounds by a
+merciless and beauty-destroying knife, its presence has not been to the
+advantage of English gardening.
+
+When the planting season comes round, think of some of the good shrubs
+not yet in the garden, and forget pontic Rhododendron, Laurel, Aucuba,
+and Privet. By this is not meant rare shrubs, such as may only be had
+from the few nurseries of the very highest rank or from those that make
+rare shrubs a speciality, but good things that may be grown in any
+garden and that appear in all good shrub catalogues.
+
+[Illustration: _CHINESE GUELDER ROSE._]
+
+Perhaps no beautiful and now well-known shrub is more neglected than
+beautiful _Exochorda grandiflora_ (the Pearl Bush). Its near relatives,
+the Spiræas, are in every shrubbery, but one may go through twenty and
+not see Exochorda. Even of the Spiræas one does not half often see
+enough of _S. Thunbergi_, a perfect milky way of little starry bloom in
+April and a most shapely little bush, or the double-flowered _S.
+prunifolia_, with its long wreaths of flower-like double thorn or minute
+white roses and its autumn bravery of scarlet foliage. The hardy
+Magnolias are not given the opportunity they deserve of making our
+gardens lovely in earliest summer. Who that has seen _Magnolia stellata_
+in its April dress of profuse white bloom and its summer and autumn
+dignity of handsome though not large foliage, would endure to be without
+it? or who would not desire to have the fragrant chalices of _M.
+soulangeana_, with their outside staining of purple, and _M. conspicua_,
+of purest white in the early months of March and April? And why does not
+every garden hold one, at least, of the sweet _Chimonanthus_, offering,
+as it does in February, an abundance of its little blooms of a fragrance
+so rich and powerful that it can be scarcely matched throughout the
+year?
+
+[Illustration: _A GROUPING OF MAGNOLIA STELLATA._]
+
+_Cassinia fulvida_, still known in nurseries by its older name of
+Diplopappus, in winter wears its fullest dress of tiny gold-backed
+leafage in long graceful sprays, that are borne in such profusion that
+they only beg to be cut to accompany the rare flowers of winter that we
+bring indoors to sweeten and enliven our rooms.
+
+Of small-flowering trees none is lovelier than the Snowy Mespilus
+(_Amelanchier_), and for a tree of somewhat larger size the good garden
+form of the native Bird Cherry is beautiful in the early year. The North
+American _Halesia_ (the Snowdrop Tree) should be in every garden, either
+as a bush or tree, every branch hung in May with its full array of
+pendent bloom of the size and general shape of Snowdrops, only of a warm
+and almost creamy instead of a cold snow-white colour.
+
+Few spring-flowering shrubs are more free and graceful than _Forsythia
+suspensa_, and if it can be planted on a slight eminence and encouraged
+to throw down its many-feet-long graceful sprays it then exhibits its
+best garden use. The Chinese _Viburnum plicatum_ is another shrub well
+known but unfairly neglected, flowering with the earliest Irises.
+Grouped with the grand _Iris pallida dalmatica_ it is a thing never to
+be forgotten.
+
+[Illustration: _ÆSCULUS PARVIFLORA (late July)._]
+
+_Æsculus (Pavia) parviflora_, blooming in July when flowering shrubs are
+rare, is easily grown and strikingly handsome, and yet how rarely seen!
+_Calycanthus floridus_, with its spice-scented blooms of low-toned
+crimson, also a late summer flower, is a fine thing in a cool,
+well-sheltered corner, where the sun cannot burn the flowers. The Rose
+Acacia (_Robinia hispida_), trained on a wall or house, is as beautiful
+as any Wistaria, and the quality of the low-toned rosy bloom of a much
+rarer colour. It is quite hardy, but so brittle that it needs close and
+careful wall training or other support. To name a few others in the same
+kind of category, but rather less hardy, the Sweet Bay is the noblest of
+evergreen bushes or small trees; the Tamarisk, with its grey plumes of
+foliage and summer flower-plumes of tenderest pink, is a delightful
+plant in our southern counties, doing especially well near the sea.
+_Clethra alnifolia_, against a wall or in the open, is a mass of flower
+in late summer, and the best of the _Hibiscus syriacus_, or _Althæa
+frutex_, the shrubbery representatives of Mallows and Hollyhocks, are
+autumn flowers of the best class. A bushy plant of half-woody
+character that may well be classed among shrubs, and that was beloved of
+our grandmothers, is _Leycesteria formosa_, a delightful thing in the
+later autumn. The large-fruited Euonymus (Spindle Tree) is another good
+thing too little grown.
+
+[Illustration: _DOUBLE-FLOWERED SLOE OR BLACKTHORN._]
+
+For a peaty garden there are many delightful plants in the neglected
+though easy-to-be-had list. One of these is the beautiful and highly
+fragrant _Azalea occidentalis_, all the better that the flowers and
+leaves come together and that it is later than the Ghent Azaleas. Then
+there are the two sweet-scented North American Bog Myrtles, _Myrica
+cerifera_ and _Comptonia asplenifolia_, the charming little _Leiophyllum
+buxifolium_, of neatest bushy form, and the _Ledum palustre_, whose
+bruised leaves are of delightful aromatic fragrance; _Vaccinium
+pennsylvanicum_, pretty in leaf and flower and blazing scarlet in
+autumn, and _Gaultheria Shallon_, a most important sub-shrub, revelling
+in moist peat or any cool sandy soil.
+
+These examples by no means exhaust the list of desirable shrubs that may
+be found for the slightest seeking. This brief recital of their names
+and qualities is only meant as a reminder that all these good things are
+close at hand, while many more are only waiting to be asked for.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+ORNAMENTAL PLANTING IN WOODLAND
+
+
+Where woodland adjoins garden ground, and the one passes into the other
+by an almost imperceptible gradation, a desire is often felt to let the
+garden influence penetrate some way into the wood by the planting within
+the wood of some shrubs or trees of distinctly ornamental character.
+
+Such a desire very naturally arises--it is wild gardening with the
+things of larger growth; but, like all forms of wild gardening (which of
+all branches of gardening is the most difficult to do rightly, and needs
+the greatest amount of knowledge), the wishes of the planter must be
+tempered with extreme precaution and restraint. It does not do to plant
+in the wild garden things of well-known garden character. This is merely
+to spoil the wood, which, in many cases, is already so good that any
+addition would be a tasteless intrusion of something irrelevant and
+unsuitable.
+
+[Illustration: _IN THE WOODLAND AT KEW, SHOWING TREE AND SHRUB BY GRASSY
+WAY._]
+
+Still, there are certain wooded places where a judicious planting would
+be a gain, and there are a certain number of trees and shrubs which
+those who have a fair knowledge of their ways, and a true sympathy with
+the nature of woodland, recognise as suitable for this kind of planting.
+They will be found in these classes: Native growths that are absent
+or unusual in the district, such as the Spindle Tree (_Euonymus_), White
+Beam, Service Tree, White and Black Thorn, Wild Cherry, Bird Cherry,
+Wild Guelder Rose (_Viburnum Opulus_), and _V. Lantana_, Honeysuckle,
+Wild Roses, Juniper, and _Daphne Laureola_.
+
+[Illustration: _WAYFARING TREE (Viburnum Lantana); A NATIVE SHRUB ON
+CHALK._]
+
+Then, among cultivated trees and shrubs, those that are nearly related
+to our wild kinds, including some that are found in foreign woodlands
+that have about the same latitude and climate as our own. Among these
+will be Quinces and Medlars, many kinds of ornamental Cratægus, Scarlet
+Oaks, various Elders and Crabs, and the grand _Pyrus americana_, so like
+our native Mountain Ash, but on a much larger scale.
+
+A very careful planting with trees and shrubs of some of these and,
+perhaps, other allied kinds, may give additional beauty and interest to
+woodland. Differences of soil will, of course, be carefully considered,
+for if a piece of woodland were on chalky soil, a totally different
+selection should be made from one that would be right for a soil that
+was poor and sandy.
+
+In moist, sandy, or, still better, peaty ground, especially where there
+is a growth of Birches and Scotch Firs, and not many other kinds of
+trees, a plantation of Rhododendrons may have a fine effect. But in this
+case it is better to use the common _R. ponticum_ only, as a mixture of
+differently coloured kinds is sure to give a misplaced-garden look, or
+an impression as if a bit of garden ground had missed its way and got
+lost in the wood.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+GROUPING OF TREES AND SHRUBS
+
+
+If this subject were considered with only a reasonable amount of
+thought, and the practice of it controlled by good taste, there is
+nothing that would do more for the beauty of our gardens or grounds.
+Nothing can so effectually destroy good effect as the usual senseless
+mixture of deciduous and evergreen shrubs that, alas! is so commonly
+seen in gardens--a mixture of one each of a quantity of perhaps
+excellent things planted about three feet apart. There would be nothing
+to be said against this if it were the deliberate intention of any
+individual, for, as a garden is for the owner's happiness, it is
+indisputably his right to take his pleasure in it as he will, and if he
+says, "I have only space for a hundred plants, and I wish them to be all
+different," that is for him to decide. But when the mixture is made from
+pure ignorance or helplessness it is then that advice may be of use, and
+that the assurance may be given that there are better ways that are just
+as easy at the beginning, and that with every year will be growing on
+towards some definite scheme of beauty, instead of merely growing up
+into a foolish tangle of horticultural imbecility.
+
+If the intending planter has no knowledge it is well worth his while to
+take advice at the beginning, not to plant at random and to feel, a few
+years later, first doubt, and then regret, and then, as knowledge grows,
+to have to face the fact that it is all wrong and that much precious
+time has been lost.
+
+How to group is a large question, depending on all the conditions of the
+place under consideration. Whether a group is to be of tall or short
+growing shrubs or trees, whether it is to be of three or three hundred,
+and so on. The knowledge that can answer is the knowledge of gardening
+of the better kind. The whole thing should be done carefully on paper
+beforehand, or there will again be repented the error of huddled single
+plants. The groups will have to be well shaped and well sized and well
+related to each other and all that is near, or they may be merely a
+series of senseless blocks, not intelligently formed groups at all.
+
+Then, in proper relation to the groups, single plants can be used with
+the best possible effect, as, for instance, a snowy Mespilus or a Cherry
+or a _Pyrus floribunda_ against a dark massing of Yew or Holly; or a
+_Forsythia suspensa_ casting out its long flowering branches from among
+bushes of _Berberis_. Then the fewer individuals will have their full
+value, while the larger masses will have dignity even when in leaf only,
+and their own special beauty at the time when they are in flower or
+fruit. For some flowering and fruiting bushes are best grouped, while a
+few are best seen standing alone, and it is only knowledge of good
+gardening that can guide the designer in his decisions on these points.
+Still it does not follow that a shrub or flowering tree cannot be used
+both for groups and single use, for such an one as the Forsythia just
+mentioned is also of charming effect in its own groups, with the
+red-tinted _Berberis_ or the quiet-coloured Savins, or whatever be the
+lower growing bushy mass that is chosen to accompany it. Every one can
+see the great gain of such arrangements when they are made, but to learn
+to make them, and even to perceive what are the plants to group
+together, and why, that is the outcome of the education of the garden
+artist.
+
+In the Royal Gardens, Kew, the best of plants may be seen and, to a
+considerable degree, the best ways of using them in gardens.
+
+[Illustration: _GROUPING OF SHRUB AND DAFFODIL._]
+
+The one-thing-at-a-time planting is always a safe guide, but as the
+planter gains a firmer grasp of his subject, so he may exercise more
+freedom in its application. Nearly every garden, shrubbery, and
+ornamental tree plantation is spoilt or greatly marred by too great a
+mixture of incongruous growths. Nothing wants more careful
+consideration. On the ground in the open air, and sitting at home
+quietly thinking, the question should be carefully thought out. The very
+worst thing to do is to take a nursery catalogue and make out from it a
+list of supposed wants. The right thing is to make a plan of the ground,
+to scale, if possible, though a rougher one may serve, and mark it all
+down in good time beforehand, not to wait until the last moment and then
+mark it; and not to send the list to the nursery till the ground is
+well forward for planting, so that the moment the plants come they may
+go to their places.
+
+[Illustration: _NATURAL GROUPING OF SHRUB IN ROUGH GROUND._]
+
+All this planning and thinking should be done in the summer, so that the
+list may go to the nursery in September, which will enable the
+nurseryman to supply the trees in the earliest and best of the planting
+season.
+
+How good it would be to plant a whole hill-side on chalky soil with
+grand groupings of Yew or Box, or with these intergrouped, and how easy
+afterwards to run among these groupings of lesser shrubs; or to plant
+light land with Scotch Fir and Holly, Thorn and Juniper (just these few
+things grouped and intergrouped); or wastes of sandhills near the sea
+within our milder shores with Sea Buckthorn and Tamarisk, and Monterey
+Cypress (_Cupressus macrocarpa_), and long drifts of the handsome Blue
+Lyme Grass.
+
+A mile of sandy littoral might be transformed with these few things, and
+no others than its own wild growths, into a region of delight, where
+noble tree form of rapid growth, tender colour of plume-like branch and
+bloom and brilliant berry, and waving blue grassy ribbons, equalling in
+value any of the lesser Bamboos, would show a lesson of simple planting
+such as is most to be desired but is rarely to be seen.
+
+The other and commoner way is nothing but a muddle from beginning to
+end. A van-load of shrubs arrives from the nursery--one of each or
+perhaps not more than six of any kind. No plan is prepared, and the
+trees and shrubs are planted in the usual weary mixture, without thought
+or design. Generally there are three times too many for the space. It is
+a cruel waste and misuse of good things.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+HEATHY PATHS IN OUTER GARDEN SPACES
+
+
+The subject of heathy paths comes within the scope of this book. We are
+not thinking of grass or gravel paths, but those in pleasure-grounds
+that are beyond the province of the trimly-kept garden, and yet have to
+be somewhat tamed from the mere narrow track such as serves for the
+gamekeeper on his rounds. Paths of this kind admit of varied treatment.
+The nature of the place and the requirements of those who use the paths
+will determine their general nature, and settle whether they are to be
+of turf or of something that must be dry in all weathers. But grass and
+gravel are not the only alternatives. One kind of path not often seen,
+but always pleasant, and at one time of year distinctly beautiful, can
+be made of the Common Heather (_Calluna vulgaris_). We know of such a
+path, 12 feet wide and some hundreds of feet long, carpeted with this
+native Heath, mown once a year, and feeling like a thick pile carpet to
+the feet; grey-green in summer, bronze-coloured in late autumn, and in
+the second and third weeks of August thickly set with short sprays of
+the low-toned pink of the Heather bloom. It is not so dry as a gravel
+path, but a good deal drier than grass, and has a pleasant feeling of
+elasticity that is absent in common turf.
+
+Many are the pleasure-grounds in the south of England and Scotland where
+the soil is sandy and, perhaps, peaty. Any such can have these pleasant
+heathy paths. We have even seen them on a poor sandy clay, scarcely good
+enough to call loam, in Sussex; for Calluna, unlike the other Heaths,
+will grow willingly in clay. In the case quoted the plant was wild in
+the place.
+
+In a Fir wood, the bare earth carpeted with needles always makes a
+suitable path, and one that is always dry; the only thing to correct is
+to fill up any places where the bare roots rise above the path level.
+For in these informal paths, where we want to look about and at the
+trees, there should be no danger of being tripped up. The path, of
+whatever nature, should be wide enough for two persons--5 feet to 6 feet
+is ample; but it should have quite a different character from the garden
+path, in that its edges are not defined or straightened.
+
+[Illustration: _SHRUB AND IRIS GROUPS BY WOODLAND._]
+
+One may often see in the outskirts of an old garden a dense wood that
+once was only a growth of shrubbery size. The walk was originally
+bordered by a Box edging, and there may have been a strip of flowers
+between it and the shrubs. Here and there one may still see a yard or
+two of straggling Box nearly 2 feet high. Of course, this edging should
+have been removed as soon as the place became a wood, for after a
+certain time its original use as a formal edging to a trim plantation
+ceased to exist.
+
+Nothing is pleasanter in woodland than broad, grassy ways, well enough
+levelled to insure safety to an unheeding walker. In early spring,
+before the grass has grown any height, here is the place where Daffodils
+can best be seen and enjoyed, some in the clear grass and some running
+back in wide drifts into any side opening of the wood. If the grass is
+cut in June, when the Daffodil foliage is ripe, and again early in
+September, these two mowings will suffice for the year.
+
+[Illustration: _AZALEA GARDEN AT KEW (early Summer)._]
+
+In many woody places where shade is fairly thick, if there is any grass
+it will probably be full of moss. No path-carpet is more beautiful than
+a mossy one; indeed, where grass walks from the garden pass into
+woodland, the mossy character so sympathetic to the wood should be
+treasured, and the moss should not be scratched out with iron rakes.
+Often in the lawn proper a mixture of moss and grass is desirable,
+though one has been taught that all moss is hateful. In such places,
+though it may be well to check it by raking out every four or five
+years, it should by no means be destroyed, for in the lawn spaces
+adjoining trees or woodland the moss is right and harmonious.
+
+There are paths for the garden and paths for the wood. A mistaken zeal
+that would insist on the trimness of the straight-edged garden walk in
+woodland or wild is just as much misplaced as if by slothful oversight
+an accumulation of dead leaves or other débris of natural decay were
+permitted to remain in the region of formal terrace or parterre.
+
+Heath paths should be made by either planting or sowing. The common ling
+(_Calluna vulgaris_) makes the best turf. If the ground is sown it
+should be of nearly pure sandy peat, or weeds would be troublesome. If
+the path is to be made by planting, it should be done with two-year-old
+seedlings--nothing larger--planted about 6 inches apart. The path when
+grown should be mown with a machine once a year, in autumn after the
+blooming time of the heath. There must be no grass.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS IN POOR SOILS
+
+
+As there is vegetation to suit nearly all natural conditions, so those
+who find they have to undertake planting in poor, dry, hungry sands and
+gravels will find that there are plenty of trees and shrubs that can be
+used, though the choice is necessarily a more restricted one than they
+might make on better land. The very fact of the fewer number of
+available trees and shrubs may even be a benefit in disguise, as by
+obliging the planter to be more restricted in his choice the planting
+scheme will be all the more harmonious.
+
+As to trees, Holly, Thorn, Juniper, Birch, Scotch Fir, and Mountain Ash
+are found wild on the poorest soils, and will even grow in almost pure
+sand. Oaks, though they never grow to the dimensions of the Oak of loamy
+woodlands, are abundant on poor soils, where they have a character of
+their own that is full of pictorial value. The lovely _Amelanchier_,
+daintiest of small trees, revels in sandy woods, as does also the Bird
+Cherry, another good native tree, while the Wild Cherry becomes a forest
+tree of large size and of loveliest bloom. Evergreen or _Holm Oak_ and
+_Arbutus_ are excellent in the south of England, enjoying the warmth and
+winter dryness of light soils.
+
+Garden shrubs in general can be grown, though not so luxuriantly as on
+better soils, but some classes are especially successful on poor land
+such as _Genista virgata_. There are the Cistuses and Heaths, with
+Lavender and Rosemary, in the drier parts, and in the wetter places
+_Kalmias_, _Andromedas_, _Rhododendrons_, _Ledums_, _Pernettyas_, and
+_Vacciniums_, with the Candleberry Gale and the native Bog Myrtle, also
+Broom and Gorse, especially the Double Gorse. These, which are usually
+classed as peat shrubs, will succeed in any sandy soil with the addition
+of leaf-mould, and are among the most interesting and beautiful of our
+garden shrubs.
+
+Those who garden on poor and dry soils should remember that though their
+ground has drawbacks it has also some compensations. Such soils do not
+dry in cracks and open fissures in hot weather, and do not present a
+surface of soapy slides in wet; they can be worked at all times of the
+year, except in hard frost; they are easy to hoe and keep clean of weeds
+and are pleasant and easy to work. They correct the tendency of strong
+soils to the making of a quantity of coarse rank growth, and they
+encourage the production of a quantity of flowers of good colour.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+PRUNING FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS
+
+
+The art of pruning properly is one that is acquired by considerable
+practice and observation. The first is necessary that the actual work
+may be well and cleanly done, and it is only by observing the manner and
+times of flowering of the different trees and shrubs which go to
+constitute a well-kept pleasure-ground that the proper time to prune can
+be thoroughly understood. The manner of pruning varies considerably,
+some pinning their faith to a slanting cut towards a bud; some
+preferring a straight cut; while others again are content with simply
+slashing off the useless wood in the quickest possible manner. The
+former is the best method, as it does not present a surface for the
+lodgment of water, an important point with those shrubs that are of a
+pithy nature in the centre of the wood, as the presence of water will
+quickly cause the stems to rot and render the plant unsightly, even if
+it escapes serious injury. All stems that are an inch or more in
+diameter should be tarred over to keep out the wet, which either rots
+them directly or injures them indirectly by making a moist, congenial
+home for the various fungoid diseases to which so many of our exotic
+trees and shrubs are liable.
+
+Many shrubs which have been in one place for some years, and which have
+become stunted or poorly flowered, are often given a new lease of life
+by a hard pruning in the winter, cutting away all the old wood entirely,
+and shortening the remainder. With a good feeding at the same time, they
+will throw up strong young shoots, full of vigour, which will bear fine
+and well-coloured flowers. Of course, a season of blooming will be lost
+by doing this, but it will be amply compensated for in after years by a
+healthy plant in place of a decrepit and unsightly one. The list
+appended includes practically every flowering tree and shrub _hardy_ in
+this country, with the proper time of pruning it. Those not specified
+flower on the old wood.
+
+When shrubs that by nature flower freely and are rightly placed with
+regard to soil and position refuse to bloom, root pruning will sometimes
+effect an alteration.
+
+[Illustration: _CEANOTHUS AZUREUS AT KEW._]
+
+ABELIA.--This genus is barely hardy, and, in most localities, is usually
+pruned sufficiently or too much by frost. A moderate thinning of the
+shoots in spring is sufficient.
+
+ACANTHOPANAX.--There are three species of this genus hardy in this
+country, and of these _A. ricinifolium_ requires no pruning beyond the
+cutting away of side-shoots to a single stem, as it attains the
+dimensions of a tree in Japan, its native country. _A. sessiliflorum_
+and _A. spinosum_ are low-growing shrubs, and require an occasional
+thinning out, which is best done in late summer to allow the remainder
+to thoroughly ripen before winter.
+
+[Illustration: _CEANOTHUS AZUREUS, VAR. MARIE SIMON._]
+
+ACTINIDIA.--A climbing genus, easily grown in warm, sheltered
+localities. They require very little pruning, but should be watched in
+spring when growth has commenced, or the twining shoots will get into a
+tangled and unsightly mass. Any growth not required should be cut away
+in winter.
+
+ÆSCULUS (Horse-Chestnut).--The common representative of this requires
+little or no pruning, but the other species are benefited by a thinning
+out of misplaced and useless branches in late summer to allow light and
+air to the centre of the tree. This is especially important to all the
+Æsculus in a young state. _Æsculus parviflora_ should have a good
+thinning if the branches or suckers become at all thick, cutting all
+growths not required clean away from the base.
+
+AKEBIA.--"_Akebia quinata_ has flowered here, on an east wall, profusely
+for the last seventeen years, under the following pruning treatment:
+Cover the space allotted with the strongest shoots, and when new growth
+pushes from the eyes or spurs in the spring, do not regulate it, but
+summer-prune away all superfluous growth before it gets entangled. It is
+from 'spurs' that the flowers are produced, and the more these are kept
+clear, the more matured they become, and flower correspondingly."--E. M.
+in _The Garden_.
+
+AMELANCHIER.--These should be pruned after the flowers are past, the
+removal of badly-placed and weakly shoots being all that is required. If
+the plants are becoming too large, they can be shortened back at the
+same time.
+
+AMORPHA.--If flowers are desired of _A. fruticosa_ it should be kept
+thinned out, and not be cut back; but the flowers are not showy, and it
+is usually kept cut down every winter for the sake of its foliage. _A.
+canescens_ should be cut down each spring to within two or three eyes of
+the old wood, as it flowers best on the young growth.
+
+ANDROMEDA.--The only recognised species of this genus is _A. polifolia_,
+which requires no pruning.
+
+ARALIA.--These should be kept to a single stem until they have attained
+a height of 6 to 8 feet, after which they may be allowed to branch, or
+be still kept to a single stem, as may be desired.
+
+ARBUTUS.--An evergreen genus which requires no pruning.
+
+ARISTOLOCHIA.--A genus of climbers which succeed best if the shoots are
+not allowed to become too thick. The weakest should be cut away in
+winter.
+
+ARTEMISIA.--This genus is best known by its common representative, the
+Southernwood, but this and the other Artemisias should be cut down
+annually in a young state. When older, an occasional thinning out of the
+shoots in winter is sufficient.
+
+BACCHARIS.--Of this, _B. halimifolia_ flowers on the young wood and
+should be cut back annually, while _B. patagonica_ should not be pruned
+at all.
+
+BERBERIS.--Properly the Berberis requires no pruning, but the
+stronger-growing species, such as _B. aristata_, _B. Lycium_, _B.
+virescens_, _B. vulgaris_, &c., require an occasional thinning to keep
+them within bounds.
+
+BERCHEMIA.--A climbing genus which requires no pruning.
+
+BRUCKENTHALIA.--A dwarf-growing Ericaceous genus, the seed-pods of which
+should be removed as soon as the flowers are past, or the plants will be
+seriously weakened.
+
+BRYANTHUS.--This should be treated the same as the last, which it
+somewhat resembles.
+
+BUDDLEIA.--Of these, _B. variabilis_, _B. japonica_, and _B. intermedia_
+flower on the young wood and require cutting back every winter to within
+two or three eyes of the old wood; _B. globosa_ need not be pruned at
+all, except in a young state to keep it bushy; and _B. paniculata_ only
+requires thinning out if it becomes too thick, which is not a very
+common occurrence.
+
+CALLUNA (the Ling).--This and its numerous varieties should have the old
+flowers cut off as soon as they are past, and any long or straggling
+growth cut back at the same time.
+
+CALOPHACA.--The solitary representative of this genus is rather inclined
+to become straggly if growing at all freely. When this is the case, the
+plant is benefited by the cutting back of the longer shoots in winter.
+
+CALYCANTHUS.--These require an occasional thinning of the branches, and
+any long shoots may be shortened with advantage.
+
+CAMELLIA.--These, which should be grown outdoors much more than they
+are, should be cut down if they get unhealthy or unshapely, which should
+be done in April. Otherwise no pruning is required.
+
+CARAGANA.--Cut away all the straggling or misplaced branches.
+
+CARMICHÆLIA.--Requires no pruning.
+
+CASSANDRA.--See CALLUNA.
+
+CASSINIA.--These are grown more for their foliage than for their
+flowers, and should be cut down in the winter or early spring. This can
+be done annually or biennially according to whether the plants are
+growing strongly or not.
+
+CASSIOPE.--See CALLUNA.
+
+CATALPA.--This genus contains some of our handsomest flowering trees,
+all of which require careful pruning after the flowers are past,
+thinning out the weakly wood, and shortening any long branches.
+
+CEANOTHUS.--Of these, _C. americanus_, _C. azureus_, _C. integerrimus_,
+and the garden hybrids, such as "Gloire de Versailles," "Marie Simon,"
+"Ceres," &c., flower on the young wood, and should be cut back in
+spring, allowing only sufficient shoots to remain to form a
+well-balanced plant, and shortening them back to within two or three
+eyes of the old wood. The remaining species flower on the old wood, and
+merely require a shortening back of the stronger shoots and a thinning
+out of the weakly ones after the flowers are past.
+
+CELASTRUS.--A climbing genus of strong and vigorous habit with showy
+fruits. They only require sufficient pruning in winter to keep them
+within bounds.
+
+CERCIS.--Requires no pruning, except such as may be necessary to make
+well-shaped plants, which should be done after flowering.
+
+CHIMONANTHUS.--The shoots of this should be shortened back after
+flowering, and if on a wall they should be spurred in.
+
+CHIONANTHUS.--See CERCIS.
+
+CHOISYA TERNATA.--This only needs thinning after the flowers are over
+and old wood removed.
+
+CISTUS.--Those which are hardy of this genus should be cut back each
+spring while in a young state, but when they have attained a flowering
+size no pruning is required. The cutting back of young plants induces a
+bushy habit, and also keeps them from weakening themselves by blooming
+and seeding.
+
+CLEMATIS.--The garden forms of this genus are divided into two sections,
+of which _C. Jackmani_, _C. lanuginosa_, _C. Viticella_, and _C.
+aromatica (C. cærulea odorata)_ are the types of those which flower on
+the young wood, and which require cutting back close to the old wood in
+the winter; while _C. florida_, _C. patens_, and _C. montana_ are the
+types of those which flower on the ripened wood of the previous year,
+and merely require a thinning out of weakly or unnecessary growth. Of
+species other than those mentioned above, _C. Flammula_, _C.
+paniculata_, and _C. Vitalba_ flower on the young wood; and the
+remaining species are either herbaceous or flower on the old wood.
+
+CLERODENDRON TRICHOTOMUM.--Thin in spring.
+
+CLETHRA.--These practically require no pruning, but long shoots may be
+shortened and weakly ones cut away with advantage.
+
+COLUTEA.--These make better plants and flower later if they are cut back
+every winter. _C. istria_ (a rare species) should not be cut down if
+flowers are desired.
+
+CORNUS.--The strong-growing shrubby Cornus, such as _C. alba_, _C.
+Amomum_, _C. Baileyi_, _C. pubescens_, and _C. stolonifera_ require an
+annual thinning out, and those with brightly-coloured stems should be
+cut down every spring for their effect during the following winter. The
+remaining Cornus require little or no pruning.
+
+COTONEASTER.--The large-growing species should be pruned in late summer,
+but only sufficiently to keep them within bounds; _C. Simonsii_ requires
+cutting down annually while young to make it bushy, and the
+dwarf-growing kinds are best left alone.
+
+CRATÆGUS.--Keep the heads well thinned out to allow light and air to the
+centre of the tree. This should be done in late summer.
+
+CYTISUS.--These require very little pruning, with the exception of _C.
+nigricans_ and _C. capitatus_, which flower on the young wood, and
+should be cut back annually. The other species and varieties make better
+plants if they are cut down each year while in a small state, but they
+should be left alone when they have attained flowering size.
+
+DABOECIA (the Irish Heath).--Cut away all old flower stems in early
+winter.
+
+DAPHNE.--Requires no pruning.
+
+DESMODIUM.--These flower on the young wood, and should be cut nearly to
+the ground-line every spring.
+
+DEUTZIA.--The old wood should be kept cut out of these, but no
+shortening of young shoots should be attempted.
+
+ELÆAGNUS.--These require an annual overhauling to keep them in good
+condition. This should be done in late summer, when the plants should be
+well thinned out, and all useless growth cut clean away.
+
+ERICA.--See CALLUNA.
+
+ESCALLONIA.--These are usually cut back by frost; but if they escape,
+_E. rubra_ and _E. punctata_ should have their long growths shortened
+back in spring, while the other hardy species need not be touched. _E.
+macrantha_ simply needs thinning. All the smaller growths in the centre
+should be removed. _E. philippiana_ does not like hard cutting back, but
+the old stumps must be cut out to make room for flowering wood.
+
+[Illustration: _PEARL BUSH (Exochorda grandiflora) SHOWING ITS NATURAL
+BEAUTY._]
+
+EXOCHORDA.--These usually require no pruning, but if the plants are
+getting too large or unshapely, they should be cut back immediately
+after flowering.
+
+FATSIA (_Aralia Sieboldii_).--This is usually cut by frost, but it
+stands a cutting back in spring, when new growth is soon made which will
+flower late in the following autumn.
+
+FOTHERGILLA.--Requires no pruning.
+
+GARRYA ELLIPTICA.--This always flowers on the previous year's wood. Need
+only be thinned to ripen the new growth.
+
+GENISTA.--_G. tinctoria_ flowers on the young wood, and should be cut
+back every spring. The other species of Genista should not be pruned,
+except to keep them in shape.
+
+HALESIA.--These are small trees or large shrubs, and should not be
+shortened back, but are improved if the growths are kept thinned out,
+which should be done after the flowers are past.
+
+HALIMODENDRON.--Requires no pruning.
+
+HAMAMELIS.--Thin out regularly, as they are very apt to get thick and
+make weakly growths.
+
+HEDYSARUM MULTIJUGUM.--This flowers on the young wood, and should be cut
+back lightly each spring. The growths can also be pegged down to improve
+the plant, which is apt to get straggling.
+
+HELIANTHEMUM.--Cut away all dead flowers and seed-pods after blooming.
+
+HIBISCUS.--Thin out in winter, but only shorten the longest shoots.
+
+[Illustration: _HYDRANGEA PANICULATA GRANDIFLORA (unpruned plant)._]
+
+HYDRANGEA.--These flower best on young wood, and should be cut down in
+winter. _H. paniculata grandiflora_ should _always_ be cut back to
+within two inches of the old wood.
+
+[Illustration: _HYDRANGEA PANICULATA AND VAR. GRANDIFLORA._]
+
+HYPERICUM.--These should be cut back fairly hard in early spring, as
+they all flower on the young growth.
+
+INDIGOFERA.--Cut down every spring, as they flower on the young wood.
+
+ITEA.--Keep the growths thinned and cut away all old wood.
+
+JAMESIA.--This should be treated as the preceding.
+
+JASMINUM.--_J. fruticans_ and _J. humile_ are shrubs which should be
+thinned regularly; and _J. nudiflorum_ and _J. officinale_ are climbers,
+which should be spurred in after flowering.
+
+KALMIA.--Remove seed-pods as soon as the flowers are past.
+
+KERRIA.--Cut away the old wood to encourage the young growths, which
+yield the best flowers.
+
+LABURNUM.--These should be thinned after flowering, cutting away the old
+or weakly wood, and shortening any long or straggling shoots.
+
+LAVANDULA.--Cut away all flower-spikes after they are past.
+
+LEDUM.--Remove seed-pods after flowering.
+
+LESPEDEZA.--See DESMODIUM, which it much resembles.
+
+LEUCOTHOË.--_L. axillaris_ and _L. Catesbæi_ flower much better if the
+old growths are removed and strong young shoots encouraged. The rest of
+the genus require no pruning.
+
+LEYCESTERIA.--Thin out old growths every spring.
+
+LIGUSTRUM.--_L. ovalifolium_ and its golden variety are all the better
+for being cut down each winter while in a young state. The remainder
+merely require an occasional thinning.
+
+LIRIODENDRON.--Requires no pruning.
+
+LONICERA.--The shrubby Loniceras are nearly all inclined to become very
+thick and full of weakly shoots if not well looked after. A thinning out
+should take place after flowering is past. The climbing Honeysuckles
+should only be pruned sufficiently to keep them within bounds.
+
+LYCIUM.--These should be served the same as the shrubby Loniceras, but
+the operation should be performed in autumn or winter, as they flower
+practically all the summer.
+
+LYONIA.--Requires no pruning.
+
+MAGNOLIA.--Generally speaking, the Magnolias should not be pruned, but
+cut away useless or decaying wood. Every wound, however small, on a
+Magnolia should be tarred over immediately.
+
+MICROGLOSSA.--The solitary shrubby representative of this is _M.
+albescens_, which should be cut down in winter, as it flowers best on
+the young wood.
+
+MYRICA.--An occasional thinning is sufficient for this genus.
+
+MYRICARIA.--Flowering on the young wood; this should be cut back every
+spring.
+
+NEILLIA.--Thin out every year after flowering is past, cutting back the
+old wood to strong young shoots.
+
+NEVIUSIA.--This requires the same pruning as Neillia.
+
+NOTOSPARTIUM.--Requires no pruning.
+
+NUTTALLIA.--The single species of this flowers in February, and is
+improved by a good thinning out of the old wood when blooming is past.
+
+OLEARIA.--Requires no pruning.
+
+ONONIS.--_O. rotundifolia_ should be cut down every winter, as it
+flowers on the young wood. The remaining species flower on the older
+wood, and need not be touched.
+
+OSMANTHUS.--These should not be pruned unless a particular shape is
+desired, when the plants may be clipped with a pair of shears in spring.
+
+OXYCOCCUS.--This is a small creeping genus allied to Vaccinium, and
+requires no pruning.
+
+OXYDENDRON.--Remove seed-pods.
+
+PALIURUS.--This attains the dimensions of a small tree, and should be
+kept trimmed up for that purpose.
+
+PARROTIA.--Thin out in spring after the flowers are past.
+
+PAULOWNIA.--Keep to a single stem to a height of about 8 feet, and then
+allow it to branch. If used for sub-tropical bedding, it should be cut
+down to the ground every winter.
+
+PERAPHYLLUM.--The solitary hardy species of this should not be pruned or
+disturbed in any way if it can be avoided.
+
+PERIPLOCA.--A climbing genus which should be thinned out in winter, and
+only shortened back if necessary.
+
+PERNETTYA.--These should not be pruned at any time.
+
+PHILADELPHUS.--These should be thinned after flowering, and the old wood
+cut back to strong young shoots. This is especially important with _P.
+microphyllus_, _P. coronarius_, and _P. Lemoinei_ and its varieties.
+
+PHILLYRÆA DECORA (_Vilmoriniana_).--This well-known shrub needs no
+pruning.
+
+PHOTINIA.--Requires no pruning.
+
+PIERIS.--Remove seed-pods.
+
+POTENTILLA.--Thin out after flowering, and shorten any old wood back to
+strong young breaks.
+
+PRUNUS.--When young, all the members of this genus that are grafted or
+budded are improved by being cut back each spring until they have
+attained a fair size and shape. More especially is this the case with
+the Almonds, double-flowered Peaches, and the various flowering
+Cherries. When older, they need only be thinned and the flowering Plums
+and Cherries kept spurred in, but not too hard. _Prunus japonica_, _P.
+nana_, and _P. triloba_ should be cut down to strong young breaks after
+flowering, the resulting wood bearing better flowers than the old wood.
+If any of these three latter are grown on a wall they should be spurred
+back hard after blooming.
+
+PTELEA.--When young, trim these to form small trees, and do not allow
+them to develop into ungainly bushes. When older, they require an
+occasional thinning. _P. trifoliata var. aurea_, a golden form which is
+not grown so much as it deserves to be, should be cut back annually or
+biennially, the young wood being better coloured and bearing larger
+leaves than the old.
+
+PYRUS.--The wild Pears should be spurred in the same manner as adopted
+for fruiting Pears, though not quite so hard. The wild Crab-apples, such
+as _P. baccata_, _P. floribunda_, _P. spectabilis_, &c., should be cut
+back every spring until they have formed well-balanced heads. Afterwards
+an annual thinning and a shortening of the longest shoots after
+flowering is sufficient. The remaining sections of Pyrus merely require
+an occasional thinning. _P. japonica_ should be kept spurred in, whether
+growing on a wall or in the open, and in the latter case should not be
+allowed to become a mass of weakly shoots.
+
+RHAMNUS.--These should be thinned out if becoming too thick, but, as a
+rule, they require very little pruning.
+
+RHODODENDRON (including AZALEA).--Remove all seed-pods immediately the
+flowers are over, and any plants that are in a sickly condition should
+be cut down at the same time. By doing this a season or two of flower is
+lost, but it is practically the only means of bringing a weakly plant
+back to health again.
+
+RHODOTYPUS.--Cut away old wood, and encourage the strongest of the young
+growths.
+
+RHUS.--Keep these well thinned out, and destroy all suckers that appear,
+unless wanted for stocks. Gloves should always be worn when handling any
+of the Rhus, as the sap of _all_ is poisonous to a certain extent. _R.
+Toxicodendron_ is _very poisonous_. This should never be forgotten. If
+used for sub-tropical gardens cut down to within two eyes of the base.
+Select the strongest eye and rub the other off. Always use gloves in
+handling this shrub. It should never be planted where children have
+access to it.
+
+RIBES.--All the Ribes are improved by being cut down annually while in a
+young state, but when older, a yearly thinning out of the old wood is
+sufficient.
+
+ROBINIA.--This is a genus that requires very little pruning when the
+members of it have attained a fair size, an occasional thinning being
+all that is necessary. In a young state they require well staking, and
+the longest shoots should be shortened back, as many of them are
+top-heavy when young.
+
+ROSA.--Although the various garden Roses come under this heading, yet
+they are a class apart, and are better dealt with by specialists. The
+species of Rosa do not require any shortening of their shoots, which
+should always be left at full length, but all of them should have an
+annual thinning out of the old wood, either cutting it right away or
+back to a young shoot. Some of the species are very prone to throw up
+suckers from underground sometimes to a considerable distance from the
+plant, and these should always be dug out and got rid of; merely cutting
+them off only producing two evils in the place of one.
+
+RUBUS.--This genus includes the Blackberry and Raspberry, and in a
+modified form the treatment accorded to them for fruiting is the best to
+employ with the ornamental Rubi, that is, all old wood that has flowered
+should be cut away and strong young canes encouraged. But while in the
+cultivation of the Raspberry only a few young canes are allowed to grow,
+in the ornamental species practically every young growth should be
+utilised. The double-flowered Rubi should have some of the old wood
+left, as they do not make so much young growth as the single ones do.
+
+SANTOLINA.--This is a dwarf-growing genus, the old flower-heads of which
+should be cut away as soon as they are past, and any long or straggling
+growths cut back at the same time.
+
+SAMBUCUS.--The elders require very little pruning as a rule, but the
+various cut-leaved, golden, or variegated forms are improved by being
+cut back annually. This will prevent them flowering, but as good foliage
+is required the loss of the bloom is a matter of little consequence.
+
+SKIMMIA.--Requires no pruning.
+
+SMILAX.--The hardy species of this genus do not require any pruning if
+they have room to ramble. If space is restricted, thin out and shorten
+in autumn.
+
+SOPHORA.--These should be kept thinned when they have attained flowering
+size; in a young state they should be kept to a single stem and induced
+to form well-shaped trees.
+
+SPARTIUM.--This should be cut back in a small state, but when older it
+requires no pruning whatever.
+
+SPIRÆA.--Though all the Spiræas will flower on the old wood, the
+following are better for being cut back in winter to form young
+flowering shoots, viz., _S. betulifolia_, _S. Douglasi_, _S. Foxii_, _S.
+japonica_, _S. Margaritæ_, _S. salicifolia_, _S. semperflorens_, _S.
+tomentosa_, and many of their varieties and hybrids. The remaining
+Spiræas should be kept thinned out, and if any are making strong young
+breaks from the lower part of the plant they can be cut back to them
+after flowering.
+
+STACHYURUS.--This should be thinned out after flowering.
+
+STAPHYLEA.--_S. pinnata_ should be kept thinned in late summer; _S.
+colchica_ and _S. Coulombieri_ require very little pruning, but if too
+tall or unshapely should be cut back immediately after flowering.
+
+STUARTIA  } Require no pruning.
+STYRAX    }
+
+SUÆDA.--Cut back occasionally to keep it from getting ragged.
+
+SYMPHORICARPUS.--Keep these well thinned out, which should be done in
+late summer.
+
+SYRINGA (Lilac).--these should be kept free of suckers, especially the
+finer-named kinds, which are usually worked on stocks of the Common
+Lilac. In addition, disbudding may be practised with advantage in the
+spring, removing the majority of the blind shoots and any flowering or
+leading shoots that are misplaced or not required. This should be done
+twice or thrice at intervals of ten days or a fortnight.
+
+TAMARIX.--Cut back in a young state, but when older they should not be
+pruned at all.
+
+VACCINIUM.--The removal of any old or rough wood is sufficient for
+these.
+
+VIBURNUM.--All the Viburnums grow thickly, and require an annual
+thinning.
+
+VITIS.--The methods practised in growing Vines for fruit suit the
+ornamental species as well. If space is restricted they should be grown
+on the spur system, and if there is plenty of room then the extension
+system may be employed.
+
+WISTARIA.--These should be kept spurred in, with the exception of the
+leading shoots, which merely require a shortening in early spring
+according to the strength of the plant.
+
+XANTHOCERAS.--Requires no pruning.
+
+ZENOBIA.--These require no pruning as a rule, but occasionally a hard
+cutting back will induce healthy growth in place of a weakly one.
+
+THINNING.--It will be gathered from these notes that thinning out only
+is needful in many cases. If judicious thinning were more practised
+English gardens would be more beautiful. It promotes internal growth and
+a wealth of flowers.
+
+Pruning is frequently carelessly and ignorantly done, and this applies
+especially to forest trees. There are certain tools that may be used for
+the purpose. Under ordinary circumstances only a few are necessary, and
+these should always be of the best quality, sharp, clean, and always
+kept ready for use. Take the pruning knife for example. If this is not
+sharp it is impossible to make the necessary _clean_ cut. The surface
+will be jagged and rough, and probably promote disease. Some prefer
+_secateurs_, and while admitting their value for pruning purposes, a
+good sharp knife is preferable; it is not so heavy, and does not tire
+the hand. There are several of these implements in the market, but the
+best that has come under my notice is the "improved double cutting"; it
+is easy to work and cuts clean. For standard trees use the "Standard
+Tree Pruner."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+PROPAGATION OF HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS
+
+
+If we were to take many books about trees and shrubs or general
+gardening as a guide, one might be led to think that only one way of
+increasing a tree or shrub existed, and that by grafting; but, as we
+have pointed out elsewhere, it is a mischievous practice when
+indiscriminately applied. It is _not_ contended by this that grafting
+and budding are utterly needless, as in many instances these methods may
+be rightly adopted, but the four natural ways of increase are by layers,
+seeds, suckers, and cuttings. Many trees and shrubs are much better when
+grafted upon other stocks.
+
+Of these, practise seed-raising whenever possible; but if seeds cannot
+be procured, then adopt other ways, and the man is wise who tries to
+keep a plant on its own roots. Neither budding nor grafting should be
+resorted to, unless other means fail absolutely. When standard trees
+cannot be got true from seed, budding or grafting must be practised, and
+the evils of these methods of propagation are not so pronounced in such
+cases as with dwarf plants. With the former, suckers, or growths from
+the stock, are easily seen as soon as they appear, but with dwarf
+plants a perfect forest of suckers may seriously weaken the plant before
+they are noticed.
+
+SEEDS.--These can be sown at almost any time, but the spring is the
+best, as those which germinate quickly have time to form strong young
+plants before the following winter. Some take two years to come up, and
+should be left in the ground. This refers more to seeds sown outdoors,
+and few hardy trees and shrubs require heat to assist germination. When
+sown in the open the beds should be made on a fairly rich, moist piece
+of ground, protected from cold winds, but fully exposed to the sun.
+After the seeds are sown, cover them with light tiffany shading, fir
+branches, or heather, but the first is best, as it is easily removed to
+attend to the bed. Conifers especially should be sown in beds, whether
+indoors or outdoors, as pot-culture results in the roots taking the
+shape of the pot, and never afterwards recovering from their cramped
+condition. It must be remembered, however, that varieties cannot be
+depended upon to come true from seed, though by careful selection for a
+few years many varieties will almost reproduce the characteristics of
+the parents. Hybrids, such as _Berberis stenophylla_, _Hypericum
+moserianum_, and many others, also do not come true from seed, so that
+cuttings, layers, or division of the old plants must be the practice
+chosen.
+
+SUCKERS.--Plants which throw up suckers from the base, or below the
+ground-line, are easily propagated by detaching these suckers in winter
+with a portion of root. They will grow away readily, and soon form good
+trees or shrubs as the case may be.
+
+CUTTINGS.--Nearly all the hardy shrubs, and a small proportion of hardy
+trees also, can be propagated by cuttings taken at certain times of the
+year. Summer cuttings are taken during the last two weeks of May and
+throughout June, the actual time depending on the season, and consist of
+the young shoots that have grown to a length of 3 to 6 inches. These
+should be pulled off with a "heel," and inserted in sandy soil in a
+close frame, with brisk bottom heat. The cuttings should be taken on a
+dull day, or early in the morning, and kept cool and moist until they
+are in the frame. A cutting that has flagged is useless, as it never
+revives. Deciduous flowering shrubs are usually propagated by summer
+cuttings, which generally root well in a fortnight or less. Autumn
+cuttings are taken during August and September, and are made from the
+partially ripened growths of the current year, inserted in sandy soil,
+in a close frame, without bottom heat. Winter cuttings are made from
+thoroughly ripened wood at any time between October and March, and are
+laid in rather thickly in rows outdoors, and only about an inch or less
+is left above the soil. The majority of our best flowering shrubs are
+easily increased in this way.
+
+LAYERS.--Excellent trees and shrubs can be got by layers, and they may
+be laid down at any time of the year; they will be ready for removal in
+about eighteen months or two years.
+
+BUDDING.--This is done about August, and the same rules apply to trees
+and shrubs as to Roses, &c.
+
+GRAFTING.--This takes place outdoors from March to May, at the earlier
+time for deciduous trees and shrubs, and later on for evergreens. The
+actual time depends upon the season.
+
+Where seed is not expressly mentioned below, it must be understood that
+this is the natural, and in many cases the best, way to propagate.
+
+The following trees can only be raised from seed to do any good
+afterwards, though a few of them will throw up suckers, which can be
+taken off and replanted: _Æsculus_ (Chestnut), _Ailantus_, _Alnus_
+(Alder), _Arbutus_, _Betula_ (Birch), _Carpinus_ (Hornbeam), _Carya_
+(Hickory), _Castanea_ (Sweet Chestnut), _Celtis_ (Nettle tree), _Fagus_
+(Beech), _Fraxinus_ (Ash), _Gleditschia_ (Honey Locust), _Juglans_
+(Walnut), _Laburnum_, _Liquidambar_, _Morus_ (Mulberry), _Prunus_,
+_Pyrus_, _Quercus_ (Oak), _Sophora_, _Ulmus_ (Elm), and _Zelkova_. The
+varieties of any species of the above, and, in fact, of nearly all hardy
+trees, must be budded or grafted on the species they are forms of, but
+an exotic species should never be worked on the native representative of
+the genus--_e.g._ _Æsculus flava_ should not be budded on the Common
+Horse Chestnut, as the latter is far too strong a stock for the
+smaller-growing Æsculus.
+
+_Acer_ (Maple) and _Tilia_ (Lime or Linden) can be raised from seeds or
+by layering, the Lime especially being largely propagated from layers,
+which soon form strong young trees. The varieties of Maple are best
+worked on stocks of the species they belong to.
+
+_Cratægus_ (Thorn), _Catalpa_, and _Robinia_ (Locust tree), can be
+raised from suckers or root-cuttings, if seeds cannot be got. Any of
+their varieties are usually budded or grafted on stocks of the parent
+species.
+
+_Ilex_ (Holly), _Magnolia_, _Populus_ (Poplar), _Platanus_ (Plane), and
+_Salix_ (Willow). The Holly is easily raised from cuttings and layers,
+the second roots readily when layered, and the latter three are
+propagated in large quantities by winter cuttings. The White Poplar
+(_Populus alba_) is an exception, as this can only be increased by
+root-cuttings.
+
+
+INCREASING HARDY SHRUBS
+
+The best of our hardy flowering shrubs are grouped under seven natural
+orders, and a knowledge of the order to which a plant belongs is in most
+cases a guide to its propagation, as the majority of the species
+contained in an order are, as a rule, increased by the same methods.
+
+BERBERIDEÆ.--This contains _Akebia_ and _Berberis_, which are propagated
+by seeds, cuttings, or layers. _Berberis stenophylla_ and _B. Neuberti_
+do not come true from seed, so that one or both of the other methods
+mentioned above must be adopted.
+
+LEGUMINOSÆ.--In this order such genera as _Cytisus_ (Broom), _Genista_
+(Rock Broom), _Spartium_ (Spanish Broom), _Ononis_, _Indigofera_,
+_Colutea_ (Bladder Senna), _Caragana_ (Siberian Pea tree), and _Cercis_
+(Judas tree) should be raised from seed, which is the quickest and best
+method of propagation. Cuttings of certain forms of _Cytisus_ and
+_Genista_ will root readily, but the plants will sometimes die off just
+as they have attained flowering size. _Ulex_ (Furze, Whin, or Gorse) is
+propagated by seeds or cuttings, and _Wistarias_ by seeds or by
+layering.
+
+ROSACEÆ.--This includes _Prunus_, the shrubby forms of which can, in the
+majority of cases, be increased by cuttings or layers; _Spiræa_ and
+_Kerria_ (Jews' Mallow), cuttings of which root readily at almost any
+time of the year; _Exochorda_ (Pearl Bush), must be raised from seed to
+do any good; _Rubus_ (Brambles), some of which can be propagated by
+suckers, and the remainder by pegging the points of the shoots down to
+form young plants; _Rosa_ (Rose), the species of which should be
+increased by seeds, cuttings, or layers, though seeds will not always
+come true, as Roses become hybridised very readily; and _Cotoneaster_,
+which are increased by seeds, cuttings, or layers.
+
+SAXIFRAGEÆ.--In this order _Hydrangea_, _Deutzia_, _Philadelphus_ (Mock
+Orange), _Escallonia_, and _Ribes_ (Flowering Currant) are included. All
+are easily propagated by cuttings taken in almost any season of the
+year. With the exception of Hydrangea, which should be struck under
+glass, all the members of this order root readily outdoors in the
+winter.
+
+CAPRIFOLIACEÆ.--This order contains such genera as _Sambucus_ (Elder),
+_Viburnum_, _Lonicera_ (Honeysuckle), _Symphoricarpus_ (Snowberry tree),
+_Abelia_, _Leycesteria_, and _Diervilla_ (Weigela). All are easily
+propagated by cuttings or by layering. The cuttings can be taken at
+almost any time of the year, and root quickly, the young plants
+attaining a good size by the end of the second year.
+
+ERICACEÆ.--This order includes all the so-called American plants, such
+as _Pernettya_, _Gaultheria_, _Leucothoë_, _Andromeda_, _Pieris_,
+_Zenobia_, _Erica_ (Heath), _Calluna_ (Common Heather, Ling), _Kalmia_,
+_Ledum_, _Clethra_, and _Rhododendron_ (including _Azalea_). These can
+all be increased by seeds, layering, and, in addition, the first two by
+division of the old plants. _Erica_ and _Calluna_ can also be increased
+by cuttings. Seedlings, of course, make the best plants, but layering is
+a quicker method, and, in the case of some of the smaller Ericaceæ, one
+of the easiest. All the Rhododendrons will not root from cuttings,
+though some of the small-flowered ones strike easily, but practically
+all may be increased from layers. A few of the showy garden forms cannot
+be raised from layers, and have to be grafted on stocks of the common
+_R. ponticum_ or _R. catawbiense_.
+
+OLEACEÆ.--This includes both deciduous flowering shrubs and ornamental
+evergreens, such as _Syringa_ (Lilac), _Chionanthus_ (Fringe tree),
+_Jasminum_ (Jasmine), _Forsythia_, _Ligustrum_ (Privet), _Phillyræa (P.
+decora (vilmoriniana)_ is so easily raised from seeds or cuttings that
+it is foolish to graft it on the common privet), and _Osmanthus_ being
+represented. The first two are best propagated by seeds or layers,
+though the named garden Lilac is usually grafted on stocks of the common
+_S. vulgaris_, a silly practice. It is a pitiful business keeping down
+suckers from grafted plants. Ask for Lilacs on their own roots, and much
+vexation will be saved. A garden should be a place of rest and pleasure,
+not a hunting-ground for suckers. The other genera are readily raised by
+cuttings taken at almost any time of the year, or by layering.
+
+Although the above orders include a considerable number of our best
+shrubs, several plants must be specially mentioned. The Clematis is
+increased by seeds, cuttings, or layers in the case of the species, but
+unfortunately the garden forms are usually grafted on _C. Viticella_ or
+_C. Flammula_, whereas many can be propagated by cuttings, and
+practically all will root when layered.
+
+[Illustration: _TULIP TREE AT RANELAGH (Winter)._]
+
+In the absence of seeds the following genera must be propagated by
+layers, viz., _Aucuba_, _Chimonanthus_ (Winter Sweet), _Halesia_
+(Snowdrop tree), _Hamamelis_ (Witch Hazel), _Hippophaë_ (Sea Buckthorn),
+and _Myrica_ (Candleberry Myrtle). Cuttings of the first will root
+readily enough, but never seem to succeed afterwards. The female form of
+_Hippophaë_ is best raised from layers, as seedlings usually give a
+large percentage of male plants. _Aralia_ and _Rhus_ (Sumach) are
+increased by seeds or root-cuttings; _Buddleia japonica_ is best raised
+from seeds, and the other Buddleias from cuttings; and practically all
+other hardy shrubs that have not been specially mentioned are easily
+propagated by seeds, cuttings, or layers, and the majority of them by
+all three methods.
+
+If it is impossible to increase a tree or shrub by any other means than
+by the three methods mentioned, then resort to budding or grafting.
+
+[Illustration: _WINTER BEAUTY OF LIME._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+A WINTER GARDEN OF TREES AND SHRUBS
+
+
+The budding spring, the ripening summer, the outpoured riches of
+harvest, appeal to all, physically if not spiritually. But to hundreds
+of people a winter landscape is dreary beyond expression. They never
+dream of going into a garden during the dark months; to them its silent
+lessons are but a dead-letter, nor would they ever wake to the beauty of
+bare boughs nor pause to note the strange glow of withered Fern fronds
+in the grey gloom of a foggy day. We are not wholly free from blame in
+this matter in so far as our gardens are concerned, for spring and
+summer and autumn all have their share in the garden plan, while winter,
+too often, stands apart uncared for and unclothed. Yet how much may be
+done by the right grouping of beautiful trees and shrubs to make the
+winter garden harmonious and inviting.
+
+"You see, it takes a deal of insight to know what's a-going to be," was
+a remark, half-apologetic, half-regretful, often made by an old gardener
+of a school now gone by, when matters horticultural went somewhat
+athwart of his calculations. The words recur to mind as containing a
+germ of truth beyond the meaning of the speaker. It has been well said
+with regard to deeper matters that foresight must spring from insight,
+and it may be taken also as a foundation principle of good gardening.
+For just in proportion as we use our faculties of insight and foresight
+will our gardens grow, more or less, into a perfect expression of our
+sense of the ever-changeful, never-ending beauty of Nature.
+
+It must be no cursory glance given to get rid of an unwelcome duty. We
+must look deep into the meaning of things as they are--a meaning which
+never lies wholly on the surface--before we can forecast them as they
+are going to be, and such insight rarely comes by intuition. The seeing
+eye is given only to a few, though with some it is but sleep-holden and
+needs no more than to be awakened.
+
+The things that are and the things that are to be. Let us take the
+thought as company and try to glean some of Nature's own lessons of
+fitness. How instinctively we seek, for a winter ramble, the shelter of
+the woodland copse, which is not far distant from any English country
+habitation. The broad grass drive is hoar with frosty rime in the shadow
+of the bushes and crisp under foot. Under the trees the ground on either
+side is carpeted with Ivy. The lithe, trailing stems, wreathed with
+their shining, taper-fingered leaves, so exquisitely pencilled, are
+cushioned on the soft, feathery moss, or twine in and out amongst the
+Hazel stocks, or creep at will up the nearest tree trunk. One can
+scarcely look at Ivy on a winter's day without a thrill of admiration,
+especially this woodland sort, for, mark it well, Nature never
+encourages the coarse-leaved Ivy of common cultivation within her
+domains. How perfect in its grace is this fine-leaved Ivy, how utterly
+content with its surroundings, how resolutely cheerful, be the
+circumstances of weather or situation what they may! Clinging lowly to
+the ground or mounting to the topmost branch of some tall Pine, it is
+equally at home, and why should we not agree with that good naturalist,
+Charles Waterton, in his assertion that forest tree was never injured by
+its clasping stems? An English plant for our English climate, it may be
+used to make beautiful an unsightly building, to clothe a decaying tree
+stump, as bush or border or mantle, in a hundred different ways, yet it
+is never out of character, and never touches a jarring note.
+
+Then those tall Hollies, see how dauntlessly they stand up above the
+undergrowth of Hazel. How living and warm, in their ruddy glow, are the
+clustering berries in the glint of the fearless leaves. For expedience
+sake, their lower branches have been trimmed away, and greatly we gain
+by it, for otherwise that lovely contrast of their ashen-grey stems
+would be hidden from our eyes; but over yonder a fine old Holly tree
+stands alone, which axe and knife have left untouched, and how graceful
+is the curven sweep of its feathering boughs. No foreign evergreen can
+excel it for symmetry of form or winter garniture of leaf and fruit.
+Life is astir, too, in the brown twigs of the Hazel bushes. The infant
+year is not more than a week or two old, yet already the tasselled
+catkins are swinging in the lightest rustle of the sighing wind, and
+begin to lift up their tiers of small woolly cowls to set free the
+yellow pollen-dust. And so we may go on our way, and, at every turn,
+some rugged Yew, or clump of red-stemmed Scotch Fir, or tapering Spruce
+with hanging russet cones, will stay our steps, and if we look and
+listen, they will tell us in their own way the story of their perfect
+fitness for our homely English landscape. Or, if we chance to be in one
+of the chalky districts of the South Downs, we may come upon Box, the
+ever young, as it was called of yore, or Juniper, in its bloom of silver
+grey, as precious as any, to add to the tale of our best native
+evergreens.
+
+Now it is to a wise choice of evergreens and to their rightful placing
+that we must look for the basis of our content in the winter garden. The
+insight of our forefathers foresaw the solid comfort of the rampart of
+Yew which was fostered of old in many a manor-house garden. It caused
+them to fence about their dwellings on north and east with a belt of
+sturdy timber trees, to meet and ward off in their pliant strength the
+roughest winter gales. It planned the sheltered nut-walk and the
+pleached alley and the cosy settle, carved out of the thick Box bushes,
+on the grassy verge of the bowling-green. They took of the materials at
+hand, and many have since their day blessed the foresight which planted,
+not only for themselves, but for their children's children. That they
+were not blind to the rare beauty of foreign trees many a magnificent
+Cedar of Lebanon and massive Holm Oak or deciduous tree--like the fine
+Tulip trees at Mackery End, beloved of Charles Lamb--bear noble
+testimony to this hour.
+
+Nothing, perhaps, in the wide range of garden beauty is more pictorial
+than an ancient Cedar, dusky and glaucous, with cavernous shadows,
+holding upright the smooth, pale-brown, rounded cones on its flattened
+branches, or some grand Silver Fir standing alone in its solemn
+symmetrical beauty, or even, as may now and then be seen, though rarely,
+some stately Araucaria, wind-sheltered, whose radiating branches sweep
+down upon the greensward. Others there are, no less pictorial perhaps,
+nor even less exacting, for none can do without the shelter of a good
+position, such as the Stone Pines, with corrugated trunk and green
+spreading head; or again, the graceful fragrant Cypress (_C.
+lawsoniana_) of more recent date, with its slender pyramidal growth and
+drooping feathery branches, taking on at the close of winter the
+ruby-red of the catkins which tell of the coming of the small,
+bloom-powdered cones.
+
+The desperate hurry, the incessant crowding out of the times in which we
+live, give little encouragement to the sentiment of planting for
+posterity, yet some such planting is continually being done. This much
+must be said, that the last fifty years have seen the introduction of
+numberless fine trees and shrubs, the fitness of which for our climate
+time alone could test. During that period in England, the Mammoth tree
+of the Yosemite Valley (_Sequoia gigantea_) has been planted in its
+thousands, and by irony of fate, the giant not seldom finds itself
+cramped within the limits of a half-acre plot. But leaving out the
+question of space, it is a tree utterly unsuited to our northern
+climate, unless under exceptional circumstances, as its scorched and
+fretted branches on the windward side sufficiently prove; while in
+itself it is not nearly so grand or suggestive as its near-of-kin, the
+beautiful Californian Redwood (_S. sempervirens_).
+
+Ah! that burning question of space, how it comes between us and our
+highest garden aspirations! Have we not all seen the Deodar or the
+Araucaria trying to exist in a narrow, twelve-foot forecourt, and
+smiled, if we have not rather been ready to weep, over the crass
+absurdity of its position? But such mistakes are made every day. Let us
+think, then, before we plant, of the things that are going to be, and
+take prudent counsel with ourselves.
+
+Our garden resources, nowadays, are beyond all calculation greater than
+those of our forefathers, and we rejoice and are glad because of it; but
+we should let nothing oust from our affections the hardy trees and
+shrubs, native and naturalised, that are at home in our climate,
+beautiful in themselves and invaluable in their fitness to give shelter
+to the more fastidious immigrants from other latitudes.
+
+Shelter, in fact, is as the keynote to the winter garden. Beauty is
+killed when leaves that should be green and smiling are bruised and
+brown, when boughs that should be perfect in grace and curve are twisted
+and tortured. We may be very sure, too, that such symptoms of discomfort
+in our gardens will re-act in disquiet on ourselves, whereas the mere
+sight of tree or bush standing firm in its green bravery through storm
+and stress tends, it may be unawares, to brace and uplift. Even the
+familiar Laurel, good as it is when suitably placed, and used not too
+freely, is constantly scathed and disfigured in damp or low-lying
+localities. For the same reason, it is doubtful whether Rhododendrons
+should be planted within range of our windows. Most of them, in severe
+weather, frightened before they are hurt, put on a melancholy air and
+droop of leaf which is apt to send a shiver through any shrinking mortal
+whose vitality is already low enough.
+
+The bare boughs of winter, on the contrary, are never depressing. They
+sleep, but it is not the sleep of death; they rest, but while they are
+resting, we feel that the mystery of life silently works out the
+fulfilment of the promise of re-awakening. Meanwhile, before the veil of
+leafage hides so much else that is beautiful from our eyes, we see the
+things that are, tree trunks in all their majesty of girth and column
+and fencing bark, the net-work of budding spray, each after its kind
+distinct, yet each in its own form perfect. Even in mid-winter, the
+brown gummy buds of the Horse Chestnuts begin to swell at the ends of
+the swaying boughs, and the Ash-buds, as they make ready to burst their
+bonds, put on a deeper hue.
+
+The Beeches keep their silken green tight shut within their scale-bound
+points, and will not let it unfold an hour too soon; but look at the
+lovely colouring, now silvern, now golden green, of the Lichen-stains on
+the smooth grey bark. Contrast it with the deeply-chiselled ribs of the
+Sweet Chestnut, the rugged armour-plates of the Oak, the thin white
+tissue of the dainty Silver Birch. It is this diversity, these
+contrasts, which make up the charm of winter, while the sombre green of
+Fir and Yew intermingling with the leafless trees gives just the touch
+of warmth and comfort which winter lacks. If any of these bless our
+gardens with their gracious presence, let us hesitate long before any
+trivial inconvenience tempts us into doing away with them. A single
+group of Silver Birches, one spreading Beech, a clump of Scotch Fir,
+with a stretch of grass beneath them, is more precious to look out upon
+in the winter garden than all the borders and rockeries that can be
+devised. Urge as we may, however, for their own sake, the fitness and
+constant delight of our native trees and evergreen shrubs, we plead for
+them, no less, because by their well-advised use our sheltered gardens
+may become congenial abiding-places for the strangers we may invite
+within our gates.
+
+Do we profit as much as we might by the wealth of garden beauty, in the
+way of trees and shrubs, which for every intent and purpose lies within
+our reach?
+
+Take Magnolias, for example. They are not sub-tropical trees, as we are
+apt to think, but fairly hardy, and the Laurel Magnolia, so well known
+as a beautiful covering for a south wall, is seldom enough seen in
+standard form. Yet it is one of the most stately of evergreen trees, and
+it would be hard to find one more worthy of a good position, sheltered
+from north and easterly winds. The whole outline of the tree is noble,
+with its broad, shining, russet-backed leaves, a delight to look upon in
+winter--nor is it shy, when full-grown, of bearing in late summer its
+scented ivory-white lily-cups. It is too much, however, to expect the
+lovely-sculptured, crimson-flushed cones, which in warmer climates than
+ours open about November to disclose their hanging scarlet seeds. Some
+of the deciduous Magnolias, too, such as the fine Chinese Yulan (_M.
+conspicua_) and the bushy white-flowered Japanese species (_M.
+stellata_), are full of interest, even while lifeless. All through the
+winter we may watch the gradual filling out of the hairy, conical
+flower-bracts, until at length, in very early spring, the impatient buds
+can contain themselves no longer, and all too soon, sometimes, push them
+off altogether that they may creep out of their prison bands.
+
+Every one has his private calendar, and reckons the seasons by a
+computation of his own, but we may safely say that four long months, if
+no more, separate the falling of the leaf from its coming again.
+Perhaps we ought not to include Magnolias amongst hibernal flowers,
+though the trees are often white with blossom before the Larch is green;
+but the list of shrubs which bloom, or are bright with coloured fruit
+during those four months, would surprise most people who think of winter
+only as the dead season. The boughs of Sea Buckthorn are loaded with
+orange berries. Clusters of scarlet peep out of the fresh green of the
+Skimmia bushes and, so long as the birds do not find them out,
+_Pernettya_ carries a crop of purple and crimson and pink fruit more
+showy than the modest white flowers of summer. When November days are
+growing dark, _Coronilla_, in sheltered spots, puts forth its pale
+clustering yellow flowers. Winter Jasmine, if the flowering branches are
+not ruthlessly pruned away in autumn, covers its long green shoots with
+golden stars. The evergreen Clematis (_C. calycina_) is never happier
+than when clinging to some terrace balustrade where it may have a little
+kindly shelter, which it repays by wreathing the stone-work with
+garlands of finely-cut bronzed foliage, hung with creamy freckled bells.
+More than one kind of hardy Heath, if grown in spreading masses, will
+deck the garden with sheets of colour the whole winter through.
+
+The Chinese Honeysuckle (_L. Standishii_) arrays itself in its fragile
+white flowers as early as January. Witch Hazels hang their bare branches
+with twisted petals of gold or amber or, sometimes (as in _Hamamelis
+zuccariniana_), borrow the pale-green tint of the under wing of a
+brimstone butterfly. Soon after Christmas, Mezereon flushes into rosy
+purple, and bushes of Winter-sweet (_Chimonanthus fragrans_),
+independent of a wall (as few people know), will breathe out its perfume
+from leafless branches studded over with waxen-yellow flowers. It is
+strange how many of these winter-blooming plants keep their leaves well
+out of harm's way, brave as their flowers may be. But so it is, and so
+we learn that if we would gain their fullest winter beauty, we must
+group them with evergreen shrubs as foil or background.
+
+And what store there is of these to choose from, not green only, but
+colour-tinged--_Berberis_ of many kinds, the shining ordered leaf-rows
+of _Azara_, the purple tints of _Mahonia_ and _Gaultheria_, the bronze
+of _Andromeda_ buds, the deep dull green of _Osmanthus_, the wine red of
+_Leucothoë_, the pearl grey of _Atriplex_, and a hundred more will
+respond to our beck and call. Only we must choose with judgment, for
+whether our lot is cast in north or south, in the black east or soft
+caressing west, makes all the difference to our choosing. Only be sure
+that more important still than climate are the wind-breaks we can plan,
+and the shelter we may contrive. Yet when we are in doubt we can always
+come back with satisfaction to the quick-growing hardiest shrubs and
+find in them some fit setting for our garden picture. The slender angled
+branches of green Broom, the rigid spiny Furze, scented Rosemary, or
+hoary Lavender--all will lend their varied tints and attributes as we
+need them. And if a pool or stream only gives us opportunity, what can
+surpass the winter colouring of osier twigs--golden and crimson and
+olive, mirrored in still water or broken into a thousand reflections by
+the ripple of a running brook?
+
+Perhaps, amongst all the wealth of winter evergreen shrubs the rank of
+those which show variegation is too much exaggerated. Popular as they
+are, the effect is not always good, unless more than ordinary care is
+taken in their placing. Some few, like the best golden and silver
+Hollies, are very beautiful, though not all of these are improvements
+upon the finest green forms. No variegated shrub, probably, is more
+universally grown than the Aucuba, and it has excellent points; it is
+hardy in constitution, handsome in outline, and bold of leaf. By
+ill-luck, as it happened, more than a hundred years ago, the spotted
+variety was sent home first from Japan, and became domiciled in English
+gardens and rooted in English affections before the far more worthy
+green species made its entry.
+
+It is but a private opinion and not given as dogma that it might
+possibly be a distinct gain to gardens, large and small, if the spotted
+Aucuba were practically banished and the true green-leaved forms--some
+of which are generally beautiful when well set with large coral
+berries--allowed to take its place. The variegated Oleaster (_Elæagnus
+pungens_), a remarkably fine shrub when taken by itself, sadly disturbs
+the repose and dignity of the garden outlook in winter, though doubtless
+positions might be found in which it would harmonise with its
+surroundings.
+
+We need only con over, mentally, all the more familiar examples of
+shrub variegation to find, probably, that we should do as well without a
+goodly proportion of them, though we may frankly admit some to be very
+handsome. The secret of our discontent, possibly, lies in the fact that
+variegation in plants that are normally green is not, in its essence, a
+sign of health but of wasting sickness. In any case, whatever our
+feelings may be on this particular point, it is well worth while to
+weigh the merits of each shrub, variegated or green, before we plant it,
+not only individually, but in relation to its neighbourhood to other
+garden associates, and more especially with regard to its winter aspect.
+
+Mr. Bean writes as follows about the winter beauty of trees and shrubs:
+"Even in November and December there are trees and shrubs that brighten
+the garden with their coloured bark and fruits. Although not abundant,
+the members of this class are not used so extensively as they might be.
+
+"Among Willows, for instance, there are the golden and red-barked
+varieties of _Salix vitellina_. These, though scarcely ever seen, are
+capable, when properly treated, of producing bright warm effects that
+are especially charming from November to February. When allowed to grow
+naturally this Willow--known popularly as the Golden Osier--forms a
+graceful tree of large size. Its twigs have a golden or red tinge,
+according to the variety, but on fully-grown trees these twigs are not
+large, and as it is, of course, the bark of the preceding summer's
+growth only that is coloured no very marked colour effect is produced.
+To obtain a really bright patch of colour it is necessary to plant these
+Willows in goodly-sized groups and to prune them hard back every spring.
+By treating them in this way a great cluster of long, wand-like growths
+is made every year, the bark over the whole of which becomes a bright
+yellow or red as winter approaches. An effective group is produced by
+mixing the red and yellow-barked varieties.
+
+"Another striking Willow is _Salix daphnoides_. The young bark of this
+species is covered with a thick glaucous or vivid blue-white 'bloom.'
+_S. acutifolia_ is similarly distinguished, though not quite so
+markedly. Different from any of these Willows, too, is the variety of
+_S. triandra_, with purplish-brown bark. To bring out fully the
+ornamental qualities of these Willows they should be treated as advised
+for _Salix vitellina_. All these Willows are especially charming near
+the edge of water. Not only are their moisture-loving propensities
+satisfied, but their beauty is doubled by reflection in the water.
+
+"Somewhat similar to the Willows in the character of their bark, but
+useful in being adapted for drier situations, are the Cornels
+(_Cornus_). The best of the genus in this connexion are _Cornus alba_
+and its variety _sibirica_. They produce bark which for one or two
+seasons remains a bright red during the time the branches are leafless.
+A group of _Cornus alba_, with _Chionodoxa Luciliæ_ or Winter Aconite
+planted thickly beneath, gives a very pleasing bit of colour early in
+the year. A yellow-barked form of _Cornus stolonifera_, known as
+_flaviramea_, deserves mention.
+
+"Several shrubs are notable for the particularly bright green of their
+bark. The forms of _Kerria japonica_ and _Neillia_ are very bright
+during the winter on this account, but still more effective is a near
+ally, _Stephanandra Tanakæ_, a comparatively new shrub, also from Japan,
+but of little value in any other respect. Finally, I may mention the
+Rubuses with white stems. As in _Salix daphnoides_, the bark is covered
+with the waxy secretion known as 'bloom,' and of a blue-tinted white.
+Some six or seven species of Rubus have this character. Of those
+obtainable from nurseries, _R. biflorus_, a Himalayan species often to
+be had from dealers under the erroneous name of _Rubus leucodermis_, is
+the best. Dr. A. Henry has introduced a Chinese species, _Rubus
+lasiostylus_, which is even better than _biflorus_; the bloom is more
+distinctly blue, and the stems sturdier and more self-supporting. The
+species is, however, an extremely rare one in cultivation. It is
+scarcely necessary to repeat how essential it is that these Brambles and
+Cornels should be planted in bold groups.
+
+"Among trees the most noteworthy as regards the colour of their bark are
+the Birches. The beauty of the Common White Birch has not been
+overlooked by planters. A single specimen or a few grouped together make
+a bright winter picture when associated with evergreens. The Canoe Birch
+of North America (_Betula papyrifera_) has a bark of an even purer
+white than our native species. The Yellow Birch (_B. lutea_) shows warm
+orange-brown tints on the more recently exposed surfaces of its bark.
+The bark of the River Birch (_B. nigra_) is not brightly coloured, being
+of a dull dark brown, but it gives the tree a notably curious aspect
+owing to the way it stands out from the trunk and branches in great
+ragged-looking flakes.
+
+[Illustration: _A WITCH HAZEL IN FLOWER: HAMAMELIS JAPONICA VAR.
+ZUCCARINIANA._]
+
+
+A FLOWER GARDEN IN WINTER
+
+"It is possible to make a new feature in gardens by setting apart a
+piece of ground exclusively for the cultivation of trees, shrubs, and
+bulbs--in short, any plants that flower or are bright with fruit or bark
+between, say, the beginning of November and the end of February. One
+might term it 'an outdoor winter garden.' For the purpose there would be
+required a well-drained piece of ground, the soil of which was fertile
+and open. The situation should be fully exposed to the south and west,
+but guarded well on the north and east sides by a thick belt of
+evergreen trees and shrubs. The shelter would be still more complete if
+the site sloped rather steeply to the south-west. Such shelter would be
+welcome, not only to the plants that grew there, but to those who might
+visit and tend them. Some of the more noteworthy trees and shrubs with
+ornamental barks I have already mentioned. Plants that carry their fruit
+into winter might be included, such as the Hollies, especially the
+yellow-berried Holly; _Cratægus Crus-Galli_ and _C. cordata_;
+_Cotoneaster rotundifolia_, which is the best of all the Cotoneasters,
+and frequently carries its bright-scarlet berries till March; and
+_Hippophaë rhamnoides_, the Sea Buckthorn, whose orange-coloured fruits
+are borne in such profusion and retain their colour till past Christmas
+if the frosts are not too severe. The scarlet-fruited _Skimmia japonica_
+and its varieties are very ornamental during the winter months, but of
+these (as well as the Hippophaë) it is necessary to grow male and female
+plants together. Groups of variegated evergreens would not only help to
+give shelter and warmth, but would also add to the brightness of the
+garden. The best of them are the golden and silver variegated
+Elæagnuses, the Hollies of a similar character, and the best of the
+Aucubas, of which there are now some very fine forms; the female plants
+are also very ornamental as fruit-bearers. _Pinus sylvestris aurea_, a
+variety of the Scotch Pine that turns golden in winter but is green at
+other seasons, and _Cupressus macrocarpa lutea_ are the two best
+Conifers of their class. Many of the variegated Conifers lose most or
+all of their colour as autumn and winter approach.
+
+[Illustration: _ULMUS ALATA._]
+
+"With regard to the trees and shrubs that bear flowers between November
+and February, the number is not, of course, great; still, they
+constitute a group that is larger, perhaps, than is generally supposed.
+The following list, which comprises all that I can call to mind, may be
+useful even to those who would not intend to bring them together in one
+spot. Some country houses are only occupied during the shooting and
+hunting seasons, and these winter-flowering plants are of especial value
+in such places. The tree or bush Ivies are very beautiful, and may be
+had in great variety, such as yellow berried, _palmata aurea_,
+_rhomboidea ovata_, and _amurensis_."
+
+_November_
+
+Arbutus hybrida.
+   ,,   Unedo and vars.
+Daphne Mezereum grandiflora.
+Elæagnus glabra, macrophylla, and pungens (all delightfully fragrant).
+Hamamelis virginica.
+Jasminum nudiflorum.
+Lonicera fragrantissima.
+   ,,    Standishii.
+
+_December and January_
+
+Chimonanthus fragrans.
+Clematis calycina.
+Cratægus monogyna præcox (Glastonbury Thorn).
+Erica mediterranea hybrida.
+ ,,   carnea.
+ ,,    ,,    alba.
+Garrya elliptica.
+Viburnum Tinus.
+
+_February and early March_
+
+Berberis japonica.
+  ,,     nepalensis.
+Cornus Mas.
+Corylopsis spicata.
+Daphne blagayana.
+  ,,   Laureola and var. purpurea
+  ,,   Mezereum.
+  ,,      ,,    var. alba.
+  ,,   oleoides.
+Erica mediterranea.
+Hamamelis arborea.
+  ,,      japonica.
+  ,,      mollis.
+  ,,      zuccariniana.
+Prunus davidiana (pink and white forms).
+  ,,   Amygdalus persicoides.
+Populus tremuloides pendula.
+Parrotia persica.
+Pyrus japonica.
+Rhododendron altaclarense.
+  ,,         dauricum.
+  ,,         nobleanum.
+  ,,         præcox.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS WITH BEAUTIFUL CATKINS
+
+
+When thinking of trees and shrubs in early spring we must remember those
+with beautiful catkins. Of the earliest flowering hardy trees and shrubs
+the majority are those with flowers borne in catkins. Their appearance
+is one of the first evidences of the approach of spring. It is to the
+catkin-bearing group that the Poplars, Willows, Birches, and Alders
+belong. These catkins are pendulous, cylindrical, and often slender
+inflorescences, carrying flowers of one sex only, which spring from the
+axils of scaly bracts. Being mainly dependent upon the wind for their
+fertilisation, they have none of the varied or bright colours that are
+characteristic of flowers fertilised by insect agency. Often, indeed,
+sepals and petals are entirely absent. Still, many of these
+catkin-bearers possess a charm and beauty of their own, which, taken
+with the early, often inclement, season when they appear, make the best
+of them indispensable in gardens where early spring effects are desired.
+As a rule it is the male or pollen-bearing catkins that are most
+ornamental. They are longer and more graceful than the seed-bearing
+ones.
+
+
+POPLARS
+
+First among Poplars to bear its flowers, and almost before winter is
+past, is the Aspen (_Populus tremula_). This and its weeping variety
+bear their catkins in February, but closely following it, and perhaps
+more ornamental, is the American Aspen (_P. tremuloides_). This species
+flowers early in March near London in mild seasons, but later further
+north, and when kept back by severe weather. The pendulous variety of
+_P. tremuloides_--known commonly as Parasol de St. Julien--is, at the
+flowering time, probably the most beautiful and striking of all
+catkin-bearing trees. This and also the type produce long, slender
+catkins that sway gently in the softest winds. The weeping variety,
+which has branches that weep naturally low, looks well by itself on a
+lawn. In all these Poplars the male catkins are three inches to four
+inches long, chiefly grey-brown in colour; the scale-like bracts,
+however, are suffused with a reddish shade. The weeping varieties of
+these two Aspens are frequently grafted on the White Poplar, which is
+not a suitable stock. The species to which the varieties severally
+belong should be used for the purpose. It would be even better if they
+could be got on their own roots by means of layers or cuttings, and
+trained up to the required height before allowing the weeping habit to
+develop.
+
+There are other Poplars that bear their catkins freely, such as _P.
+alba_, _nigra_, and _balsamifera_, but being of loftier habit they do
+not show to the same advantage as those of the Aspen group.
+
+
+HAZELS
+
+Between the middle and the end of February the flowers on the catkins of
+the various species of _Corylus_ begin to expand. Early as that date is,
+the catkins have, nevertheless, been in evidence since the previous
+autumn; they were, in fact, formed before the nuts fell. Being
+comparatively low and shrubby the different varieties of the Hazel
+(_Corylus Avellana_) show their catkins to best advantage, and there are
+few among the catkin-bearers more charming. It is not often that any but
+the coloured-leaved varieties find a place in the garden proper, but
+either in the orchard or in the woodland the soft yellow of the Hazel
+catkins is one of the most pleasing notes of earliest spring. The Tree
+Hazel (_Corylus Colurna_), a fine and interesting tree, growing thirty
+feet or more high, also bears its catkins in February.
+
+
+WILLOWS
+
+Of the almost innumerable species and varieties of _Salix_, it is only a
+few that need be mentioned here for their beauty when in flower. So far
+as I have been able to judge, the most ornamental of the Willows in
+catkin time is _Salix smithiana_, known also as _S. mollissima_. This
+tree flowers about mid-March, producing its shortish, thick male catkins
+in very great abundance; the numerous exposed anthers give a soft but
+glowing yellow tone to the tree, and entitle it to rank as one of the
+most ornamental of early-flowering trees. The pendulous variety of
+_Salix Capræa_ is known as the Kilmarnock Willow. Although of weeping
+habit it is somewhat stiff in character; but towards the end of March
+and later it is exceedingly pretty loaded with its grey catkins. The
+flowers of the typical _S. Capræa_ (the Goat Willow) are commonly known
+in many country places as Palm, and are used for decorating churches on
+Palm Sunday. The slender, coloured twigs of the Purple Willow (_Salix
+purpurea_) bear red or purplish-tinted catkins in early April. _Salix
+stipularis_ may also be mentioned for its beauty when in flower.
+
+
+ALDERS
+
+With the exception of a few species, such as _Alnus nitida_ and _A.
+maritima_, which flower in September and October, all the Alders develop
+their blossoms in February and March. The common Alder (_A. glutinosa_)
+and its varieties are perhaps as ornamental as any at that time. Like
+the Willows, they look best and grow best in association with water. In
+such a position an Alder at that time, leafless, but laden with its
+slender, greenish-yellow catkins, is a beautiful object, and
+characteristic, too, of our English landscape. Other species possessing
+a similar quiet beauty are _Alnus incana_, _A. viridis_, _A. oregona_,
+and especially _A. cordifolia_ with its green and yellow catkins.
+
+
+JAPANESE WALNUTS
+
+_Juglans sieboldiana_ and its close allies, _J. mandschurica_ and _J.
+cordiformis_, do not flower till May, but bear at that time very
+remarkable male catkins. I have measured them over one foot long, and
+hanging as they do in goodly number from the branches, perfectly
+straight and cylindrical, they have a very striking appearance, although
+green. All three species are alike in their catkins, but differ in the
+shape of the nuts. They are noteworthy, too, for the imposing character
+of their foliage. The leaves are pinnate, and on young trees grown in
+good soil are frequently three feet long. They certainly deserve the
+notice of planters.
+
+
+GARRYA ELLIPTICA
+
+From all the catkin-bearers hitherto mentioned, this differs in being
+evergreen. It is also far removed from them in relationship, and is
+closely allied to the Cornels. At the same time the catkins in external
+characteristics are very similar. Not only the catkins but the plants
+themselves are unisexual, and, as is usual with the catkin-bearers, it
+is the male that is most ornamental. These catkins are from four inches
+to eight inches long, and I have heard of (but not seen) them as much as
+one foot in length. The time at which the flowers expand depends, as
+with all the early catkin-bearers, on the mildness of the season. This
+year on a wall the catkins have been in beauty ever since the first week
+of January. They are very attractive in their grace and quiet beauty.
+Chiefly of soft grey and green colours, the bracts are, however,
+suffused with a warmer reddish tint. In the neighbourhood of London
+Garrya elliptica is quite hardy in ordinarily sheltered positions, but
+does not flower so freely as against a south wall. As it is of
+Californian origin this is not surprising. This shrub resents
+disturbance at the root, and in transplanting great care is necessary.
+
+There are other species of Garrya in cultivation, but they are more
+suitable to the south-western counties than to the average climate of
+Britain.
+
+To the catkin-bearing family belong several other well-known trees, such
+as the Birches, Hornbeams, and Sweet Chestnut; but flowering later in
+the year their beauty is apt to pass without notice in the great flush
+of bloom that comes in with April. The beautifully fragrant Sweet Gale
+must not be passed without mention. Its reddish brown catkins are formed
+before autumn, and expand on the still leafless twigs in spring.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+AUTUMN COLOURS
+
+
+There is a mystery about the autumn colouring of the foliage of our many
+beautiful hardy trees and shrubs in this country, and we have never yet
+ascertained with any degree of exactness the conditions that produce the
+richest and brightest tints. Probably the conditions most favourable
+generally are provided by a good growing season--that is, a warm, moist
+summer--followed by a dry, sunny autumn. But it frequently happens after
+what one would regard as favourable seasons, that species which are
+usually quite trustworthy in this matter fail to colour well. Probably
+one set of conditions does not suit all trees and shrubs in this
+respect. To produce the colouration of the leaf just before it falls
+certain subtle chemical changes in its composition take place. And to
+bring about these changes certain conditions in regard to sunlight,
+temperature, and moisture are necessary. But in a climate such as that
+of Britain, where the seasons are never alike two years together, we can
+never hope to obtain the same regularity of autumnal colouring that
+characterises the vegetation, for instance, of the Eastern United
+States. Still, when all is said, we possess in our gardens a large
+number of trees and shrubs and climbers that are delightful in their
+autumnal livery of crimson, purple, scarlet, or gold. It is curious that
+every season we may notice species not usually conspicuous for their
+autumn tints beautifully coloured.
+
+An over-vigorous, sappy growth, often the result of a wet, warm autumn
+or too rich a soil, is certainly detrimental to autumn colouring. _Rhus
+cotinoides_, an American Sumach, worth growing for the beauty of its
+colours in autumn, is one of the most unfailing in this matter. This is
+perhaps one of the loveliest of all autumn-tinted shrubs, and should be
+more planted. But young plants, put out in well-trenched,
+heavily-manured soil, will often fail to colour at all till they get
+older and less vigorous. The most beautifully coloured examples of this
+Sumach that we have seen grow in rather light sandy soil. We have
+frequently noticed, too, that various species of Vine (_Vitis_) when
+starved in pots will colour exquisitely, whilst others, planted out in
+the ordinary way, completely fail. We believe, therefore, when planting
+with a view to the production of autumnal colour, any great enrichment
+of the soil is neither necessary nor advisable, provided it is of
+moderate quality to start with.
+
+In the following notes, brief mention is made of some of the best trees,
+shrubs, and climbers that colour in autumn:--
+
+
+TREES
+
+First among these are the American Red Oaks. Undoubtedly the best of
+these is a variety of _Quercus coccinea_ known as _splendens_ and
+_grayana_. This not only turns to a fine scarlet crimson, but it retains
+its foliage for some weeks after the colour has been acquired--sometimes
+almost up to Christmas. Other good Oaks, not so certain, however, as the
+preceding, are _Quercus marylandica_ (or _nigra_), _Q. heterophylla_,
+_Q. imbricaria_, and _Q. palustris_, all of which turn red. The Tupelo
+tree (_Nyssa sylvatica_) turns a fine burnished bronzy red. A tree
+remarkable for the size of its leaves, and especially for the rich
+golden yellow they put on in autumn, is _Carya tomentosa_, but, like
+most of the Hickories, it is scarcely known in gardens. _Carya sulcata_
+is somewhat similar. The Common Elm is usually very beautiful in the
+soft yellow tints of its leaves in autumn, but another Elm of more
+distinct aspect is _Ulmus pumila_, a low tree whose small leaves are
+retained till late in the year, and turn golden yellow before they fall.
+_Liquidambar styraciflua_ has long been valued for its fading foliage of
+purple red, but not so well known is the lovely yellow of the Fern-like
+foliage of the Honey Locust (_Gleditschia triacanthos_). The Tulip tree
+(_Liriodendron_), the Nettle trees (_Celtis_), the _Zelkowas_, and
+several of the Birches turn yellow, one of the best of the Birches being
+_Betula corylifolia_, which turns a rich orange yellow.
+
+Among commoner trees the yellow of the Horse Chestnut, the lovely
+crimson of the Wild Cherry, the golden shades of the Black and Lombardy
+Poplars, add much to the beauty of every autumn. Several of the Maples
+are noteworthy in this respect, more especially the numerous varieties
+of Japanese Maples (_Acer palmatum_ and _A. japonicum_), these, as well
+as the Mandshurian _Acer Ginnala_, turning to various shades of red. The
+Common Sycamore and Norway Maple change to yellow, but Schwedler's
+variety of the latter becomes red. Other trees that deserve mention are
+_Amelanchier canadensis_, whose foliage changes to lovely crimson shades
+in autumn; _Koelreuteria japonica_, soft yellow; _Pyrus torminalis_,
+bronzy red; _Ginkgo biloba_, pale gold; _Cladrastis tinctoria_, yellow;
+_Parrotia persica_ and _Hamamelis_, bronzy red and yellow. The Common
+Beech is nearly always beautiful, changing first to yellow, then to warm
+brown tints. _Clerodendron trichotomum_ is a small growing tree that
+should have a place wherever beautiful autumn foliage is desired. Among
+Conifers the yellow-leaved variety (_aurea_) of the Scotch Pine is
+remarkable in retaining its colour during the winter months only,
+becoming green in spring and summer. _Retinospora squarrosa_ and
+_Cryptomeria elegans_ turn bronzy red in winter. The warm red-brown
+tints of the deciduous Cypress are charming.
+
+
+SHRUBS
+
+The Sumachs (_Rhus_) furnish some of the most striking of
+autumn-colouring shrubs; the best of them, _R. cotinoides_, has been
+already described; other fine species are _R. typhina_, _R. glabra_
+(with the cut-leaved variety _laciniata_), and _R. Toxicodendron_, all
+of which turn red. The Venetian Sumach, _R. Cotinus_, becomes yellow.
+_Berberis Thunbergi_, which dies off a rich scarlet, is so beautiful in
+autumn that on some estates it has been planted in great quantity, not
+only for cover, but so that sportsmen may enjoy its colour during the
+shooting season. _B. concinna_ is another charming autumn-coloured
+leaved shrub of dwarf growth. _Gaultheria procumbens_ (Partridge Berry)
+is too valuable to pass unnoticed. In winter its leaves are stained with
+crimson. The leaves of _Cotoneaster horizontalis_ turn from green to
+rich shades of chocolate or crimson. The shrub is of spreading growth.
+Its evergreen ally, _B. Aquifolium_, turns a glowing red or purple after
+the first frosts. The Ghent Azaleas almost always colour richly, either
+deep glowing crimson, bronzy red, or gold; and of other ericaceous
+plants the warm tints of _Pieris mariana_ and the rich crimson of the
+_Enkianthus_ should be mentioned. The taller American _Vacciniums_
+(_corymbosum_ and its various forms) are always lovely. Our native
+Guelder Rose (_Viburnum Opulus_) becomes crimson in autumn, whilst the
+Common Hazel and _Rhamnus Frangula_ often produce fine effects in
+yellow. The feathery foliage of _Spiræa Thunbergi_ is singularly
+beautiful when it changes from its natural pale green to crimson; and
+_S. prunifolia fl. pl._ is perhaps more distinct than the species, and
+two other Japanese shrubs (both, unfortunately, very rare) are
+remarkable for their autumnal beauty. These are _Disanthus
+cercidifolia_, an ally of the Witch Hazels, lovely claret colour, and
+_Viburnum alnifolium_, crimson.
+
+Other noteworthy shrubs are _Fothergilla alnifolia_, rich red; _Euonymus
+alatus_, crimson; _Deutzia crenata_, yellow; and _Pyrus arbutifolia_,
+red. The common Brambles of our woods should not be passed over without
+mention; they turn a rich glowing red, and for their autumnal beauty
+alone may be used as undergrowth in wilder parts of the garden and
+woodland.
+
+
+CLIMBERS
+
+First among these, of course, is Veitch's Ampelopsis, the finest of all
+deciduous climbers for walls, being self-supporting and changing to
+crimson in autumn. _Vitis Coignetiæ_ is one of the noblest of all Vines,
+and turns crimson also. Other Vines useful in this respect are the
+Teinturier Vine, purple; _V. Romaneti_, red; and the Virginian Creeper,
+especially that variety known as _muralis_ or _Engelmannii_, which
+clings to walls or tree trunks without any artificial support, and
+acquires beautiful red shades in autumn. Among Honeysuckles, _Lonicera
+japonica var. flexuosa_ is noteworthy for the fine red purple of its
+decaying leaves. Those of _Akebia quinata_ change colour in autumn and
+assume shades of brownish purple, sometimes touched with maroon. Then
+there is _Actinidia Kolomikta_, an Asiatic species with showy
+yellow-coloured leaves in autumn. Of the Ivies _Hedera Helix
+atropurpurea_ is much the best. It has medium-sized leaves which are
+rich green during the growing season, but change in winter to purple and
+maroon.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS WITH FINE FRUITS
+
+
+The most important of all the groups of trees and shrubs, for their
+fruit, is the one comprising the hardy species of the Rose order. This
+includes, of course, besides the Roses, such trees and shrubs as the
+Thorns, Crabs, and Cotoneasters. Among the Thorns (Cratægus) are many
+very handsome sorts giving variety in size and colour of the fruits. It
+is unfortunate that many of them fall early and get spoilt by birds. At
+the same time birds add so greatly to the delight of the garden that we
+may well overlook their depredations. By many, indeed, these fruiting
+trees will be considered worth growing for the encouragement they give
+to bird-life. It may be well to remind planters that a considerable
+number of these fruiting trees and shrubs bear male flowers on one
+plant, female on another. People are often at a loss to understand why
+their Sea Buckthorns or Aucubas or Skimmias do not fruit, when the
+simple reason is that the plants are all male (or pollen-bearing), or
+that the female ones have no males to fertilise them. As a general rule,
+if these shrubs are grouped, one male to eight or ten females is a
+proper proportion. As plants raised from seeds come in about equal
+proportions of both sexes, it is necessary to select the females and
+keep just sufficient males to pollenise them, in order that the full
+beauty of the species as a fruit-bearer may be obtained. With Skimmias
+and Aucubas the proper proportions can be obtained by means of cuttings.
+
+The following hardy trees and shrubs are the most conspicuous for the
+beauty of their fruits:--
+
+ARBUTUS UNEDO.--A native of Western Ireland, has strawberry-like fruits
+of a bright-scarlet colour.
+
+AILANTUS GLANDULOSA, a fine tree over 50 feet high, is very beautiful
+when covered with its red and yellow-winged fruits; there are male and
+female plants.
+
+AUCUBAS, grown at first for their ornamental foliage merely, have
+latterly come into prominence as fruit-bearers; the female plants bear
+clusters of bright-red berries which remain long on the branches and are
+very attractive in winter.
+
+BERBERIS.--The fruits of the Berberries are mostly covered with a
+plum-coloured bloom as in _B. Aquifolium_ and _B. Darwinii_, but none of
+them is handsomer than our native _B. vulgaris_ and its varieties. These
+have pendent racemes of fruits, varying in colour from the typical
+orange scarlet to white, purple, and black. _B. Thunbergi_ coral-red,
+very beautiful.
+
+CRATÆGUS.--The finest of all the Thorns is _C. Pyracantha_, well named
+by the French "Buisson ardent." This shrub or small tree is valuable as
+a graceful evergreen, and when clothed (as it nearly always is in
+autumn) with its brilliant clusters of orange-red haws, it is one of the
+most beautiful objects in the garden. It is quite hardy in the open, but
+bears fruits more abundantly when planted against a wall. In that
+position also it is more easily protected from birds, which soon destroy
+the beauty of plants in the open. The variety _Lælandi_ is distinct from
+the type, but hardier, and bears bright berries in abundance. The
+Cockspur Thorn (_C. Crus-Galli_) has several varieties, all producing
+pendent clusters of scarlet haws. The varieties like _pyracanthifolia_,
+with narrow leaves and flat-topped habit, are the best in this respect;
+they retain the fruits well into the winter, and are not eaten by birds
+so freely as many are. The haws of _C. cordata_, the Washington Thorn,
+are small, but a brilliant orange. _C. punctata_, _C. Azarolus_, and _C.
+pinnatifida_ have the largest haws of any, and they are of a deep red,
+but fall early; the two first, however, are variable, and forms with
+yellow and other coloured haws belong to them. Those of _C. macracantha_
+are bright red, and in favourable years are so plentiful as to make the
+tree wondrously beautiful. _C. coccinea_ and _C. mollis_ have also red
+haws, larger than those of _C. macracantha_, but they fall soon after
+they are ripe. The Common Hawthorn is pretty, but more noteworthy is its
+variety _aurea_, with bright-yellow haws. In _C. oliveriana_ they are
+black. The Tansy-leaved Thorn (_C. tanacetifolia_) has large yellow
+fruits, not badly flavoured, and with the fragrance of Apples. _C.
+orientalis_ has haws of a bright sealing-wax red, but in its variety
+_sanguinea_ they are of a deeper shade.
+
+[Illustration: _BABYLONIAN WILLOW BY WATERSIDE (Kew)._]
+
+COTONEASTERS.--Not enough use is made of Cotoneasters in gardens. They
+grow well in almost any soil, and are all marked by elegant or neat
+habit. They are very pretty when in flower, but it is in autumn, when
+laden with fruits, that they attain their greatest beauty. One of the
+tallest of them is _C. frigida_, and this bears a great abundance of
+rich scarlet-red berries in flat clusters. In the nearly allied _C.
+bacillaris_ they are almost black. _C. rotundifolia_ is a dwarfer shrub,
+but the finest of all the Cotoneasters for its fruit; it grows about 4
+feet high, and has small, very dark green, persistent leaves; the fruits
+are about the size and shape of the haws of the Common Hawthorn, and are
+brilliant scarlet red; they are ripe in October, and from then till
+March make one of the most beautiful of winter pictures. In _C.
+buxifolia_ the fruit is very abundant, but the red colour is not so
+bright as in the preceding. _C. horizontalis_, now getting to be a
+well-known shrub, has very pretty, globose, bright-red fruits, small but
+freely borne. _C. Simonsii_, of medium height, has brilliant red
+berries, as has _C. acuminata_, a near ally, but taller. The dwarfest
+section of Cotoneaster, viz., _thymifolia_, _microphylla_ and its
+variety _glacialis_ (or _congesta_), which are so useful for rockeries,
+have all scarlet berries.
+
+CELASTRUS ARTICULATUS is a vigorous climber from Eastern Asia,
+remarkable for the great beauty of its fruits, which are golden yellow
+within, and when ripe split open and reveal the shining
+scarlet-coated seeds. _C. scandens_ has orange-coloured seeds.
+
+CORIARIA JAPONICA is very beautiful in autumn, when it succeeds as well
+as it does with Canon Ellacombe at Bitton, the fruits being covered then
+with the persistent petals which are of a lovely coral red.
+
+[Illustration: _WEEPING ASH; PALACE GARDENS, DALKEITH._]
+
+CORNUS CAPITATA (_Benthamia fragifera_) only succeeds to perfection in
+the south-western counties; its strawberry-like red fruits are very
+handsome.
+
+COPROSMA ACEROSA is a dwarf New Zealand shrub suitable for the rockery;
+it has variously-shaded, transparent, blue-green berries.
+
+ELÆAGNUS MULTIFLORA (or _E. longipes_) is the most ornamental in the
+genus with regard to its fruits. They are remarkably abundant,
+orange-coloured, and specked with reddish scales.
+
+EUONYMUS EUROPÆUS, our native "Spindle tree," is most beautiful in
+autumn, when, after a favourable season, it is covered with its open red
+fruits revealing the orange-coloured seeds within.
+
+FRAXINUS MARIESII is one of Messrs. Veitch's introductions from Japan,
+and is a dwarf tree, one of the "Manna" Ashes; the thin keys are of a
+bronzy-red colour and pretty.
+
+GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS is the "Honey Locust." The pods are not brightly
+coloured, being at first green, then brown, but they are long, thin, and
+wavy, like crooked scimitars, and hanging in numbers on the tree; have a
+very curious and (in this country) uncommon aspect.
+
+HEDERA (Ivy).--Some of the "tree" forms of Ivy produce berries freely;
+the most ornamental of them are the red, yellow, and orange-coloured
+varieties of _H. Helix arborescens_.
+
+HYMENANTHERA CRASSIFOLIA, from New Zealand, is a dense-growing,
+stiff-branched, dwarf shrub, chiefly noteworthy for the white berries it
+bears.
+
+HYPERICUMS.--_H. Androsæmum_ and _H. elatum_ produce rather handsome
+clusters of black fruits.
+
+HIPPOPHAË RHAMNOIDES, the Sea Buckthorn, is one of the most brilliantly
+coloured of all berry-bearing shrubs. It produces them in marvellous
+profusion, and they are bright-orange coloured. Birds do not molest the
+berries, and unless caught by severe frosts (which turn them grey) they
+lighten the garden wonderfully up to, and sometimes after, the New Year.
+The necessity of growing both sexes of plants has already been noted,
+but isolated females may be artificially impregnated by shaking pollen
+over them when in flower.
+
+[Illustration: _WEEPING ASPEN IN FLOWER._]
+
+ILEX (Holly).--The berries of the Holly are so well known that we need
+only mention the yellow-berried one (_fructu-luteo_), which is not
+common, but very effective in winter.
+
+LIGUSTRUM.--The Privets are of little consequence as fruit-bearing
+shrubs, and only _L. sinense_ need be mentioned; it is frequently very
+striking in early winter, being covered then with great clusters of
+purple-black, shot-like berries.
+
+LYCIUM CHINENSE.--Nearly all the Box Thorns in this country belong to
+this species. As for _L. europæum_ and _L. barbarum_, the names are
+very common, but the plants themselves very rare. _L. chinense_ is very
+ornamental in the fall of the year, its long graceful branches being
+well furnished with rich red berries. _L. rhombifolium_ is one of its
+forms.
+
+MAGNOLIA TRIPETALA is occasionally noticeable in autumn because of its
+large upright fruits of a reddish-purple colour.
+
+MACLURA AURANTIACA, the "Osage Orange," bears a remarkable
+orange-coloured fruit 2 to 3 inches in diameter. The tree is quite
+hardy, but we have not heard of its bearing fruit in this country. This
+is perhaps because male and female flowers occur on different plants.
+
+PERNETTYA MUCRONATA.--First among ericaceous plants for beauty in fruit
+is this Magellanic plant and its varieties. It is dwarf and bushy, with
+small white flowers followed by enormous quantities of berries about the
+size of peas. These vary in colour from white to deep crimson, and are
+undoubtedly some of the most valuable of all hardy berry-bearing shrubs.
+The varieties are very beautiful.
+
+[Illustration: _WEEPING ELM ON LAWN._]
+
+PALIURUS AUSTRALIS (Christ's Thorn) has flat, disk-like fruits, freely
+borne in suitable years; they are green, and if not particularly
+ornamental, are very quaint and interesting.
+
+PTELEA TRIFOLIATA.--The same may be said of the abundant clusters of
+hop-like fruits seen in this tree.
+
+PYRUS.--In this genus, which includes the Mountain Ash, the Crabs, and
+the White Beam trees, there is a great wealth of beautiful fruiting
+trees. The Mountain Ash or Rowan tree (_P. Aucuparia_), when laden with
+its hanging corymbs of rich scarlet berries is a delightful picture, and
+it reaches its full beauty in August. Not so well known is the variety
+_fructu-luteo_, with yellow fruits. A near relative of the Rowan tree is
+_P. americana_, its New World representative, but it is not so
+beautiful. The fruit is almost identical, but the tree is of a stiff and
+less graceful aspect. The new _P. thianschanica_, which also belongs to
+the Rowan tree group, has bright-red, globose berries. Perhaps of all
+the genus Pyrus, none on the whole are so beautiful in autumn as the
+Crabs. _P. baccata_, the Siberian Crab, with its bright-red, cherry-like
+fruits, and _P. Ringo_ from Japan, with bright-yellow ones, are the best
+of the true species. The hybrid "John Downie" Crab is also very
+beautiful in autumn.
+
+The flowering QUINCES are not particularly attractive in regard to the
+colour of their fruits, but some of them--notably those of the dwarf
+_Pyrus Maulei_--are very sweetly scented.
+
+Some very handsome fruits are borne by the various White Beam trees
+(_Pyrus Aria_ and its allies). Perhaps the best of them is _P. lanata_
+(or _Sorbus majestica_), which has flat clusters of bright-red berries.
+But many of the varieties of _P. Aria_ itself are very attractive. One
+of the latest additions to this group is _P. alnifolia_, a neat-habited
+small tree from Japan and China. It has oblong coral-red fruits.
+
+ROSA.--Beauty at fruiting time is an almost proverbial attribute of the
+Roses. None is more beautiful than our native Dog Rose (_R. canina_).
+Though in many an English hedgerow, an out-of-the-way corner in many a
+garden might be given up to the Dog Rose and its varieties for the sake
+of their wealth of scarlet hips in autumn. _R. tomentosa_ and _R.
+mollis_ are other red-fruited natives of Britain. All the members of the
+Scotch Rose group (_pimpinellifolia_) have black fruits. Of exotic
+species, one of the most valuable is _R. rugosa_; its flat,
+orange-shaped hips are so abundant and brightly coloured that they make
+a brilliant picture. _R. microphylla_ has yellow prickly fruits, whilst
+those of _R. macrophylla_ are pear-shaped and scarlet. The deep-crimson
+hips of _R. pomifera_, covered with bristly hairs like large
+gooseberries, are as remarkable as any. Some of the American species,
+although the fruits are usually small, are handsome, such as _R.
+nutkana_ and _R. Carolina_. The elongated, pear-shaped fruits of _R.
+alpina_ and its variety _pyrenaica_ are bright red, and have a pleasant,
+resinous odour when rubbed.
+
+RAPHIOLEPIS JAPONICA, with its clusters of small, round black berries,
+should be planted at least against a wall; it is a rather slow-growing
+evergreen shrub with strawberry-like flowers.
+
+RHAPHITHAMNUS CYANOCARPUS can only be grown outside against a wall, or
+in Cornwall or similar localities, but where it will succeed it is well
+worth growing, not only for its pale-blue flowers, but for the
+bright-blue fruits that follow them.
+
+Some of the RHAMNUS, such as the native _R. catharticus_ and _R.
+Frangula_, bear abundant crops of purple-black berries.
+
+The dense pyramidal fruit-clusters of the Stag's-horn Sumach (_Rhus
+typhina_) are often attractive, being covered with crimson hairs. Those
+of _R. glabra_ are similarly coloured.
+
+RUBUS PHOENICOLASIUS has spread in cultivation recently, and has
+beautiful scarlet berries. It is hardy enough, but birds are so
+attracted by the bright colour, that it requires protection from them
+when in fruit.
+
+SAMBUCUS.--The scarlet-berried Elder, _S. racemosus_, is by far the
+handsomest of the genus, but although it flowers freely enough, it is
+very uncertain in producing its fruits. _S. glauca_, from the West
+United States, produces large, flat clusters of blue-white berries, and
+there is a striking white-fruited variety of _S. nigra_ called
+_leucocarpa_.
+
+THE SNOWBERRY (_Symphoricarpus racemosus_) should always have a place in
+the garden for the sake of its clusters of large pure white berries,
+which remain long on the plants.
+
+VIBURNUM.--There are several very handsome fruiting species in this
+genus, no finer, however, than the native _V. Opulus_, or Guelder Rose,
+with red fruits, and its variety _fructu-luteo_ with yellow ones. In the
+other native species, _V. Lantana_, they are at first red, ultimately
+black. Several of the Viburnums are noteworthy for the blue or
+blue-black fruits; of these are _dentatum_, _molle_, _cassinoides_, and
+_nudum_. Those of the evergreen _V. Tinus_ are also dark blue, but, as
+with the other blue-fruited species, they are not frequently borne in
+profusion in the average climate of Britain.
+
+VITIS HETEROPHYLLA and its variety _humulifolia_, bear singularly
+beautiful clusters of pale china-blue berries. To induce them to fruit
+freely, however, the plants require a warm, sunny wall, and rather
+restricted root-room.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+WEEPING TREES AND THEIR USES
+
+
+It is not at all easy to define special uses for trees of weeping habit,
+but it is safe to use them nearly singly and not in immediate connection
+with trees of quite upright form. The point in the weeping tree is a
+certain grace of drooping line, such as one enjoys in the drooping
+racemes of many of the papilionaceous flowers such as Wistaria,
+Laburnum, and Robinia. Nothing is gained by accentuating the peculiarity
+by a direct association with trees of an opposite way of growth. It is
+better rather to place the weeping trees near rounded masses of shrub
+and small tree--for example, a Weeping Birch would group well with a
+clump of Rhododendrons.
+
+Near water weeping trees seem to be specially effective. An instance of
+this is shown in the familiar Weeping Willow, but one at a time seems as
+much as is wanted.
+
+As a general rule, we strongly advocate planting in groups, whether in
+the case of trees, shrubs, or flowering plants, but the weeping trees
+are less suited for grouping than any others. One Weeping Willow is all
+very well, but a whole grove of them would be monotonous and tiresome.
+
+[Illustration: _ELÆAGNUS PUNGENS (Kew)._]
+
+The habit of some of the weeping trees can be directly turned to
+account in the making of arbours and pergolas; for by planting the
+large-leaved Weeping Elm or the Weeping Ash at the back and on each side
+in the case of an arbour, or alternately on each side of the walk for a
+pergola, a living shelter may be made in a very few years. The trees in
+this case are standards pollarded at about 8 feet from the ground, the
+form in which they are generally sent out from the nursery.
+
+[Illustration: _CORNUS MAS VAR. VARIEGATA (Variegated Cornel)._]
+
+Among evergreens the Holly is invaluable. As a rule the weeping or
+pendulous varieties are budded on tall stems of the type, and trained
+out in an umbrella-like fashion, thus forming a hollow mound of
+greenery. In some places, notably at Brookwood in Surrey, pendulous
+Hollies have been allowed to grow without any attempt at training. Stout
+stems 10 feet to 12 feet high are surmounted by irregular heads, which
+droop down 6 feet or 7 feet, leaving several feet at the base of the
+stem bare. In winter the long pendulous branches, smothered with bright
+red berries, are very pleasant. Facing page 248 is an illustration of a
+weeping Holly (_I. Aquifolium var. pendula_) at Kew. Of variegated
+weeping Hollies there are _Argentea pendula_ (Perry's Weeping), with
+silver variegated leaves; _aurea pendula_ (Waterer's Weeping), with gold
+variegated leaves; and _pendula tricolor_. To encourage height rather
+than width, it is often necessary to tie up a few of the top shoots,
+otherwise they get out of shape; they increase more quickly in width
+than height.
+
+(i.) NATURALLY PENDULOUS SPECIES AND VARIETIES, _i.e._ COMING TRUE FROM
+SEED
+
+_Asterisk denotes those to choose first._
+
+Tilia (Lime or Linden) petiolaris.
+Genista æthnensis (shrubby).
+* Prunus pendula (Weeping Japanese Cherry).
+Forsythia suspensa (shrubby).
+* Salix (Willow) alba cærulea pendula.
+   ,,      ,,    vitellina pendula.
+*  ,,      ,,    babylonica.
+   ,,      ,,      ,,       annularis.
+   ,,      ,,      ,,       Salamoni.
+   ,,      ,,    elegantissima.
+
+(ii.) PENDULOUS VARIETIES THAT HAVE ORIGINATED AS "SPORTS," PROPAGATED
+BY GRAFTS, CUTTINGS, OR LAYERS
+
+* Ilex (Holly) Aquifolium (green and variegated).
+Acer (Maple) Negundo pendula.
+Rhus Cotinus pendula.
+Laburnum vulgare pendulum (Weeping Laburnum).
+Cytisus scoparius pendulus.
+Caragana (Pea tree) arborescens pendula.
+Sophora japonica pendula.
+* Prunus Amygdalus pendula (Weeping Almond).
+*   ,,   Avium pendula (Weeping Wild Cherry).
+    ,,   acida semperflorens.
+*   ,,   Mahaleb pendula (Weeping Mahaleb Cherry).
+    ,,   Padus pendula (Weeping Bird Cherry).
+* Cratægus Oxyacantha (Hawthorn), red and white flowered.
+Sambucus nigra pendula (Weeping Elder).
+* Fraxinus excelsior pendula (Weeping Ash).
+    ,,        ,,     aurea (golden-leaved) pendula.
+    ,,        ,,     pendula wentworthii.
+    ,,     parviflora pendula.
+Ulmus (Elm) americana pendula.
+  ,,    ,,  campestris pendula.
+  ,,    ,,     ,,      antarctica pendula.
+  ,,    ,,     ,,      suberosa pendula.
+  ,,    ,,  fulva pendula.
+* ,,    ,,  montana pendula.
+  ,,    ,,     ,,   Pitteursii pendula.
+Morus (Mulberry) alba pendula.
+* Betula (Birch) alba pendula.
+*   ,,     ,,     ,,  Youngi.
+    ,,     ,,     ,,  purpurea pendula.
+Alnus (Alder) incana pendula.
+Carpinus (Hornbeam) Betulus pendula.
+Corylus Avellana (Common Hazel) pendula.
+Quercus (Oak) pedunculata pendula.
+  ,,     ,,   rubra pendula.
+* Fagus (Beech) sylvatica pendula.
+   ,,      ,,       ,,    miltonensis.
+   ,,      ,,       ,,    remillyensis.
+* Salix (Willow) Caprea pendula.
+*  ,,      ,,    purpurea pendula.
+   ,,      ,,       ,,    Scharfenbergensis.
+   ,,      ,,    repens argentea.
+* Populus tremula (Aspen) pendula.
+*   ,,    tremuloides pendula.
+*   ,,    grandidentata (American Cotton Poplar).
+
+(iii.) CONIFERS
+
+Cupressus lawsoniana glauca pendula.
+   ,,         ,,     gracilis pendula.
+   ,,         ,,     pendula vera.
+   ,,         ,,     gracillima.
+   ,,     nootkatensis pendula.
+Cedrus atlantica pendula.
+Ginkgo biloba pendula.
+Juniperus (Juniper) virginiana pendula.
+Larix europæa (Common Larch) pendula.
+Thuya orientalis pendula.
+ ,,   flagelliformis.
+Taxodium distichum (Deciduous Cypress) pendulum.
+Tsuga canadensis pendula.
+Taxus (Yew) baccata pendula.
+ ,,     ,,    ,,    gracilis pendula.
+ ,,     ,,    ,,    Dovastoni. There is a fine specimen of this in
+                        Barron's nursery at Borrowash.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE USE OF VARIEGATED TREES AND SHRUBS
+
+
+The best use of trees and shrubs with coloured or variegated foliage is
+not very easy to determine, though it may be possible to give a few
+useful suggestions. The usual way of planting them here and there among
+mixed masses of evergreen and deciduous growths is perhaps the worst way
+of all. All good planting must be done with much thought and care, and
+these plants of coloured foliage, that are necessarily more conspicuous
+than others, want the most careful placing of any.
+
+One excellent use of evergreen trees and shrubs with golden colouring,
+such as the Gold Hollies, Cypresses, Yews, and Privets is to make them
+into a cheerful bit of outdoor winter garden. The Gold-leaved Privet is
+a delightful thing in early winter, and though Wild Privet, untouched by
+the knife, is a deciduous shrub, the clipped Privets of our gardens
+usually hold their leaves throughout the winter. With these the
+variegated Japan Honeysuckle might be freely used, much of its yellow
+veining turning to a bright red in winter. _Cassinia fulvida_ is another
+good winter shrub with its tiny gold-backed leaves. The pretty bushes of
+this neat New Zealander are apt to grow somewhat straggling, but the
+crowded little branches are the very thing that is wanted through the
+winter as cut greenery to go with winter flowers, whether hardy or from
+under glass. If these are cut a foot long the bush is kept in shape, and
+a valuable supply of stuff for house decoration is provided.
+
+A half or even quarter acre of well-arranged planting of these
+gold-variegated shrubs has a surprisingly cheery effect in winter,
+making a kind of sunlight of its own when skies are grey, and a
+comfortable shelter when winds are keen.
+
+In summer, too, it will be beautiful if the spaces between the shrubs
+are cleverly planted, for preference, with plants of white or
+pale-yellow flowers, such as White Foxglove, _Oenothera lamarckiana_,
+white and pale-yellow _Hibiscus ficifolius_, _Liliums auratum_,
+_giganteum_, _speciosum_, and _longifolium_; White Everlasting Pea
+trained loosely through any near branches; _Nicotiana affinis_ and _N.
+sylvestris_; and close to the path hardy Ferns of pale-green frondage,
+such as the Lady Fern; with clumps of plants of golden foliage like the
+Gold Valerian and Gold Nettle. A shrub of variegated foliage, planted
+without special attention, and coming suddenly in a grouping of others
+of an average green colour is made unduly conspicuous. It should be led
+up to by neighbours whose colouring gradually assimilates with its own.
+The sudden effect of colouring is all very well in the nurseryman's show
+borders, where the object is to attract attention to showy individuals,
+but in our gardens we want the effect of well-arranged pictures
+rather than that of shop windows.
+
+[Illustration: _TAURIAN TAMARISK (Tamarix tetrandra), IN FLOWER._]
+
+A variegated plant to be of real value in the garden must have clear,
+bright, and abundant red and yellow or white markings, not dotted or
+merely margined with colour. So many worthless shrubs with poor
+variegation have been named and offered for sale that it is unwise to
+buy them from a catalogue. We may repeat the advice already given, which
+is to see them first.
+
+Trees and shrubs with coloured foliage are of several kinds. Most common
+of all are those which have leaves blotched or edged with golden or
+creamy yellow and white, such as the variegated Hollies and Elæagnuses.
+Then there are those which are only coloured at a certain season, like
+_Neillia opulifolia aurea_. This has leaves of a beautiful self yellow
+colour when they unfold in spring, but become green as the summer
+advances; or the variegated Plane (_Platanus acerifolia Süttneri_),
+which is only variegated in late summer and autumn.
+
+Finally, there are those, like the Purple Hazel or Purple Beech, which
+have leaves of one colour and remain almost of the same shade whilst
+they are on the tree.
+
+On the whole the plants that retain their colour till late summer and
+autumn, or acquire it then, are most valuable, because very few trees
+and shrubs are then in flower.
+
+Variegated trees and shrubs must not be planted too plentifully, and
+studiously avoid all spotty effects. Many a garden would be improved by
+bringing the variegated shrubs it contains together so as to produce a
+few broad masses of colour. Some of these shrubs, like Spath's Cornel,
+or the Golden Elder, may, in large gardens especially, be planted alone
+in large beds or groups. The large trees, like the Purple Beech, can
+stand by themselves.
+
+The following list contains about one hundred of the finest of
+variegated trees and shrubs:--
+
+
+TREES
+
+Acer Negundo variegatum, creamy white.
+ ,,  Negundo aureum, golden entirely.
+ ,,  platanoides Schwedleri, soft red in spring.
+ ,,  Pseudo-platanus flavo-marginatum, the "Corstorphine" Sycamore, one
+       of the largest of variegated trees.
+Alnus glutinosa aurea, wholly yellow.
+Betula alba purpurea, wholly purple.
+Castanea sativa aureo-marginata, the variegated Sweet Chestnut, perhaps
+  the best of all large trees, with parti-coloured leaves. The leaves
+  burn on some soils.
+Catalpa bignonioides aurea, wholly golden, and most effective in summer
+  and autumn.
+Fagus sylvatica purpurea. Of the Purple Beeches there are now numerous
+        forms, such as atropurpurea, cuprea, purpurea, pendula
+        (weeping), and "Swat Magret" (the darkest of all). Pyramidalis
+        purpurea is very beautiful.
+ ,,   sylvatica variegata, white.
+ ,,   sylvatica tricolor, various shades of red and purple; beautifully
+        coloured, but not vigorous.
+ ,,   sylvatica var. Zlatia, entirely pale golden green in spring, but
+        for a short time only.
+ ,,   sylvatica, Paul's gold-margined, is a pretty variegated tree.
+Fraxinus americana aucubæfolia, richly mottled with yellow.
+Ilex Aquifolium. The variegated Hollies, both silver and golden, are now
+  very numerous; among the best are argentea marginata, argentea pendula
+  (Perry's Silver Weeping), Golden Queen, Silver Queen, Handsworth
+  Silver, Golden King, flavescens, latifolia aureo-marginata,
+  Watereriana, aureo-medio picta, aureo-pendula.
+Laburnum vulgare foliis aureis, all yellow.
+Platanus acerifolia Süttneri, very pure white with scarcely any green on
+  late growth.
+Populus deltoidea (canadensis) aurea, yellow.
+Prunus cerasifera atropurpurea (P. Pissardi), lovely claret red when
+  young, becoming dull purple in summer.
+Pyrus Malus neidwetzkyanus. In this Apple not only the leaves, but the
+        wood and fruit are purplish red.
+ ,,   Aria chrysophylla, yellow.
+Quercus Cerris variegata, the white variegated Turkey Oak.
+  ,,    pedunculata Concordia, a lovely clear yellow, and seldom burns.
+  ,,    pedunculata purpurea, wholly red purple.
+  ,,    rubra, crimson.
+Robinia Pseudacacia aurea, yellow.
+Ulmus campestris, "Louis Van Houtte," the best Golden Elm.
+ ,,   campestris viminalis variegata, a charming white-variegated,
+        small-leaved Elm.
+ ,,   montana fastigiata aurea (U. Wredei aurea) should not be omitted.
+        A beautiful Elm for small gardens.
+
+[Illustration: _ASHES_]
+
+
+CONIFERS
+
+Abies concolor violacea, glaucous blue.
+Cedrus atlantica glauca, glaucous blue.
+Cupressus lawsoniana; numerous varieties, of which gracilis pendula
+            aurea, lutea (very hardy), Silver Queen, and albo-variegata
+            may be mentioned.
+   ,,     nootkatensis lutea, yellow-tipped twigs.
+   ,,     obtusa aurea (Thujopsis borealis aurea), yellow.
+   ,,     obtusa nana aurea, dwarf yellow.
+   ,,     pisifera plumosa aurea, yellow.
+   ,,     macrocarpa lutea, the best yellow Conifer in mild districts.
+Juniperus chinensis aurea, gold-tipped.
+Picea orientalis argenteo-spica, young shoots pale yellow.
+ ,,   pungens glauca, the best "blue" Conifer.
+Pinus sylvestris aurea, golden in winter, green in spring and summer.
+Retinospora (_see_ Cupressus).
+Taxus baccata aurea, "Golden Yew," _elegantissima_ and Golden
+        Irish. I was very pleased with the beautiful colouring of
+        natural golden hybrid forms in Messrs. Fisher, Son, & Sibray's
+        nursery at Handsworth. T. adpressa, Barroni, a. variegata,
+        small-growing, leaves edged with silver, and suffused with
+        yellow as winter approaches.
+ ,,   baccata fastigiata aurea, "Golden Irish Yew."
+ ,,   baccata semper-aurea, golden more or less throughout the winter.
+ ,,   Dovastoni aureo-variegata.
+Thujopsis (_see_ Cupressus, p. 97).
+Thuya (Biota) orientalis aurea, yellow in summer.
+
+[Illustration: _THE LOMBARDY POPLAR._]
+
+
+SHRUBS OR SMALL TREES
+
+Acer palmatum atropurpureum, purple. There are many forms of this
+  Japanese Maple--cut-leaved, purple, and golden--but this is the
+  hardiest.
+Aralia chinensis albo-variegata. This is one of the most promising new
+  variegated shrubs. It is sold as Dimorphanthus mandschuricus var.
+  variegatus.
+Atriplex Halimus, silvery grey entirely.
+Aucuba japonica, many forms, yellow or creamy white.
+Berberis vulgaris foliis purpureis, one of the best purple shrubs.
+Buxus sempervirens aurea, "Golden Box."
+Corylus maxima atropurpurea, a dark-purple, very effective variety of
+  the Cob-nut.
+Cornus Mas aurea elegantissima, yellow (of slow growth and not very
+         hardy).
+  ,,   Mas variegata, white.
+  ,,   siberica elegantissima.
+  ,,   Spaethii.
+Elæagnus pungens aurea, one of the most beautiful variegated evergreens.
+   ,,    pungens variegata, white.
+Euonymus japonicus albo-marginatus, very good for the south coast.
+   ,,    japonicus ovatus aureus, same as preceding, but yellow.
+Ligustrum (Privet) ovalifolium foliis aureis, the best variegated shrub
+  for hedges and for rough usage.
+Neillia opulifolia lutea, yellow in spring only.
+Philadelphus coronarius foliis aureis, yellow in the spring and early
+  summer and very bright then, gradually gets green afterwards.
+Ptelea trifoliata aurea, yellow.
+Rhamnus Alaternus variegatus, white.
+Rhus Cotinus atropurpureus, purple.
+Symphoricarpus orbiculatus variegatus, yellow.
+Sambucus nigra foliis aureis, yellow, retaining its colour well till
+           autumn.
+   ,,    racemosa plumosa aurea, a beautiful cut-leaved Golden Elder.
+
+[Illustration: _CORSICAN PINE TREE WALK, 35 YEARS OLD._]
+
+
+DWARF SHRUBS AND CLIMBERS
+
+Acanthopanax spinosum variegatum, pretty, white-variegated, dwarf, and
+  slow-growing.
+Arundinaria auricoma, the best yellow-variegated hardy Bamboo.
+    ,,      Fortunei, the best white-variegated hardy Bamboo.
+Cornus alba Spaethii, probably the finest of all yellow-variegated
+  shrubs, never "scorching" in the hottest summers. It is very
+  handsome as pyramids, but by pruning a brighter coloured bark is
+  obtained.
+Euonymus radicans, the white-variegated form of this plant is useful as
+  a carpet in shady positions where grass will not grow.
+Ivy (Hedera Helix), numerous varieties, both shrubby and
+  climbing--arborescens variegata, chrysophylla, discolor, maderensis
+  variegata, sulphurea, canariensis argentea. E. radicans Silver gem is
+  a larger leaved form, purer white and altogether better than many
+  variegated Ivies.
+Jasminum nudiflorum foliis aureis and officinale foliis aureis,
+  variegated climbers with yellow leaves; the latter is the more
+  ornamental, but is delicate in constitution.
+Kerria japonica foliis variegatis, white.
+Lonicera japonica aureo-reticulata. The veins of this climber are
+  beautifully "picked out" in gold.
+Osmanthus Aquifolium ilicifolius variegatus, a holly-like,
+  white-variegated shrub useful in the milder parts of the kingdom.
+Osmanthus Aquifolium purpureus, the hardiest of the Osmanthus. There
+  are two forms of this, one much darker than the other, and the darkest
+  is the best.
+Pieris japonica variegata, white.
+Ribes alpinum pumilum aureum, golden in spring.
+Rubus ulmifolius variegatus, veins of the later leaves golden.
+Salix repens argentea, a prostrate silvery-leaved Willow, makes a pretty
+  weeping shrub if trained up at first.
+Santolina Chamæcyparissus, silvery white entirely.
+Vitis heterophylla variegata, a pretty, blue-berried climber, but
+        tender; the variegation is rosy white.
+ ,,   inconstans purpurea, a purplish form of the popular "Ampelopsis
+        Veitchii."
+ ,,   vinifera purpurea, deep purple.
+Vinca minor, white and yellow-marked forms.
+
+[Illustration: _THE FAMOUS ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA AVENUE AT MURTHLY,
+N.B._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS FOR SEA-COAST
+
+
+In planting trees and shrubs near the sea, two important matters must be
+considered--(1) fierce gales; (2) salt spray. As a protection against
+storms much may be done by planting quick-growing things, such as
+Poplars and Willows, and in this sheltered area more permanent trees and
+shrubs may be put. This way of planting for shelter where bleak places
+are to be clothed with trees and shrubs is universally adopted in some
+form or other, sometimes in the shape of hedges or belts, and in the
+other cases the plants are all placed much thicker together than they
+are to permanently remain, thus forming a compact mass against which the
+wind makes little or no impression. In this last-named case continual
+thinning will be necessary as they grow up, for if left too long the
+plants become weak, and the advantage gained by the thicker planting is
+then completely lost. A beautiful seaside shrub, and the best, too, for
+forming shelter hedges of low or medium height is the Tamarisk, which
+retains its freshness throughout the season till the autumn, however
+much exposed to the sea.
+
+It is difficult to make a list of trees and shrubs suitable for seaside
+planting around the British Isles, as the coast-line is so varied, and
+the action of the Gulf Stream has great influence on the vegetation of
+many parts of our western coasts. As no hard and fast line can be drawn,
+the first list contains those trees and shrubs that may be regarded as
+thoroughly hardy, unless otherwise specified, and the second list those
+that are available for planting in the Isle of Wight, in the south and
+west of England, and in some parts of Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: _MAIDENHAIR TREE (Ginkgo biloba syn. Salisburia
+adiantifolia); FROGMORE._]
+
+
+TREES
+
+Acer platanoides (Norway Maple).
+ ,,  Pseudo-platanus (Sycamore).
+Alnus (Alder) of sorts. Will thrive only in damp places.
+Ash, Mountain. (See next page.)
+Betula alba (Birch) and varieties.
+Carpinus Betulus (Hornbeam).
+Cerasus _see_ Prunus.
+Cratægus (Thorn) of sorts.
+Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey Cypress). Of rapid growth.
+Fagus sylvatica (Beech) and varieties.
+Fraxinus excelsior (Common Ash). F. Ornus (Flowering Ash).
+Ilex Aquifolium (Holly) and varieties.
+Laburnum.
+Pinus austriaca (Austrian Pine). One of the best Firs for bleak seaside
+        places.
+ ,,   contorta (Twisted Pine). A small tree.
+ ,,   insignis (Grass-green Pine). More tender than the others.
+ ,,   Laricio (Corsican Pine). Equal to the Austrian Pine for seaside.
+ ,,   muricata (Prickly-coned Pine). A dwarf tree.
+ ,,   Pinaster (Cluster Pine). Delights in the neighbourhood of the sea.
+ ,,   montana (Mountain Pine). A shrub or small tree.
+Populus alba (Abele or White Poplar). All the Poplars grow quickly.
+  ,,    deltoidea (Canadian Poplar).
+  ,,    fastigiata (Lombardy Poplar).
+  ,,    nigra (Black Poplar).
+Prunus Avium, cerasifera (Cherry Plum).
+  ,,    Mahaleb.
+  ,,    Padus (Bird Cherry).
+  ,,    Pissardi (Purple-leaved Plum).
+Pyrus Aria (White Beam tree).
+ ,,   prunifolia (Siberian Crab).
+ ,,   Sorbus (Service tree).
+Quercus Cerris (Turkey Oak). Good loam suits this best.
+  ,,    Ilex (Evergreen or Holm Oak).
+Salix (Willow) of sorts. Prefer a moist soil.
+Ulmus (Elm) of sorts, particularly Wych Elm and an Elm known as Wheatley
+        Elm.
+
+[Illustration: _MAIDENHAIR TREE AT KEW._]
+
+
+SHRUBS
+
+Atriplex Halimus (Sea Purslane). Will grow close to the water.
+Aucuba japonica (Aucuba). Few evergreens equal this.
+Berberis (Barberry), Aquifolium, Darwinii, buxifolia, and stenophylla.
+Buxus (Box) and its varieties.
+Cistus Gum. Does well at Felixstowe, Suffolk.
+Colutea arborescens (Bladder Senna). Will grow in very sandy soil.
+Corylus Avellana (Hazel) and varieties.
+Cotoneaster of sorts. All these are good for the purpose.
+Cytisus (Broom) of sorts.
+Daphne Laureola (Spurge Laurel). Will grow in shade.
+Deutzia crenata, D. crenata flore-pleno, D. gracilis, D. Lemoinei.
+Elæagnus of sorts. All of these are good.
+Euonymus europæus and E. latifolius (Spindle trees), and the evergreen
+    E. japonicus and its varieties. This last is one of the most
+    valuable evergreens, but it is rather tender.
+Ficus Carica (Common Fig).
+Forsythia suspensa. A charming rambling shrub.
+Fuchsias, particularly F. Riccartoni.
+Halimodendron argenteum (Siberian Salt tree).
+Hippophaë rhamnoides (Sea Buckthorn). The finest seaside shrub or small
+    tree that we have; grows well in damp sands.
+Leycesteria formosa.
+Ligustrum (Privet) of sorts.
+Lycium chinense (Box Thorn).
+Olearia Haastii (Daisy bush).
+Osmanthus ilicifolius and varieties.
+Philadelphus (Mock Orange) of sorts.
+Phillyræa angustifolia, latifolia, media, and vilmoriniana.
+Prunus spinosa flore-pleno (Double-flowered Sloe).
+  ,,   Laurocerasus (Common Laurel).
+  ,,   lusitanica (Portugal Laurel).
+Pyrus japonica (Japan Quince).
+Ribes aureum (Golden-flowered Currant).
+ ,,   sanguineum (Flowering Currant) and varieties.
+Rosa. The different wild Roses and Rosa rugosa.
+Rubus (Bramble). The double-flowered and cut-leaved forms are very
+    ornamental.
+Salix (Willow) of sorts. All prefer moist soil.
+Sambucus (Elder) of sorts.
+Skimmia japonica. Valuable for its bright-red berries.
+Spartium junceum (Spanish Broom). Will grow almost anywhere.
+Spiræa of sorts. There is a great variety of these beautiful flowering
+    shrubs.
+Symphoricarpus racemosus (Snowberry).
+Syringa (Lilac) of sorts.
+Tamarix gallica and T. tetrandra. Delightful shrubs for seaside.
+Ulex europæus (Furze or Gorse), with the double-flowered and dwarf
+    kinds.
+Viburnum Opulus and V. Opulus sterile (Snowball tree).
+Weigelas of sorts, particularly Abel Carrière, candida, and Eva Rathke.
+
+For the west of England and other very mild districts the following may
+be added:--
+
+Aralia Sieboldii.
+Arbutus Unedo (Strawberry tree).
+Azara microphylla.
+Benthamia fragifera.
+Buddleia globosa.
+Ceanothus of sorts.
+Choisya ternata.
+Desfontainea spinosa.
+Escallonias of sorts.
+Fabiana imbricata.
+Fuchsias, hardy kinds.
+Garrya elliptica.
+Grevillea rosmarinifolia, G. sulphurea.
+Griselinia littoralis.
+Hydrangea Hortensia.
+Laurus nobilis (Sweet Bay).
+Myrtus communis (Myrtle).
+Pittosporum crassifolium.
+Rhamnus Alaternus and varieties.
+Veronicas of sorts.
+Viburnum Tinus (Laurustinus).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS FOR WIND-SWEPT GARDENS
+
+
+Few trees and shrubs are happy in bleak and exposed gardens. The
+hardiest should be used to form a shelter belt, as every leaf and twig
+helps to break the force of the wind, whereas solid obstacles, such as
+walls, merely serve to divert its course. In planting spots much exposed
+to the wind, put the trees much closer than it is intended they should
+remain permanently, as the young plants serve to shelter one another,
+and encourage, therefore, a quicker growth. When they get crowded,
+gradually thin them out. The trees and shrubs should always come from
+exposed nurseries, as the growth is stout and sturdy. Growth made in
+warm valleys is more sappy. The following trees and shrubs can be
+depended upon in most windy places:--
+
+
+TREES
+
+Acer platanoides (Norway Maple) and Acer Pseudo-platanus (Sycamore).
+    While not equal to some of the trees mentioned, these Maples do
+    well in many places and form a distinct feature.
+
+Betula alba (Common Birch). An extremely graceful tree and a universal
+    favourite.
+
+Cratægus Oxyacantha (Hawthorn). The principal effect of exposure is
+    to make the growth more stunted than would otherwise be the case.
+
+Fagus sylvatica (Beech). Long recognised as a good shelter tree, its
+    value in this respect is increased by the fact that many leaves
+    often shrivel on the branches instead of dropping, thus giving
+    additional protection in winter.
+
+Fraxinus Excelsior (Ash). The wide-spreading roots of this anchor it
+    securely in position, and the leaves do not weigh down the branches
+    to any great extent.
+
+Ilex Aquifolium (Holly). Though of slow growth when young, this, when
+    once established, grows away freely and is indifferent to wind.
+
+Larix europæa (Larch). This is well known as a nurse tree for bleak
+    places.
+
+Picea (Abies) excelsa (Norway Spruce). One of our commonest Conifers,
+    hence it is often used as a nurse tree for choicer subjects.
+
+Pinus austriaca (Austrian Fir). The best of all evergreens for bleak
+    places; Pinus Cembra (Swiss Stone Pine), of slow growth, but very
+    ornamental, and does not mind the wind.
+
+Pinus Laricio (Corsican Pine, or Black Pine). As indifferent to exposure
+    as P. austriaca, P. montana (dwarf), and P. sylvestris (Scotch Fir),
+    a well-known native, which often crowns high hill-tops.
+
+Populus alba (Abele), P. fastigiata (Lombardy Poplar), P. deltoidea
+    (Canadian Poplar), P. nigra (Black Poplar), and P. tremula (Aspen).
+    In low-lying districts all these Poplars are of rapid growth, but in
+    exposed places they make much slower progress. Even then they grow
+    quicker than most shelter plants, and are valuable for making an
+    effective display more quickly than some of the more permanent
+    subjects. These can all be readily cut back within reasonable limits
+    if desired.
+
+Quercus Robur (Oak).
+
+Robinia Pseudacacia. The false Acacia is one of the best town trees we
+    have; indeed, it does well almost everywhere.
+
+Salix alba (White Willow). This will pass unscathed through fierce
+    storms. In fairly dry spots the rate of progress is much slower than
+    in moister soil, but, as a set-off, the silvery hue of the foliage
+    is more pronounced.
+
+Ulmus (Elm). The best of the Elms for this purpose is the Wych Elm, and
+    one known as the Wheatley is also good.
+
+[Illustration: _VARIETY TENUIFOLIA OF CORSICAN PINE (Pinus Laricio)._]
+
+
+SHRUBS
+
+Atriplex Halimus (Sea Purslane). A silvery-leaved, free-growing shrub,
+    indifferent to soil or situation.
+
+Berberis (the Barberry). The best of these are the strong-growing
+    Berberis aristata, and the common Berberis vulgaris, with its
+    several varieties.
+
+Colutea arborescens (Bladder Senna). The golden flowers in early summer
+    and the large inflated seed-pods in autumn are both attractive.
+
+Cotoneaster buxifolia, Nummularia, and Simonsii. These are all pretty
+    berry-bearing shrubs.
+
+Cytisus albus (White Broom), Cytisus scoparius (Yellow Broom), and its
+    varieties.
+
+Deutzia crenata flore-pleno. A handsome flowering shrub and the most
+    robust of its class.
+
+Euonymus europæus (Spindle tree). The fruits of this are very ornamental
+    in the autumn.
+
+Halimodendron argenteum (Siberian Salt Bush). A pretty rambling shrub,
+    with silvery leaves.
+
+Juniperus communis and J. Sabina (Savin). The fact that these Junipers
+    are evergreen is a point in their favour.
+
+Ligustrum ovalifolium, ovalifolium elegantissimum, and vulgare. These
+    Privets are well known for planting where the conditions are none
+    too favourable.
+
+Lycium chinense (Box Thorn). A rambling shrub holding its own almost
+    anywhere.
+
+[Illustration: _AVENUE OF ABIES NOBILIS GLAUCA AT MADRESFIELD COURT._
+
+(_The avenue is quarter-mile long, planted in 1868; average height of
+trees 60 feet and 45 feet apart._)]
+
+Osmanthus of sorts. Holly-like evergreen shrubs.
+
+Philadelphus coronarius (Mock Orange). Though less showy than some
+    others, this is decidedly the hardiest.
+
+Phillyræa decora (vilmoriniana). A valuable evergreen with deep-green,
+    leathery leaves.
+
+Pinus (Mountain Pine). This member of the Fir family is but a shrub in
+    stature. It is at home in bleak spots.
+
+Potentilla fruticosa (Shrubby Cinquefoil). A low shrub that produces its
+    golden blossoms in July and August.
+
+Prunus Laurocerasus rotundifolia. One of the hardiest forms of the
+    Common Laurel.
+
+Rosa canina (Dog Rose) and Rosa rubiginosa (Sweetbriar) are general
+    favourites.
+
+Rubus (Bramble). The cut-leaved, the double white, and double pink are
+    ornamental.
+
+Spartium junceum (Spanish Broom). However bleak, this will produce its
+    comparatively large pea-shaped blossoms throughout the summer.
+
+Staphylea pinnata (Bladder Nut). The bladder-like seed-capsules are
+    striking in the autumn.
+
+Symphoricarpus racemosus (Snowberry). Grows anywhere, and produces its
+    large white berries in great profusion.
+
+Ulex europæa (Common Furze). The double form of this is remarkably
+    showy.
+
+Viburnum Opulus (Guelder Rose). A pretty native shrub.
+
+[Illustration: _CEDRUS ATLANTICA GLAUCA AVENUE AT MADRESFIELD COURT._
+
+(_Avenue is about quarter-mile long, planted in 1866. All seedling
+trees, hence some difference in growth and colour._)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+CONIFERS (INCLUDING PINES) IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTING
+
+
+Those who take a serious interest in their gardens and other planted
+grounds are so rapidly acquiring a better comprehension of the art in
+its wider aspects, and are so willingly receptive of further suggestion,
+that we emphasise a lesson that we have often tried to teach, namely,
+the importance of planting in large groups of one thing at a time, and
+of a right choice.
+
+There is no more common mistake made than that of planting just the
+wrong things in the wrong places. Thus we see plantations of Spruce on
+dry, sandy hill-tops, from whence the poor trees must look with longing
+eyes to their true home in the moist, alluvial soil of the valley-bottom
+below. In mixed plantations we see Conifers from many climes and all
+altitudes, all expected to do equally well in perhaps one small space of
+garden ground. If in a projected plantation there is space for only
+fifty trees, how much better it would be first to ascertain which out of
+a few kinds would be best suited to the soil and general conditions of
+the place, and then out of this selection to choose the one that best
+fits the planter's own liking and will be most in harmony with the
+further planting scheme that he has in view. In this way he will
+obtain that unity of effect that alone can make a garden or piece of
+planted ground pictorial and restful, and enable to serve as a becoming
+setting to the brightly-coloured flowering plants that will then show
+their proper value as jewels of the garden.
+
+[Illustration: _LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS AT FROGMORE (about 65 feet high)._]
+
+In this restrained and sober use of trees, and especially of Conifers,
+it is well to plant them of several ages, the youngest to the outer
+edges of the groups. If there is plenty of space it will be all the
+better to plant the trees in hundreds rather than in fifties, or in any
+case in spaces large enough to see one whole picture of one good tree at
+a time. Where such a planting was wisely made from forty to sixty years
+ago how fine the effect is to-day, as in the case of the grand growth of
+Douglas Firs at Murthly. No one seeing so fine an example of the use of
+one tree at a time could wish that the plantation had been mixed, or
+could be otherwise than deeply impressed with the desirability of the
+plan.
+
+One such large group can always be made to merge into another by
+intergrouping at the edges, beginning by an isolated tree of group B in
+the further portion of group A, then a group of two or three of B, until
+the process is reversed and the group is all of B, with single ones of A
+giving place to all B. There is no reason why the same principle should
+not be used with two or three kinds of combined grouping, but then it
+should be of trees harmonious among themselves, as of Spruce and Silver
+Fir, or of such things as represent the natural mixture of indigenous
+growth. Thus the Yew, Box, Viburnum, Dogwood, Privet, and Thorn of a
+wild chalky waste might be taken as a guide to planting some of these
+with nearly allied foreign kinds. But the important thing in all such
+planting is to have the satisfactory restfulness and beauty of harmony
+that can only be obtained by the right and limited choice of material.
+
+Although a few Conifers are deciduous, such as the Maidenhair tree
+(_Ginkgo biloba_), _Taxodium distichum_, the Golden Larch (_Pseudolarix
+Kæmpferi_), and the true Larches, the great bulk of the family consists
+of evergreens. It is to the Coniferæ, indeed, that belong the only hardy
+evergreen trees which in stature and size rival the large deciduous
+trees of cool temperate latitudes. Although our only native Conifers are
+the Yew, the Scotch Pine, and the Juniper, there is a sufficient variety
+of soil and climate within the limits of the British Isles to provide
+suitable conditions for nearly the whole of the family. It is only a few
+sub-tropical species that cannot be accommodated. This does not imply
+that the whole of the hardy Conifers can be grown satisfactorily in any
+one place. In even the best Conifer localities there are some species
+that will not reach perfection, and in the general run of gardens there
+is a considerable proportion of species about which the same must be
+said. This fact, however, has often been overlooked.
+
+The extreme popularity of Conifers, which was at its height from forty
+to fifty years ago, undoubtedly led to the enriching of the parks and
+gardens of this country with what are now, in many instances,
+magnificent specimens. To realise how great that enrichment was, one has
+only to mention such places as Dropmore, Murthly Castle, Ochtertyre. But
+Conifer planting, from both artistic and merely cultural points of view,
+was overdone. Conifers began to fill an undue proportion of space in
+gardens, and displaced to a large extent the beautiful flower-bearing
+deciduous vegetation whose seasonable variations give such charm and
+interest. With all their symmetry and richness of hue, the popular
+species of Abies and Picea often have a heavy, even sombre, aspect.
+Heavy masses of Pine, Spruce, and Fir can never give that changing
+aspect in the landscape that comes with deciduous vegetation. The tender
+tints of spring, the flowers, the gold and purple of autumn, it is to
+these that the seasons of our northern latitudes owe their greatest
+delights.
+
+Perhaps the worst of all the uses to which Conifers have been put is
+that of forming long avenues across parks. It is difficult to understand
+the frame of mind that would prefer rows of _Araucaria_, _Abies
+nobilis_, or other similar things--however well grown and pyramidal they
+might be--to a noble vista of Chestnut, Oak, or Lime, with its canopy of
+branch and foliage overhead. Conifers can, however, be used effectively
+for forming short avenues within the garden itself, especially in the
+more trimly-kept parts.
+
+The practice that is frequently adopted of forming a pinetum and
+bringing together the members of this family in one part of the grounds
+is a very good one. It is far better than sprinkling them
+indiscriminately over the whole garden. At the same time, where
+sufficient space is not available for the formation of a pinetum they
+may be used in their proper proportion with other evergreens in various
+parts of the garden. Single specimens on lawns of Abies, Picea, and of
+many other genera are always effective, and nothing in the whole range
+of native or foreign trees is more stately and picturesque than the
+Cedar of Lebanon. How much do we of the present day owe to those who a
+century or more ago planted this tree so abundantly in this country!
+
+Before planting Conifers largely in any garden where they are to be
+grown for their purely ornamental qualities, a study should be made of
+the species planted in other gardens where the conditions as to soil,
+moisture, and altitude are similar. On the peaty formations in Surrey
+and Hampshire where Rhododendrons succeed so well, many Conifers thrive
+exceedingly well also. The Common Spruce and its allies are nearly all
+failures on light dry soil, especially where the subsoil is gravel. In
+places, however, where the Spruces fail, the Common Larch and the Lawson
+Cypress succeed well. In chalk districts many Conifers refuse to grow,
+but the following are among those that thrive: _Abies magnifica_, _A.
+nobilis_, _A. nordmanniana_, and _A. Pinsapo_, the Cedars, _Cupressus
+lawsoniana_, _C. macrocarpa_, and _C. nootkatensis_, the Maidenhair
+tree, the Junipers, the Thuyas, the Yews, and the following Pines:
+_Pinus Laricio_ and _P. austriaca_, the Scotch Pine, _P. excelsa_, and
+_P. Pinaster_. Most of the Pines, too, are happy on gravelly or stony
+ground.
+
+None of the Silver Firs (_Abies_) or Spruces (_Picea_) are good trees
+for planting at the seaside, unless there is sufficient shelter to break
+the force of the wind, and even then there are very few that will
+succeed. The species most suitable for planting where there is a thick
+outer belt are _Abies nobilis_, _A. concolor_, _A. nordmanniana_, and
+_A. pectinata_, the Common Silver Fir. Of the Spruces, _Picea nigra_ and
+_P. alba_, the North American Spruces, succeed better than the Norway
+Spruce, _P. excelsa_, but these, like the Silver Firs, must have the
+shelter of a good wind break; _Picea pungens_, _P. pungens glauca_, and
+_P. Engelmanni_ will not succeed in exposed places, even in inland
+localities, and fail entirely by the sea. There is a difference of
+opinion about _Engelmanni_. In some places it seems to stand winds well.
+The Conifers that will thrive by the sea are very few, and probably not
+more than half-a-dozen kinds can be trusted. The finest of all is
+undoubtedly _Pinus Pinaster_, which is essentially a sea-coast Pine,
+revelling in storms and sprays. For warmer parts, is the Aleppo Pine
+(_P. halepensis_), but is only for southern and warm coasts. _P.
+insignis_ is somewhat tender, but stands the sea gales fairly well, and
+_P. austriaca_, and its relative, _P. Laricio_, are both excellent,
+specially for making the first barrier against the winds. The hardy
+Scotch Pine (_P. sylvestris_), if planted in large masses, grows well,
+but does not luxuriate close to the sea, and is especially liable to be
+browned in foliage by the salt spray.
+
+Besides the Pines, one of the finest of Conifers is the Monterey Cypress
+(_Cupressus macrocarpa_), which is hardy everywhere on the coast in
+these islands; it grows finer than it does in its home on the Pacific
+coast. It makes a fine front barrier against the wind, especially when
+mixed with the foregoing Pines. The variety _C. lambertiana_ is also
+excellent. There are two other Conifers which, though not much planted
+by the sea-coast, will, we believe, prove reliable; these are _Cedrus
+atlantica_ and _Thuya gigantea_ (sometimes called _T. Lobbii_). A third
+Conifer that we have seen doing well by the sea is _Abies Pinsapo_, but
+it must have a temporary shelter in its small state. This subject of
+seaside planting--the most difficult in a tree planter's practice--is an
+important one, and it is only possible to treat the matter generally.
+
+The Conifer family is especially noteworthy for the way many of its
+species vary. Not only is this propensity evidenced in such characters
+as the colour of the leaf and the differences in habit; it shows itself
+more remarkably sometimes in the form and texture of the leaf and mode
+of branching. So great is the difference between some forms of certain
+species of Conifers that they have been placed in different genera. What
+are generally known as Retinosporas, for instance, are really nothing
+more than forms, "states" the botanists term them, assumed by various
+species of Thuya and Cupressus. Strictly speaking, _Retinospora_ has no
+separate existence as a genus. This, however, is a botanical phase of
+the matter. Horticulturally we are more concerned with such variations
+as adapt the plants to various garden purposes. Many quaint and dainty
+forms of large trees are very suitable for the rock-garden in
+association with other alpine plants. The Common Spruce, for instance,
+has given birth to many pigmy forms. The Yew, the Scotch Pine, and
+various others have "sported" in a similar way. But no hardy tree varies
+so much, perhaps, as the Lawson Cypress when raised from seed. The
+species has assumed almost every shade of colour that Conifers do
+assume, and every form of growth. Beautiful golden, variegated,
+pendulous, and erect varieties have been raised, and not only from the
+Lawson Cypress, but from many other Conifers also. The Golden Yews, the
+yellow form of the Monterey Cypress, and the golden variety of the
+Scotch Pine, may be recommended to those who require this colour,
+although in the Pine it only shows itself in winter. The blue-white or
+glaucous hue that is more or less present in most Conifers, shows itself
+most conspicuously in the Blue Spruce (_Picea pungens glauca_), in
+_Cedrus atlantica glauca_, in the new Cork Fir from Arizona (_Abies
+lasiocarpa var. arizonica_), and in _Abies concolor violacea_.
+
+
+THE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS
+
+Many mistakes have been made in propagating the Coniferæ, and to make
+matters still worse, the old erroneous doctrines are still preached and
+practised. The unpopularity of certain species of Abies, Picea, and
+Pinus is due to a great extent to the practice of grafting them on
+unsuitable stocks. For instance, the species of Abies are worked on _A.
+pectinata_, of Picea on _P. excelsa_, and of Pinus on _P. sylvestris_ or
+_P. Laricio_. The varieties of _P. excelsa_ are worked on that species.
+_P. excelsa_ is _not_ used for the other forms of spruce Firs to any
+great extent. In addition to this, such methods and stocks are still
+spoken of as the correct ones to use; though, to take one genus alone,
+what kind of a specimen _Abies bracteata_, _A. nobilis_, or _A.
+concolor_ would make in twenty years' time if worked on _A. pectinata_
+we should not like to say--certainly very poor, even if they lived,
+which is doubtful. These are nearly always raised from imported seeds.
+It may be laid down as a law that _species_ of Coniferæ should never be
+grafted but raised from seed, which can always be obtained through
+English firms. With varietal forms of Coniferæ that will not come true
+from seed or that cannot be struck as cuttings, grafting must be
+resorted to, and if young plants of the type species are used as stocks
+the results will be fairly satisfactory. In the case of some of the more
+highly variegated Cupressus, &c., grafting is really the best method of
+propagation, as these forms are mostly of weak constitution and are not
+satisfactory from cuttings. In the following list the best methods of
+propagation are given with each genus, together with special mention of
+those forms which are of indifferent growth though not difficult to
+propagate:--
+
+JUNIPERUS.--The Junipers should be raised from seeds, though some of
+them do fairly well if propagated by cuttings. The green and glaucous
+varieties of _J. chinensis_, _J. excelsa_, _J. virginiana_, and _J.
+communis_ root easily from cuttings, or can be layered with success. The
+variegated forms are best grafted on stocks of the species they belong
+to, and _J. Sabina_ (the Savin) and its varieties are easily raised from
+cuttings or layers, the latter being a very easy way of propagating
+them.
+
+CUPRESSUS.--This genus is divided into two sections, viz., the true
+Cypresses, represented by _C. macrocarpa_, _C. sempervirens_, &c., and
+Chamæcyparis, of which _Cupressus lawsoniana_ is the best known species.
+With the former section seeds are the best means of reproducing the
+species, while the few varieties should be grafted on stocks of the
+parent species. The handsome _C. macrocarpa var. lutea_ especially
+should be worked on the type, as it is practically a failure from
+cuttings, and if grafted on _C. lawsoniana_, as is sometimes done, it
+makes a short, stumpy bush instead of a typically tall columnar tree. In
+the Chamæcyparis section _Cupressus lawsoniana_, _C. nootkatensis_, _C.
+obtusa_, _C. pisifera_, and _C. thyoides_ are the only species, though
+there are a host of varieties attached to them, the forms of the three
+latter species, in fact, including all the various plants more commonly
+known under the generic title of Retinospora. The species should be
+raised from seed, which is easily obtainable and germinates readily, or
+in default they will root from cuttings. The varieties, with a few
+exceptions, are quickly propagated by cuttings, those that require to be
+grafted being _C. lawsoniana var. lutea_, the variegated forms of _C.
+nootkatensis_, and _C. obtusa vars. nana_, _nana aurea_, and _filifera
+aurea_. The forms of _C. thyoides_ also do well when raised from layers.
+We must not omit also such varieties of _C. lawsoniana_ as _Fraseri_,
+_Allumi_, and one known in nurseries as Milford Blue Jacket.
+
+THUYA.--These are propagated in much the same way as the Cupressus,
+viz., the species by seeds, and the varieties by cuttings or by grafting
+in the case of the one or two highly variegated forms. Some of the green
+or glaucous varieties of both Cupressus and Thuya will come fairly true
+from seed, from 40 per cent. to 70 per cent. being the usual quantity of
+seedlings true to name. Variegated forms from seed either come green or
+a mongrel mixture of green and variegated.
+
+LIBOCEDRUS.--This should be raised from seed, as when grafted on _Thuya
+orientalis_--a too common method of propagation--it makes a miserable
+specimen. The middle pair of scales in the cone of Libocedrus alone
+contain fertile seeds. _L. doniana_ is a tender species.
+
+SCIADOPITYS and TAXODIUM.--These can only be propagated by seeds, and
+the young plants should have a fairly moist position with plenty of
+leaf-mould or peat to grow in afterwards.
+
+SEQUOIA.--The two species of Sequoia should be raised from seed, and the
+three or four varieties be grafted on the type species.
+
+CRYPTOMERIA.--This only contains one species, viz., _C. japonica_, which
+can only be obtained from seed, or by cuttings; and the varieties root
+readily as cuttings, though one or two of the weaklier ones do better if
+grafted on _C. japonica_.
+
+ARAUCARIA.--Propagate by seeds, which, though sometimes difficult to
+obtain, germinate freely and quickly.
+
+TSUGA.--The Hemlock Spruces are easily and quickly obtained from seeds,
+and one or two will strike from cuttings; the varieties do best when
+grafted on the species they belong to, though _T. pattoniana var.
+glauca_, more commonly known as _Abies hookeriana_, will come fairly
+true from seed, about 75 per cent. being the usual quantity if the seed
+is obtained from good plants.
+
+PICEA.--This genus has been mentioned before as being commonly grafted
+on _P. excelsa_ (the Common Spruce), which is an easy way of obtaining
+young plants, which, however, cannot be recommended to form good
+specimens in after years. The species of Picea should all be raised from
+seed, and the many named varieties of _P. excelsa_ should be grafted on
+the parent species. At least one-half the plants of _P. Engelmanni var.
+glauca_ and _P. pungens var. glauca_ (the Californian Blue Spruce) will
+be found true to name when raised from seeds, while their superiority
+afterwards over grafted plants is evident.
+
+CEDRUS, LARIX, AND PSEUDOLARIX.--It should always be remembered that
+these three are quite distinct genera, and for purposes of propagation
+should never be used in conjunction with each other, the first being
+evergreen and the two latter deciduous. The species of all three should
+be raised from seed; the varieties of Cedrus should be grafted on that
+genus, the forms of Larix on the Larch, though the geographical forms of
+the Common Larch, such as _var. rossica_ and _var. sibirica_, usually
+come true from seed. _Larix leptolepis_ (Japanese Larch) is one of the
+most beautiful trees ever introduced from Japan; it is charming both in
+summer and winter. _Pseudolarix Kæmpferi_ (Golden Larch), the only
+representative of the genus, must be raised from seed; it is generally
+raised by grafting in February under glass on stocks of the common
+Larch.
+
+ABIES.--In this genus some of the most handsome Conifers are found, and
+also some of the most difficult to grow. All the Abies should be
+propagated by seeds, but if seed of the varieties cannot be obtained
+then they must be grafted on the parent species.
+
+PSEUDOTSUGA.--This genus only contains one species, viz., _P. Douglasii_
+(the Douglas Fir), which is propagated readily by seed, the seedlings
+being of rapid growth and soon form good plants. The few varieties are
+grafted on the type, though the majority will come fairly true from
+seed, which, however, is not always to be obtained.
+
+PINUS.--Perhaps no Conifer adds so much to the beauty of the landscape
+in winter as the Pine. All the species should be raised from seeds, and
+any green or glaucous varieties can also be propagated in the same way
+if seeds can be obtained. The golden, dwarf, and variegated Pines must
+be grafted on the species they are varieties of.
+
+TAXACEÆ.--This group is usually associated with Coniferæ, from which it
+differs chiefly by the seed being nearly or quite enclosed in a fleshy
+envelope instead of in a cone, the fruit of some resembling a small
+Plum, but a typical fruit is seen in that of the Common Yew. The hardy
+genera are _Ginkgo biloba_ (the Maidenhair tree), which is propagated
+from seed--the plant is deciduous and slow growing; Cephalotaxus and
+Torreya are propagated by seeds, cuttings, or layers.
+
+TAXUS (the Yew).--There are only three or four species of Taxus, but
+there are a great many varieties of the Common Yew, many being very
+handsome. The species are easily raised from seeds, layers, or cuttings.
+The first two methods are the best, cuttings being very slow in growth,
+but as seed is very plentiful in most years this is the quickest and
+best means of propagation. Some of the varieties will come true from
+seed; the Irish Yew, however, must be struck from cuttings, as seedlings
+never come true. The more highly variegated Yews grow quickest when
+grafted on the Common Yew, and as they always keep good in after years
+this method can for once be recommended. A very good species for a lawn
+is _T. cuspidata_; it is strong in growth and spreading.
+
+Propagate PRUMNOPITYS and SAXEGOTHEA by seeds, cuttings, or layers.
+
+
+CONIFERS AT MURTHLY CASTLE, PERTHSHIRE
+
+[Illustration: _AVENUE OF ANCIENT YEWS AT MURTHLY._]
+
+The following account of a great Conifer garden in Scotland is
+important, as showing how certain of the better-known species have
+behaved during the last fifty years or so. It is taken from the _Garden_
+of May 19, 1900:--
+
+The second quarter of the present century saw the introduction of a
+large number of Conifers hitherto unknown to English gardens. Their
+cultivation was eagerly taken up, and especially in Scotland, a land
+whose general conditions seem highly favourable to a considerable number
+of species, much success has been attained. It may still be premature to
+state with any degree of assurance what may be the ultimate suitability
+of many of these Conifers for growth in our islands. The lifetime of a
+tree is not comprised within its first sixty years, and such a length of
+time is all too short to prove the ultimate success of any new tree,
+though within that space it may come to a magnificent size and apparent
+promise. Such a state is shown by the splendid Douglas Firs in the
+grounds of Murthly Castle, Perthshire, where also many another exotic
+Conifer is grown in quantity.
+
+These words of Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, that formed part of his
+opening address on the second day of the Conifer conference of the Royal
+Horticultural Society in 1891, may here be quoted:--
+
+"Any one who had not travelled in Scotland could form no idea of the
+extent to which rare Conifers were cultivated in that country, and the
+splendid development which they attained. The chairman, by way of
+illustrating these remarks, directed the attention of the audience to
+some large photographs representing specimens of Coniferæ to be seen at
+Murthly Castle, Perthshire, where they flourished, and where stately and
+magnificent examples 70 feet, 80 feet, and 100 feet high were to be met
+with. Such trees could only be seen in Scotland, and were the result of
+a peculiar association of physical conditions. In the south-west of
+England it was impossible to find a parallel, though even on the
+sunburnt soil of Kew good specimens of the Pines proper were
+occasionally to be seen. With regard to the Abies, however--that section
+of Conifers of which the Spruces may be taken as a type--a state of
+things prevailed in Scotland which could not be rivalled in England. On
+the other hand, the climate in the south-west of the latter country was
+fairly suitable for some other Conifers, and many of the fine Mexican
+Pines could be grown there."
+
+Of the remarkable Douglas Fir at Dropmore, Mr. Charles Herrin on the
+same occasion says: "The monarch Douglas Fir, planted in 1830, has
+attained a height of 120 feet, girth of trunk 11 feet 9 inches, with
+beautiful spreading branches sweeping the ground, covering a diameter of
+64 feet. The leaves are also of a glaucous hue, equalling in that
+respect many of the plants now sold from nurseries under the name of
+_Douglasi glauca_.... Many trees have since been raised from its seeds
+and planted out on the estate; one, planted in 1843, is now 78 feet
+high, with a girth of trunk of 8 feet 2 inches, spreading 39 feet in
+diameter at base; a perfect specimen."
+
+By comparing the growth of the latter tree with the Murthly table, it
+will be seen that the trees make their growth much more rapidly in
+Scotland. The Murthly Conifers were all planted by Sir William and Sir
+Douglas Stewart. The present owner, Mr. Steuart Fothringham, who
+measured the trees in 1891 in anticipation of the visit of the Scottish
+Arboricultural Society, on learning that we should be glad to know their
+increase of growth since that date, has been so good as to have the same
+trees measured again, the increase being shown by the subjoined table on
+p. 128.
+
+Mr. Fothringham also furnishes the following remarks: "The measurements
+were all carefully taken by sending men or boys up the trees, not by
+dendrometers, and are, I believe, correct. There are something like
+eighty or a hundred different varieties growing at Murthly, but some of
+them are young and only experiments. Those measured and noted are the
+most striking; they are nearly all growing in large numbers. The remarks
+appended to the table are made by Mr. James Laurie, the gardener, who
+knows Conifers well. The only additional notes I have made are the
+following: _Picea sitchensis_ will never, in my opinion, supplant the
+Spruce. _Picea orientalis_ is not as free-growing as the Spruce, but
+quite as hardy. _Araucaria imbricata._--Many of these were damaged by
+severe frost. _Cedrus Deodara_ will not, in my opinion, live to great
+age in our climate. _Cupressus thyoides._--This particular tree was so
+much broken by branches blown off its neighbour that I cut it down.
+_Pinus monticola_ has been attacked by a parasitic growth that is likely
+to destroy all the young growth and probably the trees. _Juniperus
+recurva_ was severely injured by the hard frost. By the hard frost I
+mean the winter of 1894-5. In February 1895, the thermometer was for
+several days below 0 Fahr., and on one night went to 11° below 0. This
+shows that all these trees will stand great cold at the time of year
+that it is likely to come, but late frosts in spring, when the sap has
+begun to rise, are detrimental to the young shoots of those that start
+their growth early in the season. There are at Murthly, besides
+Coniferæ, fine specimens of Yews, Oaks, Beech, Spanish Chestnut, Horse
+Chestnut, and Sycamore."
+
+Key:
+A - Height.
+B - Girth at 5 feet.
+C - Spread of Branches.
+
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+--------------------
+                                       |  August 11, 1892. |   March 24, 1900.
+                                       +------+------+-----+-------+------+-----
+                                       |   A  |   B  |  C  |   A   |   B  |  C
+                                       +------+------+-----+-------+------+-----
+Wellingtonia, planted 1857[a]          | 66.6 |  9.3 | 26  |  74.11| 10.7 | 28
+Picea sitchensis, planted 1845[b]      | 91.9 |  9.7 | 45  | 105.10| 11.3 |  ...
+Pinus monticola, planted 1850[c]       | 67   |  5.6 | 18  |  79.2 |  6.2 | 22
+Araucaria imbricata, planted 1847[d]   | 42.6 |  4   |  9  |  51   |  4.8 |  9.8
+Abies Pinsapo, planted 1847            | 34.8 |  6.6 |  ...|  42.6 |  7.10|  ...
+  ,,  magnifica, planted 1867          | 31.9 |  2.7 |  9  |  43.3 |  3.8 | 11
+Pseudotsuga Douglasi, planted 1847[e]  | 86.6 |  8.10| 24  |  97.4 |  9.10| 27
+Abies grandis, planted 1852            | 64.2 |  4.8 | 22.6|  79.10|  6.10| 35.8
+Tsuga albertiana, planted 1860         | 56   |  5.5 | 32  |  72.1 |  6.4 | 40
+Abies nobilis, planted 1847            | 75.4 |  6.1 |  ...|  92.8 |  6.6 |  ...
+  ,,  nordmanniana, planted 1854       | 58.6 |  4   |  ...|  74   |  4.9 |  ...
+Tsuga hookeriana, planted 1862[f]      | 30   |  4   | 15  |  39.6 |  4   | 15.4
+Cedrus Deodara, planted 1842[g]        | 51.3 |  6.8 | 26  |  61.2 |  7.4 | 36
+  ,,   Libani[h]                       | 65.10| 11.8 |  ...|  67   | 12.5 |  ...
+Cryptomeria japonica, planted 1852     | 36.3 |  4.2 | 26  |  41.7 |  4.3 |  ...
+Libocedrus decurrens[i]                | 34.8 |  3.6 | 10  |  38   |  4.5 | 14
+Thuya gigantea, planted 1862           | 46   |  3.6 | 21  |  57   |  3.7 |  ...
+Cupressus lawsoniana, planted 1859[j]  |  ... |  ... |  ...|  48.7 |  4.2 |  ...
+Spanish Chestnut                       |  ... |  ... |  ...|   ... | 17.10|  ...
+  ,,      ,,   [k]                     |  ... |  ... |  ...|   ... | 19.2 |  ...
+Silver Fir[l]                          |  ... |  ... |  ...|  90   | 11.3 |  ...
+Cupressus lawsoniana erecta viridis    |  ... |  ... |  ...|  25   |  2.8 |  7
+Picea ajanensis, planted 1885          |  ... |  ... |  ...|  24   |  1.7 | 10.6
+Abies brachyphylla, planted 1885[m]    |  ... |  ... |  ...|  14   |  ... |  9.7
+  ,,  Veitchii, planted 1885[n]        |  ... |  ... |  ...|  20.9 |  1.4 | 10.2
+  ,,  amabilis, planted 1885           |  ... |  ... |  ...|  14.11|  ... |  9.5
+  ,,  concolor violacea, planted 1885  |  ... |  ... |  ...|  20.1 |  1.5 | 14.9
+English Yew[o]                         |  ... |  ... |  ...|  30   | 14.3 | 80
+English Yew                            |  ... |  ... |  ...|   ... | 10.8 |  ...
+Tsuga albertiana (at Roman Bridge)[p]  |  ... |  ... |  ...|  75   |  4.3 |  ...
+Picea orientalis, planted 1852         | 30   |  2.7 |  ...|  49   |  3   |  ...
+ ,,   morinda, planted 1857            | 47   |  ... |  ...|   ... |  ... |  ...
+Pinus Jeffreyi                         |  ... |  ... |  ...|  57   |  4.9 |  ...
+---------------------------------------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-----
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[a] At the ground this tree measures 16.9; cones freely.
+
+[b] There are six others about the same size, and all are growing
+freely.
+
+[c] Most of these have lately got a fungoid disease, viz., peridendrum.
+
+[d] Many of these lost branches, and some were killed by frost in
+1894-5. They cone freely, and young ones are growing from seed.
+
+[e] A great many others about the same size, and all perfectly healthy.
+
+[f] A beautiful tree quite distinct from the others; long, drooping
+branches.
+
+[g] About sixty trees growing in the grounds averaging 50 cubic feet.
+
+[h] Age unknown, but probably not less than 150 years.
+
+[i] Probably thirty-five to forty years of age.
+
+[j] Two trees, recently taken out, measured 12 cubic feet and 14 cubic
+feet.
+
+[k] At ground this tree measures 29 feet.
+
+[l] Inclined to go back.
+
+[m] Will become a handsome tree. Coned last year. Some fertile.
+
+[n] Very apt to lose its leader either by birds or wind. Coned last
+year.
+
+[o] Very old; possibly 500 years. Many others of the same age and size.
+
+[p] Quite a different form from the others, the lower branches being
+quite table-form.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+CARE OF OLD TREES
+
+
+The charm of many an estate is not the garden or the woodland, but the
+monarchs that for years have weathered the winter storm and stand out as
+noble specimens of their family. Often there are fine trees of rarer
+species which their owners naturally wish to preserve from decay as long
+as possible. Belonging to this class are numerous specimens scattered
+over the country of American and other foreign trees that were amongst
+the first of their kind to be introduced to Britain, such, for instance,
+as the Tulip tree, the Robinia, and various oaks from America, the
+Sophora from China, and various European trees. The trees may have some
+historic associations, but whether this is so or not, when they begin to
+decay efforts are made to save them from absolute death. Decay is
+harmful and objectionable in park and garden, and we are not sure that
+this matter of decay in trees has been so well considered as it might
+be, as bearing upon the health of other trees and of mankind also. A
+tree may be picturesque in decay, but we prefer it in health and beauty.
+Experts are frequently asked for remedies to arrest decay in old trees.
+
+The two principal causes of decay are starvation at the root and injury
+by storms and disease. Such trees as the Beech and Horse Chestnut, that
+root close to the surface of the soil--quite different from the Oak--may
+often be invigorated by covering the ground with a few inches of good
+soil or short manure. Artificial watering, during prolonged drought,
+when thoroughly done, is also very helpful to the tree. Trees with large
+crowns of branches are frequently seen thinly furnished with foliage,
+and altogether sickly owing to unhealthy or insufficient roots. The
+balance between top and bottom has been destroyed. To restore it in some
+degree the top-growth may be reduced by pruning out and shortening back
+branches here and there, wherever it can be done without spoiling the
+appearance of the tree. This demands careful judgment, but some old and
+sickly trees may certainly be restored in a measure by this help. It is
+of no value in the case of trees with decayed trunks, nor with those
+like our Common Oak, which will not break readily from old wood. But
+Elms, Robinias, and Red Oaks are among those that respond to this
+treatment.
+
+Old trees with insecure branches can often be saved from destruction by
+fastening the main branches together on to the trunk. The common
+practice of putting an iron collar round the branch is a mistake. The
+iron prevents the branch expanding naturally, and ultimately chokes it.
+A better way is to use a strong iron rod with a plate at the end, and
+instead of supporting the branch by encircling it, a hole is bored right
+through the centre of it, through which the rod is pushed from the
+outer side. The rod should be of tough iron or steel, and should exactly
+fit the hole bored by the augur; the portions embedded in the wood
+should be smeared with coal tar before they are pushed through, so as to
+make the holes as nearly as possible air and water-tight. One end of the
+rod should be "threaded" sufficiently to allow of the limbs being braced
+slightly by screwing up the nut, and thus supporting some of their
+weight. Finally, the bark should be neatly cut away so as to let in each
+of the iron plates closer to the living wood, for by this means the time
+required for closing over the plate by new wood is shortened. In this
+way the weight is borne by the iron plate, which should, by removing
+sufficient bark, be allowed to fit close in to the wood. New bark will
+gradually close over and hide the plate, and instead of an ugly collar
+cutting into the wood, the only evidence of artificial aid is the rod
+coming from the inner side of the branch.
+
+Branches or snags that have to be removed should be sawn off quite close
+to the trunk or larger branch from which they spring. When a stump, even
+not more than a few inches long, is left, the new bark and wood are
+unable to close over it, and the wood ultimately decays and acts as a
+medium for moisture and fungoid diseases. The saw should travel from
+point A to B, as in the sketch. When a stump is left (as would be done
+by sawing off at C D) decay sets in sooner or later. Although the tree
+often succeeds in healing over the dead part, it more often fails to do
+so until the decay has reached the trunk itself. With the softer-wooded
+trees like the Horse-Chestnuts disease frequently reaches the heart of
+the tree quickly by these means. A coating of liquid tar over the wound,
+renewed once or twice until the new bark has closed over, is a sure
+protection against these evils.
+
+A good deal may be done in the early training of a tree to so control
+its building up that it may best withstand the violence of gales. And
+the most important matter in this connexion is the development of a
+strong erect trunk, a central axis of such height and strength and bulk
+as to be capable of supporting its head of branches easily. In other
+words the leading shoot should always be watched, and, by the repression
+of any rival leaders that may appear, allowed to retain its
+predominance. In the best English nurseries only trees with good "leads"
+are sent out.
+
+[Illustration: When a broken stump, such as is here shown, has to be
+sawn off, the proper place to amputate it is from A to B; the wrong
+place from C to D.]
+
+Trees decayed in the centre, with only an outer layer of healthy wood,
+are, of course, doomed, but by filling up all holes in the earlier
+stages of decay, and thus keeping out moisture, their term of life can
+be lengthened by many years.
+
+Holes made by woodpeckers can sometimes be plugged up with a piece of
+Oak. This, if left on a level with the bark, will often enable the
+latter to close over the hole. Large holes may be filled with cement, or
+even built up with bricks, the surface being made water-tight and tarred
+over.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS FOR WATERSIDE
+
+
+Many of the brightest garden pictures at the present day are by the
+well-planted pond or lakeside, where shrubs of large growth are grouped
+to give colour through summer and winter.
+
+The wild plants of the riverside are in themselves for the most part
+large of stature and important of appearance. When one sees the upright
+growth and large leaves of the Great Water Dock (Rumex) and the broad
+round ones (2 feet or more across) of the Butter-Bur (Petasites), and
+the beds of the Common Reed (Phragmites), 8 to 10 feet high, with its
+great brown-black plumes, and the curious bright-green Horsetail
+(Equisetum), and the rosy banks of Willow-herb and Loose-strife, and the
+calm wide breadths of the white Water Lily in the still backwaters; when
+we see all these lessons that Nature teaches by the riverside we
+perceive that for the best of good effect of waterside gardening we need
+not be afraid of planting things of bold growth largely.
+
+[Illustration: _ALDERS NEAR WATER (Catkin time)._]
+
+When we come to garden plants there are many families that are never so
+happy as when close to water, or in soil that always feels the cool,
+moistening influence of water within a few feet below them. Such are
+the whole range of the larger herbaceous Spiræas, some of them plants of
+great size. Then we have the Thalictrums, the autumn-flowering Phloxes,
+the stately Heracleum; Telekia, Bamboos, _Arundo Donax_, the Swamp and
+Meadow Lilies of the northern states of America; and coming to smaller
+though scarcely less important plants, the Scarlet Lobelias, Oriental
+Poppies, many Irises, the Michaelmas Daisies, and Day Lilies; all these
+thrive by the waterside.
+
+[Illustration: _WHITE WILLOW (Salix alba) BY WATERSIDE._]
+
+There are many shrubs that prefer a moist place, such as the Guelder
+Rose and the beautiful North American Halesia, Quinces, Rhododendrons,
+Azaleas, and Kalmias, while the lovely Fritillaries, Globe-flowers, and
+the double Cuckoo-flowers love damp grassy spaces. We think we may
+safely advise those who are making gardens by river or lake to go
+forward and plant with confidence, only selecting such things as are
+mentioned below.
+
+As the things named are described elsewhere in this book a list only is
+given.
+
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS FOR SWAMPY PLACES
+
+Willows (Salix) in great variety: _S. alba_ (White Willow), _S.
+babylonica_ (Babylonian Weeping Willow), _S. purpurea_, _S. p. pendula_
+(American Weeping Willow), _S. Caprea_, _S. C. pendula_, the fine
+Kilmarnock Willow, Cardinal Willow and Golden Willow--both these are
+very beautiful in winter; the stems of the former are crimson, and of
+the latter golden yellow, and make a remarkable picture of intense
+colouring; plant them in large groups--_S. daphnoides_ (the
+White-stemmed Willow), _S. fragilis_ (Crack Willow), _S. f. basfordiana_
+(Red-barked Willow), and _S. hippophaifolia_ (Sea Buckthorn-leaved
+Willow).
+
+_Populus alba_ (White Poplar), _P. deltoidea_ (Canadian Poplar), _P.
+nigra_ (Black Poplar), Lombardy Poplar, and _P. tremula_ (the Aspen).
+But the Poplars must not be overdone, and by pond or lakeside are often
+out of place. In such places the Cardinal and Yellow-barked Willow, Sea
+Buckthorn, and similar shrubs are more appropriate.
+
+Common Alder, with its many varieties--Cut-leaved, the Golden-leaved,
+and such as _Alnus incana_ and _A. serrulata_.
+
+_Taxodium distichum_ (Deciduous Cypress); tender green in spring and
+brownish red in autumn, when the leaves change colour.
+
+_Hippophaë rhamnoides_ (the Sea Buckthorn).
+
+[Illustration: _NATURAL TREE GROWTH BY WATER (Burnham Beeches.)_]
+
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS FOR MOIST (BUT NOT SWAMPY) SOIL
+
+_Berberis Darwinii_ (Darwin's Barberry), _B. Thunbergi_ (for its
+beautiful autumn leaf-colouring), Birch, Dogwoods, _Cornus alba_ and
+varieties; the variety _sibirica_ has brilliant-red stems. _Cotoneaster
+buxifolia_, _C. frigida_, _C. Nummularia_, _C. Simonsii_; Ash, _Myrica
+Gale_ (Sweet Gale) and _M. asplenifolia_; _Ledum palustre_, _Nyssa
+sylvatica_ (Tupelo tree), Mountain Ash, _Quercus aquatica_ (Water Oak),
+_Q. palustris_ (Swamp Oak); _Rhamnus Frangula_ (Buckthorn). Roses
+with brightly-coloured hips--_Rubus biflorus_ (White-stemmed Bramble),
+_R. fruticosus fl. pl._ (Double Pink Bramble). _R. laciniatus_
+(Cut-leaved Bramble), _R. spectabilis_ (Salmon Berry). _Sambucus
+racemosa_ (Red-berried Elder), _Spiræa Douglasii_, _S. hypericifolia_,
+_S. lindleyana_; Tamarisk. _Viburnum Opulus_ (Guelder Rose); when this
+native shrub is weighed down with the rich red berry-clusters, it is a
+remarkable colour picture, and the autumn leaf tints add to its beauty.
+
+Of Conifers, mention may be made of _Tsuga canadensis_, _Picea
+sitchensis_, _Cupressus thyoides_, and _Thuya gigantea_.
+
+Bamboos: Select those of robust growth, such as _Arundinaria japonica_
+(_Bambusa Metake_), _A. Simoni_, _A. Veitchii_, and _A. palmata_;
+_Phyllostachys viridi-glaucescens_ and _P. mitis_.
+
+[Illustration: _WILLOWS BY WATERSIDE._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS FOR THE ROCK GARDEN
+
+
+If we think of the changes in gardening terms which have occurred during
+the last quarter of a century, there is surely significance in the
+gradual transition from the Rock Garden or Alpine Garden into the more
+imposing Rock Garden of our present-day language. It points to the
+bolder grouping--now happily adopted in most good gardens and more in
+accordance with Nature's pattern--which includes evergreen and flowering
+shrubs as well as the close-growing alpine plants, gem-like in their
+brilliant colours, which in earlier days were alone considered suitable
+for the purpose. The principle is now generally recognised that the
+"unstudied picturesqueness of Nature may be brought into the rule and
+line ordering of our gardens," and the better construction and
+government of the Rock Garden gives greater scope for the carrying out
+of this worthy effort.
+
+In enumerating suitable shrubs for the Rock Garden, more than ordinary
+care should be exercised in their selection, in view of the greater
+difficulty of rectifying mistakes in such positions. We must not be led
+away by the beauty of a shrub, for instance, during its time of
+flowering alone, without considering its character at other seasons and
+its adaptability to its special surroundings. A due sense of proportion
+will also hold us back from planting a spreading, hungry-natured shrub
+in limited space, or where it would rob and over-run more valuable but
+weaker plants. Such considerations as these must be left to the planter
+who, in his turn, must be guided by the incidental circumstances of his
+particular locality. It is only possible here to set down some of the
+best shrubs available for the purpose, and to indicate, in a very
+general way, the positions for which they are suitable.
+
+Occasionally, where there is ample space, a deciduous tree of low growth
+may be planted to great advantage. Not long ago, in a picturesque
+district bordering on Western Germany, a mental note was made of the
+excellent effect of Wild Medlar trees, scarcely more than good-sized
+bushes, growing about the boulders and overhanging the edge of quarried
+rocks. The white flowers in spring, and the fine form and tint of the
+russet-brown fruit as it gradually swells during the summer months, give
+this tree a peculiar claim on our attention where the position is
+suitable. But in planning the main features of the Rock Garden, we
+naturally turn our thoughts first to evergreen trees and shrubs, because
+the plants grown in such positions, being usually either alpine or
+herbaceous, are mostly in abeyance during the winter, and it is
+desirable that the rockery, no less than every other part of the garden,
+should be interesting even if it cannot be gay, during the period of
+rest. A specimen Holly or, in exceptionally mild climates, a tall bush,
+from 8 to 10 feet high, of _Pittosporum undulatum_, one of the most
+beautiful of New Zealand evergreen trees, may be so placed, for example,
+as to be exceedingly pictorial; but, as a rule, we must keep our shrubs
+to an average maximum height of not more than from 4 to 5 feet, and,
+generally speaking, those of still lower stature are better suited to
+the ordinary Rock Garden.
+
+[Illustration: _CISTUSES AND ROSES IN THE ROCK GARDEN._
+
+(_In the left lower corner, Cistus hirsutus; middle, Rosa alba; to
+right, R. rugosa Mme. Georges Bruant._)]
+
+Some of the small-growing Conifers, from their compact habit and
+distinct character, are especially well fitted to break the outline and
+to give contrast. We think of Pines and Spruce Firs and Cedars as
+majestic trees, and it is only when one comes to study them in their
+manifold varieties that we find how many of these range from a height of
+only a few inches to 3 feet, or at most to 4 feet.
+
+Some species, it is true, do not lend themselves gracefully to the
+dwarfing process, becoming clumpy and inelegant, but this charge cannot
+be brought against many of the Cypresses and Junipers. Several of the
+smaller Conifers, besides, give the advantage of distinct variations of
+colour with the changing seasons. Reference is not now made to the
+golden and silver forms, so-called, which occur in most of the genera,
+and put on their brightest tints in spring, but to the deeper winter
+colouring assumed, _e.g._ by the interesting _Retinospora ericoides_,
+which alters its summer tone of dark green to purple brown on the
+approach of cold weather; or by _Cryptomeria elegans_, a little less
+hardy, which changes to a fine shade of bronzy crimson. Like other
+plants, Conifers differ greatly as to constitution, and judgment must be
+used in their choice. The dwarf alpine form of the Common Juniper
+(_Juniperus communis nana_) is very hardy and slow-growing, never
+becoming too rampant for the smallest Rock Garden, and shares the
+blue-grey tint which is so characteristic of this beautiful species. _J.
+c. alpina aurea_ is a delightful small-growing Conifer. In summer the
+foliage is light yellow, and in winter heavily shaded with bronzy
+yellow. Very distinct from it is the lovely prostrate Savin (_J. Sabina
+procumbens_), one of the best of evergreen shrubs for the Rock Garden,
+and one most restful and satisfying to the eye at all times in its deep
+tones of sea green. A first-rate variety is _J. S. tamariscifolia_,
+which is of very spreading growth.
+
+[Illustration: _DWARF SHRUBS ON ROCK GARDEN._]
+
+_Cupressus pisifera_, almost plumose in one of its many variations, and
+_C. obtusa_, both better known perhaps under the garden name of
+Retinosporas, are admirable, and may be used either in the normal or the
+dwarf forms according to the greater or less space at command. Almost
+the last tree, probably, which one would expect to see draping the
+vertical face of a rock is the Spruce Fir, yet a weeping variety (_Picea
+excelsa pendula_) is exceedingly effective in such a position as a foil
+to hanging masses of richly-coloured Aubrietias or Golden Alyssum, while
+it looks well at all seasons. Mention may here be made of a remarkable
+Conifer, _Cunninghamia sinensis_, of great beauty and very distinct
+character, which takes the shape, in our climate, of a spreading bush,
+though in its native habitat it grows into a tree of noble dimensions.
+It is suitable only for a Rock Garden of some boldness of construction,
+and in gardens favoured with a mild climate and a sheltered position,
+but under such happy circumstances a place should certainly be found for
+this handsome and little-known China Fir.
+
+Another uncommon coniferous shrub, also very distinct and more generally
+useful than the last, is _Podocarpus alpina_. Though a native of
+Tasmania, it grows at high elevations, and is able to resist severe
+frost. Dark green in foliage, only about 2 feet in height, and of a
+somewhat spreading nature, it is never out of place in the Rock Garden,
+whether large or small.
+
+From Conifers we may pass to Veronicas, certain of which might almost be
+mistaken for some minute form of Cypress. Of this character is a small
+group known in New Zealand, the natural habitat of a large number of
+shrubby species, by the apposite name of Whipcord Veronicas. Being
+themselves alpine, they are particularly well suited for grouping with
+low-growing mountain plants. Six species or varieties of this
+interesting section grow naturally at elevations ranging from 7000 to
+4000 feet, and are much more hardy than is generally supposed. These
+are: _V. cupressoides_, _V. c. var. variabilis_, _V. lycopodioides_, _V.
+Armstrongii_, _V. Hectori_, _V. loganioides_.
+
+The form of _V. cupressoides_, known as _variabilis_, was mistaken, on
+its first introduction, for a distinct species, _V. salicornoides_, and
+may still be met with under that name. The small violet or white flowers
+of these miniature evergreen shrubs are not perhaps much to be taken
+into account, but they have a distinct value of their own as rock-work
+greenery. There are other dwarf New Zealand Veronicas of a leafy
+character, differing essentially from these mimetic species, such as _V.
+carnosula_ and _V. pinguifolia_, also inhabiting regions 5000 feet above
+the sea-level, which are suited for localities with average advantages
+of climate. Others again, such as _V. Lyallii_, _V. glauco-cærulea_, and
+_V. hulkeana_, though they grow naturally at lower altitudes, and must
+be reckoned only half-hardy, may yet be serviceable for Rock Gardens on
+the southern sea-board, or on the west coast of Scotland. Belonging to
+the larger-growing and more familiar species of Shrubby Veronica,
+mention may be made of a good purple-flowered hybrid, of very compact
+growth, known as Purple Queen, which is exceedingly ornamental from its
+free-flowering habit. Many of the losses sustained amongst these
+interesting New Zealand shrubs are owing to drought rather than to
+frost, and their extreme susceptibility to dryness at the root is a fact
+not recognised as it should be.
+
+Hardy Heaths are of the utmost value in the Rock Garden, and range in
+height from the 6 feet or more of _Erica arborea_ to the 6 inches of the
+well-known _E. carnea_, and can be used in rough places, where more
+delicate plants might not thrive. A sudden emergency once arose in the
+experience of the writer, when a shelving mass of earth had to be
+shored-up as quickly as possible with such material as lay ready to hand
+at the moment. This happened to be found in a heap of ugly, yellowish,
+water-worn boulders of great size, which abound in that particular
+locality, at no great distance below the ground-level, and must be dug
+out when any deep trenching has to be done. There was no time to be
+wasted in facing the stones, which would have made them more sightly,
+and they had to be used as they were. Fortunately a large consignment of
+the best hardy Heaths had lately arrived from the Darley Dale Nurseries,
+and were immediately seized upon to cover up the ugliness of the
+hastily-built-up barricade. Boulders and Heaths, however, took to each
+other kindly, in spite of a soil by no means specially suitable, and
+with the addition, later, of a few good kinds of Cistus and other
+shrubs, the bank still remains as happy a bit of rough planting as could
+be desired.
+
+Of the taller Heaths, _E. lusitanica_ is somewhat tender, and is not so
+generally useful as _E. mediterranea_ or _E. arborea_ (Tree Heath). A
+hybrid form--_E. mediterranea × E. carnea_--is excellent, and comes into
+flower about Christmas, in advance of either of its parents, when its
+pale-purple spikes are very welcome, and are quite distinct from the
+rosy-red flowers of _E. carnea_: it is known as _E. mediterranea
+hybrida_. The foliage of hardy Heaths is never unsightly, but the
+persistent dead flowers are, and these should always be clipped off as
+soon as their beauty is over, or the new growth will break away above
+the withered flowers, leaving, in many cases, straggling and unclothed
+branches. The omission of this needful work every season is a fruitful
+source of the raggedness which brings some discredit on these otherwise
+attractive plants.
+
+Many flowering shrubs of the same natural order as Heaths, but unlike
+them in general appearance, such as the Alpine Rhododendrons, _R.
+ferrugineum_ and _R. hirsutum_, and the less well-known but very
+beautiful and distinct _R. racemosum_, as well as some of the miniature
+varieties of _Azalea indica_, notably _R. obtusa_ and its forms, seem
+peculiarly suitable for the Rock Garden (see p. 428 for lists of the
+best Rhododendrons). Again, where rock meets more level ground, and the
+trickle of a stream can be so directed as to give moisture without
+sogginess, a considerable number of peat-loving evergreen shrubs
+belonging to the same order, of the type of _Gaultheria_, _Vaccinium_,
+and _Pieris_, may be used with excellent effect. _Gaultheria Shallon_,
+indeed, is a singularly fine shrub in any position, and is not very
+exacting in any of its requirements. Growing about 2 feet high, with
+purple leaf-tints in winter, and spikes of white waxy flowers, brightly
+tinged with red, in spring, which are followed by purple fruit, few
+things can surpass it in its way. For carpeting moist spots, the little
+_G. procumbens_, which rises scarcely 3 inches from the ground, will
+fill a useful place with its winter colouring of crimson brown. Shrubs
+of this class are well worth study by those whose locality admits of
+their cultivation.
+
+For dry, sunny, and stony banks Rock Roses may be chosen, but the
+position must be wind-screened, a more important factor in the question
+of their hardiness than cold. The large-growing Gum Cistus is well known
+and tolerably hardy everywhere, and so also is _C. laurifolius_, but
+there are several most desirable species of dwarfer growth, such as the
+white, crimson-spotted _C. lusitanicus_, the pink-flowered _C.
+villosus_, the bright-red _C. crispus_, and the pure white _C.
+florentinus_, which are quite happy in sheltered rock walks especially
+by the sea; they have been also grown with success in many colder
+situations inland. The Cistineæ, at best, are somewhat short-lived, and
+lose vigour and power of resistance as they grow older. Keep up,
+therefore, young, thrifty stock by yearly cuttings to fill up inevitable
+gaps, which is a matter of no cultural difficulty. Where Rock Roses are
+out of the question, their place may worthily be filled by the hardier
+shrubby _Helianthemums_, though they differ greatly from Cistineæ in
+their trailing habit and smaller flowers. The breadths of brilliant
+colour given by these Sun Roses while in bloom are invaluable, and may
+be enjoyed to the full in almost any locality, while the many variations
+of tint, from deep green to ashen grey, in their leafage should also be
+taken into consideration, as it increases their usefulness when out of
+flower.
+
+No list of good shrubs for the Rock Garden would be complete without
+some reference to _Yuccas_, which for all practical purposes must be
+included under that head. Groups of these magnificent plants, with their
+sub-tropical effect, cannot be surpassed for nobility of outline and
+stateliness of flower. To do them full justice, they must have space to
+develop their grand proportions, but this may often be found on the
+ridge or upper slope, even in rock-work of limited character. _Y.
+gloriosa_, with its fine form, _Y. recurva_, and the stemless _Y.
+flaccida_, of smaller growth, are amongst the best and hardiest kinds,
+and to these may be added _Y. angustifolia_, another valuable and nearly
+stemless species.
+
+It is only possible, in restricted space, to touch in a very cursory way
+upon a few of the available groups of dwarf-growing shrubs. Many more
+than have been mentioned will occur readily to the minds of those who
+are at all conversant with plants, such as _Abelia rupestris_, _Magnolia
+stellata_, several beautiful species of _Daphne_, some of the St. John's
+Worts, of low-growing _Cytisus_, and others which may be classed under
+the head of miscellaneous. The subjoined list, though it does not
+pretend to be exhaustive, will be found of use, either for purposes of
+winter greenery or for summer embellishment, by those who are seeking
+good and suitable dwarf shrubs for planting, under varied conditions in
+the Rock Garden.
+
+
+DWARF SHRUBS FOR THE ROCK GARDEN
+
+HARDY EVERGREEN
+
+Buxus sempervirens vars.
+Cotoneaster buxifolia.
+Danæa Laurus (Alexandrian Laurel). Syn. Ruscus racemosus.
+Gaultheria procumbens.
+Lavendula vera (Lavender).
+Mahonia (Berberis) Aquifolium.
+Osmanthus Aquifolium.
+Pernettya mucronata.
+Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary).
+Skimmia Foremani.
+Veronica (Whipcord).
+   ,,    cupressoides.
+   ,,    cup. var. variabilis.
+   ,,    Armstrongii.
+   ,,    Hectori.
+   ,,    loganioides.
+   ,,    lycopodioides.
+
+
+_Conifers_
+
+Cupressus obtusa nana.
+   ,,     ericoides.
+   ,,     thyoides.
+Juniperus communis nana.
+   ,,     Sabina prostrata.
+Picea excelsa clanbrassiliana.
+ ,,   ex. pumila glauca.
+Podocarpus alpina.
+
+
+HARDY FLOWERING SHRUBS
+
+Azalea (Rhododendron) amoena.
+  ,,   indica and vars.
+  ,,   mollis.
+Cytisus Ardoini.
+  ,,    Kewensis.
+  ,,    purpureus.
+  ,,    Shipkænsis.
+Daphne blagayana.
+  ,,   Cneorum.
+  ,,   Mezereum.
+Dryas octopetala.
+Erica carnea.
+ ,,   ciliaris.
+ ,,   lusitanica.
+ ,,   mediterranea.
+ ,,   m. hybrida.
+Genista germanica.
+  ,,    pilosa.
+Helianthemum vars.
+Hypericum moserianum.
+   ,,     olympicum.
+   ,,     patulum.
+Kalmia angustifolia.
+  ,,   glauca.
+Magnolia stellata.
+Olearia Haastii.
+Ononis rotundifolia.
+Philadelphus microphyllus.
+Phlomis fruticosa.
+Polygala Chamæbuxus and var. purpurea.
+Prunus nana.
+Rhododendron ferrugineum.
+     ,,      hirsutum.
+     ,,      racemosum.
+Rosa lutea.
+ ,,  pimpinellifolia.
+ ,,  xanthina (Ecæ).
+Rubus arcticus.
+Spiræa arguta.
+  ,,   Bumalda.
+  ,,   decumbens, &c.
+  ,,   Thunbergi.
+Veronica buxifolia.
+   ,,    carnosula.
+   ,,    pinguifolia.
+   ,,    linifolia.
+Yucca angustifolia.
+ ,,   filamentosa.
+ ,,   fil. var. flaccida.
+ ,,   gloriosa.
+ ,,   recurvifolia.
+
+
+FLOWERING AND OTHER SHRUBS FOR SHELTERED SITUATIONS AND MILD CLIMATE
+
+Abelia rupestris.
+Cistus albidus.
+  ,,   crispus.
+  ,,   lusitanicus.
+  ,,   villosus.
+Coronilla Emerus.
+   ,,     glauca.
+Daphne Dauphini.
+  ,,   Genkwa.
+Fabiana imbricata.
+Escallonia macrantha.
+    ,,     philippiana and hybrids.
+    ,,     rubra.
+Eugenia Ugni.
+Fatsia japonica (Arabia Sieboldi).
+Grevillea rosmarinifolia.
+Helianthemum formosum.
+Linum arboreum.
+Myrtus communis.
+  ,,   box leaved.
+Olearia dentata.
+Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius.
+Philesia buxifolia.
+Pittosporum Tobira.
+    ,,      undulata.
+Rhododendron (see pp. 137 and 424).
+Rosa simplicifolia.
+Rubus rosæfolius.
+Swainsonia alba.
+Trachycarpus (Chamærops) excelsa (Chinese Fan Palm).
+Veronica chathamica.
+   ,,    epacridea.
+   ,,    Fairfieldii.
+   ,,    glauco-cærulea.
+   ,,    pimeleoides.
+   ,,    speciosa.
+   ,,    Traversii.
+   ,,    Purple Queen (hyb.).
+
+_Conifers._
+
+Cryptomeria elegans.
+Cunninghamia sinensis.
+
+[Illustration: _ONONIS FRUTICOSA (Shrubby Rest Harrow) AT EXETER._]
+
+
+FOR MOIST PEATY SOIL AT THE FOOT OF ROCKS
+
+Andromeda polifolia.
+Bryanthus erectus.
+Cassandra calyculata.
+Cassiope tetragona.
+Daboecia polifolia (Irish Heath).
+Gaultheria procumbens.
+Ledum palustre.
+Leucothoë axillaris.
+   ,,     Catesbæi.
+Myrica asplenifolia.
+  ,,   Gale.
+Pieris floribunda.
+  ,,   japonica.
+Rhodothamnus Chamæcistus.
+Salix reticulata.
+Vaccinium crassifolium.
+   ,,     uliginosum.
+   ,,     Vitis-idæa.
+Zenobia speciosa var. pulverulenta.
+
+[Illustration: _TREE IN COURSE OF REMOVAL WITH ONE OF BARRON'S
+MACHINES._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+REMOVAL OF LARGE TREES AND SHRUBS
+
+
+Probably no garden operation requires more time and labour than the
+proper removal of large trees and shrubs from one part of a garden to
+another. Time, as it will take two, or even three, days to remove a
+large tree to a distance; and labour, as the services of from eight to
+twelve men will be required to accomplish the work. It is not,
+therefore, an operation to be lightly undertaken or got through in a
+hurry.
+
+Before proceeding to describe the various ways of moving large specimen
+plants, it will be well to consider the trees and shrubs that are
+generally required to be moved. Three numbered lists are given arranged
+according to the roots of the shrubs or trees--that is, those that, when
+they have stood for some time in one place, are most alike as regards
+the way their roots are placed together; and the lists are also some
+guide when transplanting, as the chances of life after removal are
+greatest in No. 1, less in No. 2, and considerably lower in No. 3.
+
+_No. 1._
+
+Andromeda.
+Azalea.
+Clethra.
+Kalmia.
+Rhododendron.
+Vaccinium.
+
+_No. 2._
+
+Ailantus.
+Alder.
+Almond.
+Amelanchier.
+Ash.
+Beech.
+Birch.
+Box.
+Celtis.
+Chestnut.
+Cratægus.
+Elm.
+Flowering Cherries.
+Hornbeam.
+Horse-Chestnut.
+Laburnum.
+Lime.
+Malus.
+Maple.
+Mulberry.
+Oak.
+Peach.
+Plane.
+Poplar.
+Pyrus.
+Robinia.
+Willow.
+
+_No. 3._
+
+Arbutus.
+Aucuba.
+Bay Laurel.
+Carya.
+Catalpa.
+Cotoneaster.
+Diospyros.
+Elæagnus.
+Halesia.
+Hamamelis.
+Hippophaë.
+Holly.
+Liquidambar.
+Laurel (Common).
+ ,,  (Portugal).
+Magnolia.
+Osmanthus.
+Phillyræa.
+Rhamnus.
+Styrax.
+Tulip Tree.
+Viburnum.
+Walnut.
+Yew.
+
+Coniferæ.
+
+It will be noticed that Conifers are mentioned in the third list, and
+even in nurseries where they are regularly moved the mortality amongst
+them is very high; and the removal of large Conifers should never be
+attempted except with a transplanting machine, and expert men to handle
+it. As a rule, it will be found cheaper and better to buy young plants
+than to attempt the removal of large ones that have stood for some years
+without root disturbance. Such flowering shrubs as _Spiræa_,
+_Philadelphus_, _Kerria_, _Ribes_, &c., can be safely moved without much
+trouble, as they make a mass of roots which will hold a good ball of
+soil unless it is very dry. All are practically certain to live if
+carefully planted and well watered afterwards.
+
+There are several ways of moving large trees, the simplest and quickest
+being by a proper transplanting machine, which consists of a framework
+on wheels fitted with a system of rollers and levers. For
+moderately-sized trees, say, to about 12 feet high, a two-wheeled
+machine is sufficient. This is moved by eight or ten men. For trees
+above 12 feet high a four-wheeled machine is required, with two, or
+perhaps three, horses to draw it. The first will take a ball of soil
+weighing from two to three tons, the latter anything to ten tons, or
+even more.
+
+In preparing the tree for the small machine the ball is made round, and
+slightly smaller than the width of the machine, a trench being cut round
+the tree to a depth of 3 feet or so, the actual depth depending on the
+roots, but the soil should be removed a foot lower than the lowest
+roots. On no account undermine the ball until the proper depth has been
+reached. A proper machine-pick is the best thing to use under the ball,
+carefully working out sufficient soil to introduce a board 6 inches wide
+and about 1œ inches thick on each side of the ball. The soil immediately
+under the centre of the ball should be left intact. When the boards are
+in position ropes are passed under them on each side and led up over
+the rollers on the machine and fastened, and then by levers the ropes
+are rolled up, swinging the plant up cleanly and with a good ball of
+soil. Before putting the ropes under, however, a stout piece of canvas
+or mat should be tied round the ball with a couple of cords, between
+which and the canvas seven or eight pieces of narrow flat board should
+be fixed to prevent the cords from cutting the ball. The rear part of
+the machine is made to be taken out so that it can be pushed right over
+a plant, and it should be run on planks on soft ground.
+
+With the large transplanting machine a ball of soil of almost any size
+can be taken, but the method of preparing it is somewhat different. It
+should be made nearly square, being rather longer than it is broad. When
+the proper depth has been reached make a hole about 2 feet wide under
+the centre of the ball, and running entirely through the longer way of
+it. Through this hole one, or even two, broad planks 3 inches thick
+should be passed. On each end of these, where they project beyond the
+ball, a stout plank is laid on edge, and two others placed lengthwise to
+fit above the first two. These planks should all be cut to fit tightly
+into each other. If necessary, owing to the depth of the ball, another
+tier of planks should be placed above the first to insure stability. The
+machine is then placed over the plant, and the whole, by means of chains
+and levers, is swung up off the ground, and then ready to be taken
+anywhere. This machine, however, should only be used by those who have
+had experience with it, as it is difficult and cumbersome to handle,
+and in the hands of novices is liable to cause serious accidents.
+
+Where no transplanting machine exists, other mechanical contrivances
+must be used to move a large tree. Rollers and planks, a low trolley, or
+a draw-board, as it is called, are the best. The preparation for removal
+is the same for these means as it is for a machine, with the exception
+of getting under it, which varies according to the means employed. For
+rollers and planks the soil should be worked out directly under the
+centre of the ball, and planks put through to form a bed to run the
+shrub or tree on. On these a roller should be placed, working the soil
+out at the sides so that it is well under the ball, but not going so far
+under as to undermine it, and cause it to drop over. Above the roller
+put one wide plank to form the bottom of the ball, and by means of a
+rope round it the whole can be taken where required. When moving it,
+however, it is well to raise the rear half by means of a broad lever or
+a lifting-jack, which, in conjunction with a steady pull on the rope,
+should start the plant comfortably on its journey.
+
+When a low trolley is used the ball of soil must be firm, and not liable
+to break to pieces when handled with reasonable care. Having cut out the
+ball to the required depth, work under it all round, merely leaving
+enough in the centre to support it. If possible, work off some of the
+upper soil to decrease the weight, but this depends entirely upon the
+roots, and the way they run. If small roots are plentiful at the top,
+little or no soil can be removed, but if they are lower down, then the
+upper soil may be removed with advantage. Having worked under the ball,
+lay two stout planks under it well packed up to the centre, and then
+with two strong poles under the ends of the planks lift the whole on the
+trolley. If the work is carefully thought out, it is possible to make
+the actual lifting a very small operation by bringing the trolley close
+and lowering it considerably.
+
+The draw-board is a handy contrivance for moderate-sized trees or shrubs
+which will hold a good ball of soil. It is made in two forms. One
+consists of a piece of well-seasoned oak 3 inches thick, and about 3
+feet long by 2 to 2œ feet wide at the widest part, from which it slopes
+down to a thick end, where a stout swivel-ring is fixed to take a rope.
+The other form is a kind of trolley, and consists of a frame 3 feet long
+by 2 feet wide; it runs on rollers that work on bent irons fastened to
+the framework, the whole standing about 4 inches high. Either of these
+can be used for moving plants the ball of soil attached to which is not
+larger than the board. They will take a heavy plant with comparative
+ease, and are especially useful for moving large Rhododendrons and other
+American shrubs. To get them under a plant cut out the ball of soil to
+the proper depth, and work under it from the front, that is, the
+direction in which the plant is to go, keeping the ball wedged up during
+the process, _not_ by having a man to pull the top over, but by using
+wedges or levers underneath it, until sufficient soil has been worked
+out to allow the board to be inserted. When the board is in position the
+rope should be passed through the ring and then around the collar, using
+a piece of mat to keep it from rubbing the bark off, and then back
+through the ring again. It is well to run the board over planks on soft
+ground to reduce the labour of pulling.
+
+In putting the tree or shrub into its new position, carefully measure
+the size of the ball, and make the hole considerably larger and slightly
+deeper, breaking up the bottom well. When the tree or shrub is in
+position ram the soil tightly round it until it is about two-thirds
+covered, when the hole should be completely filled with water, covering
+in the remainder when the water has drained away. The stem must also be
+made secure by means of stakes or cords, otherwise wind will cause
+damage to the roots.
+
+When the ground is dry under a tree that is to be moved nothing should
+be done until it has been thoroughly soaked. To do this a trench 2 feet
+deep and as narrow as possible should be taken out all round, and
+gradually filled in with water, pouring it in steadily, away from the
+ball rather than to it, and persevere with this watering till the ball
+of soil under the tree is thoroughly saturated. Leave it for at least
+twenty-four hours to drain. Three points must not be forgotten: (1) Wrap
+the ball of soil securely round with canvas as soon as possible; (2)
+never use the stem of a tree as a lever in moving the ball--this should
+always be moved from below, and the stem never touched on any account;
+(3) always allow plenty of room for working.
+
+Moving large trees is not easy and must not be lightly undertaken. It
+involves much time, labour, and expense, in most cases far more than the
+trees are worth. Trees 8 or 10 feet high may be easily moved, but above
+that height the work should be done by an expert. Trees and shrubs of
+considerable size can be purchased at a moderate price from good tree
+nurseries, where they have been regularly transplanted, and if carefully
+planted will soon make good specimens.
+
+It is in the planting of trees that so many failures occur as a rule. A
+good tree may be obtained, arrive in excellent condition, and yet be
+planted in such a way that success is out of the question. The fault, as
+a matter of course, is put on the man who supplied the tree, not on the
+one who killed it by improper planting. Those who think of moving large
+trees or shrubs should not do so until the probable cost has been
+considered, and the advice and help obtained of some one who has handled
+big trees before. The expert will be able to say if a tree can bear
+removal, or whether it is better destroyed, and its place filled with a
+young and vigorous specimen from a nursery.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+YOUNG TREES AND SUNSTROKE
+
+
+It is most noticeable that the stems of young trees of from 8 to about
+14 feet in height are apt in some seasons to get much damaged, so much
+so that the trees are rarely satisfactory for some years afterwards,
+even if they do not die outright. The mischief is usually not seen until
+it is too late to mend matters, and is found more as a rule on young
+trees with small heads standing out singly than where they are planted
+amongst undergrowth or in partial shade. If careful notice is taken it
+will be found that the stems are damaged on the south side, or it may be
+east or west of south, but never on the north side, and this is directly
+caused by the rays of the sun being too hot for the young stems to bear.
+The trees most liable to sunstroke--which it practically amounts to--are
+the Lime, Willow, Horse Chestnut, Sweet Chestnut, Birch, Mountain Ash,
+Ash, and Plane, and generally in the order they are given, the softer
+wooded trees suffering more severely than those of harder growth. The
+Oak, Elm, and Beech are seldom much damaged by the sun, though in cases
+of failure it will be well to notice the stems and see how far the
+direct rays of the sun are responsible for the death of the tree.
+
+The first marks of sunstroke are seen in the shape of longitudinal
+cracks in the bark, which is also slightly browned and flattened, as if
+there were a hollow beneath. The part affected is from about 1 to 3 feet
+in length, and from 1 to 3 inches in width. If the bark is cut away the
+wood beneath will be found perfectly firm, but hard and dry, more like a
+piece of seasoned wood than part of a growing tree. When such is the
+case the only thing that can be done is to cut away the bark back to the
+living tissue, thoroughly coat the wound with gas tar, and shade the
+stem afterwards with a few branches or something that does not need to
+be fastened on the stem. Hay or straw bands cannot be altogether
+recommended, as anything which excludes the light tends to the softening
+of the young bark. This should be avoided, as the firmer the bark the
+better will be the ultimate success of the tree. Iron tree-guards,
+though not beautiful, have the advantage of protecting the stems of
+young trees from the sun as well as from the attacks of animals. In
+addition to the slight shade they give, the iron, being a good conductor
+of heat, takes up a large amount of the heat rays which would otherwise
+be directed full upon the stem.
+
+A hot and dry season is no more likely to cause sunstroke than a wet
+one, and probably not so much, as we have noticed it in sunless years
+quite as much as in bright summers. The time when it is most likely to
+happen is when a few days of hot sunshine follow a spell of wet weather,
+as the wood is then soft and full of moisture, and is more liable to be
+scorched than during a period of prolonged sunshine.
+
+When trees are planted out singly it is well to choose those with
+spreading heads and low stems, as then the tree will shade itself to a
+great extent, the short amount of bare stem being less exposed to the
+sun's rays than a taller one. After all, this is only Nature's method of
+protection, as, in a wild state, no young tree is bare-stemmed, except
+in a wood, where it is shaded by those near it. On the edge of a wood,
+or in the open, young trees are furnished to the ground with foliage,
+which is not shed until the stem has become hardened enough to withstand
+climatic vicissitudes. If trees with tall stems are the only ones
+available, then the stems should be shaded by some means for a year or
+two, especially when they have become established and are making strong,
+sappy growths, as the stem is practically in the same condition and apt
+to be scorched by a sudden burst of hot sunshine.
+
+
+GOAT AND WOOD-LEOPARD MOTHS
+
+Sunstroke must not be confounded with the ravages of the caterpillars of
+the Goat Moth and Wood-Leopard Moth, the external signs of which are
+much the same, but on the bark being removed one or two channels almost
+the size of a man's little finger are to be seen, together with
+accumulations of wet sawdust-like material deposited by the
+caterpillar. These are exterminated by thrusting a stout wire into the
+channels until the grub is killed, and afterwards cutting away the dead
+bark and tarring the wound thoroughly. The tree should also be securely
+staked, otherwise it will probably snap off in the first high wind.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+SHADE TREES FOR STREETS
+
+
+In the middle ages it was accounted an act of piety to make or maintain
+a road or a bridge, or to do anything in connexion with them that would
+conduce to the safety or comfort of the wayfarer. The planting of trees
+for shade, or the placing of a shaded bench for rest came within the
+same category of pious works. In our days, when rush and hurry and the
+pressure of business, and the worship of bare utility fill the minds of
+most men, there are many who have almost forgotten the gracious aspects
+of the more leisurely life. It is probably from this cause that so many
+opportunities are lost that might be seized by those in authority for
+making the lives of our fellow-creatures somewhat easier and pleasanter.
+
+In days of extreme heat what a difference in comfort there would be
+between the bare sun-baked expanses of the streets of many a town, such
+as we all know, and the same spaces carefully planted with shade-giving
+trees! In very narrow streets trees are, of course, out of the question,
+or in any street whose width is not enough to allow of easy traffic and
+trees as well, but one cannot walk through any town, except the very few
+in which the question has already been considered and satisfactorily
+answered, without seeing many a street or waste space or corner where a
+row or a group or even a single tree would not add immensely to both
+beauty and comfort. Where there is plenty of width, and especially where
+houses fall back a little from the road, the trees may well stand just
+within the edge of the footpath or pavement. Should there be still more
+width, there may be a row in the middle of the road. In this case the
+middle row of trees should not be quite evenly continuous, but perhaps
+five or six trees and then a gap, formed by leaving out one tree, in
+order to allow the traffic to move from side to side of the road. In
+many a town where a street runs north-east and south-west, a row of
+trees on its south-western side only might be an inestimable boon.
+
+Even in country villages there is often a bare place, especially where
+roads meet, where a few trees well planted and a plain strong oak bench
+would be a comfort and a pleasure to many hardworking folk, and might be
+the means of converting unsightliness into beauty.
+
+[Illustration: _PLANE TREE (Platanus orientalis)._]
+
+For towns the Plane has the best character, but other good trees are
+Wych Elm and Hornbeam, Sycamore, Maple, Lime, Lombardy Poplar, and Horse
+Chestnut. The spreading growth of the Horse Chestnut commends it rather
+for a space like the _place_ of a foreign town. Here is also the place
+for Limes, for though they are good street trees, yet when in bloom the
+strong, sweet scent, although a passing whiff is delicious, might be
+an annoyance if poured continuously into the windows of houses during
+the blooming time.
+
+The Wild Cherry, with its quantity of early bloom, would be a beautiful
+street tree, and in places where trees of rather smaller growth are
+desired there is the Bird Cherry and the Mountain Ash. The large
+American Mountain Ash is a good street tree, in autumn loaded with its
+handsome bunches of scarlet fruit.
+
+The larger Willows are also charming trees for streets. Many of the
+trees named, if their tops spread too near the houses, may, with good
+effect, be pollarded about 10 feet from the ground.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS IN SCOTLAND
+
+
+The following list has been kindly sent me by a great lover of trees and
+shrubs who lives at Forres. My correspondent writes: "I have grown all
+the plants in my list in my own garden, except _Buddleia globosa_ and
+_Aralia chinensis_, but the latter is grown in quantity by several of my
+neighbours, and there are also several fine plants of the Buddleia in
+many gardens in sheltered spots. My experience is that many plants are
+quite frost-proof but cannot stand cold winds. This applies more
+especially to the shrubby Veronicas. I have seen them in the Edinburgh
+Botanic Gardens as if scorched with fire on the exposed side, while they
+were untouched where sheltered from the north and east. My own garden is
+fairly well sheltered."
+
+_Amelanchier canadensis._--Hardy, free-flowering, beautiful at all
+times.
+
+_Aralia chinensis (Dimorphanthus) mandschurica._--Useful in some
+positions for its curious habit of growth and rather handsome foliage;
+quite hardy.
+
+_Aristolochia Sipho._--This has curious and inconspicuous flowers, which
+give this climbing plant its popular name of "Dutchman's Pipe." It can
+be grown on a wall, in which position, perhaps, its fine foliage is
+seen to the best advantage, but it is quite hardy and looks well
+climbing into a thin tree such as the Common Almond.
+
+_Berberis (Mahonia) Aquifolium._--A handsome plant at all times, and
+will even grow under the shade of trees.
+
+_Berberis Darwinii._--Very bright in flower. Young and sappy shoots get
+killed back in winter.
+
+_Berberis Thunbergi._--A most attractive Berberis; it makes a small
+neat-growing bush to which the adjective "sparkling" might be applied.
+Its chief glory is its autumnal foliage, and a large clump in September
+is "a sight to see"; quite hardy.
+
+_Berberis vulgaris._--Very beautiful when clustered with fruit. The
+purple-leaved variety (_B. v. purpurea_) is most useful for its foliage.
+
+_Betula alba purpurea._--A good foliage tree.
+
+_Buddleia globosa._--This does well in a warm sheltered spot facing
+south-west, where the morning sun in winter will not touch it too soon.
+It also objects to exposure to cold winds.
+
+_Calycanthus floridus._--Quite hardy, and grows well in half-shady
+places.
+
+_Ceanothus azureus._--This succeeds either trained to a wall or as a
+bush. In the latter case it should be in a sheltered position. It seems
+quite frost-proof, and its blue flowers are very beautiful at a time
+when few shrubs are in bloom (July and August). Its shoots should be
+well thinned, and those left shortened as soon as the buds begin to show
+signs of movement in the spring. The best form I have tried is Gloire de
+Versailles.
+
+_Choisya ternata_ (Mexican Orange Flower).--This is well worth growing
+as a bush in a sheltered angle of a wall, where it can be protected in
+winter with a hurdle or some such contrivance, lightly thatched with
+Broom. It is even then, in very severe weather, cut about the points of
+the shoots, which, of course, spoils the blooming; but it soon grows
+through again, and it is worth growing for its foliage alone.
+
+_Clematis._--These mostly do well, and the newer sorts are very
+attractive, but for all purposes it is very hard to beat _C. montana_
+and _C. Jackmani_, the former in May and the latter for the autumn.
+
+_Clethra alnifolia._--A neat and free-flowering shrub, with spikes of
+white flowers in August; it is very hardy and useful, as few shrubs are
+in flower at that time.
+
+_Cornus alba._--A clump of this Dogwood is very effective in winter,
+especially when the sun is shining on its bright-red shoots. _C. a.
+Spaethii_ is a good variegated variety.
+
+_Corylus Avellana purpurea._--A good purple-leaved nut.
+
+_Cotoneaster microphylla._--Quite hardy either as a bush or on a wall.
+
+_Cytisus albus._--No garden should be without this beautiful Broom. _C.
+præcox_, the Cream Broom, is a dwarfer but no less beautiful variety; it
+is very pretty grouped with a few plants of _C. purpureus_, which
+flowers at the same time. Another fine Broom is the red and yellow
+variety of the Common Broom (_C. scoparius andreanus_). The Brooms will
+grow anywhere, but prefer an open place in full sun. They should be cut
+hard back after flowering, and if the young seed-pods can be picked off
+so much the better.
+
+_Daphne Cneorum._--A bright little shrub best grown on the rock garden;
+quite hardy.
+
+_Daphne Laureola._--This has fine foliage and will grow in quite a shady
+place.
+
+_Daphne Mezereum._--A beautiful early-flowering Daphne, too well known
+for description.
+
+_Deutzia crenata._--A most useful hardy shrub, growing to a good size.
+The variety, Pride of Rochester, is very pretty.
+
+_Diervilla (Weigela)._--Indispensable shrubs, very hardy,
+free-flowering, and easily grown. The flowering shoots should be cut
+back to strong young wood as soon as the flowers fade. They are most
+accommodating in this respect, as the strongest of the young shoots
+start well back and not at the points, as is usual with most plants.
+Good varieties are Eva Rathke, _Hortensis nivea_, and _rosea_.
+
+_Escallonia macrantha._--A good wall shrub.
+
+_Escallonia philippiana._--Hardier than _E. macrantha_, and can be grown
+as a bush in a sheltered spot.
+
+_Forsythia suspensa._--Quite hardy, and very beautiful in early spring,
+as it flowers before the leaf-buds burst. It should be cut back to young
+growths after the flower is over.
+
+_Fuchsia Riccartoni._--This gets cut down every winter, but is never
+killed, and it flowers abundantly every year treated as a hardy
+herbaceous plant.
+
+_Garrya elliptica._--Quite hardy as a bush.
+
+_Genista tinctoria fl. pl._--A low-growing trailing Genista, useful for
+the rock garden and flowering when many of the alpines are over.
+
+_Genista virgata._--A very different plant from the above, and will make
+a very large bush, covered with pale-yellow flowers in late summer. A
+good shrub.
+
+_Halesia tetraptera._--Quite hardy and attractive both in bloom and
+foliage.
+
+_Hamamelis arborea._--This is quite hardy, but grows very slowly. It
+flowers in a small state, but not very freely. I have only had this
+plant for four years, but I think it will do very well, and should
+flower more freely when a bit larger.
+
+_Hedysarum multijugum._--Quite hardy. An attractive shrub, with spikes
+of reddish pea-like flowers in July and August. It increases freely from
+the root by suckers. Thin and cut back the shoots in spring.
+
+_Helianthemum vulgare_ (Rock Rose).--There are many garden varieties of
+this, both double and single, the single sorts being the most
+attractive. They are quite hardy on a warm and sunny rock garden.
+
+_Hydrangea paniculata._--Hardy. A splendid low-growing shrub, flowering
+in autumn. A group of this, with a few plants of _Prunus Pissardi_ cut
+hard back every spring to keep them small, is very effective, and the
+group can be carpeted with Lily of the Valley or London Pride to cover
+the bare soil underneath. The shoots of the Hydrangea should be well
+thinned, and those left cut hard back in the spring. It well repays a
+dose or two of liquid manure in the growing season. The variety,
+_grandiflora_, is better than the type.
+
+_Hypericum calycinum_ (Rose of Sharon).--Grows well in half shade. It is
+a dwarf plant, very pretty, but perhaps too often seen. Useful for
+carpeting other shrubs.
+
+_Jasminum nudiflorum._--Best on a wall. Winter flowering (yellow) and
+very pretty when in bloom.
+
+_Jasminum officinale._--Requires a wall, but does well while young. It
+is not a very long-lived plant here.
+
+_Kalmia latifolia._--Very attractive pink flowers; hardy, and will do
+wherever Rhododendrons flourish.
+
+_Kerria japonica._--A pretty yellow-flowered shrub that increases
+rapidly from the root. The double-flowered variety is the most commonly
+grown.
+
+_Laburnum._--Too well known for description. _L. Adami_ is curious and
+worth growing.
+
+_Lavendula Spica._--The Lavender needs no description.
+
+_Leycesteria formosa._--A good plant for a shady place. It grows well
+under trees, and is very hardy.
+
+_Ligustrum ovalifolium_ (Privet).--The golden form of this is good and
+bright.
+
+_Liriodendron tulipifera._--Grows well here, and is quite hardy, but
+seldom flowers so far north.
+
+_Lonicera periclymenum._--The common native Honeysuckle is an
+indispensable climber, and will grow almost anywhere; but looks best,
+perhaps, climbing up trees, or over shrubs or hedges. The variety,
+_serotina_, flowers later than the type, and is best known under the
+name of Late Dutch. _L. Sullivantii_ is a shrubby sort, with not
+unattractive flowers of a brownish-orange colour.
+
+_Magnolia._--The only one I have tried is _M. stellata_, which has
+proved quite hardy, and I have no doubt that several others would do
+quite as well in sheltered places.
+
+_Neillia opulifolia_ (_Spiræa opulifolia_).--Quite hardy.
+
+_Pernettya mucronata._--Does well.
+
+_Pieris_ (_Andromeda_) _floribunda_.--Is quite hardy and very beautiful
+early in the year. Will grow in soils that suit Rhododendrons.
+
+_Potentilla fruticosa._--A little summer-flowering shrub, with yellow
+flowers. It does well on the upper parts of the rock garden, and is
+quite hardy.
+
+_Prunus_ (_Cerasus_) _Mahaleb pendula_.--A very attractive little
+weeping tree, with small white flowers in spring.
+
+_Pyrus._--The following do well here: _Pyrus floribunda_, _P.
+coronaria_, _P. lobata_ (syn. _Mespilus grandiflora_), and, of course,
+the native Rowan tree (_P. Aucuparia_). The family of Apples enjoy a
+well-drained place, being impatient of too much wet at the roots;
+otherwise, their culture is of the simplest. They should be allowed to
+grow as they will, only cutting out any branches that would be obviously
+better away, and dead wood if any.
+
+_Rhododendrons_ and _Azaleas_ luxuriate here. The common _R. ponticum_
+sows itself in the woods. I have not yet tried the Himalayan
+Rhododendrons, but from what I have seen of them in the Edinburgh
+Botanic Gardens, which are much exposed to cold winds, I feel fairly
+certain I could grow them here, where I can give them more protection.
+
+_Rhodotypus kerrioides._--A very pretty hardy shrub, flowering on and
+off all the summer. It has very clean white flowers, and from
+appearances looks as though a cross with Kerria might be successful. The
+Rhodotypus seeds freely here. It grows to a good size.
+
+_Rhus Cotinus._--Another good shrub, attractive either in flower or
+foliage, and the latter turns to a good colour in autumn.
+
+_Ribes._--No garden should be without a plant of the Common Ribes. I
+also grow _Aureum_ and a pale pinkish-white sort.
+
+_Robinia hispida_ (Rose Acacia).--This is doing well in a corner
+sheltered from the north, east, and west by evergreens.
+
+_Roses._--The best that I grow as shrubs (in the garden sense) are the
+Penzance Briars, _Rosa rugosa_ (Japanese Rose), Austrian Briars, _R.
+spinosissima_, _Blairii II._, Charles Lawson, _R. macrantha_, _R.
+alpina_, &c. These Roses stand up and make a good bush in a sheltered
+place, without staking or any other trouble. Very little pruning is
+needful, and that after the flowers are over, cutting out weak wood and
+shortening some of the old shoots back to where young ones are breaking
+vigorously.
+
+_Rubus deliciosus._--Very pretty white flowers, large for a bramble. It
+appears to be quite hardy, but is not a very strong grower.
+
+_Ruscus aculeatus_ (Butcher's Broom).--An inconspicuous little shrub
+that grows well under trees.
+
+_Spartium junceum_ (Spanish Broom).--A good shrub for a sheltered bank;
+it has spikes of bright-yellow flowers in July.
+
+_Spiræa._--Most of the Spiræas do well here. The following are the best
+of those I grow: _S. canescens_, very pretty habit of growth and
+foliage; _S. discolor_ (_ariæfolia_), _S. japonica_ (vars. _alba_,
+_Bumalda_, and Anthony Waterer), the last-mentioned very good. _S.
+lindleyana_, a large grower, handsome both in flower and foliage. _S.
+prunifolia fl. pl._ should be in all gardens; good both for flowers and
+autumnal foliage. _S. Van Houttei_, very good. _Exochorda grandiflora_,
+often known as _Spiræa grandiflora_, I have had since 1898, but though
+it is now a large bush and very healthy, it has not yet made any attempt
+to flower.
+
+_Syringa_ (Lilacs).--These are indispensable. Some of the newer
+varieties are good, such as Charles X., rosy lilac; Marie Legraye,
+white; Souv. de L. Späth, reddish; Mme. Lemoine, double white. These
+should always be procured on their own roots. Grafted plants seldom live
+long.
+
+_Veronica._--Several of the shrubby Veronicas do well. _V. Traversii_ is
+the hardiest of all. In the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens there is a good
+collection of these.
+
+_Viburnum Opulus sterilis._--This, the well-known Snowball tree, and _V.
+Tinus_ (_Laurustinus_), are the only two I have grown. Both do well, and
+I fancy _V. plicatum_ and some others would do also. I shall try them.
+
+_Vitis Coignetiæ._--I have this growing up the outer branches of a
+Spanish Chestnut. It does not grow very fast, but is making steady
+progress. It appears to be perfectly hardy, and its fine foliage turns
+to a magnificent colour in autumn.
+
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS IN EDINBURGH
+
+Trees and shrubs that will thrive near Edinburgh will do so in almost
+any exposed city or town similarly situated. Only those that have proved
+adaptable to this windswept district have been included, an asterisk
+being placed against the more beautiful and interesting species and
+varieties that are happy in cold and windy gardens.
+
+
+ACERS.--_A. Pseudo-platanus_ is the "Plane" of Scotland. Old trees form
+features of great beauty. It reaches a height of 60 to 70 feet, often
+less when isolated. _A. P. var. flavo-marginatum_*.--The original tree
+of this variety still remains at Corstorphine, near Edinburgh. It is
+very effective in spring, but the foliage becomes much duller during
+summer. _A. P. purpureum._ _A. campestre_ (Common Maple). _A.
+circinatum_*.--This is the most beautifully-coloured tree we have in
+autumn. _A. platanoides_* (Norway Maple).--This is to be preferred to
+either the Sycamore or Common Maple for planting in pleasure-grounds and
+gardens. _A. dasycarpum._* _A. palmatum_*.--The varieties of this are
+excellent although slow growing. _A. rubrum._ _A. pictum._ _A.
+opulifolium obtusatum_*.--A bright tree in early spring with its
+golden-green foliage and flowers. _A. saccharinum_ (Sugar Maple). _A.
+japonicum_ and varieties.
+
+ACTINIDIA KOLOMIKTA.--Climber; grows quickly on south wall.
+
+HORSE CHESTNUT (_Æsculus Hippocastanum_) and others: _carnea_, _Pavia_,
+_parviflora_, _flava_.
+
+AILANTUS GLANDULOSA (Tree of Heaven).
+
+AMELANCHIER VULGARIS and _A. canadensis_.*--Very ornamental. Seldom
+seen, but as free-growing and flowering as the Hawthorn. The popular
+name for these beautiful trees is Snowy Mespilus.
+
+ARALIA SPINOSA and _A. chinensis_.*
+
+ARBUTUS ANDRACHNE.--Flowers in February and March.
+
+ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ALPINA.--Plenty of this found in north of Scotland, but
+somewhat difficult to establish in gardens. _A. Uva-ursi._--Freer in
+growth than the preceding. Both species are low-creeping shrubs suitable
+for planting with Heaths in peat.
+
+ARISTOLOCHIA SIPHO (Dutchman's Pipe).--Large effective climber.
+
+ARTEMISIA ABROTANUM, _arborescens_, and _tridentata_.*--Useful shrubs of
+grey tone.
+
+AUCUBA JAPONICA and varieties.*
+
+AZARA MICROPHYLLA* and _A. dentata_.
+
+BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM,* _Darwinii_, _vulgaris_, _nepalensis_. Single
+specimens of _B. Aquifolium_, the Mahonia, become very ornamental with
+age.
+
+BETULA ALBA* (the Silver Birch).--A very hardy tree, beautiful both in
+summer and winter. The pendulous variety is the best. Its branches are
+proof against all winds. No tree is so well adapted for planting close
+up to houses in the city, for it is very graceful, and obscures little
+light. _B. utilis_, _B. papyrifera_, _B. populifolia_.
+
+BOX* and varieties.
+
+BRYANTHUS EMPETRIFORMIS.*--Very fine planted in broad masses. _B.
+erectus_--Very beautiful in small beds.
+
+CALYCANTHUS FLORIDUS.--This is excellent on walls.
+
+CAMELLIAS only flower here on walls in the open. They form large bushes
+in the grounds. _Camellia Thea_, the tea-plant, is also perfectly hardy.
+
+CARMICHÆLIA FLAGELLIFORMIS.*--Very interesting, and flowering with great
+freedom.
+
+CARPENTERIA CALIFORNICA.*--A splendid plant for south walls, large
+established specimens having a profusion of large white flowers.
+
+CARPINUS BETULUS* (Hornbeam) and varieties.
+
+CARYOPTERIS MASTACANTHUS.--A good wall plant.
+
+CASSIOPE FASTIGIATA* and _C. tetragona_.*--Both are very choice subjects
+here and flower well.
+
+CASTANEA SATIVA* (Sweet or Spanish Chestnut).--Ornamental, but does not
+ripen fruit here.
+
+CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS and _veitchianus_.*--Splendid.
+
+CERCIS SILIQUASTRUM* (Judas tree).
+
+CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS (Winter-sweet).--Wall.
+
+CHOISYA TERNATA (Mexican Orange Flower).
+
+CISTUS.*--These are very fine, and flower for months if somewhat
+sheltered.
+
+CLEMATIS.--Of these very charming are _alpina_,* _apiifolia_,
+_Flammula_,* _heracleæfolia_, _Vitalba_.*
+
+COLLETIA CRUCIATA.
+
+COLUTEA ARBORESCENS and _melanocalyx_.
+
+CONVOLVULUS CNEORUM.*--Very pretty plant for a south wall; silvery
+foliage and white flowers.
+
+CORNUS (Dogwood).--Of these, _alba_ and varieties, _Kousa_, _florida_,
+_sanguinea_ (very ornamental in winter), _Mas_ and _m. variegata_* (a
+very choice, variegated shrub), are the best.
+
+CORYLOPSIS PAUCIFLORA and _C. spicata_.--Both do well on a south wall.
+
+CORYLUS (nut) AVELLANA _purpurea_.*--One of the most effective shrubs if
+used carefully.
+
+COTONEASTERS.--Of these, _buxifolia_, _Simonsii_, _thymifolia_,*
+_microphylla_,* _horizontalis_* (a species with peculiar spreading flat
+branches, producing a fine effect if grown on sloping banks), are the
+most noteworthy.
+
+HAWTHORN.--_Cratægus_ are valuable hardy trees, flowering at the end of
+June to July; the scarlet form is brilliant.
+
+[Illustration: _CYTISUS PRÆCOX (Spring)_]
+
+CYTISUS (Broom).--Of this beautiful family, _albus_,* _Ardoini_,*
+_biflorus_,* _decumbens_,* _nigricans_, _præcox_,* _purpureus_,*
+_scoparius_ and varieties,* are all splendid growers for dry, sunny
+situations.
+
+DABOECIA.--_Polifolia_,* _alba_,* _bicolor_,* the Irish Heaths, are
+beautiful in small beds and rockeries.
+
+DAPHNE.--Of this delightful family, _blagayana_,* _Cneorum_,* _var.
+majus_,* _Laureola_, _Mezereum_ and varieties.*
+
+DEUTZIA GRACILIS* and _D. crenata_.
+
+ELÆAGNUS ARGENTEA,* _E. multiflora_,* and _E. pungens_.*
+
+EMPETRUM NIGRUM.*--This plant is useful for mixing with Heaths.
+
+ENKIANTHUS HIMALAICUS.*--The finest species of the genus. Attractive.
+
+[Illustration: _A VARIETY OF MAHALEB CHERRY (Prunus Mahaleb, var.
+chrysocarpa)._]
+
+HEATHS.--Of these, _E. carnea_,* _c. alba_,* _ciliaris_,* _cinerea_,*
+_Mackaii_,* _mediterranea_,* _multiflora_, _stricta_,* _Tetralix_ and
+varieties,* _vagans_ and varieties,* _Watsoni_.*
+
+ERIOGONUM UMBELLATUM.--A very fine plant for covering banks.
+
+ESCALLONIA.--Of these, _E. exoniensis_,* _macrantha_,* _philippiana_,*
+are very valuable, either for walls or as small bushes.
+
+EUCRYPHIA PINNATIFOLIA.*--A very beautiful but slow-growing hardy shrub.
+
+EUONYMUS.--Of this family note should be made of _E. americanus_, _E.
+europæus_, _E. radicans_.* The variegated and other forms of these
+shrubs are very welcome.
+
+EXOCHORDA GRANDIFLORA (Pearl Bush).
+
+FABIANA IMBRICATA.*--A striking evergreen shrub for a wall.
+
+FAGUS (Beech).--_F. ferruginea_ and _sylvatica_* and varieties.
+
+FORSYTHIA SUSPENSA* and _F. viridissima_.
+
+FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR* (the Ash), also the Manna Ash (_F. Ornus_).*
+
+FUCHSIA RICCARTONI.*--Flowers for a very long time, and is very hardy.
+
+GENISTA.--Of these, _G. anglica_, _hispanica_, _pilosa_, _sagittalis_,
+_tinctoria_.
+
+GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS.
+
+HAMAMELIS (Witch or Wych Hazel).--_H. arborea_,* _japonica_,*
+_virginica_.
+
+HYDRANGEA PANICULATA.*--Magnificent when established.
+
+HYPERICUM.--Of these, _H. Androsæmum_, _hookerianum_, _moserianum_* (the
+best of the genus for small beds).
+
+ILEX.--Of the Hollies, _I. Aquifolium_ and many varieties, _I.
+cornuta_,* _I. Dahoon_,* _I. crenata_,* and _I. latifolia_* succeed
+best.
+
+JASMINES.--_J. fruticans_ and _J. nudiflorum_.* The last-named should be
+grown as a small bush as well as on walls. Also _J. officinale_* and
+varieties. A golden-leaved form of this species merits attention from
+its foliage alone.
+
+JUGLANS (Walnut) REGIA.--Grows fairly well, but no fruit of value.
+
+LABURNUM.--Both _L. alpinum_ and _L. vulgare_.*
+
+LAVENDER.
+
+LEDUM.--Of this family, _L. latifolium_* and _L. palustre._*
+
+LEUCOTHOË RECURVA.
+
+LEYCESTERIA FORMOSA.
+
+LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA.*
+
+LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA (Tulip tree*).--Grows into a very handsome tree.
+
+LONICERA.--Of the Honeysuckles the best are _L. Caprifolium_,* _L.
+fragrantissima_, _L. Periclymenum_,* _L. japonica_,* _L. Standishi_, _L.
+Xylosteum_, _L. involucrata_.
+
+LUPINUS ARBOREUS* and varieties (Tree Lupine).--Best on walls.
+
+MAGNOLIAS.--Of these, _M. acuminata_,* the Cucumber tree, flowers
+freely. _M. grandiflora_* is only for sheltered walls, and _M. Fraseri_,
+_M. conspicua_, _M. stellata_, _M. Watsoni_* for sheltered places.
+
+MORUS NIGRA (Black Mulberry) and _M. alba_.
+
+OLEARIA HAASTII.*--The best August flowering shrub. _O. macrodonta_ and
+_stellulata_.*
+
+OSMANTHUS AQUIFOLIUM.*
+
+PERNETTYA MUCRONATA.*--Effective both in flower and berry.
+
+PHILADELPHUS (Mock Orange).--_P. coronarius_* and varieties and
+_microphyllus_.
+
+PHLOMIS FRUTICOSA.
+
+PIERIS FLORIBUNDA.*--Very free flowering. _P. japonica
+variegata_*--Effective.
+
+PLATANUS ACERIFOLIA (Plane).--This appears hardy, but is not popular. It
+is slower in growth than most trees.
+
+POPULUS (Poplar).--_P. alba_, _P. balsamifera_ (Balsam Poplar), _P.
+nigra_ (Black Poplar), and _P. tremula_.
+
+POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA* (Shrubby Cinquefoil).--Well deserves more
+attention.
+
+PRUNUS.--Of these, the Cherry and Bird Cherry,* Plum,* Bullace,* and the
+beautiful _P. triloba_ are a success.
+
+PTELEA TRIFOLIATA.
+
+PYRUS.--_P. Aria_* (the White Beam tree), _P. Aucuparia_* (Mountain
+Ash), _P. japonica_,* _P. rotundifolia_,* _P. Sorbus_* (Service tree).
+
+QUERCUS (Oak).--The most satisfactory species are _Q. sessilifolia_,*
+and _Q. pedunculata_. These generally thrive well and are amongst the
+most beautiful of trees for large gardens. In poor soil and windswept
+places the British Oaks do not grow more than about 40 feet in height,
+but develop into picturesque features. Their foliage here is of a
+pleasing green when that of the Beech and Sycamore is past its best.
+Very few acorns are produced. _Q. Cerris_,* the Turkey Oak, and its
+variety _laciniata_,* and _Q. lucombeana_,* are also beautiful trees. We
+must also mention the Evergreen Oak (_Q. Ilex_),* _alba_, _palustris_,
+_laurifolia_, _coccinea_ (Scarlet Oak), _Suber_ (Cork Oak), _conferta_.
+
+RHODODENDRON.--Of the Rhododendrons the following are satisfactory: _R.
+altaclerense_, _Anthopogon_, _arborescens_, _arboreum Campbelliæ_,
+_azaleoides_, _blandyanum_, _calendulaceum_, _campanulatum_,
+_campylocarpum_, _catawbiense_, _caucasicum_,* _ciliatum_,
+_cinnabarinum_,* _ferrugineum_,* _fulgens_, _glaucum_,* _hirsutum_* and
+varieties, _indicum balsaminæflorum_, _lancifolium_, _lepidotum_,*
+_myrtifolium_,* _nobleanum_,* _n. album_,* _ponticum_* (many varieties),
+_præcox_,* _punctatum_, _racemosum_, _Rhodora_, _sinensis_* (_Azalea
+mollis_), _Vaseyi_,* _Wilsoni_. These are the principal Rhododendrons
+that thrive and flower well here. No other shrubs give such a long and
+varied flower display.
+
+RIBES.--_R. alpinum_, _aureum_, and _rubrum_. _R. sanguineum_* and its
+varieties are the principal ornamental currants.
+
+ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA.*--An elegant foliage tree, and usually the last to
+break into leaf.
+
+ROSA.--Practically all the Tea and Hybrid Perpetual Roses can be grown,
+if sheltered spots are chosen and the plants grown as dwarfs. However,
+the stronger varieties are the most satisfactory ones, and in bad
+seasons it is July before they commence to flower, although September
+has well advanced before they cease. The hybrid Sweet Briars are the
+freest of all to grow. Groups form thickets of foliage which are almost
+hidden with blossom. _Rosa wichuraiana_ covers banks, or anything
+somewhat flat, in a very short time. It flowers through September, and
+attracts great attention. Such tender Roses as Maréchal Niel, Niphetos,
+and Banksian are useless.
+
+ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS (Rosemary).
+
+RUBUS.--Of these, _R. arcticus_, dwarf; _R. lacinatus_,* _R. nutkanus_.*
+_R. deliciosus_* is a beautiful shrub, and should be left alone after
+planting.
+
+RUSCUS (Butcher's Broom).--_R. aculeatus_ and _R. Hypoglossum_.
+
+SALIX (Willow).--_S. alba_, _babylonica_ (Babylonian Willow), and
+_pendula_, a lovely tree. _S. Caprea_* (Goat Willow), _fragilis_,
+_herbacea_ (the Alpine Willow, not much larger than the Wild Thyme),
+_Lapponum_, _nigra_, _Paulinæ_, _reticulata_, _rubra_, _viminalis_.
+
+SAMBUCUS (Elder).--_S. canadensis_, _nigra_, _racemosus_.
+
+SKIMMIA FORTUNEI and _S. japonica_.*
+
+SPIRÆAS.--Of these, _S. bella_, _bullata_, _canescens_, _decumbens_,
+_cantoniensis_,* _discolor_,* _japonica_, _var. Bumalda_,* _tomentosa_,
+_var. alba_.
+
+STAPHYLEA COLCHICA.
+
+SYMPHORICARPUS RACEMOSUS (Snowberry).
+
+SYRINGA (Lilac).--_S. persica_* (Persian Lilac), and _S. vulgaris_* and
+varieties.
+
+TAMARIX.--_T. gallica_, _T. hispida_, and _T. odessana_,* a very fine
+August flowering shrub.
+
+TILIA (Lime).--_T. argentea_, _T. cordata_, _T. platyphyllos_, and _T.
+vulgaris_,* the best of all.
+
+ULEX (Furze).--_U. europæus_ and _var. fl. pl._*
+
+ULMUS (Elm).--_U. campestris_* and _U. montana_.*
+
+VACCINIUMS.--Of these choose _V. arboreum_, _V. corymbosum_, _V.
+Myrtillus_, and _V. pennsylvanicum_,* very fine for drooping over rocks
+in rock garden; _V. Vitis-idæa_ and the variety _variegata_, a pretty
+variety of this native shrub.
+
+VERONICA.--Of these the most satisfactory are _V. amplexicaulis_,*
+_Armstrongii_,* _buxifolia_,* _chathamica_,* _Colensoi_,*
+_cupressoides_,* _c. variabilis_*--grown in poor soil and well exposed,
+this variety of _V. cupressoides_ is very fine both in summer and
+winter--_decumbens_,* _epacridea_,* _glauco-cærulea_,* _Hectori_,*
+_Kirkii_,* _ligustrifolia_,* _monticola_,* _pimeleoides_,*
+_pinguifolia_,* _rakaiensis_,* _salicifolia_,* _Traversii_.* The above
+are hardy Veronicas. They also happily include many of the best.
+Other species are good plants out of doors during summer; they are,
+however, best lifted early in October and housed till May, or they may
+be covered in severe weather. Cold winds do most mischief.
+
+[Illustration: _GUELDER ROSE OR SNOWBALL TREE._]
+
+VIBURNUM OPULUS (Guelder Rose) and varieties, _V. O. sterilis_,* and _V.
+tomentosum plicatum_.*
+
+VINCA (Periwinkle).--_V. major_* and _V. minor_* and varieties.
+
+VITIS (Vines).--Of these the best are _V. Coignetiæ_,* _V.
+heterophylla_,* _V. Labrusca_,* and _V. riparia_.*
+
+YUCCA.--_Y. acutifolia_, _Y. filamentosa_,* and _Y. gloriosa_.*
+
+BAMBOOS.--These require sheltered positions and good deep soil. The
+following have proved to be the best out of a considerable number:
+_Arundinaria auricoma_,* _Fortunei_,* _var. variegata_,* _falcata_,*
+_Hindsii_,* _japonica_,* _nitida_,* _pumila_,* _Veitchii_,* _Simoni
+variegata_,* _Bambusa palmata_,* _B. tessellata_,* _Phyllostachys
+aurea_,* _Henonis_,* _boryana_,* _flexuosa_,* _mitis_,* _nigra_,*
+_Quiloi_,* _viridi-glaucescens_.*
+
+[Illustration: _WYCH ELMS BY HEDGEROW._]
+
+CONIFERS.--These are only useful when young--at least, the majority of
+them. It is impossible to keep them symmetrical against strong cold
+winds, and the deposits of soot upon their foliage are injurious.
+
+When Conifers are wished for as large trees, the Cedar of Lebanon,
+Atlantic Cedar, _Pinus sylvestris_, _Pinus Pinaster_, or _Cupressus
+lawsoniana_ are suitable.
+
+When Abies and Picea lose their symmetry they are usually far from
+ornamental. All the species and beautiful varieties of Cupressus, Thuya,
+and Juniperus are very valuable in a young state. They should be
+replaced as they become thin and shabby, as they soon do in exposed
+places. The most satisfactory tree of all is the Yew. Even this hardy
+tree has its foliage badly hurt by severe winds, but the damage is soon
+made good.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+TENDER SHRUBS AND TREES IN THE SOUTH-WEST[1]
+
+
+The possibilities that exist of the successful open-air culture of
+tender subjects in the south-west are but little dreamt of by the
+majority of English flower-lovers. They doubtless read with interest the
+accounts in the horticultural press of Australian, Chilian, and
+Californian flowering trees and shrubs growing in their native habitats,
+and possibly feel a desire to visit these climes in order that they may
+verify with their own eyes the truth of their readings. As a matter of
+fact, however, a lengthy sea-voyage is by no means indispensable in
+order to view certain of these exotics flourishing in the open air, for
+a few hours' journey by rail will bring the passenger to a land where
+many of these denizens of other climes may be seen enjoying robust
+health under English skies.
+
+The following list of tender shrubs and trees growing in the gardens of
+the south-west cannot claim to be an exhaustive one, since it contains
+only such as have been personally noticed in good health during rambles
+along the southern coast-line of Cornwall and Devon, and, where no
+lengthened inspection is possible, it is obvious that certain species
+and varieties must be overlooked. Incomplete, however, as it doubtless
+is, it should give an idea of the climatic advantages enjoyed by the
+district in question.
+
+Many of the subjects mentioned are growing in Tresco Abbey gardens,
+Isles of Scilly, but most of these are also found in mainland gardens as
+well. Where any have been met with at Tresco only, the fact is noted,
+but these may also be present on the mainland.
+
+The soil of the Scillies, which is composed apparently of peat and
+disintegrated granite, and is almost identical with much of that around
+Penzance, is admirably adapted for hard-wooded Australian, New Zealand,
+and Chilian shrubs and trees, and almost all the species and genera
+enumerated would be best suited by a compost in which peat and
+leaf-mould and granite sand formed the chief proportion, although it
+must be allowed that some alluded to have been found to succeed equally
+well in sandy loam. Porosity in the soil is indispensable, for, in this
+district, where the winter rains are often exceptionally heavy, unless
+the water percolates rapidly through the ground, stagnant moisture
+collects around the roots, a condition which is absolutely fatal to
+success. The advantages of the Cornish granite sand are gradually being
+appreciated. Mr. Fitzherbert writes, "I was told the other day by an
+acquaintance that since he had imported it by the truck-load to his
+Sussex garden he was able to grow many things successfully that he had
+before failed with."
+
+ABELIA FLORIBUNDA.--Mexico. A beautiful evergreen shrub, bearing
+clusters of drooping pink flowers about 3 inches in length. Requires a
+sunny and sheltered site. Finest specimen 6 feet. Several gardens.
+
+ABUTILON VEXILLARIUM.--Rio Grande. A handsome evergreen species
+generally grown against a wall. It throws up long, slender, arching
+shoots from 6 to 8 feet in length, studded with pendulous ball-shaped
+flowers with crimson sepals, yellow petals, and dark-brown stamens which
+are very striking and often remain in bloom for six months. Common. _A.
+vitifolium_--Chili. A most ornamental evergreen shrub of which there are
+two forms, one bearing lavender flowers, the other white. In exceptional
+cases it attains a height of 20 feet, and when covered with its large
+blossoms, which are about 3 inches in diameter, and feathered to the
+ground with foliage, it presents a lovely picture. Large specimens form
+pyramids of bloom, and in some gardens numbers of these are to be found.
+Wall protection unnecessary.
+
+ACACIAS.--Australia. In Cornish and South Devon gardens many species are
+to be met with in robust health. _A. affinis_, very generally confounded
+with _A. dealbata_, is the most common. In many cases _A. affinis_ is
+grown as _A. dealbata_. The leaves of the former are green, while those
+of the latter are bluish and its flowers are less bright in colour. A
+group of _A. affinis_ about 35 feet in height was a wonderful sight at
+Tregothnan at the end of March, being simply covered with golden blossom
+which was thrown into high relief by a background of Ilexes. _A.
+verticillata_ is another handsome species flowering later in the spring.
+It is a very rapid grower, reaching a height of 15 feet in a few years,
+generally growing in the form of a broad-based cone, with its lower
+branches but a foot or so from the ground. When in flower it is so
+covered with its pale-yellow blossoms that no foliage is discernible.
+_A. armata_ may be seen as a bush 7 feet high and as much in diameter.
+_A. ovata_ Mr. Fitzherbert has only seen as a bush some 3 feet high;
+very pretty when bearing its circular, golden flower-bells. _A.
+longifolia_ is another handsome tree, with leaves something like those
+of an Oleander and bright-yellow flowers. _A. melanoxylon_ is a fine
+tree. The specimen at Tresco is about 50 feet in height, and there are
+good examples on the mainland. Pale-yellow flowers produced in
+profusion. Other species met with are _A. riceana_, _A. (Albizzia)
+lophantha_, _A. calamifolia_, _A. linifolia_, _A. latifolia_, and _A.
+platyptera_, the latter against a wall.
+
+ADENANDRA FRAGRANS.--Cape of Good Hope. A small evergreen shrub, bearing
+fragrant, rose-coloured flowers. Tregothnan.
+
+ANOPTERUS GLANDULOSA.--Tasmania. A vigorous evergreen shrub, with dark,
+shining green leaves, bearing long, erect terminal racemes of white,
+cup-shaped flowers, resembling the blooms of _Clethra arborea_, but
+larger. Tregothnan.
+
+ACANTHOPANAX SPINOSUM.--Garden seedling. A striking plant with
+dark-green, large-sized leaves divided into five sections. Height at
+present 5 feet. Tregothnan.
+
+ASTER (OLEARIA) ARGOPHYLLUS.--Australia. The Silver Musk tree, with
+musk-scented leaves and dull-red flowers in summer. Three gardens.
+Height 12 feet.
+
+ATHROTAXIS LAXIFOLIA.--Tasmania. A tender Conifer. A fine example, 20
+feet in height, fruited profusely at Menabilly two years ago.
+
+BANKSIA GRANDIS.--Australia. Evergreen shrub, bearing yellow flowers in
+dense spikes. _B. serrata_, red flowers, and _B. littoralis_. All at
+Tresco. _B. quercifolia_, handsome leaves, with white reverse.
+Abbotsbury. Banksias were at one time in request as greenhouse plants.
+
+BAUERA RUBIOIDES.--New South Wales. A pretty little evergreen shrub not
+unlike a Heath, but more branching, bearing solitary, pink,
+saucer-shaped flowers half an inch across, each petal striped with white
+down the centre.
+
+BENTHAMIA (CORNUS CAPITATA) FRAGIFERA.--Nepaul. A handsome, evergreen
+tree, first introduced into England in 1825, when seed was sown at
+Heligan, Cornwall, and where there are now specimens some 60 feet in
+height. It is largely represented throughout Cornwall, being used in
+some places as a woodland tree. In June, when the leafage is hidden by
+the wide-spread, platter-like flowers of pale yellow, its effect is very
+beautiful, especially when thrown up by a background of green foliage.
+In the autumn the fruits, from which it takes its name of Strawberry
+tree, some an inch or more in diameter, become bright crimson.
+
+BORONIA.--Australia. These are almost universally treated as greenhouse
+plants, but succeed in the open air in the south-west. At Tregothnan, at
+the end of March, two bushes of _B. megastigma_, planted in front of a
+wall, the larger of which was about 3 feet in height, were coming into
+profuse bloom, and already scented the air with the first of their
+brown, yellow-lined, drooping cups. _B. heterophylla_, with its
+purple-red flowers was also expanding blooms, and _B. Drummondii_, _B.
+elatior_, and _B. polygalæfolia_ were also growing in the same garden.
+
+BRACHYGLOTTIS REPANDA.--New Zealand. A handsome tree, with leaves nearly
+a foot in length and numerous minute flower-heads. Tresco.
+
+BUDDLEIA COLVILLEI.--Sikkim. The finest of the new race, with pendulous
+racemes, nearly a foot in length, of crimson, pentstemon-like flowers,
+paler round the centre, an inch across. Leaves large and dark green, 6
+inches or more in length. Several gardens.
+
+CALLISTEMON SALIGNUS.--Australia. There are two forms of this
+Bottle-brush, one bearing pale-yellow flowers and the other crimson.
+Others are _C. lanceolatus_, carmine-flowered, and _C. speciosus_,
+scarlet-flowered. These grow well as bushes, specimens of the
+first-named being sometimes 10 feet in height and as much in diameter.
+There is much confusion between this genus and _Metrosideros
+floribunda_. Callistemons are to be found in many gardens.
+
+CAMELLIA RETICULATA.--This is hardy, but rarely flowers satisfactorily
+in the open except in the south-west, where it is grown both against
+walls and as a bush plant. It is by far the finest of the Camellias,
+bearing lovely, pink, semi-double flowers 6 inches in diameter, with
+bright-yellow, spreading stamens.
+
+CANDOLLEA TETRANDRA.--Australia. An evergreen bush bearing clear-yellow,
+cup-shaped flowers somewhat resembling Sun Roses, but of finer texture.
+Tresco.
+
+CANTUA BUXIFOLIA.--Peru. An evergreen shrub, bearing in corymbs at the
+end of the branches pale-red trumpet-flowers something after the style
+of _Fuchsia corymbiflora_. Tresco.
+
+CARPENTERIA CALIFORNICA.--A well-known evergreen shrub in the
+south-west, bearing fragrant, white, yellow-centred flowers. In some
+gardens it suffers from browning of the leaves, but this is apparently
+not the effect of cold winds or frost, as often the most exposed plants
+are the least affected and the most sheltered are in the worst plight.
+The finest specimen known to Mr. Fitzherbert is about 8 feet high and as
+much through; it is growing near Teignmouth. It may be considered fairly
+hardy since it has been grown in the open in Scotland.
+
+CARYOPTERIS MASTACANTHUS.--Chili. A most valuable, much-branched
+evergreen shrub growing to a height of 4 feet or more, bearing
+lavender-blue clusters of flowers in October. There is also a white
+form. The type is common. This is also happy farther north.
+
+CASSINIA LEPTOPHYLLA.--New Zealand. A small evergreen shrub, bearing
+white flower-heads. Tregothnan.
+
+CEANOTHUS.--California and Mexico. Many species and varieties are grown
+both as bushes, in which form they soon make small trees, and trained
+against walls. Of the early-flowering varieties _C. veitchianus_ is the
+brightest coloured, and of the autumn-blooming, azureus section, Gloire
+de Versailles is the favourite. Common in most gardens.
+
+CITHAREXYLOM QUADRANGULARE.--West Indies. The Fiddle-wood. Bears white,
+fragrant flowers. There is a fine specimen at Abbotsbury. Dorset.
+
+CITRUS TRIFOLIATA (OEGLE SEPIARIA).--Japan. This fiercely-spined
+Citrus is hardy, but rarely flowers and fruits in the north. In the
+south-west it flowers freely, and one specimen fruits almost annually.
+It is 7 feet in height, and last year carried over thirty fruits.
+
+CLERODENDRON TRICHOTOMUM.--Japan. A deciduous shrub, also hardy, but
+flowering best in the south-west. A fine specimen over 15 feet in height
+and as much through is at Greenway on the Dart.
+
+CLETHRA ARBOREA.--Madeira. The Lily-of-the-Valley tree. Evergreen. It
+bears panicles of white, bell-shaped flowers in the summer, at which
+time it is quite a feature at Tresco. There are good bushes, the
+largest about 7 feet in height, at Trewidden, near Penzance.
+
+COROKIA BUDDLEIOIDES.--New Zealand. A tall-growing evergreen shrub, with
+leaves 2 to 6 inches in length. _C. Cotoneaster_ is a spreading shrub
+with small leaves. Both species bear yellow, sweet-scented flowers. The
+first was at Ludgvan Rectory, Cornwall, the second at Bishop's Teignton.
+South Devon.
+
+CORREA.--Australia. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs which do well at Tresco,
+and also in some gardens on the mainland. _C. cardinalis_ is the most
+brilliant, but _C. ventricosa_ is almost as highly coloured. The two
+named, as well as _C. alba_, _C. bicolor_, _C. carnea_, _C. glauca_, _C.
+magnifica_, and _C. virens_ are sometimes seen in good health and flower
+on the mainland.
+
+CORYNOCARPUS LÆVIGATUS.--New Zealand. An evergreen tree, bearing
+panicles of white flowers followed by plum-like fruit. A healthy young
+plant is at Ludgvan Rectory.
+
+CRINODENDRON HOOKERI (TRICUSPIDARIA HEXAPETALA).--Chili. A particularly
+handsome shrub, growing to a height of 5 feet, bearing large, drooping,
+cherry-red, urn-shaped flowers on long peduncles, the petals being very
+fine in texture. In many gardens.
+
+CYTISUS RACEMOSUS.--Peak of Teneriffe. One of the commonest and most
+popular greenhouse plants. It grows to 8 or 10 feet in height in the
+south-west and often flowers until Christmas.
+
+DAPHNE INDICA.--India. Both the white and purple-red form of this
+fragrant plant are common in the open in Devon and Cornwall, and in mild
+seasons commence to bloom in January. Some old plants have formed large
+bushes in front of walls.
+
+DAPHNIPHYLLUM GLAUCESCENS.--China. Evergreen. This is hardy, but is
+uncommon. A very large specimen is at Trewidden, and is 12 feet in
+height and 20 feet in spread. It has long shining leaves, the shoots
+being red in colour; these, early in April, are surrounded by closely
+clustered, maroon-red flower-buds.
+
+DATURA SANGUINEA.--Peru. This grows to a large size in the south-west,
+often forming a tree 12 feet or more in height, and, in mild winters,
+blooming until February. _D. suaveolens_, Mexico, is probably more
+tender, as such large specimens are rarely seen.
+
+DENDROMECON RIGIDUS.--California. A handsome shrub with glaucous leaves,
+the branchlets terminated by bright-yellow poppy-like flowers. It
+succeeds best in poor soil that does not induce vigorous growth. Enys.
+
+DESFONTAINEA SPINOSA.--Chili. A most distinct evergreen shrub, with
+leaves resembling those of a Holly. It bears tubular flowers 3 inches in
+length of a bright vermilion tipped with yellow, and is a very handsome
+object when in full flower. It commences to bloom in the summer, and
+often holds many of its flowers until November. The largest specimen met
+with was about 8 feet in height, and was in the neighbourhood of
+Teignmouth. The Desfontainea is to be found in most gardens.
+
+DIOSMA ERICOIDES.--South Africa. A heath-like evergreen shrub, bearing
+single white flowers not unlike those of a Myrtle. Its leaves are
+fragrant when bruised. A healthy plant, about 4 ft. by 4 ft., trained
+against a wall, was coming into bloom at Tregothnan at the end of March.
+
+DIOSPYROS KAKI.--The Persimmon. China. This is hardy, but rarely fruits
+except in the south-west. A tree at Bishop's Teignton produced fruit,
+which ripened well, in 1890. In autumn the colouring of its foliage is
+very attractive.
+
+DRIMYS (TASMANNIA) AROMATICA.--Tasmania. An evergreen shrub or small
+tree, bearing tiny white flowers in spring. Its leaves, if bitten, are
+very pungent, stinging the palate like pepper. The finest specimen known
+to the writer is one 15 feet in height at Menabilly. _D. Winteri_--South
+America. A handsome flowering shrub, bearing ivory-yellow, fragrant
+flowers, an inch across. At Bishop's Teignton there is a good example
+over 12 feet in height. Both species are fairly well distributed in
+gardens.
+
+DRYOBALANOPS AROMATICA.--Sumatra. The Camphor tree. There is at
+Penjerrick a good specimen 20 feet in height.
+
+EDWARDSIA GRANDIFLORA SYN. SOPHORA TETRAPTERA.--The New Zealand
+Laburnum. This and its variety _E. microphylla_ bear racemes of yellow
+flowers, the individual blooms being 2 inches long in the first case,
+and about half the length in the second, in the spring. Examples 10 feet
+or so in height are to be found in some gardens.
+
+[Illustration: _EDWARDSIA GRANDIFLORA._]
+
+EMBOTHRIUM COCCINEUM.--South America. The Fire Bush. The most brilliant
+of all flowering trees capable of outdoor culture in this country. In
+May every twig is laden with clusters of long flowers of glowing
+scarlet, the trees presenting a most gorgeous spectacle. Every good
+garden in Cornwall and most in South Devon possesses specimens, some
+containing a dozen or more. The finest are probably Trewidden and
+Penjerrick, where they are 30 feet in height and as much in spread.
+
+ERIOSTEMON BUXIFOLIUS.--Australia. A small evergreen shrub, bearing pink
+flowers in the spring. Tresco.
+
+ESCALLONIA ILLINITA.--Chili. Bears white flowers in July. There is one
+15 feet high at Menabilly. _E. revoluta_--Chili. Bears white flowers
+three quarters of an inch long in August, 20 feet high. Menabilly. _E.
+organensis_--Organ Mountains. Bears rose-coloured flowers. Fine
+specimens in more than one garden. _E. floribunda_--Montevideo. Bears
+fragrant white flowers in August. Common in the south-west.
+
+EUCALYPTI.--Australia. Some thirty or forty specimens are grown, of
+which perhaps the best known are: _E. globulus_, which has attained a
+height of 50 feet; _E. citriodora_, 20 feet, against the house at
+Togerthnan; _E. amygdalina_, &c. Many flower freely and bear fertile
+seed. _E. Gunnii_ flowers freely at Parkstone, Dorset, in Professor
+Wallace's garden. It is quite hardy there.
+
+EUCRYPHIA PINNATIFOLIA.--Chili. A beautiful deciduous flowering shrub,
+bearing large white flowers like a St. John's Wort, with bright-yellow
+anthers. A specimen at Trewidden is 8 feet in height.
+
+EUONYMUS FIMBRIATUS.--Japan and India. This shrub is chiefly remarkable
+for the tint of its young leafage, which is bright crimson, and gives a
+vivid, flower-like effect at a little distance in April. Met with at
+Tregothnan and Abbotsbury.
+
+EUPATORIUM WEINMANNIANUM.--South America. This soon grows into a rounded
+bush 10 feet or so in height and as much in diameter. It bears its flat
+heads of fragrant white flowers in autumn and well into winter, the
+flowers being succeeded by fluffy seed-vessels. It is quite common.
+
+EURYA LATIFOLIA.--Japan. Half-hardy. An evergreen shrub, with leaves
+somewhat like those of a Camellia, bearing small white flowers. There is
+a variegated form that at one time was used for greenhouse decoration.
+Tresco.
+
+FABIANA IMBRICATA.--Chili. A charming evergreen heath-like shrub,
+bearing a profusion of pure-white tubular flowers clustered thickly
+around every shoot. A fine example 8 feet in height is at Trelissick,
+but it is a common plant in the south-west.
+
+[Illustration: _FABIANA IMBRICATA IN FLOWER IN A DEVONSHIRE GARDEN._]
+
+FAGUS CLIFFORTIOIDES.--The New Zealand Beech. A tree with minute leaves,
+which have given it the name of Birch in its native land. In New
+Zealand it is evergreen, but in this country is deciduous. A good
+specimen is at Enys.
+
+FREMONTIA CALIFORNICA.--An extremely handsome deciduous flowering shrub,
+bearing bright-yellow, cupped flowers 3 inches in diameter with orange
+stamens. It often remains in bloom for months. Large plants have
+unfortunately a way of dying off when apparently in good health, several
+fine specimens having succumbed in this manner. The finest we now know
+of is one growing in bush form about 8 feet in height at Newton Abbot,
+but the same garden contained at one time a larger example.
+
+GREVILLEA.--Australia. _G. rosmarinifolia_, with carmine-red flowers,
+forms a vigorous shrub, growing to a height of 8 feet with a spread of 7
+feet. It is to be found in many gardens. At Tregothnan, _G. Priessii_,
+with pink and yellow flowers; _G. alpina_, red-tipped yellow; and _G.
+sulphurea_ are grown; and we have seen _G. robusta_, which had been in
+the open for three years. All species are evergreen.
+
+GUEVINA AVELLANA.--Chili. A very ornamental evergreen tree, with large
+impari-pinnate leaves of a deep, glossy green, bearing white flowers
+followed by coral-red fruit the size of a cherry. There is a fine
+specimen at Greenway, 20 feet in height, which has ripened fruits from
+which seedlings have been raised.
+
+HABROTHAMNUS CORYMBOSUS.--Mexico. This well-known red-flowered
+greenhouse shrub does admirably as a bush plant in the open, as does _H.
+elegans_, with purple-red flowers. They often carry bloom as late as
+November and are frequently met with.
+
+HAKEA LAURINA.--Australia. An evergreen shrub, bearing clusters of
+rosy-lilac flowers. Menabilly. Mr. Fitzherbert says, "I am not aware if
+it has flowered in this country."
+
+HELIOCARPUS CYANEUS.--Tropical America. A small evergreen tree, bearing
+blue flowers. Tresco.
+
+HOHERIA POPULNEA.--New Zealand. The Houhere of the natives. Ribbon-wood.
+With pure white flowers and a handsome foliage. Enys and other gardens.
+
+ILLICIUM ANISATUM.--Japan. A half-hardy evergreen shrub, bearing
+clusters of ivory-white flowers. Held sacred by the Japanese, who burn
+the bark before the shrines of their deities. Tresco. _I. floridanum_,
+Southern States of America, bearing maroon flowers. Not uncommon.
+
+INDIGOFERA GERARDIANA.--India. A low-branching evergreen shrub, with
+finely-divided foliage, bearing racemes 5 inches in length of
+rose-purple, pea-like flowers. Common. There is a white variety which is
+rarely seen.
+
+JACARANDA MIMOSÆFOLIA.--Brazil. A very graceful evergreen tree with
+acacia-like leaves a foot in length, bearing panicles of drooping
+violet-blue flowers. There is a fine young plant at Rosehill, Falmouth.
+
+LAGERSTROEMIA INDICA.--A handsome deciduous shrub, bearing large
+bright-pink flowers.
+
+LEPTOSPERMUM.--Australia. _L. baccatum_ and _L. scoparium_ are the most
+generally met with. Both bear small white flowers and are evergreen.
+We have seen the former 12 feet and the latter 20 feet in height. Other
+species are also grown.
+
+LIBONIA FLORIBUNDA.--Brazil. The favourite greenhouse flowering shrub,
+bearing drooping scarlet and yellow blossoms. Tresco and one mainland
+garden.
+
+LITSEA GENICULATA.--Southern United States. A deciduous shrub or tree,
+bearing white flowers in May. The largest in England is probably one at
+Menabilly, 25 feet in height.
+
+MELALEUCA HYPERICIFOLIA.--Australia. An evergreen shrub, bearing scarlet
+bottle-brush flowers. Tresco.
+
+MELIA AZEDARACH.--Tropical Asia. The Bead tree, so called from the seeds
+being used for rosaries, bearing much-branched panicles of fragrant
+lilac flowers. Leaves bipinnate and deeply serrated. Rosehill.
+Evergreen.
+
+MELIANTHUS MAJOR.--Cape of Good Hope. A well-known plant in sub-tropical
+gardening. At Rosehill it has reached a height of 12 feet.
+
+METROSIDEROS ROBUSTA.--New Zealand. An evergreen tree, bearing clusters
+of brilliant crimson flowers at the extremities of the shoots; in this
+it differs from Callistemon, whose flowers encircle the branchlets some
+distance below the extremities. Tresco; 30 feet in height.
+
+MITRARIA COCCINEA.--Chili. An evergreen shrub, bearing bright-scarlet
+flowers. This is to be found 6 feet in some gardens.
+
+MYOPORUM LÆTUM.--Australia. Native name, Guaio. An evergreen tree,
+bearing small white flowers, and having lanceolate leaves dotted with
+countless transparent spots. Two mainland gardens.
+
+NERIUM OLEANDER.--Mediterranean. The Oleander. This is established, and
+flowers in sheltered nooks on the mainland.
+
+OZOTHAMNUS ROSMARINIFOLIUS.--Australia. An evergreen shrub, bearing
+countless, minute, white flowers. Sprays, if cut when the flowers are
+fully expanded, will retain their decorative qualities for a year. It is
+common in the south-west, and at Trewidden there are bushes 8 feet in
+height.
+
+PAULOWNIA IMPERIALIS.--Japan. A hardy deciduous flowering tree, bearing
+erect panicles of large, lilac, gloxinia-like flowers. Owing to the
+spring frosts, it rarely perfects these except in sheltered sites in
+mild springs, but when in good bloom it is marvellously beautiful.
+
+PENTSTEMON CORDIFOLIUS.--California. A tall-growing species, bearing
+bright-scarlet flowers in the summer. With the shelter of a wall it
+grows to a height of 5 feet or more. Trewidden.
+
+PHILESIA BUXIFOLIA.--Chili. A dwarf evergreen shrub, rarely exceeding 2
+feet in height, bearing drooping, pink lapageria-like blossoms. To be
+found in many gardens.
+
+PHOTINIA JAPONICA.--Japan. The Loquat. This hardy, ornamental-foliaged
+tree is practically hardy, and at Enys flowers annually. We believe,
+however, that it has not fruited. The finest specimen we know of, 15
+feet in height with a head 12 feet through, is at Saltram.
+
+PIERIS FORMOSA.--Himalayas. This so-called Andromeda is widely met with.
+The finest example is at Pentillie Castle, and is 20 feet in height with
+a spread of 30 feet. When this is white with its clustering
+flower-sprays it is a lovely sight.
+
+PIMELEA DECUSSATA.--Australia. An evergreen shrub, bearing rose-red,
+globular flower-heads at the extremities of the branches. Tresco.
+
+PINUS MONTEZUMÆ.--Mexico. A noble and distinct Pine, good specimens of
+which are at Tregothnan and Menabilly, where it has fruited.
+
+[Illustration: _PINUS MONTEZUMÆ AT FOTA._]
+
+PIPTANTHUS NEPALENSIS.--Nepaul. An evergreen shrub, bearing numbers of
+bright-yellow laburnum-like flowers. It seems indifferent to soil, and
+may be seen flourishing under adverse circumstances. Common.
+
+PLAGIANTHUS BETULINUS.--New Zealand. Ribbon tree. Bears small white
+flowers in clusters. A splendid example 50 feet in height is at
+Abbotsbury.
+
+PITTOSPORUM.--New Zealand. Evergreen shrubs. _P. Mayi_, at Tregothnan,
+is about 30 feet in height; while we have seen _P. bicolor_ over 20
+feet, and many fine examples of _P. undulatum_, _P. tenuifolium_, of
+which last a hedge has been made at Falmouth, and other species. All
+bear their little flowers in profusion in the south-west. The Japanese
+_P. Tobira_ is a hardy shrub, bearing spreading flower-heads of fragrant
+white blossom.
+
+PODOCARPUS ANDINA.--Chili. A handsome evergreen tree to be found in most
+gardens. At Penjerrick there is a specimen 40 feet in height.
+
+POINCIANA (CÆSALPINA) GILLIESI.--South America. An evergreen shrub with
+acacia-like foliage, bearing clusters of large yellow flowers with
+bright-red stamens. Mr. Fitzherbert says, "The finest specimen I have
+seen was in the late Rev. H. Ewbank's garden at Ryde, but I know of
+smaller ones in the south-west."
+
+POLYGALA GRANDIFOLIA (syns. _grandis_, &c.).--Bahia. An evergreen
+flowering shrub, the finest of its race, bearing large rose and white
+flowers. Tregothnan.
+
+PSEUDOPANAX CRASSIFOLIUM.--New Zealand. An evergreen shrub with
+dark-green thick leaves 2 feet in length, with orange midribs. Ludgvan
+Rectory.
+
+PUNICA GRANATUM.--The Pomegranate is a neglected shrub in English
+gardens. Planted at the foot of a south wall, and treated generally like
+a well-groomed Peach tree, it will flower from June to September. It is
+not a shrub for cold climates, but Mr. Watson, writing in the _Garden_,
+October 26, p. 283, says, "At Kew three varieties are grown outdoors,
+namely, the type, the big double-white flowered variety, with petals
+margined with white, Picotee-like, and the dwarf variety known as Nana.
+There are other forms beside these, including a white-flowered one which
+I have seen in Paris gardens, where old--very old--standard plants are
+grown and treasured. The dwarf variety is cultivated as a pot plant in
+some continental countries. I have seen it in the Hamburg florists'
+shops, pretty little pyramids in 5-inch pots, covered with flowers.
+Fruits are rarely produced by the Pomegranate in England."
+
+RHAPITHAMNUS CYANOCARPUS.--Chili. An evergreen tree, bearing pale-blue
+flowers, followed by violet-blue berries. A fine specimen 20 feet in
+height is at Menabilly.
+
+RUBUS AUSTRALIS.--A Bramble, the only form of which is worth growing,
+and that merely as a curiosity, is a practically leafless one. The
+leaves are indeed there, but they consist merely of three midribs armed
+with curved spines, and terminated by leaflets less than an inch in
+length of an inch in breadth. A large plant at Bishop's Teignton has
+smothered a Euonymus bush, and climbed into an adjacent Fir.
+
+SENECIO.--Many of the newer evergreen exotic species, such as _S.
+Grayii_, _S. Fosterii_, _S. Heretieri_, and others are grown, while in
+Rosehill garden is a fifty-year-old plant of the Mexican _S. Petasitis_,
+8 feet in height.
+
+SOLANUM CRISPUM.--Chili. An evergreen flowering shrub, bearing lavender
+yellow-centred flowers in profusion, often reaching a height of 8 feet.
+Quite common.
+
+SPARMANNIA AFRICANA.--Cape of Good Hope. African Hemp. An evergreen
+shrub, bearing masses of white flowers with ruby-tipped anthers; a
+well-known greenhouse plant. At Tresco both the single and double
+forms are grown, and attain a height of 10 feet. The single form is also
+met with in mainland gardens, where it is often in flower in February.
+
+VERONICA HULKEANA.--New Zealand. An evergreen shrub, bearing branching
+panicles of pale-lilac flowers, doing best with the support and
+protection of a wall. To be found in many gardens.
+
+WESTRINGIA TRIPHYLLA.--Australia. Evergreen shrub, bearing blue flowers
+in summer. Tregothnan.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Probably all the trees and shrubs mentioned in this and the
+following chapter will succeed in Ireland.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+TENDER WALL PLANTS IN THE SOUTH-WEST
+
+
+The notes on tender shrubs and trees grown in the south-west are
+fittingly supplemented by a passing reference to plants used for
+covering walls, mostly of climbing habit, but a few of shrubby growth.
+
+BIGNONIA.--_B. (Tecoma) radicans_ is a hardy climber, and _B.
+capreolata_ may also be considered so. Other members of the family grown
+in the open are _B. capensis_, Cape of Good Hope, orange; _B. Cherere_,
+Guiana, orange scarlet; and _B. speciosa_, Uruguay, pink. Greenway on
+the Dart.
+
+BERBERIDOPSIS CORALLINA.--Chili. Drooping crimson flowers borne in
+racemes in the autumn. This evergreen plant does best in peat or
+leaf-mould in a partially shaded position. Common.
+
+BOUGAINVILLEA GLABRA.--Brazil. This climber cannot be considered a
+success in the open in the south-west, but in two gardens it has been
+grown and flowers, but in neither case has it exhibited a tithe of the
+freedom of growth displayed by it under glass.
+
+BUCKLANDIA POPULNEA.--Himalayas. A handsome evergreen foliage plant,
+said to grow to a height of 100 feet in its native habitat. Its large
+heart-shaped leaves are tinted with bronze and maroon. Tregothnan.
+
+CALLICARPA PURPUREA.--India. An evergreen shrub bearing small
+inconspicuous flowers, followed by violet-coloured berries. Trewidden,
+Penzance.
+
+CASSIA CORYMBOSA.--Buenos Ayres. A rambling shrub, almost invariably
+grown against a wall, though it has been met with planted against a wire
+fence, and spreading out on either side. In August it is a mass of
+golden-yellow bloom, some of which it often retains until Christmas.
+With wall protection it reaches a height of 12 feet or more, and when in
+flower is a striking object in the garden. It is fairly common in the
+south-west.
+
+CHORIZEMA.--Australia. Well-known evergreen greenhouse plants, bearing
+pea-like flowers of orange and red. Masses 7 feet in height and more in
+breadth grow against the walls at Trewidden, and begin to flower in
+March. _C. cordatum_ and _C. Lowii_ are the species generally grown.
+
+CISSUS DISCOLOR.--Java. A climber, bearing greenish-yellow blossoms.
+
+CLEMATIS INDIVISA LOBATA.--New Zealand. This beautiful white-flowered
+Clematis grows well in many gardens, and commences to bloom in March.
+
+CLIANTHUS PUNICEUS.--New Zealand. A brilliant-flowered evergreen
+climber, bearing large flowers, somewhat resembling lobsters' claws,
+scarlet crimson in hue. It sometimes comes into flower as early as
+Christmas, the number of its blossoms increasing until mid-May, when it
+is a glowing sheet of colour. The finest plant Mr. Fitzherbert knows is
+at Stoke Fleming, near Dartmouth, where it covers the side of a large
+house.
+
+DIPLACUS (MIMULUS) GLUTINOSUS.--California. Another popular greenhouse
+plant, bearing buff flowers, which succeeds admirably against walls in
+many gardens, growing some 5 feet in height.
+
+ELÆOCARPUS CYANEUS.--Australia. An evergreen plant of shrubby growth,
+bearing whitish-blue flowers. Greenway.
+
+ERCILLA (BRIDGESIA) VOLUBILIS.--Chili. A self-clinging evergreen
+climber, bearing inconspicuous flowers. Fairly common, but scarcely
+attractive.
+
+HIBBERTIA DENTATA.--Australia. An evergreen climber, with foliage of
+deep bronze, bearing single bright-yellow flowers in April. Trewidden.
+_H. Reidii_, also yellow-flowered. Tregothnan.
+
+HYDRANGEA PETIOLARIS.--Japan. A rampant-growing climber, bearing flat
+flower-heads, composed of blooms the minority of which are sterile. It
+clings naturally, and is displayed to best advantage when allowed to
+ascend a bare tree trunk. At Menabilly, Cornwall, a specimen planted
+twelve years ago has ascended the columnar trunk of a Turkey Oak to a
+height of almost 40 feet.
+
+INGA PULCHERRIMA.--Mexico. An evergreen shrub, bearing bright-scarlet
+flowers in summer. A fine plant covering a large expanse of wall is at
+Greenway.
+
+KENNEDYA NIGRICANS.--Australia. An evergreen climber, bearing
+violet-purple racemes of small pea-like blossoms. Greenway. _K. alba_
+is also grown.
+
+LAPAGERIA.--Chili. This handsome evergreen climber, producing long
+wax-like blossoms of white and rose, is well known under glass. In the
+south-west it does well in the open against a north wall, in peaty
+compost, often bearing its flowers as late as Christmas.
+
+LASIANDRA (PLEROMA TIBOUCHINA) MACRANTHA.--Brazil. A beautiful
+evergreen shrub of climbing habit, bearing large violet flowers. It is
+usually cut down by frost, but breaks again strongly in the spring.
+Trewidden and other gardens.
+
+MANDEVILLA SUAVEOLENS.--Buenos Ayres. A lovely deciduous climber,
+bearing large, white, deliciously-fragrant flowers in August. It does
+well in several gardens in the south-west, in some of which it seeds
+freely.
+
+MICHELIA (MAGNOLIA) FUSCATA.--China. An evergreen or sub-evergreen shrub
+(according to position), bearing dull-purple sweetly-scented flowers.
+Tregothnan.
+
+PHOENOCOMA PROLIFERA.--Cape of Good Hope.--An evergreen shrub, bearing
+large, terminal, crimson flower-heads. Trewidden.
+
+PHYSIANTHUS ALBENS SYN. ARAUJIA ALBENS.--Brazil. An evergreen climber,
+bearing a profusion of white flowers, which later assume a reddish
+tinge. Common in the south-west. The finest specimen Mr. Fitzherbert has
+seen grew against a cliff-face in the public gardens at Torquay. It
+spread to a height and breadth of considerably over 20 feet, and one
+year bore over a dozen huge corrugated seed-pods, about the size of a
+cricket ball, but oval in shape. This strain killed the plant, but a
+young one has now taken its place.
+
+PLUMBAGO CAPENSIS.--Cape of Good Hope. A climbing evergreen shrub,
+bearing large heads of pale-blue flowers; a favourite conservatory
+plant. It is grown in several gardens, and flowers well in the open. A
+fine example, which has been unprotected for five months, is growing in
+the same site as the Physianthus alluded to above.
+
+PUERARIA THUNBERGIANA.--Khasia. An evergreen climber, with leaves 5
+inches in diameter, bearing blue flowers. Fibre is obtained from the
+stems and starch from the roots. Tregothnan.
+
+[Illustration: _PUERARIA THUNBERGIANA._]
+
+RHODOCHITON VOLUBILE.--Mexico. A climber, bearing blood-red drooping
+flowers. This plant, in common with Lothospermum and Maurandya, all
+three of which are perennials, is almost invariably killed by the
+winter, but is easily raised from seed. Rosehill, Falmouth.
+
+RHYNCHOSPERMUM (TRACHELOSPERMUM) JASMINOIDES.--Shanghai. An evergreen
+climber, hardy in the south-west, bearing countless starry-white
+flowers, most delicately perfumed in August. It is to be met with in the
+majority of gardens, and in one it has covered the house porch.
+
+RUSCUS ANDROGYNUS SYN. SEMELE ANDROGYNA.--Canary Islands. An evergreen
+climber, valuable for its striking foliage. The leaves, or rather
+cladodes, are over a foot in length, and are furnished with from
+twelve to twenty pinnate sections of a glossy green. Penjerrick,
+Falmouth, where it has borne its inconspicuous greenish-white flowers.
+
+SOLANUM WENDLANDI.--Costa Rica. An evergreen climber, bearing clusters
+of large lilac-blue flowers, 2œ inches in diameter. The late Rev. H.
+Ewbank, in whose garden at Ryde the finest specimen we have seen was
+growing, considered it the best of all the tender climbers amenable to
+open-air culture in the south-west.
+
+SOLLYA HETEROPHYLLA.--Australia. Bluebell Creeper. An evergreen climber,
+bearing drooping blue flowers. Tregothnan.
+
+STAUNTONIA (HOLBOELLIA) LATIFOLIA.--Himalayas. An evergreen climber,
+with oval leathery leaves, bearing in April clusters of greenish-white
+flowers, delightfully odorous. A very common plant in the south-west.
+
+STREPTOSOLEN JAMESONI.--Columbia. A handsome evergreen shrub, in great
+request for clothing conservatory pillars, &c. It bears panicles of
+orange-red flowers, and when in full bloom has a brilliant effect. A
+plant about 7 feet in height is growing against the house at Trewidden.
+
+SWAINSONIA ALBIFLORA.--Australia. An evergreen leguminous shrub, bearing
+white pea-like flowers, well known in greenhouses. It is grown in
+several gardens, and if cut down by sharp frosts breaks strongly again
+in the spring.
+
+TACSONIA EXONENSIS.--A hybrid between _T. Van Volxemii_ and _T.
+mollissima_. Bearing bright rosy-pink flowers. Trewidden.
+
+T. MOLLISSIMA.--Quito. A vigorous species, bearing pink flowers, with
+tubes from 4 to 5 inches in length. Though Quito is on the equator, its
+height above sea-level being 9600 feet, the temperature is not unduly
+high. There is a large plant, which has had to be kept within bounds by
+periodical pruning, at Rosehill.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+TREES AND SHRUBS IN IRELAND
+
+
+It is not possible, without going beyond the limits of a volume of
+comfortable size, to do anything approaching justice to the trees and
+shrubs that are the glory of many gardens in the sister Isle. It is a
+favoured isle for the growth of Conifers, and trees and shrubs that in
+other parts of Britain, except under exceptional conditions, completely
+fail. The Sikkim Rhododendrons at Kilmacurragh, Co. Wicklow, the
+residence of Mr. Thomas Acton, D.L.; the Rhododendrons and Ghent Azaleas
+at Houth Castle, Co. Dublin; the noble Conifers in the gardens of
+Viscount Powerscourt at Enniskerry, Wicklow, and of Lord Annesley,
+Castlewellan, Co. Down, besides other counties, are well known to every
+one deeply interested in trees and shrubs; while among other notable
+gardens filled with rare treasures and specimens of individual
+development may be named, St. Annes', Clontarf, Co. Dublin; Cong, Co.
+Mayo; and Muckross, Killarney, residences of Lord Ardilaun. The gardens
+of Mr. W. E. Gumbleton, Belgrove, Queenstown, Cork, contain interesting
+collections; and the same may be said of Straffan, Co. Kildare, the Duke
+of Leinster's famous residence; Carton, near Maynooth, in the same
+county; Woodstock, Kilkenny, the residence of Mrs. Tighe; Hamwood,
+Dunboyne, Co. Meath (Mr. R. Hamilton, D.L.); Killarney House, Killarney
+(the Lord Kenmare); Kylemore, Co. Mayo (Mr. Mitchell Henry); and Narrow
+Water Park, Co. Down (Capt. Roger Hall). And we are not forgetful of the
+beautiful Fota Island near Cork (Lord Barrymore), where plants accounted
+tender in more northerly latitudes flourish with almost tropical
+luxuriance.
+
+The gardens of Ireland must be seen to realise their beauty and climatic
+advantages. Ireland is happy in having many enthusiastic gardeners, and
+it will be well for those who wish for some information as to the great
+variety of trees and shrubs that will live unprotected in the sister
+Isle to read the contribution of the Earl of Annesley to the Journal of
+the Royal Horticultural Society, upon "Ornamental Trees and Shrubs in
+the Gardens at Castlewellan, Co. Down," vol. xxviii. The Earl's garden,
+to quote his own words, "Is on one of the foot hills of the Mourne
+Mountains in the county of Down, about three miles from the Irish
+Channel, thus benefiting by the mild influence of the Gulf Stream: it
+faces east and south, and is surrounded by old forest trees, so that it
+is well sheltered. We suffer little from frost; ten degrees is the
+average; once, in the hard winter of 1895, we had fifteen degrees. The
+rainfall is about thirty-two inches; the subsoil is gravel, and as it
+lies on rather a steep hill there is perfect drainage--a great advantage
+for tender, as indeed it is for all plants."
+
+In a future edition of this work, if it be called for, the gardens of
+Ireland in relation to the trees and shrubs that are grown therein will
+receive greater justice than it is possible to give at present, owing to
+the number of rare and tender species and varieties that are at home in
+the sister Isle. Ireland has two interesting Botanic gardens, one
+attached to Trinity College, Dublin, of which Mr. F. W. Burbidge, M.A.,
+is the well-known curator, and the other at Glasnevin. This is under the
+care of Mr. F. W. Moore and is exceptionally beautiful. Both contain
+rare trees and shrubs, but the terrific storm in the early part of 1903
+wrought sad havoc.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII
+
+HARDY BAMBOOS
+
+
+Thanks to Lord Redesdale (author of "The Bamboo Garden"), and a few
+other gardening enthusiasts, the Bamboo has been made a beautiful
+feature of many English gardens. Although a graceful shrubby grass of
+quite tropical aspect, the majority of species and their varieties are
+thoroughly hardy, so much so that they have passed safely through the
+severest winters of the past twenty years. Bamboos and hybrid Water
+Lilies are responsible for much of the interest taken in good English
+gardening at the present time. Their introduction has marked a distinct
+era, and their popularity is wide-spread, while in the near future we
+shall regard the Bamboo much as we do the most common of shrubs now
+planted. _Arundinaria japonica_ (_B. Metake_) is, of course, an old
+favourite, and it is surprising that this stately species did not before
+remind English gardeners of the great possibilities of the Bamboos in
+the adornment of the pleasure-ground. As Mr. Bean says: "Fifteen or
+twenty years ago many of the best of the sorts now largely grown were
+unknown in this country; but apart from their novelty they have other
+qualities. No evergreens capable of withstanding our winters exceed
+these shrubby grasses in beauty and grace, in luxuriance of leafage, or
+in their bright, fresh, green tints in winter. Very few, indeed, equal
+them."
+
+[Illustration: _GROUPING OF YUCCAS, PAMPAS GRASS, AND BAMBOOS, KEW
+(Winter)._]
+
+Although fifty species and varieties of this lovely family are now
+grown, only about twenty need be thought of, because many of them from
+the ornamental point of view are valueless in the English garden. The
+hardy Bamboos belong to three groups or genera--_Phyllostachys_,
+_Arundinaria_, and _Bambusa_--and it is well to thoroughly understand
+these divisions. We hope those trade growers who still group everything
+as Bambusa will follow the now accepted classification. The following
+have proved the most hardy and beautiful in the Bamboo garden at Kew:
+_Phyllostachys Henonis_, _P. fastuosa_, _P. viridi-glaucescens_, _P.
+flexuosa_, _P. nigra_, _P. boryana_, _P. sulphurea_, _P. Marliacea_, _P.
+ruscifolia_, _P. Castillonis_, _Arundinaria nitida_, _A. japonica_, _A.
+auricoma_, _A. Simoni_, _A. Fortunei_, _A. anceps_, _A. Hindsii var.
+graminea_, _Bambusa palmata_, _B. tessellata_, and _B. marmorea_.
+
+[Illustration: _BAMBOO GARDEN AT KEW, WINTER_
+
+(_In centre, Bambusa palmata; left, Phyllostachys Quilioi; right,
+Bambusa tessellata_).]
+
+In selecting a place for the Bamboo colony, think well of position.
+Shelter from north and east is essential. Luxuriant leafy stems are only
+possible when the plants are screened from winds in these quarters,
+indeed from _all_ winds. Cold north and east winds are more harmful than
+severe frost, and this applies to all the tender evergreens. A moist and
+rich soil is also important. Without it luxuriant growth is impossible,
+and a Bamboo that is not leafy, that does not bend its tall, graceful
+stems to the breeze and make willowy shoots yards high, when it is
+natural for it so to do, is not beautiful: the garden is more
+interesting without it. Many of the species spread rapidly by
+underground stems, and for this reason must never be planted without
+careful thought. Each plant should tell its own tale, and not suffer
+partial extinction through a choke-muddle arrangement that makes a bank
+of leafage perhaps, but in which all individual beauty is hopelessly
+lost. Some Bamboos, like _Phyllostachys viridi-glaucescens_ and _P.
+Henonis_, need ample space for full development. Transplant always in
+_late spring_, never in winter and early spring. When bamboos were first
+grown in this country on a large scale many deaths occurred through
+transplanting in winter.
+
+With the utmost care Bamboos in the fickle British climate get sadly
+browned in February and May, the outcome of either a hard winter or keen
+east winds in spring. The stems are seldom injured, and Mr. Bean says
+"the underground portion of the plants never is." This scorched look is
+not beautiful, and is more apparent as the spring meets summer, when the
+whole plant world is bursting into new life and tinting the landscape
+with green. Therefore, Bamboos can never be planted so lavishly as
+Rhododendrons; and we do not desire a Bamboo plague, beautiful though
+the plants are in foliage and growth, so perhaps the east wind is
+somewhat of a blessing. Bamboos must have favoured spots. When a single
+group is desired, then choose some sheltered corner, and the same
+consideration is necessary when making a Bamboo garden or grove. A
+beautiful and refreshing feature of many English homes is a ravine of
+these lovely grasses, and the Bamboo colony at Kew is accounted one of
+the most delightful spots in the Royal Gardens.
+
+In the _Garden_ of February 1, 1902, pp. 73, 74, is an interesting
+account of the Bamboos at Kew. As this contains much practical
+information, it is reproduced: "Kew was one of the first gardens in
+which hardy Bamboos were grown, and it is to a great extent due to this
+collection, and the collections of Mr. Freeman Mitford, Messrs. Verten,
+and a few other pioneers, that the planting of hardy Bamboos has assumed
+its present proportions. The creation of the Kew Bamboo garden dates
+back to 1892. Previous to that the cultivation of hardy Bamboos had been
+practised under great difficulties. The collection contained only a few
+species, planted in poor soil in an exposed position, and were always
+unsatisfactory. In addition to Bamboos, there were other
+monocotyledonous plants in the same plight, hence the happy idea was
+conceived of forming the present Bamboo garden. This garden is situated
+on the eastern side of the Rhododendron dell, near the north or Sion
+Vista end. It was originally a shallow gravel pit, and is peculiarly
+adapted to the requirements of Bamboos. The depression in the ground and
+the high bank of the Rhododendron dell give considerable shelter, whilst
+a wide belt of large forest trees, which surrounds the north, east, and
+south sides, insures almost complete protection from cold winds. The
+garden is pear-shaped, and can be entered by three paths on the
+south-east, west, and north sides. The banks round the sides are
+terraced, and held up by large tree roots placed roots outwards, the
+roots forming numerous bays and corners, each of which is given over to
+one species. Separated from these bays by a gravel path 9 feet wide is a
+central bed of about a quarter of an acre. This is filled with large
+clumps of various species and fine single specimens, arranged in such a
+way as to open a vista right through the bed here and there or into the
+centre. These vistas and openings, together with the paths, add greatly
+to the general effect, the plants and groups being well separated and
+showing to advantage, while the beauty of the stately upright stems of
+some and arching plumes of others, lining or bending over and almost
+meeting across the openings, is at once seen. Intermixed with the
+Bamboos are Yuccas, Miscanthus, Pampas Grass, and other things, all of
+which help to give pleasing variety. Between the back of the garden and
+the belt of trees a screen is formed of _Rosa multiflora_, Spiræas,
+Rhododendrons, and other shrubs, interspersed with clumps of Pampas
+Grass, Yuccas, and some of the strongest and hardiest of the Bamboos.
+
+"When first formed, stiff loam to a depth of 3 feet was spread all over
+the garden, and into this large quantities of decayed leaves were mixed;
+in this soil the plants have thriven well. A water main runs through the
+garden, so that copious supplies of water can be given in dry weather
+with little trouble.
+
+"Altogether some forty-one species and varieties of Bamboos are
+cultivated. These are composed of seventeen _Arundinarias_, nine
+_Bambusas_, and fifteen _Phyllostachys_. The majority belong to China
+and Japan, one, however, belonging to North America, and one to India.
+The Indian species, _Arundinaria (Thamnocalamus) Falconeri_, which does
+so well in the south-west counties and in Ireland, is the most difficult
+to manage, and is killed to the ground every winter, while _A. falcata_
+and _A. nobilis_, which are two of the most common species in the famous
+Cornish gardens, refuse to thrive.
+
+"The arrangement of the plants has undergone considerable modification
+since the first planting, owing to natural development and the
+introduction of more species. This has resulted in the removal of many
+duplicates which have been used with large Rhododendrons as an
+undergrowth to the wood adjoining the entrances, thus considerably
+enhancing the beauty of the place.
+
+"The period of the year at which the garden is at its best extends from
+the early weeks of July until the Cold east winds in February and March,
+for, although severe frost has little effect on the leaves of many, cold
+winds from east or north quickly turn them brown. That Bamboos should
+continue in good condition and practically be at their best through the
+worst of the winter months is a strong recommendation in their favour,
+and by leaving, as is done at Kew, the tall dead stems and leaves of
+_Miscanthus_ and the plumes of the Pampas Grass, touches of colour are
+given to relieve the greenery, and add greatly to the general effect.
+
+"Of groups and single specimens the following are some of the most
+conspicuous:--
+
+"ARUNDINARIA.--_A. Simoni_, a fine irregular mass, 16 feet high and 50
+feet across. _A. nitida_, several fine clumps, 11 feet high and 12 feet
+across. _A. japonica_, several large clumps, 11 feet high and 20 feet
+across. _A. Hindsii var. graminea_, 9 feet high by 12 feet in diameter.
+
+"BAMBUSA.--_B. palmata_, 7 feet high and 15 feet across; this is very
+distinct and handsome, and should be in every collection.
+
+"PHYLLOSTACHYS.--_P. aurea_, 12 feet high by 16 feet through. _P.
+Henonis_, 15 feet high by 12 feet. _P. Castillonis_, 12 feet high by 10
+feet. _P. nigra_, 15 feet high; several fine masses. _P.
+viridi-glaucescens_, 15 feet high and 6 feet through at the base, the
+top spreading to 20 feet. There is also a fine specimen of this in
+another part of the garden.
+
+"Besides these there are many other fine masses.
+
+"Among plants other than Bamboos found in the garden the Yuccas are
+possibly next in importance. One group is on a bank on the north side
+having a slope to the south. It is thus exposed to full sun and the
+plants are happy. In both summer and winter the group forms a delightful
+picture. The groundwork is composed of the elegant glaucous-leaved _Y.
+angustifolia_, while here and there a plant of _Y. filamentosa_ has
+crept in. Height is given to the group by dot plants of _Y. gloriosa_
+and _Y. recurvifolia_, while a plant of _Cotoneaster thymifolia_
+growing between the roots in front adds a little in the way of variety.
+The whole picture is set in an irregular framing of Bamboos and other
+plants, some of the most conspicuous of which are _Miscanthus sinensis_
+in front, _Arundinaria japonica_, _A. Hindsii var. graminea_,
+_Phyllostachys aurea_ and _P. Castillonis_, and Pampas Grass at the back
+and sides.
+
+"A collection of hardy species of Smilax is allowed to ramble at will
+over the tree roots which form the bays, each species having its own
+particular place. The species cultivated are _S. aspera_ and its
+varieties, _S. maculata_ and _S. mauritanica_, _S. Bona-nox var.
+hastata_, _S. hispida_, _S. rotundifolia_, and _S. tamnoides_.
+
+"In addition to the plants named, others given places in the garden are
+Kniphofias, Funkias, _Eremuri_, _Physalis_ (grown for winter effect),
+_Ruscus_, _Asparagus_, &c., the whole forming an interesting collection,
+and one which must be seen to be fully appreciated.
+
+"The Kew collection is composed of _Arundinaria anceps_, _A.
+auricoma_, _A. chrysantha_, _A. Falconeri_, _A. Fortunei_, _A. F.
+compacta_, _A. Hindsii_, _A. H. graminea_, _A. humilis_, _A.
+japonica_, _A. macrosperma_, _A. m. tecta_, _A. nitida_, _A. pumila_,
+_A. Simoni_, _A. S. variegata_, and _A. Veitchii_. _Bambusa agrestis_,
+_B. angustifolia_, _B. disticha_, _B. marmorea_, _B. Nagashima_, _B.
+palmata_, _B. pygmæa_, _B. quadrangularis_, and _B. tessellata_.
+_Phyllostachys aurea_, _P. bambusoides_, _P. boryana_, _P.
+Castillonis_, _P. flexuosa_, _P. fulva_, _P. Henonis_, _P. Marliacea_,
+_P. mitis_, _P. nigra_, _P. n. punctata_, _P. Quilioi_, _P.
+ruscifolia_, _P. sulphurea_, and _P. viridi-glaucescens_."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII
+
+THE HEATHS
+
+
+Few groups of small flowering shrubs are so charming in the garden as
+the hardy Heaths. Their usually neat growth, profusion of flowers, and
+length of time they are in beauty--sometimes three or four months--make
+them of great garden value. Not more than twelve species can be grown in
+the open air, but, with one or two exceptions, all are beautiful, as the
+following complete list suggests: _Erica arborea_, _E. australis_, _E.
+carnea_, _E. ciliaris_, _E. cinerea_, _E. lusitanica_ (or _codonodes_),
+_E. Mackaii_, _E. mediterranea_, _E. multiflora_, _E. scoparia_, _E.
+stricta_, _E. Tetralix_, and _E. vagans_.
+
+When the whole group is grown, one or more species may be had in flower
+every month in the year, except, perhaps, November. A hybrid between _E.
+mediterranea_ and _E. carnea_ (sold under the name of _mediterranea
+hybrida_) has been seen much of late, and is a very welcome little
+shrub, flowers appearing in some years even in November. Every year some
+expand before Christmas, and during January it is the brightest plant in
+the outdoor garden. _E. carnea_ and the white variety follow it; then in
+a cluster come _E. australis_, _E. arborea_, _E. lusitanica_
+(_codonodes_), _E. mediterranea_ and its several varieties, which fill
+up the months from March to May, and from June onwards we have _E.
+cinerea_, _E. ciliaris_, _E. Mackaii_, _E. scoparia_ (the least worthy
+of the Heaths), _E. stricta_, and _E. Tetralix_. The two allied species,
+_E. vagans_ and _E. multiflora_, carry on the Heath season until
+October.
+
+The Heaths are happiest in a peaty soil. The great Heath nurseries are
+all on soil of that nature, but it is not essential. A loamy medium can,
+by adding leaf-mould and, if necessary, sand, be made to suit all the
+Heaths, and some, such as _E. cinerea_ and _E. mediterranea_, are quite
+at home on a calcareous soil. Choose positions for them well exposed to
+the sun, with, if possible, a cool, moist bottom. The ways of planting
+vary, of course, according to the character of the species and varieties
+selected. The rather free-growing and taller Heaths, like _lusitanica_
+and _arborea_, may be planted in informal groups on sloping banks, or
+more sparsely with a dwarfer species like _E. carnea_ as the groundwork.
+_E. lusitanica_ and _E. arborea_, being somewhat tender, are only seen
+at their best in the south and west, but beautiful effects have been got
+by planting them in irregular and scattered groups on grassy slopes. The
+natural grouping of Gorse and Broom suggests a way of using the many
+beautiful Heaths.
+
+_E. mediterranea_ and its varieties, a beautiful group, and much hardier
+than the two species just mentioned, have flowers of shades of purple
+and white. Delightful effects are possible when they are planted in
+bold, informal groups, especially on sloping banks or ground, their
+flowers appearing over a period of ten or twelve weeks. Dwarf Heaths,
+like _E. carnea_, _c. alba_, _cinerea_, &c., may be used as edgings to
+beds of heathy plants. I am indebted to Mr. Bean for the following
+excellent notes about the Heaths, and the reason this group has a
+chapter to itself is to encourage a greater use of shrubs, strangely
+neglected in English gardens. The beauty of Heath in bloom appeals to
+poet and painter. Moorlands surfaced with colour, hill upon hill of
+softened shades fading away in the distance, are pleasant
+memories--pictures beautiful enough, we should have thought, to tempt
+the planter of the English garden to reproduce in a small way in the
+homelands. I hope this chapter will do something to make the beautiful
+wild Heaths and their varieties welcome in rough, peaty grounds and
+banks, and the many other places where they would be as happy as on
+their native moors and hillsides.
+
+
+THE TALLER OR TREE-LIKE HEATHS
+
+_Erica arborea._--This is the most remarkable of all the hardy Heaths;
+it grows to quite a small tree. In the Isle of Wight, and doubtless
+elsewhere, it has been known to grow 30 feet high, with a trunk 39
+inches in circumference. It is found wild in considerable abundance
+along the Mediterranean coast region between Genoa and Marseilles, the
+wood being used in the manufacture of the so-called Briar pipes, Briar
+being a corruption of the French word Bruyère. All the Heaths flower
+with great freedom but none more so than _E. arborea_ and its near
+ally, _E. lusitanica_. The flowers are almost globular and nearly white;
+they are quite small individually, but produced so abundantly that the
+plants are smothered with them from March to May. My experience of this
+species is that it is hardier and thrives altogether better in the
+London district than _E. lusitanica_, a species for which it is often
+grown. It ripens seed every year almost, and can thus be readily
+increased in a natural way. The young wood is densely covered with short
+dark hairs and the leaves are closely packed in whorls of three.
+
+_E. lusitanica_ (syn. _codonodes_).--Many will not recognise the name
+_lusitanica_ as applied to the well-known _E. codonodes_, but
+_lusitanica_ is really an older designation. This Heath, as its name
+implies, comes from Portugal; it is also a native of Spain, and is often
+confounded with _E. arborea_. Briefly, they differ in the following
+respects: The flowers of _E. lusitanica_ are longer and more bell-shaped
+than the globular ones of _E. arborea_; the foliage of _E. lusitanica_
+is a rather pale green, and has a rather more plumose look, the
+individual leaf being longer and more slender; the young wood, although
+downy, is not so hairy as in _E. arborea_. The remarkable abundance of
+flowers, a feature of _E. arborea_, is quite as apparent in this
+species, their colouring is a faintly pink-tinged white. From Messrs. R.
+Veitch and Sons, of Exeter, who are taking a special interest in these
+tree Heaths Kew has lately received a form intermediate between _E.
+arborea_ and _E. lusitanica_--probably it is a hybrid. _E. lusitanica_
+does not apparently grow so large as _E. arborea_, but it is recorded to
+have reached 12 feet in height in Sussex. Farther west, in Dorsetshire,
+it grows luxuriantly, and is certainly one of the loveliest of
+evergreens that can be grown even in that favoured county. Seeds afford
+the best means of propagation.
+
+_E. australis._--One of the most beautiful and rare of all the Heaths,
+but unfortunately it is not so hardy as the majority. In the southern
+and western counties, however, it will thrive admirably, withstanding 20
+degrees of frost without serious injury, provided the winter is not
+unusually protracted. It is curious that in spite of its beauty it is
+little known even in Cornwall, Devon, and similar localities, where it
+would doubtless thrive to perfection. It has been grown at Kew for the
+last six years, and although the winters during that period have not
+been very severe, it has stood out all the time, and it flowers
+regularly and profusely every spring. It can be increased by cuttings
+put in at the end of July or the beginning of August. _E. australis_ is
+a native of Spain and Portugal; it flowers in April and May, and lasts
+eight weeks in beauty. The flowers are rich, bright, rosy red, brighter,
+indeed, than those of any other Heath; they are fragrant,
+pitcher-shaped, and about a quarter-inch long. The species has been
+confounded with _E. mediterranea_, which often does duty for it, but it
+is distinguished by having the flowers produced generally four or eight
+together in terminal clusters. (Those of _E. mediterranea_ appear in the
+leaf axils.) Those who have gardens in well-sheltered or mild
+localities should grow this beautiful Heath. The difficulty at present
+is to get hold of the right thing; I am glad to know, however, that some
+trade firms are taking it up. It is said to grow 6 to 8 feet high, but I
+have not seen plants half as high.
+
+[Illustration: _ONE OF THE BEST OF ALL HEATHS (Erica carnea)._]
+
+_E. mediterranea._--Of all the taller Heaths this is the one, I think,
+that deserves to be most freely planted in districts no warmer than the
+London one. The three preceding species, so beautiful when seen at their
+best, are more comfortable in the southern and western counties. Of
+sturdier constitution, _E. mediterranea_ may be planted in large
+quantities with a view to producing broad effects. At Kew a group 70
+feet across, planted three or four years ago, already makes a striking
+mass of purple each spring. The habit of remaining for a long time in
+full beauty, which is so marked a characteristic of the Heaths, is
+possessed to the full extent by this species. It is beautiful from March
+to May, and is all the more appreciated because the majority of the
+trees and shrubs that bloom at this season have yellow, pink, or white
+flowers. In the typical _E. mediterranea_ the flowers are bright rosy
+red, but there is a charming white-flowered variety (_alba_), another
+with bluish foliage (_glauca_), and a dwarf one (_nana_). The flowers
+appear near the ends of the shoots in the axils of the leaves, and are
+pitcher-shaped. The name _mediterranea_ is misleading, for according to
+Moggridge, the Mediterranean botanist, it is not a native of that
+region at all; it is rather of Biscayan origin, and is found in Western
+France and Spain.
+
+On the boggy heaths of Galway and Mayo a form of this species is found;
+it is known as _E. mediterranea var. hibernica_, and grows 2 to 5 feet
+high. The typical _E. mediterranea_ was represented in the Syon gardens
+seventy years ago by a specimen 10 feet high. Do any such noble examples
+remain in this country now? _E. mediterranea hybrida_ has been already
+alluded to.
+
+_E. stricta._--Although not so strikingly beautiful as the Heaths
+previously mentioned, _E. stricta_ is the hardiest of all the taller
+species. In inclement districts, where a tall Heath is desired, it may
+be recommended; it grows from 5 to 6 feet high, and is of erect and
+sturdy growth, with leaves borne in whorls four to six together; they
+are deep green, and a large mass of plants with their erect plumose
+branches produces a somewhat unusual effect. _E. stricta_, like so many
+Heaths, has a long flowering season; it begins to bloom in June, is at
+its best in July, but three months later flowers may still be gathered.
+The flowers are pale purple, and produced in terminal clusters. It has
+been in cultivation since 1765, and is a native of South-Western Europe;
+it is occasionally labelled _E. ramulosa_.
+
+[Illustration: _A GROUPING OF HEATHS (Erica mediterranea and vars. alba
+and hybrida)._]
+
+_E. scoparia._--This species has proved to be the tallest Heath near
+London, for it has during the last few years grown as high as 9 feet.
+This gives it a certain distinction, but when regarded as a
+flower-bearing plant it is, I think, the least worthy of the tribe.
+The flowers are crowded in the leaf axils in great profusion, but are
+small and greenish white; the growth of the plant is somewhat straggling
+and uneven, but it has one merit--viz., it is quite hardy. I have seen
+its stems split by hard frost on more than one occasion during the last
+twelve years, but no permanent injury has resulted. It flowers in June,
+and is a native of the mountainous country to the north of the
+Mediterranean, especially about Mentone.
+
+
+THE DWARFER HEATHS
+
+The dwarf Heaths can be used quite differently from the more tree-like
+species that have just been described: as a carpeting beneath
+sparsely-planted shrubs, for furnishing sloping banks, or for growing on
+the small terraces of the Rock Garden they are equally useful. And of
+all these dwarf Heaths more can be said in favour of _E. carnea_ than of
+any other species. It is not only absolutely hardy, but it flowers with
+astonishing freedom at a time of year when flowers are particularly
+cherished. Its flowering, of course, somewhat depends upon the weather,
+but frequently one may see its bright rosy bells almost as soon as
+January comes in. By the end of February the entire plant is a mass of
+beautiful colour, and for two or three months longer they retain their
+freshness no matter what weather may occur. So free-flowering is this
+Heath that its flowers literally cover it. _E. carnea_ is one of those
+plants (and there are many of them) which, although perfectly well
+known and quite common, are still not used in gardens so freely as they
+ought to be. The majority of our early-flowering plants bear flowers
+that are either white or yellow, so that the rosy-red colouring of this
+Erica makes a welcome change. However freely it might be planted it
+would never become wearisome or out of place, for its tints, though
+bright and warm, are not harsh. Statements have been recently published
+to the effect that _E. carnea_ is a British plant. This idea appears to
+have originated with Bentham, the botanist, who regarded _E. carnea_ and
+_E. mediterranea_ as the same species. Following out this idea, he
+included the plant which has already been alluded to as a form of _E.
+mediterranea_, which is found in Western Ireland, in his Flora of
+Britain as a form of _E. carnea_. Possibly he was right from the
+standpoint of the botanist, but the plant grown in gardens and nurseries
+as _E. carnea_ is quite distinct from _E. mediterranea_. It is usually
+not more than 6 to 8 inches high, and is a native of the mountains of
+Central Europe.
+
+[Illustration: _WHITE SCOTCH HEATHER (Erica cinerea alba)._]
+
+_E. cinerea_ (Scotch Heather).--Over almost the whole of these
+islands, from the Highlands of Scotland to the moors of Devon and
+Cornwall, this Heath occurs more or less abundantly. During the late
+summer and early autumn--it flowers from July onwards--it covers miles
+of Exmoor with bright-purple colouring, being usually associated with
+one of the dwarf autumn-flowering Gorses (_Ulex Gallii_). In gardens
+it has produced several forms, the two most brilliantly coloured being
+_atrosanguinea_ and _atropurpurea_, but all the forms of this Heath
+are beautiful in colour, ranging from white to crimson. _E. carnea_
+loves the cool pure mountain air, and on hot and sandy soil in the
+Thames Valley is short-lived. At the same time it thrives admirably in
+gardens where a moist, cool bottom can be provided and where the air
+is pure. Altogether it makes an admirable succession to _E. carnea_.
+
+_E. ciliaris_ (Dorset Heath).--Although in smoky and foggy places, such
+as London, this Heath is not always satisfactory, in the purer air of
+the surrounding counties it is a delightful shrub. In some of the old
+oak-bearing country, in Sussex, for instance, it succeeds to perfection.
+It is a native of Britain, but is, I believe, confined to Cornwall and
+Dorset in England, and to Galway in Ireland. It has long, slender,
+prostrate stems, from which spring erect flower-bearing branches; the
+rich rose-purple flowers are borne in a long raceme, and they are the
+largest individually of those of all the native Heaths. The leaves are
+nearly always in threes, and, like all the younger parts of the plant,
+are covered with hairs and pubescence; it flowers from July onwards.
+
+[Illustration: _WHITE MEDITERRANEAN HEATH (Erica mediterranea alba)._]
+
+_E. maweana._--This appears to be a fine variety of _E. ciliaris_, with
+larger leaves and flowers, even richer in colour and of sturdier growth.
+It was discovered in Portugal some thirty years or so ago by Mr. George
+Maw, but has not become popular notwithstanding its beauty. It was
+obtained for the Kew collection from Messrs. Cunningham and Fraser, of
+Edinburgh, three or four years ago, and certainly promises to be a
+better grower there than _E. ciliaris_. The flowers are rich crimson and
+in large racemes.
+
+_E. Watsoni._--This is a supposed natural hybrid between _E. ciliaris_
+and _E. Tetralix_, and was first discovered near Truro by Mr. H. C.
+Watson. It has rosy-crimson flowers produced in a flatter raceme than
+that of _E. ciliaris_. In this character and in other ways it is
+intermediate between the parents.
+
+_E. Tetralix_ (the Cross-leaved Heath or Bell Heather).--This beautiful
+Heath grows on most of the moors and mountain-sides throughout the
+British Isles, being perhaps the most widely spread of all the true
+Ericas in this country. It is called the "Cross-leaved Heath" because of
+the arrangement of the leaves, which are in whorls of four. It is not
+very distinct in general appearance from _E. ciliaris_, being downy and
+hairy on its young slender leaves, &c. It differs, however, in the
+arrangement of the flowers, which are in a terminal umbel. The leaves of
+_E. ciliaris_ are usually in threes at each node, and, of course, its
+distribution in Britain is much more restricted than that of _E.
+Tetralix_. There are other minor points of difference that need not be
+referred to here. The "Cross-leaved Heath" grows 1 to 1œ feet high, and
+has bright rose-coloured flowers. There is a white-flowered variety
+(_alba_), and a very pubescent one named _mollis_.
+
+_E. Mackaii._--This is so closely allied to _E. Tetralix_ that it is
+regarded merely as a variety by some authorities. It was first found in
+Galway in Ireland, between Roundstone Bay and Clifden. It has since
+proved to be a native also of Spain. It is a charming garden plant
+flowering from July to September. The leaves have the same right-angled
+arrangement as those of _E. Tetralix_, but the flower is shorter,
+broader, and of a paler rose.
+
+_E. vagans_ (Cornish Heath).--This Heath is one of the most useful of
+dwarf evergreens, growing vigorously, especially when planted in good
+soil. I think, however, it flowers better and has more of the typical
+Heath character when in somewhat poor, sandy soil. In England it is
+almost or quite confined to Cornwall, but occurs also in Ireland and
+South-West Europe. It is especially valuable in the garden because it
+flowers late, beginning in July and keeping on until October. Its
+flowers are crowded in racemes 4 to 6 inches long, and they are pinkish
+purple in colour. The plants may be kept neater and more compact by
+removing the flowering portion of the shoots before growth recommences
+in the following spring. Left to themselves, especially in soil that is
+at all rich, the plants are apt to get straggling and unkempt.
+
+_E. multiflora._--This belongs to the same type of Heath as _E. vagans_,
+the Cornish Heath, but differs in its more compact growth and shorter
+racemes of flowers. Although not so vigorous and showy, it may still be
+preferred for some situations. It is a neater plant, and its lower
+branches have not the same tendency to get sprawling and ungainly as _E.
+vagans_. In other respects it is much like that species, the leaves
+being of similar shape and arrangement, and the flowers of a paler
+purple; the raceme, however, is only 2 inches or so long. _E.
+multiflora_ is not found in Britain, but is a native of the country to
+the north of the Mediterranean Sea from France to Greece.
+
+_Calluna vulgaris._--This has been named Erica (Heath), and may be
+appropriately included in this chapter on Heaths. It is the Common Heath
+of mountain and moor, is very closely allied to the true Heaths, and has
+given rise to many varieties. It likes a peaty or sandy soil, and is
+longer-lived and more profuse flowering under cultivation in poor rather
+than rich soil. It is very charming when grown in natural masses in the
+wilder parts of the garden, and its value is all the greater because it
+flowers when almost all other shrubs are out of bloom, viz., from July
+to October. Numerous varieties are offered by the trade, amongst which
+the following are the most noteworthy, either for their beauty or for
+their distinctness: _Alba_ (white), _Alporti_ (crimson), _aurea_ (golden
+leaved), _tenuis_ (red), _pygmæa_, and _hypnoides_ (both dwarf).
+
+_Daboecia polifolia_ (St. Dabeoc's Heath) is a lovely little shrub, a
+close relative of the Heaths, and found wild in the west of Ireland. It
+grows a little over 1 foot high, and bears bell-shaped flowers rather
+abundantly on erect terminal spikes. They are purple or white, and
+sometimes have both colours in one flower, and the plants continue to
+produce them from July or August till the frosts come. It is quite as
+plentiful as the dwarf Heaths. _Alba_ is a white variety. _Menziesia
+polifolia_ is its former name, and is still found under that title in
+books.
+
+The three most suitable Heaths for limestone are _Erica carnea_,
+_vagans_, and _mediterranea_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX
+
+NATIVE AND OTHER HARDY EVERGREENS
+
+
+Rambling about the country in winter, one becomes more and more
+impressed with the beauty of our native evergreen trees and shrubs.
+Seven names comprise them all--Yew, Holly, Scotch Fir, Spruce, Juniper,
+Box, and Ivy. Even of these the Scotch and Spruce Firs (commonly
+so-called, though the Scotch is a Pine) are doubtful natives, though so
+long acclimatised that they may be classed with our own. Those who are
+laying out new grounds on a large scale would do well to plant these
+grand things in plenty; indeed, in the case of any new planting that is
+taken in hand, unless the owner has a good knowledge of shrubs and some
+taste in their choice and disposition, a planting of these alone would
+save him from many a regrettable mistake, and from the prospect of the
+usual senseless jumble of mixed shrubbery that has hopelessly spoilt
+thousands of gardens.
+
+No foreign shrubs can compare with or take the place of our Yews and
+Hollies. However large a collection of exotics may be in a well-stocked
+arboretum, a winter walk among them only shows that there is nothing
+more cheerfully handsome than our Hollies, or more solemnly dignified
+than our Yews. On dry, sandy soils no Conifer is better for England
+than the Scotch Fir; or for moist, loamy regions and valley bottoms none
+is better than the Spruce. Exception is sometimes taken to the Spruce;
+and when planted in other than the place it likes it is, indeed, a
+wretched object, as on dry and hilly grounds. But a mass of Common
+Spruce in a cool, alluvial bottom is a picture of well-being, and no one
+can deny their majesty on alpine hillsides. The Douglas Fir is sometimes
+recommended in its stead, but this beautiful and quick-growing tree must
+still be regarded as an experiment. There is not as yet a single old
+Douglas Fir, and there are some among our botanical experts who are yet
+in doubt whether, for all its young vigour, it will be a lasting tree
+for our country. For dry uplands in light soil there is the lovely
+Juniper, best of all its kind (though often in nurseries foreign ones
+only are offered to its exclusion), and for chalky soils and loams the
+Box luxuriates, and can be used as a small tree, as well as in its usual
+bush form.
+
+The use of Common Ivy should not be forgotten. Tree or bush ivies are
+amongst the most beautiful and effective of winter plants, all flowering
+from October to January. A noble evergreen is the tree form of _Ivy
+amurensis_.
+
+In Ireland we have the Arbutus _Unedo_, and _A. Andrachne_ is a tree
+once seen will always be remembered; its coloured bark is very
+beautiful.
+
+IMPORTANCE OF A SUITABLE CLIMATE.--Evergreen shrubs luxuriate generally
+in the climate of the British Isles, especially in the southern and
+western counties, and constitute one of the great glories of the English
+garden, delighting in these sea-bound islands, with their cool and moist
+atmosphere.
+
+It has been established, therefore, that the evergreen seeks an equable
+climate, free from extremes of cold and heat, and with an even supply of
+moisture to both leaf and root, favouring in a marked degree the
+sea-coast with its salt-laden winds. As we travel south, so
+opportunities for growing an increasing variety of evergreen trees and
+shrubs become more apparent, until, in the south of Cornwall and the
+south-west of Ireland, things may be planted out with safety which
+towards the midlands and north would scarcely exist. But latitude is not
+everything, and easily proved so by the rude vigour of plants from New
+Zealand and the Himalayas that are happy in the north of Scotland, but
+failures in the midlands and further south of England, requiring the
+protection of glass to develop their characteristic beauty.
+
+The place for the tender evergreens must be protected from dry north and
+east winds. Mr. Bean writes me: "One of the most striking examples I
+have met with of the importance of having a situation such as is
+described is the Duchess' garden at Belvoir Castle. Belvoir is in the
+eastern midlands, a district where the average temperature is certainly
+not high, and where, during my stay there, the thermometer fell on more
+than one occasion to zero (Fahr.). Yet in this particular spot (known
+as the Duchess' garden) there were fine specimens of Himalayan
+Rhododendrons--one of _R. Falconeri_ being especially noteworthy for the
+way it grew and flowered--an _Azara microphylla_, 16 feet high, and
+other similar examples. The explanation of these successes, I believe,
+is entirely in the situation and exposure of the garden. It was formed
+on the slope of a rather steep hill, and is in the shape of an
+amphitheatre opening freely to the south. The bitter 'north-easter'
+loses much of its sting before it reaches the plants in this garden. In
+most gardens it is, of course, impossible to obtain sites so favourable
+as this. One has to make the best of what exists. But at the same time
+it shows the desirability, often the necessity, of choosing positions
+for the tenderer evergreens in which this need of shelter is
+satisfactorily met. Bamboos, Camellias, many Rhododendrons, Elæagnus,
+all afford striking examples of the value of a shelter belt on the north
+and east sides." A cool, moist soil is generally necessary for evergreen
+shrubs, and we know this to be true from the distress shown by many
+kinds during a dry and parching summer.
+
+THE TIME TO TRANSPLANT.--Early autumn, but much depends upon the
+previous weather. It often happens that evergreens cannot be lifted
+through a dry soil. The same trees after winter rains may be moved with
+ease and safety in April or May. An evergreen should be disturbed whilst
+the roots are active, and by doing this in September the shrub can
+establish itself before winter--hence the object of waiting until late
+spring, when autumn has been missed, as root growth has again begun.
+Autumn is a season generally of much atmospheric moisture, grateful
+dews, and welcome rains. It is the season for planting in general, and
+seldom is the work seriously disturbed until Christmas is past. We have
+shifted many evergreens without one failure in April and quite late in
+May, but our anxieties are great when the life-giving rains refuse to
+refresh the earth. The spring of 1901 will never be forgotten as a
+season of dry winds and brilliant sunshine, without rain to temper the
+unfortunate conditions, and the result was a great loss amongst newly
+planted evergreens. Mr. Bean says: "Some evergreens can with reasonable
+care be moved with perfect safety at any time, except perhaps from July
+to September. Rhododendrons are an example. During the last ten years I
+have transplanted them in every month of the year, except July and
+August. Indeed, in the case of Rhododendrons and most evergreen
+ericaceous plants, the problems of transplanting scarcely arise, simply
+because the fine fibres hold the soil so completely that the root system
+can, with due care, be removed practically intact. For the same reasons,
+very careful transplanting, such as is practised with a transplanting
+machine, may also be done at almost any season.
+
+"When the roots of large evergreen shrubs have been unavoidably damaged,
+it is often a good plan to remove a portion of the leafy branches. This
+helps to restore, in some measure, the balance between root and top. The
+shrub will frequently do this itself. Hollies, for instance, often lose
+a large proportion of their leaves after transplanting in spring; it is
+one of the surest signs of success, just as the _shrivelling_ of the
+leaves on the branches is the worst. Evergreen oaks also furnish other
+examples." A difference of opinion exists as to removing any of the
+leafy branches. A great authority writes me: "Keep on all the foliage
+you can. I have seen this succeed with large deciduous trees."
+
+Remember that Evergreen oaks planted in late spring or in summer should
+receive a thorough soaking of water once, then no more until new growth
+begins. _Syringe freely three times a day in hot weather._ I once saw a
+yew hedge that had been planted in mid-winter, the wrong time; it was
+looking rather brown through exposure to March winds. The time I refer
+to (April) a man was pouring water into the roots and the result was
+that nearly all these fine plants died. Had he damped the foliage twice
+or thrice a day instead they would have all lived. It is important in
+the case of newly planted yew and holly hedges to protect by screens of
+spruce boughs secured to a hurdle or any other material suitable at hand
+to assist the plants until they have started into growth.
+
+PRUNING.--This is a great advantage to all Evergreens in moderation; the
+majority, if left to their own will, become straggling in growth and
+unsightly.
+
+Evergreens differ from deciduous plants in regard to time of pruning.
+Most deciduous things may be pruned at any time between the fall of the
+leaf and the recommencement of growth in spring. But evergreens should
+never be pruned in late autumn or winter. For plants that are grown
+merely for foliage sake and not for the flowers, pruning should be done
+just as new growth is commencing. In the case of flowering shrubs like
+Rhododendron or Berberis it should be done as soon as the flowering
+season is past.
+
+Rhododendrons are improved by pruning, but the pruner must know
+something of the varieties and their growth. _Berberis stenophylla_
+gains in beauty by severe pruning, thinning out and cutting back after
+flowering is over. It helps the plant to make those long, drooping
+growths which are so beautiful in spring.
+
+CLIMBING EVERGREENS.--One of the peculiarities of the evergreen class of
+plants is the marked absence of climbing species in cool temperate
+countries--that is, true climbers, not, the numerous things that are
+made to do duty as such on walls. If one takes up a tree and shrub
+catalogue of even the best nurserymen, one is struck by the few
+evergreen climbers offered. In spite of the fact that the cool,
+temperate regions of the earth have been so thoroughly ransacked during
+the last century, no plant has ever been found that equals or even
+approaches in value the Common Ivy and its varieties for the special
+purposes for which they are adapted. The best that are available are the
+Jasmine, _Ercilla volubilis_ (_Bridgesia spicata_), Smilax, _Clematis
+calycina_, and tenderer things like Lardizabala and _Passiflora
+cærulea_.
+
+[Illustration: _WEEPING HOLLY ON LAWN._]
+
+Evergreens as a whole are much neglected in ordinary gardens. Instead of
+drawing upon the great wealth of shrubs available, so many go on using
+the same old things over and over again, generally Aucuba, Portugal and
+Cherry Laurels, _Rhododendron ponticum_, and such like.
+
+THE HOLLY is one of the most beautiful of all evergreen shrubs, and many
+varieties are not known, _Ilex Wilsoni_, for example, and _Laurifolia
+nova_ (_Camelliæfolia_) which is very distinct from the former. The best
+of the Hollies, _Hodginsii_ (syn. _Shepherdii_), _Marnockii_,
+_Hendersonii_, _platyphylla_, _fructu-luteo_ (yellow-berried),
+_Handsworthensis_, _Laurifolia_, _Maderensis atrovirens_, which are all
+green-leaved varieties. Of variegated varieties, very beautiful are
+Golden Queen and Silver Queen, Handsworth Silver, _Argentea marginata_,
+and Mme. Briot. _Watereriana_ (Waterer's dwarf golden) makes an
+excellent little bush, with smooth leaves blotched and edged with
+yellow.
+
+THE BEST EVERGREENS.--The following is a representative list of the
+hardier species of evergreens which are considered most deserving of
+attention, and I have roughly grouped them according to their size.
+Conifers are not included. There is, of course, considerable difference
+in the sizes to which evergreens attain, according to the climate in
+which they are growing. The grouping here is merely intended to give an
+approximate idea of their habit. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are
+the more tender ones, and although valuable in the southern and warmer
+parts of the country, have not been grown in the colder localities, or
+if so, against a wall.
+
+(i.) TREES
+
+Common Box and varieties, especially Handsworthensis, which is
+  exceptionally hardy. The variety pendula is very handsome in the
+  shrubbery and Japonica aurea is one of the finest shrubs ever
+  introduced for giving colour to the garden in winter. This plant
+  should be pruned in spring to get the full rich colouring.
+
+Common Holly and varieties, especially such superb varieties as, of the
+  large-leaved varieties, Wilsoni, Mundyi, Shepherdi, Camelliæfolia
+  (syn. latifolia) nova, Marnocki, Madeirensis, and Hendersoni. The best
+  small-leaved sorts are Handsworthensis, tortuosa, ovata, crenata,
+  crenata latifolia and Doningtonensis. Of variegated sorts choose
+  Golden Queen, Compacta aurea, Marginata, Handsworth Silver, Argentea
+  marginata and grandis.
+
+*Magnolia grandiflora.
+
+Quercus Ilex (Holm Oak), laurifolia and Fordi. The Fulham Oak, not quite
+  evergreen, but a beautiful tree.
+
+Yews (Taxus), Dovastoni, Dovastoni variegata, hibernica, hibernica aurea
+  variegata, grandis, ericoides, cuspidata, elegantissima, lævigata,
+  adpressa, and adpressa aurea variegata.
+
+(ii.) TALL SHRUBS (say 8 feet or more high)
+
+Arbutus hybrida and varieties.
+  ,,    Menziesii.
+  ,,    Unedo.
+  ,,    Andrachne, very fine.
+*Azara microphylla.
+Camellia japonica varieties.
+Cotoneaster buxifolia, horizontalis (Davidii), microphylla, and
+    angustifolia.
+Cratægus Pyracantha, and the variety Lælandi.
+*Laurus nobilis (Sweet Bay), L. latifolius.
+Ligustrum lucidum, japonicum.
+Prunus lusitanica (Portugal Laurel).
+Prunus Laurocerasus (Common or Cherry Laurel).
+Quercus acuta.
+  ,,    coccifera (Kermes Oak).
+  ,,    phillyræoides.
+Rhododendrons, garden varieties.
+     ,,        catawbiense.
+     ,,        Fortunei.
+
+[Illustration: _ARBUTUS MENZIESII (Kew)._]
+
+(iii.) MEDIUM SIZED SHRUBS (3 feet or more)
+
+Aucuba japonica vars, male and female, green-leaved sorts, very fine.
+Berberis Aquifolium and vars.
+  ,,     buxifolia.
+  ,,     Darwinii.
+* ,,     japonica.
+  ,,     stenophylla.
+  ,,     wallichiana.
+*Choisya ternata (Mexican Orange Flower).
+Cistus laurifolius.
+Daphne purpurea.
+Elæagnus macrophyllus.
+   ,,    pungens and vars.
+*Erica arborea.
+*  ,,  australis.
+*  ,,  lusitanica.
+Erica mediterranea, Vulgaris, Alporti, Hammondii, multiflora, and
+    rubrum.
+Escallonia philippiana, E. rubra.
+*Eucryphia pinnatifolia.
+Euonymus japonicus.
+*Garrya elliptica.
+Ilex cornuta.
+Kalmia latifolia.
+Ligustrum japonicum.
+Olearia Haastii.
+Osmanthus ilicifolius.
+Phillyræa decora.
+   ,,     latifolia.
+Pieris floribunda.
+   ,,  japonica.
+Raphiolepis ovata.
+Rhamnus Alaternus and vars.
+Rhododendron azaleoides.
+     ,,      ponticum.
+     ,,      myrtifolium.
+Skimmia japonica, oblata and Formani, fine varieties.
+Ulex europæus flore pleno (Double Gorse, Furze, or Whin).
+Veronica Traversii.
+Viburnum Tinus and vars. (Laurustinus).
+Yucca angustifolia.
+ ,,   gloriosa.
+ ,,   recurvifolia.
+
+(iv.) DWARF SHRUBS (under 3 feet)
+
+Andromeda polifolia.
+   ,,     floribunda.
+Azalea amoena.
+Bruckenthalia spiculifolia.
+Bryanthus empetriformis.
+Butcher's Broom.
+Calluna vulgaris and vars. (Heather, Common Ling).
+Cotoneaster microphylla.
+    ,,      rotundifolia.
+    ,,      thymifolia.
+Daboecia polifolia.
+Daphne Cneorum (Garland Flower).
+  ,,   oleoides.
+Diplopappus chrysophyllus.
+Erica carnea.
+  ,,  ciliaris (Dorset Heath).
+  ,,  cinerea (Scotch Heather).
+  ,,  mediterranea hybrida.
+  ,,  Tetralix (Bell Heather).
+  ,,  vagans (Cornish Heath).
+Euonymus radicans and vars.
+Gaultheria procumbens (Partridge Berry).
+    ,,     Shallon.
+Genista hispanica, G. pilosa.
+Hypericum calycinum.
+Kalmia angustifolia.
+  ,,   glauca.
+Ledum latifolium, palustre.
+Leiophyllum buxifolium.
+Pernettya mucronata and vars.
+Rhododendron ferrugineum.
+     ,,      racemosum.
+Vaccinium Vitis-idæa.
+
+(v.) CLIMBERS AND TRAILERS
+
+Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi.
+Hedera Helix and vars. (Ivy). The bush forms might be included, all of
+    which flower in winter and have berries.
+Vinca major (Common Periwinkle).
+Vinca minor (Lesser Periwinkle).
+
+It must not be forgotten that our British evergreens flourish in the
+coldest parts of Yorkshire in a climate that may be considered the most
+trying for vegetation in the British Isles. Hollies and Rhododendrons,
+where planting has been done on the hillsides, may be seen as quite
+large trees. The New Zealand Olearia Haasti may also be seen there--7
+feet to 8 feet high and as much through.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX
+
+SHRUBS FOR SMALL GARDENS
+
+
+It is possible in small gardens to grow many beautiful shrubs without
+constant cutting of the branches to keep them within set bounds. Those
+mentioned in the following list will grow in ordinary soil. Transplant
+during late autumn and early winter; and one golden rule to observe in
+the case of shrubs obtained from nurseries is to plant them in their
+permanent position as soon as possible after they are received, but
+should anything occur to prevent this, the roots must be well covered
+with soil till planting takes place. In winter large numbers of plants
+are sold at auction rooms, but though they may appear cheap, this is not
+always so, as there is no guide to the length of time they have been out
+of the ground, and in a dry atmosphere many of the smaller roots may
+have perished. Such plants take a long time to recover from the check.
+If trees or shrubs are bought at a local nursery, there is the great
+advantage of getting them in the ground again as soon as possible. The
+shrubs named are fully described elsewhere in this book.
+
+
+_Aucubas_, 3 to 6 feet. Evergreen shrubs, some with variegated, others
+with plain green leaves. The male and female forms are separate. If the
+latter are fertilised, bright-red berries result.
+
+_Azaleas_, 3 to 6 feet. For moist and peaty soil.
+
+_Berberis Aquifolium_, 4 feet; _B. Darwinii_, 6 to 8 feet; _B.
+stenophylla_, 6 to 8 feet; _B. Thunbergi_, 2 to 3 feet; _B. vulgaris
+purpurea_, 5 to 6 feet (a purple-leaved variety of the Common Barberry).
+
+_Cornus Spaethii_, 4 feet. This has rich golden foliage.
+
+_Cotoneaster frigida_, 12 to 15 feet. A sturdy tree, with scarlet
+berries in autumn. _C. horizontalis_, 2 feet; _C. microphylla_, 3 feet;
+_C. Simonsii_, 5 to 8 feet.
+
+_Cratægus Oxyacantha_ (Common Hawthorn). As a small tree this is
+delightful in small gardens, especially the double-flowered forms, of
+which the richest in colour is Paul's double crimson. As a contrast to
+this there is the double white.
+
+_Cytisus albus_ (White Broom), 6 feet; _C. nigricans_, 4 feet; _C.
+præcox_ (Sulphur Broom), _C. scoparius_ (Common Broom), 6 feet; _C. s.
+andreanus_.
+
+_Daphne Cneorum_ (Garland Flower), 1 foot; _D. Mezereum_ (the Mezereon),
+and the white variety _alba_.
+
+_Deutzia crenata fl. pl._, 6 to 8 feet; _D. gracilis_, _D. hybrida_.
+
+_Elæagnus pungens_, 6 feet. This is not so much planted as it should be;
+it is a rounded evergreen bush of great charm; flowers fragrant,
+November and December. There is a good variegated variety.
+
+_Euonymus japonicus_, 4 to 8 feet; _E. radicans_, 1œ feet. The
+variegated variety is very popular.
+
+_Forsythia suspensa_, 6 to 8 feet. A climbing shrub, but may be kept in
+bush form if pruned back hard after flowering. A mass of
+golden-yellow flowers in March or April.
+
+_Genista hispanica_ (Spanish Furze), 2 feet; _G. sagittalis_.
+
+_Hamamelis arborea_ (Japanese Witch Hazel), 6 to 10 feet; _H.
+zuccariniana_.
+
+_Hedera_ (Ivy). It must not be forgotten that several varieties form
+bushes. These are known as Tree Ivies, and are invaluable in shady
+spots.
+
+[Illustration: _HIBISCUS SYRIACUS (Althæa frutex), VAR. CÆRULEUS._]
+
+_Hibiscus syriacus_, 6 to 7 feet.
+
+_Hydrangea Hortensia_ (Common Hydrangea), 4 to 8 feet; _H. paniculata
+grandiflora_, 4 to 8 feet. Pruned back hard before starting into growth
+in spring, this can be kept dwarf, and if liquid manure is given the
+heads of creamy-white flowers in early autumn are very fine.
+
+_Hypericum calycinum_ (Rose of Sharon), 1 foot. Grows well under trees.
+_H. moserianum_, 2 feet.
+
+_Ilex Aquifolium_ (Common Holly). A familiar and handsome evergreen
+tree. The best variegated varieties are Golden Queen, Handsworth Silver,
+and Silver Queen. _I. crenata_ (Japanese Holly).
+
+_Jasminum nudiflorum_ (Winter-flowered Jasmine), Common White Jasmine.
+Both for walls or to ramble over some support.
+
+_Kerria japonica_, 5 feet. This little-known shrub should be more grown;
+its yellow flowers are small but pretty. _Flore-pleno_ is a popular
+variety.
+
+_Laburnum._
+
+_Ligustrum ovalifolium aureum_ (Golden-leaved Privet), _L. sinense_
+(Chinese Privet).
+
+_Magnolia conspicua_ (Yulan), 10 to 30 feet; _M. Lennei_, 6 to 12 feet;
+_M. soulangeana_, 6 to 15 feet; _M. stellata_, 3 to 6 feet.
+
+_Osmanthus ilicifolius atropurpeus._
+
+_Philadelphus coronarius_ (Mock Orange), 8 to 12 feet; _P.
+grandiflorus_, 10 to 15 feet; _P. hybrids_.
+
+[Illustration: _MOCK ORANGE (Philadelphus coronarius)._]
+
+_Prunus._ This genus includes the Almonds, Apricots, Cherries, Peaches,
+Plums, and Laurels. The best are the Almond, Double-flowered Gean (_P.
+Avium fl. pl._), _P. davidiana_, _P. japonica_ (_P. sinensis_), _P.
+Laurocerasus_ (Common Laurel), _P. lusitanica_ (Portugal Laurel), _P.
+persica_ (the Peach), _P. pseudo-cerasus_, _P. triloba_, 6 to 12 feet.
+
+_Pyrus Aucuparia_ (Mountain Ash or Rowan tree). _P. floribunda_, _P.
+japonica_ (_Cydonia japonica_), _P. Maulei_, _P. spectabilis fl. pl._
+
+_Rhododendrons._ Excellent where soil and surroundings are suitable.
+
+_Rhodotypus kerrioides_, 4 to 6 feet.
+
+_Rhus Cotinus_ (Venetian Sumach, Wig Tree, Smoke Bush), 5 to 8 feet; _R.
+glabra_, 6 to 12 feet; _R. typhina_, 8 to 15 feet.
+
+_Ribes aureum_ (Golden-flowered Currant), 4 to 6 feet; _R. sanguineum_,
+4 to 6 feet.
+
+_Robinia hispida_ (Rose Acacia), 8 to 12 feet. A delightful tree; rosy
+flower clusters in early summer, but very brittle. Must not be in
+wind-swept corners. _R. Pseudacacia elegans_ (False Acacia), 20 feet;
+the Common False Acacia is too large for small gardens.
+
+_Rubus deliciosus_, 5 to 6 feet.
+
+_Skimmia Fortunei_ and _S. japonica_, 2 to 4 feet. Two neat little
+evergreen shrubs, with bright-crimson berries in winter. Cool, moist
+soil.
+
+_Spartium junceum_ (Spanish Broom).
+
+_Spiræa arguta_, 4 to 5 feet; _S. ariæfolia_, 8 to 10 feet, very
+beautiful; _S. Douglasi_, 6 feet; _S. japonica_ (_S. callosa_) and
+varieties (see tables); _S. media_, 4 feet; _S. prunifolia fl. pl._, 6
+to 8 feet; _S. Thunbergi_, 4 to 5 feet.
+
+_Symphoricarpus racemosus_ (Snowberry), 5 to 6 feet. The variegated
+variety of the Common Snowberry is pretty.
+
+_Syringa vulgaris_ (Lilac), 8 to 12 feet.
+
+_Ulex europæus fl. pl._ (Double-flowered Furze or Gorse), 4 to 6 feet.
+Beautiful in hot and dry soil.
+
+_Viburnum Opulus sterile_ (Guelder Rose or Snowball tree), _V.
+plicatum_, 5 to 6 feet.
+
+_Vinca major_ (Periwinkle), 6 inches to 1 foot. A little creeping shrub,
+delightful for a rough bank, and will thrive under trees better than
+most shrubby plants. The pretty blue flowers appear for a long time.
+There is a variety with prettily variegated leaves. _V. minor_, another
+species, is smaller altogether. There are deep-blue and white varieties.
+
+_Weigelas_, 6 to 8 feet. Excellent shrubs for small gardens.
+
+
+SHRUBS FOR TOWN GARDENS
+
+From the preceding list of shrubs for small gardens a selection suitable
+for towns is appended. Many things refuse to live in the smoky and
+confined air of towns. This is particularly noticeable in the case of
+evergreens; the pores become choked with sooty deposit, and the plant
+consequently soon fails, whereas many of those whose leaves are removed
+annually are not so seriously affected. Conifers are generally a
+failure. This is a small list, but only small gardens are under
+consideration.
+
+Aucubas.
+Berberis Aquifolium.
+Berberis stenophylla.
+Cotoneasters, especially C. frigida, which is, however, a small tree.
+Cratægus Oxyacantha (Hawthorn) and varieties.
+Cratægus Pyracantha (Fire Thorn); C. Lælandi.
+Daphne Mezereum.
+Euonymus japonicus.
+Forsythia.
+Genista hispanica.
+Hedera (Ivy).
+Hibiscus syriacus.
+Jasminum officinale.
+Kerria japonica.
+Laburnum.
+Ligustrum ovalifolium elegantissimum (Golden-leaved Privet).
+Magnolia stellata, M. conspicua.
+Osmanthus ilicifolius.
+Philadelphus (Mock Orange).
+Privet.
+Prunus Amygdalus (Almond).
+Prunus Avium flore-pleno (Double-flowered Gean).
+Prunus Laurocerasus (Laurel).
+Prunus Persica (Peach).
+Prunus pseudo-cerasus.
+Pyrus Aucuparia (Mountain Ash).
+Pyrus floribunda.
+Pyrus japonica and varieties.
+Rhus typhina (Sumach).
+Ribes aureum.
+Ribes sanguineum and varieties.
+Robinia Pseudacacia and varieties.
+Spartium junceum.
+Spiræa arguta.
+Spiræa japonica and varieties.
+Symphoricarpus racemosus (Snowberry).
+Symphoricarpus vulgaris.
+Syringa vulgaris (Lilac) and varieties.
+Viburnum plicatum (Chinese Guelder Rose).
+Weigela rosea and varieties.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI
+
+SHRUB AND FLOWER BORDERS
+
+
+Where there are wide lawn spaces and fine trees in garden ground much of
+the effect is often lost or spoiled by the presence of unworthy
+trivialities where there should be distinct and bold features. The most
+frequent offender is a narrow strip of flower border, edging shrubbery
+and coming between the shrubs and the grass. Nothing is more useless
+than such a border. The shrubs would look much better coming right down
+to the grass, while if bright or distinct colour is absolutely required,
+it is easy to make a place here and there where some patch of Lily or
+other flower of bold form may be well seen.
+
+These narrow borders are undesirable, not only for their poor effect--we
+think not of one, but of many a fine place where there are furlongs of
+such futility--but because the plan is destructive to both shrubs and
+flowers. If the ground is not dug for a year the roots of the shrubs
+invade it; if it is dug and enriched for the flowers, the feeding roots
+of the shrubs are mutilated.
+
+In the case of a place where lawn comes up to shrub plantation, which,
+again, is backed by woodland, the better way is to have, in just the
+right places, a bold planting of something fairly large, whose flower
+shall endure for a good while, to let the large group of it come right
+through to the lawn, and also stretch away back into the woodland. In
+our southern counties, in sheltered places, where the ground is cool and
+moist, and at the same time well drained, nothing can be better than
+Hydrangeas. Other softer plants for the same treatment would be the fine
+_Nicotiana sylvestris_, and for earlier in the year White Foxglove, and
+even before that _Verbascum olympicum_. _Lilium auratum_ is also superb
+in such places, and _Polygonum Sieboldi_ and others of this fine race of
+autumn-blooming plants. If some of the shrubs at the edge of the grass,
+such as Azaleas, have beautiful colour at more than one time of the
+year, both at the flowering time and in autumn blaze of foliage, two
+seasons of beauty are secured.
+
+Hardy Ferns are undeservedly neglected as plants to group about the feet
+of shrubs; some of the bolder kinds, as the Male Fern and the Lady Fern,
+are charming as a setting to the Lilies that love cool, shady wood
+edges.
+
+[Illustration: _TALL EVERGREEN SHRUBS IN A FLOWER BORDER._]
+
+If shrubbery edges were planned with a view to good effect both far and
+near, what capital companies of plants could be put together. As one
+such example, let us suppose a cool spot, with peaty or light vegetable
+soil, planted in the front with _Skimmia_ and hardy Ferns, _Funkia
+grandiflora_, and _Lilium rubellum_. A little farther back would come
+_Lilium Brownii_, then a group of _Kalmias_ and _Lilium auratum_. One
+carefully-planted scheme such as this would lead to others of the same
+class, so that the quantities of grand shrubs and plants that are
+only waiting to be well used would be made into lovely pictures, instead
+of being planted in the usual unthinking fashion, which is without
+definite aim, and therefore cannot possibly make any good effect.
+
+We do not, as a rule, plant upright-growing Conifers of the Juniper and
+Cypress class in our flower borders, and yet the illustration shows how
+this may be done with the very happiest effect. Probably in this case
+the trees were there already, and the flower border was wanted, and
+therefore was made in circumstances that would not have been specially
+arranged at the outset. But it has been done with rare intelligence and
+sympathy, and the result is excellent. Here also is seen the best kind
+of edge treatment, for the grass is either cut with the scythe or the
+plants at the edge are lifted with a stick as the machine runs along, so
+that the usual pitiless machine edge is not seen, and the plants at the
+side bush out over the grass just as they should do. This is a thing
+that is rarely seen well done in gardens.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXII
+
+SHRUBS UNDER TREES
+
+
+It is often a vexed question what to plant under trees when the space is
+bare, and sometimes there is an ugly view seen beneath the branches to
+shut out. Evergreens are the sheet anchor, relieved with a few deciduous
+shrubs grouped amongst them.
+
+Much depends upon the tree, whether a Beech or an Oak, a Maple or a
+Chestnut, and so on, as trees vary considerably in their method of
+rooting, as well as in the shade they give during the summer months.
+This affects the welfare of the plants underneath. Such trees as Oak,
+Ash, Plane, Birch, and Horse Chestnut are inclined to root deeply when
+they have grown to a fair size, and do not interfere directly with
+anything underneath them, although the roots extract much moisture from
+the soil.
+
+On the other hand, Beech, Elm, Lime, and Sycamore are more
+surface-rooting, and their roots often get entangled with and gradually
+kill plants growing near them. Beech and Elm are the greatest offenders,
+and grass frequently perishes under these trees. A few liberal soakings
+of water in dry weather are beneficial to shrubs or anything else under
+trees, but the soakings must be thorough, as mere sprinkles are more
+harmful than otherwise. The spread of large tree branches should also
+be noticed in summer, as sometimes one or two of the lower ones may be
+removed with benefit to the shrubs, judicious cutting away letting in
+light and air.
+
+The best of the larger growing evergreens to use under trees are
+Laurels, both common and Portugal, Yews, Box, Osmanthus, Aucubas,
+Phillyræas, common and oval-leaved Privet, _Ligustrum sinense_, and
+_Rhododendron ponticum_. Of these Yews, Box, and Osmanthus are perhaps
+as successful as any. The Osmanthus is not usually considered suitable
+for this purpose, but it succeeds well in the shade, and keeps a good
+dark-green colour. Hollies are sometimes recommended, but, though they
+may occasionally thrive under trees, it is not advisable to use many of
+them, as they are more often a failure, becoming thin and straggling in
+the course of a year or two. Of dwarf-growing evergreens _Berberis
+Aquifolium_, Butcher's Broom (_Ruscus aculeatus_ and _R. Hypoglossum_),
+_Cotoneaster microphylla_, _Euonymus japonicus_, and _E. radicans_, with
+their respective varieties, Skimmias, _Gaultheria Shallon_, Ivies,
+especially the common English, Irish Ivy, and Emerald green, _Pernettya
+mucronata_, St. John's Wort (_Hypericum calycinum_), and Vincas can all
+be recommended, as they all do well in the shade, and most of them will
+flower freely.
+
+For a very dry spot where nothing else will grow the Butcher's Broom and
+St. John's Wort should be planted, as both will grow and thrive where
+other plants die. With deciduous shrubs under trees the difficulty is
+not so much in getting them to live as in coaxing them to flower, but a
+few of them will do well in the shade, and, as a rule, bloom freely. Of
+these the best are the common and White Brooms, _Azalea pontica_,
+_Genista virgata_, _Philadelphus_, Forsythias, and _Daphne Mezereum_.
+The shrubby Spiræas may also be used sparingly in a fairly light and
+open place, though plenty of sun is required as a rule to enable them to
+flower properly. In addition, though their flowers are insignificant,
+_Cornus alba_ with its red stems in winter, the Snowberry
+(_Symphoricarpus racemosus_), which is laden every year with white
+berries long after the leaves have fallen.
+
+The question about shrubs growing under trees is so frequently asked
+that the names of those most successful are given, but generally the
+beauty of the tree is lost when smothered up with evergreens and other
+shrubs beneath its spreading branches. A tree is a picture in itself,
+and it is pleasant to see the grass creep to the branch edge and then
+cease, leaving a brown earth patch under the canopy of foliage.
+
+Shepherdi Holly, Tree Ivies, and _Berberis stenophylla_, it may be
+mentioned, are a success under trees.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIII
+
+HARDY SHRUBS IN THE GREENHOUSE
+
+
+Hardy shrubs have for many years brought colour and fragrance to the
+greenhouse in the depth of winter, but we think it is only within recent
+years that they have been used in such beautiful variety as at the
+present time. The great show of the Royal Horticultural Society in the
+Temple Gardens, and many of the delightful fortnightly displays, have
+been responsible for much of their present popularity, and the picture
+of a group of Plums, Peaches, Almonds, Wistarias, and many other things
+in flower long before their natural season, is refreshingly pleasant
+when perhaps winter still lingers.
+
+So many shrub families may be used for gently forcing into bloom before
+their time that it is impossible to lay down hard and fast rules with
+regard to culture. In some cases the plants may be lifted in the autumn,
+then potted, and placed out of doors until they are removed under glass,
+when the flowers will open in profusion; but the shrubs that can be
+treated in this way make dense, fibrous masses of roots, therefore
+scarcely feel the check of removal. Some shrubs, however, transplant so
+badly that it is needful to grow them entirely in pots.
+
+Shrubs for flowering under glass are grown in large quantities by the
+English nurserymen, and very beautiful they are when in flower, bringing
+the beauty of early summer to the opening days of spring. Many grow
+their plants in pots, the general method being what may be regarded as a
+modification of pot culture and planting out, that is to say, although
+the plants are potted, and that in fairly large pots, they are plunged
+in the open ground over the rim of the pot, and in a position fully
+exposed to air and sunshine. Although a few roots may be pushed out over
+the rim, and also through the hole in the bottom, this treatment has the
+effect of keeping them far more compact than would otherwise be the
+case, hence the check of removal is not so great as if they have
+unlimited room. This partial confinement of the roots checks a too
+luxuriant growth and promotes flower-bud formation.
+
+In the cultivation of shrubs for this purpose, whether they are confined
+in pots or planted out, choose an open, well-exposed position, carefully
+guarding against overcrowding, as this tends to leaves instead of
+flowers. With the same object, they must be kept free from weeds, and
+not allowed to suffer from drought.
+
+With few exceptions, the best time to lift and pot the plants is as soon
+as possible after the leaves have fallen in the autumn. When done at
+this time the young roots recover from the check, and get hold of the
+new soil before the flowering season. The pots must be plunged in
+leaves, spent hops, or cocoa-nut refuse, to keep them in an even
+condition of moisture, and after potting never allow the roots to suffer
+through dryness. Whether intended for very early flowering or later on,
+the plants should at first only be taken into a comparatively cool
+structure, and, if necessary, brought to a greater heat by degrees, and
+the lower the temperature, say about 55 degrees, the more beautiful the
+flower colouring; while, when they are only required in bloom a little
+before the natural season, mere protection from sharp frosts and keen
+winds is alone essential. The advantage of early potting is shown
+conspicuously in the case of Azaleas. The flowers produced by plants
+that have been potted soon after the leaves have fallen will remain
+twice as long in beauty as on those not potted until after Christmas.
+
+In a general way, plants that have been forced hard to get them into
+flower early cannot be depended upon to bloom satisfactorily the
+following season, no matter how carefully they may have been treated,
+but those merely brought into bloom a little in advance of those out of
+doors will undergo the same ordeal next year. Too often, when the
+flowers are over, the shrubs are put away in some corner and forgotten,
+and the result is injured leaves and general upset. Shrubs so treated
+cannot perform their duties in the year following. Shrubs that have
+finished flowering under glass before the time of frost and cold winds
+is past should be at first carefully protected and gradually hardened
+off. Where a cool house is not available, a frame in a sheltered
+position is suitable, but even then avoid overcrowding. By the middle of
+May this precaution is not so necessary, although keen frosts and winds
+are experienced that would injure foliage developed under glass. Where
+potting is necessary, that is, in the case of plants grown permanently
+in this way, it should be done before they are placed in their summer
+quarters. For this the pots should, if possible, be placed on a firm bed
+of ashes and plunged in some moisture-holding material, such as
+partially decayed leaves, spent hops, or cocoa-nut fibre refuse.
+Occasional doses of liquid manure during the growing season are
+beneficial, particularly in the case of shrubs that have not been
+re-potted, as the limited amount of nourishment in the soil will have
+gone by that time.
+
+The following is a list of the best shrubs for flowering under glass:--
+
+ANDROMEDA (known also as Pieris and Zenobia).--The Andromedas are
+beautiful shrubs, with lily-of-the-valley-like flowers, and form such a
+mass of fibrous roots that they can be lifted from the open ground and
+potted without receiving any check. When placed in a cool house they
+flower profusely. The best are _A. floribunda_, which has crowded,
+somewhat stiff spikes; _A. japonica_, known by its drooping racemes; and
+_A. speciosa pulverulenta_, which has hoary leaves and waxy-white bells.
+The first two may be had in flower by the end of March, but the other is
+later.
+
+AZALEA.--One of the useful classes of shrubs that we have for this
+purpose, quite as valuable for hard forcing as for flowering later in
+spring. Although the formation of the roots is dense and wig-like, they
+are, as already stated, all the better for being potted early, while
+they may be permanently grown in pots in a satisfactory way. The Chinese
+_A. sinensis_, or _mollis_, as it is more popularly called, is of close
+and compact growth, with massive clusters of large flowers, varying in
+colour from pale yellow to deep orange salmon, and innumerable tints and
+shades. Among the most beautiful are Alphonse Lavallé, bright orange;
+Anthony Koster, deep yellow; Dr. Pasteur, orange red; General Vetten,
+orange; Hugo Koster, salmon red; and J. J. de Vink, soft rose. The
+varieties grouped under the head of Ghent Azaleas are very beautiful,
+and quite as suitable for forcing as the preceding. The individual
+flowers are smaller, but they are borne in such profusion that the whole
+plant is a mound of blossom. The colour varies from white, through all
+shades of yellow, orange, pink, rose, and scarlet, to bright crimson, so
+that plenty of variety is available, and some forms have double flowers.
+These are not so showy as the single Azaleas. Azaleas, when planted out,
+require a certain amount of peat or other vegetable matter in the soil,
+and this is even more important when they are grown in pots. A suitable
+compost consists of equal parts of loam, leaf-mould, and peat, with half
+a part of sand. Very little pruning is needful, and this to consist only
+of shortening an occasional shoot that threatens to upset the balance
+of the plant, and thinning wiry and exhausted growths; but remove seed
+pods directly the flowers are over, as these are a drain upon the
+plant's strength.
+
+BERBERIS.--Few Berberises are of much account for greenhouse decoration,
+the best being the orange-flowered _B. Darwinii_ and the rich yellow _B.
+stenophylla_. They will not flower well if forced hard, but in a cool
+house, with very little heat, they are very charming. A successful
+grower of shrubs under glass writes: "I knew of some bushes of _B.
+stenophylla_ that had been treated in this way for five years, and
+little trouble was taken with them, yet they were so beautiful as to be
+much admired every year. After flowering, the weakly growths were cut
+out and the pots plunged in the open ground. Manure water was
+occasionally given, and with this treatment they did well."
+
+CARPENTERIA CALIFORNICA.--This evergreen shrub, even in the south of
+England, is all the better for slight protection, and it is delightful
+in the almost cold house, the white flowers, reminding one of those of
+the Japanese anemone, appearing about May. It is a very beautiful shrub.
+
+CARYOPTERIS MASTACANTHUS.--This Chinese shrub will bloom freely in light
+and warm soils, bearing lavender blue flowers in profusion during the
+autumn; indeed, so late that when cold and wet weather occurs they often
+fail to expand at all. This difficulty is overcome when the plants are
+grown in pots and taken into the greenhouse for the flowers to open; it
+is then very pretty and much liked. After flowering, the shoots
+generally die back almost to the ground, but break up with renewed
+vigour in spring.
+
+CEANOTHUS.--Some of the early-flowering Ceanothuses are very valuable;
+they may be grown in pots, and their flowers are of pleasing blue
+colouring, which is unusual and therefore welcome. Among the best for
+this purpose are _C. dentatus_, _C. papillosus_, and _C. veitchianus_.
+Ceanothuses do not transplant very well, and if intended for flowering
+in pots should be lifted in the autumn, potted carefully, and wintered
+in a cool house. They may be kept altogether in pots, giving them much
+the same attention during summer as _Berberis stenophylla_.
+
+CERCIS SILIQUASTRUM.--This is the Judas tree, and as many know, while
+the leaves are still absent the stems bear clusters of rosy-purple
+flowers. It may be lifted and potted in the autumn or kept altogether in
+pots, but on no account indulge in hard forcing, as it resents this
+treatment. Well-grown specimens are very pretty when in flower in late
+March.
+
+CHIONANTHUS.--There are two species of Chionanthus, viz. the North
+American Fringe tree (_C. virginica_) and its Japanese representative
+_C. retusus_. They resemble each other very much, but the American form
+is the better of the two. The Fringe trees are very charming when in
+pots. Prune back hard after flowering and fully expose to the sun to
+ensure plenty of flower buds. A moist soil is essential.
+
+MEXICAN ORANGE FLOWER (_Choisya ternata_). This will bear its white
+fragrant flower clusters in March in a greenhouse, and a succession is
+maintained for some time. It is most satisfactory when grown altogether
+in pots and plunged outside during the summer.
+
+CLEMATISES.--Of late years the various forms of Clematis have been grown
+largely under glass and used for various purposes, not only in the shape
+of large specimens, but in pots five inches in diameter, the plant being
+secured to a single stake and carrying several big showy flowers. Two
+somewhat new continental varieties, Marcel Moser and Nelly Moser, have
+proved very useful for this treatment. The plants flowered in small pots
+are those that are propagated in the preceding spring and plunged out of
+doors during the summer. The Himalayan _C. montana_ that flowers
+naturally so early in the season readily responds to a little heat, and
+in the greenhouse in spring it is almost as welcome as the New Zealand
+_C. indivisa_.
+
+CLETHRA.--Although _C. alnifolia_ does not flower until the autumn it
+may be had in bloom in spring. Of course, it will not be so early as
+shrubs that are naturally in beauty in the spring, but in May its white,
+fragrant flowers should be seen. It requires a cool, moist soil and
+sunshine, while prune moderately immediately after flowering. Lifted in
+the autumn soon after the leaves drop, it will succeed well.
+
+CORYLOPSIS SPICATA.--This reminds one of a small Hazel bush, and in
+early spring before the leaves appear, the drooping clusters of fragrant
+yellow flowers appear in profusion; simple protection is all that is
+needed to get flowers quite early in the year, when it is very pretty in
+the greenhouse. It thrives well kept permanently in pots, or it may be
+lifted and potted in the autumn. No pruning is necessary.
+
+CYTISUS (Broom).--The various Brooms are much admired, whether in the
+open ground or under glass, and for the latter purpose they must be
+established in pots, for their roots are few, descend deeply, and
+therefore transplanting is difficult. They will not bear hard forcing,
+but in a greenhouse may be had in flower by the end of March, or soon
+after. If kept altogether in pots, cut them hard back after flowering to
+encourage vigorous shoots for another year. Numerous sorts may be grown
+in pots, particularly the Spanish Broom (_C. albus_), the common Broom
+(_C. scoparius_), with the hybrid Andreanus and the sulphur-coloured _C.
+præcox_.
+
+DEUTZIA.--The pretty _D. gracilis_ is well known as one of the best of
+all shrubs for early forcing, and the whole family is of great interest
+as pot plants and out of doors. Of these smaller Deutzias some beautiful
+hybrids have been raised, particularly _D. Lemoinei_, _D. hybrida
+venusta_, and _D. kalmæflora_, all of which may be forced almost, if not
+quite, as readily as _D. gracilis_. The old and exhausted shoots of
+these Deutzias should, if the shrubs are kept in pots, be cut away to
+allow young and vigorous ones to develop. Though they may be had in
+flower early, they are much appreciated in the greenhouse, even as late
+as the month of May. The larger growing _D. crenata_, with its numerous
+varieties, _Candidissima flore-pleno_, _Wellsii_, and _Watererii_ will
+not bear hard forcing, but can be had in flower with little trouble in
+April and May. Good, well-ripened bushes may be lifted in the autumn,
+and if potted and carefully attended to they will flower well the
+following spring.
+
+DIERVILLA (WEIGELA).--Many of the Bush Honeysuckles, as the Weigelas are
+called, will flower well in a cool house, but they do not last
+sufficiently long in bloom to make them of great value for this purpose.
+The best is the dark-coloured _Eva Rathke_, which grows naturally into a
+neat bush; the flowers are of claret colouring.
+
+HEATHS.--_Erica carnea_ is very pretty in a cool house in mid-winter,
+all that is needed being to lift the clumps from the open ground, pot,
+and keep watered; while the large-growing Portuguese Heath, _E.
+lusitanica_, which flowers naturally in February in the open ground,
+when the weather is not too severe, well repays glass protection at that
+season.
+
+FORSYTHIA.--The Forsythias flower in the open ground by the month of
+March, and indoors, of course, much earlier. The most effective is _F.
+suspensa_, which is naturally a climber, or, at all events, of loose and
+rambling growth. When needed for pots, tie the principal shoots to a
+stout stake, and let the smaller branches grow at will, the result
+being a fountain of yellow flowers. After flowering in the greenhouse,
+cut back the shoots hard, leaving only an eye or two at the base. These
+eyes will break up and produce flowering shoots for another year. By
+this method of treatment the same plants may be kept for many years,
+provided they are carefully attended to and given occasional doses of
+liquid manure during the summer.
+
+HYDRANGEA.--The many varieties of the common Hydrangea are all valuable
+for the greenhouse, particularly _Cyanoclada_, _Mariesii_, _Rosea_,
+_Stellata_, and Thomas Hogg. To obtain small flowering plants the
+cuttings are struck in spring or early summer, grown on freely for a
+time, and well ripened by full exposure to air and sunshine before
+autumn. Plants grown in this way readily respond to a little heat in the
+spring. Larger specimens, too, may be brought on in the same way. The
+Japanese _H. paniculata grandiflora_ needs quite different treatment,
+the plants being generally grown in the open ground, from whence they
+are lifted and potted in the autumn. Before potting prune the long,
+wand-like shoots back hard, leaving only about two eyes at the base. By
+so doing the plants are kept dwarfer, and the flower heads are larger
+than if no pruning were done. By some the Hydrangea is grown as a
+standard, and is very effective when in beauty.
+
+ITEA VIRGINICA.--A neat little bush, about a yard high, with dense
+spikes of white flowers. It needs a sunny spot in a cool and moist soil,
+and under these conditions will flower freely if carefully lifted in
+the autumn and potted. It must not suffer from dryness afterwards. No
+pruning is necessary.
+
+JAMESIA AMERICANA.--A pretty little white-flowered shrub from the Rocky
+Mountains. It will bloom freely under glass, but must not be forced
+hard; it may be treated in the same way as the Itea.
+
+KALMIA.--All the Kalmias are good pot shrubs. The roots are dense and
+wig-like, reminding one of those of a Rhododendron, so that well-budded
+plants can be lifted in the autumn and potted without risk. They must be
+brought on gradually in a cool house, and never suffer from want of
+water. The earliest to bloom is _K. glauca_, followed by _K.
+angustifolia_, while later on there is the largest and best-known
+species, _K. latifolia_, the Mountain Laurel of the United States, which
+has pretty pink flower clusters.
+
+KERRIA JAPONICA (the Jews' Mallow).--The single Kerria is a twiggy bush,
+with bright yellow flowers, like those of a single Rose, and expand
+quickly in spring. The major form of the double Kerria is much better
+than the ordinary one; they can be potted in autumn or grown permanently
+in pots. After the flowering season is over the double variety can be
+spurred back hard to prevent a tall weakly growth.
+
+LABURNUM.--This has long been used for the greenhouse, and very
+effective it is when well flowered. It is as a rule most successful when
+in large pots, in the shape of a standard. Prune back moderately after
+flowering.
+
+LONICERA (Honeysuckle).--As _L. fragrantissima_ flowers naturally out of
+doors soon after Christmas when the weather is mild, it is evident that
+no forcing is needed to obtain it at that season, and in a cool
+greenhouse the little white flowers are remarkable for their delicious
+perfume. As spring advances the early Dutch may be flowered under glass,
+while the scarlet Honeysuckle (_L. sempervirens minor_) is a delightful
+greenhouse plant, not used so much as it deserves to be for rafters and
+similar purposes in the greenhouse.
+
+LOROPETALUM CHINENSE.--This Chinese shrub, with its long, pure white,
+strap-shaped petals, bears much resemblance to the Chionanthus, and is
+quite as desirable for flowering in pots. It may be either lifted in the
+autumn or grown altogether in pots.
+
+MAGNOLIA.--The Magnolias can be grown under glass. If allowed to come
+gradually into bloom in a greenhouse the large flowers will open freely.
+As a rule they transplant badly, and for that reason, at least the
+choicer ones, are kept in pots for convenience in removal. From this it
+will be understood that as a rule it is more satisfactory to keep them
+permanently in pots than to lift them in the autumn. _M. purpurea_ can
+be grown more easily than any of the others in this form. When grown in
+pots for the greenhouse, if they get too large for that structure they
+may be planted permanently out of doors and their place taken by smaller
+plants. Of those particularly valuable for this treatment are the little
+_M. stellata_, a charming shrub; _M. Lenné_, which has massive
+chalice-like flowers, rosy-purple outside; _M. conspicua_, _M.
+soulangeana_, and _M. purpurea_ among the early Magnolias; and of those
+that flower later the Japanese _M. parviflora_ and _M. Watsoni_ do well
+in pots.
+
+OLEARIA.--The best known of the Daisy trees of New Zealand is _O.
+Haastii_, which flowers freely in August. One at least of the species
+blooms naturally much earlier, namely _O. stellulata_ (_O. gunniana_),
+and very pretty it is under cover and with its daisy-like blossom. To be
+seen at their best, grow them altogether in pots and give the protection
+of a cool house in winter.
+
+TREE PÆONIES.--The magnificent varieties of the Tree Pæony that have
+appeared in recent years have led to a great increase in their culture.
+Though hardy in many places, their young leaves and flowers are
+frequently injured by late frosts, hence they are often flowered under
+glass. In this way they make a gorgeous display in the greenhouse, which
+is sufficiently warm for them in all stages. If forcing is attempted
+they are quickly spoilt. They must be potted in good loamy soil, and are
+most satisfactory when grown altogether in pots, as many of the long
+fleshy roots will be injured in digging up established plants.
+
+PERNETTYA MUCRONATA.--Though grown chiefly for its ornamental berries,
+neat little bushes are very pleasing in the greenhouse when thickly
+studded with little white lily-of-the-valley-like flowers, so pretty
+against the dark-green colouring of the leaves. The treatment
+recommended for Kalmias is suitable for the Pernettyas. The fruits are
+very charming.
+
+PHILADELPHUS (Mock Orange).--This in its several forms may be lifted in
+the autumn and flowered well the following spring, not early, as the
+forcing must be very gentle. Even then the perfume of _P. coronarius_ is
+too powerful to be pleasant in a confined space. This objection cannot,
+however, be urged against M. Lemoine's hybrids between this species and
+the pretty little Mexican _P. microphyllus_, which has a fragrance like
+that of ripe apples. These newer hybrids--_Avalanche_, _Boule d'Argent_,
+_Gerbe de Neige_, _Manteau d'Hermine_, _Mont Blanc_, and _Lemoinei_--are
+all worth a place either in the open ground or for flowering in pots.
+
+PRUNUS.--Several classes that were at one time considered as separate
+genera are now included in the genus Prunus, which was formerly limited
+to the Plum family. Now the Cherries, Almonds, and Peaches are only
+sections of the genus Prunus, as explained elsewhere in this book, but
+as they are better known under their respective names it will be wiser
+to refer to them thus. The Cherries (_Cerasus_) have been added to
+considerably of recent years, several varieties having come from Japan,
+mostly of _P. (Cerasus) pseudo-cerasus_. These, which include such
+varieties as _Sieboldi_, _Watereri_, and J. H. Veitch, all flower freely
+when quite small, an important point when considering plants needed for
+flowering under glass. Where larger plants are required the double form
+of the Wild Cherry (_P. Avium_) is very beautiful. The Almonds flower
+early naturally, and under glass, of course, earlier still; the variety
+_purpurea_ is one of the best, while a distinct species, _P. (Amygdalus)
+davidiana_ and its variety _alba_, are also suitable for growing under
+glass. The Peaches (_Persica_) form a delightful group, all available
+for flowering under glass; indeed, they respond readily to gentle
+forcing, hence may be had in bloom by March. There are several
+varieties, the flowers ranging in colour from white, through pink, to
+crimson, and double as well as single. One of the finest forms is
+_magnifica_, a Japanese variety, semi-double, and brilliant carmine
+crimson in colour. The purple-leaved Peach is very charming.
+
+Of the true Plums, special mention must be made of the dark-leaved
+variety of the Cherry Plum, known as _Prunus Pissardi_, of the pretty
+little _P. japonica alba plena_, and _japonica rosea plena_, more
+generally known in gardens as _P. sinensis_, which has slender shoots,
+wreathed for the greater part of their length with double rosette-like
+flowers, and the charming pink semi-double _P. triloba_. All these forms
+of Prunus will, if they have been regularly transplanted, lift well in
+the autumn and flower without a check. They are also quite satisfactory
+if kept altogether in pots when spurred back after flowering and
+encouraged to make free and well-ripened growth during the summer
+months, when they should be plunged out of doors in a sunny spot.
+
+PYRUS.--The very beautiful _P. floribunda_ is quite happy under this
+treatment, and _P._ or _Cydonia japonica_ (the Japanese Quince) that
+flowers early in the year is pretty under glass, especially the distinct
+_P. Maulei_, which is of dense and compact growth, and bears salmon-red
+flowers in profusion. Grow the Pyruses in a similar way to the Prunuses.
+
+RAPHIOLEPIS JAPONICA (_R. ovata_).--An evergreen of sturdy growth, and
+about 3 feet high, with terminal spikes of pure white hawthorn-like
+flowers. It is decidedly uncommon and ornamental when in bloom. Out of
+doors its season is June, but, of course, is earlier under glass.
+
+RHODODENDRON.--These are the most gorgeous of shrubs, and largely used
+for flowering in pots or tubs. They form a dense mat of fibres, and can
+therefore be lifted with little check. Owing to this they can, when
+ordinary care is used, be transferred to new quarters without losing a
+leaf, not only when potted, but also when planted out in the open
+ground. Hard forcing must be avoided, but the Rhododendrons may be
+brought on gradually in gentle heat. Under this treatment they must be
+well supplied with water, and liberal syringing is also beneficial. The
+wide range of colouring in the Rhododendron family gives an opportunity
+for getting almost any shade desired.
+
+RHODOTYPUS KERRIOIDES.--A beautiful Japanese shrub, reminding one of a
+Kerria, but the flowers are white. It will succeed with the same
+treatment as the Kerria requires.
+
+RIBES (Flowering Currant).--Both the yellow-flowered _R. aureum_ and the
+various forms of _R. sanguineum_ can be brought into flower early under
+glass, but the flowers do not last long, and for this reason the shrubs
+are little used for the purpose.
+
+SPIRÆAS.--An extensive family, some of which bloom delightfully when
+lifted and potted in the autumn and brought into flower in gentle heat.
+They may also be grown permanently in pots, but as a rule autumn potting
+is preferable. The most popular is _S. confusa_ or _media_, but also
+very charming are _S. arguta_, one of the most beautiful of all Spiræas,
+_S. Van Houttei_, _S. Thunbergi_, and _S. prunifolia fl. pl._, which all
+bear white flowers, those of the last mentioned being double.
+
+STAPHYLEA (Bladder Nut).--_S. colchica_ is most used for forcing, and is
+a charming shrub for the purpose. It quickly responds to heat and
+moisture. Brought on in a gentle greenhouse temperature, it gives a
+wealth of drooping clusters of white fragrant flowers. Keep the shrubs
+in pots, as the buds are produced more freely than when planting out is
+done, and after the flowers are over prune hard back. There is a hybrid
+between _S. pinnata_ and _S. colchica_, called _Columbieri_, which is
+better than _S. colchica_.
+
+SYRINGA (Lilac).--The Lilac is one of the most popular of shrubs for
+forcing, and may be had in bloom by Christmas or soon after, its flowers
+being welcome from then until they appear out of doors. Thousands of
+plants for flowering under glass are prepared in the most careful way
+every year, the neat bushes, about 2 feet high, having been grown in
+pots 7 or 8 inches across and plunged in the open ground. This treatment
+results in close and compact balls of soil, which, when turned out of
+the pots, retain their shape and bear the journey well. These plants are
+pruned hard back after flowering to keep them dwarf. Lilacs that have
+been frequently moved may be lifted and flowered without risk. Most of
+those sent from Holland consist of the white-flowered variety, _Marie
+Legrange_, but the dark-coloured _Charles X._ is also grown. The many
+double-flowered Lilacs are not so popular as the singles. It is a pure
+delight to smell the flowers of the Lilac long before they appear in the
+open garden; they are most welcome.
+
+VIBURNUM.--When the plants are well budded the Laurustinus (_V. Tinus_)
+will flower throughout the winter in a greenhouse. Of those that are
+amenable to slight forcing the best are the common Guelder Rose (_V.
+Opulus sterile_), the Chinese _V. plicatum_, and _V. macrocephalum_.
+Treat them in the same way as the Lilac. The Guelder Rose is a
+delightful shrub under glass, with its wealth of ivory-white balls. It
+is one of the most interesting of all the things that can be brought
+into bloom in a greenhouse. Treat the Viburnums in the same way as
+recommended for the Lilacs.
+
+WISTARIA.--It is only within the past few years that the Wistaria has
+been used to any extent for flowering in this way, but now it is
+universally admired. At the exhibitions early in the year it always
+attracts more attention than any other shrub grown in a greenhouse; the
+soft lilac colouring of the flowers is very beautiful against the tender
+green of the expanding leaves. The best and general way is to grow it as
+a standard, as the racemes hang down in graceful profusion. _W.
+sinensis_ is the Wistaria planted so freely against houses and pergolas,
+and for flowering under glass the variety _alba_ may be mentioned; it is
+more satisfactory than in the open garden. _W. multijuga_, which has
+racemes of great length, may also be tried, but _W. sinensis_ is as
+charming as any, and the most likely to give satisfaction. Wistarias
+transplant badly, hence in nurseries are usually kept in pots;
+therefore, for flowering under glass, permanent pot culture is the
+proper treatment. To obtain standards train up a single shoot till the
+required height is reached, then stop it, and encourage the formation of
+branches. When the head has reached flowering size, after the flowers
+are over, spur the shoots back to good eyes to keep the growth fairly
+compact.
+
+JAPANESE MAPLES (_Acer palmatum_ and varieties).--The handsome foliage
+of the Japanese Maples forms their chief charm. When grown under glass
+they are very beautiful, the leaves varying greatly both in colour and
+shape; some almost plain, others deeply cut and almost fringe-like.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIV
+
+SHRUB GROUPS FOR WINTER AND SUMMER EFFECT
+
+
+In the gardens of Lord Aldenham at Elstree an interesting feature is the
+grouping of shrubs for summer and winter effect, and some valuable
+notes, contributed to the _Garden_ on this subject, may be helpful to
+those desirous of getting the best results from both tree and shrub:--
+
+The grouping of suitable subjects, either in the pleasure-ground proper,
+on the margin of wood, lake, and stream, and especially so in the
+half-wild garden, when carefully carried out, has such a good effect at
+all seasons that it is difficult to understand why it is not more
+generally done, for only when massed together is it possible to see the
+true beauty of many of the commoner hardy shrubs. For some years this
+way of planting has been practised at Elstree to a considerable extent,
+and the following experience may be helpful to others.
+
+The chief desire here has been to create autumn and winter effect, and
+Nature has been of slight assistance to the planter, as the land is not
+undulating but generally flat and uninteresting, consequently much
+thought and attention have been devoted to attaining the desired object.
+No two shrubs grown either for the beauty of their leaves or bark
+should be mixed together; the display is more pleasurable when they are
+kept apart.
+
+Having determined on the sites to be planted, use white stakes for
+marking the outline, and plant boldly. The ground should be thoroughly
+trenched, and poor land well enriched with farmyard manure, and the
+planting proceeded with either in spring or early autumn. This planting
+will apply to dwarf-growing subjects. The deciduous section is dealt
+with first.
+
+ARONIA FLORIBUNDA.--A delightful plant when grown as a bush, bearing
+sweetly-scented hawthorn-like flowers in May, very effective, and
+succeeded by a wealth of deep-purple berries in autumn. This should also
+receive an annual pruning during winter or early spring. Allow a
+distance of 2 feet 6 inches between the plants, which are well suited
+for any purpose. The ground should be kept clean underneath it.
+
+BERBERIS THUNBERGI.--Few deciduous shrubs can excel this for its
+beautiful foliage during autumn, and it deserves to be planted more
+extensively. In no position is it seen to better advantage than when in
+large masses over bold pieces of rock. The shrub should not be pruned,
+but allowed to retain its natural habit, and will succeed in almost any
+soil. No plant is better adapted for such positions.
+
+BERBERIS VULGARIS PURPUREIS.--This has deep-purple foliage of a very
+pleasing shade, and it bears bright-scarlet berries in autumn, succeeds
+best on chalky soils, should be cut close to the ground every third
+winter, and the soil left undisturbed about the roots. _B. v.
+foliis-purpureis_ is remarkable for its very dark purple leaves
+throughout the summer. Cut back every spring; it succeeds in poor
+ground. _B. aristata_ is very distinct in winter; bark brownish-red. _B.
+virescens_ is another charming winter shrub.
+
+COLUTEA ARBORESCENS.--The Bladder Senna may be planted in the half-wild
+garden, and will succeed in almost any position and in any soil. Its
+yellow flowers in July are pretty, but the seed-vessels during winter
+are most effective; it should be pruned back hard annually. There are
+several varieties, each of which are equally well adapted for this
+purpose. Plant 3 feet apart.
+
+CORNUS SANGUINEA (Dogwood).--Few deciduous shrubs are more easily grown
+or more effective during winter than the Scarlet Dogwood. It may be
+grouped in any position either in the gardens or outside when of any
+extent, and when space is no object the beds or groups can hardly be too
+large. The foliage attains a beautiful bronze tint during autumn, but
+unfortunately soon falls. The position should be open, and it is
+absolutely essential that the growths be cut to the ground annually the
+first week in April, bearing in mind that it is only the young wood
+which puts on its brightly-coloured robe in winter, and the more intense
+the cold the better colour will be the wood. Plant 3 feet apart. _Cornus
+sanguinea variegata_ is a beautiful silver variegated form of the above,
+but not so vigorous. It is very fine for summer decorations, and should
+be much more appreciated. Plant at a distance of 18 inches and prune
+annually. The scarlet wood, though small, is very pretty in winter, but
+not showy enough in the distance. _Cornus alba Spathi_ has beautiful
+golden foliage in the summer, and does not lose its brightness in the
+hottest years. Requires the same treatment as the above.
+
+CORYLUS MAXIMA ATROPURPUREA.--One of our best purple-leaved plants,
+especially so in early summer. Arrange to plant this near _Acer negundo
+variegata_, _Sambucus nigra aurea_, or both, and the effect will be
+good. It will succeed on almost any kind of well-trenched ground. Plant
+the shrubs 3 feet apart, and they will require little attention, but
+every fifth year the shoots should be cut clean to the ground, when the
+growth and foliage will be much more robust and telling.
+
+COTONEASTER SIMONSII.--A strong-growing shrub, and suitable for making
+large groups; it is very effective during autumn and winter when studded
+with its red berries. It should be planted 3 feet apart and not pruned,
+but about every fifth year it should be cut close to the ground.
+
+CYTISUS ALBUS, the Common White Broom; _Cytisus scoparius_, the Common
+Yellow Broom; and the effective although newer variety, _C. scoparius_,
+_andreanus_, are all delightful plants when extensively planted, not
+only when in flower, but their fresh-looking green wood is pleasing at
+all seasons. Plant early in April 3œ feet apart, using small plants.
+None of the Brooms like being cut back to the hard wood, but the young
+growths may be shortened back after flowering. _C. præcox_ is perhaps
+the best of the whole family, flowering profusely, and is of good habit.
+It should be planted 4 feet apart, and the strong growths pegged down in
+the soil.
+
+DAPHNE MEZEREUM and the white variety _album_ are among our earliest and
+most beautiful flowering shrubs; _Autumnale_ is excellent, it blooms in
+late autumn. They should be planted 4 feet apart, either immediately
+after flowering or in very early autumn, both flourishing best on light
+soils.
+
+DIMORPHANTHUS MANDSCHURICUS (syn. _Aralia mandschurica_).--This fine
+tropical-looking plant, when planted in large beds, forms a magnificent
+feature during the summer months, and in the winter the stems when bare
+are both curious and interesting. It enjoys a deep rich soil, and is
+easily propagated from root suckers. Plant at a distance of 5 feet
+apart.
+
+EUONYMUSES.--The true variety of _Euonymus alatus_ must rank as one of
+the most valuable plants for autumn effect. Words can hardly describe
+its beautiful tints. It is a slow grower, but will succeed in almost any
+kind of soil. Plant 3 feet apart. _E. europæus_ (the Spindle tree)
+should be planted in large beds or masses at a distance of 4 feet apart,
+and pruned annually. It deserves a place by any woodland walk or in the
+half-wild garden. Thus treated it will fruit most freely, and its
+pretty pink berries hanging in thick bunches are sure to attract
+attention. The white variety, though as pretty, does not fruit so
+freely.
+
+FORSYTHIA SUSPENSA.--This is most effective when planted in any position
+in the gardens or grounds. It makes a delightful bed when planted at a
+distance of 4 feet apart, and should not be pruned. _F. viridissima_,
+though not such a pretty kind as the above, is equally well suited; it
+flowers profusely. Both of these flower during March and April. The
+surface-soil should be pricked over every spring.
+
+FUCHSIA RICCARTONI.--This charming old shrub makes magnificent beds in
+any part of the grounds. It should be cut down close to the ground every
+spring and receive a mulching of half-decayed manure. This is not
+planted half so largely as it deserves to be.
+
+HYDRANGEA PANICULATA GRANDIFLORA.--This is perfectly hardy, and few
+flowering shrubs are more admired during autumn when in large beds. They
+should be planted in a deep rich soil, in a moist position, 3 feet
+apart, and pruned back hard annually at the end of March. We have some
+which were planted sixteen years ago and have never once failed to make
+a splendid display. The surface-soil should be pricked over early in
+spring.
+
+HIPPOPHAË RHAMNOIDES (the Sea Buckthorn).--This will succeed well in any
+deep moist soil. Its beautiful grey foliage shows up well during summer,
+and when the male and female plants are mixed together the branches will
+be wreathed with clusters of beautiful orange-coloured berries during
+autumn and winter. Plant 5 feet apart and somewhat in the background.
+Very little pruning will be required, except to regulate the growths.
+Prick over the surface-soil annually. The Sea Buckthorn also lends
+itself admirably for planting by the sides of lakes and streams or at
+the back of rock-work.
+
+HYPERICUMS.--_H. Androsæmum_ grows to the height of 2 feet 6 inches, and
+is sure to be appreciated. Its flowers appear profusely during summer,
+and are followed by clusters of dark-brown berries. Plant 2 feet apart
+and prune close to the ground annually early in April. _H. calycinum_
+(the Common St. John's Wort) is partly evergreen and admirably suited
+for clothing banks or making beds where low-growing subjects are
+required; it will flourish anywhere, and should be cut close to the
+ground with the shears annually. _H. moserianum_ is one of the best of
+this class of plants, but needs some protection in cold districts. _H.
+patulum_ is also an excellent variety, and not so extensively planted as
+it deserves.
+
+KERRIA JAPONICA.--A charming compact-growing shrub, with single
+bright-yellow flowers. It is suitable for small beds or grouping in the
+front of shrubberies. There is a variegated variety which is liable to
+revert back to the green form, but such shoots should be kept cut out.
+Very little if any other pruning is required; a poor, light, sandy soil
+suits it best.
+
+LEYCESTERIA FORMOSA.--A delightful shrub for massing in the wilderness
+or wild garden; requires a deep rich soil. Its large purple and white
+flowers in August and September are very pleasing, and during autumn and
+winter the wood is very conspicuous, being bright green. It should be
+pruned back annually, and the ground pricked over in spring. Plant at a
+distance of 4 feet apart.
+
+LONICERA (HONEYSUCKLE), LARGE DUTCH.--To see this beautiful climbing
+plant at its best, make a mound of tree roots, fill in with soil, and
+plant at a distance of 4 feet apart. At first the growths will require
+to be trained and nailed over the roots, and when once covered they will
+need little other attention. Large beds planted in this way will be sure
+to be highly appreciated, if for nothing else, for the fragrance of the
+flowers.
+
+LYCIUM CHINENSE.--Commonly called Box Thorn or Tea Tree; should be
+planted in large groups where it can ramble away near the water or
+overhang large roots of trees or boulders. Except to regulate the
+growths once a year, it will give no further trouble. There are several
+other varieties well suited for the same purpose.
+
+PYRUS JAPONICA.--This well-known early-flowering shrub may be grouped in
+almost any position, but is seen to the best advantage when on raised
+ground or overhanging masses of rock. It should not be pruned, but
+allowed to retain its natural habit. Plant at a distance of 4 feet
+apart. The variety _carnea_ is equally good, but bears more freely; the
+fruits make excellent preserve, while the flowers are a beautiful flesh
+colour. _C. Maulei_ is quite distinct from the above, but quite as
+valuable, and flowers and fruits freely.
+
+RHUS COTINUS (Venetian Sumach), the Smoke Plant or Wig Tree, is one of
+the most effective shrubs for this purpose. A large mass of this, with
+its delightfully-tinted foliage in autumn, is a pleasing picture, and is
+well adapted for any position or any part of the garden. It should be
+planted in deep but poor soil, at a distance of 5 feet apart, and
+slightly pruned annually early in April; it requires no other attention.
+_R. typhina_ (the Stag's-Horn Sumach) is one of the commonest plants
+grown, with not much beauty, except when planted in large beds and cut
+close to the ground annually. When treated in this way few things are
+more attractive; it then throws up strong, vigorous shoots, with fine
+tropical-looking foliage, which is highly attractive during summer, and
+the colouring of the foliage during autumn is most conspicuous, also of
+the wood during winter. When stripped of its foliage it is distinct and
+pleasing; it will flourish in any soil. Plant 3 feet apart, and it is
+easily propagated by root suckers.
+
+ROSA RUGOSA.--This charming Rose, when planted in the wilderness, wild
+garden, or around the lake, in large beds or masses, is always seen to
+advantage; it has fragrant flowers in summer, and large, highly-coloured
+fruit in autumn. Place it in the forefront of flowering plants. Plant in
+deep, well-enriched soil, at a distance of 4 feet apart, and prune, like
+other Roses, annually. The white variety is equally well adapted, and
+may be mixed with the above.
+
+ROSA BENGALE HERMOSA, belonging to the monthly or China section, is one
+of the freest flowering and most charming of all Roses. In mild autumns
+it flowers freely until Christmas when planted in sheltered positions.
+It enjoys a rich soil, and should be pegged down annually, merely
+thinning out the growths in spring. May go in any part of the garden or
+grounds, and it is perhaps unequalled for covering southern slopes.
+Fellenberg is exceptionally free also.
+
+ROSA RUBIGINOSA (the Sweet Briar).--Every woodland walk, wilderness, or
+wild garden should have one bed or more of this fragrant plant. The
+delicious scent emitted from its foliage in spring after showers is very
+welcome, and the bushes, when heavily laden with the bright-red fruits
+in autumn and winter, are most effective. This should be planted at a
+distance of 3 feet apart in well-trenched and heavily-manured ground,
+and clipped over every spring.
+
+RUBUS.--Nearly the whole of these may be freely grouped. Only those most
+successful at Elstree are mentioned: _R. biflorus_ (the white-washed
+Bramble) is one of the most distinct and effective of the whole class.
+During winter it looks as if it had been painted white, and when planted
+close to the Scarlet Dogwood is exceedingly attractive in the distance.
+It succeeds best on a good deep loam, and the old growths should be cut
+out every winter. Plant at a distance of 4 feet apart. _R. canadensis
+rosea_ (the flowering Raspberry) is invaluable for making large beds. It
+continues to produce its highly-coloured flowers freely all through the
+summer and autumn. Plant 3 feet apart and thin out the old growths
+annually. _R. ulmifolius roseo flore-pleno_, also the white form _alba_
+(the double-flowered Blackberry), may be grouped on slopes. The old
+growths should be cut out annually, and plant 4 feet apart. _R.
+laciniata_ (American Blackberry) is the best of the fruiting kinds for
+this purpose; it produces large crops of valuable fruit every year.
+Treat in the same way as advised for the above. _R. phoenicolasius_ (the
+Japanese Wineberry). This somewhat new form of Rubus is one of the best
+plants for this kind of planting. It bears freely, and the fruits are
+much appreciated by many, and its bright canes during winter produce a
+most pleasing effect. It is a strong grower when planted in good soil at
+a distance of 5 feet apart. Remove all the old canes during winter. The
+ordinary garden forms of Raspberry also make fine groups in the unkept
+parts of the grounds. The old growths should be pruned out each autumn,
+when the young canes have a warm and pleasing appearance.
+
+SALIX.--Many of the Willows form splendid features during the winter
+months. Perhaps on a fine winter's day large masses of the
+highly-coloured barked Willows can hardly be excelled for their beauty
+and rich colouring, but, of course, are only adapted for waterside
+planting or low, wet, marshy land. Nothing is more readily propagated
+from cuttings than these. They should be planted 3 feet apart, and the
+young growths pruned hard to the ground annually the last week in March,
+for it must be borne in mind that any wood more than twelve months old
+has very little, if any, beauty in it. The most important for the beauty
+of their wood are _Salix vitellina_, the golden-barked Willow, _S. alba
+britzensis_, warm, orange-coloured bark, very beautiful, _S. cardinalis_
+(which has bright-red bark), and _S. purpurea_, purple. Though the last
+mentioned is not so effective in the distance as the foregoing, it is
+well worthy of cultivation. Only one other Willow will be mentioned; it
+should be planted for its summer beauty, that is _S. rosmarinifolia_.
+Its beautiful grey foliage much resembles that of Rosemary. It is not so
+robust a grower as many of the family, and there is no beauty in the
+wood during winter, consequently the growths should only be shortened
+back to within three eyes of the base annually.
+
+SAMBUCUS.--The Elder family, like the preceding, is a large one, and
+fortunately adapts itself to almost any soil and situation. First and
+foremost must be mentioned _Sambucus nigra aurea_, a bold and beautiful
+tall-growing Elder, and its rich golden foliage produces a marvellous
+effect in the landscape. Large bold masses of this should always be used
+where practical in a half-open position. Hard pruning in this case must
+be carried out, cutting the summer's growth close to the ground annually
+in the last week of March. The effect of the greenish-grey wood in
+winter when treated in this way is pleasing; the silvery variegated
+form, though not so showy, is worthy of a place where the grounds are
+extensive. Should be planted on poor soil in an open position, and
+pruned hard annually. _S. n. laciniata_ (the Parsley-leaved Elder) is a
+beautiful and distinct form of the cut-leaved Elder, which attains its
+true character and makes splendid beds; it requires the same kind of
+treatment as to pruning as the above. _S. racemosa foliis aurea_ is
+unquestionably the finest variety in cultivation, and one would like to
+see it more often in our gardens, but there seems to be an unreasonable
+prejudice against golden-leaved shrubs, however beautiful. It does best
+on a deep rich soil in a fully-exposed position, and prune back hard
+early in April. The cuttings should be propagated in pots in a cold
+frame. The whole of the Elders should be planted 3 feet apart.
+
+SPARTIUM JUNCEUM (the Spanish Broom).--Flowers in early autumn and lasts
+a considerable time. Its bright-yellow blooms are very telling in the
+distance. Plant 4 feet apart, and prune after flowering.
+
+[Illustration: _SPIRÆA CANESCENS (syn. flagelliformis)._]
+
+SPIRÆAS.--Another beautiful and interesting class for effect either in
+summer or winter, when sufficiently large plantations are made and
+properly treated. The whole of these should be planted at a distance of
+2 feet apart, on deeply-trenched and well-manured ground. The North-West
+American _Spiræa Douglasi_, though one of the most common, is
+unsurpassed for its distinct and beautiful wood during autumn and
+winter, but the only way to see it at its best is to cut it clean to the
+ground every year during the last week in March. It will then produce
+young strong growths from 4 to 5 feet in height, each of which will
+furnish fine heads of deep-pink flowers during summer, and its
+beautiful, warm-looking, nut-brown wood in winter is among the most
+richly toned of all the barks which are used to produce effect, and yet
+when grown in the ordinary way, and partially pruned down, as we in
+nearly all cases see it, it produces miserable flowers, and the wood is
+uninteresting. About every third or fourth year after pruning give a
+surface dressing of half-decayed manure and loam in equal proportions.
+The prunings should be tied up and saved for staking purposes; they are
+of the utmost value for all kinds of slender-growing plants. _S.
+callosa_ also makes a fine bed, and is very effective during late
+summer; its large heads of deep-pink flowers render it most conspicuous;
+they are produced when the others are past their best. It should be cut
+to the ground every third year. _S. prunifolia flore-pleno_ is a very
+beautiful form, flowers freely in March and April, and its foliage
+assumes lovely tints in the autumn. It is of very graceful habit, and
+well suited for banks or overhanging rocks. It should be moderately
+pruned each year, and when it attains to a leggy appearance cut hard
+back. _S. canescens_ (syn. _flagelliformis_) makes splendid beds owing
+to the pretty arrangement of the foliage. This should be pruned to the
+ground annually.
+
+SYMPHORICARPUS RACEMOSUS (the Common Snowberry) is generally regarded as
+an almost worthless plant, but when in a sunny open position on
+well-trenched land and cut close to the ground each year, large beds are
+most attractive in autumn and winter, as by such treatment the growths
+will become thickly studded with pure white fruits. _S. orbiculatus
+variegatus_ is a very pretty, somewhat slow-growing golden-leaved shrub,
+and should be planted in an open position. It has a tendency to revert
+back to the green form. Shoots of the type should be kept cut away. This
+should be slightly pruned in spring, and when leggy cut to the ground.
+
+
+EVERGREENS
+
+BERBERIS (syn. MAHONIA) AQUIFOLIUM, or Holly-leaved Barberry, is too
+well known to need much description. It is one of the most useful and
+accommodating of shrubs, and will succeed in almost any soil, and either
+in the open or under the shade of trees is quite at home. For clothing
+banks few things can equal it, and when thus used should be pruned close
+to the ground after flowering. It should be planted when in a small
+state 18 inches apart, choosing the beginning of April for the purpose.
+It should be cut to the ground each year after planting.
+
+BOX.--The entire Box family is excellent for grouping when the soil is
+suitable, but it is waste of time to attempt planting it in large
+quantities unless the position and soil agree with it. A light surface,
+with a chalky subsoil, is what it enjoys.
+
+LAURELS.--The two best Laurels are _Prunus Laurocerasus caucasica_, the
+hardiest of the whole family, and _rotundifolia_. The former may be
+severely pruned and is excellent for clothing large bare places,
+mounds, or banks; _rotundifolia_ is a splendid variety with larger
+foliage, but not so hardy. The ground in which these Laurels are to be
+planted should be trenched or bastard trenched, and small plants be
+planted 3 feet apart all ways. To keep them in condition, prune hard
+down during the growing season twice, if not three times, when they will
+remain in good health for many years. _Prunus lusitanica_ (Portugal
+Laurel) is happy in heavy soils, and its beautiful dark-green leaves are
+very telling. This should also be planted in trenched ground at a
+distance of 5 feet apart, and pruned once only during the year. So
+treated, splendid beds are formed when suitable positions are chosen.
+
+COTONEASTER BUXIFOLIA or WHEELERI, is a fine strong-growing evergreen
+for almost any soil. It is well adapted for making beds, covering large
+boulders or the old roots of trees, and for covering ugly iron fencing.
+_C. buxifolia_ is a graceful and pleasing plant when covered with its
+bright berries, and allowed to assume its natural habit. Plant 3 feet
+apart, merely thinning out the growths occasionally.
+
+COTONEASTER MICROPHYLLA.--A very charming shrub, and when planted on a
+raised position, or on overhanging rocks, tree roots, and such like,
+forms beautiful masses, especially when thickly studded with its crimson
+berries. It sometimes becomes badly infested with brown scale, but this
+is easily got rid of by applying a strong solution of soft soap and
+water with a syringe.
+
+ILEX AQUIFOLIUM (the Common Holly).--The Holly is one of the very finest
+of our evergreens for bold planting. Fortunately, it is one of the few
+evergreens that will succeed and grow luxuriantly under the drip of
+trees, where many other things fail. Large breadths of Holly in good
+health are a pleasure to look at at all seasons of the year,
+particularly when well laden with bright-scarlet berries. The Holly is
+seen at its best on light, well-drained soils, that of a stiff clayey
+nature (especially so when water-logged) being the most unfavourable to
+its growth. Fortunately, it will adapt itself to any mode of pruning,
+but unquestionably the best way to treat it is to plant in large bold
+clumps, allowing it to grow away at its own sweet will. Many of the more
+uncommon varieties, both green and variegated, make highly attractive
+groups and beds, and where expense is of little object should most
+certainly be planted.
+
+RHODODENDRONS.--Of course, one must possess a suitable soil to plant the
+more beautiful varieties in any quantity; nevertheless, the common _R.
+ponticum_ and hybrid seedlings, of which there are now fortunately a
+great variety, will succeed in nearly all soils free from lime. The
+ground should be thoroughly broken up during autumn, and the planting
+done 4 feet apart in the spring. The seed-vessels should be picked off
+after flowering, and the plants are much benefited by an occasional
+top-dressing of road grit and leaf soil. Even here on a cold London
+clay, where the ground has been well drained and treated as above, they
+succeed very well.
+
+RUSCUS ACULEATUS (Butcher's Broom), a native of this country, is
+invaluable for planting in shady, sheltered spots. It appears to enjoy
+the drip from other trees, and is very accommodating as to soil and
+position, but likes to remain undisturbed. _Ruscus racemosus_, which is
+a native of Portugal, and commonly called the Alexandrian Laurel, is
+unquestionably the best of the Ruscus family, and its growth very much
+resembles that of the Bamboo. It is rarer than the commoner kinds, but
+it deserves extended cultivation, being worth a good position in any
+part of the gardens or grounds. It berries freely in some seasons. It
+lasts remarkably well, and is very handsome in a cut state. It enjoys a
+deep rich loam, but will not fail to give a good account of itself on
+any soil.
+
+JUNIPERUS SABINA TAMARISCIFOLIA is a beautiful shrub for the fringe of a
+plantation, it is of robust growth, and the best of the Junipers for
+this planting.
+
+TAXUS BACCATA AUREA _variegata_ and _elegantissima_ (the Golden Yew) are
+most effective evergreen shrubs. They should be planted in open sunny
+positions. Without doubt _elegantissima_ has no rival, being the most
+useful and telling golden evergreen shrub we have. It is of somewhat
+slow growth, consequently should be planted fairly thick. Like the
+Common Green Yew, it succeeds in almost any kind of soil, but it colours
+best on a deep yellow loam in a thoroughly exposed position.
+
+ULEX EUROPÆUS (Common Gorse or Whin).--This common British plant needs
+little description here. When seen in its wild state, where it is
+thoroughly naturalised, it presents a most charming sight. Half-wild
+patches of land may easily be made suitable for it at little expense.
+During winter the land should either be ploughed or dug, and the seed
+sown during April, either in drills or broadcast, and the seedlings
+thinned to a fair distance apart during the following spring. When once
+thoroughly established, little trouble will be experienced in keeping
+the ground well stocked. Occasionally, when the old plants become leggy,
+they should be cut close to the ground immediately after flowering, and
+in a short time these will break away freely from the bottom. _Ulex
+europæus flore-pleno_ is an invaluable plant for all kinds of ornamental
+planting, and is struck from cuttings, which are potted up. In this way
+the plants are distributed; nevertheless, it is a most important plant
+to have. The flower is a much brighter yellow than the common form, is
+produced more freely, and lasts a considerable time in beauty. It is
+very suitable for either making beds or forming large patches of colour
+behind rocks and among the fissures of the rock garden. It should be
+planted about 3 feet apart, in fairly good ground, and about every fifth
+year pruned down close to the ground.
+
+VIBURNUM TINUS (_Laurustinus_).--A beautiful evergreen flowering shrub,
+and generally well known, but unfortunately it is not sufficiently hardy
+to plant in many parts of the country, especially in exposed positions.
+It will grow and flower profusely in very shallow and, indeed, in almost
+any soil. It makes a handsome bed, and should be planted 4 feet apart.
+
+The Hon. Vicary Gibbs has taken keen interest in the tree and shrub
+planting in the gardens of Aldenham House.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXV
+
+THE USE OF HARDY CLIMBING SHRUBS[2]
+
+
+The best and best known of our good hardy climbing shrubs are by no
+means neglected, but yet they are not nearly as much or as well used as
+they might be. Such a fine thing as the easily-grown _Clematis montana_
+will not only cover house and garden walls with its sheets of lovely
+bloom, but it is willing to grow in wilder ways among trees and shrubs,
+where its natural way of making graceful garlands and hanging ropes of
+bloom shows its truest and best uses much better than when it is trained
+straight along the joints of walls or tied in more stiffly and closely.
+Even if there are only a few stiff bushes such as Gorse or low Thorns to
+support and guide it, it gladly covers them just as does the Traveller's
+Joy (_Clematis Vitalba_) of our chalkland hedges. This climber, though a
+native plant and very common in calcareous soils, is worthy of any
+garden. _C. V. rosea_ is a very fine variety. _Clematis Flammula_ is
+another of the family that should be more often treated in a free way,
+and grown partly trained through the branches of a Yew or an Ilex. The
+less-known _Clematis orientalis_, with yellow flowers and feathery
+seeds, and the fine October-blooming _C. paniculata_, make up five
+members of one family, apart from the large-flowered Clematises, that
+all lend themselves willingly to this class of pictorial treatment.
+
+[Illustration: _CLEMATIS MONTANA OVER ROUGH WALL._]
+
+One of the most important of our climbing shrubs, the _Wistaria_, makes
+grand growth in all the south of England. This also can be used to
+excellent effect trained into some rather thinly-furnished tree such as
+an old Acacia. Its grey snake-like stems and masses of bloom high up in
+the supporting tree are shown to excellent effect. This is also a fine
+plant for a pergola. A few plants growing free and rambling full length
+would, after the first few years, when they are getting old, cover a
+pergola from end to end. The piers or posts could also be covered with
+the same, for though the nature of the plant is to ramble, yet if kept
+to one stem and closely pruned it readily adapts itself to pillar form,
+and bears a wonderful quantity of bloom.
+
+[Illustration: _CLEMATIS MONTANA OVER ARCHWAY._]
+
+Among the Grape Vines there is a great variety of ways of use other than
+the stiff wall training they generally receive. If they are wanted for
+fruit they must be pruned, but most outdoor Vines are grown for the
+beauty of their foliage. Here is another first-class pergola plant,
+making dense leafy shade, and growing in a way that is delightfully
+pictorial. Nothing looks better rambling over old buildings. Now that so
+many once prosperous farms are farms no longer, and that their
+dwelling-houses are being converted to the use of another class of
+occupier, the rough out-buildings, turned into stabling, and adapted for
+garden sheds, often abut upon the new-made pleasure-garden. This is the
+place where the Vines may be so well planted. If the main stem only is
+trained or guided it is well to leave the long branches to shift for
+themselves, for they will ramble and dispose themselves in so pictorial
+a way that the whole garden is bettered by their rioting grandeur of
+leaf mass.
+
+_Aristolochia Sipho_, with its twining stems and handsome leaves, will,
+like the Vine and the Virginian Creeper, answer to all these uses of
+jungle-like growth among trees and shrubs and free climbing in hedge,
+over pergola or rough building.
+
+The employment of the climbing and rambling Roses is also now understood
+for all such uses, and the illustration shows the value of the Dutch
+Honeysuckle for this purpose.
+
+A rough hedge containing perhaps only a few Thorns and Hollies and stub
+Oaks, and a filling of Wild Brambles, may be made glorious with the free
+hardy climbers just guided into the bushes and then left to ramble as
+they will.
+
+In the growth of the rarer and most distinct and beautiful of climbing
+shrubs one must in the main be guided by the natural surroundings of
+soil and shelter or by climatic conditions. In the cold midland and
+northern districts of England we have seen common Laurels and many Roses
+killed to the ground during severe winters.
+
+In Hampshire, Devon, and Cornwall, and in many other isolated and
+sheltered nooks near the sea in England south of the Thames, many
+so-called cool greenhouse plants often grow and thrive luxuriantly in
+the open air. This is also true of many localities in the south and west
+of Ireland, such as Fota, Cork, Bantry, and Tralee, where New Zealand,
+Japanese, Californian, and many Chilian shrubs are quite happy in the
+open air. Nearly all visitors to Glengarriff notice the luxuriance of
+the Fuchsias, which, not being cut down there every winter by severe
+frosts, assume more or less of a tree-like aspect, and are literally one
+mass of brilliant coral-red flowers during summer and autumn. But it is
+even more wonderful to see there growing up the front of the hotels and
+elsewhere such plants as _Maurandya_, _Lophospermum_, _Mikania_, and
+Cape Pelargoniums year after year. But, apart from mild climates, aspect
+has an enormous effect on many climbing shrubs, and especially on light
+dry soils. _Lapageria_, for example, prefers a northern exposure, and
+the same is true of _Berberidopsis corallina_, and the remarkable
+_Mutisia decurrens_. Many climbers and trailers, again, are hardy on
+north or north-western walls that are ruined by bright sunshine after
+frost, which is often experienced on south and especially south-western
+exposures. Even when climbers like _Wistaria_, _Jasminum nudiflorum_,
+_Ceanothus_, _Pyrus_ and many others are perfectly hardy on sunny walls
+it is often a great advantage to train a few branches over the top of
+the wall to the shady side, as in these cases there is a week or ten
+days or more difference in the time of blooming, and so an agreeable
+succession is obtained.
+
+In planting both walls and pergolas there is danger in planting too
+thickly, and in planting too hurriedly or without sufficient
+preparation. We all must perforce often do the best we can rather than
+the best we know. Large-growing, permanent shrubs, such as _Pyrus
+japonica_, _Wistaria_, and _Magnolias_, which may remain in the same
+spot for twenty years or more, often fail through starvation, and in any
+case never attain their full luxuriance and beauty if cramped and
+stunted during the first few years after planting. Again, it must be
+remembered that both wall and pergola creepers often suffer from dryness
+during the summer and autumn months, and provision should be made for
+necessary mulching and watering.
+
+There is one important point that must be attended to in the planting of
+anything of which the general hardiness is not fully assured, and that
+is, never plant late in autumn. The golden rule with all half-hardy
+things is to plant well in April or May, after all danger from severe
+frost, &c., is over, so as to allow the plants a long summer and autumn
+season of root and top-growth before the stress and strain of winter
+weather come upon them. In this way many plants will succeed perfectly
+in establishing themselves that would at once die off if planted out in
+October or November.
+
+ABELIA.--_A. floribunda_ is a Mexican plant. Mr. Burbidge writes in the
+_Garden_, April 14, 1900, p. 272: "I have seen it very handsome in
+flower on a low wall at Mount Usher, county Wicklow. Its pendent
+flowers in axillary clusters are of a rich purple red, and remind one of
+some Fuchsias." _A. chinensis_, a Chinese plant, is very pretty, as also
+is _A. triflora_ from North India.
+
+ABUTILON.--Several of the Abutilons are sufficiently hardy to thrive on
+walls or in borders near to heated plant-houses. Mr. Burbidge writes in
+the _Garden_: "I have seen _A. striatum_, _A. vexillarium_, and _A.
+vitifolium_ grow and bloom for years outside. The last-named forms a
+spreading bush 10 to 13 feet high in South, West, and Eastern Ireland.
+It has leaves somewhat resembling those of the Grape Vine, and clusters
+of pale-lilac, mauve, or lavender-tinted flowers that remind one of
+those of _Meconopsis Wallichi_ in shape, size, and colour. _A.
+vitifolium_ comes from Chili, and enjoys shelter and ample root
+moisture, being apt to suffer from drought near walls, otherwise it
+grows well thereon." _Abutilon vexillarium_, when afforded the
+protection of a south wall, blooms for eight months out of the twelve,
+bearing on slender, curving shoots its handsome, bell-shaped flowers
+with their crimson sepals, yellow petals, and protruding dark-brown
+stamens well into the month of December should no severe frost occur.
+Florists' varieties of the Abutilon, such as Boule de Neige, also do
+well on sheltered walls.
+
+ADLUMIA CIRRHOSA.--This grows quickly, and the fern-like leaves,
+covering almost the twining stems, possess much beauty; the flowers are
+white. A biennial, but sows itself freely. North America.
+
+AKEBIA QUINATA.--A most distinct Japanese creeper with five-lobed
+leaves and twining stems; although generally grown in a greenhouse,
+where it flowers in January or February, it is quite hardy in mild
+sea-shore places, and bears its monoecious flowers in April or May. The
+rich wine-purple flowers are borne in axillary grape-like clusters, and
+their translucent petals are very beautiful as seen between the eye and
+the light. It likes a rich, deep, loamy soil, and is increased by
+suckers or layers. Although introduced to our gardens from Chusan in
+1845, it has never become very abundant, but it deserves a place for its
+distinctive character.
+
+ALOYSIA CITRIODORA (Sweet Verbena).--Another popular name for the
+_Aloysia_ is Lemon plant; it is a fragrant pale-green leaved bush, not
+very hardy, and therefore best placed when against a sunny wall. Except
+in quite the south of England and Ireland, it is generally wise to cover
+over the stems with a straw mat and heap ashes over the roots. It is
+often seen as a large bush against the sea. We have seen it thus on the
+Carnarvon coast. Chili.
+
+AMPELOPSIS.--Now included with the Vines (_Vitis_).
+
+APIOS TUBEROSA.--This has pea-shaped violet-scented flowers. It is
+sometimes pretty rambling over a shrub. North America.
+
+ARISTOLOCHIA SIPHO (Dutchman's Pipe).--Frequently planted against a
+wall; its leaves are very large and handsome, and the dull-coloured
+flowers, owing to their shape, have given rise to the popular name.
+
+ATRAGENE ALPINA.--A hardy wall climber, and known under the name of
+_Clematis alpina_. It enjoys a lime soil. A native of Europe.
+
+AZARA.--The best known of these is _A. microphylla_; it is not one of
+the hardiest of shrubs, but in many gardens, especially where sheltered
+and by the sea, it covers much space with dense glossy leaves; the
+flowers are white, small, and give place to orange-coloured berries in
+autumn. It is quite a shrubby wall plant.
+
+BENTHAMIA FRAGIFERA.--Now known as _Cornus capitata_, but in gardens its
+old name will long be retained. In Devon, Cornwall, and in Wicklow,
+Cork, and Kerry, and elsewhere in Ireland, this fine shrub flowers and
+fruits luxuriantly as a bush on the border or lawn, but in less favoured
+places it needs the warmth and shelter of a wall. It is a native of
+Nepaul, and is readily increased from home-grown seeds, and the plant,
+like all its allies, is a rapid grower in any deep, rich, loamy soil.
+Quite small bushes of this plant and the common _Arbutus Unedo_ are
+often very handsome as seen laden with fruit in South and Western
+Ireland.
+
+BERBERIDOPSIS CORALLINA.--Mr. Burbidge writes in the _Garden_: "The
+finest specimen of this beautiful and distinct evergreen climber I ever
+saw was on the stable wall at Lakelands, Cork, when that noble place was
+in the hands of the late Mr. William Crawford, a great lover of garden
+vegetation. It is a native of the Chilian Andes, introduced in 1862. It
+likes a deep peaty soil or loam and leaf-mould on a moist bottom, and,
+like the _Lapageria_ and its dwarf cousin _Philesia_, it enjoys a
+northern or shaded aspect, rarely thriving for long together in full
+sunshine. Its flowers resemble those of the Berberis, but are much
+larger, have pendent stalks, and are of the brightest coral-red or blood
+colour. It grows and flowers here in a shaded corner under an ivy-topped
+wall."
+
+BIGNONIA CAPREOLATA.--This is the hardiest of the Bignonias. It needs a
+warm wall, and there is much beauty in the warm, reddish-orange,
+trumpet-shaped flowers, which are in clusters from April to August. It
+grows to a considerable height. North America.
+
+BILLARDIERA LONGIFLORA.--This is the Apple Berry of Tasmania, and is of
+elegant twining habit, its greenish-yellow flowers, which are not very
+showy, being succeeded by handsome blue berries that are very
+ornamental, and are similar in shape and size to Fuchsia fruits. The
+plant is closely related to the _Pittosporums_ of New Zealand, and grows
+2 or 3 feet in height. There are two or three other kinds, but none
+prettier than _B. longiflora_. It grows best in moist peat and
+sandstone, at the foot of a half-shaded wall.
+
+CALYSTEGIA.--Also known as Convolvulus. _C. pubescens fl. pl._, the
+double Bindweed, is more useful for rough stumps than walls, but may be
+included; the flowers are double, of rosy colouring, and large, and
+appear during the summer and into the autumn. It is best in warm,
+well-drained soil.
+
+CAMELLIA.--Mr. Scrase-Dickins writes in the _Garden_, March 30, 1901, p.
+227, as follows about these little-understood hardy shrubs: "The best
+Camellias for planting out of doors in the open air are those which
+bloom late and start late into growth, such, for instance, as _Chandleri
+elegans_ or _Anemonæflora_; the varieties with broad roundish leaves
+appear to grow in more robust fashion than those having narrow pointed
+ones with a serrated edge, though the latter will make sometimes very
+compact bushes. It is possible that the sorts with dark-red flowers are
+hardier than those with pink. The old double white seems to stand the
+cold well enough, but it hides its flowers rather too much among the
+foliage to make any effective display of them, though in this way they
+are often secured from frost or bad weather and made serviceable for
+cutting. To train against a trellis or wall _Doncklaarii_ is very good,
+and next to _reticulata_ one of the most beautiful when well grown,
+blooming so freely.
+
+"Camellias appear to grow in almost any aspect, but are naturally sun
+lovers; and though preferring peat, they will do in most other soils,
+provided that there is no lime present. The points of the young roots
+are very sensitive to drought, so should be protected until well
+established, by light mulching or a surrounding growth, from the risk of
+being withered up by a fierce sun striking the ground in which they are
+starting. Unlike many other shrubs, they seem to have the advantage of
+being exempt from the destructive attention of rabbits; perhaps when
+snow is on the ground they might be barked, but I do not remember to
+have noticed it. Apart from the question of varieties, it may be well to
+draw attention to the fact that only strong healthy plants should be
+turned out, for sickly specimens from a conservatory or greenhouse are
+very slow indeed to make a start, and will remain sometimes for an
+astonishing number of years in almost the same pitiable state."
+
+CEANOTHUS.--Beautiful wall shrubs. They cannot be regarded as quite
+hardy, but _C. azureus_ in a garden near London has mounted almost to
+the chimney stacks; a surface of foliage, and in the appointed season
+pale-blue flower clusters. The soil is light and the aspect due south;
+and in cold, sunless places the Ceanothuses, it is well to remember,
+utterly fail. A warm soil and sunny place suit the shrubs well. Gloire
+de Versailles, Lucie Simon, and _pallidus_ are amongst the best of the
+others. Of other species, _C. veitchianus_, deep blue, is very
+beautiful; and _C. dentatus_ and _C. papillosus_ are also noteworthy.
+
+CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS (Winter-sweet).--The variety _grandiflorus_ has
+larger flowers and of a clearer shade of citron yellow than those of the
+type, and though the plant is bare of leaf the blossoms make a brave
+show, and may be descried against a well-toned brick wall from some
+little distance. It is just as well to bear in mind that this is one of
+the shrubs which bloom on the young wood, and any pruning or cutting out
+of useless branches that may be necessary should be done in early spring
+when the flowers are over, for if it be delayed there will be no
+flowers next year. It may be raised from seed, but seedlings vary
+greatly.
+
+CHOISYA TERNATA (Mexican Orange Flower).--Very vigorous, shrubby,
+glossy, green-leaved plant; rather tender, but quite happy in northern
+gardens if not very exposed. Its clusters of flowers are very sweet and
+white.
+
+CLEMATIS (see p. 303).
+
+COTONEASTER (see p. 80).
+
+DIERVILLA.--May be grown against fences and even walls, but are better
+against the former. I saw a fence covered with the crimson-flowered Eva
+Rathke in a London garden, and flowered abundantly every year.
+
+ECCREMOCARPUS SCABER.--Climber for wall, arch, or pergola, with reddish
+flowers. Protect the roots by coating the soil above them with ashes or
+some protective material.
+
+EDWARDSIA (SOPHORA) TETRAPTERA.--This is called the New Zealand
+Laburnum. A tree in its own country, but a shrubby wall plant here.
+_Grandiflora_ is the best variety.
+
+ESCALLONIA (see p. 385).
+
+FUCHSIA.--The hardy Fuchsias are almost unknown, though amongst the most
+beautiful of hardy shrubs. My favourite is _F. Riccartoni_, but this
+often makes a good hedge. Very charming also are _F. coccinea_, _F.
+corymbiflora_, _F. globosa_, _F. macrostemma_, _F. microphylla_, _F.
+splendens_, and _F. thymifolia_.
+
+HABLITZIA TAMNOIDES.--Better, perhaps, for arch, pergola, or tree stump
+than a wall, but in some cases it may be placed there. It is a vigorous
+climber, with misty masses of greenish flowers in summer and autumn. Not
+often seen.
+
+HEDERA (Ivy).--The Common Ivy when growing in an exposed position will
+often acquire a rich bronzy hue during winter, but in this respect
+individual plants vary a good deal, the smaller-leaved forms being as a
+rule the richest in colour.
+
+The most marked in this respect, and one that from its neat,
+prettily-lobed leaves is well suited for use in making up button-holes,
+sprays, &c., is the variety _atropurpurea_, whose distinctive character
+is far more marked in winter than in summer. _Hedera Helix minima_ must
+not be confounded with _H. H. conglomerata_, though at a certain stage
+of growth there is some similarity. A three-year-old specimen differs
+from the freer _conglomerata_ form in that it grows more flat both as
+regards the twigs and the leaves on the twigs. It has more shining
+foliage of a deeper and more sombre green, with pleasing clouded tints,
+and further, as the name would suggest, it is a smaller plant in all its
+parts. It is a beautiful creeper for positions on the rock garden, and
+is one of the best surface plants, as through it bulbs may spear their
+growth and flowers without injury. _H. H. pedata_ and _H. H. gracilis_,
+both charming varieties of the small-leaved Ivies, should be in every
+collection.
+
+The uses to which Ivy may be put are innumerable, and with the many
+beautiful varieties that are now to be obtained their sphere of
+usefulness has considerably extended. One of the most picturesque
+methods of growing Ivy is to allow it to clamber over tree stumps placed
+here and there in suitable parts of the garden. Ivy banks also are very
+charming, and for carpeting the bare ground beneath the spreading
+branches of large trees nothing could be more suitable. For the latter
+purpose the shoots should be pegged down and kept in position so that
+they may take root. Suitable varieties for this purpose are _H.
+dentata_, _H. rægneriana_, _rhombea_, _obovata_, _himalaica_, _pedata_,
+_palmata_, _lobata_, &c.; but the best of all is an Ivy called Emerald
+green.
+
+[Illustration: _CAMELLIA, LEAF AND FRUIT (outdoors Cheshire)._]
+
+INDIGOFERA GERARDIANA.--During the late summer and early autumn this
+leguminiferous shrub is one of the most attractive of those that are
+then in flower. Its finely divided pinnate leaves are of a rich deep
+green, and almost fern-like in grace and luxuriance. It is, indeed,
+worth growing for their sake alone. About the end of June it commences
+to flower, produces its flower-spikes in the leaf-axils, and continues
+to do so until the middle of September. The flowers are pea-shaped, and
+borne on spikes 4 to 5 inches long. The colour is a bright rosy purple.
+The species is a native of the Himalaya, and its stems do not survive
+winters of even moderate severity. The root-stock is, however, perfectly
+hardy, and it sends up a thicket of young growths every spring 2 to 4
+feet long, which flower the same summer. It is not suited for growing in
+large masses by itself, because it starts rather slowly, and the season
+is advanced before the space the plants occupy becomes furnished. But it
+is very suitable for the herbaceous border, or, still better, as an
+undergrowth beneath groups of taller, thinly-planted shrubs. It is happy
+also against a wall. Also known as _I. floribunda_.
+
+JASMINUM.--The White Jasmine (_J. officinale_) is too well known to
+describe. It is one of the best of the cheaper wall climbers. _Affine_
+is the best variety; it has larger flowers. _J. humile_ (_revolutum_),
+although an Indian species, will succeed against a wall; it has yellow
+flowers and is evergreen. _J. fruticans_, another bushy species, may
+also be grown; its flowers are yellow, and succeeded by an abundance of
+round black berries which are very distinct and pleasing in winter. Of
+course, the beautiful, fragrant, yellow-flowered _J. nudiflorum_ will
+not be omitted. The new _J. primulinum_ has large yellow flowers in
+spring. Wants a wall.
+
+KERRIA JAPONICA.--Sometimes grown against a wall, but an excellent bush
+for grouping, except in very cold and exposed gardens. The flowers are
+yellow and produced abundantly. It should be more grown. The double
+variety, _K. j. flore-pleno_, is frequently seen against cottage walls,
+and making a cloud of yellow from the double rosette-like flowers in
+early summer. The major form of this is the best.
+
+[Illustration: _DUTCH HONEYSUCKLE ON WALL._]
+
+LONICERA (Honeysuckle).--This is too well known to describe. The
+Honeysuckle of the hedgerow is as familiar as the Poppy of the
+cornfield. The common native Honeysuckle is _Lonicera Periclymenum_, the
+best variety of which is _serotina_, or late Dutch; it flowers into the
+autumn, and is of redder colouring. _Belgica_ is the Dutch Honeysuckle
+and is of strong growth. _L. Caprifolium_ is not a true native, but has
+become naturalised. _Major_ is a distinct variety. Then there are the
+evergreen Trumpet Honeysuckles (_L. sempervirens_ and varieties, _minor_
+being the best known; the flowers are scarlet and yellow).
+_Plantierensis_ is a good hybrid with larger flowers. The Trumpet
+Honeysuckles are not so robust and free as the late Dutch, for example.
+The well-known variegated Japan Honeysuckle, _L. japonica
+aureo-reticulata_, should not be planted much; its small, green,
+yellow-netted leaves are pretty, but one quickly tires of their
+colouring. _L. etrusca_, orange yellow, and _L. flava_, which must have
+a warm place, may also be mentioned. Certain species are quite bushy in
+growth. _L. tomentella_ has small pink flowers in July. _L.
+fragrantissima_ blooms in winter and is a delightful wall Honeysuckle;
+its small white flowers are very fragrant. _L. Standishii_ is also sweet
+scented. A plant or two of either kind near the windows is very pleasant
+on sunny winter days. The Honeysuckles are charming, and should be in
+every garden--at least one or other of them.
+
+MAGNOLIA.--_M. grandiflora_ (evergreen) is generally grown against a
+wall. The large, glossy, green leaves and big, creamy, fragrant flowers
+are very handsome. _M. conspicua_ (deciduous) I have also seen very
+beautiful against a wall, a mass of white in late spring. The flowers in
+this position are less likely to get damaged by frost and rain. Its
+varieties may be used in the same way, but the type is the best.
+
+OLEARIA (see p. 405).
+
+PASSIFLORA CÆRULEA.--Few climbing plants are more fascinating than the
+blue Passion Flower. It is, with its bluish flowers and orange,
+egg-shaped fruit, most happy against a warm wall, and is not the
+hardiest of climbers. The white variety, Constance Elliot, should be
+grown also.
+
+PIPTANTHUS NEPALENSIS (Nepaul Laburnum).--This is a shrubby wall plant,
+and not a very important one. Its yellow flowers remind one of those of
+the Laburnum, and are borne in clusters.
+
+[Illustration: _POLYGONUM BALDSCHUANICUM OVER FIR._]
+
+POLYGONUM BALDSCHUANICUM.--A beautiful shrubby climber, with clouds of
+white, pink-tinted flowers in summer and autumn. An illustration shows
+it clambering into a Fir tree near the rock garden at Kew. I have seen
+many poor forms in gardens, seedlings, and therefore to keep the true
+type, it must be increased by cuttings. If frost cuts the stems down in
+winter, new growths spring up in the following year. Its graceful flower
+masses are useful in the house. _P. molle_ is not unlike it.
+
+PRUNUS TRILOBA is an excellent wall shrub (see illustration).
+
+[Illustration: _PRUNUS TRILOBA AGAINST SUNNY WALL AT KEW._]
+
+PUNICA (Pomegranate).--Both single and double.
+
+PYRUS.--The Pyruses are described elsewhere in this book. _P. (Cydonia)
+japonica_ and its many beautiful varieties, and _P. Maulei_ are,
+however, more frequently grown against walls than any other members of
+the same family. _Prunus triloba_ is an excellent wall shrub.
+
+RAPHIOLEPIS OVATA.--A very handsome plant.
+
+ROSA (Rose) (see p. 342).
+
+RUBUS (see p. 450).
+
+SMILAX.--This group is not common in gardens, but is interesting. They
+are a change from the repetition of a few common things. _S.
+rotundifolia_ is a very handsome large-leaved Smilax with shiny foliage,
+now and then met with as _S. laurifolia_ or _S. latifolia_, from which,
+however, according to Mr. R. Irwin Lynch, of Cambridge, it is distinct.
+All the kinds of hardy Smilax form handsome leafy creepers for walls,
+but in our climate they rarely produce the rich clusters of red berries
+that often render them so attractive abroad.
+
+SOLANUM.--_S. jasminoides_ is the most popular flowering climber of the
+south-west, producing its white bloom-clusters for many months in
+succession. It is classed as deciduous in botanical dictionaries, but is
+rarely bare of leaves, except after severe frosts in the early months of
+the year. _S. crispum_ and _S. Wendlandi_ will also succeed in mild
+counties; the latter has very large bluish flowers.
+
+STAUNTONIA LATIFOLIA (syn. _Holboellia latifolia_).--This plant bears
+clusters of small greenish-white, highly-fragrant flowers in March, and
+often perfects seed-pods in the autumn. It is a rapid grower, and its
+leathery leaves are rarely affected by frost.
+
+STUARTIA PSEUDO-CAMELLIA.--A rare and very beautiful flowering shrub now
+seldom seen in even the best of gardens. It is a native of Japan, the
+flowers being ivory white and perfectly cup-shaped, somewhat like a
+single White Camellia. _S. pentagyna_ comes from North America, as also
+_S. virginica_, but the first-named is the finest and is worth a good
+deal of trouble to grow well. Planted in loam and peat and sand at the
+foot of a sunny and sheltered wall, the flowering shoots may be
+preserved intact during the winter. Perfect drainage is absolutely
+essential for the first-named.
+
+TRICUSPIDARIA HEXAPETALA.--A very distinct and beautiful evergreen
+shrub, perhaps better known as _Crinodendron Hookeri_. It is a native of
+Chili, and grows 5 or 6 feet high, its stiff branches set with dark,
+shiny ovate leaves. The flowers are nearly globular, very fleshy, and
+rich crimson-red or cherry colour. In both co. Wicklow, at Mount Usher,
+and at Salerno, co. Dublin, this rare shrub is very luxuriant and
+beautiful. It grows well in deep, rich, moist loam or in peaty soils,
+and propagates readily by layers laid down under stones.
+
+VIBURNUM.--Some of the Viburnums are handsome against walls, such as _V.
+macrocephalum_ and the Chinese _V. plicatum_.
+
+VITIS (Vine).--The Vines are the most graceful and beautiful of all
+climbers, and many of them are of glorious colour in autumn. The
+Virginian Creepers (_Ampelopsis_) are now grouped with the Vines. Of the
+American Vines, _Vitis æstivalis_, _V. californica_, beautiful autumn
+colour; _V. cordifolia_, the Northern Fox Grape (_V. Labrusca_),
+Southern Fox Grape (_V. vulpina_). The Virginian Creeper (_V.
+quinquefolia_) is, as is generally known, very showy in autumn. Of the
+Asiatic Vines, _V. Coignetiæ_ is the most famous. It has very large
+leaves, which turn to a glowing crimson in autumn. It is a noble
+climber. _V. heterophylla humulifolia_ has beautiful fruit, each berry
+about the size of a pea and turquoise blue; it likes a warm, sunny wall.
+_V. (Ampelopsis) Veitchii_ is too well known to describe. _V. Romaneti_
+and _V. vinifera_, the Common Grape Vine, also deserve notice. Of the
+last-mentioned there are many beautiful varieties, such as _Purpurea_,
+Miller's Burgundy, Teinturier, with claret-coloured foliage, and the
+Parsley-leaved Vine. _V. Thunbergi_ has very fine leaves, which turn
+crimson in autumn. The Vines should be seen in greater variety, and
+Messrs. Veitch's recent beautiful novelties planted too.
+
+[Illustration: _OLD WISTARIA AT HAMPTON COURT._]
+
+WISTARIA.--Wistaria time is a pleasant season of the year. A few noble
+examples may be seen in the suburbs of London, especially at Kew and
+Hampton Court, where the trees must be a great age, while quite a fine
+plant is in the Royal Gardens, Kew, also. What may be achieved with this
+plant if some attention to its needs were forthcoming is not clear, for
+most of the Wistarias we see from time to time shift for themselves, and
+by the position they occupy must have large numbers of their roots in
+dusty, dry soil. In former days it was always the custom to plant this
+fine climber at the base of the dwelling-house wall, but now, with a
+fuller knowledge of its robust growth, its widely-extending branches,
+and equally its wide-rooting capacity, other positions may with
+advantage be secured for it. One example may be seen at Kew, where a
+fine plant covers a huge cage-like structure. Another good way would be
+to plant it to run over pergolas, and with Clematis to succeed the
+Wistaria, the effect would be distinctly good. _W. sinensis_, the
+mauve-flowered species, is the one usually planted. The variety _alba_
+is less robust, and does not flower so freely; it wants a warm place.
+The double variety is very beautiful when in perfection, but our
+experience is that it never flowers freely, and the raceme is often
+poor. _W. multijuga_ has very long racemes, and is the Wistaria which
+gives so much beauty to the gardens in Japan. It is always a pleasure in
+Wistaria time to visit the Royal Gardens, Kew, and see the exquisitely
+coloured trails of flowers on this species; these trails measure between
+2 and 3 feet in length. Rosea is a rose-coloured variety.
+
+[Illustration: _WISTARIA RACEME, SHORT, W. SINENSIS; LONG, W.
+MULTIJUGA._]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] This also includes plants suitable for walls.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI
+
+FLOWERING AND OTHER HEDGES
+
+
+Of the more or less known 3000 species and varieties of trees and shrubs
+hardy in this country, only a small proportion are suitable for making
+good hedges. Every garden of any size has a hedge or two of untidy look
+through inattention at the proper time. A hedge must be kept in proper
+order, not a difficult business when clipping is done annually, when to
+do so depending upon the plants used.
+
+Hedges may be of two kinds--the neat trimmed hedge, which serves as an
+outside line to a garden, and also as a screen or wind-break to small or
+tender plants growing near it; and the straggling rough hedge, varying
+from 10 to 20 feet in width, more properly a wide bank made up of all
+sorts of plants, rambling Roses, ornamental Vines, and other things
+which usually serve to brighten some spot where colour is desirable, or
+to shut out an undesirable view. The best plants comprise both
+evergreens and deciduous, but only one thing should be used, as mixed
+hedges are rarely a success, and of mingled evergreen and deciduous
+plants are generally quite a failure. It is right to mention, however,
+that if a mixed hedge is planted the best results are from White Thorn,
+Holly, and Common Beech. The best evergreen plants in their order of
+merit are Holly, Yew, Arbor-vitæ (_Thuya occidentalis_), _Thuya
+gigantea_ or _Lobbi_, Common Box, _Cupressus lawsoniana_, _C.
+nootkatensis_ (_Thujopsis borealis_), Privet (_Ligustrum_), Common
+Laurel, Portugal Laurel Pyramid Laurel (_Prunus lusitanica myrtifolia_),
+_Berberis Darwinii_, and _Osmanthus ilicifolius_.
+
+HOLLY.--The Common Holly makes one of the best evergreen hedges. Its
+growth, though somewhat slow, is regular, and it does not mind the
+shears, but it is costly to use to any extent. It does not move readily,
+so that for the first year or two there will probably be a few gaps to
+fill up, but when the hedge is once established it is there practically
+for ever, and with proper attention will never become rough or
+unsightly. Before planting the site should be marked out, and the ground
+trenched 3 feet wide and deep, breaking the subsoil with a fork, and
+working some well-decayed manure about half-way down. This will tend to
+draw the roots down, and keep them from running out on either side to
+the injury of neighbouring plants. Plants should be obtained in the
+early autumn, as soon as it is safe to move them, and planted at once
+before the ground gets cool. If this be done they will make fresh roots
+and get established before winter. Some prefer to move Hollies in May,
+but much depends on whether artificial watering can be done. If it can,
+May is quite as good a time as September or October; if not, then choose
+the autumn.
+
+The size of the plants used depends upon taste and the depth of the
+pocket, but good plants, 1œ to 2 feet high, with a leading shoot or two
+on each, placed from 12 to 16 inches apart, can be recommended, as they
+move readily at that size, and are not so costly as larger plants. Holly
+hedges should be clipped in late August or early September, when they
+will make a short growth before winter, and keep in good condition
+without further attention until the following autumn. The height of the
+hedge is entirely a matter for the owner to decide, one 30 or 40 feet
+high, properly feathered to the ground, being quite possible, as we know
+from some already in existence. When grown to this height, however, the
+top should be cut to a point to throw off snow. The flatness of the
+hedge can be broken by allowing a few leading shoots, 20 or 30 feet
+apart, to run up, budding them in August with some of the variegated
+varieties. Gold Queen, Waterer's Gold, Silver Queen, and _Argentea
+variegata_ are good sorts to use for this.
+
+When a Holly hedge has been neglected for some years cut it back to the
+old wood in March or April, and fork in a liberal dressing of manure
+around it. It may not make much growth the first year, but will
+practically re-establish itself the second.
+
+YEW.--The Common Yew is hard to kill, and easy to prune into various
+shapes, as topiary work suggests. Yew is generally used for the inside
+of a garden, such as terraces and hedges near the house. It should be
+treated in the same way as the Holly, with the important exception of
+being clipped in May, as the Yew makes most of its growth in the early
+part of the year. In buying Yews, choose rather stunted-looking plants
+in preference to those of fresher look and freer growth. The former have
+been moved within the last year or two, the latter have stood for three
+or four, and become coarse rooted, suffering, therefore, after removal.
+
+ARBOR-VITÆ.--For a hedge this and _Thuya gigantea_ can be placed
+together. The common Arbor-Vitæ is sometimes not liked because it gets
+brown in winter, but this colouring is not so pronounced in _Thuya
+gigantea_. In preparing the ground little or no manure need be trenched
+in, but a dressing of spent manure may be added with advantage. The soil
+should be as good as possible, but not too heavy. They may be clipped at
+any season, and for the first two or three years twice annually will not
+be too often. It is wise to cut off from six inches to one foot of the
+leaders every year, otherwise the plants attain a great height without
+breadth. If a hedge of these conifers is allowed to become rough and
+ragged, it is almost impossible to restore it, as it will not, except in
+special cases, break from the older wood.
+
+BOX.--The dwarf edging so largely used for borders and paths needs no
+description, but the Common Box is not so largely used because it gets
+yellow, the result of sheer starvation, the Box being a gross feeder,
+requiring plenty of feeding at all times. It should have a dressing of
+manure annually, or at least biennially, to keep it in good health and
+colour. It should be clipped in the spring, April or May being the best
+months, and a top-dressing about the same time will be very beneficial
+to it. Box is a good shrub for an inside hedge, but should never become
+overgrown, as, in addition to the hard cutting necessary to bring it
+into shape, it is a terrible plant to cut, even the small wood being
+very hard and tough.
+
+LAWSON CYPRESS.--_Cupressus lawsoniana_ and _C. nootkatensis_ (_Thujopis
+borealis_) can be treated together, as, in addition to their natural
+relationship, both require the same treatment as a hedge. Neither makes
+a good flat-topped hedge of the ordinary kind, as the growth is
+distinctly pyramidal, and unless kept to a point is apt to get injured
+by snow. They should be cut to a point, and a hedge 12 to 20 feet high
+of this shape is very handsome and effective in a garden, as well as
+forming a first-rate screen. They can be trimmed at any time preferably
+in the spring or early summer, care being taken not to cut the base too
+hard, and the leading shoots top annually. In planting no manure need be
+used, provided the ground is good, and it is not required later on
+unless the hedge shows signs of starvation, when a good top dressing may
+be given with advantage. Plants 2 or 3 feet in height, placed about 18
+inches apart, are a good size to use, as they move readily and are not
+expensive.
+
+PRIVET.--The oval-leaved Privet (_Ligustrum ovalifolium_) is a native of
+Japan, and makes a fairly good hedge about 5 or 6 feet high. It grows
+readily, and moves without any trouble at almost any time. It can be
+bought cheaply. The ground should be well treated in the first place;
+afterwards it will require little attention in the way of feeding. It
+can be clipped at almost any time, but for the first year or two should
+be cut hard back before growth begins in the spring. Neglect of this
+leads to a hedge that is leafy at the top but bare at the bottom. In
+this note the use of Privet is not wholly condemned, but it must be
+understood its use is not recommended. There is no doubt whatever that
+for town gardens the Privet is of the greatest service, enduring smoke
+and fog with impunity. It is vigorous, and soon becomes established in
+the most dreary gardens.
+
+LAURELS.--Any of the various forms of the Common and Portugal Laurels
+with the types are suitable for what may be called second-rate hedges,
+the best being the Pyramid Portugal, which is a smaller-leaved and more
+upright-growing kind than any of the others. With the exception of the
+last-named, all the Laurels make hedges rather wide for their height,
+and all require much attention to keep them in proper shape. All should
+be clipped in June, after the first growth is made; they will then make
+another short growth, which will keep the hedge in good condition until
+the following year. The Pyramid Portugal has leaves about half the size
+of those of the type and quickly makes a hedge. It is rather more
+expensive than the commoner Laurels, but it moves well, and does not
+become bare at the bottom.
+
+OSMANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS.--This plant has not been much used for hedges,
+but it makes a very good one if carefully looked after during the
+first year or two. It somewhat resembles the Common Holly, and requires
+much the same treatment. It is not very expensive to buy, and the hedge
+should be kept to a height of 3 or 4 feet.
+
+
+Deciduous Hedges
+
+Many deciduous plants can be used for hedges, but a good selection
+comprises Beech, Hornbeam, Quick, Myrobalan Plum, and Sweetbriar. The
+first two require practically the same treatment, the most important
+part of which is to procure good two or three years old transplanted
+plants, and to treat them liberally at first. Beyond an annual trimming
+they will not require any further attention, except to tie or peg down a
+branch or two where gaps may occur. A well known gardener, writing in
+the _Garden_, says: "We often find the Holly and the Yew largely used in
+gardens as hedges, but they are not quite so good under all conditions
+as the Beech or Hornbeam. The Beech is one of our many hardy trees both
+for screens and hedges. The Copper Beech is seldom used for this
+purpose, but this is a mistake. We have a fence of the Copper Beech,
+dividing the kitchen garden from the pleasure grounds, 138 yards long,
+18 feet high, and from 4 feet to 5 feet through. It forms a perfect wall
+on either side, and in spring is one of the most interesting features of
+the place. It would be useless planting the Copper Beech on a wet or
+heavy soil--a light soil suits it best. The hedge is now in perfect
+health, and all that is necessary is an annual clipping about the end of
+August, before the wood gets hard."
+
+[Illustration: _GREAT BEECH HEDGE AT MICKLEOUR, N.B._]
+
+Quick and the Myrobalan Plum should be planted in double rows to form a
+hedge, and be cut back hard at the time of planting to form a bottom to
+the hedge, which would otherwise become leggy and bare at the base. If
+they should happen to get into this state most of the growth should be
+cut away, and the main branches tied or pegged down in the direction of
+the hedge. In a year or two it will be practically as good as ever.
+
+For a dividing line between the flower and kitchen gardens, or for some
+spot where too much formality is not required, the Common Sweetbriar
+makes an excellent hedge, although it requires much attention for the
+first few years. If planted without support, such as a wooden railing,
+it should be kept tied or pegged down almost to the ground for the first
+two or three years, using practically every growth that is made by the
+plants. By this means a good foundation is laid for the hedge, which
+will, when made, merely require an annual trimming. We plant Sweetbriars
+everywhere. Its leaves in the early morning, or after a warm summer
+rain, saturate the air with their fragrance.
+
+
+Hedges of Flowering Shrubs
+
+It often happens that some kind of hedge is wanted in a garden, either
+as a screen to hide vegetable ground, or as a wind-break, or some kind
+of partition. When this is the case, it is a good plan to plant hardy
+flowering shrubs about 4 feet apart, and so to train and trim them that
+they grow into a compact hedge, and yet have enough lateral play to
+allow them to flower. Two years ago we privately advised some friends
+who were planting new gardens where such dividing hedges were wanted,
+and the hedges are already coming into use and beauty.
+
+Such a hedge is not only ornamental, but it yields endless material for
+cutting. It should be allowed to grow quite 4 feet thick, and is best
+formed with a backbone of stiff woody shrubs, such as Guelder Roses,
+_Ribes_, and Lilac, while between the stiffer shrubs might be some that
+are weaker, such as _Kerria_, _Rhodotypus_, and _Leycesteria_. Plants of
+rank rambling growth, such as free Roses and double-flowered Brambles,
+_Aristolochia_, _Wistaria_, Virginia Creeper, and the rambling
+Honeysuckles, are not in place in such a hedge; they are more suitable
+for rough hedge banks, walls, or for arbour and pergola; the flower
+hedge wants true shrubs. The bush Honeysuckles, such as _Lonicera
+fragrantissima_ and _L. tatarica_, are just right, or any woody, twiggy
+bushes of moderate growth, or such as are amenable to pruning and
+thinning, such as _Deutzia_ and Snowberry, shrubs that so often get
+overgrown in a shrubbery. In the hedge these would do well, as they
+could easily be watched and thinned; also many true shrubs that flower
+all the better for reasonable pruning.
+
+[Illustration: _HEDGE OF MAIDEN'S BLUSH ROSE (6 feet to 7 feet high)._]
+
+Any one would be surprised to see what a quantity of useful flowers such
+a hedge would yield, while, if there is another of foliage for winter
+use, it will be invaluable to the indoor decorator. We have just planted
+a hedge for this use, all of golden variegated or yellow-leaved shrubs,
+those chosen being the Scotch Gold Holly, Golden Euonymus, Golden
+Privet, yellow variegated Box, and Golden Tree Ivy, all shrubs of the
+utmost value for winter cuttings. Though they are barely 2 feet high as
+yet, the slightly varied golden hedge is already a pleasant, cheering
+sight in the quickly-shortening November days.
+
+Other flower hedges are also delightful possessions. Hedges of China
+Rose, of Lavender, of Sweetbriar, of old garden Roses, or of climbing or
+rambling Roses trained down, of Honeysuckles, of Jasmine; some of these
+are occasionally seen, but of a good selection of true shrubs hedges are
+rarely if ever made.
+
+Any of the shrubs recommended for the mixed flowering hedge could, of
+course, be used alone; and excellent it would be to have a hedge of
+Guelder Rose or flowering Currant or Japan Quince, and how much more
+interesting than the usual hedge of Quick or Privet or Holly. Both sides
+of the flower hedge should be easily accessible, not necessarily by a
+hard path, but by a space just wide enough to go along comfortably. An
+additional advantage well worth considering would be that, supposing the
+direction of the hedge to be east and west, the south side would flower
+in advance of the north, and so prolong the supply of bloom.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII
+
+PLEACHED OR GREEN ALLEYS
+
+
+In the old days the pleached alley was as familiar in English gardens as
+the pergola of the present age. Both are interesting, and both provide
+grateful shadowed walks in the heat of summer. The trees most generally
+used in the fashioning of pleached alleys were the Hornbeam and Lime,
+both native of this country, but green alleys have been made of Yew, of
+_Cotoneaster buxifolia_, of Holly, and other evergreens. There are
+flowering Cherries of weeping habit that would suit well for such
+treatment, and several other small trees of pendulous growth, such as
+Laburnum, Weeping Ash, and the large-leaved Weeping Elm. There is an
+important green alley at West Dean, near Chichester, of Laburnum only.
+
+[Illustration: _A NUT WALK._]
+
+The green alley differs from the pergola in that the pergola has solid
+and permanent supports, its original purpose, in addition to the giving
+of shade, being to support vines. The green alley, being made of stiffer
+and more woody growths, only needs a temporary framework to which to
+train the trees till they have filled the space and formed the shape.
+Hornbeam was the tree most used in former ages, and for a simple green
+alley nothing is better. Beech is also good. Several other of the
+smaller trees of weeping growth should be more used for this and the
+allied uses of training for arbours and other shelter-places in the
+garden.
+
+The common Plane is much used on the continent for green shelters; the
+trees are pollarded at about eight feet high, and the vigorous young
+growths trained down horizontally to a slight framework.
+
+It would be interesting to make a green alley with two or perhaps three
+kinds of plants whose leaf form was of the same structure. For instance,
+a groundwork of Weeping Ash could soon be trained into shape, and
+Wistaria would be best to grow all over and through it. The more stiff
+and woody Ash would supply the eventual solid framework, as by the time
+the Wistaria was making strong growth (for it is very slow to make a
+beginning) the whole would be well in shape, and might dispense with the
+framing of "carpenters' work" that is necessary for its first shaping.
+It would be best to plant the Ash zigzag across the path so that the
+main of the head of each tree might be trained across the path and down
+to the ground on the opposite side, when it would occupy the space
+between the two opposite trees.
+
+It is important to further maintain the distinction between green alley
+and pergola by using in the green alley only things of a permanent and
+woody character; no Roses or Clematis, or any other plants of which
+portions are apt to die or wear out. These are proper to the pergola,
+whose permanent substructure makes it easier to cut away and renew those
+of its coverings, whether structural or growing, that are liable to
+partial decay.
+
+A great many delightful things may be done with these green alleys and
+green shelters. Much interest is already aroused in the pergola, and
+when thinking of this it is well to consider these other ways of adding
+to the comfort and charm of our gardens. One thing, however, should be
+carefully considered. It should be remembered that where a path is made
+more important by passing under trained green growths it should have
+some definite reason for being so accentuated, certainly at one and
+desirably at both ends. It often occurs that in laying out ground the
+owner wishes to have a pergola, as it were, in the air, and when there
+is nothing to justify its presence. It should not be put at haphazard
+over any part of the garden walk. If of any length, it should distinctly
+lead from somewhere to somewhere of importance in the garden design, and
+should, at least at one end, finish in some distinct full-stop, such as
+a well-designed summer-house or tea-house.
+
+Another important matter is that a pergola or green alley, in the usual
+sense, should never wind or go uphill. It is not intended by this that
+shading coverings cannot be used in such places, but that they would
+want especial design, and it is altogether a matter of doubt if these
+could not be much better treated in other ways.
+
+The circumstances of different gardens are so infinitely various that it
+is impossible to lay down hard rules; only general rules can be given
+and exceptional circumstances dealt with by exceptional treatment.
+
+Green alleys require some attention. In winter the oldest of the wood
+must be cut out to make room for the young growth, and when this is
+lengthening vigorously it must be carefully laid in.
+
+If the alley has an iron framework, which is necessary when such strong
+growing things as Wistaria are used, this may be clothed during the
+first few years, until the Wistaria is growing strongly, with annual
+climbers such as _Cobæa scandens_, _lophospermum_, _Mina lobata_, and
+even varieties of the large-flowered Clematis, which must be removed
+when the Wistaria covers the alley.
+
+[Illustration: _OLD APPLE WALK (Helmingham Hall)._]
+
+Very charming alleys are sometimes formed of fruit trees--Pear, Apple,
+Cherry, and Plum making delightful spring pictures, and almost as much
+so when in fruit in autumn. Where fruit and flower are desired every
+shoot must be exposed to sun and air. When densely shaded by other
+growths the wood does not ripen, and therefore flowers badly, if at
+all.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVIII
+
+THE GARDEN ORCHARD
+
+
+One's enjoyment of the garden would be greatly increased if the orchard,
+which is so often thrust away into a remote corner, were brought into
+direct communication with it. How easily the trimmer lawn spaces might
+lead through groups of flowering shrubs to the rather rougher grassy
+orchard. How naturally the garden Roses and masses of free-growing
+Cluster Roses would lead to their near relations, the Pears and Apples
+and other fruiting trees of the great Rose order.
+
+There is no need to make a definite break between the two; it is all the
+better not to know where the garden ends and the orchard begins. Towards
+the edge of the mown lawn there may already be trees of the Red Siberian
+Crab and the handsome Crab John Downie, and the pretty little Fairy
+Apple; while the nearer orchard trees may well be wreathed with some of
+the free Cluster Roses, such as Bennett's Seedling or Dundee Rambler.
+
+[Illustration: _OLD MULBERRY AT SYON, MIDDLESEX._]
+
+If the orchard is of some extent its standard trees of Pear, Apple,
+Cherry, and Plum may be varied by three or four bush trees, or by some
+of the beautiful fruit trees of lower growth, such as Medlars and
+Quinces. There may also be breaks of cut-leaved Blackberry and a
+thicket of Crabs or Filberts, and on some one side, or perhaps more, a
+shady Nut alley. There is no need to be always moving the garden
+orchard. One wide, easy, grassy way might well be kept closely shorn,
+but much of the middle and side spaces had better not be cut until
+hay-time, for many would be the bulbs planted under the turf, great
+drifts of Daffodils and Spanish Scillas, and Fritillaries for the larger
+effects, and Colchicums and Saffron Crocus for the later months. If the
+grass were mown again in September, just before the Colchicums appear,
+it would allow of easy access to the fruit trees in the time of their
+harvest, and in those interesting weeks immediately before the Apples
+ripen.
+
+[Illustration: _OLD MEDLAR TREE ON EDGE OF GARDEN ORCHARD._]
+
+It must not be forgotten that the best use of many fruit-bearing trees
+is not restricted to the kitchen garden only, for many of them are
+beautiful things in the most dressed ground. Few small trees are more
+graceful in habit than the old English Quince that bears the smooth,
+roundish fruits. It is not only a pleasant object in leaf and flower in
+early summer, and in autumn glory of golden fruit, but even when bare of
+leaves in winter a fully matured tree is strikingly beautiful, and in
+boggy ground where no other tree would thrive it is just at its happiest
+and is most fruitful. Then many Apples are extremely ornamental, and
+there is a whole range of Crabs; Siberian, Chinese, and home-raised
+hybrids that are delightful things both in flower and in fruit. _Pyrus
+Maulei_, vieing in beauty of bloom with its near neighbours, the
+Japanese Quinces, quite outdoes them in glory and bounty of fruit, which
+in October is one of the most brilliant things in the garden. There are
+no better garden ornaments for foliage than Figs and Vines, and though
+the needful pruning of a Vine for fruit takes off somewhat of its
+pictorial value, which depends in some measure on the wide-flung,
+luscious summer growth and groping tendril, yet in any shape the Grape
+Vine is a thing of beauty. Some of its garden kinds also show how, in
+distinct departures in colour and shape of leaf, it is always beautiful;
+for the Parsley-leaved Vine, with its dainty and deeply-cut foliage, is
+a suitable accompaniment to the most refined architecture; while the
+red-purple leaf of the Claret Vine and its close clusters of blue fruit
+are richly ornamental in the autumn garden. A Medlar tree, with its
+large white bloom and handsome leaves, is desirable, and several of the
+Services are ornamental small trees. Every one knows the lovely pink
+bloom of the Almond in April, but few may have tried something that is
+not an experiment but a certainty--namely, the successful culture of the
+hardier Peaches, near relatives to the Almond, as standards in the south
+of England. A Peach of American origin, the Early Alexander, bears full
+or fair crops every year. The only danger is from leaf blister from
+sudden cold in May, but if its position is sheltered, or if it can be
+afforded the protection of a net, it will suffer but little, and
+perfectly ripened peaches, red all round, may be had at the end of July.
+The beauty of Cherry blossom is so well known that it needs no
+extolling; and any great high wall looks the better at all seasons for a
+well-trained old Pear.
+
+A free planting of the cut-leaved Bramble is pleasant to see on the
+outskirts of the garden, and is beautiful in leaf, in flower, and in
+fruit.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXIX
+
+THE WORTHY USE OF ROSES
+
+
+For a full consideration of the Rose as a garden flower, one must look
+to such a work as "Roses for English Gardens," but as the Rose is a
+flowering shrub it cannot be omitted from the present volume.
+
+In these days of horticultural prosperity and rapid progress, when there
+would appear to be one or more specialists devoting themselves to every
+worthy flower, we need scarcely say that the Rose has not been
+forgotten. Indeed, within the memory of many who have watched its
+culture for the last forty years, the rapid advance is nothing less than
+astonishing. Our own veteran growers and some of the foreign firms seem
+to have vied with each other in producing new forms in the Hybrid
+Perpetuals and in the Teas, but it has been almost within the last
+decade that growers have not only deepened the interest in the
+cultivation of the Rose, but have immensely widened it by striking out
+in new directions.
+
+It is now many years since the late Henry Bennett raised such lovely
+hybrids as Grace Darling and Mrs. John Laing, but the parents of these
+were still among the well-known H.P.'s and Teas and Chinas. But of late
+years hybridists have taken in hand some of the handsomer of the
+species, and by working them with well-established favourites have
+produced whole new ranges of fine Roses. Of these the most prominent
+have been products of _R. multiflora_, _rugosa_, _rubiginosa_, and
+_wichuraiana_. The striking success of many of these later hybrids is
+encouraging in the highest degree, and the field for future work is so
+immense that the imagination can hardly grasp the extent of the prospect
+that these earlier successes seem to open out.
+
+There are so many ways in which Roses may be beautiful. Even in the
+varied form and habit possessed by the types some special kind of beauty
+is shown and some special garden utility is foreshadowed. And then we
+think of the future possibilities of the Rose garden! Already--we say it
+with deliberation and a feeling of honest conviction--the Rose garden
+has never been developed to anything like its utmost possible beauty.
+The material already to hand even twenty years ago has never been
+worthily used.
+
+The Rose garden to be beautiful must be designed and planted and tended,
+not with money and labour and cultural skill only, but with brains and
+with love, and with all those best qualities of critical
+appreciation--the specially-cultured knowledge of what is beautiful, and
+why it is beautiful--besides the indispensable ability of the practical
+cultivator.
+
+There are in some places acres of Rose gardens, many of them only costly
+expositions of how a Rose garden had best not be made. The beautiful
+Rose garden, that shall be the living presentment of the poet's dream,
+and shall satisfy the artist's eye, and rejoice the gardener's heart,
+and give the restful happiness and kindle the reverent wonderment of
+delight, in such ways as should be the fulfilment of its best purpose,
+has yet to be made.
+
+It matters not whether it is in the quite free garden where Roses shall
+be in natural groups and great flowery masses and arching fountains, and
+where those of rambling growth on its outskirts shall clamber into
+half-distant surrounding trees and bushes, or whether it is in the
+garden of ordered formality that befits a palatial building; there are
+the Roses for all these places, and for all these and many other uses.
+Indeed, for reducing the hard lines of the most formal gardens and for
+showing them at their best, for such enjoyment as they may give by the
+humanising of their rigid lines and the softening of their original
+intention as a display of pomp and state and the least sympathetic kind
+of greatness, the beneficent quality of age and accompanying over-growth
+may be best shown by the wreathing and clambering cluster Roses, whose
+graceful growth and tender bloom are displayed all the better for their
+association with the hard lines and rough textures of masonry surfaces.
+
+
+SOME BEAUTIFUL WILD ROSES
+
+No family of hardy shrubs is more bewildering in the multiplicity and
+intricacy of its nomenclature than Rosa. Although there are many species
+now accepted by botanists, yet the pseudo-specific names may be counted
+by hundreds. Fortunately for those interested in their cultivation, a
+good many of these names refer to plants with very unimportant
+distinctions (many of them, indeed, are minor forms of our native Dog
+Rose), and the best of the wild species are mostly grown under the names
+applied to them in the following notes.
+
+Their cultivation is simple. They are like the Hybrid Perpetuals in
+their love for a rich loamy soil--one inclining to a clayey rather than
+to a sandy nature. Loving abundant sunlight, they are not happy in shady
+spots. The commonest mistake in their cultivation is in pruning. The
+notion that they have to be cut back like Hybrid Perpetuals and
+such-like Roses has often resulted in the loss of a season's flowers,
+besides destroying for the time the peculiar beauty of habit that many
+species possess. The shoots, often long, sucker-like growths that push
+from the base in summer, supply the flowers of the following year, and
+until they have flowered should not be touched with a knife. Whatever
+pruning is necessary--and it is, as a rule, a mere matter of thinning
+out of old worn-out stems--is to give the young growths more air and
+freedom. No shortening back is needed. It may always be remembered that
+some of the most beautiful specimens of Wild Roses in existence,
+especially those of rambling growth, have never been pruned at all. The
+chief thing is always to retain the free, unfettered grace natural to
+the plants. Pruning will help to do this, but it must be pruning of the
+proper kind.
+
+In the wilder parts of the garden the common Dog Rose (_R. canina_) and
+its numerous varieties are worth a place; they flower well, and are
+always beautiful in fruit. The same may be said of the Sweet Briar (_R.
+rubiginosa_), the fragrance of whose young growths is always a delight,
+whether in garden or hedgerow. _R. hibernica_, a British Rose, thought
+to be a hybrid between the Scotch Rose and _R. canina_, comes in the
+same category. It flowers earlier than the Dog Rose.
+
+For the wild garden also there are several other Roses that may be
+mentioned, such as _cinnamomea_, with rosy-red flowers and crimson
+fruit; _nutkana_, _acicularis_, _pisocarpa_, and _californica_. Only
+those are mentioned that from their greater beauty and distinctness
+deserve a more detailed notice.
+
+R. ALBA.--Although found wild in several parts of Europe, this, the
+"Common White Rose" of Linnæus, is supposed to be a hybrid between _R.
+gallica_ and the Dog Rose. It is always found in places which lead to
+the belief that it is not truly indigenous, but an escape from
+cultivated grounds. The typical plant has white flowers that are
+considerably larger than those of the Dog Rose, and the petals have more
+substance. There are now numerous double-flowered varieties in gardens,
+some beautifully tinged with rose.
+
+R. ALBERTI.--A native of Turkestan, where it was discovered by M. Albert
+Regel not many years ago. This is one of the rarest species of Rosa in
+cultivation. The flowers are bright yellow, the leaves small and much
+divided.
+
+R. ALPINA.--This is the species from which the Boursault Roses have been
+derived. It is a native of the Alps and Pyrenees. The stems are 4 to 5
+feet high, and have few or no spines except when young. The flowers are
+rosy red; the fruits red, often pear-shaped, and covered with bristles,
+which, when rubbed, have a turpentine-like odour.
+
+R. ARVENSIS (or R. REPENS).--From this species the Ayrshire Roses have
+been obtained. It is naturally a trailing or climbing plant, having long
+thin shoots and white flowers. When trained over tree stumps or rough
+stakes and ultimately allowed to grow at will, it forms tangled masses
+which are very pretty. But the double forms--even the common variety,
+_flore-pleno_--are to be preferred, being especially useful in semi-wild
+spots. The type is wild in England, and frequently to be seen in hedges
+and thickets.
+
+R. CAROLINA.--For certain positions this is a useful Rose. It has erect
+stems and forms dense thickets, spreading rapidly by means of the
+numerous underground rhizomes it sends out in all directions. The
+flowers are purplish-rose. A later-flowering variety known as
+_nuttalliana_ is a stronger grower and has larger flowers. This will
+flower up to September. _R. lucida_ and _R. nitida_ are, like _R.
+carolina_, natives of North America, and are of similar habit, but they
+are dwarfer and the leaves are more glossy. All these are apt to become
+crowded with old stems, and, besides an occasional thinning out, are
+much improved by dividing up every three or four years.
+
+R. FERRUGINEA (R. RUBRIFOLIA).--This species, which comes from the
+Pyrenees and Alps, is remarkable for the reddish-purple colour of its
+leaves and young shoots. Groups of half-a-dozen or more plants give a
+striking colour effect. The flowers are similar to the Dog Rose, but
+red.
+
+R. LÆVIGATA (R. SINICA).--Except in the south and south-west or in
+similarly favoured localities, this is not really hardy, but where it
+thrives it is a singularly beautiful Rose, perhaps unsurpassed among
+single Roses in the size of its pure white flowers. It is known as the
+Cherokee Rose, and is naturalised in some of the Southern United States.
+A lovely hybrid between it and _R. indica_ has been raised and named
+Anemone. Its flowers are soft rose.
+
+R. LUTEA (Austrian Briar)--Of all the Wild Yellow Roses this is the most
+beautiful. The yellow-flowered species do not, as a rule, thrive so well
+as the others in gardens--one has only to mention such species as
+_berberifolia_, _sulphurea_, _xanthina_ (or _Ecæ_) to recall that. But
+_R. lutea_, in strong loam with plenty of lime added, generally thrives
+well. The copper-coloured varieties are more difficult to deal with in
+suburban districts. The flowers of the typical _R. lutea_ are of the
+brightest rich yellow. When in good health it produces each year long
+arching shoots, wreathed from end to end with blossom. This species
+comes from the Orient.
+
+R. MICROPHYLLA--This interesting species is closely allied to _R.
+rugosa_, and is a native of China. It has a sturdy bushy habit, few
+spines, and the curious habit of peeling its bark. Its foliage is very
+handsome, the leaflets being small and numerous. The flowers are rose
+coloured and very fragrant. The shrub is interesting for its fine
+fruits, which are of large size, very spiny, and of a yellowish colour
+when ripe. Although some other species surpass this in showiness, it is
+one of the most distinct.
+
+R. MOSCHATA (Musk Rose).--When seen at its best, few of the rambling
+species are more beautiful than this. It is not, however, so hardy as
+some, especially when young, in which state it makes long, succulent
+shoots during summer and autumn, which are apt to be killed back in
+winter. Old plants do not suffer in the same way, or not so severely.
+Its flowers are borne in great clusters, and are notable for their pure
+whiteness and conspicuous bunches of bright-yellow stamens. The best
+plants often of this species are in shrubberies, where, no doubt, the
+other shrubs afford it some protection. It is a native of the Orient and
+India. The name "Musk Rose" refers to a perfume which may occasionally
+be detected in its flowers after a shower, but is never very apparent.
+_Nivea_ is a beautiful form.
+
+[Illustration: _ROSA MULTIFLORA_]
+
+R. MULTIFLORA.--This, the Polyantha Rose, the wild type of the group so
+named and the progenitor of many graceful Roses, is a native of Japan
+and China. It is a shrub 8 feet or more high, forming a dense thicket of
+arching branches. Its flowers individually are small, but they come in
+large dense clusters and so abundantly as to transform the shrub into a
+mass of white. They are very fragrant. This is an admirable plant for
+putting at the top of a wall or steep bank which it is desirable to
+drape with vegetation. The Polyantha group of Roses can always be
+distinguished by the stipules at the base of the leaf-stalk being
+fringed.
+
+R. OCHROLEUCA.--In stature, foliage, and mode of growth this is like the
+Scotch Rose, but its flowers are of as bright and rich a yellow as those
+of the Austrian Yellow (_R. lutea_). Where _R. lutea_ does not grow
+well, this will be an excellent substitute. A native of Siberia.
+
+R. POMIFERA (Apple Rose).--This is, perhaps, the most striking of Roses
+in regard to its fruit. The hips are 1 to 1œ inches long, apple or
+pear-shaped, of a fine bright red, and covered with bristles. It is a
+species that requires generous conditions at the root to be seen at its
+best. _R. mollis_ and _R. tomentosa_ belong to the same group, and have
+also fine red fruits, but they are much smaller than those of _R.
+pomifera_.
+
+R. RUGOSA (Japanese Rose).--No plant has come to the front more rapidly
+in recent years than this Rose. It was introduced from Japan in 1845,
+but appears to have been neglected. It is one of the very hardiest of
+Roses, as well as one of the sturdiest and most robust. The leaves are
+very handsome, the leaflets being of a rich green and wrinkled. The
+flowers in the wild type are rosy crimson, but there is also a white
+variety, and seedlings give quite a variety of shades. It hybridises
+freely with other species and garden varieties, and has in this way
+enriched our gardens with many good hybrids, Mme. Georges Bruant and the
+Coubert Double White among them. The fruits of _R. rugosa_ are
+orange-shaped, scarlet red, and of large size--altogether very
+ornamental.
+
+[Illustration: _HYBRID ROSE UNA, A SHRUBBY GROUP ON GRASS._
+
+(_Bed is 70 feet in circumference and contains 15 plants._)]
+
+R. SERICEA.--For some reason this Rose has never obtained the
+recognition it deserves. Perhaps its comparative rarity may account for
+this. It is the earliest of all Roses to flower out of doors, its first
+blossoms opening as a rule towards the latter end of May; the flowers
+are creamy white. In the cooler days of May and early June it lasts
+longer in bloom than many of the later flowering species do. It has one
+very distinctive character, in the petals being nearly always four
+(instead of the usual five) to each flower. Sometimes the bark of the
+young shoots is a bright red. A native of North India.
+
+R. SETIGERA.--Of the North American Roses none has proved more useful in
+this country than the Prairie Rose. A rambler in habit, it is valuable
+for its vigorous growth and late flowering. The flowers are large, deep
+rose, and appear in July and August.
+
+R. SPINOSISSIMA (R. PIMPINELLIFOLIA).--The Scotch Rose is one of the
+earliest species to bloom; it is also one of the prettiest and most
+distinct. The stems are dwarf and covered with bristles, the leaves
+small, and the flower white and cup-shaped. There are several wild
+varieties of it, the two most noteworthy being _altaica_ (or
+_grandiflora_) and _hispida_. Both these grow 6 feet or more high, and
+the flowers of both are larger than the typical Scotch Rose. Those of
+_altaica_ are creamy white; those of _hispida_ a lovely cream yellow.
+The garden varieties of this Rose are numerous--some double, some
+single, and varying in colour from yellow to white and from pink to
+purple. The type is found wild in several parts of Britain.
+
+R. WEBBIANA.--Coming from some of the highest elevations on the Himalaya
+at which shrubby vegetation exists, this species is the hardiest of the
+Indian Roses. It has a thin, graceful habit, and its spiny stems are
+blue white when young. This year it has been very pretty in the unusual
+profusion of its bluish-tinted flowers, each of which are about 2 inches
+across. The leaves are of a blue green, and are similar in size and
+division to those of the Scotch Roses. But it is quite distinct from
+them or any others, for which reason it is worth the notice of lovers of
+these wild types.
+
+R. WICHURAIANA.--It is not many years since this Japanese Rose was first
+introduced, but it is now fairly well known. It is a perfectly prostrate
+plant, and is remarkable for the shiny, varnished appearance of the
+leaves. It is one of the latest species to come into bloom. The flowers
+are pure white, and appear during July and August in clusters resting on
+the carpet of glossy foliage. It makes an excellent covering for sunny
+banks where the soil is good. Old tree stumps are also pretty when
+covered with this Rose. It has already been hybridised, and among its
+progeny are Pink Roamer, Manda's Triumph, South Orange Perfection, and
+Jersey Beauty. There is a very distinct cross between it and _R. rugosa_
+at Kew.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XL
+
+PLANTING AND STAKING TREES
+
+
+A few words of advice upon these important subjects will be helpful.
+When planting a tree, prepare the ground beforehand, so that when the
+trees arrive they can be put at once into their proper places without
+having to be laid in. If the trees are to be planted thickly, trench the
+ground to a depth of at least 2 feet, keeping the top spit to the top
+all the while, merely burying the turf if there is any. If the soil is
+poor, enrich it during the trenching. If possible this trenching should
+be done the spring previous to the planting of the trees, and the ground
+cropped with Potatoes or Cabbages to keep down weeds during summer. If
+the trees are to be planted wide apart or as isolated specimens, make
+large holes, varying in diameter from 6 to 10 feet, these being trenched
+2 or 2œ feet deep and filled in again to within 1 foot of the surface.
+The shape of the hole is a small matter, round or square being equally
+good. In some instances, however, especially when a tree is being moved
+with a large mass of soil, a square hole will be found handier than a
+round one, on account of the additional room given by the corners.
+
+The time to plant is of much importance, for though deciduous trees may
+be transplanted throughout winter, October, November, February, and
+March are preferable to December or January. October and November are
+the two best months, as then the ground is warm and root action begins
+before winter sets in.
+
+If the trees are simply to be transplanted from one position in the
+garden to another, the work may be begun in the case of deciduous trees
+as soon as the leaves turn colour and commence to fall. In lifting, take
+care not to injure the roots. When putting the spade into the ground the
+edge should be to the tree, not the face. Digging must begin at a
+reasonable distance from the tree, and if a ball of soil is not
+required, the soil should be forked from between the roots into a trench
+which has previously been made round the stem. If, while lifting, any of
+the main roots have suffered, cut the injured parts away with a sharp
+knife and tar over the wounds. When planting, the tree should be stood
+in the hole, and a stick laid across the top of the hole near the tree
+to ascertain whether the depth is right, sufficient space for an inch of
+soil over the uppermost root being allowed. The centre of the hole
+should be filled in slightly higher than the sides, and on the little
+mound the tree should be stood, laying the roots out carefully all
+round. When filling the soil in, some fine material should be worked in
+among the roots with the hand, and before the hole is fully filled in
+give a good watering; this has the effect of settling the soil well
+about the roots. The amount of ramming necessary depends on the
+consistency of the soil. After a tree is planted in early autumn a
+mulching of rotten manure may be given, but if the planting is done in
+spring the mulching is better left until early summer when the ground
+has become warmed.
+
+[Illustration: _STAKING TREES._]
+
+After planting, staking, where necessary, should be attended to. It is
+not necessary to stake every tree that is planted. When it is sturdy,
+with a well-balanced head and set of roots, and the position is not
+exposed to rough winds, staking is needless. If, however, the stem is
+weak or the roots are mostly on one side, not spread round the tree, or
+the position is very exposed, staking for a time will be necessary. In
+the case of young trees little difficulty will be experienced, as good
+straight stakes can be easily got. As a rule, one stake is quite enough
+for a tree, and that should be driven in as close as possible to the
+trunk without injuring it or the roots. To the stake the tree should be
+secured with wire or stout tar string, using thin cushions of felt,
+leather, or old hose-pipe to keep the wire or string from cutting into
+the bark. Allow a little room between the stem and stake for growth. Two
+or three ties are usually sufficient, and these should be examined and
+loosened once or twice a year until the stakes can be dispensed with.
+The habit of putting in stakes in such a way that they cross the trunk,
+and that when the wind blows there is sufficient play for the stem and
+the stake to rub against each other, is a bad one, the chafing often
+causing serious wounds. In exposed situations, or when there is danger
+of the tree rocking about and becoming loose at the collar, put in three
+stakes in the form of a triangle, the stem fitting in the space left
+between the three stakes at the top, while the bottoms of the stakes
+extend some 2 or 3 feet from the tree. For this purpose wires fastened
+to stakes driven in the ground are useful, and neater than stout stakes.
+When wires are used, however, take care to provide a good soft pad
+between the tree and the wire. For trees with large heads, or those not
+well furnished with roots, this way of staking will be found very
+useful. When inserting stakes they should be properly sharpened for the
+sake of straight driving. The staking of trees which have the lower
+parts of their trunks straight and their leaders crooked differs from
+other staking, as the stakes should not be driven into the ground, but
+tied firmly to the trunk below the bend, the leader being then drawn to
+the stake. In all cases, however, where staking is done the stakes
+should be removed as soon as the trees are able to do without them. A
+stake is not beautiful. There is always the chance of the tying material
+being left a little too long without examination, and therefore it cuts
+into the bark. Ties also harbour insects.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLI
+
+SOME HARDY FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS
+
+
+The following are tables of hardy flowering trees and shrubs, and
+comprise only species and varieties suitable, unless otherwise stated,
+for almost all parts of the British Isles. An asterisk (*) denotes those
+of the first importance. This way has been adopted to compress as much
+information as possible into a small space.
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Æsculus (Pavia),   |Sapindaceæ      |          |A well-known group
+Horse Chestnut,    |                |          |represented most largely by
+Buck-eye           |                |          |the Horse Chestnut, which
+                   |                |          |is the tallest of the
+                   |                |          |species. The Æsculi
+                   |                |          |generally are of medium
+                   |                |          |size, and not very
+                   |                |          |particular about soil or
+                   |                |          |position. The smaller
+                   |                |          |growers were at one time
+                   |                |          |placed in a distinct genus,
+                   |                |          |Pavia, but now placed with
+                   |                |          |Æsculus. The more shrubby
+                   |                |          |species are welcome in the
+                   |                |          |garden, where the Horse
+                   |                |          |Chestnut would be out of
+                   |                |          |place.
+                   |                |          |
+*Æ. carnea         |Hybrid between  |Bright    |This is a handsome tree for
+                   |Æ. Hippocastanum|red; late |the garden, and is
+                   |and Æ. Pavia.   |May and   |generally about 15 feet
+                   |Synonymous with |early June|high in Britain. Its chief
+                   |Æ. rubicunda    |          |charm is in the profusion
+                   |                |          |and brilliant red colouring
+                   |                |          |of the flower-spikes. It is
+                   |                |          |not of quick growth, but
+                   |                |          |flowers when very young.
+                   |                |          |It will be found in many
+                   |                |          |lists under the name of Æ.
+                   |                |          |rubicunda, the red Horse
+                   |                |          |Chestnut. Rosea is a good
+                   |                |          |variety recommended by Mr.
+                   |                |          |Anthony Waterer as a "tree
+                   |                |          |for planting in smoky
+                   |                |          |districts." Another fine
+                   |                |          |variety, peculiarly bright
+                   |                |          |in flower colouring, is Æ.
+                   |                |          |Brioti.
+                   |                |          |
+Æ. flava           |A native of     |Pale      |Those who want a tree in
+                   |Carolina and    |yellow    |this family of distinct
+                   |Virginia, on    |          |colour will find pleasure
+                   |mountain slopes;|          |probably in this, but its
+                   |introduced in   |          |colouring is dull, and the
+                   |1764. Sanguinea |          |flowers are not plentiful.
+                   |has red flowers.|          |
+                   |                |          |
+*Æ. Hippocastanum  |From the        |White;    |The common Horse Chestnut
+(Common Horse      |mountains of    |late May  |is too well known to
+Chestnut)          |Greece. Gerard  |or early  |describe. It is not a tree
+                   |mentions the    |June.     |for very exposed places, as
+                   |Horse Chestnut  |There is  |its large leaves offer
+                   |in his "Herbal" |consider- |considerable resistance to
+                   |in 1579 as a    |able      |the wind, and get torn and
+                   |rare foreign    |variation,|unsightly. The double
+                   |tree            |as many of|variety (flore-pleno) is
+                   |                |the trees |very distinct, having quite
+                   |                |in parks  |double flowers. Foliis
+                   |                |and       |aureis variegatis is a
+                   |                |gardens   |variegated variety, as the
+                   |                |have been |name suggests, with
+                   |                |raised    |blotches of yellow on the
+                   |                |from seed |leaves; and laciniata has
+                   |                |          |cut foliage.
+                   |                |          |
+Æ. indica          |Nepaul, and     |White,    |This distinct and beautiful
+                   |other parts of  |with      |tree is perhaps the rarest
+                   |Northern India. |yellow and|of the Horse Chestnuts in
+                   |On the Himalaya |red       |cultivation, and is not so
+                   |the tree reaches|blotches  |robust as the common
+                   |a height of 70  |at the    |species. It flowered in
+                   |feet, with a    |base of   |England as long ago as 1858
+                   |trunk 3 feet    |the       |at Mildenhall in Suffolk,
+                   |through         |petals;   |but has been little heard
+                   |                |Summer    |of. It is a tree doubtless
+                   |                |          |for the Cornish and
+                   |                |          |Devonshire and southern
+                   |                |          |coast gardens where the
+                   |                |          |Himalayan Rhododendrons
+                   |                |          |thrive well. Sir Joseph
+                   |                |          |Hooker, during his Himalaya
+                   |                |          |travels fifty years ago,
+                   |                |          |saw it loaded with its
+                   |                |          |white racemes, and equal in
+                   |                |          |beauty to the common Horse
+                   |                |          |Chestnut of English parks.
+                   |                |          |Its foliage is quite
+                   |                |          |distinct from that of the
+                   |                |          |other species, the leaflets
+                   |                |          |numbering seven or nine,
+                   |                |          |and being of a dark glossy
+                   |                |          |green. In the other Horse
+                   |                |          |Chestnuts the leaflets are
+                   |                |          |usually only five to each
+                   |                |          |leaf, and never more than
+                   |                |          |seven. The racemes of this
+                   |                |          |Indian species are about 8
+                   |                |          |inches long, the flowers
+                   |                |          |being white, with blotches
+                   |                |          |of yellow and red at the
+                   |                |          |base of the petals.
+                   |                |          |
+*Æ. (Pavia)        |North America.  |White     |This is better known as P.
+parviflora         |On river banks  |fragrant  |macrostachya, and is a low,
+                   |in Georgia.     |flowers   |spreading shrub 8 to 10
+                   |Introduced to   |sometimes |feet high; the leaves
+                   |England by Mr.  |tinged    |consist of five to seven
+                   |John Fraser in  |with pink,|finely serrated leaflets,
+                   |1786            |and long  |covered underneath with a
+                   |                |stamens,  |whitish tomentum. Although
+                   |                |and in    |introduced so long ago,
+                   |                |long      |this August flowering shrub
+                   |                |upright   |is not common; it is a good
+                   |                |racemes   |shrub for a small garden,
+                   |                |          |and is not fastidious about
+                   |                |          |soil or even situation if
+                   |                |          |not too shady. It is
+                   |                |          |increased by suckers thrown
+                   |                |          |up around the plant. These,
+                   |                |          |when detached with a
+                   |                |          |portion of root, soon form
+                   |                |          |good plants.
+                   |                |          |
+Æ. californica     |California. 40  |Erect     |This is not much known,
+                   |feet in its     |spikes of |but is a handsome shrub or
+                   |native country, |white or  |tree.
+                   |but not much    |delicate  |
+                   |more than a     |rose;     |
+                   |shrub here      |sweet-    |
+                   |                |smelling  |
+                   |                |flowers;  |
+                   |                |May       |
+                   |                |          |
+*Æ. Pavia (P.      |North America   |Red;      |This is the Red Buck-eye,
+  rubra)           |                |early     |and will grow 15 feet high,
+                   |                |summer    |but is more often simply a
+                   |                |          |big shrub. The flowers are
+                   |                |          |very bright red in colour,
+                   |                |          |and in loose clusters,
+                   |                |          |unlike the dense spikes of
+                   |                |          |the common Horse Chestnut.
+                   |                |          |The varieties are even
+                   |                |          |dwarfer. Humilis, for
+                   |                |          |instance, is only 4 feet.
+                   |                |          |Atrosanguinea has very dark
+                   |                |          |red flowers, and those of
+                   |                |          |whitleyana are brighter
+                   |                |          |than the type.
+                   |                |          |
+Æ. turbinata       |Japan           |Yellowish |As this has not yet
+                   |(introduced by  |white, not|flowered in this country,
+                   |Messrs. Veitch  |so large  |as far as we are aware, but
+                   |& Sons)         |as those  |will probably become
+                   |                |of the    |popular here, the following
+                   |                |common    |account of it by Professor
+                   |                |Horse     |Sargent in his "Forest
+                   |                |Chestnut  |Flora of Japan" will be
+                   |                |          |interesting:--
+                   |                |          |
+                   |                |          |"This, however, is a noble
+                   |                |          |tree--one of the largest
+                   |                |          |and stateliest of all the
+                   |                |          |horse chestnuts. In the
+                   |                |          |forests of the interior
+                   |                |          |mountain regions of Central
+                   |                |          |Hondo, at elevations
+                   |                |          |between 2000 and 3000
+                   |                |          |feet, horse chestnuts 80 to
+                   |                |          |100 feet tall, with trunks
+                   |                |          |3 or 4 feet in diameter,
+                   |                |          |are not uncommon. These
+                   |                |          |were, perhaps, the largest
+                   |                |          |deciduous trees on the main
+                   |                |          |island growing naturally in
+                   |                |          |the forest--that is, which
+                   |                |          |had not been planted by
+                   |                |          |men--and their escape from
+                   |                |          |destruction was probably
+                   |                |          |due to their inaccessible
+                   |                |          |position, and to the fact
+                   |                |          |that the wood of the horse
+                   |                |          |chestnut is not
+                   |                |          |particularly valued by the
+                   |                |          |Japanese. In habit, and in
+                   |                |          |the form, venation, and
+                   |                |          |colouring of the leaves,
+                   |                |          |the Japanese horse chestnut
+                   |                |          |resembles the horse
+                   |                |          |chestnut of our gardens,
+                   |                |          |the Grecian Æsculus
+                   |                |          |Hippocastanum, and at first
+                   |                |          |sight it might easily be
+                   |                |          |mistaken for that tree, but
+                   |                |          |the thyrsus of flowers of
+                   |                |          |the Japanese species, which
+                   |                |          |is 10 or 12 inches long,
+                   |                |          |and only 2œ to 3 inches
+                   |                |          |broad, is more slender; the
+                   |                |          |flowers are smaller, and
+                   |                |          |pale yellow, with short,
+                   |                |          |nearly equal, petals,
+                   |                |          |ciliate on the margins; and
+                   |                |          |the fruit is that of the
+                   |                |          |Pavias, being smooth, and
+                   |                |          |showing no trace of the
+                   |                |          |prickles which distinguish
+                   |                |          |the true horse chestnuts.
+                   |                |          |The Japanese horse chestnut
+                   |                |          |reaches Southern Yezo,
+                   |                |          |finding its most northern
+                   |                |          |home near Mororan, on the
+                   |                |          |shores of Volcano Bay, at
+                   |                |          |the level of the ocean; it
+                   |                |          |is generally distributed
+                   |                |          |through the mountainous
+                   |                |          |parts of the three southern
+                   |                |          |islands, sometimes
+                   |                |          |ascending in the south to
+                   |                |          |an elevation of 4000 or
+                   |                |          |5000 feet. There seems no
+                   |                |          |reason why this tree, which
+                   |                |          |has already produced fruit
+                   |                |          |in France, should not
+                   |                |          |flourish in our northern
+                   |                |          |states, where, as well as
+                   |                |          |in Europe, it is still
+                   |                |          |little known. In Northern
+                   |                |          |Japan the fruits are
+                   |                |          |exposed for sale in the
+                   |                |          |shops, although they are
+                   |                |          |probably used only as
+                   |                |          |playthings for the
+                   |                |          |children."
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _HORSE-CHESTNUT (Æsculus Hippocastanum) IN FLOWER._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Amelanchier        |Rosaceæ         |          |A charming family of
+                   |                |          |spring-flowering trees,
+                   |                |          |graceful in growth, and of
+                   |                |          |moderate stature. There are
+                   |                |          |four species, but dozens of
+                   |                |          |names in catalogues; in
+                   |                |          |fact, the genus is much
+                   |                |          |mixed up in many books and
+                   |                |          |lists.
+                   |                |          |
+*A. alnifolia      |North-West      |White;    |This is usually about 8
+                   |America         |Spring    |feet high; it is very
+                   |                |          |beautiful with its wealth
+                   |                |          |of white flowers in compact
+                   |                |          |clusters or racemes,
+                   |                |          |followed by purple berries.
+                   |                |          |In the Kew "Arboretum"
+                   |                |          |Hand-list no less than ten
+                   |                |          |synonyms are given.
+                   |                |          |
+*A. canadensis     |Canada          |White;    |This flowers about a month
+                   |                |April     |before A. alnifolia, and is
+                   |                |          |one of the first trees to
+                   |                |          |greet us with its wealth of
+                   |                |          |snow-white blossom in
+                   |                |          |spring. It should be
+                   |                |          |planted in a free group.
+                   |                |          |Juneberry and Snowy
+                   |                |          |Mespilus are its popular
+                   |                |          |names. Eighteen synonyms
+                   |                |          |are given in the list
+                   |                |          |referred to, the most usual
+                   |                |          |being A. Botryapium. No
+                   |                |          |small garden should be
+                   |                |          |without this lovely small
+                   |                |          |tree; it is between 6 and
+                   |                |          |8 feet high, spreading,
+                   |                |          |and has purplish fruits,
+                   |                |          |whilst the leaves die off
+                   |                |          |deep golden yellow, so that
+                   |                |          |the Snowy Mespilus has many
+                   |                |          |beautiful phases. There are
+                   |                |          |several varieties, but the
+                   |                |          |species is as beautiful as
+                   |                |          |any.
+                   |                |          |
+A. oligocarpa      |Northern United |White;    |This is quite a dwarf
+                   |States,         |April and |shrub, 3 feet to 4 feet,
+                   |and found in    |May       |and the individual flowers
+                   |bogs and swamps |          |are Ÿ inch across. As it
+                   |                |          |is found in moist places it
+                   |                |          |should be tried in such
+                   |                |          |positions in Britain.
+                   |                |          |
+A. vulgaris        |Europe          |White;    |This has been in English
+                   |                |April     |gardens about 300 years.
+                   |                |          |It is like the Canadian
+                   |                |          |Juneberry or Snowy
+                   |                |          |Mespilus, but not so
+                   |                |          |beautiful. If only one
+                   |                |          |Amelanchier is required,
+                   |                |          |choose A. canadensis.
+                   |                |          |
+*Andromeda         |Ericaceæ;       |Pink;     |A small shrub about a foot
+polifolia          |widely          |Summer    |high, with pretty pink
+(Moorwort)         |distributed.    |          |wax-like flowers in summer.
+                   |                |          |Moist, peaty soil. See
+                   |                |          |Cassandra, Leucothoë,
+                   |                |          |Cassiope, Lyonia,
+                   |                |          |Oxydendron, Pieris, and
+                   |                |          |Zenobia.
+                   |                |          |
+*Berberis acuminata|Berberideæ;     |Bronzy    |Evergreen shrub with red
+                   |China           |yellow    |young wood. Introduced by
+                   |                |          |Messrs. Veitch.
+                   |                |          |
+*B. Aquifolium (Ash|Introduced 1823.|Yellow;   |A common, but handsome
+Barberry, Syn.     |Spread widely   |early     |evergreen shrub, reaching a
+Mahonia Aquifolium)|over the        |Spring,   |clothed height of 3 to 5
+                   |western side of |dark green|feet, and with dark green
+                   |North America   |leaves of |pinnate and leathery
+                   |from Nootka     |Summer    |leaves. The flowers
+                   |Sound           |have a    |are bright golden; they are
+                   |southwards.     |purplish  |succeeded by berries,
+                   |                |tinge     |purple when ripe, which add
+                   |                |after     |to the ornamental features
+                   |                |frost     |of the plant. It is one of
+                   |                |          |the best shrubs for growing
+                   |                |          |under trees, and in many
+                   |                |          |places is planted for game
+                   |                |          |cover. Distinct varieties
+                   |                |          |are _fascicularis_, which
+                   |                |          |is usually 2 feet to 4 feet
+                   |                |          |high and has narrower
+                   |                |          |leaflets of a duller green
+                   |                |          |than the type.
+                   |                |          |
+*B. buxifolia      |Chili           |Yellow;   |An upright evergreen bush 5
+(Box-leaved        |                |April and |feet high, clothed with
+Barberry, Syn. B.  |                |early May |small box-like leaves, and
+dulcis)            |                |          |bearing drooping blossoms
+                   |                |          |borne on unusually long
+                   |                |          |stalks. It is not so
+                   |                |          |handsome as B. Darwinii or
+                   |                |          |B. stenophylla, but
+                   |                |          |flowering before them is on
+                   |                |          |that account valuable. A
+                   |                |          |dwarf variety (nana) is a
+                   |                |          |pretty rock-work plant.
+                   |                |          |
+B. concinna        |Himalaya        |Pale      |A little deciduous shrub
+                   |                |yellow    |not more than 18 inches
+                   |                |          |high, and with silvery
+                   |                |          |undersides to the leaves.
+                   |                |          |It needs a sheltered spot
+                   |                |          |in good soil.
+                   |                |          |
+B. congestiflora   |Chili           |Bright    |A large interesting bush,
+var. hakeoides     |                |yellow    |with masses of flowers.
+                   |                |          |Rare.
+                   |                |          |
+B. aristata        |Himalaya        |Yellow    |A strong-growing deciduous
+                   |                |          |shrub, somewhat after the
+                   |                |          |style of the common
+                   |                |          |Barberry, but chiefly
+                   |                |          |remarkable from the bright
+                   |                |          |red of the young bark,
+                   |                |          |which thus forms a fine
+                   |                |          |winter feature.
+                   |                |          |
+*B. Darwinii       |Chili           |Orange    |This ranks with B.
+(Darwin's          |                |yellow;   |stenophylla as the most
+Barberry)          |                |May       |handsome of all Barberries;
+                   |                |          |and, indeed, it is in the
+                   |                |          |very front rank of
+                   |                |          |flowering shrubs. It is of
+                   |                |          |bold, wide-spreading growth
+                   |                |          |6 to 8 feet high, and the
+                   |                |          |masses of dark evergreen
+                   |                |          |leaves serve admirably as a
+                   |                |          |setting to the clusters of
+                   |                |          |orange-coloured blossoms
+                   |                |          |which are at their best in
+                   |                |          |May. The purple berries are
+                   |                |          |very attractive towards the
+                   |                |          |end of the summer. This
+                   |                |          |Barberry forms a delightful
+                   |                |          |lawn shrub, particularly in
+                   |                |          |a fairly moist soil.
+                   |                |          |
+B. empetrifolia    |Chili           |Yellow;   |A little evergreen bush
+                   |                |Spring    |less than 2 feet high, and
+                   |                |          |flowering about the same
+                   |                |          |time as B. Darwinii. With
+                   |                |          |this just-named species it
+                   |                |          |shares the parentage of B.
+                   |                |          |stenophylla, which is
+                   |                |          |unsurpassed in the entire
+                   |                |          |genus.
+                   |                |          |
+B. nepalensis, Syn.|Nepaul          |Yellow    |The stateliest of the Ash
+Mahonia nepalensis |                |          |Barberries, forming a
+                   |                |          |specimen 6 feet high, and
+                   |                |          |regularly furnished with
+                   |                |          |long compound leaves. It
+                   |                |          |is, however, tender, except
+                   |                |          |in the West of England and
+                   |                |          |Ireland, where, in a moist,
+                   |                |          |fairly open soil, it does
+                   |                |          |well. Even there a
+                   |                |          |sheltered spot should be
+                   |                |          |chosen for it.
+                   |                |          |
+B. repens, Syn.    |North America   |    ,,    |Related to B. Aquifolium,
+Mahonia repens     |                |          |and, like that, will do
+                   |                |          |well in shady spots. It is
+                   |                |          |dwarfer than the other
+                   |                |          |just mentioned.
+                   |                |          |
+*B. stenophylla    |Garden form     |Yellow;   |This is a hybrid between B.
+                   |                |Spring    |Darwinii and B.
+                   |                |          |empetrifolia, and a shrub
+                   |                |          |of rare beauty. The slender
+                   |                |          |arching shoots are very
+                   |                |          |graceful, and during the
+                   |                |          |flowering period are
+                   |                |          |completely wreathed with
+                   |                |          |golden blossoms. Standing
+                   |                |          |singly on a lawn, or near
+                   |                |          |water, it is delightful.
+                   |                |          |It should be in the
+                   |                |          |smallest collection of
+                   |                |          |flowering shrubs.
+                   |                |          |
+*B. Thunbergi      |China and Japan |Pale      |A spreading shrub 3 or 4
+                   |                |yellow and|feet high, with flowers not
+                   |                |red;      |particularly showy, and
+                   |                |Spring    |borne on the undersides of
+                   |                |          |the shoots just as the
+                   |                |          |young leaves are expanding.
+                   |                |          |The bright-red berries are
+                   |                |          |very showy, but they are
+                   |                |          |surpassed by the brilliant
+                   |                |          |scarlet of the decaying
+                   |                |          |leaves.
+                   |                |          |
+*B. vulgaris       |Europe          |Yellow;   |The common Barberry is an
+(Common Barberry)  |                |Spring    |ornamental deciduous shrub
+                   |                |          |8 to 10 feet high, and is
+                   |                |          |valuable from the fact that
+                   |                |          |it will thrive in dry,
+                   |                |          |stony soils. Apart from the
+                   |                |          |pale-yellow flowers in
+                   |                |          |spring, the scarlet berries
+                   |                |          |are very showy, and by some
+                   |                |          |are used for preserves.
+                   |                |          |There are many varieties,
+                   |                |          |the best being the
+                   |                |          |purple-leaved (purpurea)
+                   |                |          |and white-fruited (fructu
+                   |                |          |albo).
+                   |                |          |
+B. wallichiana     |Himalaya and    |Sulphur   |A dense evergreen bush,
+(Syn. B. Jamesoni, |China           |Yellow;   |with dark green spiny
+B. Hookerii)       |                |June      |leaves and pale yellow
+                   |                |          |blossoms. It grows 4 or 5
+                   |                |          |feet high.
+                   |                |          |
+*B. Wilsonæ        |China           |Rich      |A fine shrub, the leaves
+                   |                |golden    |changing to an intense
+                   |                |colour    |crimson colour in autumn.
+                   |                |          |Spines an inch long.
+                   |                |          |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Buddleia Colvillei|Himalaya;       |Rosy      |A beautiful tree, reaching
+                   |Loganiaceæ      |crimson;  |a height of 30 feet in its
+                   |                |June      |native country, but it is
+                   |                |          |hardy only in the extreme
+                   |                |          |West.
+                   |                |          |
+*B. globosa (Orange|Chili           |Orange    |A deciduous shrub, 10 to 12
+Ball tree)         |                |yellow;   |feet high, with long,
+                   |                |Midsummer |willow-like hoary leaves,
+                   |                |          |and flowers borne in
+                   |                |          |globular clusters about
+                   |                |          |midsummer. It is perfectly
+                   |                |          |hardy in warm soils in the
+                   |                |          |South of England, and is
+                   |                |          |much admired.
+                   |                |          |
+B. japonica, Syn.  |Japan           |Lilac;    |This has several
+B. curviflora      |                |August    |well-marked features,
+                   |                |          |forming as it does a
+                   |                |          |deciduous shrub about 4
+                   |                |          |feet high, with curiously
+                   |                |          |winged stems and long
+                   |                |          |curved spikes of blossoms.
+                   |                |          |
+B. variabilis      |China           |Rosy      |A free-growing shrub, 6 to
+                   |                |purple,   |8 feet high. The variety
+                   |                |Yellowish |Magnifica was introduced by
+                   |                |throat;   |Messrs. Veitch from Central
+                   |                |Midsummer |China; rich rose purple.
+                   |                |          |Prune well back each
+                   |                |          |autumn. Veitchiana is
+                   |                |          |lighter in colour and
+                   |                |          |flowers a fortnight sooner.
+                   |                |          |
+Cæsalpinia japonica|Japan;          |Canary    |A very interesting shrub,
+                   |Leguminosæ      |yellow;   |rambling and with long
+                   |                |Summer    |flexible shoots with red
+                   |                |          |prickles. The leaves are a
+                   |                |          |foot long, and of a
+                   |                |          |pleasing green; the
+                   |                |          |flowers, which are in
+                   |                |          |partially erect racemes,
+                   |                |          |are about 1 inch across,
+                   |                |          |and bright canary yellow in
+                   |                |          |colour, against which the
+                   |                |          |reddish anthers are
+                   |                |          |conspicuous. It must not
+                   |                |          |be planted where it is
+                   |                |          |likely to get smothered. It
+                   |                |          |has stood out unharmed for
+                   |                |          |many years in the
+                   |                |          |Coombewood Nursery
+                   |                |          |(Kingston).
+                   |                |          |
+*Calycanthus       |North America;  |Purplish  |A deciduous, much-branched
+floridus (American |Calycanthaceæ   |red;      |shrub from 5 to 6 feet
+Allspice)          |                |July      |high, well worth growing
+                   |                |          |for its highly fragrant
+                   |                |          |flowers, about a couple of
+                   |                |          |inches in diameter. It
+                   |                |          |needs a fairly cool, moist
+                   |                |          |soil.
+                   |                |          |
+C. occidentalis    |California      |Crimson   |Much like the preceding,
+(Californian       |                |          |but of more vigorous growth
+Allspice)          |                |          |with larger flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+Cassandra          |North America   |White;    |An evergreen under-shrub,
+calyculata (Syn.   |                |April and |growing from 1 to 2 feet
+Andromeda          |                |May       |high. The shoots are
+calyculata)        |                |          |arching, and the waxy
+                   |                |          |Lily-of-the-Valley-like
+                   |                |          |flowers are suspended from
+                   |                |          |the undersides in
+                   |                |          |considerable numbers. It is
+                   |                |          |a pretty but by no means
+                   |                |          |showy shrub, and needs
+                   |                |          |moist, peaty soil.
+                   |                |          |
+Cassiope fastigiata|Himalaya;       |Pink;     |A pretty little erect
+                   |Ericaceæ        |Summer    |growing shrub about a foot
+                   |                |          |high, suggesting a Club
+                   |                |          |Moss or a small Conifer,
+                   |                |          |with tiny bell-shaped
+                   |                |          |blossoms. It is suitable
+                   |                |          |only as a rock-work
+                   |                |          |shrub in moist, peaty
+                   |                |          |soil.
+                   |                |          |
+C. hypnoides       |Siberia         |White     |Even smaller than the
+                   |                |          |preceding, and needs the
+                   |                |          |same treatment.
+                   |                |          |
+C. tetragona       |North America   |White     |The tiny scale-like leaves
+                   |and             |          |of this are arranged in
+                   |Northern Europe |          |four rows, thus giving the
+                   |                |          |branches a curious square
+                   |                |          |appearance. Succeeds under
+                   |                |          |the same conditions as the
+                   |                |          |others. The Cassiopes are
+                   |                |          |difficult to grow.
+                   |                |          |
+Catalpa            |Bignoniaceæ     |          |This genus of large
+                   |                |          |deciduous trees is
+                   |                |          |represented in both
+                   |                |          |the eastern and western
+                   |                |          |hemispheres, and contains
+                   |                |          |about a dozen species. Only
+                   |                |          |five of these are at
+                   |                |          |present in cultivation in
+                   |                |          |Britain or are known to be
+                   |                |          |hardy, two being natives of
+                   |                |          |North America and three of
+                   |                |          |China. The Catalpas are
+                   |                |          |some of the most striking
+                   |                |          |and beautiful of all hardy
+                   |                |          |trees, both in regard to
+                   |                |          |foliage and to flower. The
+                   |                |          |leaves are large and bold
+                   |                |          |in outline, and the flowers
+                   |                |          |borne in large terminal
+                   |                |          |panicles towards the end of
+                   |                |          |summer. Catalpas love a
+                   |                |          |rich soil and abundant
+                   |                |          |moisture. They are
+                   |                |          |particularly well adapted
+                   |                |          |for planting on the margins
+                   |                |          |of ponds and water-courses.
+                   |                |          |All the species have this
+                   |                |          |peculiarity: they never
+                   |                |          |form a terminal winter bud.
+                   |                |          |In consequence of this,
+                   |                |          |every shoot branches at its
+                   |                |          |apex into two or three
+                   |                |          |every spring, with the
+                   |                |          |result that the trees
+                   |                |          |naturally acquire a broad,
+                   |                |          |spreading habit. This is
+                   |                |          |especially apparent in the
+                   |                |          |case of isolated trees
+                   |                |          |growing on lawns--a
+                   |                |          |position, it may be
+                   |                |          |mentioned, in which
+                   |                |          |Catalpas are seen to
+                   |                |          |exceptional advantage. In
+                   |                |          |the forests of North
+                   |                |          |America, where they are
+                   |                |          |drawn up by other trees,
+                   |                |          |the Catalpas occasionally
+                   |                |          |attain to heights of 50
+                   |                |          |feet to 100 feet. In
+                   |                |          |gardens it may sometimes be
+                   |                |          |advisable to help them to
+                   |                |          |reach a moderate height, by
+                   |                |          |keeping them to a single
+                   |                |          |lead when young. All the
+                   |                |          |species can be increased by
+                   |                |          |cuttings of the roots, or
+                   |                |          |of the fairly matured leafy
+                   |                |          |growths.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. bignonioides   |Introduced from |Creamy    |This species is by far the
+(Syn. C.           |North America in|white     |commonest and best known of
+syringæfolia)      |1726            |blotched  |the Catalpas in Britain. It
+                   |                |with      |does not often attain a
+                   |                |yellow,   |stature of more than 30
+                   |                |and       |feet, although in its
+                   |                |spotted   |native woods it is met with
+                   |                |with      |twice as high. The broadly
+                   |                |purple in |ovate leaves are in healthy
+                   |                |the       |trees of mature age about 6
+                   |                |throat;   |inches long and 4 inches to
+                   |                |July and  |five inches wide. The
+                   |                |August    |flower panicles are erect,
+                   |                |          |branching, and pyramidal,
+                   |                |          |frequently 1 foot in
+                   |                |          |diameter at the base. The
+                   |                |          |flower is 1œ inches
+                   |                |          |across, with a broad
+                   |                |          |bell-shaped base, the
+                   |                |          |reflexed limb being
+                   |                |          |elaborately frilled. The
+                   |                |          |thin, kidney-bean-like
+                   |                |          |fruits are 9 inches to 12
+                   |                |          |inches long, but in most
+                   |                |          |parts of the country are
+                   |                |          |only produced after
+                   |                |          |exceptionally sunny
+                   |                |          |seasons. The following
+                   |                |          |varieties are in
+                   |                |          |cultivation: Aurea, with
+                   |                |          |rich yellow foliage; nana,
+                   |                |          |a remarkable low shrub, 2
+                   |                |          |feet to 3 feet high, which
+                   |                |          |never flowers, and can only
+                   |                |          |be regarded as a curiosity;
+                   |                |          |purpurea, with
+                   |                |          |purple-tinged leaves and
+                   |                |          |shoots.
+                   |                |          |
+C. Bungei          |Northern China  |White,    |Whether the true C. Bungei
+                   |                |spotted   |is in cultivation at the
+                   |                |with      |present time is very
+                   |                |purple;   |doubtful. Certainly the
+                   |                |they, as  |plants supplied by some
+                   |                |well as   |nurserymen under this name
+                   |                |the       |are only the dwarf variety
+                   |                |panicles, |(nana) of C. bignonioides.
+                   |                |are larger|In any case the true C.
+                   |                |than in   |Bungei has not flowered in
+                   |                |Kæmpfer's |Britain. It is a tree 30
+                   |                |Catalpa   |feet high, with either
+                   |                |          |entire or lobed leaves;
+                   |                |          |they are 4 inches to 8
+                   |                |          |inches long, and about
+                   |                |          |three-fourths as wide.
+                   |                |          |
+C. cordifolia (Syn.|United States.  |White,    |This is probably the finest
+species)           |It inhabits a   |with      |species of Catalpa, but is
+                   |more western    |yellow    |not yet well known in
+                   |region than C.  |blotches  |Britain. In the United
+                   |bignonioides,   |in the    |States it is often 50 feet
+                   |and is found in |throat;   |high, and in exceptional
+                   |the States of   |but the   |cases over 100 feet. Owing
+                   |Kentucky,       |purple    |to its having been for a
+                   |Louisiana,      |spots are |long time confounded with
+                   |Tennessee,      |not so    |C. bignonioides, this
+                   |Missouri, Texas,|abundant  |species was probably
+                   |&c.             |in C.     |introduced unknowingly, and
+                   |                |bignon-   |it may exist in some
+                   |                |ioides,   |gardens under the other
+                   |                |whilst the|name. It is said to be
+                   |                |panicles  |somewhat the hardier of the
+                   |                |are large,|two.
+                   |                |and appear|
+                   |                |about a   |
+                   |                |fortnight |
+                   |                |before.   |
+                   |                |          |
+C. Fargesii        |China.          |......    |Little known of this
+                   |Introduced to   |          |species yet.
+                   |France by M.    |          |
+                   |Maurice de      |          |
+                   |Vilmorin, and   |          |
+                   |sent by him to  |          |
+                   |Kew in 1899     |          |
+                   |                |          |
+C. hybrida         |A hybrid between|White,    |In the United States this
+                   |C. cordifolia   |with      |appears likely to prove the
+                   |and C. Kæmpferi.|yellow and|finest of all the Catalpas,
+                   |Raised nearly   |purple    |exceeding even C.
+                   |thirty years ago|markings  |cordifolia in the vigour of
+                   |by Mr. John C.  |on the    |its growth and the size of
+                   |Teas in Indiana,|throat    |its panicles. Four hundred
+                   |U.S.A.          |          |flowers have been borne on
+                   |                |          |a single panicle.
+                   |                |          |Generally, the plant is
+                   |                |          |intermediate between the
+                   |                |          |two species that share its
+                   |                |          |parentage.
+                   |                |          |
+C. Kæmpferi        |China;          |Flowers   |Whilst this species--named
+                   |introduced by   |1 inch    |in honour of Engelbert
+                   |Siebold in 1849 |across;   |Kæmpfer, who visited Japan
+                   |                |reddish-  |in the seventeenth
+                   |                |brown and |century--bears a strong
+                   |                |purple    |resemblance to the American
+                   |                |markings  |C. bignonioides, it is
+                   |                |          |neither so fine nor so
+                   |                |          |ornamental a tree. It has
+                   |                |          |naturally the same rounded
+                   |                |          |habit, but is never so
+                   |                |          |large. The leaves differ
+                   |                |          |in frequently being more
+                   |                |          |or less lobed. Kæmpfer
+                   |                |          |noted this tree in Japan,
+                   |                |          |and until a recent date it
+                   |                |          |was regarded as indigenous
+                   |                |          |to that country. Recent
+                   |                |          |travellers have, however,
+                   |                |          |concluded it to be (like
+                   |                |          |many other popular trees in
+                   |                |          |Japan) of Chinese origin
+                   |                |          |solely. It is frequent in
+                   |                |          |the grounds surrounding
+                   |                |          |Buddhist temples in Japan.
+                   |                |          |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _CATALPA OR INDIAN BEAN TREE (Catalpa bignonioides)._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Ceanothus         |Eastern United  |Whitish;  |A deciduous shrub, 3 to 4
+americanus (New    |States;         |July and  |feet high, that dies
+Jersey Tea)        |Rhamneæ         |August    |partially back during the
+                   |                |          |winter. The flowers, which
+                   |                |          |are borne in good-sized
+                   |                |          |racemes, are at their best
+                   |                |          |in July and August, and on
+                   |                |          |that account are very
+                   |                |          |valuable. It is one of the
+                   |                |          |hardiest of the
+                   |                |          |Ceanothuses, and in the
+                   |                |          |South of England it will
+                   |                |          |flower as a shrub in the
+                   |                |          |open ground.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. azureus        |Mexico          |Light     |This is not quite so hardy
+                   |                |blue; July|as the preceding, and it
+                   |                |and August|cannot be regarded as a
+                   |                |          |shrub for the open ground,
+                   |                |          |except in particularly
+                   |                |          |favoured districts. It is,
+                   |                |          |however, a delightful wall
+                   |                |          |shrub. There are many
+                   |                |          |garden varieties of this,
+                   |                |          |mostly of Continental
+                   |                |          |origin, of which may be
+                   |                |          |especially mentioned Gloire
+                   |                |          |de Versailles, blue; Marie
+                   |                |          |Simon, pink; and Indigo,
+                   |                |          |deep blue, very beautiful.
+                   |                |          |
+C. divaricatus     |California      |Pale blue;|Suitable only for a wall.
+                   |                |May and   |With this amount of
+                   |                |June      |protection it will reach a
+                   |                |          |height of 10 feet.
+                   |                |          |
+C. papillosus      |California      |Blue;     |Like the last, it is,
+                   |                |May and   |except in the extreme west,
+                   |                |June      |essentially a wall plant;
+                   |                |          |it is one of the best.
+                   |                |          |
+C. rigidus         |California      |Purplish  |The leaves of this are
+                   |                |blue;     |small and neat, and its
+                   |                |Spring and|charming blossoms are on a
+                   |                |early     |wall borne sometimes as
+                   |                |Summer    |soon as April, and are kept
+                   |                |          |up through May to June. It
+                   |                |          |will reach a height of 6 to
+                   |                |          |8 feet.
+                   |                |          |
+C. thyrsiflorus    |California      |Bright    |In its native country this
+                   |                |blue;     |attains to the dimensions
+                   |                |Summer    |of a small tree, but here
+                   |                |          |it is essentially a wall
+                   |                |          |plant. The flowers are in
+                   |                |          |large racemes.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. veitchianus    |California      |Bright    |A species with neat
+                   |                |blue; May |dark-green leaves. It forms
+                   |                |and June  |a delightful wall plant.
+                   |                |          |
+*Cercis            |South Europe and|Rose      |Throughout May and early
+Siliquastrum       |West Asia;      |purple,   |June the Judas Tree is very
+(Judas Tree)       |Leguminosæ      |but       |beautiful, being smothered
+                   |                |varies;   |with pretty pear-shaped red
+                   |                |May and   |blossoms. At Kew it flowers
+                   |                |June      |well in numerous places. It
+                   |                |          |grows to a height of 20
+                   |                |          |feet or more in the
+                   |                |          |Mediterranean region,
+                   |                |          |though in gardens here it
+                   |                |          |is more often represented
+                   |                |          |by bushes of less than half
+                   |                |          |that height. It thrives in
+                   |                |          |sandy loam, and likes
+                   |                |          |plenty of sun and air. The
+                   |                |          |flowers are produced from
+                   |                |          |all parts of the stems,
+                   |                |          |much of the old wood being
+                   |                |          |often smothered with
+                   |                |          |flowering spurs. A variety
+                   |                |          |with white flowers is in
+                   |                |          |cultivation, and this may
+                   |                |          |also be seen in flower at
+                   |                |          |Kew. It is very free, and
+                   |                |          |the flowers are of the
+                   |                |          |purest white. A beautiful
+                   |                |          |variety. In addition to
+                   |                |          |this species, C.
+                   |                |          |canadensis, from North
+                   |                |          |America, and C. chinensis,
+                   |                |          |a native of China and
+                   |                |          |Japan, are also grown,
+                   |                |          |whilst a fourth species, C.
+                   |                |          |reniformis, from Western
+                   |                |          |China, has lately put in an
+                   |                |          |appearance.
+                   |                |          |
+*Chionanthus       |Japan;          |Pure      |This Chionanthus furnishes
+retusus            |Oleaceæ         |white;    |one of the many
+(Fringe Tree)      |                |Early     |illustrations of the close
+                   |                |Summer    |affinity that exists
+                   |                |          |between the flora of the
+                   |                |          |United States and that of
+                   |                |          |Japan, for it is very
+                   |                |          |nearly related to the
+                   |                |          |American Fringe Tree
+                   |                |          |(Chionanthus virginicus),
+                   |                |          |from which, however, it
+                   |                |          |differs in being a smaller
+                   |                |          |and more slender plant,
+                   |                |          |while the clusters of
+                   |                |          |flowers are rather less
+                   |                |          |dense. When in bloom there
+                   |                |          |is no danger of
+                   |                |          |confounding these
+                   |                |          |Chionanthuses with any
+                   |                |          |other tree or shrub, as the
+                   |                |          |pure white drooping
+                   |                |          |fringe-like inflorescence
+                   |                |          |is totally distinct from
+                   |                |          |anything else. They are
+                   |                |          |quite hardy, and not
+                   |                |          |particular as to soil,
+                   |                |          |though a fairly deep loam
+                   |                |          |suits them best.
+                   |                |          |
+C. virginica       |North America   |White,    |An interesting bush, but
+(American Fringe   |                |narrow,   |taller in its native
+Tree)              |                |fringe-   |country.
+                   |                |like      |
+                   |                |petals;   |
+                   |                |hence the |
+                   |                |name      |
+                   |                |          |
+*Choisya ternata   |Mexico;         |White;    |This is a shrub for warm
+(Mexican Orange    |Rutaceæ         |Summer,   |soils and sunny position,
+Flower)            |                |but much  |when it makes a big, leafy,
+                   |                |depends   |glossy-leaved bush,
+                   |                |upon      |smothered with clusters of
+                   |                |position  |white flowers that, from
+                   |                |          |their appearance and
+                   |                |          |fragrance, have earned the
+                   |                |          |shrub the name of Orange
+                   |                |          |Flower. At Munstead in
+                   |                |          |Surrey it grows so
+                   |                |          |rampantly that it has to be
+                   |                |          |cut away to keep it within
+                   |                |          |reasonable bounds. In "Wood
+                   |                |          |and Garden," p. 63, it is
+                   |                |          |mentioned, the month is
+                   |                |          |May; "The Mexican Orange
+                   |                |          |Flower (Choisya ternata)
+                   |                |          |has been smothered in its
+                   |                |          |white bloom, so closely
+                   |                |          |resembling orange blossom.
+                   |                |          |With a slight winter
+                   |                |          |protection of fir boughs it
+                   |                |          |seems quite at home on hot
+                   |                |          |dry soil, grows fast, and
+                   |                |          |is very easy to propagate
+                   |                |          |by layers. When cut it
+                   |                |          |lasts for more than a week
+                   |                |          |in winter."
+                   |                |          |
+Cistus albidus     |South-West      |Bright    |A shrub 4 to 5 feet high,
+                   |Europe;         |rose;     |with whitish leaves (hence
+                   |Cistineæ        |June and  |the name of albidus) and a
+                   |                |July      |profusion of blossoms 2
+                   |                |          |inches across. It needs a
+                   |                |          |dry, warm soil, hence will
+                   |                |          |succeed on sloping banks,
+                   |                |          |but even then, in the South
+                   |                |          |of England, it is apt to be
+                   |                |          |killed by a very severe
+                   |                |          |winter. This last paragraph
+                   |                |          |will apply to the genus
+                   |                |          |Cistus in general.
+                   |                |          |
+C. crispus         |Southern Europe |Reddish   |Reaches a height of a
+                   |                |purple;   |couple of feet, and bears
+                   |                |Summer    |its saucer-shaped blossoms
+                   |                |          |in great profusion. The
+                   |                |          |individual flowers are
+                   |                |          |about 2œ inches in
+                   |                |          |diameter.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. ladaniferus    |South-West      |White;    |A bush 4 to 5 feet high,
+(Gum Cistus)       |Europe          |Summer    |with large, white, solitary
+                   |                |          |flowers. The variety
+                   |                |          |maculatus has a crimson
+                   |                |          |blotch at the base of each
+                   |                |          |petal.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. laurifolius    |South of Europe |White;    |A sub-evergreen shrub 5 to
+(Laurel-leaved     |                |July and  |6 feet high, and the
+Cistus)            |                |August    |hardiest of all the Cistus.
+                   |                |          |Of this there is also a
+                   |                |          |variety maculatus blotched
+                   |                |          |at the base with purple
+                   |                |          |crimson, which forms a
+                   |                |          |delightful shrub.
+                   |                |          |
+C. monspeliensis   |South of Europe |White;    |A compact bush 4 feet high,
+                   |                |Summer    |with flowers about an inch
+                   |                |          |across.
+                   |                |          |
+C. populifolius    |Levant          |White;    |The leaves of this are very
+(Poplar-leaved     |                |Summer    |distinct, being
+Cistus)            |                |          |heart-shaped and
+                   |                |          |long-stalked, whilst the
+                   |                |          |plant itself will attain a
+                   |                |          |height of 6 feet.
+                   |                |          |
+C. purpureus       |South-East      |Reddish   |This is only suitable for
+                   |Europe          |purple    |planting in the West of
+                   |                |with a    |England, but where not
+                   |                |maroon    |injured by frost it is a
+                   |                |blotch    |delightful shrub, a little
+                   |                |          |over a yard high.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. villosus       |Mediterranean   |Reddish   |A compact shrub, whose
+                   |region          |purple    |reddish-purple blossoms are
+                   |                |          |about 2œ inches across.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _CISTUS VILLOSUS._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Cladrastis         |Amoorland;      |Whitish;  |A very distinct shrub or
+amurensis (Amoor   |Leguminosæ      |July      |small tree, which is
+Yellow Wood)       |                |          |perfectly hardy, and has
+                   |                |          |peculiarly greyish-green
+                   |                |          |leaves. The dense spikes of
+                   |                |          |small, pea-shaped blossoms
+                   |                |          |are showy when at their
+                   |                |          |best. This has deep
+                   |                |          |descending roots, and holds
+                   |                |          |its own in sandy soils
+                   |                |          |better than most shrubs.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. tinctoria      |North America   |White     |A tree, 30 feet high,
+(Virginian Yellow  |                |          |clothed with large
+Wood. Syn. Virgilia|                |          |ornamental pinnate leaves,
+lutea)             |                |          |which die off a rich
+                   |                |          |yellow. The flowers are
+                   |                |          |white, and in dense
+                   |                |          |drooping racemes. A fairly
+                   |                |          |moist soil is necessary for
+                   |                |          |this.
+                   |                |          |
+Clethra alnifolia  |United States of|White;    |In the United States of
+                   |America;        |August and|America the White Alder or
+                   |Ericaceæ        |early     |Pepper Bush, as Clethra
+                   |                |September |alnifolia is called, occurs
+                   |                |          |as a native over a
+                   |                |          |considerable area; hence
+                   |                |          |several forms exist, but do
+                   |                |          |not possess any strongly
+                   |                |          |marked features, unless it
+                   |                |          |be the variety tomentosa,
+                   |                |          |which is certainly the most
+                   |                |          |widely removed of all from
+                   |                |          |the typical kind. As a rule
+                   |                |          |the flowering period of the
+                   |                |          |common White Alder extends
+                   |                |          |throughout August and a
+                   |                |          |little way into September,
+                   |                |          |at which last-named period
+                   |                |          |the variety tomentosa is
+                   |                |          |just unfolding its earliest
+                   |                |          |blossoms. As the number of
+                   |                |          |flowering shrubs that are
+                   |                |          |at their best during the
+                   |                |          |latter part of September is
+                   |                |          |very limited, the blooming
+                   |                |          |of this variety of the
+                   |                |          |Clethra at that time makes
+                   |                |          |it valuable. The varietal
+                   |                |          |name of tomentosa is
+                   |                |          |derived from the whitish
+                   |                |          |down on the undersides of
+                   |                |          |the leaves, which serves to
+                   |                |          |readily distinguish it from
+                   |                |          |the other forms. The
+                   |                |          |flower-spikes, too, are
+                   |                |          |rather larger, while the
+                   |                |          |blossoms are as in the
+                   |                |          |others--white. The Clethras
+                   |                |          |all form rather
+                   |                |          |loose-growing bushes from 3
+                   |                |          |feet to 5 feet high, and
+                   |                |          |delight in a moist soil of
+                   |                |          |a peaty nature, such as
+                   |                |          |that in which
+                   |                |          |Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and
+                   |                |          |others of that class
+                   |                |          |flourish.
+                   |                |          |
+C. canescens (Syn. |Japan           |Milky     |A very handsome species
+C. barbinervis)    |                |white;    |with dark-green leaves and
+                   |                |Summer    |panicles of blossom. Well
+                   |                |          |worth attention, but is yet
+                   |                |          |rare.
+                   |                |          |
+Colutea arborescens|Mediterranean   |Yellow;   |A perfectly hardy, free
+(Bladder Senna)    |region;         |May and   |growing, deciduous shrub,
+                   |Leguminosæ      |June      |reaching a height of 8 to
+                   |                |          |12 feet, clothed with
+                   |                |          |pretty divided leaves, and
+                   |                |          |with a profusion of
+                   |                |          |pea-shaped flowers,
+                   |                |          |succeeded by large inflated
+                   |                |          |seed-pods, which form a
+                   |                |          |very noticeable feature.
+                   |                |          |These pods are green,
+                   |                |          |tinged with red. The
+                   |                |          |Coluteas are very useful,
+                   |                |          |as they will thrive in dry
+                   |                |          |sandy soils where many
+                   |                |          |shrubs would perish.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. cruenta, Syn.  |Orient          |Reddish   |After the manner of the
+C. orientalis, and |                |          |last, from which it differs
+C. sanguinea.      |                |          |in its glaucous leaves,
+                   |                |          |reddish flowers, and
+                   |                |          |deeper-tinted seed-pods. It
+                   |                |          |is also somewhat dwarfer.
+                   |                |          |
+Coronilla Emerus   |Southern Europe;|Yellow-   |A free-growing bush 6 feet
+(the Scorpion Senna|Leguminosæ      |tinged    |high, with a profusion of
+Coronilla)         |                |red; May  |pea-shaped blossoms. It
+                   |                |and June  |needs a well-drained, warm
+                   |                |          |soil.
+                   |                |          |
+C. juncea (the     |South of France |Bright    |An erect shrub less than a
+Rush-like          |                |yellow    |yard high, with rush-like
+Coronilla)         |                |          |shoots, suggesting those
+                   |                |          |of the Spanish Broom, and
+                   |                |          |also almost devoid of
+                   |                |          |leaves. When in full bloom
+                   |                |          |it is decidedly pretty.
+                   |                |          |
+*Corylopsis        |Japan;          |Primrose; |This delightful little
+pauciflora         |Hamamelideæ     |Spring,   |shrub, when fully grown,
+                   |                |before the|makes a dense bush, with
+                   |                |leaves    |branches 6 feet high. The
+                   |                |          |leaves are small, thin in
+                   |                |          |texture, prettily tinted
+                   |                |          |when young, and again in
+                   |                |          |autumn. The flowers are
+                   |                |          |primrose-yellow in colour
+                   |                |          |and fragrant. They are
+                   |                |          |arranged from two to four
+                   |                |          |together in drooping
+                   |                |          |catkins from every node on
+                   |                |          |the previous season's wood.
+                   |                |          |Though it is quite hardy in
+                   |                |          |other respects the flowers
+                   |                |          |are easily damaged by
+                   |                |          |frost.
+                   |                |          |
+C. spicata         |Japan           |Also      |A shrub between 3 and 4
+                   |                |cowslip-  |feet high, and better known
+                   |                |coloured  |than C. pauciflora. It
+                   |                |and       |flowers in spring before
+                   |                |scented   |the leaves appear.
+                   |                |          |
+*Cratægus (Thorns).|                |          |
+See p. 376.        |                |          |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _CYTISUS CAPITATUS._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Cytisus albus     |Spain and       |White;    |A beautiful and popular
+(White Spanish or  |Portugal;       |May       |Broom. It grows with great
+Portuguese Broom)  |introduced in   |          |rapidity, and flowers
+                   |1752;           |          |bountifully and regularly.
+                   |Leguminosæ      |          |A bush 6 or 7 feet high, in
+                   |                |          |full flower is a delightful
+                   |                |          |picture, and one never
+                   |                |          |seems to tire of it. Group
+                   |                |          |it with the common Broom.
+                   |                |          |It is very cheap and easily
+                   |                |          |raised from seed. Loudon
+                   |                |          |says: "In good soil it is
+                   |                |          |of very rapid growth,
+                   |                |          |attaining the height of 5
+                   |                |          |feet or 6 feet in three or
+                   |                |          |four years, and in six or
+                   |                |          |eight years growing as high
+                   |                |          |as 15 feet or even 20 feet
+                   |                |          |if in a sheltered
+                   |                |          |situation. Placed by itself
+                   |                |          |on a lawn it forms a
+                   |                |          |singularly ornamental
+                   |                |          |plant, even when not in
+                   |                |          |flower, by the varied
+                   |                |          |disposition and tufting of
+                   |                |          |its twiggy thread-like
+                   |                |          |branches. When in flower it
+                   |                |          |is one of the finest
+                   |                |          |ornaments of the garden."
+                   |                |          |Loudon also says that bees
+                   |                |          |are fond of the flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+C. albus           |Variety         |Pinkish   |Rare, and not so beautiful
+incarnatus         |                |          |as the parent.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. Ardoini        |Maritime Alps   |Pure      |Quite a dwarf Broom, a few
+                   |                |yellow;   |inches high. It is a
+                   |                |April and |charming Broom for the rock
+                   |                |May       |garden, placing it where it
+                   |                |          |can spread out its shoots
+                   |                |          |on all sides. It is
+                   |                |          |happiest in sun and dry
+                   |                |          |soil as the other Brooms.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. austriacus     |Native of       |Yellow;   |C. banaticus and C.
+(Austrian Broom)   |Austrian woods, |July and  |serotinus are synonyms.
+                   |also of Italy   |August    |The chief value of this
+                   |and Siberia.    |          |Broom is in its late
+                   |Introduced in   |          |flowering, when its yellow
+                   |1741            |          |flower clusters are very
+                   |                |          |welcome.
+                   |                |          |
+C. a. leucanthus   |Variety         |Very pale |Not important.
+                   |                |yellow,   |
+                   |                |sometimes |
+                   |                |almost    |
+                   |                |white     |
+                   |                |          |
+C. biflorus        |Hungary         |Bright    |This is not so important as
+                   |                |yellow;   |the Moonlight Broom,
+                   |                |May       |Andreanus, and some others.
+                   |                |          |It grows about 3 feet high,
+                   |                |          |but even in a group it is
+                   |                |          |not imposing.
+                   |                |          |
+C. capitatus       |Found on wood   |Yellow;   |This is also a dwarf and
+                   |edges in Austria|June      |not important Broom.
+                   |and introduced  |          |
+                   |in 1774         |          |
+                   |                |          |
+C. hirsutus        |Asia Minor and  |Yellow;   |This is another dwarf and
+                   |South of Europe.|June      |unimportant shrub.
+                   |Introduced in   |          |
+                   |1739            |          |
+                   |                |          |
+*C. kewensis       |Hybrid between  |Creamy    |A most interesting and
+                   |C. albus and C. |white;    |beautiful Broom, which, as
+                   |Ardoini         |May       |it becomes better known,
+                   |                |          |will be popular in gardens.
+                   |                |          |It was raised in the Royal
+                   |                |          |Gardens, Kew; hence the
+                   |                |          |name, C. Ardoini being the
+                   |                |          |seed parent. It is only
+                   |                |          |suitable for the rock
+                   |                |          |garden, where its slender
+                   |                |          |shoots can spread out and
+                   |                |          |form a mantle of soft
+                   |                |          |colouring, or to make a
+                   |                |          |spreading group on the
+                   |                |          |grass. There is little
+                   |                |          |trace in it of C. albus,
+                   |                |          |except in the flower
+                   |                |          |colouring. This is a Broom
+                   |                |          |for all good gardens.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. nigricans      |Austria         |Bright    |This is also a lovely
+                   |                |yellow;   |Broom, so named because it
+                   |                |July and  |turns black when dried. It
+                   |                |August    |should be in the smallest
+                   |                |          |list of beautiful flowering
+                   |                |          |shrubs, and it is singular
+                   |                |          |that it is so seldom seen.
+                   |                |          |The growth is bushy and
+                   |                |          |smothered with flowers in
+                   |                |          |July and August, sometimes
+                   |                |          |before, and lasts a long
+                   |                |          |while in beauty. Sunshine
+                   |                |          |and poor soil bring out its
+                   |                |          |finest qualities. One can
+                   |                |          |scarcely say too much in
+                   |                |          |its praise, especially as
+                   |                |          |it blooms at a time few
+                   |                |          |trees and shrubs are in
+                   |                |          |flower.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. præcox         |Hybrid between  |Sulphur   |One of the most fascinating
+                   |C. purgans and  |yellow;   |of all flowering shrubs.
+                   |C. albus        |April to  |It makes clouds of soft
+                   |                |May       |colouring, every shoot
+                   |                |          |hidden with the wealth of
+                   |                |          |bloom; whilst when out of
+                   |                |          |flower there is beauty in
+                   |                |          |the brilliant green
+                   |                |          |colouring of the long
+                   |                |          |slender shoots. It is a
+                   |                |          |shrub to make groups of in
+                   |                |          |the flower garden, grows
+                   |                |          |quickly, does not soon get
+                   |                |          |"leggy," and is very dense.
+                   |                |          |The big groups of it on the
+                   |                |          |grass in the Royal Gardens,
+                   |                |          |Kew, are one of the
+                   |                |          |delights of the spring
+                   |                |          |season there. The ordinary
+                   |                |          |shrubbery is the worst
+                   |                |          |place for it, all its
+                   |                |          |gracefulness is lost, there
+                   |                |          |is no fountain of flowers
+                   |                |          |from the slender shoots. It
+                   |                |          |is best raised from
+                   |                |          |cuttings, as seedlings are
+                   |                |          |apt to reproduce C. albus
+                   |                |          |only. Also well known as
+                   |                |          |Genista præcox.
+                   |                |          |
+C. purgans         |South and       |Yellow    |Chiefly of note because it
+                   |Central Europe  |          |is one of the parents of C.
+                   |                |          |præcox, but is of little
+                   |                |          |account for the English
+                   |                |          |garden. It is necessary in
+                   |                |          |a collection, but nowhere
+                   |                |          |else.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. purpureus      |Found in Eastern|Purple    |A delightful shrub when
+                   |Europe in       |          |properly placed. Loudon's
+                   |exposed         |          |advice to graft it "on the
+                   |situations      |          |laburnum standard high" is
+                   |                |          |bad, and has been followed
+                   |                |          |in many gardens. This way
+                   |                |          |of treating the shrub is
+                   |                |          |utterly foreign to its
+                   |                |          |nature; it is a _trailing_
+                   |                |          |Broom, and therefore should
+                   |                |          |be planted on the rough
+                   |                |          |garden or some bank where
+                   |                |          |it can spread in its own
+                   |                |          |way. We have seen it
+                   |                |          |falling over a boulder and
+                   |                |          |making a trail of purple
+                   |                |          |colouring in May. Rare
+                   |                |          |varieties are albus, white,
+                   |                |          |and one with flowers of
+                   |                |          |rose tint. The famous
+                   |                |          |Cytisus Adami is the
+                   |                |          |outcome of grafting this
+                   |                |          |species on the Scotch
+                   |                |          |laburnum (L. alpinum). This
+                   |                |          |curious graft-hybrid
+                   |                |          |usually excites much
+                   |                |          |interest when in flower,
+                   |                |          |both yellow and purple
+                   |                |          |racemes appearing on the
+                   |                |          |same tree.
+                   |                |          |
+C. sessilifolius   |A native of the |Yellow;   |A Broom for a collection,
+                   |south of France |May       |but without the
+                   |and Piedmont,   |          |effectiveness of C. præcox,
+                   |and was         |          |Andreanus, and others.
+                   |cultivated in   |          |
+                   |Britain by      |          |
+                   |Parkinson in    |          |
+                   |1569.           |          |
+                   |                |          |
+C. Schipkænsis     |Introduced      |White     |This is a charming little
+                   |                |          |rock-garden shrub, and very
+                   |                |          |rare as yet, but well worth
+                   |                |          |noting for its
+                   |                |          |distinctiveness and
+                   |                |          |freedom.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. scoparius      |Europe          |Yellow    |The hardy Cytisuses are
+(Common Broom)     |                |          |popularly known as Brooms,
+                   |                |          |and the Broom of the waste
+                   |                |          |lands of the British Isles
+                   |                |          |is Cytisus scoparius, which
+                   |                |          |makes clouds of golden
+                   |                |          |yellow in the early summer.
+                   |                |          |Many a dryish bank now
+                   |                |          |flowerless might be made
+                   |                |          |beautiful with this
+                   |                |          |glorious shrub. Where Broom
+                   |                |          |is not plentiful as a wild
+                   |                |          |plant, and therefore
+                   |                |          |generally where the soil is
+                   |                |          |not suitable for it, the
+                   |                |          |soil should be made so; it
+                   |                |          |need only be well drained
+                   |                |          |and open.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. s. andreanus   |Choice variety  |Brownish  |This varies considerably
+                   |found in        |crimson   |from seed, and often
+                   |Normandy by M.  |and       |reverts to the typical
+                   |Ed. André, after|yellow;   |yellow Broom. If possible
+                   |whom it is named|Spring    |get own root-plants from
+                   |                |          |original stock. A beautiful
+                   |                |          |shrub, which we can
+                   |                |          |scarcely have too much of,
+                   |                |          |but in some gardens it is
+                   |                |          |used too freely. When in
+                   |                |          |full bloom, and the variety
+                   |                |          |is rich in colouring, it is
+                   |                |          |superb.
+                   |                |          |
+C. s. pendulus     |Variety         |Pale      |Quite a pendulous variety,
+(Drooping Broom)   |                |yellow    |but uncommon. It is
+                   |                |          |apparently little known,
+                   |                |          |though so charming when on
+                   |                |          |a bank or rock garden. A
+                   |                |          |group of it in either of
+                   |                |          |these positions would be a
+                   |                |          |revelation to those who
+                   |                |          |know not the value of this
+                   |                |          |family for the English
+                   |                |          |garden.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. s. sulphureus  |Variety         |Pale      |Described by Loudon in his
+(pallidus),        |                |yellow    |"Arboretum" as C. s. albus,
+(Moonlight Broom)  |                |          |"the flowers white or of a
+                   |                |          |very pale yellow." It is a
+                   |                |          |rare shrub, but should not
+                   |                |          |be so. Mr. Goldring writes
+                   |                |          |of it in "The Garden" as
+                   |                |          |follows: "The Moonlight
+                   |                |          |Brown is a very
+                   |                |          |old variety, as it was
+                   |                |          |described by Loudon sixty
+                   |                |          |years ago, but it is still
+                   |                |          |a rare shrub, not easily
+                   |                |          |obtainable, though it is
+                   |                |          |grown in some of the
+                   |                |          |largest nurseries.
+                   |                |          |Its pale yellow flowers are
+                   |                |          |in beautiful harmony with
+                   |                |          |the rich yellow of the type
+                   |                |          |Andreanus. The only private
+                   |                |          |garden where I have seen it
+                   |                |          |in established mass is that
+                   |                |          |of Mrs. Robb at Liphook,
+                   |                |          |where all kinds of tree and
+                   |                |          |shrub varieties are
+                   |                |          |treasured. I do not know if
+                   |                |          |it comes true from seed,
+                   |                |          |but I fancy not."
+                   |                |          |
+C. s. flore-pleno  |Variety         |Yellow    |A so-called double variety
+                   |                |          |in which some of the petals
+                   |                |          |are duplicated, but it is
+                   |                |          |not finer than the type,
+                   |                |          |though it is interesting as
+                   |                |          |one of the few double
+                   |                |          |varieties in pea-shaped
+                   |                |          |flowers.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _MOONLIGHT BROOM (Cytisus scoparius var. pallidus)._]
+
+[Illustration: _A HYBRID BROOM (Cytisus kewensis) AT KEW._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Cratægus (Thorns)  |Rosaceæ         |          |The Cratægus family
+                   |                |          |comprises nearly 100
+                   |                |          |species and varieties,
+                   |                |          |contains some of the most
+                   |                |          |beautiful of small garden
+                   |                |          |trees, both with regard to
+                   |                |          |the charm of their white,
+                   |                |          |pink, and scarlet flowers,
+                   |                |          |and the scarlet, black, and
+                   |                |          |yellow fruits. Most of the
+                   |                |          |Thorns are either large
+                   |                |          |shrubs or small trees, and
+                   |                |          |are specially suitable for
+                   |                |          |small gardens, whilst none
+                   |                |          |of them require particular
+                   |                |          |attention, as all will grow
+                   |                |          |in almost any soil and
+                   |                |          |situation. Old trees
+                   |                |          |occasionally require to be
+                   |                |          |relieved of small wood and
+                   |                |          |decaying branches, and a
+                   |                |          |good top-dressing of manure
+                   |                |          |is beneficial sometimes to
+                   |                |          |those which flower and
+                   |                |          |fruit freely; but beyond
+                   |                |          |this Thorns need no
+                   |                |          |attention after they have
+                   |                |          |been planted and
+                   |                |          |become established. The
+                   |                |          |species can be increased by
+                   |                |          |seeds, which are obtained
+                   |                |          |by gathering the fruits
+                   |                |          |when ripe, and mixing them
+                   |                |          |with sand. The mixture of
+                   |                |          |fruits and sand should then
+                   |                |          |be put in a heap in a
+                   |                |          |sheltered place
+                   |                |          |out-of-doors, and covered
+                   |                |          |with a few turfs. By the
+                   |                |          |following spring the fruits
+                   |                |          |will have rotted, and the
+                   |                |          |seeds can be separated and
+                   |                |          |sown. A fair proportion
+                   |                |          |will germinate the first
+                   |                |          |year, and the remainder
+                   |                |          |the second. Many of the
+                   |                |          |Thorns can also be
+                   |                |          |propagated by root
+                   |                |          |cuttings. For this purpose
+                   |                |          |healthy, vigorous shoots,
+                   |                |          |as thick as a man's finger,
+                   |                |          |should be obtained in
+                   |                |          |autumn or winter, and cut
+                   |                |          |into pieces four inches to
+                   |                |          |eight inches in length,
+                   |                |          |cutting the end nearest the
+                   |                |          |stem flat, and the other
+                   |                |          |slanting, so that either
+                   |                |          |end can be readily
+                   |                |          |distinguished. These should
+                   |                |          |be inserted upright in the
+                   |                |          |ground, with the tops
+                   |                |          |nearly or just covered;
+                   |                |          |they soon form roots, and
+                   |                |          |grow into strong plants.
+                   |                |          |The genus is found
+                   |                |          |practically throughout the
+                   |                |          |temperate region, from
+                   |                |          |Europe throughout the East
+                   |                |          |and Central Asia to China
+                   |                |          |and Japan, and in North
+                   |                |          |America. One species is
+                   |                |          |found in Mexico--but this,
+                   |                |          |and in fact all the Thorns
+                   |                |          |are hardy in this country.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. Azarolus       |South-East      |Pure      |This grows to a height of
+                   |Europe and Asia |white;    |about 20 feet. It is very
+                   |Minor           |late      |showy, and has pure white
+                   |                |Spring    |flowers followed by large
+                   |                |          |yellow fruits; the leaves
+                   |                |          |are about twice the size of
+                   |                |          |those of the Hawthorn, and
+                   |                |          |rather deeply cut. Cratægus
+                   |                |          |Aronia is a synonym.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. Carrièrei      |A reputed       |Pure      |A very handsome Thorn, 12
+                   |hybrid, but     |white;    |feet to 15 feet, shapely,
+                   |parentage       |late      |leaves large, bright glossy
+                   |unknown.        |Spring    |green above, whitish
+                   |Supposed to be  |          |beneath. Flowers appear
+                   |C. mexicana and |          |freely in large corymbs,
+                   |C. tomentosa    |          |followed by clusters of
+                   |                |          |pear-shaped green fruits,
+                   |                |          |which hang on the tree
+                   |                |          |until the end of the year,
+                   |                |          |changing finally to dull,
+                   |                |          |yellowish red.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. coccinea (the  |North America;  |White;    |This is one of the most
+Scarlet Thorn)     |introduced in   |late      |striking of all the thorns;
+                   |1683            |Spring    |it has large bright-green
+                   |                |          |leaves, and flowers nearly
+                   |                |          |an inch across, and in
+                   |                |          |dense corymbs. These are
+                   |                |          |followed by clusters of
+                   |                |          |brilliant scarlet-coloured
+                   |                |          |fruits. There are several
+                   |                |          |varieties equal to or even
+                   |                |          |finer than the species. One
+                   |                |          |is *Macracantha, which has
+                   |                |          |spines sometimes 5 inches
+                   |                |          |long, and bright scarlet
+                   |                |          |haws, not so large as those
+                   |                |          |of the species, but
+                   |                |          |produced more abundantly.
+                   |                |          |It should be more
+                   |                |          |frequently seen in gardens,
+                   |                |          |and is worthy to rank as a
+                   |                |          |species. Indentata has
+                   |                |          |deeply-cut leaves and
+                   |                |          |bright-red fruits.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. cordata        |North America   |White;    |This is a small tree with
+(Washington Thorn) |                |June      |thin, glossy, heart-shaped
+                   |                |          |leaves and small flowers,
+                   |                |          |orange-red fruits, not
+                   |                |          |unlike those of C.
+                   |                |          |Pyracantha, and carried
+                   |                |          |late in the year. Birds,
+                   |                |          |however, enjoy them.
+                   |                |          |
+C. Crus-Galli (the |North America   |White;    |This is a handsome American
+Cockspur Thorn)    |                |June      |Thorn, and one of the most
+                   |                |          |striking of the whole
+                   |                |          |family. It has stout,
+                   |                |          |glossy leaves and
+                   |                |          |formidable spines, these
+                   |                |          |often being from 3 to 4
+                   |                |          |inches long, and gave rise
+                   |                |          |to the popular name. The
+                   |                |          |brick-red fruits hang on
+                   |                |          |the tree long after the
+                   |                |          |leaves have fallen, and
+                   |                |          |make a bright winter
+                   |                |          |picture. There are several
+                   |                |          |varieties. Arbutifolia has
+                   |                |          |shorter spines and smaller
+                   |                |          |fruits than the type; the
+                   |                |          |leaves are also narrower
+                   |                |          |and duller in colour;
+                   |                |          |linearis has long linear
+                   |                |          |leaves and bright-red
+                   |                |          |fruits. Ovalifolia has
+                   |                |          |large oval shining leaves
+                   |                |          |and bright scarlet fruits,
+                   |                |          |it is rather more upright
+                   |                |          |than the type. *Splendens
+                   |                |          |makes a handsome, shapely
+                   |                |          |tree about 20 feet high,
+                   |                |          |and flowers and fruits very
+                   |                |          |freely; the leaves are
+                   |                |          |rounded, green, and
+                   |                |          |shining, and the flowers
+                   |                |          |pure white, in small
+                   |                |          |corymbs, and followed by
+                   |                |          |bright-scarlet fruits.
+                   |                |          |
+C. Douglasii       |Western side of |White;    |This is a large
+                   |North America   |late      |irregular-shaped tree 20
+                   |                |Spring    |feet to 30 feet, and has
+                   |                |          |short stout spines about an
+                   |                |          |inch long; the flowers
+                   |                |          |appear in small clusters,
+                   |                |          |and the fruits are small
+                   |                |          |and black. Wood and spines
+                   |                |          |are brown and quite shiny.
+                   |                |          |Rivularis has smaller and
+                   |                |          |thicker leaves, and shorter
+                   |                |          |and stouter wood.
+                   |                |          |
+C. hiemalis        |Probably a      |White;    |A tree 15 feet to 20 feet
+                   |hybrid, but     |Spring    |high, round shining leaves,
+                   |origin unknown  |          |and rather large black
+                   |                |          |fruits, which are the first
+                   |                |          |to ripen of the Thorns.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. melanocarpa    |Caucasus        |White;    |A very handsome Thorn. It
+                   |                |Spring    |is a small flat-topped tree
+                   |                |          |of medium height, the
+                   |                |          |leaves somewhat like those
+                   |                |          |of the Hawthorn in shape,
+                   |                |          |and covered with a thick
+                   |                |          |grey tomentum; the fruits
+                   |                |          |are small, black, and
+                   |                |          |shining.
+                   |                |          |
+C. mollis          |United States   |White,    |Like C. coccinea, but even
+                   |                |with a    |handsomer. It is a small
+                   |                |small red |tree, 15 feet high, with
+                   |                |mark at   |spreading head, and large
+                   |                |the base  |firm leaves slightly woolly
+                   |                |of each   |on the back; the flowers
+                   |                |petal     |are large, and succeeded by
+                   |                |          |bright-crimson,
+                   |                |          |medium-sized fruit.
+                   |                |          |
+C. nigra           |Eastern Europe  |White;    |This makes a fair-sized
+                   |                |May       |tree, and has small black
+                   |                |          |fruit. The foliage is very
+                   |                |          |abundant, deeply cut, and
+                   |                |          |woolly on both sides. It
+                   |                |          |almost hides flowers and
+                   |                |          |fruit.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. orientalis     |Europe          |White;    |A handsome Thorn in fruit.
+                   |                |May       |It is a small flat-topped
+                   |                |          |tree, and has large
+                   |                |          |clusters of flowers, the
+                   |                |          |oval fruits being yellowish
+                   |                |          |red. Sanguinea is a very
+                   |                |          |showy variety, with deep
+                   |                |          |ruby-red fruits, but the
+                   |                |          |scarlet colour of the type
+                   |                |          |is brighter.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. Oxyacantha     |Widely          |White;    |Too well known to describe.
+(Hawthorn, White   |distributed,    |May       |It has been divided into
+Thorn, May)        |Europe, Western |          |two sub-species, viz. C.
+                   |Asia, and North |          |monogyna in which there is
+                   |Africa          |          |usually only one style in
+                   |                |          |the flowers and one seed in
+                   |                |          |the fruit, and C.
+                   |                |          |oxyacanthoides, where the
+                   |                |          |number of styles is usually
+                   |                |          |three, and from two to four
+                   |                |          |seeds in the fruit. These
+                   |                |          |differences are generally
+                   |                |          |decided. There are other
+                   |                |          |differences also in growth
+                   |                |          |difficult to explain, but
+                   |                |          |can be detected easily by
+                   |                |          |an experienced eye.
+                   |                |          |
+C. monogyna        |......          |......    |This is the Hawthorn of the
+(sub-species)      |                |          |hedgerows, and there are
+                   |                |          |many varieties.
+                   |                |          |Twenty-eight are recorded
+                   |                |          |in the Kew Hand-list. The
+                   |                |          |most beautiful are aurea,
+                   |                |          |with golden-yellow haws,
+                   |                |          |crispa pendula, a pretty
+                   |                |          |weeping tree; Gumperi
+                   |                |          |versicolor, very handsome
+                   |                |          |deep-red, shading to pink
+                   |                |          |in the centre; laciniata, a
+                   |                |          |handsome tree with deeply
+                   |                |          |cut leaves, sometimes
+                   |                |          |called C. apiifolia, but
+                   |                |          |must not be confounded with
+                   |                |          |North American species of
+                   |                |          |that name. Macrocarpa has
+                   |                |          |larger fruits than the
+                   |                |          |type, oxyphylla, large
+                   |                |          |white flowers and handsome
+                   |                |          |fruits, a round-headed
+                   |                |          |tree. Præcox is the
+                   |                |          |Glastonbury Thorn, supposed
+                   |                |          |to flower at Christmas,
+                   |                |          |but rarely does so owing to
+                   |                |          |frost. This is the Thorn
+                   |                |          |which is associated with
+                   |                |          |the famous legend.
+                   |                |          |*Semperflorens is a good
+                   |                |          |variety, a low-growing
+                   |                |          |tree, which flowers for a
+                   |                |          |much longer period than the
+                   |                |          |other Thorns. Stricta makes
+                   |                |          |a dense upright-growing
+                   |                |          |tree, 30 feet or more high;
+                   |                |          |it grows rapidly, and when
+                   |                |          |in flower is strikingly
+                   |                |          |distinct in appearance.
+                   |                |          |
+C. oxyacanthoides  |......          |......    |This is distinguished from
+(sub-species)      |                |          |C. monogyna by the styles
+                   |                |          |and seeds as stated above;
+                   |                |          |and also by the larger
+                   |                |          |leaves, flowers, and fruit.
+                   |                |          |All the double-flowered
+                   |                |          |Thorns belong to this
+                   |                |          |section. Atrofusca, a
+                   |                |          |large, shapely tree, of
+                   |                |          |weeping growth; the flowers
+                   |                |          |large, pure white, and the
+                   |                |          |fruits fair sized and
+                   |                |          |abundantly produced.
+                   |                |          |*Flore-pleno albo, the
+                   |                |          |double white Thorn, with
+                   |                |          |purest white flowers. This,
+                   |                |          |like the other double
+                   |                |          |Thorns, rarely fruits.
+                   |                |          |*Flore-pleno coccineo, the
+                   |                |          |double Scarlet Thorn, one
+                   |                |          |of the most beautiful of
+                   |                |          |trees when covered with its
+                   |                |          |scarlet flowers. Very
+                   |                |          |pleasing when grouped with
+                   |                |          |the double white variety or
+                   |                |          |the Laburnum; *Paul's
+                   |                |          |double Scarlet, a
+                   |                |          |well-known and beautiful
+                   |                |          |Thorn. *Flore puniceo, a
+                   |                |          |rich purplish pink, single,
+                   |                |          |and fructu luteo, bright
+                   |                |          |yellow fruits, effective in
+                   |                |          |autumn.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. pinnatifida    |China and       |Pure      |The variety *major is the
+                   |Central Asia    |white;    |best to grow. It is
+                   |                |May       |stronger, and has very
+                   |                |          |large leaves, 4 to 6 inches
+                   |                |          |long, thick and shining. It
+                   |                |          |does not show its true
+                   |                |          |beauty until of some age,
+                   |                |          |but it is a hardy tree of
+                   |                |          |great beauty. The flowers
+                   |                |          |are in large corymbs, and
+                   |                |          |the fruits are of an
+                   |                |          |intense shining red,
+                   |                |          |pear-shaped, and make a
+                   |                |          |bright picture in autumn.
+                   |                |          |This variety is often
+                   |                |          |labelled C. Layi.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. punctata       |East and North  |Variable  |A good garden tree; it is
+                   |America         |          |variable, but the accepted
+                   |                |          |type has white flowers and
+                   |                |          |bright red fruits as large
+                   |                |          |as a small Crab apple.
+                   |                |          |Another form has smaller
+                   |                |          |deep ruby-red fruits.
+                   |                |          |Brevispina, striata, and
+                   |                |          |xanthocarpa are varieties,
+                   |                |          |the last mentioned with
+                   |                |          |bright yellow fruits.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. Pyracantha     |South Europe,   |White     |An evergreen Thorn.
+(Fiery Thorn)      |in hedges and   |          |Introduced in 1629, and a
+                   |rough ground    |          |well known shrub. Its
+                   |                |          |charms consist in its dense
+                   |                |          |glossy leaves and brilliant
+                   |                |          |masses of scarlet berries.
+                   |                |          |It can be grown as a bush
+                   |                |          |or trained up a wall or
+                   |                |          |trellis. It is so brilliant
+                   |                |          |when in fruit that the
+                   |                |          |French call it buisson
+                   |                |          |ardent, or Burning Bush.
+                   |                |          |This Thorn should be more
+                   |                |          |grown as a bush, and not
+                   |                |          |confined as it usually is
+                   |                |          |to a south wall. As the
+                   |                |          |fruits are bitter they are
+                   |                |          |not cared for by the birds,
+                   |                |          |and thus make a display
+                   |                |          |through the winter. Lælandi
+                   |                |          |is a variety with larger
+                   |                |          |and deeper coloured fruits.
+                   |                |          |
+C. sanguinea       |Siberia         |White;    |This is not of great garden
+                   |                |May       |value, but effective in
+                   |                |          |winter owing to the red
+                   |                |          |bark. Songorica is a
+                   |                |          |variety also with reddish
+                   |                |          |bark.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. tanacetifolia  |Levant;         |White;    |This is rare, and can be
+(Tansy-leaved      |introduced 1789 |May       |recognised by bracts at the
+Thorn)             |                |          |base of the fruits. The
+                   |                |          |fruits are very large,
+                   |                |          |yellow, and of good
+                   |                |          |flavour, and eaten in the
+                   |                |          |native country of the tree.
+                   |                |          |The specimen at Kew flowers
+                   |                |          |regularly and abundantly
+                   |                |          |every year.
+                   |                |          |
+C. spathulata      |United States   |White;    |A very distinct Thorn,
+                   |                |May       |small, and the leaves are
+                   |                |          |persistent, remaining on
+                   |                |          |until the New Year. The
+                   |                |          |fruits are very small and
+                   |                |          |scarlet.
+                   |                |          |
+*C. tomentosa      |Eastern United  |White;    |A late flowering and
+                   |States          |June      |handsome Thorn when its
+                   |                |          |orange-yellow fruits are in
+                   |                |          |perfection, but the birds
+                   |                |          |soon consume them.
+                   |                |          |
+C. uniflora        |North America,  |Creamy    |More curious than
+                   |and introduced  |white;    |beautiful; it is only 2
+                   |by the famous   |early June|feet to 3 feet high and has
+                   |tree bishop,    |          |greenish haws.
+                   |Bishop Compton, |          |
+                   |in 1713         |          |
+                   |                |          |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Cyrilla racemiflora|Florida to North|White     |Quite a shrub, 4 feet to 6
+                   |Carolina, &c.   |          |feet high, very rare,
+                   |Cyrillea        |          |although introduced as long
+                   |                |          |ago as 1765. The flowers
+                   |                |          |are in drooping racemes on
+                   |                |          |previous season's growth.
+                   |                |          |
+*Daboëcia          |Western Europe  |Rosy      |A pretty little Heath-like
+polifolia, St.     |and Ireland;    |purple,   |shrub growing about 18
+Daboëc's Heath     |Ericaceæ        |bell-     |inches high, and producing
+(Syn. Andromeda    |                |shaped;   |erect spikes of
+Daboëcia)          |                |May, and  |comparatively large
+                   |                |throughout|bell-shaped blossoms. It is
+                   |                |Summer and|the most continuous
+                   |                |Autumn    |blooming of its class.
+                   |                |          |There is a beautiful pure
+                   |                |          |white variety--alba.
+                   |                |          |
+Daphne alpina      |Alps of Europe; |White;    |A spreading deciduous
+(Alpine Daphne)    |Thymelæaceæ     |May and   |shrub, with white,
+                   |                |June      |sweet-scented flowers. It
+                   |                |          |grows about a couple of
+                   |                |          |feet high, and is
+                   |                |          |essentially a shrub for the
+                   |                |          |rockwork, as it is
+                   |                |          |particularly happy when the
+                   |                |          |roots are wedged between
+                   |                |          |stones.
+                   |                |          |
+*D. blagayana      |Carniola        |Ivory     |Like the last, this forms a
+                   |                |white;    |spreading bush, and is
+                   |                |March and |equally at home under
+                   |                |April     |similar positions. It is,
+                   |                |          |however, of an evergreen
+                   |                |          |character; the ivory white
+                   |                |          |are very sweet-scented
+                   |                |          |blossoms. It is worthy of a
+                   |                |          |place among the most select
+                   |                |          |Daphnes, but difficult to
+                   |                |          |grow well.
+                   |                |          |
+*D. Cneorum        |South Europe    |Bright    |A delightful little
+(Garland Flower)   |                |rose;     |evergreen, with highly
+                   |                |May to    |fragrant blossoms. A good
+                   |                |June      |proportion of vegetable
+                   |                |          |soil is necessary to its
+                   |                |          |welldoing.
+                   |                |          |
+D. Genkwa (Japanese|Japan           |Lilac     |In its flowers this Daphne
+Lilac)             |                |          |closely resembles the
+                   |                |          |Lilac, so that it is
+                   |                |          |frequently mistaken for
+                   |                |          |that well-known shrub. It
+                   |                |          |needs the protection of a
+                   |                |          |wall in most parts of
+                   |                |          |England.
+                   |                |          |
+D. Laureola (Spurge|South Europe and|Yellowish |The flowers of this are not
+Laurel)            |North Africa    |green     |particularly showy, but as
+                   |                |          |an evergreen bush some 3 or
+                   |                |          |4 feet high it is valuable
+                   |                |          |from the fact that it will
+                   |                |          |thrive under the drip of
+                   |                |          |trees, and is one of the
+                   |                |          |few evergreens absolutely
+                   |                |          |rabbit proof.
+                   |                |          |
+*D. Mezereum (the  |Northern Europe |Red;      |This is an upright
+Mezereon)          |                |early year|deciduous bush that flowers
+                   |                |          |in February or March
+                   |                |          |according to the season. At
+                   |                |          |that time the still
+                   |                |          |leafless branches are
+                   |                |          |packed for some distance
+                   |                |          |with the pretty fragrant
+                   |                |          |blossoms, so that it may
+                   |                |          |be regarded as the most
+                   |                |          |showy shrub at that time in
+                   |                |          |bloom. There is a variety
+                   |                |          |(alba) with white blossoms,
+                   |                |          |and another (autumnalis
+                   |                |          |or grandiflora) that
+                   |                |          |blooms before Christmas.
+                   |                |          |A cool, loamy soil suits
+                   |                |          |this best.
+                   |                |          |
+*D. oleoides (Syn. |South Europe    |Purplish  |A neat growing evergreen
+D. fioniana, Syn.  |                |rose      |bush about a yard high,
+D. neapolitana)    |                |          |whose flowers are often
+                   |                |          |borne throughout the
+                   |                |          |greater part of the year.
+                   |                |          |It is less attractive than
+                   |                |          |some of the others.
+                   |                |          |
+D. pontica         |Asia Minor      |Yellow    |A good deal in the way of
+                   |                |          |Daphne Laureola, but the
+                   |                |          |flowers are of a brighter
+                   |                |          |yellow, and are borne in
+                   |                |          |April and May, whereas D.
+                   |                |          |Laureola flowers in
+                   |                |          |February and March.
+                   |                |          |
+D. sericea (Syn. D.|                |Deep pink |A compact evergreen 2 to 3
+collina)           |                |          |feet high, clothed with
+                   |                |          |dark-green box-like leaves,
+                   |                |          |while the terminal clusters
+                   |                |          |of flowers are borne in
+                   |                |          |early Spring. It prefers a
+                   |                |          |cool, fairly moist, yet
+                   |                |          |well-drained soil.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _GARLAND FLOWER (Daphne Cneorum) ON SUNNY BANK,
+EDINBURGH._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Deutzia crenata   |Japan;          |White;    |A bold growing and handsome
+(Syn. D. scabra)   |Saxifrageæ      |Midsummer |deciduous shrub, with white
+                   |                |          |blossoms. There is a
+                   |                |          |double-flowered variety,
+                   |                |          |tinged with purple on the
+                   |                |          |outside, known as D.
+                   |                |          |crenata flore-pleno
+                   |                |          |purpurea. Both are
+                   |                |          |beautiful shrubs that will
+                   |                |          |thrive in most soils.
+                   |                |          |
+*D. discolor       |China           |White,    |This has pretty
+purpurascens       |                |tinged    |purple-tinged blossoms
+                   |                |purple;   |borne in flattened corymbs,
+                   |                |late May  |and not, when in the bud
+                   |                |          |state, liable to be injured
+                   |                |          |by late spring frosts.
+                   |                |          |
+*D. gracilis       |Japan           |White;    |The best known of all the
+                   |                |Spring    |Deutzias, forming a compact
+                   |                |          |bush a couple of feet high,
+                   |                |          |and bearing masses of its
+                   |                |          |pretty white blossoms.
+                   |                |          |
+*D. hybrida        |Hybrid          |White and |There are now several
+                   |                |pink      |beautiful hybrid Deutzias,
+                   |                |          |viz., hybrida rosea,
+                   |                |          |hybrida venusta,
+                   |                |          |kalmæflora, Lemoinei,
+                   |                |          |Lemoinei compacta, all of
+                   |                |          |which merit a place in
+                   |                |          |gardens.
+                   |                |          |
+*D. parviflora     |China           |White;    |An upright shrub 5 feet
+                   |                |end of    |high, with flattened
+                   |                |April and |clusters of white blossoms,
+                   |                |early May |very suggestive of those of
+                   |                |          |the Hawthorn.
+                   |                |          |
+*Diervilla florida |Japan;          |Rose;     |A beautiful free-growing,
+(Syn. Weigela      |Caprifoliaceæ   |Summer    |free-flowering shrub, that
+amabilis, W. rosea)|                |          |will hold its own almost
+                   |                |          |anywhere. Its flowering
+                   |                |          |time is in May or early
+                   |                |          |June, but occasionally
+                   |                |          |there is an Autumn display.
+                   |                |          |Beside the original species
+                   |                |          |there are many garden
+                   |                |          |varieties, all of which are
+                   |                |          |beautiful, but there are so
+                   |                |          |many that a selection is
+                   |                |          |necessary. Three of the
+                   |                |          |best are: *candida, white;
+                   |                |          |*Abel Carrière, bright
+                   |                |          |rose; and *Eva Rathke,
+                   |                |          |claret crimson, which lasts
+                   |                |          |in flower more or less from
+                   |                |          |May till the end of the
+                   |                |          |Summer. Other good
+                   |                |          |varieties are: Dr. Baillon,
+                   |                |          |red; Groenewegenii, rose
+                   |                |          |and white; hortensis nivea,
+                   |                |          |white, spreading habit;
+                   |                |          |Looymansi aurea, golden
+                   |                |          |leaves; præcox, rose,
+                   |                |          |earlier than any of the
+                   |                |          |others; and P. Durchartre,
+                   |                |          |purplish red. In any
+                   |                |          |selection of flowering
+                   |                |          |shrubs some of the Weigelas
+                   |                |          |must certainly have a
+                   |                |          |place.
+                   |                |          |
+D. middendorfiana  |Siberia         |Yellowish |Remarkable among Weigelas
+                   |                |          |for its distinct yellow
+                   |                |          |flowers. Though pretty in
+                   |                |          |itself, it is likely to
+                   |                |          |prove of more value in the
+                   |                |          |production of new varieties
+                   |                |          |by crossing it with the
+                   |                |          |older kinds.
+                   |                |          |
+Enkianthus         |Japan;          |Dark red  |A very charming and
+campanulatus       |Ericaceæ        |          |interesting shrub
+                   |                |          |resembling one of the
+                   |                |          |Andromeda. A tree in its
+                   |                |          |native country. The
+                   |                |          |flowers are pendent and in
+                   |                |          |clusters.
+                   |                |          |
+Epigæa repens      |Ericaceæ. The   |Pale      |In Bailey's "Cyclopædia of
+(Trailing Arbutus, |most popular of |white,    |American Horticulture" it
+Ground Laurel,     |wild flowers in |with pink |is mentioned: "The
+Mayflower)         |New England     |tint; very|cultivation of the Trailing
+                   |                |sweetly   |Arbutus, especially in
+                   |                |scented;  |districts where it has been
+                   |                |Spring    |exterminated by ruthless
+                   |                |          |'mayflower parties,' always
+                   |                |          |attracts interest....
+                   |                |          |Occurs in sandy and rocky
+                   |                |          |woods, especially under
+                   |                |          |evergreen trees, in
+                   |                |          |earliest Spring. Thrives
+                   |                |          |only in humid soil and
+                   |                |          |shady situations.
+                   |                |          |Transplanted with
+                   |                |          |difficulty. Best on north
+                   |                |          |side of a hill in bright,
+                   |                |          |sandy soil, mixed with leaf
+                   |                |          |mould. Once established, it
+                   |                |          |spreads rapidly. Propagated
+                   |                |          |by division of old plants,
+                   |                |          |layers, or cuttings. Seeds
+                   |                |          |are rarely found, but when
+                   |                |          |found may be used, though
+                   |                |          |slow to develop." My
+                   |                |          |experience is that it likes
+                   |                |          |a damp, shady ditch side in
+                   |                |          |peaty soil. Mr. G. F.
+                   |                |          |Wilson planted it near to
+                   |                |          |Shortia galacifolia, and
+                   |                |          |the two were quite happy
+                   |                |          |together.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _THE MAY-FLOWER (Epigæa repens). (Shortia galacifolia is
+the top flower)_]
+
+[Illustration: _ERINACEA PUNGENS._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Erinacea pungens   |Spain;          |Blue;     |Somewhat resembling the
+                   |Leguminosæ      |May and   |dwarf-growing Genistas is
+                   |                |June      |this extremely rare and
+                   |                |          |pretty little shrub. It
+                   |                |          |grows very slowly, and
+                   |                |          |seldom attains a height of
+                   |                |          |9 inches, spreading out in
+                   |                |          |a mat-like mass rather than
+                   |                |          |growing in an upward
+                   |                |          |direction. The branches are
+                   |                |          |short, stiff, and spiny,
+                   |                |          |and what few leaves there
+                   |                |          |are are small. The
+                   |                |          |pea-shaped blossoms come
+                   |                |          |from the axils of short,
+                   |                |          |spiny branches, and are
+                   |                |          |blue. This plant has been
+                   |                |          |in cultivation for a great
+                   |                |          |number of years, never,
+                   |                |          |however, having become at
+                   |                |          |all common. This is no
+                   |                |          |doubt due to the great
+                   |                |          |difficulty there is in
+                   |                |          |propagating it. Seeds
+                   |                |          |appear to be the only means
+                   |                |          |of increase, and these are
+                   |                |          |borne very sparingly even
+                   |                |          |when the plant is growing
+                   |                |          |under natural conditions.
+                   |                |          |It has been said to be a
+                   |                |          |tender plant, but it has
+                   |                |          |withstood several winters
+                   |                |          |out of doors at Kew without
+                   |                |          |injury. Plants are to be
+                   |                |          |seen there near the
+                   |                |          |Temperate house, and they
+                   |                |          |flower every year.
+                   |                |          |
+Escallonia illinita|Chili;          |White;    |A neat evergreen shrub 4 to
+                   |Saxifrageæ      |Summer    |5 feet high, with pretty
+                   |                |          |white flowers. It is only
+                   |                |          |in mild districts, such as
+                   |                |          |the South and West of
+                   |                |          |England, that the
+                   |                |          |Escallonias are seen at
+                   |                |          |their best.
+                   |                |          |
+*E. macrantha (Syn.|Chiloe          |Crimson   |The finest of all the
+E. Ingrami)        |                |red;      |Escallonias, and one of the
+                   |                |Summer    |hardiest. It is a
+                   |                |          |free-growing shrub over
+                   |                |          |6 feet high, clothed with
+                   |                |          |rich green shiny leaves,
+                   |                |          |and the bright-coloured
+                   |                |          |fuchsia-like flowers are
+                   |                |          |freely borne. It is a good
+                   |                |          |wall-plant, and stands the
+                   |                |          |sea-breeze well.
+                   |                |          |
+E. langleyensis    |Hybrid          |Rose      |Raised by Messrs. J. Veitch
+                   |                |carmine   |between E. sanguinea and
+                   |                |          |E. philippiana. It has
+                   |                |          |small, dark-green leaves,
+                   |                |          |and an abundance of
+                   |                |          |brightly coloured flowers.
+                   |                |          |A good shrub.
+                   |                |          |
+E. montevidensis   |Montevideo      |White     |Grows from 8 to 10 feet
+(Syn. E.           |                |          |high, and bears its
+floribunda)        |                |          |clusters of white flowers
+                   |                |          |in great profusion. It is
+                   |                |          |too tender for planting
+                   |                |          |except in the extreme West
+                   |                |          |of England and in Ireland.
+                   |                |          |
+*E. philippiana    |Valdivia        |White;    |Will succeed as a bush in
+                   |                |Summer    |the neighbourhood of
+                   |                |          |London, where its small
+                   |                |          |white flowers are borne in
+                   |                |          |the greatest profusion.
+                   |                |          |
+E. punctata        |Chili           |Deep red; |A much-branched evergreen
+                   |                |July      |shrub 5 to 6 feet high.
+                   |                |          |
+E. rubra           |Chili           |Red;      |Differs from the last in
+                   |                |Summer    |the absence of spots on the
+                   |                |and early |young leaves, in the
+                   |                |Autumn    |flowers being rather
+                   |                |          |lighter in colour, and
+                   |                |          |borne for a longer period.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _ESCALLONIA PHILIPPIANA (Kew)._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Exochorda          |China;          |May;      |See p. 2.
+grandiflora        |Rosaceæ         |White     |
+                   |                |          |
+*Forsythia (Golden |Oleaceæ; hybrid |Yellow;   |This is a charming early
+Bell) intermedia   |between F.      |Spring    |shrub. It may be either
+                   |suspensa and F. |          |grouped or trained, but one
+                   |viridissima.    |          |has to be careful not to
+                   |Represents the  |          |make it too stiff. It is
+                   |two parents     |          |quite hardy, and a bush.
+                   |                |          |
+*F. suspensa (Syn. |China           |Yellow;   |A graceful and beautiful
+F. Fortunei and F. |                |Spring    |rambling shrub, now well
+Sieboldi)          |                |          |known. It succeeds well in
+                   |                |          |London--that is, if given
+                   |                |          |anything like favourable
+                   |                |          |conditions. A fence fully
+                   |                |          |exposed to the sun in a
+                   |                |          |London backyard is clothed
+                   |                |          |with it, and each recurring
+                   |                |          |spring the Forsythia
+                   |                |          |flowers profusely, and
+                   |                |          |forms an object of great
+                   |                |          |beauty. Immediately the
+                   |                |          |season of blooming is past
+                   |                |          |the plant is severely
+                   |                |          |pruned, the old and
+                   |                |          |exhausted wood being cut
+                   |                |          |out and the vigorous shoots
+                   |                |          |spurred back to within
+                   |                |          |three or four eyes of the
+                   |                |          |base. This results in the
+                   |                |          |production of long,
+                   |                |          |wand-like shoots, which are
+                   |                |          |allowed to develop at will,
+                   |                |          |hence they dispose
+                   |                |          |themselves in a loose and
+                   |                |          |informal way, and being
+                   |                |          |from the position of the
+                   |                |          |plant thoroughly ripened,
+                   |                |          |the spring display is in
+                   |                |          |every way satisfactory.
+                   |                |          |When autumn pruning is done
+                   |                |          |the best portion of the
+                   |                |          |flowering wood gets cut
+                   |                |          |away.
+                   |                |          |
+*F. viridissima    |China           |Yellow;   |Quite a bush, and very
+                   |                |Spring    |handsome when in full
+                   |                |          |bloom. Likes full sun and
+                   |                |          |air.
+                   |                |          |
+Fraxinus Ornus     |Mediterranean   |Creamy    |This is a very charming
+(Flowering Ash),   |region and      |white;    |lawn tree with luxuriant
+(Syn. Ornus        |Orient          |late May  |panicles of flowers, and
+europæa)           |                |          |foliage like that of the
+                   |                |          |common ash. Angustifolia,
+                   |                |          |latifolia, and variegata
+                   |                |          |are varieties.
+                   |                |          |
+F. floribunda (Syn.|Himalaya        |White;    |Rather tender, but very
+Ornus floribunda)  |                |Summer    |vigorous and handsome.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+FUCHSIA.--Though the genus Fuchsia is an extensive one, most of them are
+of more value in the greenhouse than outdoors--that is to say,
+throughout the greater part of the country. Still there are a few quite
+hardy Fuchsias, for, even if cut to the ground during severe winters
+they soon recover, while in particularly favoured districts, such as in
+the West of England and the Isle of Wight, they grow unchecked into
+large bushes, and sometimes make delightful hedges. Few flowering shrubs
+are more beautiful than F. corallina and F. Riccartoni when in full
+bloom. The hardiest are:--
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Fuchsia corallina |Garden origin;  |Red;      |A plant of more vigorous
+(Syn. F.           |Onagraceæ       |Summer and|growth, and with larger
+exoniensis)        |                |Autumn    |leaves and flowers than any
+                   |                |          |of the other hardy
+                   |                |          |Fuchsias. It is very
+                   |                |          |popular in the West of
+                   |                |          |England, but is not nearly
+                   |                |          |so effective when cut to
+                   |                |          |the ground each winter as
+                   |                |          |some of the others are.
+                   |                |          |
+*F. globosa        |Chili           |Red;      |A free-growing Fuchsia
+                   |                |Summer and|which, if cut to the
+                   |                |Autumn    |ground, pushes up long,
+                   |                |          |wand-like shoots that
+                   |                |          |branch out freely, and
+                   |                |          |towards the latter part of
+                   |                |          |the summer are smothered
+                   |                |          |with bright-coloured
+                   |                |          |flowers. In the bud state
+                   |                |          |these are of a globose
+                   |                |          |shape, hence its specific
+                   |                |          |name.
+                   |                |          |
+*F. gracilis       |Mexico          |Red;      |The name gracilis well
+                   |                |Summer and|expresses the prominent
+                   |                |Autumn    |features of this Fuchsia,
+                   |                |          |for, though as vigorous as
+                   |                |          |globosa, it is far more
+                   |                |          |slender and graceful. Where
+                   |                |          |not perfectly hardy the
+                   |                |          |drooping flowers are seen
+                   |                |          |to great advantage when the
+                   |                |          |shrub is trained to a wall,
+                   |                |          |and planted in a permanent
+                   |                |          |bed the old stools will,
+                   |                |          |even in the North of
+                   |                |          |England, pass unscathed
+                   |                |          |through the winter, if
+                   |                |          |protected by a mulch of
+                   |                |          |decayed leaves. Very
+                   |                |          |tender.
+                   |                |          |
+*F. Riccartoni     |Garden Origin   |Red;      |This has the reputation of
+                   |                |Summer and|being the hardiest of all
+                   |                |Autumn    |the hardy Fuchsias. It is
+                   |                |          |in appearance about midway
+                   |                |          |between F. gracilis and F.
+                   |                |          |globosa, and is as good as
+                   |                |          |F. gracilis.
+                   |                |          |
+*Garrya elliptica  |California;     |Greenish; |A handsome evergreen shrub
+                   |Cornaceæ        |Winter and|with very dark green,
+                   |                |very early|leathery, oval leaves,
+                   |                |Spring    |about 3 inches long. Its
+                   |                |          |most notable feature is the
+                   |                |          |long, pendulous male
+                   |                |          |catkins, with which the
+                   |                |          |plant is freely draped
+                   |                |          |during the early months of
+                   |                |          |the year. This Garrya is
+                   |                |          |all the better for the
+                   |                |          |protection of a wall in
+                   |                |          |most parts of the country.
+                   |                |          |The male and female flowers
+                   |                |          |are borne on separate
+                   |                |          |plants, the male being,
+                   |                |          |owing to its catkins, by
+                   |                |          |far the most ornamental.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _GENISTA (Ulex) HISPANICA. SPANISH FURZE._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Genista            |Leguminosæ      |......    |A popular group of shrubs,
+                   |                |          |allied to the Cytisus, and
+                   |                |          |delighting in dry sandy
+                   |                |          |soils. A group of the finer
+                   |                |          |species is very rich in
+                   |                |          |colour when in flower.
+                   |                |          |
+*G. æthnensis      |Slopes of Mount |Golden    |This Broom is perfectly
+                   |Etna, in Sicily |yellow;   |hardy near London. It is
+                   |                |July and  |one of the rarest of shrubs
+                   |                |August    |in gardens in spite of its
+                   |                |          |beauty, and it flowers in
+                   |                |          |July and August, a season
+                   |                |          |when even inferior
+                   |                |          |flowering shrubs are not
+                   |                |          |plentiful. It has a rather
+                   |                |          |gaunt, yet not inelegant
+                   |                |          |habit, and assumes a
+                   |                |          |somewhat tree-like form
+                   |                |          |when old, being often
+                   |                |          |reduced to a single stem at
+                   |                |          |the base. It carries,
+                   |                |          |however, a wide head of
+                   |                |          |thin cord-like, arching or
+                   |                |          |pendulous branches, with
+                   |                |          |little or no foliage except
+                   |                |          |when the wood is quite
+                   |                |          |young. The flowers are of a
+                   |                |          |rich golden-yellow, and
+                   |                |          |during the series of hot
+                   |                |          |summers we have experienced
+                   |                |          |in recent years have been
+                   |                |          |especially abundant. It
+                   |                |          |would, indeed, be difficult
+                   |                |          |to find a shrub better
+                   |                |          |adapted for hot, light
+                   |                |          |soils than this, a fact
+                   |                |          |that is amply proved by the
+                   |                |          |way it succeeds at Kew. It
+                   |                |          |is a good plant for
+                   |                |          |associating with
+                   |                |          |medium-sized evergreens,
+                   |                |          |which hide its bare stems
+                   |                |          |and render it more
+                   |                |          |effective when in flower.
+                   |                |          |It grows 10 feet to 14 feet
+                   |                |          |high, and is thus one of
+                   |                |          |the tallest--if not the
+                   |                |          |tallest--of the Brooms
+                   |                |          |hardy in Britain. It ripens
+                   |                |          |seed freely, and is best
+                   |                |          |propagated by that means.
+                   |                |          |
+G. cinerea         |South-West      |Yellow;   |This is a shrubby plant for
+                   |Europe          |July      |the rock-garden in sunny
+                   |                |          |places.
+                   |                |          |
+*G. hispanica      |South-West      |Yellow;   |A dwarf and charming shrub,
+                   |Europe          |July      |1 foot to 2 feet high, and
+                   |                |          |when in bloom covered with
+                   |                |          |flowers. One of the best of
+                   |                |          |its race.
+                   |                |          |
+G. monosperma      |Sicily          |White     |Not well known but
+                   |                |          |interesting. Sandy soil.
+                   |                |          |Tender.
+                   |                |          |
+G. pilosa          |Europe, England |Rich      |A prostrate plant for the
+                   |                |Yellow;   |rock garden. Ordinary soil.
+                   |                |May and   |
+                   |                |June      |
+                   |                |          |
+*G. radiata        |Central and     |Yellow;   |Very beautiful when in full
+                   |Southern Europe |Summer    |flower on the rock garden,
+                   |                |          |and will even succeed in a
+                   |                |          |rough wall.
+                   |                |          |
+G. sagittalis      |Europe          |Yellow;   |Another dwarf species for
+                   |                |May and   |rock garden.
+                   |                |June      |
+                   |                |          |
+G. tinctoria       |Britain         |Yellow;   |The double variety
+                   |                |July and  |flore-pleno and elatior are
+                   |                |September |finer than the species.
+                   |                |          |Elatior makes quite a bush
+                   |                |          |and is very attractive
+                   |                |          |when in full bloom.
+                   |                |          |
+*G. virgata        |Madeira         |Yellow;   |This must attain a certain
+                   |                |June and  |age and size before it
+                   |                |July      |displays its full beauty,
+                   |                |          |small plants flowering
+                   |                |          |sparsely or not at all,
+                   |                |          |while older specimens are a
+                   |                |          |glorious sight during the
+                   |                |          |period of flowering.
+                   |                |          |Thoroughly hardy in at
+                   |                |          |least the southern half of
+                   |                |          |England, self-sown
+                   |                |          |seedlings of it having been
+                   |                |          |known to spring up in
+                   |                |          |considerable numbers under
+                   |                |          |old plants in sheltered
+                   |                |          |positions. In a shrubbery
+                   |                |          |or wood it makes a
+                   |                |          |brilliant blaze of yellow.
+                   |                |          |It succeeds in almost any
+                   |                |          |soil or situation provided
+                   |                |          |it is not too heavy or wet.
+                   |                |          |Under favourable conditions
+                   |                |          |it reaches a height of 16
+                   |                |          |feet to 20 feet, with
+                   |                |          |rather straggling branches,
+                   |                |          |every little twig of which
+                   |                |          |is covered with flowers in
+                   |                |          |season. The leaves are
+                   |                |          |about half an inch in
+                   |                |          |length, and covered with
+                   |                |          |white, silky hairs on the
+                   |                |          |under side and a few
+                   |                |          |scattered ones on the upper
+                   |                |          |surface. Easily raised from
+                   |                |          |seed. Excellent for barren
+                   |                |          |land.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _THE SPANISH FURZE ON ROUGH SLOPE._]
+
+[Illustration: _GENISTA MONOSPERMA._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Gordonia Lasianthus|Virginia to     |White;    |A sub-evergreen shrub 6 to
+(Loblolly Bay)     |Florida;        |July      |8 feet high, bearing
+                   |Ternstroemiaceæ |          |beautiful white flowers
+                   |                |          |like single Camellias. It
+                   |                |          |needs a sheltered spot and
+                   |                |          |a moist peaty soil.
+                   |                |          |
+G. pubescens       |Georgia and     |White     |Of rather smaller growth
+                   |Florida         |          |than the preceding, while
+                   |                |          |the leaves are pubescent
+                   |                |          |underneath. The flowers,
+                   |                |          |too, have the tuft of
+                   |                |          |yellow stamens more
+                   |                |          |pronounced than in G.
+                   |                |          |Lasianthus. Both need the
+                   |                |          |same treatment.
+                   |                |          |
+Halesias (Silver   |Styraceæ        |......    |This is a beautiful family
+Bell, or Snowdrop  |                |          |of flowering trees, named
+trees)             |                |          |after Dr. Stephen Hales.
+                   |                |          |The flowers are like the
+                   |                |          |snowdrop in shape, hence
+                   |                |          |the name, and there are two
+                   |                |          |distinct sections, American
+                   |                |          |and Asiatic. The Halesias
+                   |                |          |like a rich, moist, loamy
+                   |                |          |or peaty soil. Although
+                   |                |          |often trees of considerable
+                   |                |          |size in their native homes,
+                   |                |          |they mostly retain a
+                   |                |          |somewhat shrubby character
+                   |                |          |in this country. All the
+                   |                |          |species, however, except H.
+                   |                |          |parviflora, can, by pruning
+                   |                |          |away the lower branches, be
+                   |                |          |made to form small trees.
+                   |                |          |
+Halesia corymbosa  |Japan, in the   |White,    |Mr. Bean writes in _The
+                   |province of Higo|tinted    |Garden_, May 19, 1900, p.
+                   |(Syn.           |with pink |361, about this species as
+                   |Pterostyrax     |or yellow;|follows: "I do not know if
+                   |corymbosum)     |Spring    |there is any authenticated
+                   |                |          |instance of its having
+                   |                |          |flourished in Britain or
+                   |                |          |even in Europe, most plants
+                   |                |          |so called being H. hispida.
+                   |                |          |It was first found on the
+                   |                |          |mountains of the most
+                   |                |          |southern of the main
+                   |                |          |islands of Japan, in the
+                   |                |          |province of Higo, and may
+                   |                |          |possibly not be quite so
+                   |                |          |hardy as H. hispida.
+                   |                |          |Judging by pictures and
+                   |                |          |dried specimens, its
+                   |                |          |racemes, whilst having much
+                   |                |          |the same general character
+                   |                |          |as that species, are
+                   |                |          |shorter, broader, and more
+                   |                |          |branched, and the flowers
+                   |                |          |are not so numerous on the
+                   |                |          |branches of the racemes,
+                   |                |          |and the fruits are more
+                   |                |          |downy than bristly. The
+                   |                |          |flowers have the same
+                   |                |          |one-sided arrangement on
+                   |                |          |the racemes."
+                   |                |          |
+H. diptera         |South-eastern   |White;    |Not a common species, and
+                   |United States   |late      |dwarfer than H. tetraptera.
+                   |                |Spring    |The flowers are white,
+                   |                |          |Snowdrop-like, and are
+                   |                |          |borne on slender pendulous
+                   |                |          |stalks as in H. tetraptera;
+                   |                |          |they differ, however, in
+                   |                |          |having the corolla almost
+                   |                |          |lobed to the base. Very
+                   |                |          |distinctive is the
+                   |                |          |seed-vessel, which has but
+                   |                |          |two prominent wings, the
+                   |                |          |other two being only
+                   |                |          |rudimentary. Whilst not
+                   |                |          |perhaps equal in merit to
+                   |                |          |H. tetraptera this species
+                   |                |          |appears to have been
+                   |                |          |undeservedly neglected. Its
+                   |                |          |dwarf bushy habit will also
+                   |                |          |render it more suitable for
+                   |                |          |some positions; it loves
+                   |                |          |abundant moisture at the
+                   |                |          |root. It blossoms rather
+                   |                |          |later than H. tetraptera.
+                   |                |          |
+H. hispida         |China and Japan.|White     |This belongs to the Asiatic
+                   |Introduced about|          |group of Halesias, and is
+                   |1870            |          |very distinct from the
+                   |                |          |American species. It is a
+                   |                |          |vigorous shrub, a small
+                   |                |          |tree with large oblong
+                   |                |          |leaves, and small flowers,
+                   |                |          |which are very numerous on
+                   |                |          |the raceme, which is 4
+                   |                |          |inches to 8 inches long.
+                   |                |          |One striking peculiarity of
+                   |                |          |the raceme is that the
+                   |                |          |flowers are arranged on the
+                   |                |          |upper side only of its
+                   |                |          |branches (a somewhat
+                   |                |          |similar arrangement is seen
+                   |                |          |in Freesia flowers). The
+                   |                |          |seed-vessels are covered
+                   |                |          |with bristly hairs. Mr.
+                   |                |          |Bean says, "Whilst
+                   |                |          |perfectly hardy at Kew in
+                   |                |          |the open, it blossoms more
+                   |                |          |freely on a wall. The
+                   |                |          |finest specimens I have
+                   |                |          |seen of this Halesia are
+                   |                |          |growing near a
+                   |                |          |carriage-road leading to
+                   |                |          |Mr. Gumbleton's house and
+                   |                |          |garden at Belgrove,
+                   |                |          |Queenstown." It flowers in
+                   |                |          |this country in June.
+                   |                |          |
+H. parviflora      |South-eastern   |White; end|This is invariably a shrub.
+                   |United States.  |of May    |It is represented in the
+                   |Introduced in   |          |Kew collection by a large
+                   |1802            |          |bush, which flowers as a
+                   |                |          |rule with great freedom
+                   |                |          |towards the end of May each
+                   |                |          |year. The arrangement of
+                   |                |          |the flowers is more
+                   |                |          |racemose than fasciculate,
+                   |                |          |and whilst they are very
+                   |                |          |abundant they are not so
+                   |                |          |large as in H. tetraptera
+                   |                |          |or H. diptera. They are
+                   |                |          |white and Snowdrop-like.
+                   |                |          |The seed-vessels are only
+                   |                |          |slightly and unequally
+                   |                |          |winged. On the whole,
+                   |                |          |therefore, the species is
+                   |                |          |easily distinguished from
+                   |                |          |its two fellow American
+                   |                |          |species. The grace and
+                   |                |          |abundance of its bloom make
+                   |                |          |it well worthy of
+                   |                |          |cultivation wherever a
+                   |                |          |variety of hardy shrubs is
+                   |                |          |desired.
+                   |                |          |
+*H. tetraptera     |South United    |White;    |A beautiful tree. Whilst
+(Common Snowdrop   |States.         |May       |according to Prof. Sargent
+tree)              |Introduced by a |          |it occasionally attains a
+                   |London merchant |          |height of 80 to 90 feet in
+                   |named Ellis in  |          |its native country, it is
+                   |1756            |          |seldom more than 20 feet
+                   |                |          |high in the British Isles.
+                   |                |          |Its flowers are like pure
+                   |                |          |white Snowdrops, hence the
+                   |                |          |popular name. The
+                   |                |          |seed-vessels are 1œ
+                   |                |          |inches to 2 inches long,
+                   |                |          |and have four prominent
+                   |                |          |wings that transverse them
+                   |                |          |lengthwise.
+                   |                |          |
+H. t. Meehani      |This originated |White     |A very handsome and
+                   |as a seedling in|          |distinct variety, with
+                   |Meehan's        |          |shorter flower-stalks, and
+                   |Nursery,        |          |thicker and more coarsely
+                   |Germanstown,    |          |wrinkled leaves than the
+                   |Philadelphia.   |          |type.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _SHOOT OF SNOWDROP TREE (Halesia tetraptera)._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Hamamelis (Witch   |Hamamelideæ     |Orange-   |A charming tree when in
+Hazel)             |                |yellow;   |flower. It blooms early in
+*H. arborea        |China           |Winter    |the year, the precise time
+                   |                |          |depending upon the weather.
+                   |                |          |When the leafless shoots
+                   |                |          |are studded with the
+                   |                |          |golden-yellow,
+                   |                |          |narrow-petalled flowers,
+                   |                |          |with their crimson calyces,
+                   |                |          |it is very pretty. It is
+                   |                |          |also worth using with some
+                   |                |          |shrub like Gaultheria
+                   |                |          |procumbens as a groundwork.
+                   |                |          |It enjoys an open
+                   |                |          |situation, and is not very
+                   |                |          |particular about soil.
+                   |                |          |
+H. japonica        |Japan           |Pale      |An interesting shrub, of
+                   |                |yellow;   |which *Zuccariniana is a
+                   |                |Winter    |well-known variety.
+                   |                |          |
+H. mollis          |Japan           |Bright    |This is a rare Witch-Hazel,
+                   |                |yellow    |with very broad and large
+                   |                |          |leaves, and wavy brightly
+                   |                |          |coloured, fragrant flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+H. virginica       |Eastern North   |Pale      |For many years this species
+                   |America         |yellow;   |was the only Witch-Hazel in
+                   |                |Autumn    |cultivation. Being spread
+                   |                |          |over the eastern side of
+                   |                |          |North America from Canada
+                   |                |          |to the Southern United
+                   |                |          |States, it naturally
+                   |                |          |attracted the notice of the
+                   |                |          |earlier colonists, and it
+                   |                |          |was, in fact, introduced to
+                   |                |          |Britain as long ago as
+                   |                |          |1736. During the last
+                   |                |          |twenty or thirty years,
+                   |                |          |however, new species have
+                   |                |          |been discovered and brought
+                   |                |          |home from China and Japan.
+                   |                |          |They surpass this old
+                   |                |          |American species in garden
+                   |                |          |value, and are, indeed,
+                   |                |          |amongst the most
+                   |                |          |interesting and attractive
+                   |                |          |of the shrubs that flower
+                   |                |          |in the early part of the
+                   |                |          |year. H. virginica, on the
+                   |                |          |other hand, is at its best
+                   |                |          |in autumn. It has the
+                   |                |          |narrow, twisted, bright
+                   |                |          |yellow petals which, with
+                   |                |          |but little variation, are
+                   |                |          |characteristic of all
+                   |                |          |Hamamelis flowers. The
+                   |                |          |flowers cover the younger
+                   |                |          |branches in close, dense
+                   |                |          |clusters. It is a sturdy
+                   |                |          |shrub, almost a small tree,
+                   |                |          |and has leaves very like
+                   |                |          |those of the English Hazel
+                   |                |          |(Corylus).
+                   |                |          |
+*Hibiscus syriacus |China;          |White;    |An upright growing
+(Tree Mallow, Syn. |Malvaceæ        |blotched  |deciduous shrub 6 feet
+Althæa frutex)     |                |red       |high, is particularly
+                   |                |          |valuable from the fact that
+                   |                |          |it flowers towards the
+                   |                |          |later part of August, when
+                   |                |          |so few hardy shrubs are in
+                   |                |          |bloom. It needs a
+                   |                |          |well-drained, loamy soil,
+                   |                |          |that is, however, not
+                   |                |          |parched up at any time, and
+                   |                |          |a spot fully exposed to the
+                   |                |          |sun. There are many
+                   |                |          |varieties of this, ranging
+                   |                |          |in colour from white to
+                   |                |          |purple, both single and
+                   |                |          |double flowered forms being
+                   |                |          |represented. Celestes,
+                   |                |          |blue, and Totus albus,
+                   |                |          |white, are the best.
+                   |                |          |
+*Hippophaë         |A British shrub,|Flowers   |A beautiful somewhat spiny
+rhamnoides (Sea    |chiefly in the  |inconspic-|tree, or rather shrub, to
+Buckthorn)         |south and       |uous;     |plant by the side of a
+                   |south-east      |yellowish |lake, pond, stream, moat,
+                   |coasts;         |          |or anywhere a free
+                   |Eleagnaceæ      |          |spreading shrubby growth is
+                   |                |          |desired. But it will
+                   |                |          |succeed as well inland as
+                   |                |          |by water. A splendid group
+                   |                |          |may be seen near the pond
+                   |                |          |at Kew, and for many years
+                   |                |          |has made a beautiful winter
+                   |                |          |picture in the gardens.
+                   |                |          |Every winter the wood made
+                   |                |          |the previous year is
+                   |                |          |thickly cased with the
+                   |                |          |bright orange-coloured
+                   |                |          |berries, which remain on
+                   |                |          |the branches all the
+                   |                |          |winter, but later on, if
+                   |                |          |hard frosts are
+                   |                |          |experienced, they lose most
+                   |                |          |of their brightness. It
+                   |                |          |must not be forgotten that
+                   |                |          |the flowers are unisexual,
+                   |                |          |_i.e._ those of one sex
+                   |                |          |only are borne on a tree.
+                   |                |          |Male trees therefore do not
+                   |                |          |produce berries, and to get
+                   |                |          |fruit a female and male
+                   |                |          |must be near. In each
+                   |                |          |group, say of about
+                   |                |          |half-a-dozen plants, one
+                   |                |          |plant should be male and
+                   |                |          |the rest female. This is of
+                   |                |          |the utmost importance, and
+                   |                |          |see to it before the plants
+                   |                |          |leave the nursery. The Sea
+                   |                |          |Buckthorn is a large shrub
+                   |                |          |or small tree. A very
+                   |                |          |pretty standard tree
+                   |                |          |results from keeping it to
+                   |                |          |a single stem and removing
+                   |                |          |the lower branches. The
+                   |                |          |leaves are very charming in
+                   |                |          |colour, a silvery grey. The
+                   |                |          |male plant is of more
+                   |                |          |upright growth than the
+                   |                |          |female.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _HYDRANGEAS._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Hydrangea         |China and Japan;|Deep pink;|Better known throughout the
+Hortensia (the     |Saxifrageæ      |Summer and|greater part of England as
+Hydrangea, Syn. H. |                |Autumn    |a greenhouse plant than as
+hortensis)         |                |          |an outdoor shrub, but in
+                   |                |          |the extreme south and west
+                   |                |          |it is very handsome in the
+                   |                |          |open ground. The huge heads
+                   |                |          |of flowers make a great
+                   |                |          |display. There are several
+                   |                |          |varieties, some of them
+                   |                |          |being often regarded as
+                   |                |          |distinct species, the most
+                   |                |          |notable of which are:
+                   |                |          |Lindleyi, with the large
+                   |                |          |sterile flowers limited to
+                   |                |          |a few around the outside of
+                   |                |          |the cluster. They are pink,
+                   |                |          |tinged with blue. Mariesii
+                   |                |          |is a very handsome Japanese
+                   |                |          |variety, with large sterile
+                   |                |          |flowers, pinkish mauve.
+                   |                |          |Nigra or cyanoclada has
+                   |                |          |purplish black stems, and
+                   |                |          |is very notable on that
+                   |                |          |account. Rosea has all the
+                   |                |          |flowers sterile, and of
+                   |                |          |rich rose colour. Stellata
+                   |                |          |has the sterile flowers
+                   |                |          |double and star-like.
+                   |                |          |Thomas Hogg has white
+                   |                |          |blossoms.
+                   |                |          |
+*H. paniculata     |Japan           |Creamy    |A handsome shrub that may
+                   |                |white;    |be grown as a dwarf bush or
+                   |                |Autumn    |as a standard.
+                   |                |          |
+H. var. grandiflora|                |          |This is far more popular
+                   |                |          |than the type, and is grown
+                   |                |          |largely for flowering under
+                   |                |          |glass as well as in the
+                   |                |          |open ground. In this the
+                   |                |          |huge pyramidal-shaped heads
+                   |                |          |are composed entirely of
+                   |                |          |sterile blossoms. If to be
+                   |                |          |kept dwarf it must be
+                   |                |          |pruned back hard when
+                   |                |          |dormant, and only three
+                   |                |          |or four shoots allowed to
+                   |                |          |develop.
+                   |                |          |
+H. petiolaris      |Japan           |Creamy    |A free-growing climber,
+(Climbing          |                |white;    |that attaches itself to a
+Hydrangea)         |                |June and  |wall by means of aerial
+                   |                |July      |roots after the manner of
+                   |                |          |ivy. It has flattened
+                   |                |          |clusters of flowers.
+                   |                |          |Being so distinct from all
+                   |                |          |the rest, it at once
+                   |                |          |attracts attention.
+                   |                |          |
+H. quercifolia     |North America   |White     |A shrub about a yard high,
+                   |                |          |with large lobed leaves.
+                   |                |          |The flowers are less showy
+                   |                |          |than some of the others. It
+                   |                |          |needs a moist soil and a
+                   |                |          |very sheltered spot.
+                   |                |          |
+H. radiata         |North America   |White     |The flowers of this are not
+                   |                |          |at all showy, but the
+                   |                |          |leaves are clothed on the
+                   |                |          |under sides with a dense
+                   |                |          |white felt-like substance,
+                   |                |          |which renders it very
+                   |                |          |noticeable when ruffled by
+                   |                |          |the wind.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _HYDRANGEA PETIOLARIS. A GROUP IN WOODLAND._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Hypericum          |Europe;         |Yellow    |A free-growing deciduous
+Androsæmum (Tutsan,|Hypericineæ     |          |shrub from 2 to 3 feet
+Syn. Androsæmum    |                |          |high, with a mass of small
+officinale)        |                |          |flowers, but not very
+                   |                |          |showy. It will grow in the
+                   |                |          |shade better than many
+                   |                |          |other shrubs.
+                   |                |          |
+H. aureum          |North America   |Yellow;   |Reaches a height of about 4
+                   |                |July and  |feet. The orange-yellow
+                   |                |August    |flowers, about 1œ inches
+                   |                |          |across, have a large and
+                   |                |          |conspicuous mass of yellow
+                   |                |          |stamens in the centre.
+                   |                |          |
+*H. calycinum (Rose|Levant          |Yellow;   |Forms a dense mass a foot
+of Sharon, St.     |                |July to   |high, while the
+John's Wort)       |                |Autumn    |golden-yellow flowers are
+                   |                |          |quite 3 inches across. The
+                   |                |          |long hair-like stamens are
+                   |                |          |very numerous and
+                   |                |          |attractive. It will
+                   |                |          |both grow and flower well
+                   |                |          |in shady spots.
+                   |                |          |
+H. elatum (Tall St.|North America   |Yellow    |Grows 4 to 5 feet high, and
+John's Wort)       |                |          |is very robust. The
+                   |                |          |flowers, however, though
+                   |                |          |freely borne, are only
+                   |                |          |about an inch in diameter.
+                   |                |          |
+H. hircinum        |Europe          |Yellow;   |When roughly handled the
+                   |                |Autumn    |leaves of this species have
+                   |                |          |an unpleasant goat-like
+                   |                |          |odour, but it is decidedly
+                   |                |          |ornamental, forming as it
+                   |                |          |does a bush a yard high,
+                   |                |          |while the flowers are
+                   |                |          |bright yellow.
+                   |                |          |
+*H. hookerianum    |Himalayas       |Yellow;   |Rather more tender than
+(Syn. H.           |                |Autumn    |some of the Hypericums, but
+oblongifolium)     |                |          |a showy kind. It grows over
+                   |                |          |4 feet high, and has
+                   |                |          |clusters of large golden
+                   |                |          |flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+*H. moserianum     |Garden hybrid   |Yellow;   |A hybrid between H.
+                   |                |early     |calycinum and H. patulum,
+                   |                |Autumn    |and one of the most
+                   |                |          |desirable of all the St.
+                   |                |          |John's Worts. The slender
+                   |                |          |branches are graceful, and
+                   |                |          |terminated by clusters of
+                   |                |          |rich golden-yellow flowers
+                   |                |          |a couple of inches across.
+                   |                |          |
+H. patulum         |Japan           |Yellow    |A delightful little shrub,
+                   |                |          |but even in the south of
+                   |                |          |England it is liable to be
+                   |                |          |killed by a severe winter.
+                   |                |          |
+H. prolificum      |North America   |Yellow    |Grows 3 feet high, and
+                   |                |          |bears its clusters of
+                   |                |          |blossoms very freely. The
+                   |                |          |individual flowers are
+                   |                |          |about an inch across.
+                   |                |          |
+H. uralum (Syn. H. |Himalayas       |Yellow    |Somewhat in the way of H.
+nepalense)         |                |          |patulum, and like that
+                   |                |          |species rather tender.
+                   |                |          |
+Itea virginica     |Virginia;       |White;    |A freely branched rounded
+                   |Saxifrageæ      |July      |shrub, from 3 to 4 feet in
+                   |                |          |height, and has small
+                   |                |          |spikes arranged in much the
+                   |                |          |same way as the shrubby
+                   |                |          |Veronicas. It is a
+                   |                |          |favourite of the Red
+                   |                |          |Admiral butterfly (Vanessa
+                   |                |          |Atalanta). It is quite
+                   |                |          |hardy, but needs a moist
+                   |                |          |peaty soil.
+                   |                |          |
+Jamesia americana  |Rocky Mountains;|White;    |A somewhat upright shrub, 4
+                   |Saxifrageæ      |April and |to 5 feet high, with
+                   |                |May       |oval-shaped leaves and a
+                   |                |          |great profusion of terminal
+                   |                |          |clusters of pure white
+                   |                |          |blossoms. It is quite hardy
+                   |                |          |and needs a cool moist
+                   |                |          |soil.
+                   |                |          |
+Kalmia angustifolia|North America;  |Bright    |A delightful little
+(Sheep Laurel)     |Ericaceæ        |purplish  |evergreen shrub about a
+                   |                |red;      |couple of feet high,
+                   |                |end of May|with bright-coloured,
+                   |                |          |saucer-shaped blossoms. All
+                   |                |          |the Kalmias prefer cool
+                   |                |          |damp soil, especially of a
+                   |                |          |peaty nature--indeed,
+                   |                |          |conditions favourable to
+                   |                |          |Rhododendrons suit them
+                   |                |          |well.
+                   |                |          |
+K. glauca          |North America   |Purplish  |Flowers two or three weeks
+                   |                |pink      |earlier than the preceding,
+                   |                |          |and is somewhat dwarfer,
+                   |                |          |but is equally desirable.
+                   |                |          |
+*K. latifolia      |North America   |Pink;     |This forms a large rounded
+(Mountain Laurel)  |                |May       |bush from 6 to 8 feet high,
+                   |                |through   |clothed with handsome,
+                   |                |Summer    |bright-green foliage, while
+                   |                |          |the flowers are pink and
+                   |                |          |wax-like. It is a desirable
+                   |                |          |subject to associate with
+                   |                |          |Rhododendrons, which,
+                   |                |          |except in flowers, it much
+                   |                |          |resembles.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _KALMIA LATIFOLIA. A GOOD SHRUB FOR PEATY SOILS._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Koelreuteria       |China;          |Yellow;   |A small picturesque tree 10
+paniculata         |Sapindaceæ      |June and  |to 15 feet in height, with
+                   |                |July      |ornamental pinnate leaves,
+                   |                |          |and large terminal panicles
+                   |                |          |of bright yellow flowers,
+                   |                |          |very distinct.
+                   |                |          |
+Laburnum (Cytisus) |Loudon writes:  |......    |There is no need to praise
+vulgare (Golden    |"A native of    |          |the laburnum; it is one of
+Rain or Chain)     |Europe and the  |          |the most beautiful of all
+                   |lower mountains |          |trees, and its countless
+                   |of the South of |          |flowers make a shower of
+                   |Germany, and of |          |gold in early summer. It
+                   |Switzerland,    |          |seems strange to read that
+                   |where it grows  |          |the laburnum is not a
+                   |to the height of|          |native, for it is so
+                   |20 feet or      |          |general in gardens, and is
+                   |upwards. It was |          |even used in hedgerows in
+                   |introduced in   |          |some parts of the country.
+                   |1596";          |          |We have in mind a hedgerow
+                   |Leguminosæ      |          |in Berkshire with laburnums
+                   |                |          |rising above the thorn, and
+                   |                |          |a pleasant sight this is
+                   |                |          |in late May and early June.
+                   |                |          |Laburnums grow so freely
+                   |                |          |almost everywhere that they
+                   |                |          |are somewhat overdone in
+                   |                |          |gardens, but it is so
+                   |                |          |beautiful a tree that many
+                   |                |          |would say: "I don't mind
+                   |                |          |how many laburnums I have
+                   |                |          |in the garden." Mr.
+                   |                |          |Goldring, writing in the
+                   |                |          |"Gardeners' Magazine" about
+                   |                |          |laburnums, says:--
+                   |                |          |
+                   |                |          |"Besides the common way of
+                   |                |          |growing the laburnum as a
+                   |                |          |shrubbery or plantation
+                   |                |          |tree, it may be put to
+                   |                |          |various other uses. It is a
+                   |                |          |beautiful covering for a
+                   |                |          |wall on the north, east, or
+                   |                |          |west sides. In some old
+                   |                |          |gardens one meets with huge
+                   |                |          |trees of it covering large
+                   |                |          |areas of wall, and
+                   |                |          |affording a lovely sight at
+                   |                |          |flower time. This is a
+                   |                |          |common way of growing it on
+                   |                |          |the Continent, and in some
+                   |                |          |of our old botanic gardens
+                   |                |          |it may be seen trained
+                   |                |          |against a wall as a host
+                   |                |          |for the wistaria, which
+                   |                |          |flowers about the same
+                   |                |          |time, and produces a lovely
+                   |                |          |contrast of colour.
+                   |                |          |
+                   |                |          |"I have pleasing
+                   |                |          |recollections of seeing it
+                   |                |          |in some old gardens trained
+                   |                |          |over a path as a covered
+                   |                |          |way before pergolas were in
+                   |                |          |vogue in this country. For
+                   |                |          |several weeks such covered
+                   |                |          |pathways are glowing with
+                   |                |          |colour, and for the rest of
+                   |                |          |the summer they afford a
+                   |                |          |pleasant shade. In some of
+                   |                |          |the old Sussex gardens
+                   |                |          |laburnum 'tunnels' are
+                   |                |          |still to be seen, and they
+                   |                |          |are worth imitating in new
+                   |                |          |gardens.
+                   |                |          |
+                   |                |          |"Of the two commonly grown
+                   |                |          |species of laburnum, L.
+                   |                |          |vulgare and L. alpinum,
+                   |                |          |there are numerous
+                   |                |          |varieties, differing more
+                   |                |          |or less from the types,
+                   |                |          |though the differences in
+                   |                |          |some cases are slight, even
+                   |                |          |from a garden point of
+                   |                |          |view. A laburnum is a
+                   |                |          |laburnum to most people,
+                   |                |          |and nothing more, but there
+                   |                |          |is a great difference
+                   |                |          |between a worthless
+                   |                |          |seedling with short flower
+                   |                |          |clusters of a poor yellow,
+                   |                |          |and the varieties such as
+                   |                |          |Watereri and Parksii which
+                   |                |          |bear racemes fully 16
+                   |                |          |inches in length, and of a
+                   |                |          |rich-toned yellow. There
+                   |                |          |is, unhappily, in gardens,
+                   |                |          |a preponderance of inferior
+                   |                |          |seedling trees, because
+                   |                |          |they can be raised easily
+                   |                |          |and sold cheaply, but it is
+                   |                |          |better to have one grafted
+                   |                |          |tree of a first-rate
+                   |                |          |variety than a dozen
+                   |                |          |inferior kinds.
+                   |                |          |
+                   |                |          |"The number of named
+                   |                |          |varieties of L. vulgare
+                   |                |          |enumerated in Continental
+                   |                |          |and English nursery lists
+                   |                |          |exceed a score, and most of
+                   |                |          |them are mere monstrosities
+                   |                |          |of leaf-form or colour,
+                   |                |          |only appreciated by the
+                   |                |          |collector of curiosities.
+                   |                |          |The finest varieties are
+                   |                |          |those named Alchingerii,
+                   |                |          |giganteum, Carlieri, and
+                   |                |          |grandiflorum. Any of these,
+                   |                |          |if true to name, are the
+                   |                |          |kinds to plant. They all
+                   |                |          |bear very long racemes,
+                   |                |          |produced abundantly."
+                   |                |          |
+*L. alpinum        |Called the      |Yellow    |This is a well-known tree.
+(Cytisus alpinus), |Scotch laburnum |          |Some of its varieties are
+Scotch laburnum    |because a       |          |very beautiful.
+                   |supposed native |          |
+                   |of Scotland, but|          |
+                   |this is not     |          |
+                   |true. Loudon    |          |
+                   |says: "It was   |          |
+                   |introduced into |          |
+                   |Britain about   |          |
+                   |the same time as|          |
+                   |the other       |          |
+                   |species, 1596." |          |
+                   |The other       |          |
+                   |species is      |          |
+                   |Laburnum vulgare|          |
+                   |                |          |
+L. Watereri        |Hybrid          |Yellow    |We have given this special
+                   |                |          |prominence for the reason
+                   |                |          |it is a hybrid. In Bailey's
+                   |                |          |"American Cyclopædia"
+                   |                |          |occurs this note:
+                   |                |          |"Watereri, Dipp. (L.
+                   |                |          |Parksii, Hort, C. alpinus
+                   |                |          |and vulgaris Wittst.)
+                   |                |          |Hybrid of garden origin,
+                   |                |          |but found also wild.... As
+                   |                |          |hardy as L. alpinum and
+                   |                |          |sometimes considered to be
+                   |                |          |a variety of that species."
+                   |                |          |
+L. Adami (Purple   |Graft-hybrid    |Purple,   |This is a remarkable tree,
+laburnum)          |                |yellow,   |and is named after M. Adam,
+                   |                |and buff  |who grafted Cytisus
+                   |                |          |purpureus on the common
+                   |                |          |laburnum. Loudon says the
+                   |                |          |purple laburnum "is a
+                   |                |          |hybrid between Cytisus
+                   |                |          |laburnum and C. purpureus,
+                   |                |          |in which the flowers are of
+                   |                |          |a reddish purple, slightly
+                   |                |          |tinged with buff, and are
+                   |                |          |produced in pendent spikes
+                   |                |          |eight inches or more long.
+                   |                |          |It was originated in Paris,
+                   |                |          |in the nursery of M. Adam
+                   |                |          |in 1828; it was introduced
+                   |                |          |into England about 1829,
+                   |                |          |and has been a good deal
+                   |                |          |cultivated." We noticed a
+                   |                |          |tree of it in a hedgerow
+                   |                |          |near Burnham Common,
+                   |                |          |Slough. It is a strange
+                   |                |          |tree. Some branches will
+                   |                |          |perhaps bear entirely
+                   |                |          |yellow flowers, like those
+                   |                |          |of the common laburnum and
+                   |                |          |others varied like Cytisus
+                   |                |          |purpureus, by a flower that
+                   |                |          |shows the characters of
+                   |                |          |both parents. It is more
+                   |                |          |curious than beautiful.
+                   |                |          |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Ledum latifolium  |Northern portion|White;    |A much-branched shrub 2 to
+(Labrador Tea)     |of North        |late April|3 feet high, and when in
+                   |America;        |          |bloom covered with its
+                   |Ericaceæ        |          |rounded clusters of white
+                   |                |          |blossoms. It needs a cool
+                   |                |          |moist peaty soil, and given
+                   |                |          |this it is very attractive
+                   |                |          |when in bloom.
+                   |                |          |
+L. palustre (Marsh |Northern part of|White,    |Much like the last, except
+Ledum)             |Eastern         |tinged    |that it is rather smaller,
+                   |Hemisphere      |pink      |and the blossoms tinged
+                   |                |          |with pink.
+                   |                |          |
+Leiophyllum        |New Jersey and  |White;    |A compact little evergreen
+buxifolium (Sand   |Virginia;       |May       |shrub about a foot high.
+Myrtle), (Syn. L.  |Ericaceæ        |          |Every twig, however small,
+thymifolium)       |                |          |bears a cluster of pretty
+                   |                |          |blossoms, in colour white
+                   |                |          |tinged with pink. It is a
+                   |                |          |good rockwork shrub in a
+                   |                |          |cool moist position.
+                   |                |          |
+Lespedeza bicolor  |Japan;          |Rosy red; |Sends up stiff annual
+                   |Leguminosæ      |July      |shoots to a height of 4
+                   |                |          |feet. The leaves are
+                   |                |          |trifoliate. It needs a
+                   |                |          |warm soil, and is not
+                   |                |          |particularly attractive.
+                   |                |          |
+*L. Sieboldi (Syn. |China and Japan |Reddish   |A deciduous sub-shrub that
+Desmodium          |                |purple;   |dies nearly to the ground
+penduliflorum)     |                |September |in the winter. From the
+                   |                |          |base are pushed up long
+                   |                |          |wand-like arching shoots to
+                   |                |          |a height of 6 feet, clothed
+                   |                |          |with trifoliate leaves, and
+                   |                |          |bearing large terminal
+                   |                |          |panicles of pea-shaped
+                   |                |          |blossoms. Should it escape
+                   |                |          |the autumn frosts it is
+                   |                |          |delightful.
+                   |                |          |
+Leycesteria formosa|Temperate       |Purplish  |A very interesting shrub, 6
+                   |Himalaya;       |white, and|feet high in the milder
+                   |Caprifoliaceæ   |purple    |parts of these isles, but
+                   |                |bracts    |hardy almost everywhere.
+                   |                |          |These flowers are succeeded
+                   |                |          |by purple berries which are
+                   |                |          |relished by pheasants,
+                   |                |          |hence it is planted for
+                   |                |          |covert in some places.
+                   |                |          |
+Ligustrum coriaceum|China;          |White     |A sturdy evergreen shrub,
+(Thick-leaved      |Oleaceæ         |          |with very dark-green
+Privet)            |                |          |leaves, thick, about 1œ
+                   |                |          |inches long and roundish
+                   |                |          |oval in shape. It reaches a
+                   |                |          |height of about a yard, and
+                   |                |          |is of extremely slow
+                   |                |          |growth.
+                   |                |          |
+L. Ibota (Syn. L.  |Japan           |White;    |A graceful shrub with long,
+amurense)          |                |June and  |slender, arching branches,
+                   |                |July      |narrow leaves, and white
+                   |                |          |flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+L. japonicum       |Japan           |White;    |Reaches a height of 6 to 8
+(Japanese Privet)  |                |early July|feet, and forms a freely
+                   |                |          |branched bush clothed with
+                   |                |          |bright shining green leaves
+                   |                |          |from 2 to 3 inches, oval
+                   |                |          |pointed in shape.
+                   |                |          |
+*L. lucidum (Wax   |China           |White;    |This is the most ornamental
+Tree)              |                |July and  |of all the Privets in
+                   |                |August    |foliage, the leathery
+                   |                |          |dark-green leaves being
+                   |                |          |sometimes as much as 6
+                   |                |          |inches long, and over two
+                   |                |          |inches wide. It reaches a
+                   |                |          |height of 9 to 12 feet, and
+                   |                |          |has large panicles of white
+                   |                |          |flowers. There is a
+                   |                |          |variety--tricolor, with
+                   |                |          |leaves beautifully
+                   |                |          |variegated, but being
+                   |                |          |tender it needs wall
+                   |                |          |protection.
+                   |                |          |
+L. massalongianum  |Khasia Hills    |White     |The long narrow leaves of
+(Syn. L.           |                |          |this species make it
+rosmarinifolium)   |                |          |distinct from all other
+                   |                |          |Privets. It is hardy only
+                   |                |          |in the west of England and
+                   |                |          |Ireland.
+                   |                |          |
+*L. ovalifolium    |Japan           |White     |This sub-evergreen species
+(Oval-leaved       |                |          |is one of the hardiest of
+Privet)            |                |          |all Privets, being much
+                   |                |          |used for hedges, and for
+                   |                |          |planting where little else
+                   |                |          |will thrive. Its small
+                   |                |          |dense clusters of flowers
+                   |                |          |are borne in great
+                   |                |          |profusion, but they (in
+                   |                |          |common with most Privets)
+                   |                |          |possess such a heavy and
+                   |                |          |unpleasant odour as to
+                   |                |          |unfit them for planting
+                   |                |          |near dwelling-houses. The
+                   |                |          |golden form of this Privet,
+                   |                |          |known as Aureum or
+                   |                |          |Elegantissimum, is met with
+                   |                |          |nearly everywhere,
+                   |                |          |particularly in the
+                   |                |          |environs of London.
+                   |                |          |
+*L. Quihoui        |China           |White;    |A somewhat spreading shrub
+                   |                |late      |about 5 feet high, with
+                   |                |September |small leaves and terminal
+                   |                |          |panicles of flowers. For
+                   |                |          |this reason it is worth
+                   |                |          |growing as a flowering
+                   |                |          |shrub.
+                   |                |          |
+*L. sinense        |China           |White     |The finest of all Privets
+(Chinese Privet)   |                |          |as regards its flowers. It
+                   |                |          |forms a sub-evergreen shrub
+                   |                |          |from 12 to 15 feet high,
+                   |                |          |with arching branches, and
+                   |                |          |frond-like arrangements of
+                   |                |          |the smaller branchlets,
+                   |                |          |which are clothed with
+                   |                |          |leaves about the size of
+                   |                |          |those of the Common Privet,
+                   |                |          |and pale green in colour.
+                   |                |          |The white flowers are borne
+                   |                |          |in such profusion towards
+                   |                |          |the end of July that the
+                   |                |          |entire plant is quite a
+                   |                |          |mass of that colour. It
+                   |                |          |needs a well-drained soil.
+                   |                |          |
+L. vulgare (Common |Europe          |White     |As a hedge plant this is to
+Privet)            |                |          |a great extent superseded
+                   |                |          |by L. ovalifolium, but it
+                   |                |          |is still a useful shrub for
+                   |                |          |rough places. It is one of
+                   |                |          |the subjects that can be
+                   |                |          |clipped into all manner of
+                   |                |          |shapes, hence it is very
+                   |                |          |popular for topiary work.
+                   |                |          |
+*Liriodendron      |United States;  |Yellow;   |The Tulip tree is one of
+tulipifera (Tulip  |Magnoliaceæ     |June      |the most beautiful and
+tree)              |                |          |distinct of all our hardy
+                   |                |          |trees, for the peculiarly
+                   |                |          |shaped four-lobed leaves
+                   |                |          |cannot be confounded with
+                   |                |          |those of any other. It
+                   |                |          |occurs over a considerable
+                   |                |          |extent of country in North
+                   |                |          |America, and when suitably
+                   |                |          |situated attains a height
+                   |                |          |of 130 to 140 feet. Though
+                   |                |          |these dimensions are not
+                   |                |          |reached in this country,
+                   |                |          |specimens nearly 100 feet
+                   |                |          |high are known, and its
+                   |                |          |great value as a timber
+                   |                |          |tree has been demonstrated
+                   |                |          |here as well as in the
+                   |                |          |United States, where it is
+                   |                |          |given the name of the White
+                   |                |          |Wood. The yellow Tulip-like
+                   |                |          |flowers, from whence its
+                   |                |          |popular name in this
+                   |                |          |country is derived, are
+                   |                |          |very pretty, but as a rule
+                   |                |          |borne at such a height that
+                   |                |          |their beauty cannot be
+                   |                |          |seen. They, however, add to
+                   |                |          |the interest and charm of
+                   |                |          |the tree, and with the
+                   |                |          |handsome leafage and the
+                   |                |          |rich yellow hue of the
+                   |                |          |foliage in the Autumn, as
+                   |                |          |well as its thorough
+                   |                |          |hardiness and almost
+                   |                |          |complete indifference to
+                   |                |          |soil and situation, make it
+                   |                |          |one of the most desirable
+                   |                |          |of our large growing trees.
+                   |                |          |There are several
+                   |                |          |varieties, notable among
+                   |                |          |them being integrifolia, in
+                   |                |          |which the distinctive lobes
+                   |                |          |of the leaves are
+                   |                |          |suppressed; aurea maculata,
+                   |                |          |whose leaves are blotched
+                   |                |          |with yellow; and
+                   |                |          |fastigiata, which is of
+                   |                |          |upright growth. These are
+                   |                |          |all interesting, but not
+                   |                |          |equal in beauty to the
+                   |                |          |type.
+                   |                |          |
+Loropetalum        |China;          |Pure      |A very interesting shrub,
+chinense           |Hamamelideæ     |white;    |with long petals,
+                   |                |Winter    |resembling one of the
+                   |                |          |flowers of Hamamelis; they
+                   |                |          |appear 6 to 8 together in
+                   |                |          |clusters at the bract tips.
+                   |                |          |Tender.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _FLOWER OF YULAN (Magnolia conspicua). ABOUT HALF NATURAL
+SIZE._]
+
+[Illustration: _YULAN (Magnolia conspicua); ITS USE AS A WALL SHRUB,
+CROWSLEY PARK, HENLEY._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Magnolia acuminata |North America;  |Greenish  |From a flowering point of
+(Cucumber tree)    |Magnoliaceæ     |yellow    |view this is one of the
+                   |                |          |least showy of the
+                   |                |          |Magnolias, but the tree has
+                   |                |          |handsome foliage; it
+                   |                |          |reaches a height of many
+                   |                |          |feet. The leaves are nearly
+                   |                |          |a foot long, and half as
+                   |                |          |much in width. There is a
+                   |                |          |tree 60 feet high in Syon
+                   |                |          |Park, Middlesex.
+                   |                |          |
+*M. conspicua (the |China           |Pure      |Of all the Magnolias, and
+Yulan)             |                |white;    |indeed of all our deciduous
+                   |                |early     |trees, this is one of the
+                   |                |Spring    |finest, and also one of the
+                   |                |          |earliest flowering. It
+                   |                |          |blooms in some seasons as
+                   |                |          |early as March, and the
+                   |                |          |pure white flowers, like
+                   |                |          |silver chalices, stand out
+                   |                |          |boldly from the bare
+                   |                |          |dark-coloured branches.
+                   |                |          |Owing to the flowers
+                   |                |          |expanding so early, they
+                   |                |          |are sometimes injured by
+                   |                |          |spring frosts, hence in the
+                   |                |          |northern parts of the
+                   |                |          |country this species is
+                   |                |          |often given wall
+                   |                |          |protection. This Magnolia
+                   |                |          |succeeds best in a good,
+                   |                |          |well-drained, loamy soil of
+                   |                |          |not too heavy a nature,
+                   |                |          |indeed, such will suit all
+                   |                |          |the Magnolias perfectly.
+                   |                |          |
+M. Fraseri         |North America   |Creamy    |A distinguishing feature of
+(Fraser's          |                |white;    |this Magnolia is the shape
+Magnolia), (Syn.   |                |May       |of the large leaves, which
+auriculata)        |                |          |are broader towards the
+                   |                |          |upper portion than at the
+                   |                |          |base. It reaches a height
+                   |                |          |of 30 feet or more, but
+                   |                |          |needs a spot sheltered from
+                   |                |          |strong winds. The
+                   |                |          |sweet-scented flowers are
+                   |                |          |nearly 6 inches across.
+                   |                |          |
+M. glauca (the     |North America   |White     |A shrub from 10 to 12 feet
+Swamp Magnolia)    |                |          |high, with flowers not
+                   |                |          |borne all at once, as in
+                   |                |          |most of the others, but
+                   |                |          |scattered over two or three
+                   |                |          |months, from June onwards.
+                   |                |          |It makes a pretty lawn
+                   |                |          |shrub for a damp spot.
+                   |                |          |
+*M. grandiflora    |Southern United |White;    |The evergreen Magnolia is
+(the Evergreen     |States          |late      |more generally grown as a
+Magnolia)          |                |Summer    |wall plant than in the open
+                   |                |          |ground, though in the south
+                   |                |          |and west of England it will
+                   |                |          |thrive perfectly without
+                   |                |          |protection. As a wall
+                   |                |          |covering the handsome
+                   |                |          |dark-green leaves render it
+                   |                |          |effective at all seasons,
+                   |                |          |and they also serve as an
+                   |                |          |admirable setting for the
+                   |                |          |large cup-shaped
+                   |                |          |deliciously-scented
+                   |                |          |flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+M. hypoleuca       |Japan           |Creamy    |In Japan this is a tree 60
+                   |                |white     |feet high, and is said to
+                   |                |          |be a very desirable kind,
+                   |                |          |but it has not been long
+                   |                |          |introduced, and the plants
+                   |                |          |of it in this country are
+                   |                |          |small.
+                   |                |          |
+*M. Lennei         |Garden origin   |Glowing   |The flowers of this are
+                   |                |purple    |large, massive in texture,
+                   |                |outside,  |and delightfully coloured.
+                   |                |pinkish   |They are a month or two
+                   |                |within;   |later than those of the
+                   |                |late      |Yulan, hence they escape
+                   |                |Spring    |the frosts which sometimes
+                   |                |          |injure it.
+                   |                |          |
+M. obovata (Syn. M.|Japan           |Purple    |A spreading shrub 6 to 8
+purpurea)          |                |outside,  |feet high, with flowers
+                   |                |whitish   |much smaller than those of
+                   |                |within;   |M. Lennei, and not of so
+                   |                |late      |pleasing a colour. It is,
+                   |                |Spring    |however, a handsome shrub,
+                   |                |          |less particular in its
+                   |                |          |requirements than most
+                   |                |          |Magnolias.
+                   |                |          |
+M. parviflora      |Japan           |White;    |A neat bush. The centre of
+                   |                |May and   |the flower is occupied by a
+                   |                |June      |ring of bright-red
+                   |                |          |filaments. It is rather
+                   |                |          |tender.
+                   |                |          |
+*M. soulangeana    |Garden origin   |White,    |A small tree more spreading
+                   |                |tinged    |in character than M.
+                   |                |purple    |conspicua, and flowering
+                   |                |outside;  |also a little later. Very
+                   |                |Spring    |pretty, early flowering.
+                   |                |          |
+*M. stellata (Syn. |Japan           |Pure      |The earliest of all the
+M. halleana)       |                |white;    |Magnolias. It is a much
+                   |                |March     |branched shrub, seldom more
+                   |                |          |than 4 feet high, and as
+                   |                |          |much through. The flowers,
+                   |                |          |which are borne in great
+                   |                |          |profusion, are about 3
+                   |                |          |inches in diameter, and
+                   |                |          |composed of a dozen or so
+                   |                |          |of strap-shaped petals; a
+                   |                |          |lovely shrub. There is a
+                   |                |          |variety of this with pink
+                   |                |          |flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+M. tripetala       |North America   |Creamy    |A tree remarkable for its
+(Umbrella tree),   |                |white;    |large handsome leaves,
+(Syn. M. Umbrella) |                |early     |which are arranged in a
+                   |                |Summer    |regular manner towards the
+                   |                |          |upper parts of the
+                   |                |          |branches. The flowers are
+                   |                |          |creamy white. A sheltered
+                   |                |          |spot suits this best.
+                   |                |          |
+M. Watsoni         |Japan           |Ivory     |A bush about 5 feet high.
+                   |                |white     |The flowers are remarkable
+                   |                |inside,   |for their central cluster
+                   |                |flushed   |of crimson filaments. It
+                   |                |with rose |needs a sheltered spot.
+                   |                |on the    |
+                   |                |exterior; |
+                   |                |May and   |
+                   |                |June      |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA var. SOULANGEANA (late Spring)._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Notospartium       |New Zealand;    |Rose; June|This grows in New Zealand
+Carmichæliæ        |Leguminosæ      |          |several feet high, but not
+                   |                |          |here. It has graceful
+                   |                |          |shoots, which are very
+                   |                |          |pretty when smothered with
+                   |                |          |the pink pea-shaped
+                   |                |          |flowers. A correspondent to
+                   |                |          |the _Garden_, writing in
+                   |                |          |July 1900 from Castle
+                   |                |          |Douglas, N.B., says: "I am
+                   |                |          |sure if my plant of
+                   |                |          |Notospartium Carmichæliæ
+                   |                |          |were to be seen by any one
+                   |                |          |who has not got it, there
+                   |                |          |would be countless
+                   |                |          |inquiries for it. It has
+                   |                |          |always done well and
+                   |                |          |flowered freely, but this
+                   |                |          |year it is simply
+                   |                |          |magnificent, with only the
+                   |                |          |points of the twigs visible
+                   |                |          |above the mass of bright
+                   |                |          |pink blossoms."
+                   |                |          |
+Nuttallia          |California;     |White;    |This is one of the
+cerasiformis       |Rosaceæ         |early     |prettiest and most
+                   |                |Spring    |interesting of March
+                   |                |          |shrubs. It is of good
+                   |                |          |habit, and produces a large
+                   |                |          |quantity of dull white
+                   |                |          |flowers in drooping
+                   |                |          |racemes. The fruits, too,
+                   |                |          |are pretty, not unlike
+                   |                |          |those of a small plum, of
+                   |                |          |reddish-yellow colour, with
+                   |                |          |a plum-like bloom. It must
+                   |                |          |be noted that the flowers
+                   |                |          |are liable to be dioecious,
+                   |                |          |and so, therefore the sexes
+                   |                |          |must be planted together,
+                   |                |          |though we have obtained
+                   |                |          |fruit by sticking branches
+                   |                |          |of the male flowers among
+                   |                |          |those of the female shrub.
+                   |                |          |
+*Olearia Haastii   |New Zealand;    |White;    |A valuable evergreen
+(Daisy Bush)       |Compositæ       |July and  |Box-like shrub, laden with
+                   |                |August    |small white Daisy-like
+                   |                |          |blossoms with a yellow
+                   |                |          |disc. Though a native of
+                   |                |          |New Zealand, it is hardy in
+                   |                |          |most parts of England.
+                   |                |          |
+O. macrodonta (New |New Zealand     |White;    |This has large Holly-like
+Zealand Daisy      |                |July      |leaves, silvery on the
+tree), (Syn. O.    |                |          |undersides, and heads of
+dentata)           |                |          |Daisy-like blossoms. Far
+                   |                |          |more tender than O.
+                   |                |          |Haastii, this needs a wall
+                   |                |          |in most parts of the south
+                   |                |          |of England, though it is
+                   |                |          |hardy in the extreme west
+                   |                |          |and in the south of
+                   |                |          |Ireland.
+                   |                |          |
+O. stellulata (Syn.|New Zealand     |White,    |An evergreen bush, with
+O. gunniana,       |                |yellow    |small narrow leaves, the
+Eurybia gunniana)  |                |disc; May |undersides covered with
+                   |                |and June  |whitish felt. The
+                   |                |          |Daisy-like flowers appear
+                   |                |          |in profusion. Its
+                   |                |          |requirements are the same
+                   |                |          |as the last.
+                   |                |          |
+O. Traversii (Syn. |New Zealand     |White;    |In its native country this
+Eurybia Traversii) |                |June      |is a timber tree, but here
+                   |                |          |it needs the same treatment
+                   |                |          |as the last two. The
+                   |                |          |flowers are small and
+                   |                |          |creamy white.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _OLEARIA MACRODONTA. (Redruth.)_]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Oxydendron arboreum|Eastern         |Pure      |This is a charming shrub,
+                   |United States;  |white;    |but in its native country
+                   |Ericaceæ        |June and  |grows to a height of 40
+                   |                |July      |feet. The leaves are dark
+                   |                |          |green, but very richly
+                   |                |          |coloured in autumn. The
+                   |                |          |bell-shaped white flowers
+                   |                |          |remind one of those of the
+                   |                |          |Lily of the Valley, and
+                   |                |          |appear in pretty racemes.
+                   |                |          |
+Ozothamnus         |South Australia |White;    |A neat shrub, 4 to 5 feet
+rosmarinifolius    |and Tasmania;   |July      |high, with narrow
+                   |Compositæ       |          |rosemary-like leaves, and
+                   |                |          |during the summer a
+                   |                |          |profusion of white
+                   |                |          |Aster-like blossoms. It is
+                   |                |          |hardy only in the West of
+                   |                |          |England.
+                   |                |          |
+*Pernettya         |Cape Horn,      |Berries   |Many garden varieties.
+mucronata          |introduced in   |the chief |Between 1878 and 1882 the
+                   |1828; Ericaceæ  |beauty    |floral committee of the
+                   |                |          |Royal Horticultural Society
+                   |                |          |awarded no less than seven
+                   |                |          |first-class certificates,
+                   |                |          |selecting the following
+                   |                |          |varieties for the purpose:
+                   |                |          |P. alba, carnea nana,
+                   |                |          |lilacina macrocarpa, nigra
+                   |                |          |major, rosea purpurea.
+                   |                |          |and sanguinea. There are
+                   |                |          |ten or a dozen quite
+                   |                |          |distinct shades of
+                   |                |          |colouring, from white
+                   |                |          |through tenderest pink,
+                   |                |          |white and rosy pink, the
+                   |                |          |colours then reaching to a
+                   |                |          |soft scarlet, and ending
+                   |                |          |with a dark blood-red,
+                   |                |          |reminding one of the seeds
+                   |                |          |of the Pomegranate, and
+                   |                |          |also the differences in the
+                   |                |          |size of the berries and
+                   |                |          |foliage, particulars which
+                   |                |          |impart additional interest
+                   |                |          |to this useful group of
+                   |                |          |plants. Some fifty or so
+                   |                |          |years ago Mr. Davis of
+                   |                |          |Hillsborough began his
+                   |                |          |experiments with such forms
+                   |                |          |of the Pernettya as were
+                   |                |          |then in cultivation, and he
+                   |                |          |selected as his first
+                   |                |          |seed-parent P.
+                   |                |          |angustifolia, a native of
+                   |                |          |China, a densely branched,
+                   |                |          |narrow-leaved evergreen
+                   |                |          |shrub, growing to a height
+                   |                |          |of about 3 feet. The fruit
+                   |                |          |of this species is light
+                   |                |          |pink in colour. It is a
+                   |                |          |very effective subject,
+                   |                |          |thriving well under the
+                   |                |          |shade of trees, but in such
+                   |                |          |a position does not, as
+                   |                |          |might be expected, flower
+                   |                |          |so freely as when grown in
+                   |                |          |the open. P. mucronata, the
+                   |                |          |type, bears reddish-tinted
+                   |                |          |fruits. Regarding P.
+                   |                |          |angustifolia as the
+                   |                |          |hardiest of the two,
+                   |                |          |Mr. Davis made this the
+                   |                |          |first seed-bearing
+                   |                |          |parent, and found the
+                   |                |          |seedlings from it to vary
+                   |                |          |considerably in the
+                   |                |          |character of the foliage
+                   |                |          |and colour of the fruit.
+                   |                |          |This encouraged him to
+                   |                |          |take seed from the best
+                   |                |          |of his seedlings, and
+                   |                |          |from it obtained the
+                   |                |          |fine varieties which are
+                   |                |          |now in our gardens. It
+                   |                |          |is difficult to
+                   |                |          |over-estimate their
+                   |                |          |value as berry-bearing
+                   |                |          |plants in autumn in
+                   |                |          |peaty soil.
+                   |                |          |
+Philadelphus       |Europe and      |White;    |A well-known shrub, from
+coronarius         |Asia;           |early May |6 to 10 feet high, with
+(Mock Orange       |Saxifrageæ      |          |a profusion of white,
+or Syringa)        |                |          |strongly scented
+                   |                |          |flowers. There are
+                   |                |          |several varieties, the
+                   |                |          |best being aurea, with
+                   |                |          |golden leaves, and
+                   |                |          |Keteleerii, with
+                   |                |          |double blossoms.
+                   |                |          |
+P. gordonianus     |North America   |White;    |A free-growing bush with
+                   |                |early     |flowers twice the size
+                   |                |July      |of the preceding, and
+                   |                |          |about six weeks later in
+                   |                |          |expanding.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. grandiflorus   |Southern United |White;    |Forms a bush about 12
+(Large-flowered    |States          |Midsummer |high, with large leaves
+Mock Orange,       |                |          |and blossoms. It lacks
+Syn. P. inodorus)  |                |          |the fragrance of the
+                   |                |          |other species, which is
+                   |                |          |to many people a point
+                   |                |          |in its favour.
+                   |                |          |
+P. hirsutus        |North America   |White     |Grows about 5 feet high,
+(Hairy-leaved Mock |                |          |and bears its
+Orange)            |                |          |comparatively small
+                   |                |          |flowers in great
+                   |                |          |profusion.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. Lemoinei       |Garden Hybrid   |White;    |A hybrid between P.
+(Lemoine's Hybrid  |                |June and  |coronarius and the
+Mock Orange)       |                |July      |little New Mexican P.
+                   |                |          |microphyllus. It (P.
+                   |                |          |Lemoinei) forms a
+                   |                |          |slender, freely-branched
+                   |                |          |shrub about 5 feet high,
+                   |                |          |and has a profusion of
+                   |                |          |small pure-white flowers
+                   |                |          |that are most agreeably
+                   |                |          |scented, the fragrance
+                   |                |          |reminding one of ripe
+                   |                |          |apples. The variety
+                   |                |          |erectus is a rather
+                   |                |          |stronger grower, and
+                   |                |          |even a finer plant.
+                   |                |          |Other delightful hybrid
+                   |                |          |forms are, Boule
+                   |                |          |d'Argent, a neat bush
+                   |                |          |with double flowers;
+                   |                |          |Candelabre, with larger
+                   |                |          |blossoms than the other
+                   |                |          |forms of Lemoinei; Gerbe
+                   |                |          |de neige, dwarf form
+                   |                |          |with large single
+                   |                |          |flowers; and Manteau
+                   |                |          |d'Hermine, semi-double.
+                   |                |          |These are among the most
+                   |                |          |charming of all hardy
+                   |                |          |shrubs.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. Lewisii        |Western North   |White;    |One of the best, with long
+                   |America         |Mid-June  |graceful arching shoots,
+                   |                |          |and large trusses of pure
+                   |                |          |white blossoms.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. microphyllus   |New Mexico      |White     |A dense rounded bush, 3
+(Small-leaved      |                |          |feet high and as much
+Mock Orange)       |                |          |across, clothed with tiny
+                   |                |          |leaves, and very fragrant
+                   |                |          |flowers one inch across.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Satsumi         |Japan           |White     |Rather tenderer than the
+(Japanese Mock     |                |          |American kinds this forms a
+Orange)            |                |          |distinct spreading bush
+                   |                |          |thinner than most of the
+                   |                |          |others. The flowers are
+                   |                |          |pure white and fragrant,
+                   |                |          |and differ from the others
+                   |                |          |in that the petals are
+                   |                |          |less rounded and full, thus
+                   |                |          |forming a more starry
+                   |                |          |bloom.
+                   |                |          |
+*Pieris floribunda |North America;  |White;    |A rounded evergreen shrub,
+(Syn. Andromeda    |Ericaceæ        |April to  |from 3 to 5 feet high,
+floribunda)        |                |May       |clothed with very dark
+                   |                |          |green leaves, and with
+                   |                |          |spikes of pure white
+                   |                |          |Lily-of-the-Valley-like
+                   |                |          |blossoms. It needs a fairly
+                   |                |          |sheltered position and a
+                   |                |          |cool moist soil, such as
+                   |                |          |Rhododendrons delight in.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. formosa        |Himalayas       |White;    |A large bold-growing shrub,
+                   |                |May and   |with handsome dark-green
+                   |                |June      |leathery foliage. It has
+                   |                |          |spikes of wax-like
+                   |                |          |urn-shaped blossoms. It is
+                   |                |          |too tender for general
+                   |                |          |cultivation, except in the
+                   |                |          |West of England and in
+                   |                |          |Ireland.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. japonica (Syn. |Japan           |White     |This differs from the last
+Andromeda japonica)|                |          |in the white wax-like
+                   |                |          |flowers being borne on
+                   |                |          |long pendulous racemes, so
+                   |                |          |that at their best the
+                   |                |          |entire plant is quite
+                   |                |          |veiled with them. The tips
+                   |                |          |of the growing shoots too
+                   |                |          |are bright red. This blooms
+                   |                |          |naturally earlier than P.
+                   |                |          |floribunda, and on that
+                   |                |          |account the flowers are
+                   |                |          |often injured by spring
+                   |                |          |frosts, to prevent which,
+                   |                |          |as far as possible, it
+                   |                |          |should be planted in a
+                   |                |          |sheltered spot, where the
+                   |                |          |early morning sun does not
+                   |                |          |shine direct on it.
+                   |                |          |
+P. mariana (Syn.   |North America   |White;    |A deciduous shrub a yard
+Andromeda mariana) |                |Summer    |high, with wax-like
+                   |                |          |flowers. A damp peaty soil
+                   |                |          |suits it best.
+                   |                |          |
+P. ovalifolia      |Nepaul          |White;    |Grows to a height of 10 to
+                   |                |May       |12 feet, and has spikes of
+                   |                |          |white flowers. This species
+                   |                |          |succeeds better in the West
+                   |                |          |of England and in Ireland
+                   |                |          |than elsewhere.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _A GROUP OF PRUNUS PERSICA (Kew.)_]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Prunus (Rosaceæ)   |......          |......    |This is a beautiful genus.
+                   |                |          |As at present constituted
+                   |                |          |it contains all those trees
+                   |                |          |which were formerly and in
+                   |                |          |many places still are
+                   |                |          |included under the generic
+                   |                |          |titles of Amygdalus,
+                   |                |          |Persica, Cerasus, Padus,
+                   |                |          |&c. The genus is divided
+                   |                |          |into six sections, viz.,
+                   |                |          |Amygdalus, which includes
+                   |                |          |Almonds and Peaches;
+                   |                |          |Armeniaca, the Apricots;
+                   |                |          |Prunus, which contains the
+                   |                |          |true Plums and the
+                   |                |          |Blackthorn; Cerasus, the
+                   |                |          |various Cherries; Padus,
+                   |                |          |the Bird Cherries; and
+                   |                |          |Laurocerasus, under which
+                   |                |          |is placed the Cherry
+                   |                |          |Laurel, Portugal Laurel,
+                   |                |          |&c. Although these genera
+                   |                |          |may differ outwardly, yet
+                   |                |          |they are botanically of the
+                   |                |          |same character. The genus
+                   |                |          |is widely spread,
+                   |                |          |representatives being found
+                   |                |          |in Europe and through Asia
+                   |                |          |southward to Persia and
+                   |                |          |Afghanistan, and eastward
+                   |                |          |to China and Japan; it is
+                   |                |          |also well represented in
+                   |                |          |North America. With the
+                   |                |          |exception of the section
+                   |                |          |Laurocerasus, all the
+                   |                |          |members of the genus are
+                   |                |          |deciduous trees or shrubs
+                   |                |          |of various sizes, and most
+                   |                |          |of them are very beautiful,
+                   |                |          |especially in spring. A
+                   |                |          |fairly light well-drained
+                   |                |          |soil is best. If inclined
+                   |                |          |to be cold and heavy and is
+                   |                |          |not very deep, the plums or
+                   |                |          |any which succeed on the
+                   |                |          |plum stock, are best, as
+                   |                |          |they are more
+                   |                |          |surface-rooting than the
+                   |                |          |remainder. The presence of
+                   |                |          |lime in the soil is highly
+                   |                |          |beneficial to all the
+                   |                |          |Prunuses and, if not
+                   |                |          |naturally present, can
+                   |                |          |easily be given in the form
+                   |                |          |of old mortar-rubbish
+                   |                |          |forked in liberally round
+                   |                |          |them. Propagation is
+                   |                |          |effected by seeds,
+                   |                |          |cuttings, layers, or by
+                   |                |          |budding or grafting.
+                   |                |          |Details of propagation will
+                   |                |          |be found with each section.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Amygdalus       |Native of       |Pink;     |This is the Almond, the
+(the Almond)       |Southern Europe |Spring    |tree which foreshadows the
+                   |and the Levant  |          |coming of spring, its
+                   |                |          |leafless shoots enveloped
+                   |                |          |in pink-tinted flowers. In
+                   |                |          |the southern and central
+                   |                |          |parts of the country it is
+                   |                |          |largely grown, especially
+                   |                |          |in small suburban gardens,
+                   |                |          |but is not quite hardy
+                   |                |          |enough for the north,
+                   |                |          |unless the position is very
+                   |                |          |favourable. The fruit is
+                   |                |          |chiefly composed of the
+                   |                |          |large deeply-pitted stone,
+                   |                |          |which is only covered with
+                   |                |          |a thick, tough, woolly
+                   |                |          |skin. There are five good
+                   |                |          |varieties: Amara, the
+                   |                |          |Bitter Almond, with large
+                   |                |          |white flowers tinged with a
+                   |                |          |soft rose colour in the
+                   |                |          |centre; dulcis, the Sweet
+                   |                |          |Almond, with large red
+                   |                |          |flowers and amongst the
+                   |                |          |first to open; macrocarpa,
+                   |                |          |which has larger flowers
+                   |                |          |and fruits than the type,
+                   |                |          |but the flowers are of
+                   |                |          |paler colour; pendula, a
+                   |                |          |half-weeping variety, deep
+                   |                |          |pink flowers; persicoides,
+                   |                |          |a handsome tree, more
+                   |                |          |upright in growth than the
+                   |                |          |type, and very free. The
+                   |                |          |large pink flowers open
+                   |                |          |somewhat earlier than
+                   |                |          |those of the common Almond.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. davidiana      |China           |White or  |This is a small tree and
+(Amygdalus         |                |pale rose;|one of the earliest to
+davidiana)         |                |January   |bloom; the flowers opening
+                   |                |or early  |as early as January in mild
+                   |                |February  |weather, though the middle
+                   |                |          |or end of February is its
+                   |                |          |usual flowering time. The
+                   |                |          |buds are not injured by
+                   |                |          |frost, but open when the
+                   |                |          |weather gets milder. The
+                   |                |          |leaves are broader and of
+                   |                |          |duller colour than those of
+                   |                |          |the Almond, but the flowers
+                   |                |          |are of about the same size
+                   |                |          |and substance. There are
+                   |                |          |two forms, alba, white,
+                   |                |          |which is the best, and
+                   |                |          |rubra, rose or red.
+                   |                |          |Beautiful under glass.
+                   |                |          |
+P. incana          |Asia Minor      |Pale red; |This species is allied to
+(Amygdalus incana) |                |March and |the pretty P. nana; it is a
+                   |                |April     |spreading shrub 4 to 6 feet
+                   |                |          |high with linear leaves
+                   |                |          |silvery-white underneath.
+                   |                |          |The flowers are about half
+                   |                |          |the size of those of the
+                   |                |          |Almond and freely produced.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. nana (Amygdalus|Eastern Europe  |Rose;     |This delightful little
+nana)              |and the southern|March and |shrub is rarely more than 3
+                   |parts of Russia |April     |feet high, the thin twiggy
+                   |                |          |growths being covered every
+                   |                |          |Spring with rose-coloured
+                   |                |          |flowers. It makes a
+                   |                |          |charming bed for the
+                   |                |          |Spring, and is very easily
+                   |                |          |increased by layering.
+                   |                |          |
+P. orientalis      |Western Asia    |Rose;     |This shrub grows to a
+                   |                |April     |height of about 6 feet, but
+                   |                |          |is not very hardy. So
+                   |                |          |many, however, enjoy the
+                   |                |          |beauty of the Almond family
+                   |                |          |that we include it, as in
+                   |                |          |many southern gardens it is
+                   |                |          |happy. The willow-like
+                   |                |          |leaves are silvery white.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. Persica (the   |China, but      |Pink;     |This beautiful
+Peach), (Syn.      |formerly        |April or  |spring-flowering tree needs
+Persica vulgaris   |considered a    |May       |no description. It is not
+and Amygdalus      |native of Persia|          |grown, however, so much as
+Persica)           |                |          |the various double-flowered
+                   |                |          |varieties, such as
+                   |                |          |flore-roseo-pleno and
+                   |                |          |flore-albo-pleno; the
+                   |                |          |former has very double
+                   |                |          |bright rose flowers and the
+                   |                |          |latter white.
+                   |                |          |Flore-rubro-pleno is a
+                   |                |          |double red form. The
+                   |                |          |variety foliis rubris has
+                   |                |          |deep purple-coloured
+                   |                |          |leaves; the flowers are
+                   |                |          |tinged with the same colour
+                   |                |          |and the fruits are dark and
+                   |                |          |freely produced. Magnifica
+                   |                |          |is a double red-flowered
+                   |                |          |variety with larger and
+                   |                |          |finer flowers than the
+                   |                |          |others, and the finest of
+                   |                |          |all. All the Almonds are
+                   |                |          |best propagated by budding
+                   |                |          |or grafting on suitable
+                   |                |          |stocks, which are the
+                   |                |          |common Almond for warm
+                   |                |          |light soils, and the Plum
+                   |                |          |for heavier soils and
+                   |                |          |colder localities. For
+                   |                |          |budding the Mussel plum
+                   |                |          |stock is the best to use,
+                   |                |          |and either the same or the
+                   |                |          |Myrobella plum for
+                   |                |          |grafting. The latter is not
+                   |                |          |usually a good stock for
+                   |                |          |budding, the bark being too
+                   |                |          |thin to hold the bud
+                   |                |          |properly, which objection
+                   |                |          |does not hold good with the
+                   |                |          |Mussel plum stock. The
+                   |                |          |species can also be got
+                   |                |          |from seeds, and P. nana is
+                   |                |          |best raised as stated from
+                   |                |          |layers, or cuttings of
+                   |                |          |half-ripened wood, which
+                   |                |          |will strike, though not
+                   |                |          |very readily.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Armeniaca (the  |                |          |Many of the species in this
+Apricots)          |                |          |group are amongst the most
+                   |                |          |precious flowering shrubs
+                   |                |          |of the garden. All can be
+                   |                |          |increased by seed. P.
+                   |                |          |tomentosa and P. triloba
+                   |                |          |flore-pleno can also be got
+                   |                |          |from layers or cuttings.
+                   |                |          |Half-ripened wood of the
+                   |                |          |latter will also root
+                   |                |          |readily, and soon form
+                   |                |          |sturdy young trees. These
+                   |                |          |two in particular should
+                   |                |          |always be on their own
+                   |                |          |roots: a plum stock kills
+                   |                |          |them in a few years.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Armeniaca       |Northern China  |Small,    |We mention this because
+(common Apricot)   |                |white,    |it is the parent of the
+                   |                |opening   |various varieties of
+                   |                |early in  |Apricot.
+                   |                |the year, |
+                   |                |and       |
+                   |                |frequently|
+                   |                |blackened |
+                   |                |by frost  |
+                   |                |          |
+*P. Mume           |Japan           |Rose;     |This is a small and pretty
+                   |                |early,    |tree of upright growth, and
+                   |                |before the|the leaves large and
+                   |                |leaves    |shining green in colour.
+                   |                |          |There are four varieties,
+                   |                |          |viz., flore-albo-pleno,
+                   |                |          |double white;
+                   |                |          |flore-roseo-pleno, double
+                   |                |          |bright rose;
+                   |                |          |flore-rubro-pleno, double
+                   |                |          |red; and pendula, which
+                   |                |          |makes a pretty, small,
+                   |                |          |weeping tree if worked
+                   |                |          |standard high.
+                   |                |          |
+P. tomentosa       |China and Japan |pinkish   |This is a pretty, small
+                   |                |          |branching shrub, with stout
+                   |                |          |leaves covered with a thick
+                   |                |          |tomentum; the flowers are
+                   |                |          |followed by small red
+                   |                |          |fruits.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. triloba        |China           |Pink;     |The species is not of much
+                   |                |March or  |account, but the double
+                   |                |early     |variety flore-pleno is one
+                   |                |April     |of the most handsome of
+                   |                |          |flowering shrubs. Its
+                   |                |          |large, double,
+                   |                |          |rose-coloured flowers are
+                   |                |          |produced so profusely that
+                   |                |          |hardly a leaf is visible.
+                   |                |          |For a wall it is
+                   |                |          |invaluable, but in this
+                   |                |          |position it should only be
+                   |                |          |pruned immediately after
+                   |                |          |flowering, the summer
+                   |                |          |growths being allowed to
+                   |                |          |develop at will, as this is
+                   |                |          |the wood that will produce
+                   |                |          |flowers the following
+                   |                |          |season.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _PRUNUS JAPONICA. (Syn. P. sinensis.)_]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Prunus (the Plums) |                |          |There are several species
+                   |                |          |of Prunus, but those
+                   |                |          |mentioned are the most
+                   |                |          |important for gardens. The
+                   |                |          |Plums are best grown from
+                   |                |          |seeds, but if these cannot
+                   |                |          |be got then they must be
+                   |                |          |worked upon the Wild,
+                   |                |          |Mussel, and Myrobella or
+                   |                |          |Myrobalan Plum. Plum stocks
+                   |                |          |should be raised from seed.
+                   |                |          |If got from layers or
+                   |                |          |suckers they are liable to
+                   |                |          |throw up suckers from the
+                   |                |          |base, and ruin the plants
+                   |                |          |worked on them.
+                   |                |          |
+P. cerasifera      |Uncertain, but  |Small,    |This is the well-known
+(P. mirobalana)    |probably of     |pure      |Myrobalan Plum, and the
+                   |Caucasian origin|white;    |seedlings are used as
+                   |                |Spring    |stocks. Its hardiness and
+                   |                |          |vigour in almost all soils
+                   |                |          |and climates make it a good
+                   |                |          |small shrub, and its white
+                   |                |          |flower-clusters are
+                   |                |          |delightful in early spring.
+                   |                |          |The fruits are popular on
+                   |                |          |the Continent, and are red
+                   |                |          |in colour. It is used as a
+                   |                |          |hedge in some places. There
+                   |                |          |are two varieties, viz.,
+                   |                |          |angustifolia pendula, which
+                   |                |          |is half pendulous in
+                   |                |          |growth, and the well-known
+                   |                |          |atropurpurea, more often
+                   |                |          |called *P. Pissardi, which
+                   |                |          |is a native of Persia, and
+                   |                |          |has warm purple leaves,
+                   |                |          |which get darker with age.
+                   |                |          |The flowers are
+                   |                |          |rose-tinted. It is a good
+                   |                |          |shrub for colour, but must
+                   |                |          |not be too freely planted.
+                   |                |          |
+P. communis        |The origin of   |White;    |The wild plum is mentioned
+(Wild Plum)        |this plum is    |April and |because a well-known tree,
+                   |uncertain; it is|March     |but its varieties are more
+                   |stated in some  |          |beautiful. *Pruneauliana is
+                   |works to be a   |          |very handsome; its fruit is
+                   |native of       |          |the prune imported from
+                   |Britain, Europe,|          |abroad. It is of upright
+                   |and a part of   |          |growth, with downy leaves,
+                   |Asia            |          |and large, pure white
+                   |                |          |flowers. *P. fl. pl. is
+                   |                |          |extremely handsome; it has
+                   |                |          |double flowers. The wild
+                   |                |          |plum is the same as P.
+                   |                |          |domestica.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. divaricata     |Wide            |White;    |This is one of the most
+                   |distribution    |April or  |beautiful of the Plums,
+                   |from Macedonia  |late March|but rarely seen. A fine
+                   |Caucasus and    |in a mild |example of it is now in
+                   |Persia.         |season    |the rock garden at Kew,
+                   |Introduced in   |          |and when the weather is
+                   |1822            |          |mild before March is out,
+                   |                |          |this spreading tree is
+                   |                |          |enveloped in snowy-white
+                   |                |          |flowers. But unfortunately
+                   |                |          |its flowers are sometimes
+                   |                |          |spoilt by late frosts. The
+                   |                |          |growth is slender, twiggy,
+                   |                |          |and dark in colour.
+                   |                |          |
+P. spinosa (the    |Britain, and    |White     |The Sloe or Blackthorn of
+Sloe)              |Europe, North   |          |the English hedgerow is
+                   |Asia, &c.       |          |familiar, but the variety
+                   |                |          |*flore-pleno is a good
+                   |                |          |garden shrub; its spreading
+                   |                |          |Spring shoots are covered
+                   |                |          |in April with double white
+                   |                |          |flowers, each like a little
+                   |                |          |rosette, and longer lasting
+                   |                |          |than the Sloe of the
+                   |                |          |English lane. It is as yet
+                   |                |          |rare in British gardens.
+                   |                |          |This should be worked on
+                   |                |          |the type.
+                   |                |          |
+The Cherries       |                |          |A beautiful group of
+(Cerasus group)    |                |          |flowering trees. They are
+                   |                |          |propagated by seeds or by
+                   |                |          |grafting them on stocks of
+                   |                |          |the Gean (P. Avium), but
+                   |                |          |never resort to this
+                   |                |          |practice if possible to
+                   |                |          |avoid it. The small-growing
+                   |                |          |cherries, P. humilis, P.
+                   |                |          |Jacquemontii, P. japonica,
+                   |                |          |P. prostrata, and P.
+                   |                |          |pumila, must be increased
+                   |                |          |by layers; the Gean stock
+                   |                |          |kills them.
+                   |                |          |
+P. acida           |Europe          |White;    |P. acida would be little
+                   |                |April     |heard of if it were not for
+                   |                |          |its variety, P. a.
+                   |                |          |semperflorens, (the All
+                   |                |          |Saints' Cherry), which
+                   |                |          |blooms twice or thrice in a
+                   |                |          |season, indeed, keeps up a
+                   |                |          |scattered succession from
+                   |                |          |May to September. The first
+                   |                |          |display of flowers takes
+                   |                |          |place in April, and in
+                   |                |          |about two months afterwards
+                   |                |          |it blooms again. The fruits
+                   |                |          |are very abundant, and are
+                   |                |          |scarlet in colour. There
+                   |                |          |are several other
+                   |                |          |varieties, but not of much
+                   |                |          |consequence.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Avium (the      |Europe, and a   |Pure      |The Wild Cherry is pretty,
+Gean or Wild       |woodland tree   |white;    |and it is interesting as
+Cherry)            |in many parts   |April and |the parent of the fruiting
+                   |of these Isles  |May       |cherries, but neither this
+                   |                |          |species nor its varieties,
+                   |                |          |decumana, white, the
+                   |                |          |cut-leaved laciniata, or
+                   |                |          |the weeping pendula, can
+                   |                |          |approach the beauty of the
+                   |                |          |*double white
+                   |                |          |(flore-pleno), which is one
+                   |                |          |of the loveliest of all
+                   |                |          |flowering trees. In late
+                   |                |          |April the whole tree seems
+                   |                |          |enveloped in blossom as
+                   |                |          |white as driven snow, and
+                   |                |          |it lasts for many days in
+                   |                |          |this condition. No garden
+                   |                |          |should be without this
+                   |                |          |queen of flowering trees.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Cerasus (Dwarf  |Europe and      |White;    |This is not very
+or Wild Cherry)    |Britain         |Spring    |interesting, except that it
+                   |                |          |is one of the parents of
+                   |                |          |the fruiting cherry, and in
+                   |                |          |the garden is hardly
+                   |                |          |wanted, as its
+                   |                |          |double-flowered varieties
+                   |                |          |are far more beautiful,
+                   |                |          |especially *Rhexi
+                   |                |          |flore-pleno, which has very
+                   |                |          |double, snow-white,
+                   |                |          |rosette-shaped flowers. It
+                   |                |          |is one of the most
+                   |                |          |beautiful of all the
+                   |                |          |Cherries, and when grown as
+                   |                |          |a standard makes a small
+                   |                |          |and spreading tree of much
+                   |                |          |charm. It is sometimes
+                   |                |          |catalogued as C. caproniana
+                   |                |          |multiplex, C. c.
+                   |                |          |ranunculiflora, and C.
+                   |                |          |serotina flore-pleno.
+                   |                |          |Persicifolia has similar
+                   |                |          |flowers, but tinged with
+                   |                |          |rose. C. Cerasus and C.
+                   |                |          |Avium have much in common,
+                   |                |          |but the former has smaller
+                   |                |          |leaves and an acid fruit.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Chamæcerasus    |Europe, but long|White     |This is a small shrub,
+(Siberian Cherry)  |grown in English|flowers,  |seldom more than 4 feet
+                   |gardens         |Ÿ in.     |high; it has slender
+                   |                |across;   |branches, shining
+                   |                |Spring    |dark-green leaves and
+                   |                |          |flowers, followed by small
+                   |                |          |reddish-purple acid fruits.
+                   |                |          |When grown as a standard
+                   |                |          |it makes a round,
+                   |                |          |half-drooping and graceful
+                   |                |          |tree.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. japonica       |China and Japan |Double,   |This is one of the
+                   |                |pure white|prettiest of small shrubs
+                   |                |          |when in flower. It is very
+                   |                |          |charming against a wall,
+                   |                |          |but is a success in the
+                   |                |          |open, flowering freely, and
+                   |                |          |for this reason makes an
+                   |                |          |interesting and beautiful
+                   |                |          |group. It grows between 3
+                   |                |          |and 4 feet high, and its
+                   |                |          |long slender branches are
+                   |                |          |often weighed down by the
+                   |                |          |wealth of pure-white
+                   |                |          |flowers. The leaves are
+                   |                |          |tinged with red when young.
+                   |                |          |The flowers of the variety
+                   |                |          |flore-roseo-pleno are rich
+                   |                |          |rose; it is a beautiful
+                   |                |          |shrub. Increase only by
+                   |                |          |layers or by cuttings;
+                   |                |          |never graft.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. prostrata      |Mountains of the|Bright    |Mr. Goldring in the
+                   |Levant          |pink;     |_Gardener's Magazine_,
+                   |                |Spring    |April 6, 1901, p. 210,
+                   |                |          |writes thus of this Cherry:
+                   |                |          |"I am afraid that this
+                   |                |          |species, which is a low
+                   |                |          |shrub from the mountains of
+                   |                |          |the Levant, is not very
+                   |                |          |easy to obtain, yet it is
+                   |                |          |one of the most delightful
+                   |                |          |of dwarf cherries. It is a
+                   |                |          |spreading plant with
+                   |                |          |slender arching branches,
+                   |                |          |but scarcely prostrate.
+                   |                |          |The leaves are amongst the
+                   |                |          |smallest in this group,
+                   |                |          |being from a half-inch to
+                   |                |          |one and a half inches long,
+                   |                |          |and finely toothed. Nor are
+                   |                |          |the flowers large, being a
+                   |                |          |half-inch or little more in
+                   |                |          |diameter, but in their
+                   |                |          |profusion they almost hide
+                   |                |          |the branches. The colour is
+                   |                |          |a bright, and, among
+                   |                |          |Prunus, unusual shade of
+                   |                |          |rose. This shrub was known
+                   |                |          |to Loudon, and was
+                   |                |          |recommended by him. It has,
+                   |                |          |indeed, been in cultivation
+                   |                |          |for nearly one hundred
+                   |                |          |years, but seems to have
+                   |                |          |shared the fate of many
+                   |                |          |other lovely hardy shrubs
+                   |                |          |in the middle decades of
+                   |                |          |last century, and almost
+                   |                |          |passed out of cultivation.
+                   |                |          |It grows at elevations of
+                   |                |          |5000 to 6000 feet, and is
+                   |                |          |perfectly hardy."
+                   |                |          |
+P. pseudo-cerasus  |China and Japan |......    |This is a glorious cherry,
+(Japanese Cherry)  |                |          |and very popular in Japan;
+                   |                |          |indeed, it is one of the
+                   |                |          |most beautiful
+                   |                |          |introductions we have had
+                   |                |          |from that land of flowers.
+                   |                |          |The recent double-flowered
+                   |                |          |varieties should be in all
+                   |                |          |gardens, and given a fairly
+                   |                |          |moist soil and sunny
+                   |                |          |situation, will bloom well.
+                   |                |          |P. pseudo-cerasus goes
+                   |                |          |under several names, such
+                   |                |          |as Cerasus Sieboldi rubra,
+                   |                |          |C. Watereri, and others. It
+                   |                |          |is a small tree here, with
+                   |                |          |stout greyish branches, and
+                   |                |          |firm broad serrated leaves.
+                   |                |          |*J. H. Veitch, with
+                   |                |          |intense deep rose flowers,
+                   |                |          |is very charming, and
+                   |                |          |blooms from a fortnight to
+                   |                |          |three weeks later than the
+                   |                |          |type. The brownish-tinted
+                   |                |          |foliage is quite a feature.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. pendula        |Japan           |Deep pink;|A beautiful tree of
+(Cerasus pendula   |                |April and |distinct weeping habit, and
+rosea)             |                |May       |raised from seed quite
+                   |                |          |readily, retaining its true
+                   |                |          |character. The flowers are
+                   |                |          |borne profusely, and
+                   |                |          |sometimes open in March. It
+                   |                |          |is a tree that could be
+                   |                |          |raised from layers. Mr.
+                   |                |          |Bean, writing in the
+                   |                |          |_Garden_ of April 13,
+                   |                |          |1901, says: "Prunus pendula
+                   |                |          |is as naturally pendulous
+                   |                |          |in growth as the Babylonian
+                   |                |          |Willow is, and it should,
+                   |                |          |if possible, be obtained on
+                   |                |          |its own roots. It is an
+                   |                |          |early flowering
+                   |                |          |kind--probably the earliest
+                   |                |          |of the Cherries--being in
+                   |                |          |bloom as a rule soon after
+                   |                |          |April comes in. The flowers
+                   |                |          |are of a lovely shade of
+                   |                |          |delicate rose, but are not
+                   |                |          |large. They are, however,
+                   |                |          |freely borne, especially
+                   |                |          |after a hot, ripening
+                   |                |          |Summer and Autumn. In the
+                   |                |          |United States it succeeds
+                   |                |          |even better than here, and
+                   |                |          |by some authorities is
+                   |                |          |regarded as the loveliest
+                   |                |          |of Japanese trees
+                   |                |          |introduced to that country.
+                   |                |          |So much cannot be said of
+                   |                |          |it in Britain, but it is
+                   |                |          |well worth cultivation for
+                   |                |          |its beauty and earliness."
+                   |                |          |
+*P. serrulata      |Introduced from |The       |This is one of the most
+(Cerasus serrulata)|China about 80  |flowers   |ornamental of the Cherries.
+                   |years ago. Also |are in    |It is naturally a small
+                   |a native of     |large     |tree with a rather loose
+                   |Japan           |loose     |habit, and is peculiar by
+                   |                |heads, and|reason of its short-jointed
+                   |                |are white,|stunted-looking branches.
+                   |                |or white  |The leaves are fairly large
+                   |                |suffused  |and very evenly serrated.
+                   |                |more or   |For lawns or shrubberies it
+                   |                |less      |is excellent, making a good
+                   |                |deeply    |companion plant to its own
+                   |                |with rose,|countryman, the
+                   |                |and 1 inch|large-flowered
+                   |                |to 1œ inch|pseudo-Cerasus and its
+                   |                |across.   |European cousins, Cerasus
+                   |                |End of    |and Avium. In addition to
+                   |                |April     |being an excellent outdoor
+                   |                |          |tree, it may be cultivated
+                   |                |          |in pots for forcing for the
+                   |                |          |conservatory in Winter and
+                   |                |          |Spring.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. Mahaleb        |Europe          |White;    |The Mahaleb is well known
+                   |                |April and |for its remarkable
+                   |                |May       |profusion of pure white
+                   |                |          |blossom and its free
+                   |                |          |graceful habit. In the
+                   |                |          |variety pendula, the
+                   |                |          |pendent character of the
+                   |                |          |branches is not unduly
+                   |                |          |marked, but is sufficient
+                   |                |          |to add greatly to the
+                   |                |          |beauty of the tree. It is
+                   |                |          |not only one of the best of
+                   |                |          |Cherries, but of all
+                   |                |          |flowering trees, and is as
+                   |                |          |well adapted for planting
+                   |                |          |in groups as it is when
+                   |                |          |isolated as a single
+                   |                |          |specimen. The flowers are
+                   |                |          |borne on short racemes, and
+                   |                |          |in such abundance as to
+                   |                |          |envelop the tree in a
+                   |                |          |snow-white mantle. Every
+                   |                |          |garden should have at least
+                   |                |          |one weeping Mahaleb.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Padus (the Bird |Europe, and a   |White;    |A well-known tree, and
+Cherry)            |great part of   |Spring    |frequently seen in
+                   |Asia            |          |woodlands, where its strong
+                   |                |          |scent is quickly detected.
+                   |                |          |It is a shapely tree,
+                   |                |          |growing 20 feet to 30 feet
+                   |                |          |high, and has long erect
+                   |                |          |branches, and in Spring
+                   |                |          |drooping racemes of flowers
+                   |                |          |6 inches or more long. The
+                   |                |          |fruits are small and
+                   |                |          |shining black in colour.
+                   |                |          |There are, however, many
+                   |                |          |poor forms, sometimes with
+                   |                |          |almost greenish flowers.
+                   |                |          |Perhaps the most valuable
+                   |                |          |is the double variety,
+                   |                |          |flore-pleno, which has very
+                   |                |          |long racemes and very pure
+                   |                |          |white. Pendula is a weeping
+                   |                |          |variety which will, no
+                   |                |          |doubt, be an acquisition,
+                   |                |          |but it is of too recent
+                   |                |          |appearance here to say much
+                   |                |          |about it. It is curious to
+                   |                |          |note that there is a
+                   |                |          |variety (stricta) with an
+                   |                |          |exactly opposite tendency,
+                   |                |          |branches and racemes being
+                   |                |          |quite erect. P. virginiana,
+                   |                |          |a nearly allied Bird Cherry
+                   |                |          |from North America, is also
+                   |                |          |represented by a pendulous
+                   |                |          |form. P. serotina and its
+                   |                |          |variety pendula, and the
+                   |                |          |other members of the Padus
+                   |                |          |group, are not important.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _PRUNUS SERRULATA IN FLOWER. (Spring.)_]
+
+[Illustration: _THE DOUBLE-FLOWERED BIRD CHERRY. (Prunus Padus fl.
+pl.)_]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+LAUROCERASUS       |                |          |
+GROUP.             |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+P. ilicifolia      |California      |White     |A tender evergreen with
+                   |                |          |holly-like leaves, but only
+                   |                |          |hardy in warm southern and
+                   |                |          |western countries. It is a
+                   |                |          |small bush, 6 feet to 8
+                   |                |          |feet high, and has short
+                   |                |          |and erect flower racemes
+                   |                |          |and deep-green leaves.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Laurocerasus    |East Europe     |White     |A well-known evergreen, too
+(Cherry Laurel)    |                |          |freely planted in the past,
+                   |                |          |and so vigorous as to
+                   |                |          |over-run the garden in
+                   |                |          |course of years. The
+                   |                |          |varieties are more planted
+                   |                |          |than the type, as they are
+                   |                |          |handsomer. The most
+                   |                |          |distinct are Bertini
+                   |                |          |(latifolia), camelliæfolia,
+                   |                |          |caucasica, rotundifolia,
+                   |                |          |and schipkænsis; the last
+                   |                |          |mentioned is about the
+                   |                |          |hardiest.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. lusitanica     |Spain and       |White     |A popular evergreen. There
+(Portugal Laurel)  |Portugal        |          |are four
+                   |                |          |varieties--azorica, which
+                   |                |          |is very tender; coriacea;
+                   |                |          |myrtifolia, small narrow
+                   |                |          |leaves, and bears clipping
+                   |                |          |well. P. ilicifolia is the
+                   |                |          |only plant that need be
+                   |                |          |raised from seed. The
+                   |                |          |Cherry and Portugal
+                   |                |          |Laurels, with their
+                   |                |          |varieties, are usually
+                   |                |          |propagated by cuttings,
+                   |                |          |ripened wood of almost any
+                   |                |          |size being cut into pieces
+                   |                |          |8 inches or so in length,
+                   |                |          |and inserted nearly their
+                   |                |          |full length in the ground.
+                   |                |          |This can be done from the
+                   |                |          |time the wood is ripe
+                   |                |          |enough until the end of the
+                   |                |          |year. Practically every
+                   |                |          |cutting will root and make
+                   |                |          |sturdy plants in a
+                   |                |          |twelvemonth. The Portugal
+                   |                |          |Laurel is also largely
+                   |                |          |raised from seeds, which
+                   |                |          |are gathered when ripe and
+                   |                |          |sown immediately without
+                   |                |          |any preliminary cleaning.
+                   |                |          |If kept in sand until the
+                   |                |          |following spring, they
+                   |                |          |begin to grow before the
+                   |                |          |season is sufficiently
+                   |                |          |advanced to sow them, and
+                   |                |          |if dried, nearly a year is
+                   |                |          |lost before they germinate.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _PYRUS SINAICA._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Pyrus              |Rosaceæ         |          |An important and beautiful
+                   |                |          |genus, as it includes the
+                   |                |          |Pears, Apples, and Quinces
+                   |                |          |of the hardy fruit garden,
+                   |                |          |and such trees as the
+                   |                |          |Flowering Crabs, the White
+                   |                |          |Beam tree, Mountain Ash,
+                   |                |          |and Pyrus japonica. It is
+                   |                |          |divided into seven
+                   |                |          |sections, viz., Pyrophorum,
+                   |                |          |which includes the true
+                   |                |          |pears; Malus, the Wild Crab
+                   |                |          |apples, parents of many
+                   |                |          |garden forms; Aria, of
+                   |                |          |which the White Beam tree
+                   |                |          |is a good type; Sorbus, in
+                   |                |          |which is found the Mountain
+                   |                |          |Ash; Adenorachis, which
+                   |                |          |only contains the North
+                   |                |          |American species, Cydonia,
+                   |                |          |the Quinces, and Mespilus,
+                   |                |          |with which is placed the
+                   |                |          |Medlar. These are found
+                   |                |          |practically throughout the
+                   |                |          |northern temperate zone,
+                   |                |          |under varying conditions,
+                   |                |          |and with one or two
+                   |                |          |unimportant exceptions, are
+                   |                |          |all hardy in this country.
+                   |                |          |The majority of the Pyrus
+                   |                |          |are trees of considerable
+                   |                |          |size. A few are small
+                   |                |          |trees, and about half a
+                   |                |          |dozen are low-growing and
+                   |                |          |dense shrubs. All are
+                   |                |          |deciduous, and will grow in
+                   |                |          |ordinary garden soil, but
+                   |                |          |none of them like a cold
+                   |                |          |and moist soil and
+                   |                |          |position. Ground that will
+                   |                |          |grow Apples and Pears well
+                   |                |          |will suit the Pyruses,
+                   |                |          |though they will thrive in
+                   |                |          |considerably poorer soil
+                   |                |          |than is recommended for
+                   |                |          |fruit culture. In planting,
+                   |                |          |the ground should be deeply
+                   |                |          |trenched, and the bottom
+                   |                |          |well broken up, any clay or
+                   |                |          |gravel that is encountered
+                   |                |          |being thrown out and
+                   |                |          |replaced with good soil.
+                   |                |          |Most of the Pyrus root
+                   |                |          |deeply, and if the soil is
+                   |                |          |not properly prepared in
+                   |                |          |the first place they are
+                   |                |          |apt to fail and get
+                   |                |          |cankered. Propagation is
+                   |                |          |done by seeds, budding, or
+                   |                |          |grafting, and in a few
+                   |                |          |cases by suckers. The best
+                   |                |          |ways are given with each
+                   |                |          |section.
+                   |                |          |
+PYROPHORUM         |                |          |
+GROUP (the True    |                |          |
+Pears).            |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+P. betulæfolia     |China and Japan |White;    |A small and pretty tree, 15
+                   |                |early     |feet to 20 feet high, with
+                   |                |Spring    |leaves somewhat like those
+                   |                |          |of a Birch in shape, though
+                   |                |          |rather larger. They are on
+                   |                |          |long petioles, and have a
+                   |                |          |pleasing sound when ruffled
+                   |                |          |by the wind. It does not
+                   |                |          |flower or fruit much until
+                   |                |          |well established. The white
+                   |                |          |flowers are in dense
+                   |                |          |clusters and appear before
+                   |                |          |the leaves.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. communis (the  |Europe and Asia |White;    |As this is widely
+Wild Pear)         |                |Spring    |distributed it varies
+                   |                |          |greatly. The type is more
+                   |                |          |interesting for its flowers
+                   |                |          |than for its fruit, which
+                   |                |          |is hard, gritty, and dry.
+                   |                |          |It grows 30 to 40 feet
+                   |                |          |high, and has long
+                   |                |          |spreading branches, half
+                   |                |          |pendulous. When the tree is
+                   |                |          |covered with its white
+                   |                |          |flowers the effect is very
+                   |                |          |beautiful. There are
+                   |                |          |several named varieties,
+                   |                |          |the best being flore-pleno,
+                   |                |          |with semi-double flowers;
+                   |                |          |linearis, with long, narrow
+                   |                |          |leaves, and pendula,
+                   |                |          |described by the name.
+                   |                |          |
+P. nivalis         |Eastern Europe  |White;    |A small spreading tree
+                   |                |Spring    |which flowers in great
+                   |                |          |abundance; the fruits are
+                   |                |          |plentifully produced, and
+                   |                |          |are nearly globular in
+                   |                |          |shape, and of fairly good
+                   |                |          |flavour, but dry. The habit
+                   |                |          |of the tree and shape and
+                   |                |          |flavour of the fruit
+                   |                |          |suggest some of the garden
+                   |                |          |pears. There is a variety
+                   |                |          |with leaves variegated with
+                   |                |          |white.
+                   |                |          |
+P. sinaica         |Asia Minor      |White;    |This is one of the few
+                   |                |April     |species worth growing for
+                   |                |          |their leaves alone, for
+                   |                |          |during Spring and Summer it
+                   |                |          |is quite silvery. Although
+                   |                |          |about 20 feet high in its
+                   |                |          |native country, it makes
+                   |                |          |here, as a rule, a small
+                   |                |          |bushy stunted tree.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. salicifolia    |Levant          |          |A beautiful tree, about 15
+(Willow-leaved     |                |          |feet high, and delightful
+Pear)              |                |          |to make groups of for the
+                   |                |          |sake of its long and narrow
+                   |                |          |silvery-white leaves. There
+                   |                |          |is a creeping variety of
+                   |                |          |it. The flowers are white,
+                   |                |          |and the fruits small and
+                   |                |          |woody, neither of much
+                   |                |          |account. It is the effect
+                   |                |          |of the foliage that we must
+                   |                |          |consider, which is very
+                   |                |          |charming when waving in the
+                   |                |          |wind. A good tree for
+                   |                |          |grouping and for small
+                   |                |          |gardens, and this remark
+                   |                |          |applies also to the weeping
+                   |                |          |form. The Pyrophorum group
+                   |                |          |will come true from seed,
+                   |                |          |which is the best way of
+                   |                |          |propagating them. If not
+                   |                |          |from seeds they can be
+                   |                |          |worked on stocks of the
+                   |                |          |Wild Pear, on which they do
+                   |                |          |fairly well, though much
+                   |                |          |better on their own roots.
+                   |                |          |There are other species in
+                   |                |          |this section, such as P.
+                   |                |          |auricularis, P. Michauxi,
+                   |                |          |P. parviflora, P. Pashia,
+                   |                |          |and P. sinensis, but the
+                   |                |          |above are the most
+                   |                |          |important.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _PYRUS SPECTABILIS ON LAWN. (Spring.)_]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+MALUS GROUP (the   |                |          |
+Apples).           |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+*P. baccata        |Himalaya to     |Rose pink;|A well-known tree, very
+(Siberian Crab)    |Japan           |May       |beautiful on the lawn. It
+                   |                |          |grows 20 feet to 30 feet
+                   |                |          |high, and as much or more
+                   |                |          |in diameter, and the
+                   |                |          |flowers smother every
+                   |                |          |branch, followed by a
+                   |                |          |glorious display of
+                   |                |          |brilliant scarlet fruits,
+                   |                |          |which are esteemed by some
+                   |                |          |when preserved. There are
+                   |                |          |several varieties, of which
+                   |                |          |three may be mentioned,
+                   |                |          |Bertini, which is of rather
+                   |                |          |more upright growth than
+                   |                |          |the type, and has large
+                   |                |          |white flowers and scarlet
+                   |                |          |fruits; and Genuina, which
+                   |                |          |differs from the type in
+                   |                |          |its more open growth and
+                   |                |          |larger fruits. Xanthocarpa
+                   |                |          |has bright golden fruits.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. coronaria      |Eastern United  |Rose;     |A beautiful and neglected
+(American or       |States.         |May and   |tree, 15 feet to 20 feet
+Fragrant Crab)     |Introduced 1724 |early June|high, with large,
+                   |                |          |deliciously-fragrant
+                   |                |          |flowers. It is worth
+                   |                |          |growing on this account
+                   |                |          |alone. The leaves are
+                   |                |          |dark-green and lobed, and
+                   |                |          |the fruits sweetly scented
+                   |                |          |and grass-green, not very
+                   |                |          |ornamental. It should
+                   |                |          |become more popular in
+                   |                |          |English gardens. The
+                   |                |          |variety flore-pleno has
+                   |                |          |large, almost double, rich
+                   |                |          |rose-coloured flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. floribunda     |Japan           |Rose;     |A delightful tree and
+                   |                |late      |happily much planted in
+                   |                |Spring and|gardens. It is quite small,
+                   |                |early     |little more than a graceful
+                   |                |Summer    |bush, rarely exceeding a
+                   |                |          |height of 10 feet, wreathed
+                   |                |          |in flowers in the
+                   |                |          |appropriate season, the
+                   |                |          |buds intense crimson, but
+                   |                |          |opening out a paler shade,
+                   |                |          |and thus there is a
+                   |                |          |gradation from one colour
+                   |                |          |to the other. It should be
+                   |                |          |freely grouped and planted
+                   |                |          |in small and large gardens.
+                   |                |          |The fruits are yellow, and
+                   |                |          |about the size of a pea.
+                   |                |          |There are two good
+                   |                |          |varieties, Atrosanguinea,
+                   |                |          |which has flowers of much
+                   |                |          |deeper colour than those of
+                   |                |          |the type, and flore-pleno
+                   |                |          |or Malus Parkmanni, as it
+                   |                |          |is more often called. This
+                   |                |          |has semi-double red
+                   |                |          |flowers, and reddish wood
+                   |                |          |and leaves.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Malus (Crab     |Britain;        |White;    |This is the Crab Apple of
+Apple)             |Europe and Asia |late      |the hedgerow, and although
+                   |                |Spring    |not very ornamental, three
+                   |                |          |varieties of it deserve
+                   |                |          |notice. These are
+                   |                |          |*coccinea, which has large
+                   |                |          |scarlet fruits in
+                   |                |          |abundance;
+                   |                |          |flore-albo-pleno, with
+                   |                |          |large semi-double, pure
+                   |                |          |white flowers, and
+                   |                |          |Neidzwetzkyanus, a very
+                   |                |          |handsome form with
+                   |                |          |purple-tinted leaves and
+                   |                |          |fruit. But no tree can
+                   |                |          |become popular with such a
+                   |                |          |name. We hope it will be
+                   |                |          |changed. Pendula is welcome
+                   |                |          |for its drooping growth.
+                   |                |          |
+P. prunifolia      |Siberia         |Rose;     |This much resembles P.
+                   |                |late      |baccata, and has many
+                   |                |Spring    |varieties, one of them
+                   |                |          |named pendula being a
+                   |                |          |beautiful weeping tree.
+                   |                |          |
+P. Ringo           |Japan           |Late      |A small tree about 20 feet
+                   |                |Spring    |high, with rather long
+                   |                |          |spreading branches, and
+                   |                |          |large flower trusses
+                   |                |          |followed by bright yellow
+                   |                |          |fruits. These are sometimes
+                   |                |          |borne so abundantly that
+                   |                |          |the branches get weighed
+                   |                |          |down.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. Schiedeckeri   |Supposed hybrid |Soft rose;|This hybrid has for its
+                   |(P. spectabilis,|May       |near allies such popular
+                   |*P. Toringo)    |          |and beautiful plants as
+                   |                |          |Pyrus floribunda, P.
+                   |                |          |spectabilis, P. baccata
+                   |                |          |(Siberian Crab), &c.; yet
+                   |                |          |it is not inferior in
+                   |                |          |beauty to any of them. It
+                   |                |          |is only in recent years
+                   |                |          |that it has been in
+                   |                |          |commerce. It has not, of
+                   |                |          |course, reached its full
+                   |                |          |size yet in this country,
+                   |                |          |but it is evidently going
+                   |                |          |to be a small tree. It is
+                   |                |          |nearly related to P.
+                   |                |          |floribunda, but gives every
+                   |                |          |indication of possessing a
+                   |                |          |more tree-like character,
+                   |                |          |its branches being sturdier
+                   |                |          |and more erect in growth.
+                   |                |          |But it is for its wealth of
+                   |                |          |blossom that it is chiefly
+                   |                |          |remarkable. Even among such
+                   |                |          |profuse-flowering things as
+                   |                |          |those of its allies
+                   |                |          |mentioned above, it is
+                   |                |          |noteworthy for its
+                   |                |          |qualities in that respect.
+                   |                |          |During May, its flowering
+                   |                |          |season, clean branches 3
+                   |                |          |feet and even 4 feet long
+                   |                |          |can be cut, which are
+                   |                |          |wreathed from end to end
+                   |                |          |with blossom. The flowers
+                   |                |          |are semi-double and come in
+                   |                |          |the usual Apple-like
+                   |                |          |clusters; each flower is
+                   |                |          |about 1œ inches across.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. spectabilis    |China and Japan |Pink;     |A beautiful and fairly well
+(Chinese Crab)     |                |Spring    |known tree, 20 feet to 30
+                   |                |          |feet high, with large
+                   |                |          |semi-double flowers of much
+                   |                |          |charm; the fruits are
+                   |                |          |bright red. Every garden
+                   |                |          |should possess a group of
+                   |                |          |it, and at least a single
+                   |                |          |specimen standing out by
+                   |                |          |itself, unfettered by trees
+                   |                |          |or shrubs near. There are
+                   |                |          |three varieties of note:
+                   |                |          |flore-pleno-albo, with
+                   |                |          |white flowers; flore-pleno;
+                   |                |          |and Kaido, which is a very
+                   |                |          |charming tree, upright in
+                   |                |          |growth, and with rose-pink
+                   |                |          |flowers and yellowish-red
+                   |                |          |fruits. These trees of the
+                   |                |          |Malus section are usually
+                   |                |          |propagated by being budded
+                   |                |          |or grafted on stocks of the
+                   |                |          |Common Crab. If any of them
+                   |                |          |are growing singly away
+                   |                |          |from other species, then
+                   |                |          |seeds from them will come
+                   |                |          |true to name, but where
+                   |                |          |various species are growing
+                   |                |          |together they become
+                   |                |          |crossed when in flower, and
+                   |                |          |the seedlings result in a
+                   |                |          |variety of hybrids, few or
+                   |                |          |none of which are of any
+                   |                |          |value. But as all of them
+                   |                |          |succeed very well when
+                   |                |          |worked on Stocks of the
+                   |                |          |Common Crab, this is
+                   |                |          |probably the better way to
+                   |                |          |propagate them.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _THE SIBERIAN CRAB (Pyrus Malus baccata) SHOWING ITS
+BEAUTY ON LAWN._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+ARIA GROUP (White  |......          |......    |A very distinct group.
+Beam trees)        |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+P. Aria (Common    |North Temperate |White     |A well-known tree,
+White Beam tree)   |Zone            |          |frequently seen in chalky
+                   |                |          |districts. It is a large
+                   |                |          |tree, 40 to 50 feet high,
+                   |                |          |and has oval leaves, which
+                   |                |          |are silvery white on the
+                   |                |          |under surface. The white
+                   |                |          |flowers are borne in large
+                   |                |          |clusters, followed by oval
+                   |                |          |red or scarlet coloured
+                   |                |          |fruits. There are several
+                   |                |          |varieties. Lutescens is
+                   |                |          |very handsome, with its
+                   |                |          |broad and silvery leaves;
+                   |                |          |chrysophylla has leaves of
+                   |                |          |quite a golden hue; græca
+                   |                |          |is a handsome form found in
+                   |                |          |Greece, it is much later in
+                   |                |          |flowering and fruiting than
+                   |                |          |any of the others;
+                   |                |          |salicifolia has striking
+                   |                |          |leaves, quite silvery white
+                   |                |          |underneath.
+                   |                |          |
+P. decaisneana     |Origin unknown; |......    |A handsome vigorous tree,
+                   |presumably a    |          |with oval leaves, 6 inches
+                   |hybrid          |          |long by 2 to 3 inches
+                   |                |          |broad, silvery beneath. The
+                   |                |          |pinkish flowers are on
+                   |                |          |large dense corymbs,
+                   |                |          |followed by bright scarlet
+                   |                |          |fruits. A tree well worth
+                   |                |          |growing.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. lanata         |Himalaya        |White     |This is better known under
+                   |                |          |its garden name of Sorbus
+                   |                |          |majestica, and is perhaps
+                   |                |          |the most beautiful of this
+                   |                |          |section of Pyrus. It is an
+                   |                |          |upright-growing tree, 30
+                   |                |          |feet to 40 feet high, with
+                   |                |          |large serrated leaves,
+                   |                |          |covered beneath with a
+                   |                |          |dense silvery tomentum. The
+                   |                |          |flowers are succeeded by
+                   |                |          |corymbs of intense scarlet
+                   |                |          |fruit. P. pinnatifida is
+                   |                |          |also of note for its
+                   |                |          |silvery leaves.
+                   |                |          |
+P. vestita         |Northern India  |White     |Thoroughly hardy in this
+                   |                |          |country, and a handsome
+                   |                |          |tree, met with commonly
+                   |                |          |under the names of P.
+                   |                |          |Thomsoni and Sorbus
+                   |                |          |magnifica. It has large
+                   |                |          |oval silvery leaves, and is
+                   |                |          |worth growing for this
+                   |                |          |reason alone. The white
+                   |                |          |flowers and scarlet fruit
+                   |                |          |are an additional charm.
+                   |                |          |The above are all best
+                   |                |          |propagated from seeds,
+                   |                |          |which are freely produced,
+                   |                |          |and come true to name, with
+                   |                |          |the exceptions of P. alpina
+                   |                |          |and P. decaisneana, which,
+                   |                |          |being hybrids, cannot be
+                   |                |          |depended on. These two, and
+                   |                |          |the varieties of P. Aria,
+                   |                |          |are best worked on stocks
+                   |                |          |of P. Aria, on which they
+                   |                |          |succeed very well as a
+                   |                |          |rule, care being taken to
+                   |                |          |choose clean, vigorous
+                   |                |          |stocks with straight stems.
+                   |                |          |
+SORBUS GROUP.      |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+P. americana       |North America   |White     |This is the American
+                   |                |          |Mountain Ash, and is not a
+                   |                |          |great success in this
+                   |                |          |country. It is of smaller
+                   |                |          |growth than our Mountain
+                   |                |          |Ash, and has pinnate leaves
+                   |                |          |and clusters of red fruit,
+                   |                |          |which, like those of most
+                   |                |          |of the Pyruses, are much
+                   |                |          |liked by birds. There are
+                   |                |          |several varieties.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. Aucuparia      |Native          |White;    |This adds a brilliant note
+(Mountain Ash or   |                |Spring    |of colour to the garden
+Rowan tree)        |                |          |landscape in Autumn, and is
+                   |                |          |the glory of many a Scotch
+                   |                |          |and Welsh ravine. In the
+                   |                |          |north the berries are very
+                   |                |          |rich. There are many
+                   |                |          |varieties; the best are
+                   |                |          |asplenifolia, a very
+                   |                |          |handsome tree, with finer
+                   |                |          |leaves and more deeply
+                   |                |          |serrated leaflets than
+                   |                |          |those of the type; dulcis,
+                   |                |          |a handsome, vigorous
+                   |                |          |variety, with bold foliage
+                   |                |          |and larger fruits than
+                   |                |          |those of any of the other
+                   |                |          |Mountain Ashes. Fastigiata
+                   |                |          |has somewhat the habit of
+                   |                |          |the Lombardy Poplar; fructu
+                   |                |          |luteo has bright yellow or
+                   |                |          |orange fruits, which are
+                   |                |          |freely borne and very
+                   |                |          |showy; pendula is a weeping
+                   |                |          |form with branches that
+                   |                |          |sweep the ground.
+                   |                |          |
+P. lanuginosa      |Eastern Europe  |Dull white|This is a showy tree, 30
+                   |                |          |feet to 40 feet high, with
+                   |                |          |pinnate leaves, woolly on
+                   |                |          |both surfaces. The fruits
+                   |                |          |are red.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. sorbus         |Native          |White     |This is more commonly known
+(Service tree)     |                |          |under the names of P.
+                   |                |          |domestica or Sorbus
+                   |                |          |domestica, and is like the
+                   |                |          |Mountain Ash in leaf,
+                   |                |          |though more spreading in
+                   |                |          |growth. The flowers are
+                   |                |          |succeeded by green fruits
+                   |                |          |about the same size as
+                   |                |          |those of a Crab Apple.
+                   |                |          |There are two forms, viz.,
+                   |                |          |maliformis, with
+                   |                |          |apple-shaped fruits, and
+                   |                |          |pyriformis, with fruits
+                   |                |          |shaped like those of a
+                   |                |          |pear.
+                   |                |          |
+P. thianschanica   |Eastern Asia    |White     |This is a comparatively new
+                   |                |          |introduction, but a
+                   |                |          |valuable tree. It has
+                   |                |          |reddish-coloured shining
+                   |                |          |wood and pinnate glossy
+                   |                |          |leaves, with pointed and
+                   |                |          |serrated leaflets. The
+                   |                |          |fruits are small and
+                   |                |          |scarlet. The above can, and
+                   |                |          |should, be propagated from
+                   |                |          |seeds, which germinate
+                   |                |          |readily, and the seedlings
+                   |                |          |soon form strong plants.
+                   |                |          |The varieties of the
+                   |                |          |Mountain Ash should be
+                   |                |          |worked on that species,
+                   |                |          |and, if absolutely
+                   |                |          |necessary, most of the
+                   |                |          |other species can be
+                   |                |          |increased in the same
+                   |                |          |manner and on the same
+                   |                |          |stock. We have seen P.
+                   |                |          |lanuginosa worked on a
+                   |                |          |Hawthorn stock, on which it
+                   |                |          |succeeded very well, but
+                   |                |          |should not recommend the
+                   |                |          |Hawthorn as a stock for any
+                   |                |          |of the Pyruses.
+                   |                |          |
+ADENORACHIS        |                |          |Not a very important group,
+GROUP.             |                |          |containing two species, P.
+                   |                |          |arbutifolia and P. nigra.
+                   |                |          |Both are easily raised from
+                   |                |          |seeds, but the quicker way
+                   |                |          |is to detach suckers.
+                   |                |          |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+CYDONIA            |                |          |
+(the Quinces)      |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+P. cathayensis     |China           |Rosy red; |Best on a wall as at Kew.
+                   |                |late      |Bolder in growth than P.
+                   |                |Spring,   |japonica, but not so hardy.
+                   |                |early     |Very handsome on a wall.
+                   |                |Summer    |
+                   |                |          |
+*P. Cydonia (Syn.  |Unknown         |Flesh     |The Quince is for the
+Cydonia vulgaris)  |                |          |garden orchard. "How seldom
+                   |                |          |does one see Quinces
+                   |                |          |planted for ornament, and
+                   |                |          |yet there is hardly any
+                   |                |          |small tree that better
+                   |                |          |deserves such treatment.
+                   |                |          |Some Quinces planted about
+                   |                |          |eight years ago are now
+                   |                |          |perfect pictures; their
+                   |                |          |lissome branches, borne
+                   |                |          |down with the load of great
+                   |                |          |deep-yellow fruit, and
+                   |                |          |their leaves turning to a
+                   |                |          |colour almost as rich and
+                   |                |          |glowing. The old English
+                   |                |          |rather round-fruited kind
+                   |                |          |with the smooth skin is the
+                   |                |          |best both for flavour and
+                   |                |          |beauty--a mature tree
+                   |                |          |without leaves in winter,
+                   |                |          |has a remarkably graceful,
+                   |                |          |arching, almost weeping
+                   |                |          |growth. The other kind is
+                   |                |          |of a rather more rigid
+                   |                |          |form, and though its
+                   |                |          |woolly-coated, pear-shaped
+                   |                |          |fruits are larger and
+                   |                |          |strikingly handsome, the
+                   |                |          |whole tree has a coarse
+                   |                |          |look, and just lacks the
+                   |                |          |attractive grace of the
+                   |                |          |other. They will do fairly
+                   |                |          |well almost anywhere,
+                   |                |          |though they prefer a rich
+                   |                |          |loamy soil, and a cool,
+                   |                |          |damp, or even swampy
+                   |                |          |place."--_Wood and Garden_,
+                   |                |          |p. 128.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. japonica       |China and Japan |Scarlet;  |A beautiful shrub, one of
+                   |                |April,    |the most valuable
+                   |                |earlier in|introductions that we have
+                   |                |some      |ever had from China and
+                   |                |gardens   |Japan. It is the "japonica"
+                   |                |          |of many a cottage and
+                   |                |          |villa wall, and in
+                   |                |          |sheltered warm gardens
+                   |                |          |begins to bloom before
+                   |                |          |winter has gone, a bright,
+                   |                |          |cheery, and welcome shrub
+                   |                |          |indeed in border or on
+                   |                |          |wall. It is so well known
+                   |                |          |that a description is
+                   |                |          |almost needless, but there
+                   |                |          |are several varieties, with
+                   |                |          |considerable range of
+                   |                |          |colour, from white to
+                   |                |          |scarlet. We give the six
+                   |                |          |from the Kew list:
+                   |                |          |candicans, white;
+                   |                |          |luteo-viridis, yellow;
+                   |                |          |Moerloesi, crimson;
+                   |                |          |nivalis, white; sulphurea
+                   |                |          |perfecta and versicolor
+                   |                |          |lutescens, both yellowish.
+                   |                |          |All the varieties are good,
+                   |                |          |especially Knap-Hill
+                   |                |          |scarlet, which is a
+                   |                |          |brilliant scarlet,
+                   |                |          |delightful in a group; it
+                   |                |          |is a most valuable shrub.
+                   |                |          |Sinica has very showy deep
+                   |                |          |red flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. Maulei         |Japan           |Orange    |A charming shrub, dwarfer
+                   |                |scarlet;  |than P. japonica; the
+                   |                |May       |fruits are yellow, and have
+                   |                |          |a pleasant aromatic odour,
+                   |                |          |and, like those of P.
+                   |                |          |japonica, make an excellent
+                   |                |          |preserve. Superba is a
+                   |                |          |variety or rather reputed
+                   |                |          |hybrid between P. Maulei
+                   |                |          |and P. japonica, and has
+                   |                |          |deep scarlet flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+                   |                |          |The Quince can be
+                   |                |          |propagated by seeds, by
+                   |                |          |cuttings, or by layers.
+                   |                |          |Cuttings of well-ripened
+                   |                |          |wood about 9 inches long
+                   |                |          |should be taken in autumn
+                   |                |          |and inserted 6 inches in
+                   |                |          |the ground, when they soon
+                   |                |          |form roots and make sturdy
+                   |                |          |plants. P. japonica and P.
+                   |                |          |Maulei can be increased by
+                   |                |          |seeds, by suckers, or by
+                   |                |          |root-cuttings. Suckers are
+                   |                |          |freely produced by old
+                   |                |          |plants, and can easily be
+                   |                |          |detached, so that this
+                   |                |          |method is the easiest means
+                   |                |          |of propagating them.
+                   |                |          |
+MESPILUS GROUP.    |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+*P. germanica      |Europe and Asia |Pure      |A small tree for the
+(the Medlar) (Syn. |                |white;    |garden, orchard, or
+Mespilus vulgaris) |                |early     |woodland. It is handsome in
+                   |                |Summer    |leaf and growth, a dense
+                   |                |          |spreading tree, with fruits
+                   |                |          |of acceptable flavour when
+                   |                |          |eaten at the right stage.
+                   |                |          |
+*P. lobata (M.     |Unknown;        |White     |A very handsome but
+Smithi; M.         |probably a      |          |neglected tree, about 20
+grandiflora)       |hybrid          |          |feet high, with dark-green
+                   |                |          |leaves and snow-white
+                   |                |          |flowers, rather smaller
+                   |                |          |than those of the common
+                   |                |          |Medlar; it has small
+                   |                |          |pear-shaped reddish fruits,
+                   |                |          |and is a good lawn tree.
+                   |                |          |
+                   |                |          |These trees are best
+                   |                |          |propagated by grafting or
+                   |                |          |budding on the Pear or
+                   |                |          |Quince stocks, on which
+                   |                |          |they do well. The Medlar
+                   |                |          |can also be increased by
+                   |                |          |seed.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _PYRUS (Mespilus) LOBATA._]
+
+[Illustration: _RHODODENDRONS ARBOREUM HYBRID. (Outdoors, Kew.)_]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+RHODODENDRON       |                |          |
+SPECIES.           |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+Rhododendron       |Himalaya;       |Bell-     |This is a famous Himalayan
+arboreum           |Ericaceæ        |shaped,   |Rhododendron, a tree
+                   |                |various   |attaining a height of 40
+                   |                |colours-- |feet in its native country.
+                   |                |blood-red,|It has bold, thick foliage,
+                   |                |white,    |green above but quite
+                   |                |rose, and,|silvery beneath, and the
+                   |                |as a rule,|bell-shaped flowers vary in
+                   |                |spotted   |colour. There are several
+                   |                |          |varieties, such as album,
+                   |                |          |cinnamomeum, kingianum,
+                   |                |          |Nilagiricum, puniceum, and
+                   |                |          |others, but difference in
+                   |                |          |flower colouring is the
+                   |                |          |chief reason for
+                   |                |          |distinctive names. Not
+                   |                |          |hardy except in a few very
+                   |                |          |favoured spots, chiefly
+                   |                |          |Cornwall and south-west
+                   |                |          |generally. Must be grown
+                   |                |          |under glass, and requires
+                   |                |          |a big house. Many beautiful
+                   |                |          |trees in the Temperate
+                   |                |          |House at Kew.
+                   |                |          |
+R. barbatum        |Sikkim          |Bell-     |This is a tree 40 feet to
+                   |                |shaped,   |60 feet high in its native
+                   |                |blood-red,|country. It is hardier than
+                   |                |1œ inches |R. arboreum.
+                   |                |across    |
+                   |                |          |
+R. californicum    |California      |Rose-     |This is a strong-growing
+                   |                |purple,   |Californian species, the
+                   |                |upper     |leaves dark-green; fairly
+                   |                |petal     |hardy.
+                   |                |spotted   |
+                   |                |with      |
+                   |                |greenish  |
+                   |                |yellow;   |
+                   |                |broadly   |
+                   |                |campanu-  |
+                   |                |late,     |
+                   |                |almost    |
+                   |                |without a |
+                   |                |tube. Good|
+                   |                |sized     |
+                   |                |umbels;   |
+                   |                |June      |
+                   |                |          |
+R. campanulatum    |Himalaya        |Lilac,    |This is a beautiful
+                   |                |with      |species, about 4 feet high.
+                   |                |purplish  |We have seen it in several
+                   |                |spots;    |Surrey gardens, but it
+                   |                |June.     |requires shelter. It is not
+                   |                |Leaves    |one of the hardiest.
+                   |                |elliptic  |
+                   |                |or        |
+                   |                |elliptic  |
+                   |                |oblong,   |
+                   |                |blunt as  |
+                   |                |a rule at |
+                   |                |both ends,|
+                   |                |April     |
+                   |                |          |
+R. campylocarpum   |Himalaya        |Bell-     |The best hardy yellow
+                   |                |shaped,   |Rhododendron at present
+                   |                |clear,    |known is this. It is hardy
+                   |                |pale      |at Kew in sheltered spots,
+                   |                |yellow, 2 |but succeeds better farther
+                   |                |inches or |to the south. It is a shrub
+                   |                |so across,|of neat compact habit, with
+                   |                |in rather |leaves 2 inches to 3 inches
+                   |                |loose     |long, dark-green and glossy
+                   |                |clusters; |above, blue-white beneath.
+                   |                |May or    |When full of flower it is a
+                   |                |late April|singularly pretty and
+                   |                |          |distinct Rhododendron. It
+                   |                |          |varies somewhat in shade,
+                   |                |          |and the flowers are
+                   |                |          |sometimes of a pale lemon
+                   |                |          |tint, becoming almost white
+                   |                |          |with age. The late Mr.
+                   |                |          |Mangles, we believe, raised
+                   |                |          |some hybrids from this
+                   |                |          |species, but we know of
+                   |                |          |none in commerce.
+                   |                |          |
+R. catawbiense     |Mountainous     |Good-sized|This is a strong growing
+                   |regions of      |heads of  |species and one of the
+                   |Southern United |lilac or  |hardiest of all
+                   |States          |purplish  |Rhododendrons, and has
+                   |                |flowers;  |played a large part in the
+                   |                |late May  |production of the present
+                   |                |and June  |race of garden
+                   |                |          |Rhododendrons, and is with
+                   |                |          |R. ponticum the best stock
+                   |                |          |on which to graft the
+                   |                |          |various varieties, and is
+                   |                |          |useful for covert. It is
+                   |                |          |hardier than R. ponticum,
+                   |                |          |and varieties with much of
+                   |                |          |the Catawbiense blood in
+                   |                |          |them are hardier than those
+                   |                |          |closely allied to other
+                   |                |          |species. Fastuosum fl. pl.
+                   |                |          |is a well known form.
+                   |                |          |
+R. caucasicum      |Introduced      |Rose or   |This is a quite hardy
+                   |nearly a century|whitish   |Rhododendron. The true
+                   |ago from high   |green     |species is rare in gardens,
+                   |rocks close to  |spotted   |but there are several
+                   |the snow-line in|flowers,  |forms, and it has been used
+                   |Caucasus        |in compact|to a great extent by the
+                   |                |and       |hybridist. It is dwarf,
+                   |                |upright   |spreading, little more than
+                   |                |clusters  |a foot high, with ovate
+                   |                |          |leaves with brownish
+                   |                |          |tomentum on the under
+                   |                |          |surface. It flowers late in
+                   |                |          |July or in August, but its
+                   |                |          |progeny is in beauty during
+                   |                |          |May and June. A hybrid,
+                   |                |          |which flowers at a
+                   |                |          |considerable earlier date
+                   |                |          |than the others, is
+                   |                |          |nobleanum; it claims R.
+                   |                |          |arboreum as its other
+                   |                |          |parent, and flowers from
+                   |                |          |December onwards until the
+                   |                |          |end of March. At Kew there
+                   |                |          |are several large groups in
+                   |                |          |the Rhododendron dell.
+                   |                |          |
+R. ciliatum        |Sikkim          |Flowers   |This is a Rhododendron
+                   |                |are white,|more adapted, except in the
+                   |                |suffused  |quite southern counties
+                   |                |with rose;|such as Cornwall, South
+                   |                |April     |Wales, &c., for a cold
+                   |                |outdoors  |house. It is of compact and
+                   |                |          |bushy growth, 2 feet or 3
+                   |                |          |feet or less high, but
+                   |                |          |varies according, of
+                   |                |          |course, to locality, and is
+                   |                |          |part responsible for a
+                   |                |          |number of hybrids, such as
+                   |                |          |præcox, Rosy Bell, and
+                   |                |          |Queen of Dwarfs. The
+                   |                |          |hybrids mentioned are all
+                   |                |          |hardy, but owing to their
+                   |                |          |early flowering often get
+                   |                |          |injured by frost.
+                   |                |          |
+R. cinnabarinum    |Himalaya        |Flowers   |This is a very
+                   |                |are       |distinct-looking shrub,
+                   |                |tubular,  |about 3 feet; but only an
+                   |                |with      |approximate height can be
+                   |                |short,    |given, as it is sometimes
+                   |                |spreading |more than this. The growth
+                   |                |limb,     |is somewhat loose, and the
+                   |                |pendulous,|branches upright and
+                   |                |and       |slender, the leaves ovate,
+                   |                |orange-   |2 to 2œ inches long, and
+                   |                |scarlet,  |glaucous. Only moderately
+                   |                |orange, or|hardy.
+                   |                |red; they |
+                   |                |vary      |
+                   |                |somewhat  |
+                   |                |in size,  |
+                   |                |but are   |
+                   |                |usually   |
+                   |                |about 2   |
+                   |                |inches    |
+                   |                |long and  |
+                   |                |Ÿ of an   |
+                   |                |inch      |
+                   |                |across the|
+                   |                |mouth, and|
+                   |                |thick and |
+                   |                |fleshy    |
+                   |                |          |
+R. dauricum        |Alpine regions  |Rosy      |This is quite hardy, but
+                   |of Eastern Asia |purple;   |flowers so rarely that it
+                   |                |January   |is only seen in beauty very
+                   |                |          |often in a cold house. It
+                   |                |          |is almost deciduous, as
+                   |                |          |most of the leaves fall off
+                   |                |          |in winter. It is a bush,
+                   |                |          |and has been crossed with
+                   |                |          |R. ciliatum, the
+                   |                |          |well-known præcox and Rosy
+                   |                |          |Gem being two of the
+                   |                |          |hybrids.
+                   |                |          |
+R. ferrugineum     |European Alps.  |Flowers   |This is frequently seen in
+(Alpine Rose)      |Introduced about|small,    |rock gardens, and grows
+                   |150 years ago   |funnel-   |about 1 foot high, forming
+                   |                |shaped,   |a rounded mass thickly
+                   |                |and in    |clothed with small green
+                   |                |small     |leaves, covered with minute
+                   |                |upright   |reddish-brown spots. When
+                   |                |terminal  |young the leaves are
+                   |                |clusters  |slightly hairy, but the
+                   |                |in June;  |mature foliage is almost
+                   |                |bright    |free from hairs. There are
+                   |                |rose or   |varieties, one with white
+                   |                |scarlet   |(albiflorum), another with
+                   |                |          |rosy or scarlet flowers
+                   |                |          |(myrtifolium), but there
+                   |                |          |are others. Its popular
+                   |                |          |name is Alpine Rose.
+                   |                |          |
+R. Fortunei        |China           |Fragrant, |This is one of the hardiest
+                   |                |pale      |of the Himalayan species,
+                   |                |rose-     |and, as it does not flower
+                   |                |coloured  |until well into May, it is
+                   |                |flowers,  |generally untouched by late
+                   |                |with seven|frosts, which so disturb
+                   |                |petals;   |early-flowering species. It
+                   |                |Mid-May   |grows from 10 feet to 12
+                   |                |          |feet high, and has large,
+                   |                |          |handsome oblong leaves. It
+                   |                |          |is the origin of a distinct
+                   |                |          |race.
+                   |                |          |
+R. fulgens         |Eastern Himalaya|Blood-red;|There are several forms of
+                   |                |April and |this Himalayan Rhododendron
+                   |                |May       |in gardens, the best
+                   |                |          |producing compact clusters
+                   |                |          |of medium-sized flowers of
+                   |                |          |the colour mentioned. The
+                   |                |          |leaves bear a striking
+                   |                |          |resemblance to those of R.
+                   |                |          |campanulatum in both size
+                   |                |          |and colour. Although hardy,
+                   |                |          |it is seldom seen in true
+                   |                |          |beauty outdoors, because of
+                   |                |          |its naturally
+                   |                |          |early-flowering season.
+                   |                |          |
+R. glaucum         |Himalaya        |Rose,     |This is a dwarf species,
+                   |                |waxy, Ÿ of|with small oblong leaves,
+                   |                |an inch   |seldom more than 2 feet
+                   |                |across,   |high, and rarely seen in
+                   |                |and in    |cultivation, although very
+                   |                |small     |pretty.
+                   |                |upright   |
+                   |                |heads; May|
+                   |                |          |
+R. hirsutum        |Alps            |Pale red; |In many ways this is the
+                   |                |May and   |counterpart of R.
+                   |                |July      |ferrugineum, the chief
+                   |                |          |difference being in the
+                   |                |          |intensely hairy leaves of
+                   |                |          |this species. The two
+                   |                |          |species grow side by side
+                   |                |          |in the Alps, and the one
+                   |                |          |under notice is one of the
+                   |                |          |few species that will grow
+                   |                |          |in a limy soil. It has also
+                   |                |          |been used by the hybridist.
+                   |                |          |
+R. Keysii          |Bhotan          |Flowers   |A distinct,
+                   |                |tubular,  |upright-growing, scantily
+                   |                |red and   |branched species,
+                   |                |yellow,   |suggesting affinity to R.
+                   |                |and 1œ    |cinnabarina, but it is
+                   |                |inches    |quite distinct. It grows
+                   |                |long; May |from 4 feet to 6 feet high,
+                   |                |          |has narrow quite distinct
+                   |                |          |ovate or lanceolate leaves
+                   |                |          |2 inches long.
+                   |                |          |
+R. lepidotum       |Temperate and   |Colour    |The individual flower does
+                   |Alpine Himalayas|varies,   |not suggest a Rhododendron,
+                   |                |usually   |so unlike other species
+                   |                |purple and|is it in this respect. It
+                   |                |yellowish;|is a low-growing plant with
+                   |                |curious   |small oblong leaves; it
+                   |                |flattened |succeeds outdoors at Kew.
+                   |                |form, and |
+                   |                |about 1   |
+                   |                |inch      |
+                   |                |across;   |
+                   |                |May and   |
+                   |                |June      |
+                   |                |          |
+R. maximum (Great  |North America   |Rose, or  |This will grow to a height
+American Laurel)   |                |whitish   |of 35 feet, and has large,
+                   |                |spotted   |thick, elliptical, oblong
+                   |                |with      |leaves. It is not much
+                   |                |yellow or |grown here. In the
+                   |                |red       |"Cyclopædia of American
+                   |                |          |Horticulture," it is
+                   |                |          |mentioned: "This is one of
+                   |                |          |the hardiest species, being
+                   |                |          |hardy as far north as
+                   |                |          |Quebec and Ontario....
+                   |                |          |This species and the former
+                   |                |          |(catawbiense) are now often
+                   |                |          |extensively used in
+                   |                |          |park-planting, and taken by
+                   |                |          |the car-load from the
+                   |                |          |woods. If properly handled
+                   |                |          |and taken from a turfy soil
+                   |                |          |with a sufficient ball of
+                   |                |          |earth around the roots,
+                   |                |          |they are usually
+                   |                |          |successfully planted."
+                   |                |          |There are three varieties,
+                   |                |          |album, purpureum, and
+                   |                |          |roseum.
+                   |                |          |
+R. Metternichii    |Japan; known    |Rose;     |This is not in general
+                   |here about 30   |about     |cultivation, but is hardy.
+                   |years           |2 inches  |As yet no opportunity has
+                   |                |across,   |arisen of ascertaining to
+                   |                |and in    |what dimensions it will
+                   |                |small     |grow in this country; it
+                   |                |clusters; |has thick and leathery
+                   |                |March     |oblong leaves, 3 to 4
+                   |                |          |inches long, green above,
+                   |                |          |and covered underneath with
+                   |                |          |a thick grey or brownish
+                   |                |          |tomentum.
+                   |                |          |
+R. niveum          |Himalaya;       |Purplish; |At Kew this species lives
+                   |8 to 9 feet     |April     |outdoors, but is not a
+                   |                |          |success, and even in
+                   |                |          |Cornish gardens gets
+                   |                |          |injured in severe weather.
+                   |                |          |It makes a dense bush, with
+                   |                |          |medium-sized leaves, green
+                   |                |          |above, and covered with a
+                   |                |          |dense greyish tomentum
+                   |                |          |beneath. It has been in
+                   |                |          |cultivation about 40 years.
+                   |                |          |
+R. ponticum        |This has a      |Purple;   |Of all the hardy
+                   |curious         |about     |Rhododendrons this is the
+                   |distribution,   |2 inches  |most largely grown and most
+                   |being found in  |across;   |popular; it is much used as
+                   |Portugal and not|May       |an undergrowth in woods and
+                   |again until Asia|          |other places. In many parts
+                   |Minor is reached|          |it has become naturalised,
+                   |                |          |reproducing itself from
+                   |                |          |self-sown seeds. It has
+                   |                |          |been much used by the
+                   |                |          |hybridist, and with R.
+                   |                |          |caucasicum and R.
+                   |                |          |catawbiense has produced
+                   |                |          |many beautiful hybrids. It
+                   |                |          |will grow beneath trees,
+                   |                |          |and its evergreen foliage
+                   |                |          |is not the least of its
+                   |                |          |attractions. There are
+                   |                |          |several varieties.
+                   |                |          |
+R. punctatum       |North America,  |Flowers   |A dwarf and evergreen
+                   |Alleghany       |rose; 1   |species. R. minus is a
+                   |Mountains, from |inch      |synonym.
+                   |North Carolina  |across; in|
+                   |to Georgia      |clusters  |
+                   |                |in June   |
+                   |                |          |
+R. racemosum       |First exhibited |Pink-     |The introduction of this
+                   |by the          |white;    |added another type to this
+                   |introducers,    |April     |genus, for both in flower
+                   |Messrs. Veitch, |          |and general habit it is
+                   |in 1892, and is |          |distinct from other
+                   |a native of     |          |species. It is dwarf, with
+                   |Western China,  |          |small oval leaves, and
+                   |where it is     |          |flowers borne in axillary
+                   |found 6000 to   |          |and terminal clusters, and
+                   |10,000 feet     |          |so profusely that every
+                   |elevation       |          |branch is a mass of
+                   |                |          |blossom. It is quite hardy
+                   |                |          |and very welcome. There is
+                   |                |          |a form with deep rose
+                   |                |          |flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+R. Rhodora         |North America   |Magenta-  |Not much grown, but colour
+(Rhodora           |                |purple;   |probably not popular. It
+canadensis)        |                |April     |makes an upright deciduous
+                   |                |          |shrub, 3 feet to 4 feet,
+                   |                |          |slender, twiggy wood, and
+                   |                |          |small ovate lanceolate
+                   |                |          |leaves. Should have moist
+                   |                |          |peaty soil. A failure on
+                   |                |          |dry and sandy ground. Does
+                   |                |          |not object to partial
+                   |                |          |shade. Easily increased by
+                   |                |          |seeds and layering.
+                   |                |          |
+R. Smirnowi        |Caucasus        |Crimson-  |This has large flowers and
+                   |                |purple;   |leaves, and, as recorded
+                   |                |3 inches  |elsewhere, has founded a
+                   |                |across;   |distinct race. It blooms
+                   |                |April and |freely when about a foot or
+                   |                |May       |so high. The leaves are
+                   |                |          |about 5 inches long, 2
+                   |                |          |inches wide, and covered on
+                   |                |          |underside with a soft white
+                   |                |          |felt.
+                   |                |          |
+R. Thomsoni (see   |                |          |
+page 437)          |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+R. yunnanense      |Yunnan; first   |White,    |This is an erect shrub,
+                   |flowered at Kew |with      |with glossy green leaves 2
+                   |in 1899         |blood-red |to 2œ inches wide. A
+                   |                |spots on  |very useful shrub, and
+                   |                |upper     |should not be forgotten by
+                   |                |petal; in |the hybridist.
+                   |                |loose     |
+                   |                |clusters  |
+                   |                |in May    |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _HYBRID RHODODENDRON IN DONEGAL. (A wild bit of
+planting.)_]
+
+[Illustration: _RHODODENDRON PRÆCOX. EDINBURGH BOTANIC GARDENS._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+R. HARDY HYBRID    |Ericaceæ        |......    |Very few of the species of
+                   |                |          |Rhododendron have not some
+                   |                |          |value either for out of
+                   |                |          |doors or under glass.
+                   |                |          |Rhododendrons are widely
+                   |                |          |distributed, species being
+                   |                |          |found in North America,
+                   |                |          |Europe, and through
+                   |                |          |temperate Asia as far south
+                   |                |          |as the Malay Peninsula, the
+                   |                |          |headquarters of the genus
+                   |                |          |being Western Asia and the
+                   |                |          |temperate Himalaya.
+                   |                |          |Rhododendrons also differ
+                   |                |          |greatly in size, some very
+                   |                |          |tall as R. arborea, which
+                   |                |          |is sometimes said to grow
+                   |                |          |to a height of 40 feet in
+                   |                |          |the Sikkim forests, to the
+                   |                |          |little alpine R.
+                   |                |          |Chamæcistus, which rarely
+                   |                |          |exceeds 6 inches high.
+                   |                |          |There is quite as marked
+                   |                |          |variation in the size of
+                   |                |          |the leaf, several species,
+                   |                |          |of which R. Falconeri may
+                   |                |          |be taken as a type, having
+                   |                |          |large and handsome leaves,
+                   |                |          |sometimes a foot high and 6
+                   |                |          |inches wide, whilst the
+                   |                |          |quaint little Japanese
+                   |                |          |species R. serpyllifolium
+                   |                |          |has tiny leaves not a third
+                   |                |          |of an inch long and of
+                   |                |          |corresponding width. The
+                   |                |          |Rhododendron family may be
+                   |                |          |divided into two great
+                   |                |          |sections, deciduous and
+                   |                |          |evergreen. The evergreen
+                   |                |          |section consists of a large
+                   |                |          |number of species, either
+                   |                |          |quite hardy or tender, the
+                   |                |          |tender ones being
+                   |                |          |represented by such
+                   |                |          |beautiful flowers as R.
+                   |                |          |griffithianum, Edgeworthi,
+                   |                |          |R. Dalhousiæ, R. Nuttalli,
+                   |                |          |the Malayan species, &c.
+                   |                |          |With the exception of R.
+                   |                |          |ponticum true species are
+                   |                |          |seldom met with outdoors,
+                   |                |          |except in gardens where
+                   |                |          |collections are formed, or
+                   |                |          |in the south-west
+                   |                |          |countries. The scarcity of
+                   |                |          |species is doubtless due to
+                   |                |          |many of the hybrids being
+                   |                |          |much hardier, and begin to
+                   |                |          |flower and grow at a later
+                   |                |          |time of the year. Although
+                   |                |          |some of them will stand
+                   |                |          |severe frost in mid-winter
+                   |                |          |without injury, growth
+                   |                |          |beginning early in the
+                   |                |          |year, the young leaves and
+                   |                |          |shoots get considerably
+                   |                |          |injured by the late spring
+                   |                |          |frosts, and flowers when
+                   |                |          |open in March are also
+                   |                |          |destroyed or much spoilt.
+                   |                |          |In Cornwall, South Wales,
+                   |                |          |and parts of Ireland, huge
+                   |                |          |specimens of R. arboreum,
+                   |                |          |barbatum, grande,
+                   |                |          |Falconeri, griffithianum,
+                   |     !          |          |and others may be seen in
+                   |                |          |full vigour, but all have
+                   |                |          |to receive protection from
+                   |                |          |the north. Although these
+                   |                |          |species cannot be grown
+                   |                |          |successfully outdoors in
+                   |                |          |most parts of the country,
+                   |                |          |the hybridist knows their
+                   |                |          |value. Through crossing
+                   |                |          |them with hardier and later
+                   |                |          |growing and flowering
+                   |                |          |species many beautiful
+                   |                |          |hybrids have been raised.
+                   |                |          |Hardy evergreen hybrid
+                   |                |          |Rhododendrons may be
+                   |                |          |divided into several groups
+                   |                |          |according to parentage. Of
+                   |                |          |these groups by far the
+                   |                |          |most familiar is the one
+                   |                |          |that has originated through
+                   |                |          |the crossing and
+                   |                |          |intercrossing of the
+                   |                |          |Himalayan R. arboreum
+                   |                |          |with the American R.
+                   |                |          |catawbiense, the Caucasian
+                   |                |          |species R. caucasicum, or
+                   |                |          |the European and Asiatic
+                   |                |          |ponticum. This hybridising
+                   |                |          |has been progressing for
+                   |                |          |half a century or more,
+                   |                |          |and the parentage is
+                   |                |          |plainly seen in the
+                   |                |          |offspring. Thus where R.
+                   |                |          |arboreum asserts itself
+                   |                |          |most strongly we find rich
+                   |                |          |red flowers and leaves
+                   |                |          |with a silvery
+                   |                |          |under-surface. Where R.
+                   |                |          |catawbiense is most in
+                   |                |          |evidence the leaves are
+                   |                |          |large and handsome, deep
+                   |                |          |green, and softer to the
+                   |                |          |touch than R. arboreum,
+                   |                |          |while the clusters are
+                   |                |          |often of great size, the
+                   |                |          |flowers prettily spotted,
+                   |                |          |and the plants of
+                   |                |          |exceptionally good habit.
+                   |                |          |For very cold districts the
+                   |                |          |catawbiense hybrids are the
+                   |                |          |best, being hardier than
+                   |                |          |the others. The flowers of
+                   |                |          |many of the earliest of the
+                   |                |          |R. catawbiense hybrids are
+                   |                |          |of lilac or purple
+                   |                |          |colouring. The influence of
+                   |                |          |R. caucasicum is most
+                   |                |          |plainly shown in the rose,
+                   |                |          |white, and heavily spotted
+                   |                |          |varieties, whilst it also
+                   |                |          |imparts some of its sturdy
+                   |                |          |habit to its progeny. R.
+                   |                |          |ponticum shares with R.
+                   |                |          |catawbiense the honour of
+                   |                |          |producing many of the best
+                   |                |          |lilacs and purples, but
+                   |                |          |through so much
+                   |                |          |intercrossing it is
+                   |                |          |difficult to trace the
+                   |                |          |influence of any particular
+                   |                |          |species in many of the
+                   |                |          |newer hybrids. In this
+                   |                |          |group raisers are
+                   |                |          |fastidious, regarding the
+                   |                |          |shape of the inflorescence
+                   |                |          |as of first importance,
+                   |                |          |that is, a conical truss
+                   |                |          |of symmetrical outline, the
+                   |                |          |flowers on short stalks and
+                   |                |          |held firmly in the truss.
+                   |                |          |In the Rhododendron dell at
+                   |                |          |Kew many of these hybrids
+                   |                |          |are to be seen, and in a
+                   |                |          |number of the older ones it
+                   |                |          |is not difficult to trace
+                   |                |          |the influence of the
+                   |                |          |various species mentioned.
+                   |                |          |Some of those which show
+                   |                |          |much of the catawbiense
+                   |                |          |character are album
+                   |                |          |elegans, white with yellow
+                   |                |          |spots, delicatissimum,
+                   |                |          |blush, everestianum, lilac
+                   |                |          |with darker spots,
+                   |                |          |fastuosum fl. pl., double
+                   |                |          |lilac, and purpureum
+                   |                |          |elegans and purpureum
+                   |                |          |splendens, with
+                   |                |          |dark-spotted flowers. R.
+                   |                |          |arboreum blood is very
+                   |                |          |noticeable in the early
+                   |                |          |flowering, bright-red
+                   |                |          |nobleanum, the rich red
+                   |                |          |russellianum, and
+                   |                |          |russellianum superbum, the
+                   |                |          |white dark-spotted Baron
+                   |                |          |Osy, the blush or almost
+                   |                |          |white Blanche superb, and
+                   |                |          |many others, whilst R.
+                   |                |          |ponticum is in evidence in
+                   |                |          |a large number of hybrids.
+                   |                |          |In addition to this group
+                   |                |          |there are others which,
+                   |                |          |though not so universally
+                   |                |          |grown, are quite as
+                   |                |          |beautiful. For a number of
+                   |                |          |years other species besides
+                   |                |          |those worked on to produce
+                   |                |          |the last-named group
+                   |                |          |have been taken in hand in
+                   |                |          |several places, notably at
+                   |                |          |Tremough by Mr. Gill, and
+                   |                |          |all who are interested in
+                   |                |          |shrubs know the great work
+                   |                |          |accomplished by Messrs.
+                   |                |          |Anthony Waterer of
+                   |                |          |Knaphill, John Waterer &
+                   |                |          |Sons of Bagshot, Wm. Paul &
+                   |                |          |Son of Waltham Cross,
+                   |                |          |George Paul of Cheshunt,
+                   |                |          |Fisher, Son & Sibray of
+                   |                |          |Sheffield, Messrs. J.
+                   |                |          |Veitch, and in the Royal
+                   |                |          |Gardens, Kew.
+                   |                |          |
+R. Thomsoni        |Sikkim          |Blood red;|R. Thomsoni may be taken as
+                   |                |June      |a type of a group in which
+                   |                |          |it has played a great part.
+                   |                |          |This species is hardy even
+                   |                |          |near London, and farther
+                   |                |          |north, but flowers very
+                   |                |          |early, so much so that
+                   |                |          |frost frequently destroys
+                   |                |          |its beauty. It grows from
+                   |                |          |6 feet to 15 feet, has
+                   |                |          |broadly ovate leaves and
+                   |                |          |loose trusses of six or
+                   |                |          |eight waxy flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+R. Luscombei       |Hybrid between  |Rich rosy |This was raised by Mr.
+                   |R. Thomsoni and |red;      |Luscombe about thirty years
+                   |R. Fortunei     |April     |ago. It is finely
+                   |                |          |represented in the
+                   |                |          |Arboretum at Kew, the
+                   |                |          |largest specimen being 8
+                   |                |          |feet high and as much
+                   |                |          |through. The flowers are in
+                   |                |          |loose trusses, tubular, 3
+                   |                |          |inches across, and very
+                   |                |          |waxy; a handsome hybrid.
+                   |                |          |
+R. F.              |Hybrid, same    |Deep rose,|This is a Kew-raised
+Thiselton-Dyer     |cross as        |with      |hybrid, and very similar to
+                   |Luscombei       |darker    |Luscombei in growth.
+                   |                |mark at   |
+                   |                |the base  |
+                   |                |of the    |
+                   |                |tube      |
+                   |                |          |
+*R. Ascot          |Raised by       |Rich      |This is a flower of
+Brilliant          |Mr. Standish    |scarlet;  |wonderful colour and the
+                   |                |mid and   |whole shrub in growth, size
+                   |                |late May; |of calyx, texture, and
+                   |                |a         |clusters reminds one
+                   |                |peculiarly|strongly of R. Thomsoni. It
+                   |                |brilliant |is of dwarf and bushy
+                   |                |colour    |growth, and flowers with
+                   |                |          |great freedom.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. Shilsoni       |Raised by Mr.   |Crimson   |This beautiful hybrid
+                   |Gill, gardener  |          |combines the good qualities
+                   |to Mr. H.       |          |of both parents. It
+                   |Shilston,       |          |resembles R. barbatum in
+                   |Tremough,       |          |height and R. Thomsoni in
+                   |Penrhyn,        |          |foliage, and the flower
+                   |Cornwall,       |          |truss is compact as in the
+                   |between R.      |          |former parent, with the
+                   |Thomsoni        |          |larger, more fleshy leaves
+                   |and R. barbatum |          |of the latter. It is an
+                   |                |          |exceptionally fine
+                   |                |          |Rhododendron for Cornwall,
+                   |                |          |but at Kew is grown in a
+                   |                |          |cold house, although a
+                   |                |          |small plant withstood the
+                   |                |          |winter of 1901-2 outside
+                   |                |          |without injury.
+                   |                |          |
+R. Harrisii        |A hybrid raised |Red;      |This is a hybrid of much
+                   |by Mr. Harris,  |early     |interest, and flowers
+                   |at one time     |Spring    |freely when quite small. It
+                   |gardener to Lord|          |is apparently quite hardy,
+                   |Swansea; the    |          |but would be happier in the
+                   |parents are R.  |          |south than elsewhere.
+                   |Thomsoni and R. |          |
+                   |arboreum        |          |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _RHODODENDRON SAPHO IN IRISH GARDEN. (Donegal.)_]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+GRIFFITHIANUM      |                |          |
+GROUP.             |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+*R. Aucklandi      |Himalaya        |White;    |The group, in which the
+                   |                |May       |Himalayan species
+                   |                |          |griffithianum, better known
+                   |                |          |as R. Aucklandi, is most
+                   |                |          |marked, is composed of a
+                   |                |          |number of large-flowered
+                   |                |          |hybrids which vary
+                   |                |          |considerably in size of
+                   |                |          |flower and colouring. It is
+                   |                |          |probably the finest species
+                   |                |          |of Rhododendron in
+                   |                |          |existence, and named in
+                   |                |          |honour of Lord Auckland, a
+                   |                |          |Governor-General of India,
+                   |                |          |by Sir Joseph Hooker. It
+                   |                |          |appears, however, to have
+                   |                |          |previously been named after
+                   |                |          |Griffith, the Indian
+                   |                |          |botanist, whose name it
+                   |                |          |ought now properly to bear.
+                   |                |          |It carries its flowers in
+                   |                |          |large, loose trusses, and
+                   |                |          |individually they are
+                   |                |          |frequently 6 inches across.
+                   |                |          |This Rhododendron, we
+                   |                |          |believe, ranks first in the
+                   |                |          |genus in regard to the size
+                   |                |          |of its bloom. Six or eight
+                   |                |          |of these are borne in a
+                   |                |          |truss, and they are pure
+                   |                |          |white when once fully
+                   |                |          |expanded, although pink in
+                   |                |          |the bud state. The handsome
+                   |                |          |leaves are smooth,
+                   |                |          |narrow-oblong, 6 inches to
+                   |                |          |12 inches long, and of a
+                   |                |          |deep lustrous green. When
+                   |                |          |fully grown this becomes a
+                   |                |          |small tree, the bark
+                   |                |          |peeling from the trunk in
+                   |                |          |large flakes. It is not,
+                   |                |          |unfortunately, one of the
+                   |                |          |Himalayan species that can
+                   |                |          |be grown out of doors near
+                   |                |          |London. In Cornwall and
+                   |                |          |similar places it is
+                   |                |          |magnificent. It only just
+                   |                |          |escapes being hardy, and
+                   |                |          |can be grown out of doors
+                   |                |          |in tubs for the greater
+                   |                |          |part of the year. Some of
+                   |                |          |the best specimens in the
+                   |                |          |country have, in fact, been
+                   |                |          |grown in this way. Even
+                   |                |          |when placed under glass
+                   |                |          |little or no fire-heat is
+                   |                |          |needed. We know plants that
+                   |                |          |have stood 18° of frost
+                   |                |          |without injury. It is
+                   |                |          |remarkable that this
+                   |                |          |Rhododendron has not been
+                   |                |          |used more for hybridising.
+                   |                |          |Most people seem to have
+                   |                |          |been slow in awakening to
+                   |                |          |its value, and although, at
+                   |                |          |the present time, there are
+                   |                |          |doubtless thousands of
+                   |                |          |young hybrids from it in
+                   |                |          |existence, it will be some
+                   |                |          |years before they flower.
+                   |                |          |There are, however, a few
+                   |                |          |hybrids that are hardy and
+                   |                |          |very beautiful.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. kewense        |A hybrid between|Delicate  |This was raised at Kew in
+                   |R. griffithianum|rose,     |1875, but did not flower
+                   |and R. Aucklandi|passing to|until fourteen years later.
+                   |                |white with|Since then it has flowered
+                   |                |age;      |very freely every year. It
+                   |                |April and |makes a large bush 6 to 8
+                   |                |May       |feet high, spreading, and
+                   |                |          |with leaves resembling
+                   |                |          |those of R. griffithianum,
+                   |                |          |and the flowers as regards
+                   |                |          |shape and size being also
+                   |                |          |similar, whilst they are
+                   |                |          |very sweetly scented. In
+                   |                |          |addition to the true
+                   |                |          |Kewense, there is a form in
+                   |                |          |cultivation with red
+                   |                |          |flowers. The bracts are
+                   |                |          |light red. Kewense is a
+                   |                |          |hybrid of charming
+                   |                |          |colouring--so many shades
+                   |                |          |of rose and deeper-tinted
+                   |                |          |buds.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. Manglesii      |Hybrid sent out |White, the|This is a very beautiful
+                   |about 1880 by   |upper     |hybrid, popular, and very
+                   |Messrs. Veitch &|petal     |free. Although the leaves
+                   |Sons, and the   |spotted   |are smaller, this
+                   |outcome of      |with red  |Rhododendron--named after
+                   |crossing R.     |or reddish|one whose interest in the
+                   |griffithianum   |brown;    |race was intense--resembles
+                   |with the        |April and |the Himalayan parent when
+                   |catawbiense     |May       |not in bloom, but the
+                   |hybrid album    |          |influence of the American
+                   |elegans         |          |parent is seen in the
+                   |                |          |flowers, which are about 4
+                   |                |          |inches across. A
+                   |                |          |peculiarity of the
+                   |                |          |inflorescence is the long
+                   |                |          |truss. There are several
+                   |                |          |forms, that only differ
+                   |                |          |slightly in size or density
+                   |                |          |of the spotting from the
+                   |                |          |type.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. Pink Pearl     |Raised by       |Delicate  |This beautiful Rhododendron
+                   |Messrs. J.      |pink;     |has rapidly become popular.
+                   |Waterer & Sons  |May       |The leaves and size of
+                   |of Bagshot      |          |flowers point to the
+                   |                |          |griffithianum influence.
+                   |                |          |The flower truss is very
+                   |                |          |large, well formed, and the
+                   |                |          |individual flowers 4 to 5
+                   |                |          |inches across.
+                   |                |          |
+                   |                |          |No doubt new hybrids with
+                   |                |          |R. griffithianum influence
+                   |                |          |will be constantly
+                   |                |          |occurring, but raisers must
+                   |                |          |remember that hardy growth
+                   |                |          |is of the greatest
+                   |                |          |importance. R.
+                   |                |          |griffithianum has been much
+                   |                |          |used by Mr. Mangles as a
+                   |                |          |parent, in whose garden
+                   |                |          |there are many beautiful
+                   |                |          |hybrids, such as Liza
+                   |                |          |Stillman, Dulcie Daffan,
+                   |                |          |Manglesii var. delicatum,
+                   |                |          |Daphne Daffan, Mrs.
+                   |                |          |Mallard, and others.
+                   |                |          |
+FORTUNEI GROUP.    |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+R. Fortunei        |China           |White with|This species, when not in
+                   |                |deep pink |flower, bears a strong
+                   |                |suffusion,|likeness to R.
+                   |                |and very  |griffithianum, but the
+                   |                |fragrant; |flowers are very distinct,
+                   |                |May and   |about 3 inches across, and
+                   |                |early June|very fragrant, whilst each
+                   |                |          |one has seven petals. The
+                   |                |          |hybrids are of good habit,
+                   |                |          |flower with great freedom,
+                   |                |          |are very fragrant, and each
+                   |                |          |bloom frequently has six
+                   |                |          |petals, whilst the stamens
+                   |                |          |are often imperfect. The
+                   |                |          |group displays a wide range
+                   |                |          |of colouring, pink and deep
+                   |                |          |rose predominating, but a
+                   |                |          |few are red, and many are
+                   |                |          |prettily spotted or
+                   |                |          |blotched with red or
+                   |                |          |chocolate. We hope this
+                   |                |          |group will be better known,
+                   |                |          |as many of the hybrids are
+                   |                |          |very charming, a few having
+                   |                |          |names; thus those raised at
+                   |                |          |Kew were named respectively
+                   |                |          |Mrs. Thiselton-Dyer and
+                   |                |          |George Thiselton-Dyer. They
+                   |                |          |bloom profusely, the
+                   |                |          |flowers being very deep
+                   |                |          |rose with dust-brownish
+                   |                |          |blotches at the base; the
+                   |                |          |chief difference is that
+                   |                |          |the flowers of the former
+                   |                |          |are paler than those of the
+                   |                |          |latter. An interesting
+                   |                |          |hybrid raised at Kew by
+                   |                |          |crossing R. Fortunei with
+                   |                |          |the variety Meteor has
+                   |                |          |flowered well for the last
+                   |                |          |four years. The cross was
+                   |                |          |made in 1893, and the
+                   |                |          |plants flowered when only a
+                   |                |          |few inches high. Several
+                   |                |          |plants have now grown to a
+                   |                |          |height of 2œ feet. The
+                   |                |          |flowers are in compact,
+                   |                |          |rounded trusses, and appear
+                   |                |          |in May; they are delicate
+                   |                |          |pink, and fragrant. The
+                   |                |          |great peculiarity of the
+                   |                |          |hybrid is that no plant has
+                   |                |          |perfect stamens, some being
+                   |                |          |full size but barren,
+                   |                |          |others reduced to mere
+                   |                |          |specks, and occasionally
+                   |                |          |they are quite absent.
+                   |                |          |
+R. Smirnowi        |Native of       |Bright    |This is a handsome species,
+                   |Caucasus.       |rosy-     |of compact growth, and 3
+                   |Flowered for the|lilac;    |feet to 6 feet high, with
+                   |first time in   |April and |large, deep-green leaves,
+                   |England at Kew  |May       |covered on the underside
+                   |in 1893         |          |with quite a dense,
+                   |                |          |whitish, wool-like
+                   |                |          |substance. The flowers are
+                   |                |          |from 2œ inches to 3
+                   |                |          |inches across, and in
+                   |                |          |shapely trusses. Both at
+                   |                |          |Kew and in the nursery of
+                   |                |          |Mr. George Paul many
+                   |                |          |hybrids have been raised.
+                   |                |          |The first raised at Kew
+                   |                |          |resulted from crossing the
+                   |                |          |species with the
+                   |                |          |scarlet-flowered garden
+                   |                |          |hybrid Johnsoni in 1893. It
+                   |                |          |flowered when four years
+                   |                |          |old, and was of dwarf
+                   |                |          |growth, with rosy-red
+                   |                |          |flower. Of numerous other
+                   |                |          |hybrids raised since then
+                   |                |          |three resulted from
+                   |                |          |crosses made in May 1896;
+                   |                |          |they flowered in May 1902,
+                   |                |          |and are so far the best.
+                   |                |          |One of these was raised by
+                   |                |          |crossing with the variety
+                   |                |          |purpureum splendens; this
+                   |                |          |has trusses of purplish
+                   |                |          |flowers. Another claims R.
+                   |                |          |Fortunei as its male
+                   |                |          |parent; it has large
+                   |                |          |fragrant flowers with five
+                   |                |          |or six petals, pink, and
+                   |                |          |arranged in shapely
+                   |                |          |trusses. In the third case
+                   |                |          |kewense was selected as the
+                   |                |          |male, and this is the
+                   |                |          |prettiest of the three; the
+                   |                |          |flowers are on long stalks,
+                   |                |          |droop, and have daintily
+                   |                |          |fringed petals; they are
+                   |                |          |fragrant, rose colour,
+                   |                |          |mottled with dark spots in
+                   |                |          |the throat. The somewhat
+                   |                |          |drooping character of the
+                   |                |          |flowers is not an
+                   |                |          |advantage.
+                   |                |          |
+R. azaleoides      |Cross between R.|White,    |This grows about 3œ feet
+                   |(Azalea)        |lilac-    |high, and, as the parentage
+                   |viscosum and    |tinted    |shows, is a cross between
+                   |R. maximum      |flowers;  |the evergreen and deciduous
+                   |                |June      |sections. It has been known
+                   |                |          |under the names of
+                   |                |          |hybridum, fragrans,
+                   |                |          |odoratum. Quite hardy.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. Smithi aureum  |This is not new,|Buff      |This is a very beautiful
+                   |but rare; it is |inclining |Rhododendron, dwarf, not
+                   |supposed to have|to        |very compact in growth, but
+                   |been raised by a|apricot;  |when its handsome flower
+                   |nurseryman named|June      |clusters are out the bush
+                   |Smith of        |          |is almost smothered with
+                   |Norbiton,       |          |bloom. At Saltwood, near
+                   |between a       |          |Hythe, in a Rhododendron
+                   |variety of R.   |          |glen Mr. Leney has several
+                   |caucasicum and a|          |plants of it. A
+                   |yellow form of  |          |glaucous-leaved form is in
+                   |R. sinense, and |          |cultivation, but the
+                   |is said to have |          |flowers are not so rich in
+                   |been exhibited  |          |colour as those of the
+                   |at Chiswick in  |          |plainer leaved one. Quite
+                   |1841            |          |hardy.
+                   |                |          |
+R. roseum odoratum |Hybrid between  |Reddish;  |Quite hardy.
+                   |the two         |June      |
+                   |sections. One a |          |
+                   |white-flowered  |          |
+                   |deciduous       |          |
+                   |variety, and the|          |
+                   |other a         |          |
+                   |red-flowered    |          |
+                   |evergreen form  |          |
+                   |                |          |
+R. altaclarense    |Result of       |Bright    |A very charming, bright
+                   |crossing R.     |scarlet   |flowered hybrid.
+                   |catawbiense and |          |
+                   |R. ponticum.    |          |
+                   |Flowered first  |          |
+                   |in 1835. Raised |          |
+                   |at Highclere    |          |
+                   |                |          |
+*R. præcox         |A hybrid between|Rose-     |This hybrid is quite hardy,
+                   |R. ciliatum and |purple;   |but must have a sheltered
+                   |R. dauricum     |late      |spot, if not grown in a
+                   |                |February  |cool house for the sake of
+                   |                |and early |its colour, as it blooms
+                   |                |March     |early in Spring, and
+                   |                |          |therefore is apt to get
+                   |                |          |spoilt by frost and rain.
+                   |                |          |It makes a bush about 3
+                   |                |          |feet high, spreading, with
+                   |                |          |a profusion of flowers,
+                   |                |          |very rich in colour, but
+                   |                |          |the variety rubrum is
+                   |                |          |darker than the type.
+                   |                |          |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*R. (Azaleas)      |......          |......    |For many years the hardy,
+                   |                |          |deciduous Rhododendrons
+                   |                |          |were known only as Azaleas,
+                   |                |          |and in many places the name
+                   |                |          |Azalea is still maintained.
+                   |                |          |When the two
+                   |                |          |sections--deciduous and
+                   |                |          |evergreen--are compared it
+                   |                |          |will be at once seen that
+                   |                |          |there is no real structural
+                   |                |          |difference between them.
+                   |                |          |Although in the making of
+                   |                |          |the two genera the number
+                   |                |          |of stamens was considered
+                   |                |          |one of the principal
+                   |                |          |points, it has since been
+                   |                |          |shown that it is a point
+                   |                |          |unworthy of notice, as the
+                   |                |          |number of stamens varies
+                   |                |          |considerably in both
+                   |                |          |deciduous and evergreen
+                   |                |          |species. It is doubtful
+                   |                |          |whether the name of Azalea
+                   |                |          |will disappear, but we are
+                   |                |          |following here the latest
+                   |                |          |classification, and
+                   |                |          |therefore place the
+                   |                |          |"Azalea" in its proper
+                   |                |          |group. About 20 species
+                   |                |          |have been known under the
+                   |                |          |name of Azalea, 3 or 4 of
+                   |                |          |which are evergreen, and
+                   |                |          |the remainder deciduous. Of
+                   |                |          |these about half-a-dozen
+                   |                |          |are really well known in
+                   |                |          |gardens, either by the type
+                   |                |          |plants, hybrids, or garden
+                   |                |          |forms. The majority of the
+                   |                |          |species belong to China and
+                   |                |          |Japan and North America,
+                   |                |          |one species being found in
+                   |                |          |the Caucasus. Several of
+                   |                |          |the North American species,
+                   |                |          |such as R. arborescens,
+                   |                |          |calendulaceum, nudiflorum,
+                   |                |          |&c., the Chinese and
+                   |                |          |Japanese species R. sinense
+                   |                |          |(better known as Azalea
+                   |                |          |mollis), and the Caucasian
+                   |                |          |flavum (Syn. Azalea
+                   |                |          |pontica), have proved
+                   |                |          |splendid breeders, and in
+                   |                |          |the hands of the hybridist
+                   |                |          |a wonderful assortment of
+                   |                |          |varieties has been
+                   |                |          |obtained, which for
+                   |                |          |delicate shades and rich
+                   |                |          |self-colourings are
+                   |                |          |unsurpassed among hardy
+                   |                |          |shrubs. The colours range
+                   |                |          |from white to pink and from
+                   |                |          |pink to blood-red, from
+                   |                |          |lemon to deep yellow and
+                   |                |          |orange-scarlet, with all
+                   |                |          |descriptions of intervening
+                   |                |          |shades and combinations of
+                   |                |          |colour. From R.
+                   |                |          |calendulaceum most of the
+                   |                |          |orange and orange-scarlet
+                   |                |          |and red forms have
+                   |                |          |originated; flavum has been
+                   |                |          |responsible for many of the
+                   |                |          |yellows and terra-cottas;
+                   |                |          |arborescens, occidentale,
+                   |                |          |and viscosum for the whites
+                   |                |          |and pale rose varieties,
+                   |                |          |also for the late flowering
+                   |                |          |ones; while R. nudiflorum
+                   |                |          |has been responsible for a
+                   |                |          |great number of hybrids of
+                   |                |          |all shades. As a rule it is
+                   |                |          |much easier to trace R.
+                   |                |          |sinense blood among hybrids
+                   |                |          |than that of other species,
+                   |                |          |the flowers in that case
+                   |                |          |being larger and the leaves
+                   |                |          |more closely resembling
+                   |                |          |those of the species, but
+                   |                |          |even in some of these
+                   |                |          |repeated intercrossing has
+                   |                |          |almost obliterated the
+                   |                |          |special sinense characters.
+                   |                |          |Many of these hybrids have
+                   |                |          |been raised in the
+                   |                |          |old-world city of Ghent, a
+                   |                |          |fact which has given rise
+                   |                |          |to the name "Ghent
+                   |                |          |Azaleas." In England Mr.
+                   |                |          |Anthony Waterer has raised
+                   |                |          |beautiful forms at
+                   |                |          |Knaphill, such as the pure
+                   |                |          |white Mrs. Anthony Waterer.
+                   |                |          |Few are named, however,
+                   |                |          |nowadays, this brilliant
+                   |                |          |group being called the
+                   |                |          |"Knaphill," and it is rich
+                   |                |          |in beautiful colours, from
+                   |                |          |white through yellow,
+                   |                |          |orange, buff, crimson,
+                   |                |          |scarlet, and other flaming
+                   |                |          |tones, which create
+                   |                |          |glorious pictures in the
+                   |                |          |garden in late Spring and
+                   |                |          |early Summer. The shrubs
+                   |                |          |should be planted in groups
+                   |                |          |in woodland and elsewhere
+                   |                |          |when the rich colouring of
+                   |                |          |the flowers is most
+                   |                |          |effective, and in Autumn
+                   |                |          |the foliage turns to warm
+                   |                |          |tints, crimson, brown,
+                   |                |          |purple, and other shades
+                   |                |          |intermingling, making the
+                   |                |          |bushes almost as beautiful
+                   |                |          |in their Autumn dress as
+                   |                |          |when covered with flowers
+                   |                |          |in Spring and early Summer.
+                   |                |          |Of late years these
+                   |                |          |Rhododendrons, especially
+                   |                |          |the sinense group, have
+                   |                |          |been much used for forcing,
+                   |                |          |and they are extremely
+                   |                |          |useful for that purpose, as
+                   |                |          |has been so well
+                   |                |          |demonstrated by the
+                   |                |          |brilliant groups exhibited
+                   |                |          |at various meetings of the
+                   |                |          |Royal Horticultural Society
+                   |                |          |by Messrs Cuthbert and
+                   |                |          |other firms. When planting
+                   |                |          |these hardy Azaleas, choose
+                   |                |          |a sheltered position, not
+                   |                |          |because they are tender,
+                   |                |          |but to protect the flowers
+                   |                |          |as much as possible from
+                   |                |          |cold winds and late frosts.
+                   |                |          |The majority of them are in
+                   |                |          |bloom before the time of
+                   |                |          |frosts has passed, and
+                   |                |          |sometimes the flowers get
+                   |                |          |destroyed wholesale. Few
+                   |                |          |shrubs are more suitable
+                   |                |          |for planting in woodland or
+                   |                |          |on the fringe of walks in
+                   |                |          |single groups, as here the
+                   |                |          |colours are fully brought
+                   |                |          |out. A peat soil or a
+                   |                |          |mixture of loam and peat
+                   |                |          |will provide quite suitable
+                   |                |          |material. Mr. Anthony
+                   |                |          |Waterer writes as follows:
+                   |                |          |"In a general way all
+                   |                |          |American plants may be said
+                   |                |          |to delight in and to
+                   |                |          |require what is called a
+                   |                |          |peat soil; it was at one
+                   |                |          |time believed they would
+                   |                |          |not grow in any other.
+                   |                |          |Experience, however, proves
+                   |                |          |the contrary, and it is now
+                   |                |          |found that Rhododendrons
+                   |                |          |and Azaleas, which are the
+                   |                |          |most important of that
+                   |                |          |class, as well as any other
+                   |                |          |of the more vigorous
+                   |                |          |plants, succeed in almost
+                   |                |          |any soil that does not
+                   |                |          |contain lime or chalk. In
+                   |                |          |many sandy loams they grow
+                   |                |          |with as much luxuriance as
+                   |                |          |they do in peat; in fact,
+                   |                |          |almost any loamy soil, free
+                   |                |          |from lime or chalk, may be
+                   |                |          |rendered suitable for them
+                   |                |          |by a liberal admixture of
+                   |                |          |leaf mould or any fibrous
+                   |                |          |material, such as parings
+                   |                |          |of pasture lands. When the
+                   |                |          |soil is poor, thoroughly
+                   |                |          |decayed cow dung is one of
+                   |                |          |the best manures for
+                   |                |          |Azaleas." Seed pods should
+                   |                |          |be picked off immediately
+                   |                |          |the flowers are over.
+                   |                |          |
+R. arborescens     |Found by Pursh, |White,    |This has fragrant flowers,
+(Syn. Azalea,      |and described in|tinged    |and grows about 9 feet in
+arborescens)       |1816 in his     |with rose,|the British Isles.
+                   |"Flora of North |the       |
+                   |America." It is |stamens   |
+                   |a native of the |scarlet;  |
+                   |mountainous     |occasion- |
+                   |regions from    |ally the  |
+                   |Pennsylvania to |colour is |
+                   |South Carolina  |rose      |
+                   |and Tennessee,  |          |
+                   |especially about|          |
+                   |the lower       |          |
+                   |portions of the |          |
+                   |mountains of    |          |
+                   |North Carolina, |          |
+                   |where it is said|          |
+                   |to grow along   |          |
+                   |the borders of  |          |
+                   |streams. It     |          |
+                   |attains a height|          |
+                   |of from 15 feet |          |
+                   |to 20 feet      |          |
+                   |                |          |
+R. calendulaceum   |Alleghany       |Great     |It forms a large, handsome
+(A. calendulacea)  |Forests.        |range of  |bush about 8 feet high, and
+                   |Introduced about|colour;   |is one of the most
+                   |100 years ago   |yellow,   |beautiful of the species.
+                   |                |red,      |
+                   |                |orange and|
+                   |                |other     |
+                   |                |shades;   |
+                   |                |May and   |
+                   |                |June      |
+                   |                |          |
+R. flavum (Syn. A. |Native of       |Yellow,   |Few Rhododendrons are
+pontica)           |Caucasus, and   |fragrant; |better known; it grows from
+                   |has been grown  |early     |6 feet to 8 feet, and has
+                   |for upwards of a|Summer    |fairly large shining
+                   |century, viz.,  |          |leaves. Excellent for
+                   |introduced in   |          |forcing.
+                   |1793            |          |
+                   |                |          |
+R. indicum (A.     |Widely          |Various;  |This is the plant regarded
+indica)            |distributed in  |early     |as the "common" Azalea. It
+                   |the mountains of|Summer    |has been improved
+                   |China and Japan |          |considerably under
+                   |                |          |cultivation, and there are
+                   |                |          |several beautiful garden
+                   |                |          |forms of it. The majority
+                   |                |          |of these are unfortunately
+                   |                |          |not hardy, and a few only
+                   |                |          |can be planted outside with
+                   |                |          |safety. About ten years ago
+                   |                |          |Professor Sargent, of the
+                   |                |          |Arnold Arboretum, collected
+                   |                |          |seeds of this type in the
+                   |                |          |mountains of Japan. The
+                   |                |          |young plants have proved
+                   |                |          |fairly hardy, but flower,
+                   |                |          |as a rule, too early to be
+                   |                |          |of any great garden value.
+                   |                |          |The well-known Azalea
+                   |                |          |amoena is the hardiest of
+                   |                |          |the varieties; it is easily
+                   |                |          |recognised by its reddish
+                   |                |          |hose-in-hose flowers.
+                   |                |          |Balsaminæflorum is dwarf,
+                   |                |          |and suitable for the rock
+                   |                |          |garden; it has pretty,
+                   |                |          |double, rose-like salmon
+                   |                |          |flowers. In many southern
+                   |                |          |gardens R. indicum is
+                   |                |          |hardy; we have seen borders
+                   |                |          |of it in Mr. Leney's garden
+                   |                |          |near Saltwood, Hythe, and
+                   |                |          |of course in Devonshire and
+                   |                |          |Cornwall.
+                   |                |          |
+R. ledifolium (A.  |China and Japan |Pure      |This reminds one of the old
+ledifolia)         |                |white;    |white A. indica of gardens,
+                   |                |March     |but the leaves are more
+                   |                |          |hairy, and it is hardier.
+                   |                |          |It is like the preceding,
+                   |                |          |and evergreen. It grows
+                   |                |          |well out of doors in the
+                   |                |          |Royal Gardens, Kew.
+                   |                |          |
+R. nudiflorum (A.  |From Canada to  |Pinkish as|An extremely useful shrub,
+nudiflora)         |Florida and     |a rule;   |and has been of
+                   |Texas. On side  |April and |considerable service to the
+                   |of hills.       |May       |hybridist. It grows about 6
+                   |Introduced in   |          |feet high, and makes a
+                   |1734            |          |wide-spreading bush. It
+                   |                |          |bears pinkish-coloured
+                   |                |          |flowers, though many hues
+                   |                |          |are to be found among its
+                   |                |          |many forms.
+                   |                |          |
+R. occidentale (A. |California      |White;    |This species flowers later
+occidentalis)      |                |late June |than most of the others,
+                   |                |          |and, through using it as a
+                   |                |          |parent, hybrids have been
+                   |                |          |produced between it and the
+                   |                |          |earlier flowering species,
+                   |                |          |thus the flowering period
+                   |                |          |is prolonged. It makes a
+                   |                |          |good-sized bush, and blooms
+                   |                |          |freely; the flowers are
+                   |                |          |fragrant; the leaves are
+                   |                |          |very glossy.
+                   |                |          |
+R. rhombicum (A.   |Japan           |Rose-     |This is easily
+rhombica)          |                |lilac;    |distinguished from other
+                   |                |April     |Rhododendrons by its
+                   |                |          |rhomboid leaves and large
+                   |                |          |flowers. In the seedling
+                   |                |          |stage it is somewhat
+                   |                |          |tender, and until several
+                   |                |          |years old its growth is not
+                   |                |          |satisfactory.
+                   |                |          |
+A. Vaseyi          |Mountains of    |White     |Of the lesser known species
+                   |North Carolina  |suffused  |this is one of the most
+                   |                |pink;     |beautiful, and should be in
+                   |                |April     |every collection. It makes
+                   |                |          |a small bush here, though
+                   |                |          |in its native country it
+                   |                |          |grows more than 15 feet
+                   |                |          |high, and is quite hardy in
+                   |                |          |the Thames Valley. Album is
+                   |                |          |a white variety.
+                   |                |          |
+R. viscosum (A.    |North America.  |White and |This does not usually
+viscosa)           |In shady woods  |sometimes |flower until most of the
+                   |and swamps.     |pink; July|others are over. It is
+                   |Introduced in   |          |readily recognised by its
+                   |1734            |          |viscid leaves.
+                   |                |          |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |  AND     |     GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. | SEASON.  |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Rhodotypos        |China and Japan;|White;    |A very pretty shrub, 4 to 6
+kerrioides         |Rosaceæ         |May and   |feet high, and bearing some
+(White-flowered    |                |June      |resemblance to the popular
+Kerria)            |                |          |Kerria japonica, hence it
+                   |                |          |is often called the
+                   |                |          |white-flowered Kerria,
+                   |                |          |though it is really quite
+                   |                |          |distinct. The white flowers
+                   |                |          |are very much like those of
+                   |                |          |a single Rose.
+                   |                |          |
+Ribes alpinum      |Northern        |Greenish  |A beautiful group of
+(Alpine currant)   |Hemisphere;     |          |flowering shrubs. R.
+                   |Saxifrageæ      |          |alpinum is a dwarf bush 3
+                   |                |          |feet high, and has a
+                   |                |          |golden-leaved form, which
+                   |                |          |in the Spring is one of the
+                   |                |          |prettiest of shrubs with
+                   |                |          |this leaf colouring.
+                   |                |          |
+R. americanum      |North America   |Greenish  |Has little claim to beauty,
+                   |                |          |except the vivid autumn
+                   |                |          |tints of the decaying
+                   |                |          |foliage.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. aureum         | North America  |Yellow;   |A shrub 4 to 6 feet high,
+(Missouri Currant) |                |early May |with drooping clusters of
+                   |                |          |golden-yellow blossoms. It
+                   |                |          |forms a good companion to
+                   |                |          |the flowering Currant,
+                   |                |          |Ribes sanguineum.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. gordonianum    |Garden hybrid   |Yellow and|A hybrid between the
+                   |                |red       |species immediately
+                   |                |          |preceding and the flowering
+                   |                |          |Currant; it is in all
+                   |                |          |respects about intermediate
+                   |                |          |between the two.
+                   |                |          |
+R. multiflorum     |Carpathian      |Yellowish |Grows 5 to 6 feet high, and
+                   |Mountains       |green     |is remarkable for the long,
+                   |                |          |pendulous and graceful
+                   |                |          |racemes of small yellowish
+                   |                |          |blossoms.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. sanguineum     |Western North   |Bright    |A shrub 5 to 6 feet high,
+(Flowering Currant)|America         |rosy red; |with bright-coloured
+                   |                |April     |flowers. A deservedly
+                   |                |          |popular shrub of easy
+                   |                |          |culture. There are numerous
+                   |                |          |varieties, all beautiful,
+                   |                |          |viz.: album, nearly white;
+                   |                |          |atrosanguineum, very deep
+                   |                |          |coloured; flore-pleno,
+                   |                |          |with double flowers the
+                   |                |          |last of all to bloom;
+                   |                |          |glutinosum, pale rose;
+                   |                |          |malvaceum, dense clusters
+                   |                |          |of rosy-lilac flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. speciosum      |California      |Deep      |Shrub 6 to 8 feet, stems
+(Fuchsia-flowered  |                |scarlet;  |spiny, flowers very
+Gooseberry), (Syn. |                |April and |beautiful. A delightful
+R. fuchsioides)    |                |May       |wall plant, though quite
+                   |                |          |hardy in south of England.
+                   |                |          |
+*Robinia hispida   |South United    |Purplish  |From a flowering point of
+(Rose Acacia),     |States;         |rose; June|view this is the finest of
+(Syn. Robinia      |Leguminosæ      |          |all the Robinias. Though
+rosea)             |                |          |usually a small standard
+                   |                |          |grafted on the common False
+                   |                |          |Acacia, this is naturally a
+                   |                |          |rambling shrub some 6 feet
+                   |                |          |in height, with
+                   |                |          |wide-spreading branches
+                   |                |          |clothed with dark-green
+                   |                |          |pinnate leaves, and about
+                   |                |          |June the pendulous racemes
+                   |                |          |of large snowy blossoms are
+                   |                |          |at their best. In this
+                   |                |          |species the stiff hairs
+                   |                |          |that clothe the young
+                   |                |          |shoots and flower stalks
+                   |                |          |are very noticeable, but
+                   |                |          |there is a variety
+                   |                |          |(inermis) in which they are
+                   |                |          |entirely absent.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. neo-mexicana   |Colorado and New|Rose      |A small tree related to the
+                   |Mexico          |          |common False Acacia, but it
+                   |                |          |differs from that
+                   |                |          |well-known tree; the chief
+                   |                |          |differences are--the
+                   |                |          |glaucous green of its
+                   |                |          |prettily divided leaves,
+                   |                |          |the bright rose tint of its
+                   |                |          |flowers, and the hairy
+                   |                |          |flower stalks and seed
+                   |                |          |pods. A beautiful
+                   |                |          |autumn-flowering tree.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. Pseudacacia    |North America   |White;    |One of the handsomest of
+(Common Locust     |                |late May  |all hardy trees; the
+or False Acacia)   |                |and June  |elegant pinnate foliage
+                   |                |          |retained in all its
+                   |                |          |freshness throughout the
+                   |                |          |entire Summer, however hot
+                   |                |          |and dry, renders it a
+                   |                |          |delightful object during
+                   |                |          |the whole of that time, and
+                   |                |          |its beauty is considerably
+                   |                |          |increased when the racemes
+                   |                |          |of white flowers are fully
+                   |                |          |open. In Winter, when bare,
+                   |                |          |the deeply fissured bark,
+                   |                |          |and its somewhat rugged
+                   |                |          |aspect, are picturesque.
+                   |                |          |There are many distinct
+                   |                |          |varieties, chief among them
+                   |                |          |being--aurea, in which the
+                   |                |          |leaves are tinged with
+                   |                |          |yellow; bella rosea, a
+                   |                |          |smaller tree with
+                   |                |          |rose-coloured flowers;
+                   |                |          |bessoniana, a round-headed
+                   |                |          |thornless form;
+                   |                |          |decaisneana, with pretty
+                   |                |          |rose-tinted blossoms;
+                   |                |          |fastigiata, as upright as a
+                   |                |          |Lombardy Poplar; inermis
+                   |                |          |(Syn. umbraculifera), a
+                   |                |          |mop-headed small tree;
+                   |                |          |pendula, of weeping growth;
+                   |                |          |and semperflorens, which
+                   |                |          |continues to flower
+                   |                |          |throughout the growing
+                   |                |          |season.
+                   |                |          |
+R. viscosa (Clammy |North America   |Pale rose;|A small tree, easily known
+Locust Tree),      |                |June and  |by the sticky glands that
+Syn. R. glutinosa  |                |July      |cover the new wood and
+                   |                |          |leaf stalks. The leaves are
+                   |                |          |larger than those of the
+                   |                |          |others.
+                   |                |          |
+*Romneya Coulteri  |California      |White,    |Few flowers are more
+(Californian       |(Papaveraceæ)   |with      |beautiful than those of the
+Poppy)             |                |golden    |Californian Poppy. The
+                   |                |stamens;  |flowers are so simple in
+                   |                |Summer    |form and delicate in
+                   |                |          |substance. At first sight
+                   |                |          |they remind one of the
+                   |                |          |finest white crêpe, and
+                   |                |          |flutter in the slightest
+                   |                |          |breeze, their purity
+                   |                |          |enhanced by the great
+                   |                |          |golden boss of stamens from
+                   |                |          |which they radiate. Many of
+                   |                |          |the flowers are six inches
+                   |                |          |and more in diameter, and
+                   |                |          |when a dozen or more are
+                   |                |          |open at one time, form a
+                   |                |          |beautiful picture, whilst
+                   |                |          |the fragrance is delicate.
+                   |                |          |The plant, although
+                   |                |          |flourishing in the
+                   |                |          |south-west of England, is
+                   |                |          |not absolutely safe there;
+                   |                |          |several specimens were
+                   |                |          |killed by the severe frost
+                   |                |          |of a few winters ago. A
+                   |                |          |certain amount of
+                   |                |          |protection is desirable,
+                   |                |          |but undue coddling often
+                   |                |          |leads to the plant rotting
+                   |                |          |to the root stock and so
+                   |                |          |perishing. The Romneya is
+                   |                |          |very impatient of root
+                   |                |          |disturbance. When once
+                   |                |          |established in the open
+                   |                |          |ground, however, it grows
+                   |                |          |strongly. The seeds take a
+                   |                |          |long while to germinate.
+                   |                |          |The plants may also be
+                   |                |          |raised from root cuttings
+                   |                |          |and layers. When growing in
+                   |                |          |the rock-garden it often
+                   |                |          |sends out shoots at some
+                   |                |          |distance from the parent
+                   |                |          |stem. Probably the best
+                   |                |          |site for Romneya Coulteri
+                   |                |          |is a sheltered one backed
+                   |                |          |by a wall.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _CALIFORNIA POPPY. (Romneya Coulteri.)_]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Rubus bambusarum   |Rosaceæ         |The       |Henbane. Introduced by
+                   |                |flowers   |Messrs. Veitch from China,
+                   |                |give place|the trailing branches 10
+                   |                |to a black|ft. to 12 ft.
+                   |                |edible    |
+                   |                |fruit     |
+                   |                |          |
+*R. biflorus       |Himalaya;       |White     |This Bramble forms an
+(White-stemmed     |Rosaceæ         |          |upright freely-branded
+Bramble)           |                |          |specimen, 10 ft. high, and
+                   |                |          |has whitened stems, which,
+                   |                |          |especially in winter, are
+                   |                |          |very conspicuous.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. deliciosus     |Rocky Mountains |White     |A Currant-like, bushy
+(Rocky Mountain    |                |          |shrub, with large white
+Bramble)           |                |          |flowers (like single Roses)
+                   |                |          |in great profusion. It is
+                   |                |          |one of the finest flowering
+                   |                |          |shrubs we have.
+                   |                |          |
+R. flagelliformis  |Central China   |White     |Introduced by Messrs.
+                   |                |          |Veitch. The flowers are on
+                   |                |          |growths 6 ft. to 8 ft. in
+                   |                |          |length. Partly evergreen. A
+                   |                |          |useful climber.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. fruticosus     |Garden form     |Pink; late|A double pink form of our
+flore-pleno (Double|                |Summer    |common Bramble, and of a
+Pink Bramble),     |                |          |loose rambling nature, soon
+Syn. R.            |                |          |forming a tangled mass.
+bellidifolius.     |                |          |
+                   |                |          |
+R. innominatus     |Hupeh;          |Interest- |Introduced by Messrs.
+                   |Central China   |ing for   |Veitch, and is a great
+                   |                |its stems |addition to dessert fruits.
+                   |                |covered   |
+                   |                |with a    |
+                   |                |soft      |
+                   |                |pubescence|
+                   |                |and large |
+                   |                |orange    |
+                   |                |scarlet   |
+                   |                |fruits,   |
+                   |                |which are |
+                   |                |edible    |
+                   |                |          |
+R. laciniatus      |Garden origin   |White     |A strong-growing Bramble
+(Cut-leaved        |                |          |with elegantly cut leaves.
+Bramble)           |                |          |It is essentially a plant
+                   |                |          |for the wild garden, while
+                   |                |          |the fruits are particularly
+                   |                |          |good.
+                   |                |          |
+R. nutkanus        |North America   |White     |A free upright species that
+(Nootka Sound      |                |          |pushes up annual shoots
+Raspberry)         |                |          |like the Raspberry, while
+                   |                |          |the lobed leaves are
+                   |                |          |decidedly ornamental. The
+                   |                |          |large white blossoms are
+                   |                |          |borne in May and June.
+                   |                |          |
+R. odoratus        |North America   |Rosy      |Somewhat like the last, but
+(Purple-flowered   |                |purple    |with rosy-purple blossoms
+Raspberry)         |                |          |that are rather later in
+                   |                |          |expanding than those of R.
+                   |                |          |nutkanus. It thrives best
+                   |                |          |in partial shade.
+                   |                |          |
+*R. phoenicolasius |Japan           |Whitish   |A strong-growing
+(Japanese Wine     |                |          |Raspberry-like plant,
+Berry)             |                |          |densely clothed with hairs.
+                   |                |          |It is principally
+                   |                |          |grown for its fruits, that
+                   |                |          |are, when ripe, of a bright
+                   |                |          |red tint, and appreciated
+                   |                |          |by many. But this is a
+                   |                |          |picturesque spreading shrub
+                   |                |          |worth growing for its
+                   |                |          |colouring and rambling
+                   |                |          |growth alone. It is a good
+                   |                |          |bank shrub, or to spread
+                   |                |          |about over the rougher
+                   |                |          |parts of the rock garden.
+                   |                |          |
+R. spectabilis     |North America   |Purple;   |A shrub so aggressive that
+(Salmon Berry)     |                |early May |it must go into the wild
+                   |                |          |garden. It forms a dense
+                   |                |          |tuft 6 feet high, and when
+                   |                |          |laden with its drooping
+                   |                |          |purple flowers is decidedly
+                   |                |          |ornamental.
+                   |                |          |
+R. thyrsoideus     |Garden form     |White     |A semi-double
+flore-pleno        |                |          |white-flowered Bramble,
+(Double White      |                |          |less effective, however,
+Bramble)           |                |          |than the double pink.
+                   |                |          |
+Sophora japonica   |China;          |Creamy    |Excluding the plants
+                   |Leguminosæ      |white     |formerly known as
+                   |                |panicles, |Edwardsia, now included in
+                   |                |which     |Sophora, this is the only
+                   |                |show up   |well-known member of the
+                   |                |against   |genus, and it is the only
+                   |                |the       |one of our large-growing
+                   |                |dark-green|hardy trees that flowers
+                   |                |foliage   |in autumn. Regarded only
+                   |                |          |from a foliage point of
+                   |                |          |view, it forms a very
+                   |                |          |handsome specimen, the
+                   |                |          |elegant pinnate leaves
+                   |                |          |retaining their deep green
+                   |                |          |tint long after most trees
+                   |                |          |acquire their autumnal hue.
+                   |                |          |Like many other Leguminosæ,
+                   |                |          |the deep descending nature
+                   |                |          |of its roots enables it
+                   |                |          |to resist a long period of
+                   |                |          |drought during the summer
+                   |                |          |months better than most
+                   |                |          |trees. It is very quick in
+                   |                |          |growth, and is therefore
+                   |                |          |valuable where rapid
+                   |                |          |results are desired. The
+                   |                |          |Sophora has been grown in
+                   |                |          |this country for the last
+                   |                |          |century and a half, and
+                   |                |          |though in its early days
+                   |                |          |considered to be rather
+                   |                |          |tender, it has long proved
+                   |                |          |to be thoroughly hardy.
+                   |                |          |Varieties are not numerous,
+                   |                |          |there being one, variegata,
+                   |                |          |which is but a poor thing,
+                   |                |          |while another, pendula, is
+                   |                |          |one of the most striking of
+                   |                |          |weeping trees. In winter
+                   |                |          |the bright-green bark of
+                   |                |          |this is a very noticeable
+                   |                |          |feature.
+                   |                |          |
+Spartium junceum   |Europe;         |Golden    |Owing to the
+(Spanish Broom)    |Leguminosæ      |yellow    |deeply-descending nature of
+                   |                |          |their roots, many of the
+                   |                |          |Leguminosæ resist drought
+                   |                |          |better than the majority of
+                   |                |          |shrubs. A case in point is
+                   |                |          |furnished by the Spanish
+                   |                |          |Broom, which in summer is
+                   |                |          |laden with its large
+                   |                |          |golden-yellow blossoms.
+                   |                |          |Against a dark-tinted
+                   |                |          |background it stands out
+                   |                |          |conspicuously, while seen
+                   |                |          |in a mass or clump it is
+                   |                |          |particularly striking. The
+                   |                |          |Spanish Broom ripens seeds
+                   |                |          |freely, from which young
+                   |                |          |plants can be readily
+                   |                |          |raised, but as they make
+                   |                |          |very few fibres and do not
+                   |                |          |as a rule transplant well,
+                   |                |          |they should be put into
+                   |                |          |their permanent quarters
+                   |                |          |while still young. The
+                   |                |          |leaves are very few in
+                   |                |          |number, their place being
+                   |                |          |filled as in some of its
+                   |                |          |allies by the young shoots,
+                   |                |          |which are dark green and
+                   |                |          |Rush-like. There is a
+                   |                |          |double variety,
+                   |                |          |flore-pleno.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _SPIRÆA CANESCENS._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Spiræa arguta     |Garden origin;  |White;    |One of the best of the
+                   |S. multiflora   |late April|shrubby Spiræas, forming a
+                   |and S. Thunbergi|          |dense bush about 4 feet
+                   |(Rosaceæ)       |          |high, which towards the end
+                   |                |          |of April is profusely laden
+                   |                |          |with clusters of pure white
+                   |                |          |blossoms, despite frosts or
+                   |                |          |cold winds, which play
+                   |                |          |havoc with some of the
+                   |                |          |early kinds.
+                   |                |          |
+S. bella           |Nepaul          |Deep pink;|A free-growing species, 5
+                   |                |May and   |feet high, with pretty
+                   |                |June      |flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+S. betulifolia     |Europe          |Clear     |A dwarf bush, 2 feet high,
+(Syn. S. splendens)|                |cherry-   |with pretty cherry-pink
+                   |                |pink;     |flowers.
+                   |                |midsummer |
+                   |                |          |
+S. brachybotrys    |Garden origin;  |Pale pink;|A bold bush, 6 feet or more
+(Syn. S. luxuriosa)|S. canescens and|June      |in height.
+                   |S. Douglasi     |          |
+                   |                |          |
+S. bracteata       |Japan           |White;    |Grows 5 or 6 feet high.
+                   |                |May       |
+                   |                |          |
+*S. bullata        |Japan           |Rosy      |A dwarf species suitable
+(Syn. S.           |                |carmine;  |for rockwork.
+crispifolia)       |                |July      |
+                   |                |          |
+*S. canescens (Syn.|Himalaya        |White;    |The shoots of this are
+S. flagelliformis, |                |June and  |slender and arching so that
+Syn. S. nepalensis,|                |July      |it forms a graceful
+Syn. S.            |                |          |freely-branded shrub, some
+rotundifolia)      |                |          |5 to 8 feet in height. It
+                   |                |          |is one of the best Spiræas.
+                   |                |          |
+*S. discolor (Syn. |North-West      |Creamy    |A well-known shrub, far
+S. ariæfolia)      |America         |white;    |better known, however,
+                   |                |July      |under the name of Spiræa
+                   |                |          |ariæfolia. It reaches a
+                   |                |          |height of 10 to 12 feet or
+                   |                |          |even more, with plume-like
+                   |                |          |clusters of creamy white
+                   |                |          |blossoms. This is a shrub
+                   |                |          |for the smallest garden.
+                   |                |          |
+*S. Douglasi       |North America   |Rosy red; |Forms a crowded cluster of
+                   |                |July and  |erect shoots 6 feet or so
+                   |                |August    |in height, with each shoot
+                   |                |          |terminated by a dense spike
+                   |                |          |of flowers. It succeeds
+                   |                |          |best in damp soil.
+                   |                |          |
+S. hypericifolia   |Europe          |White     |The slender arching shoots
+                   |                |          |are clothed with clusters
+                   |                |          |of pure white flowers in
+                   |                |          |late May.
+                   |                |          |
+*S. japonica (Syn. |Japan           |Rosy      |Far better known under the
+S. callosa)        |                |carmine;  |name of S. callosa than
+                   |                |June and  |that of japonica; it forms
+                   |                |July      |a shrub 5 or 6 feet high
+                   |                |          |with brightly coloured
+                   |                |          |flowers in flattened
+                   |                |          |clusters. There are many
+                   |                |          |distinct varieties, all
+                   |                |          |good, the best being alba,
+                   |                |          |a dwarf form with white
+                   |                |          |flowers; Bumalda, also
+                   |                |          |dwarf with pink blossoms;
+                   |                |          |Anthony Waterer, the
+                   |                |          |richest tinted of all dwarf
+                   |                |          |kinds; superba, a deep
+                   |                |          |tinted form of the type;
+                   |                |          |and glabrata, with
+                   |                |          |curiously broad leaves.
+                   |                |          |Anthony Waterer is
+                   |                |          |especially worth growing.
+                   |                |          |
+*S. lindleyana     |Himalaya        |White;    |Reaches a height of 10 to
+                   |                |August    |12 feet, and is remarkable
+                   |                |          |for its handsome pinnate
+                   |                |          |leaves, while the large
+                   |                |          |feathery flower panicles
+                   |                |          |are very striking.
+                   |                |          |
+S. media (Syn S.   |Europe          |White;    |Forms a dense rounded bush
+confusa)           |                |May       |from 5 to 8 feet high, and
+                   |                |          |has clusters of pure white
+                   |                |          |blossoms in profusion.
+                   |                |          |
+S. opulifolia (Nine|North America   |Whitish   |One of the largest of all
+Bark of the United |                |          |the Spiræas, being of
+States), (Syn.     |                |          |almost tree-like habit, but
+Neillia opulifolia)|                |          |the flowers are not showy.
+                   |                |          |There is a golden leaved
+                   |                |          |form (aurea) of dwarfer
+                   |                |          |habit than the type, which
+                   |                |          |is in the first half of the
+                   |                |          |season very pretty.
+                   |                |          |
+*S. prunifolia     |Japan           |White;    |The flowers of this are
+flore-pleno        |                |Spring    |quite double, like little
+                   |                |          |rosettes, and in clusters
+                   |                |          |along the arching shoots.
+                   |                |          |Early in April as a rule
+                   |                |          |they are very pretty.
+                   |                |          |
+S. salicifolia     |Europe          |Pinkish   |A variable kind, more or
+                   |                |          |less approaching S.
+                   |                |          |Douglasi, but with
+                   |                |          |light-tinted flowers.
+                   |                |          |
+S. sorbifolia      |Northern Europe |White;    |A pinnate-leaved species
+                   |                |July      |somewhat in the way of S.
+                   |                |          |lindleyana, but it does not
+                   |                |          |grow more than half the
+                   |                |          |height and flowers a month
+                   |                |          |earlier.
+                   |                |          |
+S. Thunbergi       |Japan           |White;    |The first of all the
+                   |                |very early|Spiræas to bloom, but its
+                   |                |Spring    |beauty is often marred by
+                   |                |          |inclement weather. It forms
+                   |                |          |a dense mass of slender
+                   |                |          |twigs clothed with tiny
+                   |                |          |leaves.
+                   |                |          |
+S. Van Houttei     |Garden form     |White     |A hybrid kind with pure
+                   |                |          |white blossoms, which are
+                   |                |          |as a rule more satisfactory
+                   |                |          |under glass than in the
+                   |                |          |open ground.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _FLOWERS OF SPIRÆA LINDLEYANA._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Staphylea colchica |Caucasus;       |White;    |A sturdy upright deciduous
+                   |Sapindaceæ      |Spring    |shrub, 6 to 8 feet high,
+                   |                |          |with drooping clusters of
+                   |                |          |white flowers. Though
+                   |                |          |decidedly ornamental it is
+                   |                |          |as a rule more effective
+                   |                |          |when flowered under glass
+                   |                |          |than in the open ground.
+                   |                |          |Needs a fairly moist loamy
+                   |                |          |soil.
+                   |                |          |
+*S. pinnata        |Europe          |Greenish  |A shrub from 8 to 10 feet
+(European          |                |white;    |high, which has
+Bladder-Nut)       |                |Spring    |bladder-like capsules in
+                   |                |          |which the seeds are
+                   |                |          |contained. The capsules are
+                   |                |          |more attractive than the
+                   |                |          |flowers themselves.
+                   |                |          |
+S. trifolia        |North America   |Greenish  |In the way of the last, but
+(American          |                |white;    |a stronger grower, while
+Bladder-Nut tree)  |                |Spring    |the leaves are pinnate.
+                   |                |          |
+Stuartia pentagyna |United States;  |White;    |In its native country this
+(Syn.              |Ternstroemiaceæ |July and  |attains the dimensions of a
+Malachodendron     |                |August    |small tree, but in England
+ovatum)            |                |          |it is from 5 to 8 feet
+                   |                |          |high. The flowers, somewhat
+                   |                |          |suggestive of those of a
+                   |                |          |single white Camellia, have
+                   |                |          |the edges of the petals
+                   |                |          |wavy, while the reddish
+                   |                |          |stamens are very
+                   |                |          |conspicuous. Though very
+                   |                |          |beautiful, this is not a
+                   |                |          |shrub for every garden, as
+                   |                |          |it needs a cool moist soil
+                   |                |          |with a fair proportion of
+                   |                |          |peat, a remark that applies
+                   |                |          |equally to the other
+                   |                |          |members of the genus.
+                   |                |          |
+*S.                |Japan           |White;    |The finest of the
+Pseudo-Camellia    |                |with      |Stuartias, bearing much
+                   |                |golden    |general resemblance in
+                   |                |stamens;  |foliage, flowers, and habit
+                   |                |July and  |of growth to a Camellia,
+                   |                |August    |hence its specific name.
+                   |                |          |The flowers are about 3
+                   |                |          |inches in diameter. Beside
+                   |                |          |its other ornamental
+                   |                |          |qualities the leaves die
+                   |                |          |off in Autumn brilliantly
+                   |                |          |tinted with crimson and
+                   |                |          |gold, being in this
+                   |                |          |respect much superior to
+                   |                |          |its American relatives.
+                   |                |          |
+S. virginica (Syn. |Southern        |White;    |Much in the way of S.
+Stuartia           |United States   |July and  |pentagyna, but forms a
+Malachodendron)    |                |August    |smaller and less vigorous
+                   |                |          |bush, while the leaves are
+                   |                |          |more hairy.
+                   |                |          |
+*Styrax japonicum  |China and Japan;|White;    |A shrub or small tree with
+(Japanese Storax)  |Styraceæ        |Midsummer |flattened spreading
+                   |                |          |branchlets, thickly studded
+                   |                |          |on the undersides with
+                   |                |          |drooping pure white
+                   |                |          |fragrant Snowdrop-like
+                   |                |          |blossoms. It is a
+                   |                |          |delightful shrub, and best
+                   |                |          |in a fairly moist light
+                   |                |          |loam. Height 8 to 12 feet.
+                   |                |          |Messrs. Veitch mention that
+                   |                |          |it is occasionally a low
+                   |                |          |tree, 20 to 25 feet high,
+                   |                |          |and in its wild state on
+                   |                |          |the hillsides in central
+                   |                |          |Japan it flowers in May. It
+                   |                |          |has proved quite hardy.
+                   |                |          |
+S. Obassia         |Japan           |White     |A very beautiful but rare
+                   |                |          |species, forming a more
+                   |                |          |sturdy bush than the last,
+                   |                |          |while the pure white
+                   |                |          |flowers are borne in
+                   |                |          |drooping racemes. It
+                   |                |          |succeeds under the same
+                   |                |          |conditions as the
+                   |                |          |preceding.
+                   |                |          |
+S. officinale      |Levant          |White     |From 6 to 8 feet high, but
+                   |                |          |more delicate in
+                   |                |          |constitution than either of
+                   |                |          |those above named. It needs
+                   |                |          |the protection of a wall in
+                   |                |          |many districts.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _GROUPING OF LILACS (several varieties). THE BUSH IN THE
+CENTRE IS THE PERSIAN LILAC, SYRINGA PERSICA._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+Syringa (lilac)    |Eastern Europe  |Various   |A lovely family. Mr. Bean
+                   |and Northern    |          |in _The Garden_, April 2,
+                   |Asia;           |          |1898, writes: "As now
+                   |Oleaceæ         |          |constituted, the genus
+                   |                |          |consists of two groups:
+                   |                |          |First, the true Lilacs,
+                   |                |          |represented by S. vulgaris;
+                   |                |          |and second, the Privet-like
+                   |                |          |Lilacs, of which some
+                   |                |          |authorities have made a
+                   |                |          |separate genus under the
+                   |                |          |name Ligustrina. The
+                   |                |          |species in this latter
+                   |                |          |group are distinguished
+                   |                |          |from the true Lilacs by
+                   |                |          |flowering later in the
+                   |                |          |summer, and by having large
+                   |                |          |panicles of smaller
+                   |                |          |Privet-like flowers, the
+                   |                |          |corolla of which is white
+                   |                |          |and much shorter than in
+                   |                |          |the other group. There are
+                   |                |          |three of them in
+                   |                |          |cultivation--S. amurensis,
+                   |                |          |S. japonica, S.
+                   |                |          |pekinensis--which, however,
+                   |                |          |some botanists have
+                   |                |          |considered to be merely
+                   |                |          |geographical forms of one
+                   |                |          |species existing in
+                   |                |          |Manchuria, Japan, and
+                   |                |          |China. The following is
+                   |                |          |a complete list of the
+                   |                |          |species in gardens, with
+                   |                |          |some of the commoner
+                   |                |          |synonyms: S. Emodi, var.
+                   |                |          |rosea (S. Bretschneideri),
+                   |                |          |S. Josikæa, S. oblata (S.
+                   |                |          |chinensis), S. persica,
+                   |                |          |var. laciniata (S.
+                   |                |          |filicifolia, S. pinnata),
+                   |                |          |S. villosa (S. pubescens),
+                   |                |          |S. vulgaris, S. chinensis
+                   |                |          |(S. dubia, S.
+                   |                |          |rothomagensis) hybrid.
+                   |                |          |_Ligustrina Group._--S.
+                   |                |          |amurensis (Ligustrina
+                   |                |          |amurensis), S. japonica
+                   |                |          |(Ligustrina amurensis
+                   |                |          |var. japonica), S.
+                   |                |          |pekinensis (Ligustrina
+                   |                |          |pekinensis)."
+                   |                |          |
+S. amurensis       |Manchuria;      |Creamy    |A sturdy bush with stout,
+                   |discovered in   |white     |erect branches. The small
+                   |1857 by a       |          |creamy white flowers are
+                   |Russian botanist|          |borne on large branching
+                   |named Raffe     |          |racemes. It is a native of
+                   |                |          |the valleys of the Ussuri
+                   |                |          |and Amur Rivers. One of the
+                   |                |          |earliest of hardy shrubs to
+                   |                |          |break into leaf.
+                   |                |          |
+*S. chinensis      |Probably raised |May       |The flowers are in panicles
+                   |in Rouen Botanic|          |intermediate in size
+                   |Garden by M.    |          |between those of its
+                   |Varin over 100  |          |parents, and are of the
+                   |years ago from  |          |same colour. Very
+                   |seed borne by   |          |free-flowering and pretty,
+                   |S. persica.     |          |and might be recommended as
+                   |Synonyms S.     |          |a substitute for the common
+                   |correlata, S.   |          |Lilac in positions where
+                   |dubia, S.       |          |the latter would be too
+                   |rothomagensis   |          |large. To add to the
+                   |                |          |confusion respecting its
+                   |                |          |origin, it is still called
+                   |                |          |in some nurserymen's
+                   |                |          |catalogues the Siberian
+                   |                |          |Lilac, Rouen Lilac, and
+                   |                |          |Chinese Lilac. It lasts
+                   |                |          |longer in flower than the
+                   |                |          |common Lilac.
+                   |                |          |
+*S. Emodi          |Dr. Aitchison   |Pale      |This is altogether of
+ (Himalayan Lilac) |found this on   |purple    |sturdier growth than the
+                   |the Afghan      |          |ordinary Lilac, with large
+                   |Mountains in    |          |leaves and terminal
+                   |1879, 9000 feet |          |panicles of flowers. Of
+                   |to 10,000 feet  |          |greater ornamental value is
+                   |elevation       |          |the variety rosea which was
+                   |                |          |introduced a few years ago
+                   |                |          |from the mountains about
+                   |                |          |Pekin by Dr. Bretschneider,
+                   |                |          |and in gardens (French
+                   |                |          |chiefly) it is known as
+                   |                |          |Syringa Bretschneideri. It
+                   |                |          |is more robust than the
+                   |                |          |type, and bears large
+                   |                |          |panicles of rosy-tinted
+                   |                |          |flowers in June or later.
+                   |                |          |There is a
+                   |                |          |variegated-leaved variety
+                   |                |          |of S. Emodi, which is
+                   |                |          |handsome when vigorously
+                   |                |          |grown. Another form with
+                   |                |          |more or less golden is
+                   |                |          |_foliis aureis_. When the
+                   |                |          |soil is rich the leaves
+                   |                |          |measure 6 inches long and 4
+                   |                |          |inches wide.
+                   |                |          |
+S. japonica        |Japan           |White     |A large growing shrub, of
+                   |                |          |bushy growth, and larger in
+                   |                |          |foliage than S. vulgaris.
+                   |                |          |It bears large branching
+                   |                |          |panicles of small white
+                   |                |          |flowers, reminding one of
+                   |                |          |those of the Privet, hence
+                   |                |          |the name of the group to
+                   |                |          |which it belongs
+                   |                |          |(Ligustrina). These
+                   |                |          |panicles in Japan and the
+                   |                |          |United States attain as
+                   |                |          |much as 18 inches and even
+                   |                |          |2 feet in length, but
+                   |                |          |whether it will grow in
+                   |                |          |this country in such a way
+                   |                |          |remains to be seen.
+                   |                |          |
+S. Josikæa         |Hungarian       |Lilac;    |An old shrub of moderate
+(Hungarian Lilac)  |Mountains       |May       |growth, but is not of great
+                   |                |          |value, as it happens to
+                   |                |          |flower when we have a
+                   |                |          |wealth of bloom from the
+                   |                |          |commoner kinds. It is,
+                   |                |          |however, interesting and
+                   |                |          |worth growing, if only for
+                   |                |          |the sake of the pretty
+                   |                |          |sentiment that attaches to
+                   |                |          |its origin, having been
+                   |                |          |found by Baroness Von
+                   |                |          |Josika in her wanderings
+                   |                |          |about the Hungarian
+                   |                |          |mountains in 1835. It may
+                   |                |          |be best described as a
+                   |                |          |small form of S. Emodi. It
+                   |                |          |was first grown in Britain
+                   |                |          |at Edinburgh, in the year
+                   |                |          |mentioned. Its height is 6
+                   |                |          |feet to 10 feet, with the
+                   |                |          |young twigs of a purplish
+                   |                |          |colour; the panicles are
+                   |                |          |terminal, erect, and small
+                   |                |          |compared with those of the
+                   |                |          |more showy Lilacs, and
+                   |                |          |usually about 4 inches
+                   |                |          |long, rarely as much as 6
+                   |                |          |inches to 9 inches.
+                   |                |          |
+S. pekinensis      |Mountains of    |White     |One of the three
+                   |North China     |          |Privet-like Syringas,
+                   |                |          |and one of the last
+                   |                |          |introduced. It is the
+                   |                |          |Chinese representative of
+                   |                |          |the Ligustrina group. From
+                   |                |          |its two allies (S.
+                   |                |          |amurensis and S. japonica)
+                   |                |          |it is to be distinguished
+                   |                |          |by its long and much more
+                   |                |          |slender branches, which in
+                   |                |          |one form are distinctly
+                   |                |          |pendulous (var. pendula).
+                   |                |          |
+*S. persica        |Found by Dr.    |Deep      |This old favourite is often
+(Persian Lilac)    |Aitchison in    |purplish; |confused with the Rouen
+                   |1879.           |May       |Lilac, but it is quite
+                   |Afghanistan.    |          |different, being smaller in
+                   |7000 feet to    |          |stature, with much smaller
+                   |8000 feet       |          |leaves, and with an elegant
+                   |elevation       |          |spreading habit of growth.
+                   |                |          |In the type the flower
+                   |                |          |clusters are nearly as
+                   |                |          |large as those of S.
+                   |                |          |chinensis, deep purple in
+                   |                |          |colour, varying to almost a
+                   |                |          |pure white in the variety
+                   |                |          |alba. In the variety
+                   |                |          |laciniata, known also as S.
+                   |                |          |ficifolia, pinnata, and
+                   |                |          |other names, the leaves
+                   |                |          |are cut or coarsely
+                   |                |          |toothed. It is a beautiful
+                   |                |          |little shrub, and suits
+                   |                |          |a place where the tall
+                   |                |          |growing kinds would be too
+                   |                |          |large. Like the common and
+                   |                |          |the Rouen Lilacs, it may be
+                   |                |          |forced into flower at
+                   |                |          |Christmas time, and, unlike
+                   |                |          |the others, its small size
+                   |                |          |enables it to be grown in
+                   |                |          |pots for room decoration.
+                   |                |          |The exact length of time
+                   |                |          |the Persian Lilac has been
+                   |                |          |in cultivation is not
+                   |                |          |known. It had long been
+                   |                |          |cultivated in the country
+                   |                |          |to which it owes its
+                   |                |          |name--since the year 1200,
+                   |                |          |say some authorities--but
+                   |                |          |it has never been found
+                   |                |          |truly wild in Persia. It
+                   |                |          |was not until 1879 that its
+                   |                |          |real native habitat was
+                   |                |          |revealed.
+                   |                |          |
+S. villosa (Syn.   |Introduced from |Rose      |This interesting species
+pubescens)         |the Chihli      |Lilac; May|first flowered in 1888. It
+                   |province of     |          |is very fragrant, and the
+                   |China in 1880   |          |panicle is from 3 inches to
+                   |                |          |4 inches long.
+                   |                |          |
+*S. vulgaris       |A native of     |Lilac;    |See below for remarks.
+(Common Lilac)     |Eastern Europe, |May       |
+                   |and although it |          |
+                   |appears to have |          |
+                   |been originally |          |
+                   |introduced from |          |
+                   |Persia about, or|          |
+                   |previous to the |          |
+                   |year 1597, it   |          |
+                   |was found to be |          |
+                   |a native of     |          |
+                   |Southern        |          |
+                   |Hungary, in the |          |
+                   |region of the   |          |
+                   |Danube          |          |
+                   |especially on   |          |
+                   |the chalky      |          |
+                   |precipices of   |          |
+                   |the Cverna      |          |
+                   |Valley and on   |          |
+                   |Mount Domoglet. |          |
+                   |It is not found |          |
+                   |truly indigenous|          |
+                   |further west    |          |
+                   |than these      |          |
+                   |localities, and |          |
+                   |it is not, as   |          |
+                   |has been stated,|          |
+                   |a native of     |          |
+                   |Italy, although,|          |
+                   |no doubt it has |          |
+                   |become          |          |
+                   |neutralised     |          |
+                   |there and       |          |
+                   |elsewhere       |          |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+The common Lilac has been the glory of English gardens since the days of
+Gerard and Parkinson of the sixteenth century. From the time that
+Parkinson grew it in a pot, with no doubt as much care and anxiety as is
+bestowed nowadays on a hundred-guinea Orchid, the Lilac has, on account
+of its extreme hardiness and easy culture, become almost naturalised in
+these islands, as now we see it in copse and hedgerow, besides gardens
+large and small, and even in the town forecourt. To every place where
+the Englishman goes to make a home he likes to have about him Lilacs and
+Roses. As in the case of several other beautiful shrubs, the improvement
+of the Lilac by the raising of new varieties is of comparatively recent
+date. Gerard and Parkinson write of the blue Pipe and the white Pipe
+(the Lilac being then called the Pipe tree, on account of pipes being
+made from its wood), besides the ordinary lilac-coloured sort, and
+Loudon, writing fifty years ago, only enumerates the blue (cærulea),
+violet (violacea), the white (alba), and alba major, and one double
+called alba plena, seven in all. He just mentions, however, a fine
+variety, Caroli (or Charles X., as we know it), which about that time
+had been raised in France. This still is one of the choicest sorts, and
+particularly valuable for forcing into early bloom in winter. Since that
+time there has been great activity in raising new kinds in France, till
+now the list of named single sorts numbers upwards of fifty, while the
+doubles are almost as numerous. There are far too many named sorts, in
+fact, as the differences between many of them are of the slightest, so
+that the selection of the best from catalogues, from the mere names and
+brief descriptions (not always accurate) is perplexing to an amateur. To
+no raiser do we owe more to the improvement of the Lilac of late years
+than to that famous veteran French hybridist, Victor Lemoine of Nancy,
+who has made the genus Syringa one of his special studies, and favoured
+as he is by a climate suitable for the free seeding of the Lilac, he has
+been highly successful. There are four more or less distinct shades of
+colour among the sorts, viz. whites, reds, pinks, and so-called blues. A
+selection of a dozen single sorts would include the following, placed in
+order of merit: _Whites_--Marie Le Gray, Alba grandiflora. _Blue or
+Bluish_--Cærulea or Delphine, Duchesse de Namours, Lindleyana or Dr.
+Lindley. _Reds or Purple-reds_--Souvenir de L. Späth, Philemon, Rubra
+insignis, Mme. Kreuter, Camille de Rohan, Ville de Troyes.
+_Pinks_--Lovanensis, Schneelavine. This selection comprises the finest
+sorts, having the largest flower clusters in their respective colours,
+and is representative of the whole of the sorts. Of the double flowered
+sorts there has of recent years been a great number sent from French
+nurseries, and only a few of the oldest sorts have developed into large
+specimens, and therefore one cannot judge of their merits, as in the
+case of the single sorts. The best varieties include the following dozen
+sorts: _Lavender and Blue_--Leon Simon, Renoncule, Alphonse Lavallée
+(pale blue). _Pinks_--President Carnot, M. de Dombasle. _Whites_--Mme.
+Abel Chatenay (the finest), Mme. Lemoine, Cassimir fils.
+_Reds_--President Grévy, Senateur Volland, Comte H. de Choiseul, Maxime
+Cornu. In the Lilacs there is material for the tasteful planter of
+gardens, yet how seldom does one see in ordinary gardens full advantage
+taken of them for producing beautiful effects! In the common way of
+planting they are dotted about shrubberies indiscriminately, and jumbled
+with trees and shrubs of a totally different character, so that the
+Lilacs cannot be seen to the fullest advantage. An isolated group of the
+choicest kinds, or even a simple hedge of the white or rich purple kinds
+is seldom seen, except in some old gardens, and still less seldom does
+one see any attempt at culture in the way of pruning and the cutting
+away of suckers. At Kew one may see bold examples of grouping Lilacs, as
+well as well-developed specimens standing alone on grass, while about
+London one sees in the market gardens fine hedges of Lilac planted for
+the twofold purpose of cutting from and providing shelter. Mr. Goldring
+writes in _The Garden_, "The most beautiful Lilac hedge I have seen was
+that I enjoyed recently at the White Farm, Crichel (an enclosure devoted
+to white animals), where there are glorious hedges of the pure white
+Lilac Marie Le Gray in abundant flower--quite appropriate to the white
+surroundings. The only culture the Lilacs require is occasional manuring
+in light, poor soils, occasional pruning so as to induce a bushy growth,
+as the growth is apt to become 'leggy,' and continuous attention in
+cutting away suckers, which are so plentiful as to rob the tops. Two or
+three suckers should be allowed to grow so as to keep up the supply of
+strong, vigorous flowering stems. Lilacs can be made to form standards
+by keeping the bush from the outset to one stem, and when seen rising
+out of a low hedge of Lilac, or a mass of the dwarf kinds, they have a
+pleasing effect, and is one of the various ways they can be arranged in
+planting."
+
+[Illustration: _STANDARD LILAC, MME. LEMOINE._]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME        |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Tamarix gallica   |Northern portion|Pink; May |A charming shrub, not half
+(the Tamarisk)     |of the Old      |          |enough grown, owing, in
+                   |World;          |          |some respects at least, to
+                   |Tamariscineæ    |          |a wide-spread idea that it
+                   |                |          |will not flourish away from
+                   |                |          |the sea-coast. True, it
+                   |                |          |luxuriates there, but it
+                   |                |          |may be depended upon to
+                   |                |          |thrive anywhere unless the
+                   |                |          |soil is a stiff clay,
+                   |                |          |chalky, or too much parched
+                   |                |          |up in the summer. It is
+                   |                |          |deciduous, but during the
+                   |                |          |Summer the foliage is as
+                   |                |          |delicate as any of the
+                   |                |          |Conifers, and in May, when
+                   |                |          |the branches are terminated
+                   |                |          |by the waving plume-like
+                   |                |          |panicles of pink blossoms,
+                   |                |          |it is delightful.
+                   |                |          |As a plant for the
+                   |                |          |waterside it is most
+                   |                |          |useful, and forms a
+                   |                |          |pleasing picture if a score
+                   |                |          |or so of plants are grouped
+                   |                |          |on a lawn or open stretch
+                   |                |          |of grass. In such a
+                   |                |          |situation the long
+                   |                |          |straggling shoots must be
+                   |                |          |shortened back occasionally
+                   |                |          |to keep the plants within
+                   |                |          |bounds, as growing
+                   |                |          |unchecked they will reach a
+                   |                |          |height of 10 to 15 feet.
+                   |                |          |There are several forms of
+                   |                |          |Tamarisk, by some
+                   |                |          |considered distinct
+                   |                |          |species, and by others as
+                   |                |          |forms of T. gallica, but a
+                   |                |          |good deal of confusion
+                   |                |          |prevails concerning them.
+                   |                |          |One of the best (perhaps
+                   |                |          |the very best Tamarisk) is
+                   |                |          |that known as tetrandra or
+                   |                |          |taurica, in which the
+                   |                |          |feathery plumes are of a
+                   |                |          |deeper pink than the type.
+                   |                |          |Other names that occur are
+                   |                |          |parviflora, chinensis, and
+                   |                |          |japonica, but given
+                   |                |          |tetrandra, as a rule no
+                   |                |          |other is wanted.
+                   |                |          |
+T. germanica       |Europe          |Pinkish   |A smaller shrub than the
+(German Tamarisk), |                |          |last, more upright in
+(Syn. Myricaria    |                |          |growth, and with a glaucous
+Germanica)         |                |          |tinge. The pinkish flowers
+                   |                |          |are far less effective than
+                   |                |          |those of the preceding.
+                   |                |          |
+*Ulex europæus (the|Europe;         |Yellow    |The common Furze is known
+Furze, Gorse, or   |Leguminosæ      |          |to every one, but its great
+Whin)              |                |          |beauty as a flowering shrub
+                   |                |          |is apt to be overlooked,
+                   |                |          |for it luxuriates in dry,
+                   |                |          |sandy, and stony soils,
+                   |                |          |where little else will
+                   |                |          |grow, and its golden
+                   |                |          |blossoms are borne usually
+                   |                |          |from February to May,
+                   |                |          |though occasionally
+                   |                |          |throughout the entire
+                   |                |          |winter. The double-flowered
+                   |                |          |variety--flore-pleno--is
+                   |                |          |even more valuable from a
+                   |                |          |flowering point of view
+                   |                |          |than the type. Both
+                   |                |          |transplant badly, hence the
+                   |                |          |common kind is usually sown
+                   |                |          |where it has to remain, and
+                   |                |          |the double-flowered form
+                   |                |          |struck from cuttings in a
+                   |                |          |frame, and kept in pots
+                   |                |          |till permanently planted.
+                   |                |          |
+*U. nanus (Dwarf   |Europe          |Yellow    |Of dwarfer and denser habit
+Furze)             |                |          |than the common Furze, but
+                   |                |          |its most prominent feature
+                   |                |          |consists in the fact that
+                   |                |          |it often commences to
+                   |                |          |flower in August, and
+                   |                |          |continues till Christmas,
+                   |                |          |after which the common
+                   |                |          |Furze asserts itself.
+                   |                |          |The cultural items appended
+                   |                |          |to the preceding species
+                   |                |          |apply with equal force to
+                   |                |          |this.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _VIBURNUM MACROCEPHALUM._]
+
+VERONICA.--There are a vast number of Veronicas, all natives of New
+Zealand, and garden forms raised from them, but many can only be
+regarded as hardy in the extreme west of England and Ireland, whereas
+some of the hardiest are from their diminutive growth suitable only for
+rockwork. The best are--
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Veronica          |Garden Origin   |Purple;   |A neat evergreen shrub with
+Andersonii         |(Scrophularineæ)|Summer    |dense spikes of
+                   |                |and       |bluish-purple blossoms in
+                   |                |Autumn    |great profusion for a long
+                   |                |          |period. Near the sea, in
+                   |                |          |especially favoured spots,
+                   |                |          |it is delightful, while in
+                   |                |          |other districts it forms a
+                   |                |          |valuable subject for
+                   |                |          |greenhouse or conservatory.
+                   |                |          |Of the numerous other
+                   |                |          |garden forms belonging to
+                   |                |          |this section the following
+                   |                |          |are all good: Blue Gem,
+                   |                |          |light blue; Bolide,
+                   |                |          |reddish; Celestial, sky
+                   |                |          |blue, light centre; La
+                   |                |          |Seduisante, rich
+                   |                |          |reddish-purple; Marie
+                   |                |          |Antoinette, pink; Purple
+                   |                |          |Queen, rich purple; and
+                   |                |          |Reine des Blanches, white.
+                   |                |          |
+V. hulkeana        |New Zealand     |Pale      |Very distinct; it has large
+                   |                |lavender; |terminal panicles of pale
+                   |                |May and   |lavender flowers.
+                   |                |June      |
+                   |                |          |
+*V. Traversii      |New Zealand     |Pale      |The hardiest of all the
+                   |                |mauve;    |shrubby Veronicas; it is
+                   |                |June and  |a dense box-like bush, with
+                   |                |July      |a profusion of dense spikes
+                   |                |          |of flowers. In the
+                   |                |          |neighbourhood of London
+                   |                |          |this is a thoroughly good
+                   |                |          |shrub of easy culture.
+                   |                |          |
+Viburnum           |Caprifoliaceæ   |......    |The Viburnum family
+                   |                |          |includes several beautiful
+                   |                |          |shrubs, and of the thirty
+                   |                |          |or forty species and
+                   |                |          |varieties in cultivation at
+                   |                |          |least six are
+                   |                |          |indispensable, _i.e._ no
+                   |                |          |good shrub garden is
+                   |                |          |without them. Most of them
+                   |                |          |are vigorous in growth and
+                   |                |          |easily propagated; they
+                   |                |          |like a fairly rich soil
+                   |                |          |and moisture at the root.
+                   |                |          |Several of the American
+                   |                |          |species grow naturally in
+                   |                |          |damp, more or less shady
+                   |                |          |woodlands. Taken
+                   |                |          |collectively the Viburnums
+                   |                |          |possess a variety of
+                   |                |          |attractions. Some species
+                   |                |          |are evergreen, and thus
+                   |                |          |useful Winter plants;
+                   |                |          |others are amongst the most
+                   |                |          |beautiful shrubs for their
+                   |                |          |flowers, others again, like
+                   |                |          |our native Guelder Rose (V.
+                   |                |          |Opulus), have showy fruits;
+                   |                |          |finally the foliage of
+                   |                |          |several of the deciduous
+                   |                |          |species dies off rich red
+                   |                |          |or yellow tints.
+                   |                |          |
+V. dentatum        |North America.  |White;    |The American Viburnums are
+(Arrow-wood)       |Introduced in   |June and  |not apparently so valuable
+                   |1763            |July      |in the British Isles as in
+                   |                |          |their native country. Most
+                   |                |          |of them are handsome
+                   |                |          |vigorous bushes, but
+                   |                |          |without the same flower
+                   |                |          |attractions as plicatum,
+                   |                |          |macrocephalum, and the
+                   |                |          |Guelder Rose (V. Opulus
+                   |                |          |var. sterile). Many of
+                   |                |          |them, however, bear very
+                   |                |          |showy fruits in their own
+                   |                |          |country, and the leaves
+                   |                |          |turn to beautiful Autumn
+                   |                |          |tints. V. dentatum is
+                   |                |          |deciduous, free-growing,
+                   |                |          |leaves bright green, deeply
+                   |                |          |toothed and strongly
+                   |                |          |veined. The trusses are 3
+                   |                |          |inches to 4 inches across,
+                   |                |          |the flowers white, and
+                   |                |          |fertile. It is one of the
+                   |                |          |handsomest as regards
+                   |                |          |flowers of the American
+                   |                |          |Viburnums. The dark-blue
+                   |                |          |fruit ripens neither
+                   |                |          |abundantly nor regularly
+                   |                |          |in England.
+                   |                |          |
+V. Lantana         |Britain, also   |White;    |A beautiful native shrub.
+(Wayfaring tree)   |Europe North and|May and   |Its chief beauty is in the
+                   |Western Asia,   |June      |colour of the flowers and
+                   |and N. Africa   |          |the gorgeous Autumn leaf
+                   |                |          |tints. Groups of this are
+                   |                |          |pictures of colour in
+                   |                |          |Autumn. The fruit, at first
+                   |                |          |black and afterwards red,
+                   |                |          |soon disappears before the
+                   |                |          |birds. The tree grows
+                   |                |          |rapidly and generally
+                   |                |          |attains a height of about
+                   |                |          |12 or 15 feet; the leaves
+                   |                |          |are large and downy. The
+                   |                |          |wayfaring tree should be
+                   |                |          |more planted in English
+                   |                |          |gardens. It will grow
+                   |                |          |almost anywhere. There are
+                   |                |          |two variegated-leaved
+                   |                |          |varieties, but these we
+                   |                |          |know little about, and we
+                   |                |          |care more for the type than
+                   |                |          |any golden variegation.
+                   |                |          |
+V. macrocephalum   |China and Japan.|Pure white|This must be included, but
+                   |Introduced from |          |it is not very hardy. Mr.
+                   |China in 1844 by|          |Bean, writing of it in _The
+                   |Fortune         |          |Garden_, November 17, 1900,
+                   |                |          |p. 361, says: "The shrub
+                   |                |          |known under this name is a
+                   |                |          |cultivated form of a
+                   |                |          |Chinese species, in which
+                   |                |          |all the flowers have, under
+                   |                |          |artificial influences,
+                   |                |          |become sterile. The wild
+                   |                |          |plant to which it belongs
+                   |                |          |is also in cultivation, and
+                   |                |          |is known as V. Keteleeri.
+                   |                |          |In this type plant the
+                   |                |          |middle of the truss is
+                   |                |          |filled with perfect
+                   |                |          |flowers, the edges only
+                   |                |          |being occupied with the
+                   |                |          |large and showy sterile
+                   |                |          |ones. V. macrocephalum is
+                   |                |          |by far the most striking
+                   |                |          |plant, its large, rounded
+                   |                |          |or pyramidal trusses of
+                   |                |          |pure white flowers being
+                   |                |          |unequalled among the
+                   |                |          |Viburnums. The plant is,
+                   |                |          |however, better adapted for
+                   |                |          |growing in pots for
+                   |                |          |greenhouse decoration or as
+                   |                |          |a wall plant than it is as
+                   |                |          |a shrub in the open. In my
+                   |                |          |experience it is scarcely
+                   |                |          |hardy enough to assume its
+                   |                |          |best character without some
+                   |                |          |sort of protection.
+                   |                |          |Although hard winters may
+                   |                |          |not kill it outright they
+                   |                |          |seriously cripple it. It is
+                   |                |          |only in recent years that
+                   |                |          |it has attained popularity,
+                   |                |          |but it has long been
+                   |                |          |known."
+                   |                |          |
+V. Opulus (the     |Britain, Europe |White;    |Of the two species of
+Guelder Rose). It  |and Northern    |May and   |Viburnum this is the better
+is called in       |hemisphere      |June      |known, and is the more
+America the        |                |          |valuable as a garden shrub.
+Cranberry bush or  |                |          |It grows to a height of
+High Cranberry     |                |          |from 10 to 15 feet, and is
+                   |                |          |easily known by the
+                   |                |          |beautiful lobed Maple-like
+                   |                |          |leaves, which die off
+                   |                |          |brilliant crimson shades.
+                   |                |          |Sterile as well as fertile
+                   |                |          |flowers are produced on
+                   |                |          |each truss, the flowers
+                   |                |          |being white and
+                   |                |          |three-quarters of an inch
+                   |                |          |across. But the wild
+                   |                |          |Guelder Rose is in its
+                   |                |          |fullest beauty in Autumn
+                   |                |          |when the fruits change to
+                   |                |          |brilliant red, and the
+                   |                |          |leaves gradually assume
+                   |                |          |their gorgeous colouring.
+                   |                |          |As this species appreciates
+                   |                |          |moisture it is a noble
+                   |                |          |shrub to make groups of in
+                   |                |          |moist places, such as by
+                   |                |          |stream, pond, river, or
+                   |                |          |moist margin. The beauty of
+                   |                |          |the wild Guelder Rose is
+                   |                |          |not realised by many
+                   |                |          |planters of gardens. Its
+                   |                |          |colouring is intense. In
+                   |                |          |the "Cyclopedia of American
+                   |                |          |Horticulture" it is
+                   |                |          |mentioned: "Handsome native
+                   |                |          |shrub, very decorative in
+                   |                |          |fruit, which begins to
+                   |                |          |colour by the end of July,
+                   |                |          |remains on the branches,
+                   |                |          |and keeps its bright
+                   |                |          |scarlet colour until the
+                   |                |          |following Spring. The
+                   |                |          |berries are not eaten by
+                   |                |          |birds."
+                   |                |          |
+V. O. sterile      |Variety. Origin |White;    |This is too well known to
+(Snowball tree)    |unknown         |early June|need description. It is a
+                   |                |          |graceful shrub, its
+                   |                |          |branches bent with the
+                   |                |          |weight of the rounded
+                   |                |          |flower trusses. As in the
+                   |                |          |case of V. macrocephalum
+                   |                |          |and of V. plicatum the
+                   |                |          |small and insignificant
+                   |                |          |fertile flowers have become
+                   |                |          |transformed by cultivation
+                   |                |          |into large barren ones, and
+                   |                |          |the truss also loses its
+                   |                |          |flattened shape and becomes
+                   |                |          |rounded or conical. It
+                   |                |          |appreciates a moist soil.
+                   |                |          |
+V. rhytidophyllum  |China           |Yellow    |A handsome evergreen shrub,
+                   |                |white     |introduced by Messrs.
+                   |                |          |Veitch. Ornamental foliage,
+                   |                |          |and in September the
+                   |                |          |berries turn to a rich red
+                   |                |          |colour.
+                   |                |          |
+V. tomentosum      |Japan           |Cream     |A very graceful shrub but
+Mariesi            |                |white     |little known. The sterile
+                   |                |          |flowers are on the outer
+                   |                |          |edge of the flat cymes, and
+                   |                |          |line the spreading shoots.
+                   |                |          |We hope it will soon be
+                   |                |          |plentiful.
+                   |                |          |
+V. tomentosum var. |Japan.          |Ivory     |We have used the word
+plicatum           |Introduced by   |white     |tomentosum as plicatum is a
+                   |Fortune in 1844 |          |variety of that species. V.
+                   |                |          |tomentosum itself is a
+                   |                |          |handsome shrub with big,
+                   |                |          |flattish cymes and
+                   |                |          |creamy-white sterile
+                   |                |          |flowers round the margin of
+                   |                |          |the truss. That known as V.
+                   |                |          |plicatum, a sterile form of
+                   |                |          |V. tomentosum, is a
+                   |                |          |beautiful shrub; the most
+                   |                |          |precious perhaps of the
+                   |                |          |whole family. It makes a
+                   |                |          |glorious group on the lawn,
+                   |                |          |and in early June the
+                   |                |          |spreading shoots are so
+                   |                |          |thickly covered with flower
+                   |                |          |clusters that scarcely a
+                   |                |          |vestige of the dark-green,
+                   |                |          |wrinkled leafage is
+                   |                |          |visible. It is quite hardy,
+                   |                |          |but in the north it will be
+                   |                |          |wise to choose a sheltered
+                   |                |          |position for it. As a wall
+                   |                |          |shrub too it is valuable,
+                   |                |          |and a specimen on a wall in
+                   |                |          |the Royal Horticultural
+                   |                |          |Society's gardens at
+                   |                |          |Chiswick is quite a mass of
+                   |                |          |bloom every year. Passers
+                   |                |          |by who know not the shrub
+                   |                |          |wonder what it is making so
+                   |                |          |thick a mantle of white. It
+                   |                |          |grows 4 to 5 feet high in
+                   |                |          |the British Isles, taller
+                   |                |          |in its native country; the
+                   |                |          |trusses of flowers are
+                   |                |          |erect on short branches,
+                   |                |          |and each measure about 3
+                   |                |          |inches across. Being in
+                   |                |          |pairs they make a striking
+                   |                |          |double row on every branch.
+                   |                |          |V. plicatum must come into
+                   |                |          |the smallest list of
+                   |                |          |flowering shrubs.
+                   |                |          |
+V. Tinus           |South of Europe |White;    |This is a well-known
+(Laurustinus)      |and North of    |flowers in|evergreen shrub, and quite
+                   |Africa.         |Winter    |hardy in the south of these
+                   |Introduced in   |in the    |Isles, where its planted as
+                   |1596            |south, but|a hedge. Even when out of
+                   |                |much      |flower the bush has a
+                   |                |depends   |certain beauty owing to its
+                   |                |upon      |shining green leaves. Near
+                   |                |locality  |London it succeeds. Many
+                   |                |          |things considered hardier
+                   |                |          |get severely injured when
+                   |                |          |the Laurustinus escapes.
+                   |                |          |North and easterly winds
+                   |                |          |are harmful to it. There
+                   |                |          |are several varieties.
+                   |                |          |Lucidum is the finest; the
+                   |                |          |leaves and corymbs are
+                   |                |          |larger than those of the
+                   |                |          |type, the former being of a
+                   |                |          |very glossy green and
+                   |                |          |smooth. In lucidum the
+                   |                |          |leaves and branches are
+                   |                |          |woolly, whilst there are
+                   |                |          |also purpureum, with
+                   |                |          |purplish leaves, and a
+                   |                |          |variegated variety, but
+                   |                |          |neither is of value.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _YUCCA GLORIOSA IN A SURREY GARDEN. (Height 15 feet.)_]
+
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |  COUNTRY OR    |  COLOUR  |
+       NAME.       |  ORIGIN AND    |   AND    |      GENERAL REMARKS.
+                   | NATURAL ORDER. |  SEASON. |
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+                   |                |          |
+*Xanthoceras       |North China     |White;    |A beautiful tree, but
+sorbifolia         |                |stained   |seldom seen in English
+                   |                |with red  |gardens. The following note
+                   |                |in the    |appeared in _The Garden_
+                   |                |centre;   |about it: "This tree does
+                   |                |Spring    |not appear to be widely
+                   |                |          |grown, and I have heard
+                   |                |          |doubts expressed as to its
+                   |                |          |being hardy enough to stand
+                   |                |          |the winter in some
+                   |                |          |districts. Not long ago I
+                   |                |          |saw a fine specimen in a
+                   |                |          |Kentish rectory garden. The
+                   |                |          |tree is 5 feet or 6 feet
+                   |                |          |high, and under the shelter
+                   |                |          |of a thick hedge of
+                   |                |          |Laurustinus it flowers
+                   |                |          |freely every year, and also
+                   |                |          |produces fruit. The long
+                   |                |          |white and slightly tinted
+                   |                |          |blooms, which change to
+                   |                |          |purple, are very effective,
+                   |                |          |but one rarely gets an
+                   |                |          |opportunity of seeing this
+                   |                |          |interesting tree in flower.
+                   |                |          |Perhaps this is because it
+                   |                |          |does not belong to the
+                   |                |          |common order of things, or
+                   |                |          |else it is not
+                   |                |          |accommodating enough for
+                   |                |          |general culture, but it is
+                   |                |          |very beautiful." The
+                   |                |          |Xanthoceras is sometimes
+                   |                |          |trained against a wall, but
+                   |                |          |its growth is too stiff for
+                   |                |          |the purpose. The flowers
+                   |                |          |are in dense spikes about 6
+                   |                |          |inches long, reminding one
+                   |                |          |of the Horse-Chestnut, and
+                   |                |          |are an inch across
+                   |                |          |individually. The foliage
+                   |                |          |is very ornamental, and
+                   |                |          |each leaf-stalk has seven
+                   |                |          |pinnate, serrated,
+                   |                |          |bright-green leaves. Apt to
+                   |                |          |get spoilt by frost,
+                   |                |          |however.
+                   |                |          |
+Yuccas             |Liliaceæ        |          |See pages 149, 250.
+-------------------+----------------+----------+---------------------------
+
+[Illustration: _YUCCA FILAMENTOSA var. FLACCIDA RIGHTLY PLACED._]
+
+
+
+
+HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS FOR BEAUTY OF FOLIAGE AND GROWTH
+
+
+The following is a table of hardy trees and shrubs more interesting for
+the beauty of their foliage and growth than for their flowers, with
+their popular names, approximate heights, native country, and other
+particulars. All are deciduous unless otherwise specified. Those with an
+asterisk (*) are the most important.
+
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   | CHARACTER |                          |
+    LATIN NAME.    |    AND    |        REMARKS.          | NATIVE COUNTRY.
+                   |  HEIGHT.  |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   |           |                          |
+Acanthopanax       |Tree 50 ft.|Suitable for South and    |Japan
+  ricinifolium     |           |West of England, needs a  |
+                   |           |good loamy soil           |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, spinosum        |Shrub 8 ft.|For sheltered spots in    | ,,
+                   |           |South                     |
+                   |           |                          |
+Acer argutum       |Tree 20 ft.|In ordinary soil and      | ,,
+                   |           |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, campestre       |Tree 30 ft.|Will grow in dry spots    |Europe and
+  (Field Maple)    |           |                          |Western Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, variegatum  |Tree 20 ft.|If too much exposed the   |Garden form
+                   |           |variegated leaves suffer  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, carpinifolium   |Tree 30 ft.|In ordinary soil and      |Japan
+                   |           |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, caudatum (Syn.  |Tree 20 ft.|Handsome leaves but rather|Himalaya
+  A. acuminatum)   |           |tender                    |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, circinatum      |Tree 30 to |Needs a sheltered spot.   |California
+                   |40 ft.     |Beautiful autumn foliage  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cissifolium     |Small tree |In ordinary soil and      |Japan
+  (Syn. Negundo    |10 ft.     |position                  |
+  cissifolium)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cratægifolium   |Tree 15 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, creticum (Syn.  |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Asia Minor
+  A. parvifolium), |           |                          |
+  (Cretan Maple)   |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *dasycarpum     |Tree 50 ft.|Soil must not be too dry  |North America
+  (Syn. A.         |           |                          |
+  eriocarpum),     |           |                          |
+  (White Maple)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, dasycarpum      |Tree 50 ft.|Forms a very pretty lawn  | ,,
+  laciniatum       |           |tree; soil must not be too|
+                   |           |dry                       |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, diabolicum (Syn.|Tree 25 ft.|In ordinary soil and      |Japan
+  A. pulchrum)     |           |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, distylum        |Tree 15 ft.|Very handsome leaves, 5 to|Japan, Nippon
+                   |           |7 in. long, 4 in. broad;  |
+                   |           |in ordinary soil and      |
+                   |           |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, glabrum (Syn. A.|Tree 30 ft.|In ordinary soil and      |Western North
+  tripartitum)     |           |position                  |America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Heldreichi      |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+,, hyrcanum (Syn.  |Tree 20 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Caucasus
+  A. caucasicum and|           |                          |
+  A. lobatum)      |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *japonicum (Syn.|Tree 10 to |Requires protection from  |Japan
+  A. palmatum      |15 ft.     |cold winds in spring. Very|
+  macrophyllum),   |           |slow in growth            |
+  (Japanese Maple) |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *japonicum      |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  aureum           |           |                          |
+  (Golden-leaved   |           |                          |
+  Japanese Maple)  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Lobelii (Syn. A.|Tree 50 ft.|In ordinary soil and      |Southern Italy
+  platanoides      |           |position                  |
+  (Lobelii))       |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, macrophyllum    |Tree 70 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North-West
+  (Syn. A.         |           |                          |America
+  speciosum)       |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, monspessulanum  |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |South of Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Negundo (Syn.   |Tree 40 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  Negundo          |           |                          |
+  aceroides)       |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, californicum|Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |California
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *variegatum |    ,,     |A well-known variegated   |Garden form
+  (Variegated      |           |tree that must be         |
+  Maple)           |           |sparingly planted         |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, aureum      |    ,,     |A very distinct tree,     |......
+                   |           |yellow variegation        |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, opulifolium     |Small tree |In ordinary soil and      |Corsica
+  (Syn. A. Opalus),|12 ft.     |position                  |
+  (Italian Maple)  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *palmatum (Syn. |Tree 10 to |Requires protection from  |Japan
+  A. polymorphum)  |15 ft.     |cold winds in spring. Slow|
+                   |           |in growth, but the        |
+                   |           |coloured-leaved varieties |
+                   |           |are very showy and often  |
+                   |           |brilliant                 |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and many    |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  varieties        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pennsylvanicum  |Tree 30 ft.|A fairly moist spot is    |North America
+  (Syn. A.         |           |best for this; its striped|
+  striatum)        |           |bark is very striking     |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pictum          |Tree 50 ft.|In ordinary soil and      |Japan
+                   |           |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, platanoides     |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Norway and
+                   |           |                          |Sweden
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, laciniatum  |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, palmatum    |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, purpureum   |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Purple-leaved   |           |                          |
+  Maple)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *Schwedleri |    ,,     |The young leaves of this  | ,,
+                   |           |are red, and when growing |
+                   |           |freely it is very striking|
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Pseudo-platanus |Tree 50 to |In ordinary soil and      |Europe
+  (Sycamore)       |70 ft.     |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,,  ,,         |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  *Leopoldi        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,,  ,,         |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  purpureum        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,,  ,, and     |Trees 20 to| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  other varieties  |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, rubrum (Syn. A. |Tree 60 ft.|Needs a fairly moist soil |North America
+  coccineum),      |           |somewhat sheltered        |
+  (Scarlet Maple)  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, saccharinum     |    ,,     |In ordinary soil and      | ,,
+  (Sugar Maple)    |           |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, spicatum (Syn.  |Tree 20 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  A. rugosum)      |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, tataricum       |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Tartary
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *Ginnala    |Tree 20 ft.|The brilliant colour of   |Japan
+                   |           |its leaves in autumn      |
+                   |           |attracts attention to     |
+                   |           |this; in ordinary soil and|
+                   |           |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Ailantus          |Tree 60 ft.|Good town tree, and for   |China
+  glandulosa       |           |dry soils, and of quick   |
+                   |           |growth                    |
+                   |           |                          |
+Alnus cordifolia   |Tree 20 ft.|Thrives in dryer soil than|South of Europe
+                   |           |most Alders               |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, firma (Syn. A.  |Tree 30 ft.|Needs a moist spot        |Japan
+  multinervis)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, glutinosa       |Tree 40 to |Grows well in boggy places|Europe and North
+  (Common Alder)   |60 ft.     |                          |Africa
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *aurea      |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  (Golden-leaved   |           |                          |
+  Alder)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *imperialis |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and other   |Trees 30 to| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  varieties        |60 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, incana      |Tree 50 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Northern
+                   |70 ft.     |                          |temperate
+                   |           |                          |regions
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and         |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |......
+  varieties        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, japonica        |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+  (Japanese Alder) |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, oregona         |Tree 20 ft.|Moist soil                |Western North
+                   |           |                          |America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, orientalis      |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Orient
+                   |           |                          |
+,, rhombifolia     |Tree 20 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |California
+                   |           |                          |
+,, serrulata       |Shrub 8 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |10 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, viridis     |Shrub 6 ft.|Does well in exposed      |Northern Europe
+                   |           |position                  |and Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+Aristotelia Macqui |Sub-       |Rather tender, will grow  |Chili
+                   |evergreen  |in ordinary soil          |
+                   |shrub 6 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, variegata   |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |......
+                   |           |                          |
+Artemesia Abrotanum|Shrub 3 to |Very fragrant leaves; will|South of Europe
+  (Southernwood)   |4 ft.      |grow in dry soils         |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Arundinaria       |Evergreen 2|Needs good, fairly moist  |Japan
+  Veitchii         |to 3 ft.   |soil, and protection from |
+                   |           |cutting winds             |
+                   |           |                          |
+Arundo Donax       |Evergreen  |Hardy in South of England,|Mediterranean
+  (Giant Reed)     |10 ft.     |needs protection in North,|region
+                   |           |moist soil                |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, variegata   |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+                   |           |                          |
+Atraphaxis         |Shrub 2 ft.|Well drained, sandy peat, |Caucasus
+  buxifolia        |           |fairly moist              |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lanceolata      |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Temperate Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Muschketowi     |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Central Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, spinosa         |Sub-       | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Orient
+                   |evergreen  |                          |
+                   |shrub 2 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Atriplex canescens |Shrub 3 ft.|Will grow in dry, sandy   |Western North
+                   |           |soils, and also near the  |America
+                   |           |sea                       |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, confertifolia   |Shrub 1 ft.|Fairly moist peaty soil   |Western United
+                   |           |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Halimus (Tree   |Shrub 6 ft.|Will grow in dry sandy    |Europe
+  Parslane)        |           |soils and also near the   |
+                   |           |sea                       |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Nuttallii       |Shrub 3 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Western North
+                   |           |                          |America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, portulacoides   |Shrub 2 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+Azara dentata      |Evergreen  |Ordinary soil, but        |Chili
+                   |shrub 12   |thoroughly hardy only in  |
+                   |ft.        |South and West of England |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Gilliesii       |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |shrub 15   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, integrifolia    |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *microphylla    |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |shrub 12   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Baccharis          |Shrub 6 to |Useful for dry sandy soils|North America
+  halimifolia      |8 ft.      |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, patagonica      |Shrub 4 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Patagonia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, salicifolia     |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern United
+                   |           |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+Berchemia racemosa |Climbing   |Deep moist soil and       |Japan
+                   |shrub 15   |sheltered spot            |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, volubilis (Syn. |Climbing   | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern United
+  Rhamnus          |shrub 20   |                          |States
+  volubilis)       |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   | CHARACTER |                          |
+    LATIN NAME.    |    AND    |        REMARKS.          | NATIVE COUNTRY.
+                   |  HEIGHT.  |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   |           |                          |
+*Betula alba (Syn. |Tree 50 to |Will grow in bleak cold   |Northern
+  B. verrucosa),   |60 ft.     |spots, but is beautiful   |Hemisphere
+  (Silver Birch)   |           |everywhere                |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *fastigiata |Tree 30 ft.|Extremely distinct upright|Garden form
+                   |           |growth                    |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *laciniata  |Tree 50 ft.|A charming lawn tree      | ,,
+  (Cut-leaved      |           |                          |
+  Birch)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *pendula    |Drooping   |A weeping form            | ,,
+  (Weeping Birch)  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *purpurea   |Tree 40 ft.|An effective              | ,,
+  (Purple-leaved   |           |coloured-leaved tree      |
+  Birch)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, corylifolia     |Tree 50 ft.|Grows well in ordinary    |Japan
+  (Hazel-leaved    |           |soil and position         |
+  Birch)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, davurica        |Tree 30 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Northern Asia
+                   |40 ft.     |                          |and America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, fruticosa       |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Northern Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lenta (Syn. B.  |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  carpinifolia)    |70 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lutea (Syn. B.  |Tree 70 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  excelsa), (Yellow|80 ft.     |                          |
+  Birch)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Maximowiczii   |Tree 30 ft.|Much larger leaves than   |Japan
+                   |           |any other Birch; very     |
+                   |           |satisfactory with Messrs. |
+                   |           |Veitch at Coombe Wood     |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, nana (Dwarf |Shrub 1 to |Grows well in ordinary    |Northern
+  Birch)           |3 ft.      |soil and position         |Hemisphere
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *nigra (Syn. B. |Tree 60 to |Does best in moist soil   |North America
+  rubra), (Red     |70 ft.     |                          |
+  Birch)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, occidentalis    |Shrub 8 to |Grows well in ordinary    |Western North
+                   |10 ft.     |soil and position         |America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *papyrifera     |Tree 60 to |Prefers moist spots       |North America
+  (Syn. B.         |70 ft.     |                          |
+  papyracea),      |           |                          |
+  (Canoe Birch)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, populifolia     |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pumila          |Shrub 2 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |3 ft.      |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, utilis (Syn. B. |Tree 50 ft.|Rather tender except in   |Himalaya
+  Bhojpattra),     |           |South and West            |
+  (Indian Birch)   |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Bigelovia Douglasii|Shrub 4 ft.|Will grow in poor sandy   |North America
+                   |           |soils                     |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, graveolens      |Shrub 3 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+Broussonetia       |Tree 15 ft.|Sometimes cut by frost,   |Japan
+  Kæmpferi         |           |but quickly recovers      |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *papyrifera     |Tree 20 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |China, Japan,
+  (Syn. Morus      |           |                          |and Polynesia
+  papyrifera),     |           |                          |
+  (Paper Mulberry) |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Bumelia lanuginosa |Shrub 10   |Needs good, fairly moist  |Southern United
+  (Syn. Sideroxylon|ft.        |soil, and a sheltered spot|States
+  lanuginosum)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lycioides       |Sub-       | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Syn. Sideroxylon|evergreen  |                          |
+  lycioides)       |shrub 8 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Callicarpa         |Shrub 6 ft.|Rather tender; likes moist|North America
+  americana        |           |soil                      |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, japonica        |Shrub 5 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+Carpinus           |Tree 50 ft.|Any ordinary soil and     |North America
+  caroliniana (Syn.|           |position                  |
+  C. americana),   |           |                          |
+  (American        |           |                          |
+  Hornbeam)        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Betulus        |Tree 50 to |Any ordinary soil and     |Europe
+  (Common Hornbeam)|60 ft.     |position, good for Hedges |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cordata         |Tree 40 ft.|Any ordinary soil and     |Japan
+                   |           |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, japonica        |Tree 15 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Japanese        |           |                          |
+  Hornbeam)        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Carya alba (Syn.  |Tree 50 to |Needs good loamy soil,    |North America
+  Hicoria ovata),  |70 ft.     |very impatient of removal |
+  (Shell Bark      |           |                          |
+  Hickory)         |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *olivæformis    |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Syn. Hicoria    |           |                          |
+  Peccan), (Peccan |           |                          |
+  Nut)             |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Castanea pumila    |Tree 12 ft.|Does best on light loamy  |United States
+                   |           |soils                     |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *sativa (Syn. C.|Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+  vesca), (Sweet   |70 ft.     |                          |Africa
+  Chestnut)        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and         |Trees 20 to| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden forms
+  varieties        |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Castanopsis       |Evergreen  |Needs shelter from cutting|California
+  chrysophylla     |shrub 6 ft.|winds. Undersides of      |
+  (Syn. Castanea   |to 10 ft.  |leaves are rich yellow    |
+  chrysophylla),   |           |                          |
+  (Golden Chestnut)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Cedrela chinensis  |Tree 30 ft.|Hardy in South of England |China
+  (Syn. Ailantus   |           |                          |
+  flavescens)      |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Celastrus         |Climbing   |Useful for rambling over  |Japan
+  articulatus      |shrub 20   |unsightly objects,        |
+                   |ft.        |ordinary soil             |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, scandens        |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |           |                          |
+Celtis australis   |Tree 30 to |Ordinary soil and position|Mediterranean
+  (Nettle tree)    |40 ft.     |                          |region
+                   |           |                          |
+,, japonica        |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+  (Japanese Nettle |           |                          |
+  tree)            |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, mississippiensis|Tree 40 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern United
+                   |50 ft.     |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, occidentalis    |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Tournefortii    |Tree 15    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Orient
+  (Syn. C.         |ft.        |                          |
+  orientalis)      |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Cephalanthus       |Shrub 6 ft.|Moist peaty soil          |North America
+  occidentalis     |           |with plenty of sand       |
+                   |           |                          |
+Cercidophyllum     |Tree 20 to |Hardy in the South, rather|Japan
+  japonicum        |30 ft.     |tender elsewhere          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Cleyera ochnacea   |Evergreen  |Does best treated as a    | ,,
+  (Syn. C.         |shrub 6 ft.|wall plant in good soil   |
+  japonica)        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Cocculus carolinus |Twining    |Will grow in warm dry     |North America
+                   |shrub 20   |spots                     |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, laurifolius     |Shrub 5 ft.|Needs protection of a wall|Himalaya to
+                   |           |                          |Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+Colletia cruciata  |Shrub 6 ft.|Rather tender in North of |Uruguay
+                   |           |England                   |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, ferox (Syn. C.  |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  spinosa, C.      |           |                          |
+  horrida)         |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Coriaria myrtifolia|Shrub 5 ft.|A deep light soil suits   |Mediterranean
+                   |           |this best                 |Region
+                   |           |                          |
+Cornus alba        |Shrub 6 ft.|Ordinary soil and position|North America
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *sibirica   |Shrub 5 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Siberia
+  (Siberian        |           |                          |
+  Dogwood)         |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *Spaethii   |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+                   |           |                          |
+,, alternifolia    |Shrub 10   | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Amomum          |Shrub 6 ft.|Does best in damp spots   | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Baileyi         |    ,,     |Ordinary soil and position| ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, circinata       |Shrub 5 ft.|Does best in damp spots   | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, florida         |Shrub 10   |Our summers are rarely hot|Eastern North
+                   |ft.        |enough to flower this     |America
+                   |           |well. Pendula is a        |
+                   |           |beautiful weeping variety.|
+                   |           |A delightful shrub whose  |
+                   |           |large white blossoms are  |
+                   |           |borne in June             |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Kousa (Syn.    |Shrub 8 to |Hardy, grows slowly when  |Japan
+  Benthamia        |10 ft.     |young. Flowers            |
+  japonica),       |           |delightfully when         |
+  (Japanese        |           |established. Should be in |
+  Strawberry tree) |           |other list.               |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, macrophylla     |Tree 40 ft.|Deep fairly moist soil. A |Northern India
+  (Beautiful at    |           |handsome tree             |to Japan
+  Coombe Wood)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Mas (Cornelian |Small tree |Ordinary soil and position|Europe
+  Cherry)          |15 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, officinalis     |Small tree | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+                   |10 to 15   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pubescens       |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, sanguinea       |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+  (Common Dogwood) |           |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, stolonifera     |Shrub 6 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  (Red Osier       |8 ft.      |                          |
+  Dogwood)         |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Corylus americana  |Shrub 5 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (American Hazel) |8 ft.      |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Avellana       |Tree or    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and Asia
+  (Common Hazel)   |shrub 20   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and         |Trees or   | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden forms
+  varieties        |shrubs     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Colurna        |Tree 40 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |South-Eastern
+  (Constantinople  |50 ft.     |                          |Europe to
+  Hazel)           |           |                          |Himalaya
+                   |           |                          |
+,, heterophylla    |Tree or    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+                   |shrub 15   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, mandshurica     |Small tree | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Amurland and
+  (Japanese Hazel) |20 ft.     |                          |Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+,, maxima (Cob Nut)|Tree or    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |South Europe
+                   |shrub 20   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, rostrata (Beaked|Shrub 5 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  Hazel)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Danæ Laurus (Syn. |Evergreen  |Grows well in shady spots |Asia Minor
+  Ruscus           |shrub 4 ft.|                          |
+  racemosus),      |           |                          |
+  (Alexandrian     |           |                          |
+  laurel)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Decumaria barbara  |Climbing   |Needs a warm sheltered    |Southern United
+                   |shrub 10   |border                    |States
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Drimys aromatica   |Evergreen  |Hardy only in South and   |Tasmania
+  (Tasmanian Pepper|shrub 10   |West                      |
+  plant)           |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Winteri         |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |South America
+  (Winter's Bark)  |shrub 20   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Elæagnus          |Tree 20 ft.|Will grow in dry sandy    |Mediterranean
+  angustifolia     |           |soils                     |region
+  (Syn. E.         |           |                          |
+  hortensis),      |           |                          |
+  (Wild Olive)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, argentea (Syn.  |Shrub 5 ft.|Needs a fairly moist soil |North America
+  Shepherdia       |           |                          |
+  argentea),       |           |                          |
+  (Silver Berry)   |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *glabra         |Evergreen  |Ordinary soil not too dry |China and Japan
+                   |shrub 6 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *macrophylla    |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *multiflora     |Deciduous  | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Syn. E. edulis, |shrub 8 ft.|                          |
+  E. longipes)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, orientalis      |Tree 20 ft.|Will grow in dry sandy    |Orient
+                   |           |soils                     |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *pungens        |Evergreen  |One of our finest         |China and Japan
+  (Syn. E. reflexa)|shrub 6 to |evergreens                |
+                   |8 ft.      |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *and        |    ,,     |Will do well in ordinary  |Garden forms
+  varieties        |           |soil                      |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, umbellata (Syn. |Sub-       | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+  E. japonica)     |evergreen  |                          |
+                   |shrub 8 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   | CHARACTER |                          |
+    LATIN NAME.    |    AND    |        REMARKS.          | NATIVE COUNTRY.
+                   |  HEIGHT.  |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   |           |                          |
+Empetrum nigrum    |Evergreen  |Needs moist peaty soil    |Britain
+  (Crowberry)      |shrub 1 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Ephedra americana  |Evergreen  |Does well in dry stony    |Chili
+                   |shrub 3 ft.|places                    |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, distachya       |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and Asia
+                   |shrub      |                          |Minor
+                   |3 to 4 ft. |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, gerardiana      |Evergreen  |Rather tender             |Himalaya
+                   |shrub 2 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, helvetica       |Evergreen  |Does well in dry stony    |South Europe
+                   |shrub 2 ft.|places                    |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, trifurca        |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Western North
+                   |shrub 3 ft.|                          |America
+                   |           |                          |
+Ercilla volubilis  |Evergreen  |Needs protection of a wall|Chili
+  (Syn. E. spicata)|twiner 15  |in most districts         |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Eriobotrya japonica|Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |China and Japan
+  (Syn. Photinia   |tree 20 ft.|                          |
+  japonica),       |           |                          |
+  (Loquat),        |           |                          |
+  handsome leaves  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Eurya japonica     |Evergreen  |Hardy only in south and   |India, China,
+                   |shrub 6 ft.|west                      |and Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+Fagus ferruginea   |Tree 40 to |Ordinary soil and position|North America
+  (Syn. F.         |60 ft.     |                          |
+  americana),      |           |                          |
+  (American beech) |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *sylvatica      |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and Asia
+  (Common Beech)   |100 ft.    |                          |Minor
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,,             |Tree 50 ft.|Best dark-leaved form     |Garden form
+  *atropurpurea    |           |                          |
+  (Purple-leaved   |           |                          |
+  Beech)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *cuprea     |    ,,     |Ordinary soil and position| ,,
+  (Copper Beech)   |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, heterophylla|    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *pendula    |Tree,      | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Weeping Beech)  |height     |                          |
+                   |various    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *purpurea   |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  pendula          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and other   |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden forms
+  varieties        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Fatsia japonica   |Evergreen  |Needs sheltered spot, cool|Japan
+  (Syn. Aralia     |shrub 3 to |moist soil                |
+  japonica)        |8 feet     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Ficus Carica      |Tree or    |Does best on wall, good   |Afghanistan
+  (Common Fig)     |shrub  15  |town plant                |and Eastern
+                   |to 20 ft.  |                          |Persia
+                   |           |                          |
+Fraxinus americana |Tree 30 to |Ordinary soil and position|North America
+  (White Ash)      |40 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, augustifolia    |Tree 30 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern Europe
+                   |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, anomala         |Tree 12 ft.|Needs sheltered spot      |Utah
+                   |           |                          |
+,, caroliniana     |Tree 30 to |Ordinary soil and position|United States
+  (Water Ash)      |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, chinensis       |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |China
+  (Chinese Ash)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Excelsior      |Tree 30 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+  (Common Ash)     |80 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, aurea       |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, aurea       |Tree,      | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  pendula (Weeping |height     |                          |
+  Golden Ash)      |various    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, crispa      |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, heterophylla|Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Syn. monophylla)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *pendula    |Tree,      | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Weeping Ash)    |height     |                          |
+                   |various    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and other   |Trees,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden forms
+  varieties        |height     |                          |
+                   |various    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, mandshurica     |Tree 70 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Mandchuria and
+                   |80 ft.     |                          |Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+,, nigra (Syn. F.  |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  sambucifolia)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, numidica        |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North Africa
+                   |           |                          |
+,, oregona (Syn. F.|Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Western United
+  californica),    |           |                          |States
+  (Oregon Ash)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *parvifolia     |Tree 30 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |South Europe
+  (Syn. F.         |50 ft.     |                          |
+  lentiscifolia)   |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, pendula     |Tree,      | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+                   |height     |                          |
+                   |various    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pennsylvanica   |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  (Syn. F.         |           |                          |
+  pubescens)       |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, potamophila     |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Turkestan
+  (Swamp Ash)      |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, quadrangulata   |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |United States
+  (Blue Ash)       |70 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Gleditschia        |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern China
+  australis        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, japonica        |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+  (Japanese Locust)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, monosperma      |Tree 60 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern United
+  (Water Locust)   |           |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, sinensis (Syn.  |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |China
+  G. ferox, G.     |           |                          |
+  horrida)         |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, triacanthos     |Tree 60 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern United
+  (Honey Locust)   |           |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+Griselinia         |Evergreen  |Hardy only in South and   |New Zealand
+  littoralis       |tree or    |West of England           |
+                   |shrub 20   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lucida          |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |tree 15 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Gymnocladus        |Tree 50 ft.|Needs good deep soil      |North America
+  canadensis       |           |                          |
+  (Kentucky Coffee |           |                          |
+  Tree)            |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, chinensis       |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |China
+                   |           |                          |
+Hymenanthera       |Shrub 3 ft.|Succeeds in fairly moist  |New Zealand
+  crassifolia      |           |peaty soil                |
+                   |           |                          |
+Idesia polycarpa   |Tree 20 ft.|Deep open loam,           |Japan
+                   |           |shelter from strong winds |
+                   |           |                          |
+Ilex ambigua (Syn. |Shrub 4 to |Ordinary soil and position|Southern United
+  Prinos ambigua)  |5 ft.      |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Amelanchier     |Shrub 6 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  (Syn. Prinos     |8 ft.      |                          |
+  lanceolata)      |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Aquifolium      |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+  (Common Holly)   |tree 10 to |                          |
+                   |40 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,,             |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  angustifolium    |tree or    |                          |
+  (Narrow-leaved   |shrub      |                          |
+  Holly)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, argenteo    |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  marginata (Silver|           |                          |
+  Variegated Holly)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *argenteo   |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  pendula (Weeping |           |                          |
+  Silver Holly)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,,             |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  *aureo-marginata |           |                          |
+  (Golden Holly)   |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, ferox       |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Hedgehog Holly) |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,,  ,, aurea   |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Golden Hedgehog |           |                          |
+  Holly)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *fructo     |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  luteo            |           |                          |
+  (Yellow-berried  |           |                          |
+  Holly)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,,             |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  *handsworthensis |           |                          |
+  (Handsworth      |           |                          |
+  Holly)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *hodginsii  |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, laurifolia  |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  var. nova, large |           |                          |
+  leaves           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, pendula     |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  tricolor (Weeping|           |                          |
+  Variegated Holly)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, watereriana |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Waterer's Holly)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cornuta         |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |China
+                   |shrub 6 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *crenata        |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+  (Japanese Holly) |shrub 3 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, variegata   |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, glabra (Syn.    |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern United
+  Prinos glaber),  |shrub 2 to |                          |States
+  (Ink Berry)      |3 ft.      |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lævigata (Syn.  |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  Prinos lævigatus)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, latifolia       |Evergreen  |Needs protection of a wall|Japan
+  (Large-leaved    |tree 20 ft.|in most parts of England  |
+  Holly)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, opaca           |Evergreen  |Ordinary soil and position|Eastern United
+                   |tree 30 ft.|                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, rotunda         |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+  (Round-leaved    |           |                          |
+  Holly)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Wilsoni        |           |A splendid Holly, with    |
+                   |           |large dark-green leaves   |
+                   |           |and big crimson berries   |
+                   |           |                          |
+Juglans californica|Tree 30 ft.|Good deep loam, rather dry|California
+  (Californian     |           |                          |
+  Walnut)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *cinerea        |Tree 60 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  (Butter Nut)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, mandshurica     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, nigra (Black    |Tree 60 ft.|Good deep loam, rather dry|North America
+  Walnut)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *regia (Common  |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Caucasus to
+  Walnut)          |           |                          |Himalaya
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and         |Trees      | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden forms
+  varieties        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, rupestris       |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Western United
+                   |           |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, sieboldiana     |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+  (Syn. J.         |           |                          |
+  ailantifolia)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Kadsura chinensis  |Evergreen  |A good wall-plant         |China and Japan
+  (Syn. K.         |shrub 6 ft.|                          |
+  japonica)        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Lardizabala        |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Chili
+  biternata        |climber 20 |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   | CHARACTER |                          |
+    LATIN NAME.    |    AND    |        REMARKS.          | NATIVE COUNTRY.
+                   |  HEIGHT.  |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   |           |                          |
+*Laurus nobilis    |Evergreen  |Needs a sheltered position|Mediterranean
+  (Sweet Bay)      |tree 20 to |                          |region
+                   |40 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Lindera Benzoin    |Shrub 10   | ,,  ,,  ,,               |United States
+  (Syn. Laurus     |ft.        |     and moist peaty soil |
+  Benzoin), (Spice |           |                          |
+  Bush)            |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, glauca          |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,   |Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+,, hypoglauca      |Shrub 10   | ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,   | ,,
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, obtusiloba      |Tree 20 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,   | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, sericea (Syn.   |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,   | ,,
+  Benzoin sericeum)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Liquidambar        |Tree 15 ft.|Ordinary soil and position|Asia Minor
+  orientalis (Syn. |           |                          |
+  L. imberbe)      |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *styraciflua    |Tree 40 to |Beautiful colour in Autumn|United States
+  (Sweet Gum)      |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Maclura aurantiaca |Tree 15 to |Perfectly hardy only in   |Southern United
+  (Osage Orange)   |40 ft.     |South of England          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+*Morus alba (White |Tree 20 to |Ordinary soil and position|Temperate Asia
+  Mulberry)        |30 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, pendula     |           | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  (Weeping         |           |                          |
+  Mulberry)        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and         |           | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden forms
+  varieties        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *nigra (Common  |Tree 20 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Persia
+  Mulberry)        |30 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, rubra (Red      |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  Mulberry)        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Myrica            |Shrub 4 ft.|Moist sandy peat          | ,,
+  asplenifolia     |           |                          |
+  (Syn. Comptonia  |           |                          |
+  asplenifolia),   |           |                          |
+  (Sweet Fern)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, californica     |Sub-       |Ordinary soil in a        |California
+  (Californian Wax |evergreen  |sheltered spot            |
+  Myrtle)          |20 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cerifera        |Evergreen  |Needs moist peaty soil.   |United States
+                   |shrub 8 to |This and M. Gale should be|
+                   |10 ft.     |planted by lake, pond, or |
+                   |           |stream margin             |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Gale (Sweet    |Shrub 3 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Northern
+  Gale)            |with       |                          |Hemisphere
+                   |scented    |                          |
+                   |foliage    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Nandina domestica  |Evergreen  |Hardy only in south and   |China and Japan
+                   |shrub 6 ft.|west of England           |
+                   |           |                          |
+Nyssa aquatica     |Tree 40 ft.|Needs moist peaty soil    |Southern United
+  (Syn. N.         |           |                          |States
+  biflora),        |           |                          |
+  (Tupelo tree)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *sylvatica      |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  (Syn. N.         |           |                          |
+  multiflora)      |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Osmanthus         |Evergreen  |Valuable evergreen;       |Japan
+  Aquifolium       |shrub 5 to |ordinary soil             |
+                   |10 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *ilicifolius|    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *purpureus  |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *variegatus |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+Ostrya carpinifolia|Tree 30 to |Ordinary soil and position|South Europe
+  (Syn. O.         |40 ft.     |                          |
+  vulgaris), (Hop  |           |                          |
+  Hornbeam)        |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Ostrya virginica   |Tree 20 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |30 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Paliurus australis |Shrub 8 ft.|Light warm soil and       |South Europe
+  (Syn. P.         |           |position                  |
+  aculeatus),      |           |                          |
+  (Christ Thorn),  |           |                          |
+  (P. Spina        |           |                          |
+  Christi)         |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Parrotia persica  |Shrub 12   |Light warm soil and       |Persia
+  (Iron tree)      |ft.        |position, brilliant leaf  |
+                   |           |colour in Autumn          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Phellodendron      |Tree 30 ft.|Light warm soil and       |Amurland
+  amurense         |           |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+Phillyræas         |           |These grow in various     |
+                   |           |soils, from light and     |
+                   |           |sandy ones to heavy loam. |
+                   |           |Grow them on their own    |
+                   |           |roots.                    |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, angustifolia    |Evergreen  |Light warm soil and       |Mediterranean
+                   |shrub 8 to |position. Flowers in April|region
+                   |10 ft.     |and May. Best known       |
+                   |           |variety is Rosmarinifolia,|
+                   |           |which has narrower leaves |
+                   |           |than the type             |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *decora (Syn.   |Evergreen  |Light warm soil and       |Asia Minor
+  P. vilmoriniana) |shrub 5 ft.|position, a valuable      |(Lazistan)
+                   |           |evergreen shrub. A plant  |
+                   |           |at Kew is 5œ feet high and|
+                   |           |13 ft. through; its       |
+                   |           |flowers are white,        |
+                   |           |fragrant, and appear in   |
+                   |           |May.                      |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, latifolia       |Evergreen  |Light warm soil and       |Mediterranean
+                   |will grow  |position                  |region
+                   |20 ft.     |                          |
+                   |high.      |                          |
+                   |Several    |                          |
+                   |varieties  |                          |
+                   |are known, |                          |
+                   |P. l. var. |                          |
+                   |ilicifolia,|                          |
+                   |with       |                          |
+                   |smaller    |                          |
+                   |and P. l.  |                          |
+                   |var.       |                          |
+                   |rotundi-   |                          |
+                   |folia, with|                          |
+                   |rounder    |                          |
+                   |leaves, are|                          |
+                   |most often |                          |
+                   |seen.      |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, media           |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |shrub 12   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Photinia           |Evergreen  |Hardy only in South and   |China
+  benthamiana      |shrub 10   |West of England           |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, serrulata       |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Chinese         |shrub 15   |                          |
+  Hawthorn)        |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, variabilis      |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |China and Japan
+  (Syn. Pourthioea |shrub 8 ft.|                          |
+  arguta)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Platanus          |Tree 60 to |Good town tree, ordinary  |Orient
+  acerifolia       |70 ft.     |soil                      |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cuneata         |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, occidentalis    |Tree 70 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  (Western Plane)  |80 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, orientalis      |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Orient
+  (Eastern Plane)  |70 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Populus alba      |Tree 60 to |Needs fairly moist soil   |Europe and Asia
+  (Abele or White  |100 ft.    |                          |
+  Poplar)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, angustifolia    |Tree 70 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  (Narrow-leaved   |           |                          |
+  Poplar)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, balsamifera     |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Balsam Poplar)  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, canescens (Grey |Tree 80 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+  Poplar)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *deltoidea      |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  (Syn. P.         |           |                          |
+  canadensis),     |           |                          |
+  (Canadian Poplar)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *deltoidea      |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  aurea            |           |                          |
+  (Golden-leaved   |           |                          |
+  Canadian Poplar) |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Fremontei       |Tree 70 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |California
+                   |           |                          |
+,, grandidentata   |Tree 60 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, heterophylla    |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, laurifolia      |Tree 70 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern Siberia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, nigra (Black    |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+  Poplar)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *fastigiata |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Lombardy Poplar)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Sieboldii       |Tree 20 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+                   |30 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Simonii         |Tree 60 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |China
+                   |           |                          |
+,, suaveolens      |Tree 80 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *tremula (Aspen)|Tree 70 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+                   |           |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pendula         |Weeping    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  (Weeping Aspen)  |Tree       |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, tremuloides     |Weeping    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |tree 40 to |                          |
+                   |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *pendula    |Weeping    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  (Syn. P. juliana |Tree       |                          |
+  pendula)         |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, trichocarpa     |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Western North
+                   |           |                          |America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, tristis         |Tree 60 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North-East Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+Ptelea trifoliata  |Small tree |Ordinary soil and position|North America
+  (Hop tree)       |8 to 9 ft. |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Pterocarya        |Tree 30 ft.|Good deep loam, rather    |Caucasus
+  caucasica (Syn.  |           |dry; starts early,        |
+  P. fraxinifolia) |           |so catkins and leaves     |
+                   |           |sometimes get injured by  |
+                   |           |frost                     |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, rhoifolia       |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+,, stenoptera      |Tree 20 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |China
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+
+[Illustration: _PTEROCARYA CAUCASICA AT CLAREMONT, ESHER. (Largest
+specimen in England. Height 45 ft., girth of stem 3 ft., from the ground
+17 ft., spread of branches 110 yards)._]
+
+[Illustration: _THE CORK OAK (Quercus Suber) AT SWALLOWFIELD PARK._]
+
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   | CHARACTER |                          |
+    LATIN NAME.    |    AND    |        REMARKS.          | NATIVE COUNTRY.
+                   |  HEIGHT.  |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   |           |                          |
+Quercus acuta (Syn.|Evergreen  |Ordinary soil and position|Japan
+  Q. Buergerii)    |tree 10 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, alba (White |Tree 60 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  Oak)             |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, bicolor         |    ,,     |Fairly moist soil         | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *castaneæfolia  |    ,,     |Ordinary soil and position|Caucasus and
+  (Chestnut-leaved |           |                          |Asia Minor
+  Oak)             |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Cerris (Turkey  |Tree 50 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |South and East
+  Oak)             |60 ft.     |                          |Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, fulhamensis |Sub-       | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  (Fulham Oak)     |evergreen  |                          |
+                   |tree 50 to |                          |
+                   |60 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *laciniata  |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Syn.            |           |                          |
+  asplenifolia)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, lucombeana  |Sub-       | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Lucombe Oak)    |evergreen  |                          |
+                   |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cinerea         |Tree 30 ft.|Needs fairly moist loamy  |Southern United
+                   |           |soil                      |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, coccifera (Syn. |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Mediterranean
+  Q. kermesina)    |tree 15 ft.|                          |region
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *coccinea       |Tree 50 ft.|Very handsome, leaves in  |North America
+  (Scarlet Oak)    |           |autumn brilliant scarlet  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *conferta (Q.   |Tree 30 ft.|Handsome; very quick in   |Italy and
+  pannonica),      |           |growth; leaves deeply     |Austria
+  (Hungarian Oak)  |           |lobed                     |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cuneata (Syns.  |Tree 80 ft.|Needs fairly moist loamy  |North America
+  Q. triloba, Q.   |           |soil                      |
+  falcata)         |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *cuspidata      |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+                   |tree 30 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *dentata (Syn.  |Tree 30 ft.|Needs good loamy soil,    | ,,
+  Q. Daimyo)       |           |fairly moist              |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, garryana        |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North-West
+                   |           |                          |America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *glabra         |Evergreen  |Handsome, large leaves, a |Japan
+  (Japanese Oak)   |shrub 10   |good evergreen oak        |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, glauca          |Evergreen  |Needs good loamy soil,    | ,,
+                   |tree 30 ft.|fairly moist              |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, heterophylla    |Tree 40 ft.|Ordinary soil and position|United States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Ilex           |Evergreen  |Good deep sandy loam; very|Mediterranean
+  (Evergreen or    |20 to 40   |handsome                  |region
+  Holm Oak)        |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and         |Evergreen, | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden forms
+  varieties        |various    |                          |
+                   |heights    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, imbricaria      |Tree 40 to |Ordinary soil and position|United States
+                   |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Kelloggii       |Tree 70 ft.|Fairly moist soil,        |Oregon and
+                   |           |sheltered position        |California
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lanuginosa      |Tree 50 ft.|Ordinary soil and position|Europe and West.
+                   |           |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, laurifolia      |Tree 80 ft.|Needs moist soil. Very    |United States
+  (Syn. Q. obtusa) |           |handsome                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Libani          |Tree 30 ft.|Ordinary soil and position|Asia Minor
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lobata          |Tree 80 ft.|Fairly moist soil,        |California
+                   |           |sheltered position        |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lusitanica      |Tree 40 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |South Europe and
+                   |           |                          |Asia Minor
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *macrocarpa     |Tree 30 ft.|Ordinary soil and position|North America
+  (Burr Oak)       |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, marilandica     |Tree 30 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |United States
+                   |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Michauxii       |Tree 80 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern United
+                   |           |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Mirbeckii       |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Spain, Portugal,
+                   |           |                          |and North Africa
+                   |           |                          |
+,, nigra           |Tree 25 ft.|Fairly moist soil         |Southern United
+                   |           |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *palustris (Pin |Tree 60 ft.|Leaves charming in Spring |United States
+  Oak)             |           |and Autumn                |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pedunculata     |Tree 50 to |Ordinary soil and position|Europe and Asia
+  (Syn. Q. Robur   |100 ft.    |                          |
+  pedunculata),    |           |                          |
+  (British Oak)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *pedunculata    |Tree 20 ft.|Ordinary soil and         |Garden form
+  Concordia        |           |position; very handsome   |
+  (Golden-leaved   |           |golden-leaved tree        |
+  British Oak)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pedunculata     |Tree 50 ft.|Ordinary soil and position|Garden form
+  fastigiata       |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, heterophylla|Tree 40 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, pendula     |Tree       | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Weeping Oak)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, purpurascens|Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Phellos        |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |United States
+  (Willow Oak)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, phillyræoides   |Evergreen  |Fairly moist soil,        |Japan
+                   |tree 15 ft.|sheltered spot            |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pontica         |Tree or    |Ordinary soil and position|Asia Minor
+                   |shrub 15   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, prinoides       |Tree 20 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |United States
+                   |30 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Prinos          |Tree 70 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern North
+                   |80 ft.     |                          |America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Pseudo-suber    |Sub-       | ,,  ,,  ,, sheltered spot|South Europe
+                   |evergreen  |                          |
+                   |tree 50 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pumila          |Spreading  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern United
+                   |shrub 10   |                          |States
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, reticulata      |Evergreen  |Hardy only in South and   |New Mexico and
+                   |shrub 10   |West of England           |Arizona
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *rubra          |Tree 60 to |Ordinary soil and         |North America
+  (Champion Oak)   |80 ft.     |position; brilliant Autumn|
+                   |           |colour; very handsome     |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, serrata         |Tree 20 to |Ordinary soil and position|China and Japan
+                   |30 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, sessiliflora    |Tree 60 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe, West
+                   |           |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and         |Trees      | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden forms
+  varieties        |various    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, stellata    |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |United States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Suber (Cork Oak)|Evergreen  |Rather more tender than   |South Europe,
+                   |tree 25 ft.|the Holm Oak (gives the   |North Africa
+                   |           |cork of commerce)         |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Toza (Syn. Q.   |Tree 30 ft.|Ordinary soil and position|South-west
+  Tauzin)          |           |                          |Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Turneri (Syn.   |Sub-       | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden origin
+  Q. austriaca     |evergreen  |                          |
+  sempervirens, Q. |tree 40 to |                          |
+  glandulifera)    |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, undulata        |Tree 20 ft.|Ordinary soil and         |Western North
+                   |           |sheltered spot            |America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, velutina        |Tree 70 to | ,,  ,,  ,, and position  |North America
+                   |80 ft.     |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+
+[Illustration: _EVERGREEN OAKS. (Frogmore.)_]
+
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   | CHARACTER |                          |
+    LATIN NAME.    |    AND    |        REMARKS.          | NATIVE COUNTRY.
+                   |  HEIGHT.  |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   |           |                          |
+*Rhamnus Alaternus |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |South-west
+                   |shrub or   |                          |Europe
+                   |tree 20 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, alnifolius      |Shrub 2 to |Moist peaty soil          |United States
+  (Alder-leaved    |4 ft.      |                          |
+  Buckthorn)       |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, alpinus         |Shrub 4 ft.|Ordinary soil and position|Alpine regions
+  (Alpine          |           |                          |
+  Buckthorn)       |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, californicus    |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,, and sheltered |California
+  (Californian     |shrub 10   |position                  |
+  Buckthorn)       |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, carolinianus    |Shrub 6 to |Ordinary soil and position|Southern United
+                   |8 ft.      |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, catharticus     |Shrub 5 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and Asia
+                   |10 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, davuricus       |Shrub 12   | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Siberia
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Frangula        |Shrub 5 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+                   |10 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, infectorius     |Shrub 2 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |South Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+,, libanoticus     |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Asia Minor and
+                   |           |                          |Syria
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *purshianus     |Shrub 10   | ,,  ,,  ,,               |California
+  (Syn. R. rubra)  |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, saxatilis       |Shrub 2 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+,, tinctorius      |Shrub 8 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+Rhus aromatica     |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern United
+                   |           |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, copallina       |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern United
+                   |           |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Cotinus         |Shrub 6 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+  (Venetian,       |8 ft.      |                          |
+  Sumach, Wig Tree,|           |                          |
+  Smoke Bush)      |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *cotinoides     |Shrub 15   | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *glabra (Syn.   |Tree 15 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |United States
+  R. coccinea)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *laciniata  |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Osbeckei        |Tree 20 ft.| ,,  ,, and sheltered     |China and Japan
+                   |           |position                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, succedanea      |Shrub 10   |Hardy only in South and   | ,,
+                   |ft.        |West of England           |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Toxicodendron   |Twining    |Ordinary soil and         |North America
+  (Syn. Ampelopsis |shrub 20   |position. Very poisonous  |and Japan
+  japonica),       |ft.        |                          |
+  (Poison Oak,     |           |                          |
+  Poison Ivy),     |           |                          |
+  (Syn. Ampelopsis |           |                          |
+  Hoggii)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *typhina        |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern United
+  (Stag's-horn     |           |                          |States
+  Sumach)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, venenata (Syn.  |Shrub 12   | ,,  ,,  ,, Very poisonous| ,,
+  R. vernix),      |ft.        |                          |
+  (Poison Sumach)  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, vernicifera     |Tree 25 ft.| ,, sheltered position    |China and Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+*Ruscus aculeatus  |Evergreen  |Will grow well under the  |Europe
+  (Butcher's Broom)|shrub 2 ft.|shade of trees            |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *Hypoglossum    |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |South Europe and
+                   |shrub 2 to |                          |North Africa
+                   |3 ft.      |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Hypophyllum     |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |South-west
+                   |           |                          |Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+Ruta graveolens    |Shrub 3 ft.|Sandy loam, sunny spot    |South Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+Salix alba (White  |Tree 60 ft.|Needs moist soil, indeed  |Europe and Asia
+  Willow)          |           |will grow in boggy places |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *britzensis |Tree 25 ft.|Brilliant bark, colour    |Garden form
+  (Cardinal Willow)|           |very effective            |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *vitellina  |    ,,     |Needs moist soil, indeed  | ,,
+  (Golden-barked   |           |will grow in boggy places |
+  Willow)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, ambigua         |Shrub 2 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+,, aurita          |Tree 15 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern North
+                   |           |                          |America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, babylonica      |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+  (Babylonian      |           |                          |
+  Weeping Willow)  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, annularis   |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cæsia (Syn. S.  |Shrub 3 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Switzerland
+  prostrata),      |           |                          |
+  (Grey-leaved     |           |                          |
+  Willow)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Caprea (Goat    |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+  Willow)          |           |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *pendula    |Weeping    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  (Kilmarnock      |           |                          |
+  Willow)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cinerea         |Tree 20 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+                   |           |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cordata         |Tree 15 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cuspidata       |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+,, daphnoides      |Tree 10 to |Very beautiful yellow     | ,,
+  (Violet Willow)  |20 ft.     |catkins, robust           |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, decipiens       |Tree 30 ft.|Needs moist soil, indeed  | ,,
+                   |           |will grow in boggy places |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, doniana         |Shrub 5 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,, fragilis (Syn.  |Tree 60 to |Very beautiful willow     |Europe and North
+  S. russelliana), |70 ft.     |                          |Asia
+  (Crack Willow)   |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, basfordiana |Tree 25 ft.|Needs moist soil, indeed  |Garden form
+                   |           |will grow in boggy places |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, hastata         |Shrub 6 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+                   |8 ft.      |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, herbacea        |Shrub 2 to |A good rockwork plant     | ,,
+                   |3 _in._    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, hexandra        |Tree 20 ft.|Needs moist soil, indeed  |Europe
+                   |           |will grow in boggy places |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, humilis         |Shrub 2 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lanata          |Shrub 4 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Arctic Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Lapponum        |Shrub 1 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+  (Lapland Willow) |           |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lasiandra       |Shrub 12   | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Western United
+                   |ft.        |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *laurina (Syn.  |Shrub 10   | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+  S. bicolor)      |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, lucida          |Shrub 10 to| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |12 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Myrsinites      |Shrub 6    |A good rockwork plant     |North Hemisphere
+                   |_in._ to 1 |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, myrtilloides    |Shrub 2 to |Needs moist soil, indeed  | ,,
+  (Syn. S. elegans)|4 ft.      |will grow in boggy places |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, nigra (Black    |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  Willow)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, nigricans       |Tree 10 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Tyrol
+                   |12 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *pentandra      |Shrub 8 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+                   |9 ft.      |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, petiolaris      |Shrub 8 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  (Syn. S. fuscata)|10 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, phylicifolia    |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Tyrol
+                   |           |                          |
+,, purpurea (Syn.  |Shrub 8 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+  S. fissa),       |10 ft.     |                          |Asia
+  (Purple Willow)  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *pendula    |Shrub      | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  (Syn. S.         |Weeping    |                          |
+  americana        |           |                          |
+  pendula),        |           |                          |
+  (American Weeping|           |                          |
+  Willow)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, repens          |Shrub 1 ft.|Will grow in dry sandy    |Europe and North
+                   |           |soils                     |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *argentea   |Shrub      |Needs moist soil, indeed  |Garden form
+  (Syn. S. sericea |Weeping    |will grow in boggy places |
+  pendula)         |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, reticulata      |Shrub 6    |A good rockwork plant     |Arctic regions
+                   |_in._      |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, retusa          |Shrub 6    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+                   |_in._ to 1 |                          |Asia
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *rosmarinifolia |Shrub 2 to |Needs moist soil, indeed  |Europe
+  (Rosemary-leaved |4 ft.      |will grow in boggy places.|
+  Willow)          |           |Very charming             |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, rubra           |Tree 10 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+                   |30 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, sieboldiana     |Tree 15 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+,, smithiana       |Shrub 5 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+  (Syn. S. pannosa)|           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, stipularis      |Tree 15 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+,, triandra        |Tree 20 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+                   |           |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,, undulata (Syn.  |Shrub 12 to| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+  S. lanceolata)   |15 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, viminalis       |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |North Europe and
+  (Syn. S.         |           |                          |Asia
+  longifolia),     |           |                          |
+  (Twiggy Willow)  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, viridis         |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+                   |           |                          |
+*Sambucus nigra    |Tree 25 ft.|Ordinary soil and         |Garden form
+  aurea            |           |position, full sun        |
+  (Golden-leaved   |           |                          |
+  Elder)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, laciniata   |    ,,     | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Cut-leaved      |           |                          |
+  Elder)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, racemosa        |Tree 10 to |Needs a fairly cool moist |North Hemisphere
+  (Scarlet-berried |15 ft.     |soil                      |
+  Elder)           |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *plumosa    |Tree 12 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,,  ,, *aurea  |Tree 8 ft. | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, serratifolia|Tree 10 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |15 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *tenuifolia |Shrub 6 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |           |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   | CHARACTER |                          |
+    LATIN NAME.    |    AND    |        REMARKS.          | NATIVE COUNTRY.
+                   |  HEIGHT.  |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+                   |           |                          |
+Santolina          |Evergreen  |Grows well in dry sandy   |South Europe
+  Chamæcyparissus  |shrub 2 to |soils                     |
+  (Lavender Cotton)|3 ft.      |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, rosmarinifolia  |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Spain and
+                   |shrub 2 ft.|                          |Portugal
+                   |           |                          |
+,, viridis         |Evergreen  | ,,  ,,  ,,               |South Europe
+                   |shrub 3 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Sarcococca         |Evergreen  |Hardy only in the South   |Himalaya
+  Hookeriana       |shrub 4 ft.|and West of England       |
+                   |           |                          |
+Sassafras          |Tree 15 to |Needs fairly moist soil,  |United States
+  officinale (Syn. |25 ft.     |sheltered position        |
+  Laurus Sassafras)|           |                          |
+  (The Sassafras   |           |                          |
+  tree)            |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Schizandra         |Twining    |Succeeds best as a wall   |China and Japan
+  chinensis        |shrub 20   |plant                     |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Smilax aspera      |Twining    |Should be trained to a    |Mediterranean
+                   |evergreen  |wall or trellis. Needs    |region
+                   |shrub 10   |shelter                   |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, maculata    |Twining    | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |evergreen  |                          |
+                   |shrub 10   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Bona-nox (Syn.  |Twining    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern United
+  S. hastata)      |evergreen  |                          |States
+                   |shrub 5 to |                          |
+                   |10 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, China           |Twining    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |China
+                   |evergreen  |                          |
+                   |shrub 20   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, excelsa         |Twining    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Syria
+                   |evergreen  |                          |
+                   |shrub 10   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, glauca (Syn. S. |Twining    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  Sarsaparilla)    |evergreen  |                          |
+                   |shrub 3 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, rotundifolia    |Twining    | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Syn. S. caduca) |deciduous  |                          |
+                   |shrub 8 ft.|                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, tamnoides       |Twining    | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |evergreen  |                          |
+                   |shrub 10   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Stachyurus præcox  |Small tree |Moist soil and sheltered  |China and Japan
+                   |10 to 12   |spot. Early flowering     |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Stauntonia         |Evergreen  |Needs the protection of a | ,,
+  hexaphylla       |twiner 20  |wall in the London        |
+                   |ft.        |district                  |
+                   |           |                          |
+Stephanandra       |Shrub 5 ft.|Ordinary soil and position| ,,
+  flexuosa (Syn. S.|           |                          |
+  incisa)          |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Tanakæ          |Shrub 3 ft.|Reddish-brown stems in    |Japan
+                   |           |winter                    |
+                   |           |                          |
+Stranvæsia         |Evergreen  |Hardy only in South and   |Himalaya
+  glaucescens      |tree 20 ft.|West of England           |
+                   |           |                          |
+Symplocos          |Small tree |Needs sheltered spot      |Himalaya to
+  cratægoides      |15 ft.     |                          |Japan
+                   |           |                          |
+,, japonica (Syn.  |Shrub 10   | ,,  ,,  ,,               |China and Japan
+  S. lucida)       |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, tinctoria       |Shrub 3 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Southern United
+                   |           |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+Taxus (Yew). See   |           |                          |
+  pp. 92, 123, 326 |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Teucrium fruticans |Evergreen  |Needs sheltered spot and  |South Europe
+  (Free Germander) |shrub 2 to |light soil                |
+                   |3 ft.      |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Tilia americana    |Tree 60 to |Ordinary soil and position|North America
+  (Syn. T. glabra),|70 ft.     |                          |
+  (American Lime)  |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *argentea (Syn. |Tree 30 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern Europe
+  T. americana     |50 ft.     |                          |
+  pubescens),      |           |                          |
+  (Silver Lime)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, cordata (Syn.   | ,,        | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern North
+  T. microphylla)  |           |                          |America
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *dasystyla (Syn.| ,,        |Distinct upright growth;  |South-Eastern
+  T. euchlora)     |           |leaves curled somewhat.   |United States
+                   |           |Very valuable             |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, heterophylla    | ,,        |Ordinary soil and position|North America
+  (Syn. T.         |           |                          |
+  macrophylla)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, mandshurica     |Tree 40 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Manchuria
+                   |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, miqueliana      |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+  (Japanese Lime)  |80 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *petiolaris     |Tree 50 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern Europe
+  (Syn. T. alba    |           |                          |
+  pendula), (White |           |                          |
+  Weeping Lime)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, *platyphyllos   |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+  (Syn. T. europæa)|80 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and         |Various    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden forms
+  varieties        |heights    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pubescens (Syn. |Tree 50 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern United
+  T. leptophylla)  |70 ft.     |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, vulgaris (Syn.  |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe
+  T. hybrida),     |80 ft.     |                          |
+  (Common Lime)    |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+*Trachycarpus      |Evergreen  |Good deep loam, shelter   |Japan
+  excelsus (Syn.   |palm 20 ft.|from rough winds          |
+  Chamærops        |           |                          |
+  excelsa)         |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Ulmus alata        |Tree 30 to |Ordinary soil and position|Southern United
+  (Cork-winged Elm)|40 ft.     |                          |States
+                   |           |                          |
+,, americana       |Tree 80 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  (American Elm)   |90 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, pendula     |Weeping    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  (American Weeping|tree       |                          |
+  Elm)             |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, campestris      |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and Asia
+  (Common Elm)     |80 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *aurea      |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+  (Golden-leaved   |           |                          |
+  Elm)             |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *microphylla|Weeping    | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  pendula          |tree       |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, suberosa    |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |80 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, viminalis   |Tree 25 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Twiggy Elm)     |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, fulva (Syn. U.  |Tree 50 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+  rubra)           |60 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, montana (Scotch |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Europe and North
+  or Wych Elm)     |80 ft.     |                          |Asia
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, aurea       |Tree 30 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden form
+                   |40 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, crispa      |Tree 30 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |40 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *Dampieri   |Tree 25 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  aurea            |30 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, fastigiata  |Tree 40 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, *pendula    |Weeping    | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+                   |tree       |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, purpurea    |Tree 40 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               | ,,
+  (Purple-leaved   |50 ft.     |                          |
+  Elm)             |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,,  ,, and other   |Various    | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Garden forms
+  varieties        |heights    |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, parviflora (Syn.|Small tree | ,,  ,,  ,,               |China and Japan
+  U. chinensis)    |10 to 12   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, pumila          |Small tree | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North Asia
+                   |10 to 15   |                          |
+                   |ft.        |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, racemosa        |Tree 50 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |North America
+                   |60 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, turkestanica    |Tree 40 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Turkestan
+  (Turkestan Elm)  |50 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Xanthoxylum        |Shrub 10 to| ,,  ,,  ,,               |United States
+  americanum       |20 ft.     |                          |
+  (Toothache tree) |           |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, planispinum     |Shrub 10 to| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+                   |15 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+Zelkowa acuminata  |Tree 50 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Japan
+                   |80 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, crenata         |Tree 60 to | ,,  ,,  ,,               |Caucasus
+                   |80 ft.     |                          |
+                   |           |                          |
+,, Verschaffelti   |Tree 30 ft.| ,,  ,,  ,,               |Eastern Europe
+  (Syn. Ulmus      |           |                          |and Asia Minor
+  Verschaffelti)   |           |                          |
+-------------------+-----------+--------------------------+----------------
+
+[Illustration: _DOVASTON YEW ON STEEP BANK._]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Abelia floribunda, 189
+
+Abelias, 20;
+  as climbers, 307;
+  pruning, 20
+
+Abies, 122
+
+Abutilon vexillarium, 189
+
+Abutilons, as climbing shrubs, 308
+
+Acacia, 449;
+  rose, the, 4, 448
+
+Acacias, 189
+
+Acanthopanax ricinifolium, 20, 470;
+  sessiliflorum, 20;
+  spinosum, 20, 470
+
+Acer, 41, 175, 470;
+  ginnala, for colour, 74;
+  palmatum and varieties, 282
+
+Actinidia, 176;
+  pruning, 21;
+  for autumn colouring, 76
+
+Adenandra fragrans, 190
+
+Adlumia cirrhosa, 308
+
+Æsculus, 4, 21, 41, 176, 357, 358, 359
+
+Ailantus, 41, 471;
+  glandulosa, 176;
+  for its fruits, 78
+
+Akebia quinata, 308;
+  pruning, 21;
+  for autumn colouring, 76
+
+Alders 41, 68, 471;
+  with beautiful catkins, 68
+
+Alleys, pleached or green, 334-337
+
+Allspice, American, 364;
+  Californian, 364
+
+Almond, the, 409;
+  in greenhouse, 278
+
+Alnus, 41, 471-472
+
+Aloysia citriodora, 309
+
+Alpine rose, 431
+
+Althæa frutex, 4
+
+Amelanchier, 3, 17, 21, 167, 176, 360-361;
+  canadensis, for colour, 74
+
+Amoor yellow wood, 370
+
+Amorpha canescens, 22;
+  fruticosa, 22
+
+Ampelopsis, 309;
+  Veitch's, for autumn colouring, 76
+
+Amygdalus, 410
+
+Andromeda polifolia, 176, 361
+
+Andromedas, 18, 22, 250, 393;
+  in greenhouse, 266
+
+Anopterus glandulosa, 190
+
+Apios tuberosa, 309
+
+Apricots, the, 411
+
+Aralia, 26;
+  pruning, 22;
+  mandschurica, 166;
+  quinquefolia, 191;
+  spinosa, 176
+
+Araucaria, 121
+
+Arbours, weeping trees as, 89
+
+Arbor-vitæ, as a hedge, 327
+
+Arbutus, 17, 176;
+  hybrida, 64, 249;
+  Unedo, 249;
+  Unedo for its fruits, 78;
+  and varieties, 64, 249
+
+Arctostaphylos alpina, 176;
+  Uva-ursi, 250
+
+Aristolochia, 22, 166, 176;
+  Sipho, as a climber, 305, 309
+
+Aristotelia Macqui, 472;
+  M. variegata, 472
+
+Aronia floribunda, for grouping, 284
+
+Arrow-wood, 462
+
+Artemisia Abrotanum, 176, 472
+
+Artemisia, pruning, 22
+
+Arundinaria Veitchii, 472
+
+Arundo Donax, 472;
+  A. D. variegata, 472
+
+Ash, 41, 476;
+  Barberry, 361;
+  flowering, 387;
+  mountain, 7, 425
+
+Aspen, 481
+
+Aster argophyllus, 191
+
+Athrotaxis laxifolia, 191
+
+Atragene alpina, 309
+
+Atraphaxis buxifolia, 472;
+  lanceolata, 472;
+  Muschketowi, 472;
+  spinosa, 472
+
+Atriplex canescens, 472;
+  confertifolia, 472;
+  Halimus, 472;
+  Nuttallii, 472;
+  portulacoides, 472
+
+Aucuba, 58, 176, 249;
+  the spotted, 58
+
+Aucubas, 251, 256;
+  for their fruits, 78
+
+Autumn colours, 71-76
+
+Azalea amoena, 250;
+  ledifolia, 249;
+  occidentalis, 5
+
+Azaleas, 31, 250, 442;
+  for autumn colouring, 75;
+  in Scotland, 173;
+  in greenhouse, 267
+
+Azara dentata, 472;
+  Gilliesii, 472;
+  integrifolia, 472;
+  microphylla, 176, 249, 310, 472
+
+
+Baccharis halimifolia, 22, 472;
+  salicifolia, 472;
+  Patagonica, 22, 472
+
+Bamboo garden at Kew, 220
+
+Bamboos, hardy, 185, 218-225;
+  place for, 219
+
+Banksia grandis, 191
+
+Barberries, for their fruit, 78
+
+Bauera rubioides, 191
+
+Bay, sweet, 478
+
+Beam tree, white, 7, 424
+
+Beech, propagating the, 41;
+  autumn colouring of, 74;
+  winter beauty of, 54
+
+Beeches, the, 476
+
+Bennett, Henry, the late, 342
+
+Benthamia fragifera, 191, 310
+
+Berberidopsis corallina, 208, 310
+
+Berberis Aquifolium, 256;
+  for grouping, 297;
+  and vars., 249;
+  for autumn colouring, 75, 249;
+  buxifolia, 249;
+  concinna, for autumn colouring, 75;
+  Darwinii, 249;
+  japonica, 249;
+  stenophylla, 39, 249, 256;
+  Thunbergi, for autumn colouring, 75;
+  for grouping, 284;
+  wallichiana, 249;
+  vulgaris purpureis, for grouping, 284
+
+Berberises, the, 9, 10, 22, 167, 176, 250, 361-363;
+  in greenhouse, 268
+
+Berchemia, 472;
+  pruning, 23
+
+Betula, 41, 59, 167, 176, 473;
+  corylifolia, for colour, 73
+
+Bigelovia Douglasii, 473;
+  graveolens, 473
+
+Bignonia capreolata, 311;
+  in the south-west, 208
+
+Billardiera longiflora, 311
+
+Birches, the, 41, 59, 61, 472-473;
+  silver, 473
+
+Black thorn, 7
+
+Bladder nut, 454
+
+Bladder Senna, 371
+
+Borders, flower and shrub, 257, 259
+
+Boronias, 192
+
+Bougainvillea glabra, in the south-west, 208
+
+Box, 11, 177, 248;
+  for grouping, 297;
+  as a hedge, 327
+
+Box-leaved Barberry, 361-362
+
+Brachyglottis repanda, 192
+
+Brambles, the, 450;
+  for autumn colouring, 76
+
+Broom, Austrian, 373;
+  butcher's, 484;
+  common, 359, 375;
+  drooping, 375;
+  moonlight, 375;
+  Portuguese, 372;
+  Spanish, 250, 372, 452;
+  white Spanish, 356
+
+Brooms, in greenhouse, 286
+
+Broussonetia Kæmpferi, 473;
+  papyrifera, 473
+
+Bruckenthalia, pruning, 23;
+  spiculifolia, 250
+
+Bryanthus, 23, 177;
+  empetriformis, 250
+
+Buck-eyes, the, 357
+
+Bucklandia populnea, 208
+
+Buckthorn, sea, 11, 483;
+  for its fruits, 82
+
+Budding, propagating trees and shrubs by, 41
+
+Buddleia Colvillei, 192, 363;
+  globosa, 23, 167, 363;
+  japonica, 23, 363;
+  intermedia, 23;
+  lindleyana, 23;
+  paniculata, 23;
+  variabilis, 23, 364;
+  Wilsonæ, 363
+
+Bumelia lanuginosa, 473;
+  lycioides, 473
+
+Butter nut, 478
+
+
+Cæsalpinia Gilliesi, 265;
+  japonica, 364
+
+Callicarpa purpurea, in the south-west, 209
+
+Calluna, 23;
+  vulgaris, 13, 238, 250
+
+Calophaca, 23
+
+Calycanthus, 23;
+  floridus, 4, 167, 364;
+  occidentalis, 364
+
+Calystegia pubescens, fl. pl., 311
+
+Camellia, 23, 177, 311;
+  japonica, 249;
+  reticulata, 193
+
+Candleberry gale, 18
+
+Candollea tetrandra in the south-west, 193
+
+Cantua buxifolia, 193
+
+Caragana, 24
+
+Carmichælia, 24, 177
+
+Carpenteria californica, in the south-west, 193;
+  in greenhouse, 268
+
+Carpinus, 41, 175, 473
+
+Carya, 41, 474;
+  tomentosa, for autumn colouring, 73
+
+Caryopteris Mastacanthus, 193;
+  in greenhouse, 268
+
+Cassandra, 24, 364
+
+Cassia corymbosa, 209
+
+Cassinia, 24;
+  fulvida, 3;
+  leptophylla, 194
+
+Cassiope, 24, 177, 364
+
+Castanea, 41, 177, 474
+
+Catalpa, 24, 42, 365-367
+
+Ceanothus, 166, 167, 194, 313, 367, 368;
+  americanus, 24, 367;
+  azureus, 24, 367;
+  gloire de Versailles, 24, 194, 249;
+  integerrimus, 24;
+  veitchianus, 194
+
+Ceanothuses, in greenhouse, 269
+
+Cedar of Lebanon, 51;
+  beauty of, in winter, 51
+
+Cedrus, 122
+
+Celastrus, 24, 474;
+  for its fruits, 80
+
+Celtis, 41, 474
+
+Cercis, 24, 177, 368;
+  Siliquastrum, in greenhouse, 269
+
+Cherries, the, 414
+
+Cherry, cornelian, 475;
+  bird, 3, 7, 417
+
+Cherry, wild, 7, 17, 414
+
+Chestnut, 41;
+  golden, 474;
+  sweet, 41, 474
+
+Chimonanthus, 3, 25, 177, 313;
+  fragrans, 57, 64
+
+Chionanthus, 25, 368, 369;
+  in greenhouse, 269
+
+Choisya ternata, 168, 178, 249, 270, 314, 369
+
+Chorizemas, in the south-west, 209
+
+Christ's Thorn, 83
+
+Cissus discolor, in the south-west, 209
+
+Cistus, 18, 25, 178, 369-370;
+  gum, 370;
+  laurifolius, 249
+
+Citharexylon quadrangulare, 194
+
+Citrus trifoliata, 194
+
+Cladrastis amurensis, 370;
+  tinctoria, 370;
+  for autumn colouring, 74
+
+Clematis aromatica, 25;
+  calycina, 64;
+  cærulea odorata, 25;
+  Flammula, 25;
+  florida, 25;
+  indivisa lobata, in the south-west, 209;
+  Jackmani, 25, 168;
+  lanuginosa, 25;
+  montana, 25, 168;
+  paniculata, 25;
+  patens, 25;
+  Viticella, 25;
+  Vitalba, 25
+
+Clematises, in greenhouse, 270
+
+Clerodendron trichotomum, 25, 194;
+  for autumn colouring, 74
+
+Clethra, 25, 168, 194;
+  in greenhouse, 270;
+  alnifolia, 4, 370-371
+
+Clianthus puniceus, in the south-west, 209
+
+Climbers, variegated, 99
+
+Coffee tree, 477
+
+Colletia cruciata, 178, 474;
+  ferox, 474
+
+Colouring, autumn, of leaf, 71
+
+Colutea, 26, 371;
+  arborescens, 177, 371;
+  for grouping, 285, 371;
+  cruenta, 371
+
+Comptonia asplenifolia, 5
+
+Conifers, 185;
+  at Murthly Castle, 124;
+  for autumn colouring, 74;
+  for rock garden, 148;
+  in ornamental planting, 110-128;
+  propagation of, 118-124;
+  variegated, 97;
+  weeping, 91
+
+Convolvulus Cneorum, 178
+
+Coprosma acerosa, for its fruits, 81
+
+Coriaria japonica, for its fruits, 81;
+  myrtifolia, 474
+
+Cornels, in winter, 60-61
+
+Cornus, 64, 178, 474-475;
+  alba, 26, 168, 474;
+  Amomum, 26, 474;
+  Baileyi, 26, 474;
+  capitata, for its fruits, 81;
+  fragifera, 191;
+  pubescens, 26, 475;
+  sanguinea, for grouping, 285;
+  Spathii, 252;
+  stolonifera, 26, 475;
+  winter beauty of, 60, 61
+
+Corokia buddleioides, 195
+
+Coronilla Emerus, 371;
+  juncea, 372
+
+Correas, in the south-west, 195
+
+Corylopsis pauciflora, 372;
+  spicata, 64, 177, 270, 372
+
+Corylus, 168, 178, 475;
+  maxima purpurea, for grouping, 286
+
+Corynocarpus lævigatus, 195
+
+Cotoneaster buxifolia, 249;
+  and Wheeleri for grouping, 298;
+  frigida, 252;
+  horizontalis, 259;
+  for autumn colouring, 75;
+  microphylla, 168, 250;
+  for grouping, 298;
+  rotundifolia, 250;
+  Simonsii, 250;
+  for grouping, 286;
+  thymifolia, 250
+
+Cotoneasters, 26, 178, 256;
+  for their fruits, 78
+
+Cotton, 486
+
+Crab, Siberian, the, 421
+
+Crabs, 7, 421-424
+
+Cratægus, 7, 26, 42, 372, 376-382;
+  monogyna præcox, 64;
+  Oxyacantha, 252, 256;
+  Pyracantha, 249, 256
+
+Crinodendron Hookeri, 195
+
+Crowberry, 476
+
+Cryptomeria, 121
+
+Cucumber tree, 403
+
+Cupressus, the, 119;
+  macrocarpa, 11
+
+Currants, the, 279, 448
+
+Cuttings, propagating trees and shrubs by, 40
+
+Cypress, Monterey, 11;
+  Lawson, in winter, 51;
+  Lawson, as a hedge, 328
+
+Cyrilla racemiflora, 382
+
+Cytisus, 26, 252, 286, 372-376;
+  in greenhouse, 271;
+  capitatus, 26, 373;
+  nigricans, 26, 372, 373, 374;
+  racemosus, in the south-west, 195
+
+Cytisuses, the, 168, 178, 372, 373, 374, 375
+
+
+Daboecia, 16;
+  polifolia, 178, 238, 250, 382
+
+Daffodils, 15
+
+Daisy, bush, 405;
+  tree, 405
+
+Danæ Laurus, 475
+
+Daphne Cneorum, 169, 250, 252;
+  indica, in the south-west, 196;
+  Laureola, 7, 169, 282;
+  Mezereum and var. alba, 252;
+  Mezereum, for grouping, 169, 256, 287;
+  oleoides, 250
+
+Daphnes, the, 26, 64, 179, 382, 383
+
+Daphniphyllum glaucescens, 196
+
+Datura sanguinea, in the south-west, 196
+
+Decumaria barbara, 475
+
+Dendromecon rigidus, in the south-west, 196
+
+Desfontainea spinosa, 196
+
+Desmodium, 27
+
+Deutzia, 27, 179, 271, 383, 384;
+  crenata, 169, 252, 383;
+  for autumn colouring, 76;
+  discolor, 383;
+  gracilis, 252, 383;
+  hybrida, 252, 383;
+  parviflora, 383
+
+Diervilla, 169;
+  in greenhouse, 272;
+  florida, 384;
+  middendorfiana, 384
+
+Dimorphanthus mandschuricus, 166;
+  for grouping, 287
+
+Diosma ericoides, in the south-west, 197
+
+Diospyros Kaki, in the south-west, 197
+
+Diplacus glutinosus, in the south-west, 210
+
+Diplopappus, 3
+
+Disanthus cercidifolia, for autumn colouring, 75
+
+Dogwood, 475;
+  Siberian, 474
+
+Drimys aromatica, 197, 475;
+  Winteri, 475
+
+Dryobalanops aromatica, 197
+
+
+Eccremocarpus, 314
+
+Edwardsia grandiflora, 197, 314
+
+Elæagnus, 27-64, 179, 249, 475-476;
+  macrophyllus, 249;
+  multiflora, for its fruits, 81;
+  pungens and varieties, 249, 252
+
+Elæocarpus cyaneus, 210
+
+Elder, scarlet-berried, for its fruits, 86
+
+Elders, 7, 485
+
+Elm, autumn beauty of, 73
+
+Elms, 41, 487, 488
+
+Embothrium coccineum, 198
+
+Empetrum nigrum, 179, 476
+
+Enkianthus campanulatus, 384;
+  himalaicus, 179;
+  for autumn colouring, 75
+
+Ephedra americana, 476;
+  distachya, 476;
+  gerardiana, 476;
+  helvetica, 476;
+  trifurca, 476
+
+Epigæa repens, 384, 385
+
+Ercilla spicata, 210;
+  volubilis, 476
+
+Erica, 27;
+  arborea, 238, 249;
+  australis, 230, 249;
+  carnea, 64, 250;
+  c. alba, 64;
+  cinerea, 234, 250;
+  ciliaris, 235;
+  codonodes, 229;
+  lusitanica, 229, 249;
+  maweana, 235;
+  mediterranea, 64, 231, 249;
+  m. hybrida, 64, 250;
+  Mackaii, 237;
+  multiflora, 237;
+  scoparia, 232;
+  stricta, 232;
+  Tetralix, 236, 250;
+  vagans, 237, 250;
+  vulgaris, 288;
+  Watsoni, 236
+
+Erinacea pungens, 385
+
+Eriobotrya japonica, 476
+
+Eriogonum umbellatum, 179
+
+Eriostemon buxifolius, 198
+
+Escallonia, 27;
+  illinita, 198, 385;
+  macrantha, 169;
+  philippiana, 169, 249;
+  punctata, 27;
+  rubra, 27, 249
+
+Escallonias, the, 179, 198, 385
+
+Eucalypti, in the south-west, 198
+
+Eucryphia pinnatifolia, 179, 199, 249
+
+Euonymus, 5, 179, 249;
+  alatus, for autumn colouring, 76;
+  europæus, for its fruits, 81;
+  fimbriatus, 199;
+  japonicus, 252, 256;
+  radicans var., 250, 252
+
+Euonymuses, for grouping, 287
+
+Eupatorium weinmannianum, 199
+
+Eurya japonica, 476;
+  latifolia, 199
+
+Evergreens, climbing, 246;
+  for winter and summer effect, 297;
+  for rock garden, 148;
+  native and other hardy, 240-250;
+  pruning of, 245;
+  suitable climate for, 241;
+  the best, 247;
+  time to transplant, 243
+
+Exochorda grandiflora, 2, 27, 179, 386
+
+
+Fabiana imbricata, 179, 199
+
+Fagus, 41, 179, 199, 476
+
+Fatsia, 27, 476
+
+Ficus Carica, 476
+
+Fig, 476
+
+Fir, Scotch, the, 11
+
+Flower borders, 257-259
+
+Flower garden in winter, 62
+
+Forsythia, 256, 386;
+  suspensa, 4, 9, 10, 169, 179, 252, 386;
+  viridissima, 179, 387
+
+Forsythias, in greenhouse, 272
+
+Fothergilla, 27;
+  alnifolia, for autumn colouring, 76
+
+Fraxinus, 41, 180, 476;
+  floribunda, 387;
+  Mariesii, for its fruits, 81;
+  Ornus, 387
+
+Fremontia californica, 200
+
+Fringe tree, 368, 369;
+  American, 369
+
+Fuchsia corallina, 387;
+  globosa, 387;
+  gracilis, 387;
+  Riccartoni, 169, 180, 388;
+  for grouping, 288
+
+Fuchsias, hardy, 314, 387
+
+Furze, 461;
+  double, 250
+
+
+Garden orchard, the, 338-341
+
+Garden, rock, trees and shrubs for, 138-150
+
+Gardens, trees and shrubs for windswept, 106-109
+
+Garland flower, the, 382
+
+Garrya elliptica, 27, 64, 69, 169, 249, 388
+
+Gaultheria procumbens, 250;
+  for autumn colouring, 75;
+  Shallon, 5, 250
+
+Gean, the, 414
+
+Genista, 28, 180, 388;
+  hispanica, 250, 253, 256;
+  tinctoria, 28, 170;
+  virgata, 170
+
+Genistas, the, 388, 389
+
+Gingko biloba, for autumn colouring, 74
+
+Gleditschia triacanthos, 41, 73, 180, 477;
+  for its fruits, 81
+
+Golden bell, the, 386;
+  rain or chain, 397
+
+Gooseberry, 448
+
+Gordonia Lasianthus, 390;
+  pubescens, 390
+
+Gorse, 461;
+  common, for grouping, 301;
+  double, 250
+
+Grafting, abuse and use of, 38, 41
+
+Greenhouse, shrubs, hardy in, 263-282
+
+Grevilleas, in the south-west, 200
+
+Griselinia littoralis, 477;
+  lucida, 477
+
+Grouping, right way of, 10
+
+Guelder rose, the, 464;
+  wild, 7
+
+Guevina avellana, in the south-west, 200
+
+Gymnocladus canadensis, 477;
+  chinensis, 477
+
+
+Hablitzia tamnoides, 314
+
+Habrothamnus corymbosus, in the south-west, 200
+
+Hakea laurina, 201
+
+Halesia tetraptera, 170
+
+Halesias, 3, 28, 390-392
+
+Halimodendron, 28
+
+Hamamelis, 28, 64, 170, 180, 253, 392, 393;
+  for autumn colouring, 74;
+  arborea, 392;
+  japonica, 392;
+  mollis, 393;
+  virginica, 64, 393
+
+Hawthorn, 178, 252;
+  Chinese, 480
+
+Hazel, common, for autumn colouring, 75
+
+Hazels, 67, 475;
+  with beautiful catkins, 67;
+  Wych, 392
+
+Heath, Dorset, 250;
+  Irish, the, 26;
+  paths, 16
+
+Heather bell, 250;
+  common, 13;
+  Cornish, 250;
+  Scotch, 250
+
+Heaths, 179, 226-239;
+  in greenhouse, 272;
+  the taller or tree-like, 228;
+  the dwarfer, 233
+
+Heathy paths, 13-15
+
+Hedera Helix and its vars., 256, 315;
+  for its fruits, 82
+
+Hedge, arbor-vitae as a, 327;
+  box as a, 327;
+  cypress, Lawson, as a, 328;
+  holly as a, 325;
+  laurel as a, 329;
+  Osmanthus ilicifolius as a, 329;
+  privet as a, 328;
+  yew as a, 326
+
+Hedges, deciduous, 330;
+  flowering and other, 324-333;
+  of flowering shrubs, 331
+
+Hedysarum, 28, 170
+
+Helianthemum, 28, 170
+
+Heliocarpus cyaneus, 201
+
+Hibbertia dentata, 210
+
+Hibiscus syriacus, 4, 27, 253, 256, 393
+
+Hickory, 41, 474
+
+Hippophaë rhamnoides, 393;
+  for grouping, 288;
+  for its fruits, 82
+
+Hoheria populnea, 201
+
+Hollies, for their fruits, 82;
+  weeping, 89
+
+Holly, 11, 42, 248, 253, 477, 478;
+  as a hedge, 325;
+  for grouping, 299
+
+Honey locust, 41;
+  for autumn colouring, 73
+
+Honeysuckles, 7, 317;
+  for autumn colouring, 76
+
+Hop tree, 481
+
+Hornbeams, 41, 473, 479
+
+Horse chestnut, 21, 357, 358, 359
+
+Hydrangea, 28, 180, 394;
+  Hortensia, 249, 253, 394;
+  paniculata, 170, 395;
+  p. grandiflora, 253;
+  for grouping, 288;
+  petiolaris, 395;
+  quercifolia, 395;
+  radiata, 395;
+  scandens, 210
+
+Hydrangeas, in greenhouse, 273
+
+Hymenanthera crassifolia, 477;
+  for its fruits, 82
+
+Hypericum, 28, 180, 395-396;
+  calycinum, 171, 250, 252;
+  moserianum, 39, 252, 396
+
+Hypericums, for their fruits, 82;
+  for grouping, 289
+
+
+Idesia polycarpa, 477
+
+Ilex, 9, 17, 42, 180, 249, 253, 477, 478;
+  for grouping, 299
+
+Illicium anisatum, 201
+
+Indigofera, 28;
+  gerardiana, 201, 316
+
+Inga pulcherrima, 210
+
+Ireland, trees and shrubs in, 215-217
+
+Iris pallida dalmatica, 4
+
+Iron tree, 479
+
+Itea, 28, 396;
+  virginica, in greenhouses, 273
+
+Ivies, 315;
+  bush, 241, 250, 253
+
+Ivy, atropurpurea, for autumn colouring, 76;
+  beauty of, in winter, 49;
+  bush or tree in winter, 64;
+  for its fruits, 82
+
+Ivy poison, 484
+
+
+Jacaranda mimosæfolia, 201
+
+Jamesia, 28, 396;
+  americana, in greenhouse, 274
+
+Jasmines, the, 317
+
+Jasminum, 29, 180;
+  nudiflorum, 171, 253;
+  officinale, 171, 256
+
+Judas tree, 368
+
+Juglans, 41, 180, 478
+
+Juniper, 7, 11
+
+Junipers, the, 119
+
+Juniperus Sabina tamariscifolia, 300
+
+
+Kadsura chinensis, 478
+
+Kalmia angustifolia, 250;
+  glauca, 250;
+  latifolia, 171, 249
+
+Kalmias, 18, 29, 397;
+  in greenhouse, 274
+
+Kennedya nigricans, 210
+
+Kerria, 29, 171, 253, 256;
+  in greenhouse, 274;
+  japonica, 317;
+  for grouping, 289;
+  white-flowered, 447
+
+Kew, bamboo garden at, 219
+
+Koelreuteria paniculata, 397;
+  japonica, for autumn colouring, 74
+
+
+Labrador tea, 400
+
+Laburnum, 29, 41, 171, 180, 253, 256, 397-400;
+  Nepaul, 319;
+  in greenhouse, 274
+
+Lagerstroemia indica, 201
+
+Lapagerias, in the south-west, 211
+
+Lardizabala biternata, 478
+
+Larix, 122
+
+Lasiandra macrantha, in the south-west, 211
+
+Laurel, Alexandrian, 475;
+  American, 432;
+  cherry, 2, 249, 418;
+  ground, 384;
+  mountain, 397;
+  Portugal, 249, 419;
+  sheep, 397
+
+Laurels as hedges, 329;
+  for grouping, 297
+
+Laurus nobilis, 249, 478
+
+Lavandula, 29, 170
+
+Lavender, 18, 180
+
+Leaf, autumn colouring of the, 71;
+  conditions detrimental to, 72
+
+Ledum, 18, 29, 180, 400;
+  buxifolium, 5;
+  latifolium, 250;
+  palustre, 5
+
+Leiophyllum buxifolium, 250, 400
+
+Leptospermums, in the south-west, 201
+
+Lespedeza, 29, 400
+
+Leucothoë, 29, 180;
+  axillaris, 29;
+  Catesbæi, 29
+
+Leycesteria formosa, 5, 29, 171, 180, 400;
+  for grouping, 289
+
+Libocedrus, 120
+
+Libonia floribunda, in the south-west, 201
+
+Ligustrum, 29, 171, 249, 253, 400-402;
+  japonicum, 249;
+  ovalifolium aureum, 256
+
+Lilac, Japanese and others, 382, 455-460
+
+Lilacs, the, 36, 455-460
+
+Limes, 41, 487
+
+Linden, 41
+
+Lindera Benzoin, 478;
+  glauca, 479;
+  hypoglauca, 479;
+  obtusiloba, 479;
+  sericea, 479
+
+Ling, the, 16, 23
+
+Liquidambar, 41, 73, 180, 457
+
+Liriodendron, 29, 171, 181, 402;
+  for autumn colouring, 73
+
+Litsea geniculata, 201
+
+Loblolly bay, 390
+
+Locust tree, 42, 477, 449
+
+Lonicera periclymenum, 171
+
+Loniceras, 29, 64, 181, 317;
+  in greenhouse, 275;
+  for grouping, 290
+
+Loropetalum chinense, 402;
+  in greenhouse, 275
+
+Lupinus arboreus, 181
+
+Lycium, 30;
+  chinense, for its fruits, 82;
+  for grouping, 290
+
+Lyme grass, blue, 11
+
+Lyonia, 30
+
+
+Maclura aurantiaca, 479;
+  for its fruits, 83
+
+Magnolia conspicua, 3, 254, 256, 318, 403;
+  fuscata, 211;
+  grandiflora, 248, 318;
+  soulangeana, 3, 254, 404;
+  stellata, 2, 171, 254, 256, 404;
+  tripetala, for its fruits, 83
+
+Magnolias, 30, 42, 55, 181, 403-404;
+  in greenhouse, 275
+
+Mandevilla suaveolens, in the south-west, 211
+
+Maple, 41, 470-471
+
+Maples, for autumn colour, 74;
+  Japanese, in greenhouse, 282
+
+Mayflower, 384, 385
+
+Medlars, 7, 428
+
+Melaleuca hypericifolia, 202
+
+Melia Azedarach, 202
+
+Melianthus major, 202
+
+Mespilus, 3, 9
+
+Metrosideros robusta, 202
+
+Mezereon, the, 383
+
+Michelia fuscata, in the south-west, 211
+
+Microglossa albescens, 30
+
+Mitraria coccinea, 202
+
+Mock orange, 407
+
+Moorwort, 361
+
+Morus, 41, 181, 479
+
+Moths, goat and wood-leopard, injury to trees by, 161, 162
+
+Mulberry, 41, 479
+
+Murthly Castle, Perthshire, conifers and pines at, 124, 128
+
+Myoporum lætum, 203
+
+Myrica, 30, 479;
+  cerifera, 5
+
+Myricaria, 30
+
+Myrtle, bog, 18;
+  North American, 5;
+  sand, 400;
+  wax, 479
+
+
+Nandina domestica, 479
+
+Neillia, 30, 172
+
+Nerium Oleander, in the south-west, 203
+
+Nettle tree, 41, 474
+
+Neviusia, 30
+
+Notospartium, 30, 404
+
+Nut, cob, 475
+
+Nuttallia, 30, 405
+
+Nyssa aquatica, 479;
+  sylvatica, 479;
+  for autumn colouring, 73
+
+
+Oaks, the, 41, 481-483;
+  American red, 72;
+  holm, 248;
+  scarlet, 7
+
+Oleanders, in the south-west, 203
+
+Olearia, 39, 181, 319, 405;
+  argophyllus, 191;
+  Haastii, 249
+
+Olearias, in greenhouse, 276
+
+Olive, wild, 475
+
+Ononis, 30;
+  rotundifolia, 30
+
+Orange ball tree, the, 363
+
+Orange flower, Mexican, 369
+
+Orange, Osage, the, 83
+
+Orchard, the, garden, 338-341
+
+Osmanthus, 31, 181, 479;
+  ilicifolius, 249, 254, 256;
+  as a hedge, 329;
+  i. purpureus, 254
+
+Ostrya carpinifolia, 479;
+  virginica, 479
+
+Oxycoccus, 31
+
+Oxydendron, 31, 406
+
+Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, 203, 406
+
+
+Pæonies, tree, in greenhouse, 276
+
+Paliurus, 31, 83, 479
+
+Parrotia, 31, 64, 479;
+  for autumn colouring, 74
+
+Partridge berry, for autumn colouring, 75
+
+Passifloras, the, 319
+
+Paths, heathy, 13-16;
+  making, 16
+
+Paulownia, 31, 203
+
+Pavia, 357, 358;
+  macrostachya, 4
+
+Peach, the, 412
+
+Pearl bush, the, 2
+
+Pears, the, 420
+
+Pear, wild, the, 420;
+  willow-leaved, the, 421
+
+Peaty garden, plants for, 5
+
+Peccan nut, 474
+
+Pentstemon cordifolius, in the south-west, 203
+
+Peraphyllum, 31
+
+Pergolas, weeping trees as, 89
+
+Periploca, 31
+
+Periwinkles, 185
+
+Pernettyas, the, 18, 31, 83, 172, 181, 250, 406;
+  in greenhouse, 276
+
+Persimmon, the, in the south-west, 197
+
+Phellodendron amurense, 479
+
+Philadelphus, 31, 181, 256, 407-408;
+  coronarius, 31, 407, 254;
+  grandiflorus, 254;
+  Lemoinei, 31, 407;
+  microphyllus, 31, 408
+
+Philadelphuses, in greenhouse, 277
+
+Philesia buxifolia, in the south-west, 203
+
+Phillyræa, 31, 480;
+  decora, 249;
+  latifolia, 249
+
+Phlomis fruticosa, 181
+
+Phoenocoma prolifera, 211
+
+Photinia, 31, 203, 480
+
+Physianthus albens, 211
+
+Picea, 121
+
+Pieris, 32, 172, 181, 408;
+  floribunda, 249;
+  formosa, 204;
+  japonica, 249;
+  mariana, for autumn colouring, 75
+
+Pimelea decussata, in the south-west, 204
+
+Pines, 110-128;
+  at Murthly Castle, 127-128
+
+Pine, stone, 52
+
+Pinus, 123;
+  Montezumæ, in the south-west, 204
+
+Piptanthus nepalensis, 319;
+  in the south-west, 204
+
+Pittosporums, in the south-west, 204
+
+Plagianthus betulinus, 204
+
+Plane, 42, 480;
+  eastern, 480;
+  western, 480
+
+Planting, ornamental, in woodland, 6-7
+
+Platanus, 42, 181, 480
+
+Pleroma macrantha, in the south-west, 211
+
+Plumbago capensis, in the south-west, 212
+
+Plums, the, 412;
+  in greenhouse, 278
+
+Podocarpus andina, 205
+
+Poinciana Gilliesi, 205
+
+Polygala grandifolia, 205
+
+Polygonum baldschuanicum, 319
+
+Pomegranate, the, in the south-west, 205
+
+Poplars, 42, 480;
+  white, 42, 480;
+  with beautiful catkins, 66
+
+Poppy, Californian, 449
+
+Populus, 42, 181, 480;
+  tremuloides pendula, 64
+
+Potentilla, 32, 172, 181
+
+Privet, 256;
+  abuse of, 1-2;
+  as a hedge, 328;
+  Japanese, 249;
+  golden-leaved, 256
+
+Privets, the, 400-402;
+  for their fruit, 82
+
+Propagation of hardy trees, 38-46;
+  by budding, 40;
+  by cuttings, 40;
+  by layers, 40;
+  by seeds, 39;
+  by suckers, 39
+
+Pruning flowering trees, 19-37;
+  standard trees, 37;
+  tools for, 37;
+  ways of, 37;
+  with secateurs, 37
+
+Prunus, 32, 41, 182, 254, 409-419;
+  Amygdalus, 256;
+  A. persicoides, 64;
+  Avium, 256;
+  davidiana, 64;
+  japonica, 32, 415;
+  Laurocerasus, 249, 256;
+  lusitanica, 249;
+  Mahaleb pendula, 172;
+  nana, 32, 410;
+  Persica, 256;
+  pseudo-cerasus, 256;
+  triloba, 32, 319, 412
+
+Pseudolarix, 122
+
+Pseudopanax crassifolium, 205
+
+Pseudotsuga, 122
+
+Ptelea, 32, 182;
+  trifoliata, 83;
+  var. aurea, 32, 481
+
+Pterocarya, 481
+
+Pueraria thunbergiana, 212
+
+Punica granatum, in the south-west, 205
+
+Pyrus, 32, 41, 83, 84, 172, 182, 254, 319, 419-428;
+  in greenhouse, 278;
+  arbutifolia, for autumn colouring, 76;
+  Aucuparia, 256;
+  baccata, 32, 421;
+  floribunda, 9, 32, 256, 422;
+  Maulei, for its fruits, 84;
+  japonica, 33, 64, 256, 427;
+  for grouping, 290;
+  spectabilis, 32, 424;
+  torminalis, for colour, 74
+
+
+Quercus, 41, 182, 481-483;
+  acuta, 249;
+  coccifera, 249;
+  coccinea splendens or grayana, 73;
+  heterophylla, 73;
+  Ilex, 248;
+  imbricaria, 73;
+  marylandica, 73;
+  palustris, for autumn colouring, 73;
+  phillyræoides, 249
+
+Quinces, 7, 426
+
+
+Raphiolepis japonica, for its fruits, 85;
+  in greenhouse, 279
+
+Raspberry, 450
+
+Redesdale, Lord, and hardy bamboos, 218
+
+Reed, giant, the, 472
+
+Rhamnus, 33, 86, 249, 483;
+  Frangula, in autumn, 75
+
+Rhaphithamnus cyanocarpus, 206;
+  for its fruits, 85
+
+Rhodochiton volubile, 212
+
+Rhododendron azaleoides, 249;
+  catawbiense, 249;
+  Fortunei, 249;
+  ferrugineum, 250;
+  myrtifolium, 249;
+  ponticum, 7, 249, 416, 433;
+  racemosus, 250
+
+Rhododendrons, 7, 18, 33, 64, 172, 182, 249, 428-447;
+  in Scotland, 254;
+  in greenhouse, 279;
+  for grouping, 299
+
+Rhodotypos kerrioides, 23, 173, 254, 447;
+  in greenhouse, 279
+
+Rhus, 33, 483-484;
+  Cotinus, 173, 254;
+  for grouping, 291;
+  glabra, 254;
+  for autumn colouring, 74;
+  phoenicolasius, for its fruits, 86;
+  typhina, 254-256
+
+Rhyncospermum jasminoides, in the south-west, 212
+
+Ribes, 33, 173, 183, 254, 256, 447-448;
+  in greenhouse, 279
+
+Robinia, 34, 42, 173, 183, 254, 448-449;
+  hispida, 4, 448;
+  Pseudacacia and varieties, 256
+
+Rock garden, trees and shrubs for, 138, 150
+
+Romneya Coulteri, 449
+
+Rosa, 34, 183, 319;
+  alba, 346;
+  Alberti, 346;
+  alpina, 347;
+  arvensis, 347;
+  Bengale Hermosa, for grouping, 292;
+  carolina, 347;
+  ferruginea, 348;
+  lævigata, 348;
+  lutea, 348;
+  microphylla, 348;
+  moschata, 349;
+  multiflora, 349;
+  ochroleuca, 350;
+  pomifera, 350;
+  rubiginosa, for grouping, 296;
+  rugosa, 350;
+  for grouping, 291;
+  sericea, 351;
+  setigera, 351;
+  spinosissima, 351;
+  webbiana, 352;
+  wichuraiana, 352
+
+Rose apple, 350;
+  Austrian briar, 348;
+  Japanese, 350;
+  musk, 349
+
+Rosemary, 18, 183, 250
+
+Rose of Sharon, 395;
+  Alpine, 250
+
+Roses, for their fruits, 85;
+  the worthy use of, 342-352;
+  wild, the, 7, 344
+
+Rowan tree, 425
+
+Rubus, 34, 183, 292, 293, 450-451;
+  australis, 206;
+  deliciosus, 173, 254
+
+Ruscus, 183, 484;
+  aculeatus, 174;
+  for grouping, 300;
+  androgynus, 212
+
+Ruta graveolens, 484
+
+
+Salix, 42, 183, 293, 484-485;
+  daphnoides, 60
+
+Salmon berry, 451
+
+Sambucus, 35, 184, 294, 485-486;
+  for its fruits, 86
+
+Santolina, 35, 486
+
+Sarcococca hookeriana, 486
+
+Sassafras officinale, 486
+
+Savins, 10
+
+Sciadopitys, 120
+
+Schizandra chinensis, 486
+
+Sea coast, hedges of tamarisk by, 101;
+  planting in bleak places along, 101;
+  planting in mild places along, 105
+
+Seeds, propagating trees and shrubs by, 39
+
+Senecios, the, in the south-west, 206
+
+Sequoia, 121
+
+Service tree, 7, 425
+
+Shrubbery, mixed, evils of, 1
+
+Shrub borders, 257-259;
+  groups for winter and summer effect, 283-302
+
+Shrubs, a winter garden of, 45-62;
+  for moist soils, 136, 137;
+  for moist, peaty soils at foot of rocks, 150;
+  for sea coast, 101-105;
+  for swampy places, 135-136;
+  for small gardens, 251-256;
+  for sheltered situations and mild climates, 149;
+  for town gardens, 255;
+  for the rock garden, 138-150;
+  for waterside, 134-137;
+  for wind-swept gardens, 106-109;
+  grouping of, 8-12;
+  hardy, climbing, the use of, 303-323;
+  hardy, in greenhouse, 263-282;
+  hardy flowering, for rock garden, 148;
+  in Ireland, 215-217;
+  in poor soil, 17, 18;
+  in Scotland, 166-186;
+  propagation of, 38-46;
+  pruning, 19-37;
+  removal of, 151-158;
+  tender, in the south-west, 187-207;
+  under trees, 260-262;
+  variegated, in winter garden, 93;
+  variety in, want of, 1-5;
+  with beautiful catkins, 65-70;
+  with fine fruits, 77-87
+
+Silver bell, 390
+
+Skimmia, 35, 184, 254;
+  japonica, 250
+
+Sloe, the, 413
+
+Smilax, 35, 320, 486
+
+Smoke bush, 483
+
+Snowball tree, 465
+
+Snowberry, for its fruits, 86
+
+Snowdrop tree, the, 3, 390
+
+Solanum crispum, in the south-west, 206;
+  jasminoides, 320;
+  Wendlandi, 213, 320
+
+Sollya heterophylla, in the south-west, 213
+
+Sophora, 35, 41, 452;
+  tetraptera, 197
+
+Sorbus americana, 7
+
+Southernwood, 472
+
+Sparmannia africana, in the south-west, 206
+
+Spartium, 35, 452;
+  junceum, 174, 255, 256;
+  for grouping, 295
+
+Spice bush, 478
+
+Spindle tree, 5, 7
+
+Spiræa, 35, 174, 452-454;
+  arguta, 256;
+  betulifolia, 35, 452;
+  Douglasi, 35, 453;
+  Foxii, 35;
+  japonica, 35, 256, 453;
+  Margaritæ, 35;
+  prunifolia, 2, 454;
+  p. fl. pl., autumn colouring of, 75;
+  salicifolia, 35, 454;
+  semperflorens, 35;
+  Thunbergi, 2, 454;
+  autumn colouring of, 75;
+  tomentosa, 35
+
+Spiræas, 184, 255;
+  for grouping, 295;
+  in greenhouse, 280
+
+Spruce, common, the, 121
+
+Spurge laurel, 382
+
+Stachyurus, 36, 486
+
+Staphylea colchica, 36, 184, 454;
+  Coulombieri, 36;
+  pinnata, 36, 454;
+  trifolia, 454
+
+Staphyleas, in greenhouse, 280
+
+Stauntonia hexaphylla, 486;
+  latifolia, 213, 320
+
+Stephanandra flexuosa, 486;
+  Tanakæ, 486
+
+St. Daboëc's heath, 382
+
+St. John's Wort, 395
+
+Storax, Japanese, 455
+
+Stranvæsia glaucescens, 486
+
+Strawberry tree, 475
+
+Streets, shade trees for, 163
+
+Streptosolen Jamesoni, in the south-west, 213
+
+Stuartia, 36, 320, 454-455
+
+Styrax, 36, 455
+
+Suæda, 36
+
+Suckers, propagating trees and shrubs by, 39
+
+Sumach, 483
+
+Sumachs, for autumn colouring, 74
+
+Swainsonia albiflora, in the south-west, 213
+
+Sweet bay, the, 4
+
+Sweet gum, 479;
+  gale, 479
+
+Symphoricarpus, 36;
+  racemosus, 184, 255, 296;
+  for its fruits, 86;
+  vulgaris, 256
+
+Symplocos, 486
+
+Syringas, the, 36, 174, 184, 255, 256, 407, 455-459;
+  in greenhouse, 280
+
+
+Tacsonia exoniensis, in the south-west, 213;
+  mollissima, 214
+
+Tamarisk, the, 4, 11, 184, 459-460;
+  by sea coast, 101
+
+Tasmanian pepper plant, 475
+
+Taxodium, 120
+
+Taxus, 123, 487;
+  baccata aurea, for grouping, 300
+
+Teucrium fruticans, 464
+
+Thorn, Glastonbury, 64;
+  scarlet, the, 377
+
+Thorns, 376-382;
+  for the beauty of their fruits, 78
+
+Thuyas, 120
+
+Tilia, 41, 184, 487
+
+Toothache tree, 488
+
+Trachycarpus excelsus, 487
+
+Trailing arbutus, 384
+
+Tree mallow, 393
+
+Tree, Parslane, 472
+
+Trees, a winter garden of, 46, 64;
+  for moist soil, 136, 137;
+  for sea coast, 101-105;
+  for swampy places, 135-136;
+  for the rock garden, 138-150;
+  for waterside, 134-137;
+  for wind-swept gardens, 106-109;
+  grouping of, 8-12;
+  in Ireland, 215-217;
+  in poor soil, 17-18;
+  in Scotland, 166-186;
+  large, removal of, 151-158;
+  old, care of, 129-133;
+  planting and staking, 353-356;
+  propagation, 46-83;
+  pruning, 19-37;
+  shade for streets, 163-165;
+  shrubs under, 260-262;
+  tender in the south-west, 187-207;
+  variegated, 93-100;
+  weeping, and their uses, 88-92;
+  with beautiful bark, 61;
+  with beautiful catkins, 63-70;
+  with fine fruits, 77-87;
+  woodpeckers and old, 133;
+  young and sunstroke, 159-162
+
+Tricuspidaria hexaphylla, 321
+
+Tsuga, 121
+
+Tulip tree, 402;
+  for its autumn colours, 73
+
+Tupelo tree, 479
+
+
+Ulex europæus, 461;
+  for grouping, 301;
+  fl. pl., 184, 250, 255, 461;
+  nanus, 461
+
+Ulmus, 41, 487, 488;
+  pumila, 73
+
+Umbrella tree, 404
+
+
+Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, 5;
+  Vitis-idæa, 250
+
+Vacciniums, 18, 36, 184;
+  for autumn colouring, 75
+
+Variegated trees and shrubs, 93-100;
+  climbers, 99;
+  conifers, 97
+
+Veitch's, Messrs., novelties, 322
+
+Verbena, sweet, upon walls, 309
+
+Veronica, 175, 185;
+  Andersonii, 462;
+  hulkeana, 207, 462;
+  Traversii, 250, 462
+
+Viburnum, 36, 86, 462-466;
+  alnifolium, 75;
+  Lantana, 7, 463;
+  macrocephalum, 321;
+  Opulus, 71, 185, 464;
+  for autumn colouring, 75;
+  O. sterilis, 174, 255;
+  plicatum, 4, 255, 321, 465;
+  Tinus, 64, 250;
+  for grouping, 301
+
+Viburnums, in greenhouse, 281
+
+Vincas, 185, 250, 255
+
+Vines, 321;
+  for autumn colouring, 76
+
+Virginian yellow wood, 370
+
+Vitis, 36, 321;
+  Coignetiæ, 174, 185;
+  for autumn colouring, 76;
+  heterophylla, 87;
+  humulifolia, 87
+
+
+Wall-plants, in the south-west, 208-214
+
+Walnut, 41, 478;
+  Japanese, 69
+
+Wax tree, 401
+
+Wayfaring tree, 463
+
+Weeping trees, as arbours and pergolas, 89
+
+Weigelas, 255, 256
+
+Westringia triphylla, 207
+
+Whin, 461
+
+Whitethorn, 7
+
+Wig tree, 483
+
+Wild cherry, 7, 17, 414
+
+Willows, 42, 67;
+  for grouping, 293, 484, 485;
+  golden and red-barked, in winter, 59;
+  with beautiful catkins, 67;
+  weeping, near water, 88
+
+Wind-swept gardens, trees and shrubs for, 106, 109
+
+Wine berry, Japanese, 451
+
+Winter's bark, 475
+
+Winter garden, a, 45-62;
+  walk, 45
+
+Wistaria, 37, 322, 323;
+  in greenhouse, 281
+
+Woodland, ornamental planting in, 6-7
+
+Woodpeckers and old trees, 133
+
+
+Xanthoceras, 37, 466-467
+
+Xanthoxylum americanum, 488;
+  planispinum, 488
+
+
+Yellow wood, Virginian, 370
+
+Yew, 9, 11, 123, 248;
+  as a hedge, 326, 327
+
+Yuccas, 185, 250, 467
+
+Yulan, the, 403
+
+
+Zelkova, 41;
+  acuminata, 488;
+  crenata, 488;
+  Verschaffelti, 488
+
+Zenobia, 37
+
+
+Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+
+Edinburgh & London
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES
+
+
+Page vi: Handlist standardised to Hand-list
+
+Page xiii: Maidens' Blush standardised to Maiden's Blush
+
+Page 11: hillside standardised to hill-side
+
+Pages 24, 491: Carmichaelia standardised to Carmichælia
+
+Pages 33, 112: subtropical standardised to sub-tropical
+
+Page 36: suits corrected to suit in Vines for fruit suit the
+
+Page 49: undergrowth standardised to under-growth
+
+Pages 62, 198: out-door standardised to outdoor
+
+Page 66: There are others Poplars corrected to There are other Poplars
+
+Page 78: pollenise as in original
+
+Page 91: Coryllus standardised to Corylus
+
+Pages 116, 325: Variable spelling of Thuya Lobbi(i) as in original
+
+Page 137: heps standardised to hips
+
+Page 148: amæna standardised to amoena
+
+Pages 160, 491: Variable spelling of Citharexylom/Citharexylon as in
+original
+
+Page 191: Acanthoparax standardised to Acanthopanax
+
+Page 218: widespread standardised to wide-spread
+
+Page 230: or changed to of in "the beginning of August"
+
+Page 248: (Arbutus) Menziesi standardised to Menziesii
+
+Page 250: hill-sides standardised to hillsides
+
+Page 254: Osmanthus ilicifolius atropurpeus as in original
+
+Page 272: midwinter standardised to mid-winter
+
+Page 284: Hawthorn-like standardised to hawthorn-like
+
+Page 293: water-side standardised to waterside
+
+Page 297: sub-soil standardised to subsoil
+
+Page 314: happpy changed to happy in "but quite happy in northern
+gardens"
+
+Page 317: Kerra japonica changed to Kerria japonica
+
+Page 323: Wisteria standardised to Wistaria
+
+Page 339: moving as in original in "There is no need to be always moving
+the garden orchard."
+
+Page 344: botantists changed to botanists in "now accepted by botanists"
+
+Page 359: Buckeye standardised to Buck-eye in This is the Red Buck-eye
+
+Page 361: Nookta Sound corrected to Nootka Sound
+
+Page 376: Moonlight Brown as in the original
+
+Page 382: Dabeoc's standardised to Daboëc's
+
+Page 386: fuschia changed to fuchsia in "fuchsia-like flowers are freely
+borne"; PHILLIPPIANA standardised to PHILIPPIANA
+
+Page 432: cinnabarina as in original (should perhaps be cinnabarinum);
+purpureun changed to purpureum and roseun changed to roseum in "There
+are three varieties, album, purpureum, and roseum."
+
+Page 436: infloresence corrected to inflorescence
+
+Page 453: Spiræa Canescens: freely-branded as in original
+
+Page 457: Another form with more or less golden is as in original
+
+Page 459: coerulea standardised to cærulea; it has become neutralised
+there as in original
+
+Page 463: way-faring standardised to wayfaring
+
+Page 477: aureo marginata standardised to aureo-marginata
+
+Page 478: hodginsi standardised to hodginsii
+
+Page 487: Chamoerops standardised to Chamærops
+
+Page 491: Cassinea merged with Cassinia
+
+Page 492: Elæagnus multiflorus standardised to multiflora
+
+Page 496: Ononis rotundifolius standardised to rotundifolia; Phillyrea
+standarised to Phillyræa
+
+Page 497: pseudocerasus standardised to pseudo-cerasus
+
+Page 499: wort standardised to Wort; Exoniensis standardised to
+exoniensis; Colombieri standardised to Coulombieri
+
+Page 500: yellow-wood standardised to yellow wood (twice)
+
+Various: Variable hyphenation of rockwork/rock-work and windswept/
+wind-swept as in original
+
+Various: Variable spelling of Rhododendron altaclarense/altaclerense,
+Citharexylom/Citharexylon, Cornus Spathii/Spaethii, Gingko/Ginkgo
+biloba, Rhyncospermum/Rhynchospermum jasminoides, Zelkova/Zelkowa, Salix
+Caprea/Capræa, Spiræa Douglasii/Douglasi, Cytisus
+Shipkænsis/Schipkænsis, Lonicera Standishi/Standishii,
+Rhyncospermum/Rhynchospermum, Rhapithamnus/Rhaphithamnus as in original
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Trees and Shrubs for English Gardens, by 
+Ernest Thomas Cook
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES, SHRUBS FOR ENGLISH GARDENS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 32969-8.txt or 32969-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/9/6/32969/
+
+Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
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+will be renamed.
+
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+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
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+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
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