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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Student's Hand-book of Mushrooms of
+America, Edible and Poisonous, by Thomas Taylor
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Student's Hand-book of Mushrooms of America, Edible and Poisonous
+
+Author: Thomas Taylor
+
+Release Date: June 26, 2010 [EBook #32982]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MUSHROOMS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Peter Vachuska, Stephen H. Sentoff, Chuck Greif
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
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+
+
+                          STUDENT'S HAND-BOOK
+                                   OF
+                          MUSHROOMS OF AMERICA
+
+                         EDIBLE AND POISONOUS.
+
+
+
+
+                                  BY
+                          THOMAS TAYLOR, M. D.
+
+                     AUTHOR OF FOOD PRODUCTS, ETC.
+
+
+
+
+       Published in Serial Form--=No. 1=--Price, 50c. per number.
+
+
+
+
+                           WASHINGTON, D. C.:
+              A. R. Taylor, Publisher, 238 Mass. Ave. N.E.
+                                 1897.
+
+
+
+
+     [Illustration: Plate A.
+     HYMENOMYCETES.
+     Agaricus (Psalliota) campester.
+     T. Taylor, del.]
+
+     PLATE A.
+
+In Plate A is presented a sketch of the common field mushroom, Agaricus
+campester. Fig. 1 represents the mature plant; Fig. 2, a sectional view
+of the same; Fig. 3, the basidia, club-shaped cells from the summit of
+which proceed the slender tubes called sterigmata, which support the
+spores--highly magnified; Fig. 4, the sterigmata; Fig. 5, the mycelium,
+highly magnified, supporting immature mushrooms; Fig. 6, the spores as
+shed from an inverted mushroom cap; Fig. 7, spores magnified.
+
+
+     [Illustration: Plate B.
+     HYMENOMYCETES.
+     Types of the Six Orders of Hymenomycetes.
+     T. Taylor, del.]
+
+     PLATE B.
+
+In Plate B is represented a leading type of each of the six orders of
+the family Hymenomycetes:
+
+  Fig. 1. Cap with radiating gills beneath. Agaricini.
+  Fig. 2. Cap with spines or teeth beneath. Hydnei.
+  Fig. 3. Cap with pores or tubes beneath. Polyporei.
+  Fig. 4. Cap with the under or spore-bearing surface even. Thelephorei.
+  Fig. 5. Whole plant, club-shaped, or bush-like and branched. Clavarei.
+  Fig. 6. Whole plant irregularly expanded, substance gelatinous.
+          Tremellini.
+
+
+
+
+                           Copyright, 1897, by
+                          Thomas Taylor, M. D.,
+                                   and
+                              A. R. Taylor.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+In the year 1876, as Microscopist of the Department of Agriculture, I
+prepared, as a part of the exhibit of my Division at the Centennial
+Exhibition at Philadelphia, a large collection of water-color drawings
+representing leading types of the edible and poisonous mushrooms of the
+United States, together with representations of about nine hundred
+species of microscopic fungi detrimental to vegetation.
+
+In the preparation of the first collection I had the valuable assistance
+of Prof. Charles H. Peck, State Botanist of New York, and in the second
+the hearty co-operation of Rev. M. J. Berkeley and Dr. M. C. Cook, the
+eminent British mycologists.
+
+The popular character of this exhibit attracted the attention of the
+general public, and many letters were received at the Department showing
+an awakening interest in the study of fungi, particularly with regard to
+the mushroom family, as to methods of cultivation, the means of
+determining the good from the unwholesome varieties, etc.
+
+My first published paper on the subject of edible mushrooms, entitled
+"Twelve Edible Mushrooms of the U. S.," appeared in the annual report of
+the Department of Agriculture for 1885. This was followed by others to
+the number of five, and as the demand for these reports increased,
+reprints were made and issued, by order of the Secretary of Agriculture,
+in pamphlet form, under the general title of "Food Products." Numerous
+editions of these reprints were issued by the Department up to 1894.
+During the year 1894, and the first half of 1895, 36,600 of these
+reports were sent out by the Department, and the supply was exhausted.
+They have been out of print for more than two years. It is in view of
+this fact, and in response to a great and constant demand for these
+publications, that I have undertaken to publish a series of five
+pamphlets on the edible and poisonous mushrooms of the United States,
+which shall embody the substance of the five pamphlets on "Food
+Products" above alluded to, supplemented by new matter relating to
+classification, general and specific, analytical tables of standard
+authors, and a continuation of the chapters on structure, etc.
+Additional plates, representing leading types of edible and poisonous
+mushrooms, will also be inserted in each number.
+
+In the compilation and extension of this work I have the assistance of
+my daughter, Miss A. Robena Taylor, who has given considerable attention
+to the study of fungi, and who has been my faithful coadjutor in the
+work of collecting specimens, etc., for a number of years.
+
+For valuable suggestions as to structural characteristics and methods of
+classification I am especially indebted to Prof. Chas. H. Peck, of
+Albany, New York, Dr. M. C. Cooke, of England, and Prof. P. A. Saccardo,
+of Italy.
+
+The colored plates in pamphlet No. 1, together with a few of those which
+will appear in the succeeding numbers of this series, are reproductions
+of those prepared, under my direct supervision, for the pamphlets
+entitled "Food Products" published by the Department of Agriculture and
+referred to above.
+
+                                        THOMAS TAYLOR, M. D.
+
+May 7, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+CRYPTOGAMS.
+
+
+The cryptogamic or flowerless plants, _i. e._, those having neither
+stamens nor pistils, and which are propagated by spores, are divided,
+according to Dr. Hooper, into the following four classes:--Pteridophyta
+or vascular acrogens, represented by the ferns, club-mosses, etc.;
+Bryophyta or cellular acrogens, represented by the musci, scale-mosses,
+etc.; Algæ, represented by the "Red Seaweeds," Diatomacæ, etc.; Fungi or
+Amphigens, which include the molds, mildews, mushrooms, etc. The
+lichens, according to the "Schwendener Hypotheses," consist of
+ascigerous fungi parasitic on algæ.
+
+
+FUNGI.
+
+Botanists unite in describing the plants of this class as being
+destitute of chlorophyll and of starch. These plants assume an infinite
+variety of forms, and are propagated by spores which are individually so
+minute as to be scarcely perceptible to the naked eye. They are entirely
+cellular, and belong to the class Amphigens, which for the most part
+have no determinate axe, and develop in every direction, in
+contradistinction to the Acrogens, which develop from the summit,
+possessing an axe, leaves, vessels, etc.
+
+Fungi are divided by systematists into two great classes:
+
+1. Sporifera, in which the spores are free, naked, or soon exposed.
+
+2. Sporidifera, in which the spores are not exposed, but instead are
+enclosed in minute cells or sacs, called asci.
+
+These classes are again subdivided, according to the disposition of the
+spores and of the spore bearing surface, called the hymenium, into
+various families.
+
+The sporiferous fungi are arranged into four families, viz:
+
+1. _Hymenomycetes_, in which the hymenium is free, mostly naked, or soon
+exposed. _Example, "Common Meadow Mushroom."_
+
+2. _Gasteromycetes_, in which the hymenium is enclosed in a second case
+or wrapper, called a peridium, which ruptures when mature, thus
+releasing the spores. _Example, Common Puff Ball._
+
+3. _Coniomycetes_, in which the spores are naked, mostly terminal on
+inconspicuous threads, free or enclosed in a perithecium. Dust-like
+fungi. _Example, Rust of Wheat._
+
+4. _Hyphomycetes_, in which the spores are naked on conspicuous threads,
+rarely compacted, Thread-like fungi. _Example, Blue Mold._
+
+Of these four subdivisions of the Sporifera, only the Hymenomycetes and
+the Gasteromycetes contain plants of the mushroom family, and these two
+together constitute the class known as the Basidiomycetes. The chief
+distinction of the Basidiomycetes is that the naked spores are borne on
+the summits of certain supporting bodies, termed basidia. These basides
+are swollen, club-shaped cells, surmounted by four minute tubes or
+spore-bearers, called sterigmata, each of which carries a spore. See
+Figs. 3 and 4, Plate A.
+
+These basides together with a series of elongated cells, termed
+paraphyses, packed closely together side by side, and intermixed with
+other sterile cells, called cystidia, constitute the spore-bearing
+surface or hymenium of the plant.
+
+To the naked eye this hymenium appears simply as a very thin smooth
+membrane, but when a small portion of it is viewed through a microscope
+with high powers its complex structure is readily observed and can be
+carefully studied.
+
+The _Sporidiferous_ fungi are represented by the families Physomycetes
+and Ascomycetes. The first of these consists wholly of microscopic
+fungi.
+
+_Ascomycetes._--In the plants of this family the spores are not
+supported upon basidia, but instead are enclosed in minute sacs or asci
+formed from the fertile cells of a hymenium. In this connection it would
+be well to state that Saccardo does not recognize the divisions
+_Sporifera_ and _Sporidifera_ by those names.
+
+They are nearly the equivalent of Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes.
+
+What Cooke names Physomycetes, Saccardo calls Phycomyceteæ, introducing
+it in his work between Gasteromyceteæ and Myxomyceteæ, which some
+mycologists consider somewhat out of place.
+
+Saccardo calls its asci (sacs which contain the spores) sporangia. He
+does not regard them as genuine asci, but as corresponding more to the
+peridium of the _Gasteromyceteæ_ and _Myxomyceteæ._
+
+Peck says that this group seems to present characters of both
+Hyphomycetes and Ascomycetes, with a preponderance towards Hyphomycetes.
+
+It is a small group, however, and since it consists wholly of
+microscopic fungi, need not be farther considered in this work.
+
+In the Ascomycetes are included the sub-families Discomycetes,
+Pyrenomycetes, and Tuberacei. Of these the Discomycetes and the
+Tuberacei are the only groups which contain any of the mushrooms, and
+but few of these are large enough or sufficiently tender to possess
+value as esculents. A good example of the first (Discomycetes) is found
+in the Morel, and of the second (Tuberacei) in the Truffle.
+
+In the Discomycetes or "disk fungi," the spores are produced in minute
+membraneous sacs, each sac usually containing eight spores. These spore
+sacs are imbedded in the flesh of the exterior and upper surface of the
+mushroom cap.
+
+In the four classes, Hymenomycetes, Gasteromycetes, Discomycetes, and
+Tuberacei, therefore, are included all of the plants which are here
+designated under the generic term of "mushrooms."
+
+Some idea of the relative numerical value of these classes may be
+obtained from the following figures given by the distinguished British
+mycologist, M. C. Cooke:
+
+    "Hymenomyceteæ--total number of described species    9,600
+     Gasteromycetæ--  "     "    "     "        "          650
+     Discomyceteæ--   "     "    "   known      "        3,500"
+
+(The Tuberacei comprise a very small group of subterranean fungi, and
+comparatively few of the species are described.)
+
+Saccardo in his Sylloge gives a total of 42,000 described species of
+fungi of all classes, including the most minute. Of these the
+Hymenomycetes include by far the largest number of edible mushrooms.
+
+The family Hymenomycetes is divided into the following six orders:
+Agaricini, Polyporei, Hydnei, Thelephorei, Clavarei, Tremellini.
+
+In the order Agaricini the hymenium is found on the under surface of the
+mushroom cap, covering pleats or gills, technically called lamellæ.
+These gills vary in character in the different genera, being "persistent
+in such as the Agaricus, Russula, and Lentinus, deliquescent (melting)
+in Coprinus, Bolbitius, etc. The edge of the gills is acute in Agaricus,
+Marasmius, etc., but obtuse and vein-like in Cantharellus,
+longitudinally channelled in Trogia, and splitting in Schyzophyllum."
+
+In the Polyporei, pore-bearing mushrooms, the gills are replaced by
+tubes or pores. The tubes are little cylinders, long or short, pressed
+one against another, forming by their union a layer on the under surface
+of the cap, and the sporiferous membrane or hymenium lines their inner
+walls. Their upper end is always closed, while the lower extremity is
+open to permit the outward passage of the spores. The tubes are
+generally joined together and are not easily disunited. They are free,
+_i. e._, separable, in the sole genus _Fistulina_. As regards their
+attachment to the cap, the tubes may be firmly adherent as in the genus
+Polyporus or easily detached in a single mass as in Boletus, the fleshy
+form of the order Polyporei. They frequently leave a circular space of
+greater or less dimensions around the stem, or they adhere to or are
+prolonged upon it in such a manner that the orifices rise in tiers one
+above another. The color of the tubes, although not offering as
+characteristic varieties as that of the gills, changes nevertheless
+according to species and according to the age of the plant. The tubes
+may sometimes be of a different color from their orifices, as in
+_Boletus luridus_. In some of the Boleti the color of the flesh is
+changed on exposure to the air and the tubes often assume the same
+tints. The tubes, generally called pores, are sometimes closely adherent
+to the substance of the cap, which is often hard, corky, or coriaceous,
+as seen in most of the _Polyporei_.
+
+In the Hydnei, spine-bearing mushrooms, the hymenium is seen covering
+the spines or needle-like processes which take the place of gills in
+this order, and which project from the under surface of the cap. These
+spines may be divided or entire, simple or ramified, and are formed of
+the substance of the cap. In the early stages of development they appear
+like small projecting points or papillæ, those on the margin of the cap
+and at the apex of the stem being always less developed, frequently
+remaining in this rudimentary state. They are rounded in the species
+Hydnum imbricatum, sometimes compressed in Hydnum repandum, sometimes
+terminating in hairs or filaments, as in Hydnum barba Jovis, or very
+much divided, as in Hydnum fimbriatum.
+
+In the Clavarei, the whole plant consists of solid fleshy masses
+without any stem of a distinct substance, sometimes club-shaped,
+sometimes branched with the hymenium smoothly covering the entire
+surface, never incrusting or coriaceous.
+
+In the Thelephorei, the lower surface of the cap presents neither gills,
+pores, nor spines, but instead the hymenium covers an uneven or slightly
+wrinkled surface, partially striate, sometimes obscurely papillose. The
+plants of this order assume a great variety of shape, from that of a
+perfect cup with a central stem to an irregularly and much branched
+frond. They are generally dry and tough. Very few are recommended as
+edible. Prof. Peck says of this order that probably no edible species
+will be found in any of its genera outside of the genus Craterellus.
+
+In the order Tremellini we have a great departure from the character of
+the substance, external appearance, and internal structure of the other
+orders of the Hymenomycetes. The substance is gelatinous; the form is
+lobed, folded, or convolute, often resembling the brain of some animal.
+It is uniformly composed throughout of a colorless mucilage, with no
+appreciable texture, in which are distributed very fine, diversely
+branched, and anastomosing filaments. Towards the surface the ultimate
+branches of this filamentous network give birth to globular cells, both
+at their summits and laterally, which attain a comparatively large size.
+These cells are filled with a protoplasm, to which the plant owes its
+color. The fertile threads are not compacted into a true hymenium.
+
+Representative types of the above-described orders of the Hymenomycetes
+are shown in Plate B. The various genera, and species of these orders,
+will be described more in detail in connection with the species
+illustrated.
+
+
+
+
+CLASSIFICATION.
+
+
+Owing to the fact that botanists of various countries, writing in
+diverse languages, have for more than a century been engaged in
+describing the fungi of their respective countries, with their work
+frequently unknown to one another, it is not surprising that there has
+been constant revision, or that many changes have been made in the way
+of classification and nomenclature which to the amateur student are
+often confusing.
+
+The classification by the pioneer mycologist, Elias Fries, as presented
+in his several works on fungi, ignored all microscopical characters, and
+Saccardo's classification, as presented in his _Sylloge Fungorum_, was
+the first complete system offered in its place.
+
+Saccardo, in 1882, commenced his Sylloge, of which not less than twelve
+volumes have been published. In Saccardo's system of classification the
+six orders of the Hymenomycetes are not essentially different in their
+arrangement from that of Fries, although Saccardo has raised all the
+subgenera of Agaricus to the rank of genera, and then altered their
+sequence so as to bring them into four sections, distinguished by the
+color of their spores. Having raised the old subgenera of Fries to
+generic rank, Saccardo found it necessary to limit the application of
+the term Agaricus to the group of fungi to which it was originally
+applied by Linnæus, viz., the common field mushroom Agaricus campester,
+and its allies, represented by Agaricus arvensis, Agaricus Rodmani,
+etc., or, as Prof. Peck more definitely states it, "to those of the
+gilled mushrooms which have brown spores, free gills, a stem bearing a
+ring, gills generally pink-colored in the early stage, and brownish
+black when fully matured." M. C. Cooke, the distinguished English
+mycologist, prefers to retain the _genus Agaricus_ with its original
+subgenera intact, succeeded by the other genera of Agaricini, as in the
+Hymenomycetes Europei of Fries, giving as his reason the belief "that
+for purposes of classification features should be taken which are
+present and evident in the specimens themselves, and are not dependent
+on any of their life-history which cannot be presented in the
+herbarium."
+
+In a work such as the present, which is designed to be popular in
+character rather than purely technical, it is deemed advisable to select
+as a basis for classification that system which is most accessible to
+reference by the general reading public. Saccardo's Sylloge, while
+exhaustive in character and of inestimable value to the mycologist, is
+written in Latin, and is, moreover, a very expensive work--facts which
+render it practically unavailable to the general public.
+
+In the compilation of this series of pamphlets I have adopted the
+classification of M. C. Cooke, which, as regards the Hymenomycetes, the
+family containing most of the fleshy fungi, is, with exceptions noted,
+in accord with that of Saccardo. M. C. Cooke's hand-book of fungi is of
+convenient size and form for ready reference.
+
+For the convenience, however, of those who may wish to familiarize
+themselves with both systems, a synopsis of _Saccardo's Genera_ of
+Hymenomycetes will be given later.
+
+
+
+
+STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AGARICINI.
+
+
+By far the greater number of the Agaricini have both cap and stem. The
+form of the cap, as well as that of the stem, varies somewhat in the
+different genera and species. Those which are terrestrial in habit are
+generally of an umbrella-like shape, while those which grow upon trees
+and decayed tree-stumps are apt to be one-sided or semi-spherical.
+
+In many of the parasitical mushrooms the stem is absent. Where the stem
+is present it is either an interrupted continuation of the hymenophore
+or fleshy substance of the cap, or else is supported separately as a
+pillar on which the cap rests, a more or less distinct line of
+demarcation showing where the fibers terminate. Sometimes it is quite
+easily detached from the cap socket, as in the Lepiota procerus. It may
+be hollow or stuffed, solid or fibrillose. It varies in length and
+thickness. In some species it is smooth and polished, in others rough
+and hairy, reticulated, etc., sometimes tapering, sometimes distinctly
+bulbous at the base.
+
+The spores of the species differ in color and are usually globular or
+oblong in shape. All of these characteristics assist in determining the
+species.
+
+
+MUSHROOM GILLS.
+
+Mushroom gills, or lamellæ, anatomically considered, are composed,
+first, of a central portion, a prolongation of the hymenophore or flesh
+of the cap, more or less dense, sometimes so thin as to be scarcely
+perceptible; second, the hymenium or spore-bearing membrane covering the
+surfaces of this prolonged hymenophore. They are vertical, simple,
+equal, respectively, or more frequently alternating with shorter gills.
+They are often evanescent and putrescent, sometimes liquefying
+altogether. Their color is usually different from the upper surface of
+the cap, not always similar to that of the spores borne upon them, at
+least in youth; with age, however, they usually assume the color of the
+mature spore. The change of color of the gills according to the age of
+the plant is very important in the study of the Agaricini; it accounts
+for the white gills of certain species in youth, the pink in maturity,
+and the brown when aged.
+
+The end of the gill nearest the stalk of the plant is termed the
+posterior extremity; the opposite end, the anterior extremity. In most
+of the Agaricini the gills are unequal. Some extend from the margin to
+about half the space between it and the stem; others are still shorter.
+
+
+THE VOLVA.
+
+The volva is a membrane which envelops the entire plant in embryo,
+giving it the appearance of an egg. It originates at the base of the
+mushroom and furnishes it, during its foetal life, with the means of
+support and nourishment. Its texture is so delicate that it generally
+disappears, leaving very little trace of its existence on the adult
+plant. In many of the volvate species this organ exists only so long as
+they are under ground, and some mycologists restrict the term "volvati"
+to such only as retain it afterwards. As the young plant expands it
+breaks through the top of this volva or wrapper, and, emerging, carries
+with it patches of the membrane on the upper surface of the cap. These
+are more or less prominent, numerous, and thick, sometimes irregularly
+disposed, sometimes regularly in the form of plates, warts, etc. At the
+base of the stem of the mushroom the remains of the volva are seen in
+the form of a sort of wrapper. This is more or less ample, thick, and
+ascending. It is called _free_ when it is loose or easily detached from
+the stem, and _congenital_ when it cannot be separated from it without
+laceration. In some species it is distinctly membranous, and in others
+floccose, and friable in character, sometimes appearing in ridges as a
+mere border, at others broken up into scales, and, as the plant matures,
+wholly disappearing. The volva is a feature of great importance in the
+study of the Agaricini, of the subgenera Amanita, Volvaria, etc.
+
+
+THE MUSHROOM VEIL.
+
+The veil is not a constant feature in the Agaricini, at least it is not
+always visible. When present it consists of a membrane which extends
+from the margin of the cap to the stem, veiling or protecting the gills.
+This membrane, called the cortina, has given its name to a numerous and
+important class of mushrooms (the _Cortinarias_). It is generally
+white, soft, slightly spongy, cottony, at times fibrillose or even
+slightly fibrous, again in texture comparable to the spider's web, and
+may be even powdery or glutinous. It exists intact only in the youth of
+the plant. It is not visible in the developing mushroom, at least while
+the cap is closely pressed against the stem, but as the cap expands the
+membrane extends and finally breaks, leaving in some species its
+remnants upon the margin of the cap and upon the stem in the usual form
+of a ring or a mere zone. When the stem is not ringed the veil rises
+high upon the stalk, stretches across to meet the edges of the cap, and
+is afterwards reflected back over its whole surface.
+
+
+MUSHROOM SPORES AND MYCELIUM.
+
+The spore is the reproductive organ of the mushroom. It differs from the
+seed of the flowering plant in being destitute of an apparent embryo. A
+seed contains a plantlet which develops as such. A spore is a minute
+cell containing a nucleus or living germ, the reproductive cell germ
+called by some authors the germinating granule. This in turn throws out
+a highly elongated process consisting of a series of thread-like cells
+branching longitudinally and laterally, at length bifurcating and
+anastomosing the mass, forming the vegetative process known as mycelium
+or mushroom spawn.
+
+On this mycelium, at intervals, appear knob-like bodies, called
+tubercles, from which the mushrooms spring and from which they derive
+their nourishment. See Fig. 5, Plate A.
+
+Where the conditions have been unfavorable this mycelium has been known
+to grow for years without bearing fruit.
+
+Mushroom spores are very variable in size, shape, and color, but are
+generally constant at maturity in the same genus. Their shape, almost
+always spherical in the young plant, becomes ovate, ellipsoidal,
+fusiform, reniform, smooth, stellate, sometimes tuberculate, or remains
+globose. This feature, varying thus with the age of the plant, should be
+studied in the mature plant.
+
+
+MYCELIUM.
+
+De Leveille has thus defined mycelium: "Filaments at first simple, then
+more or less complicated, resulting from the vegetation of the spores
+and serving as roots to the mushroom."
+
+The mycelium of mushrooms or the mushroom spawn is usually white, but is
+also found yellow, and even red. It is distinguished by some writers as
+nematoid, fibrous, hymenoid, scleroid or tuberculous, and malacoid. The
+nematoid mycelium is the most common. Creeping along on the surface of
+the earth, penetrating it to a greater or less depth, developing in
+manure among the débris of leaves or decayed branches, always protected
+from the light, it presently consists of very delicate filamentous cells
+more or less loosely interwoven, divided, anastomosing in every
+direction and often of considerable extent.
+
+Its presence is sometimes difficult to detect without the use of the
+microscope, either on account of its delicacy or because of its being
+intermingled with the organic tissues in which it has developed.
+
+Sometimes mycelium unites in bundles more or less thick and branched.
+This has been called the fibrous mycelium. Where the filaments
+intercross closely, are felted, and inclined to form a membrane, it is
+hymenoid mycelium. Where the filaments are so small and close that they
+form very compact bodies, constituting those solid irregular products
+called sclerotium, it is scleroid or tuberculous mycelium. With malacoid
+mycelium we have nothing to do in this paper. It is a soft, pulpy,
+fleshy mycelium.
+
+Systematists have divided the Agaricini into groups according to the
+color of their spores. These groups are defined as follows by various
+authors:
+
+    According to--
+
+    Elias Fries, 5 groups: _Leucosporus_, white; _Hyporhodius_, pink;
+    _Cortinaria_, ochraceous; _Derminus_, rust; _Pratella_, purplish
+    black.
+
+    Rev. J. M. Berkeley, 5 groups: Very frequently pure white, but
+    presenting also pink, various tints of brown, from yellowish and
+    rufous to dark bister, purple-black, and finally black;
+    _Leucospori_, white; _Hyporhodii_, salmon; _Dermini_, ferruginous;
+    _Pratellæ_, brown; _Coprinarius_, black.
+
+    Dr. Badham, 6 groups: Pure white or a yellow tinge on drying; brown;
+    yellow; pink; purple; purple-black; some pass successively from pink
+    to purple and from purple to purple-black.
+
+    Mrs. Hussey, 11 shades: White; rose; pale ocher; olivaceous-ocher;
+    reddish-ocher; ochraceous; yellowish olive-green; dull brown;
+    scarcely ferruginous; snuff-color; very dark brown.
+
+    Hogg & Johnson, 5 groups: _Leucosporei_, white; _Hyporhodii_,
+    salmon; _Dermini_, rusty; _Pratellæ_, purplish-brown; _Coprinarii_,
+    black.
+
+    C. Gillet, 7 shades: White; pink; ochraceous; yellow; ferruginous;
+    black or purplish black; round, ovate, elongated, or fusiform,
+    smooth, tuberculate or irregular, simple or composite, transparent
+    or nebulous, etc.
+
+    Jules Bel, 5 groups: White; pink; red; brown; black.
+
+    Dr. Gautier, 5 shades: White; pink; brown; purplish-brown; black.
+
+    Constantin & Dufour, 5 groups: White; pink; ochraceous;
+    brownish-purple; black.
+
+    J. P. Barla, 7 groups: _Leucosporii_, white; _Hyporhodii_, pink;
+    _Cortinariæ_, ochraceous; _Dermini_, rust; _Pratellæ_,
+    purplish-black; _Coprinarii_, blackish; _Coprini_ and _Gomphi_,
+    dense black.
+
+    L. Boyer, 5 groups, 11 shades: White to cream yellow; pale pink to
+    ochraceous yellow; bay or red brown to brown or blackish bister;
+    rust color, cinnamon or light yellow.
+
+    W. D. Hay, 5 groups: White; pink; brown; purple; black.
+
+    C. H. Peck, 5 groups: _Leucosporii_, white; _Hyporhodii_, salmon;
+    _Dermini_, rust; _Pratellæ_, brown; _Coprinarii_, black.
+
+    Saccardo divides the Agaricini into four sections, according to the
+    color of their spores, as follows: Spores brown, purplish brown or
+    black, _Melanosporæ_; spores ochraceous or rusty ochraceous,
+    _Ochrosporæ_; spores rosy or pinkish, _Rhodosporæ_; spores white,
+    whitish or pale yellow, _Leucosporæ_.
+
+    Dr. M. C. Cooke, 5 groups: _Leucospori_, white or yellowish;
+    _Hyporhodii_, rosy or salmon color; _Dermini_, brown, sometimes
+    reddish or yellowish brown; _Pratellæ_, purple, sometimes brownish
+    purple, dark purple, or dark brown; _Coprinarii_, black or nearly
+    so.
+
+These shades are somewhat different from the colors of the mushrooms'
+gills, so that, when it is of importance to determine exactly the color
+of the spore in the identification of a species, we may without recourse
+to the microscope cut off the stem of an adult plant on a level with the
+gills and place the under surface of the cap upon a leaf of white paper
+if a dark-spored species, and upon a sheet of black paper if the spores
+are light. At the expiration of a few hours we will find, on lifting the
+cap, a bed of the shed spores which will represent their exact shade.
+These may be removed to a glass slide and their size and form determined
+by means of the microscope.
+
+In the present work Dr. M. C. Cooke's grouping of the spore series is
+adopted.
+
+
+
+
+ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD "MUSHROOM."
+
+
+Various opinions have been offered as to the derivation of the word
+"mushroom." According to Hay, it probably had its origin in a
+combination of the two Welsh words _maes_, a field, and _rhum_, a knob,
+which by gradual corruption have become _mushroom_. Some writers on the
+other hand regard it as a corruption of _mousseron_, a name specifically
+applied by the French to those mushrooms which are found growing in
+mossy places. But it seems to be of older usage than such a derivation
+would imply, and therefore the first explanation seems the more likely
+to be correct.
+
+In England the term "mushroom" has been most commonly applied to the
+"meadow mushroom," that being the one best known; but English-speaking
+mycologists now apply it generically very much as the French do the term
+"champignon," while the name "champignon" is restricted in England to
+the Marasmius oreades, or "Fairy Ring" mushroom.
+
+Berkeley says the French word "champignon" was originally scarcely of
+wider signification than our word "mushroom," though now classical in
+the sense of fleshy fungi generally. The German word _Pilz_ (a
+corruption of Boletus) is used to denote the softer kinds by some German
+authors. Constant and Dufour, in their recently published Atlas des
+Champignons, include types of a great variety of mushrooms.
+
+Hay contends that the pernicious nick-name "toad-stool" has not the
+derivation supposed, but that the first part of the word is the Saxon or
+old English "tod," meaning a bunch, cluster, or bush, the form of many
+terrestrial fungi suggesting it. The second syllable, "stool," is easily
+supplied. "The erroneous idea of connecting toads with these plants,"
+says Hay, "seems to be due to Spenser, or to some poet, possibly, before
+his time." Spenser speaks of the loathed paddocks, "paddock" then being
+the name given in England to the frog, afterwards corrupted to "paddic,"
+and once received, readily converted by the Scotch into "puddick-stool."
+It would seem, therefore, from the foregoing, that the term "toad-stool"
+can have no proper relation to mushrooms, whether edible or poisonous.
+
+The three mushrooms illustrated and described in this pamphlet, Plates
+I, II, and III, are of the order Agaricini or gilled mushrooms. They are
+well-defined types and of wide geographical distribution.
+
+
+
+
+FOOD VALUE OF MUSHROOMS.
+
+
+Rollrausch and Siegel, who claim to have made exhaustive investigations
+into the food values of mushrooms, state that "many species deserve to
+be placed beside meat as sources of nitrogenous nutriment," and their
+analysis, if correct, fully bears out the statement. They find in 100
+parts of dried _Morchella esculenta_ 35.18 per cent. of protein; in
+_Helvella esculenta_, 26.31 per cent. of protein, from 46 to 49 per
+cent. of potassium salts and phosphoric acid, 2.3 per cent. of fatty
+matter, and a considerable quantity of sugar. The _Boletus edulis_ they
+represent as containing in 100 parts of the dried substance 22.82 per
+cent. of protein. The nitrogenous values of different foods as compared
+with the mushroom are stated as follows: "Protein substances calculated
+for 100 parts of bread, 8.03; of oatmeal, 9.74; of barley bread, 6.39;
+of leguminous fruits, 27.05; of potatoes, 4.85; of mushrooms, 33.0."
+
+According to Schlossberger and Depping, in 100 grams of dried mushrooms
+they found the following proportions of nitrogenous substances:
+
+        -----------------------+--------
+          Varieties.           | Grains.
+                               |
+        Chanterelles           |  3.22
+        Certain Russulas       |  4.25
+        Lactarius deliciosus   |  4.68
+        Boletus edulis         |  4.25
+        Meadow mushroom        |  7.26
+        -----------------------+--------
+
+But all chemists are not agreed as to these proportions. For instance,
+Lefort has found 3.51 grains of nitrogenous matter in the cap of
+_Agaricus campestris_, 2.1 grains in the gills and only 0.34 of a grain
+in the stem. Payen has found 4.68 grains in _Agaricus campestris_, 4.4
+grains in the common Morel (_Morchella esculenta_), 9.96 grains in the
+white truffle, and 8.76 grains in the black.
+
+A much larger proportion of the various kinds of mushrooms are edible
+than is generally supposed, but a prejudice has grown up concerning them
+in this country which it will take some time to eradicate.
+Notwithstanding the occurrence of occasional fatal accidents through the
+inadvertent eating of poisonous species, fungi are largely consumed both
+by savage and civilized man in all parts of the world, and while they
+contribute so considerable a portion of the food product of the world we
+may be sure their value will not be permanently overlooked in the United
+States, especially when we consider our large accessions of population
+from countries in which the mushroom is a familiar and much prized
+edible. In Italy the value of the mushroom as an article of diet has
+long been understood and appreciated. Pliny, Galen, and Dioscorides
+mention various esculent species, notably varieties of the truffle, the
+boletus and the puff-ball, and Vittadini writes enthusiastically of the
+gastronomic qualities of a large number of species. Of late years large
+quantities have been sold in the Italian markets. Quantities of
+mushrooms are also consumed in Germany, Hungary, Russia, France, and
+Austria.
+
+Darwin speaks of Terra del Fuego as the only country where cryptogamic
+plants form a staple article of food. A bright-yellow fungus allied to
+_Bulgarin_ forms, with shellfish, the staple food of the Fuegians. In
+England the common meadow mushroom _Agaricus campestris_ is quite well
+known and used to a considerable extent among the people, but there is
+not that general knowledge of and use of other species which obtains in
+Continental Europe.
+
+In the English-speaking countries much has been done by the Rev. M. J.
+Berkeley, Dr. M. C. Cooke, Worthington G. Smith, Rev. John Stevenson,
+Prof. Hay, Prof. Chas. H. Peck, Prof. W. J. Farlow, and others,
+including the various mushroom clubs, to disseminate a more general
+knowledge on this subject.
+
+Late investigations show that nearly all the species common to the
+countries of Continental Europe, and of Great Britain, are found in
+different localities in the United States, and a number of species have
+been found which have not been described in European works.
+
+The geographical distribution of many species of the mushroom family is
+very wide. We have had specimens of the _Morel_, for instance, sent to
+us from California and Washington, on the Pacific coast, and as far
+north as Maine, on the Atlantic, as well as from the southern and the
+midwestern States, and the same is true of other species. The season of
+their appearance varies somewhat according to the latitude and altitude
+of place of growth. Mushrooms are rarely seen after the first heavy
+frosts, although an exception is noted in this latitude in the species
+Hypholoma sublatertium, which has been found growing under the snow, at
+the roots of trees in sheltered woods. Frozen mushrooms of this and
+closely allied species have revived when thawed, and proved quite
+palatable when cooked.
+
+At the present time only two species, Agaricus campester and Agaricus
+arvensis, are cultivated in America. Some attempts have been made by an
+amateur mushroom club in Ohio to cultivate the Morel, but the results
+have not, so far, been reported. In the meantime, however, it is well to
+utilize the wild mushrooms as fast as the collector can satisfactorily
+identify them. The woods of all moist regions of this country abound
+with edible varieties. Prof. Curtis, of North Carolina, gives a list of
+over one hundred edible species found in that State alone, and nearly
+all of these occur in our Northern States as well. It is not contended
+that this list includes all the species which may be eaten, nor have all
+of these equal value from a gastronomic point of view. Some are insipid
+as to flavor, and others are too tough or too slimy to please the
+popular taste.
+
+
+
+
+CAUTIONARY SUGGESTIONS.
+
+
+Before collecting for the table mushrooms found growing in the woods or
+fields, it would be well for inexperienced persons to consult carefully
+some work on the subject in which the characteristics of edible and
+poisonous varieties are described and illustrated.
+
+Considering that an opinion seems to prevail that the discoloration of
+the silver spoon or small white onions when brought into contact with
+mushrooms during the culinary process is an infallible test of the
+poisonous species, I quote from a French author on mushrooms the
+following in relation to this supposed test:
+
+    * * * We may not dispute the fact that a silver spoon or article of
+    brass, or onions, may not become discolored on contact with the
+    poisonous principle, but this discoloration is not reliable as a
+    test for deciding the good or bad quality of mushrooms. In fact, we
+    know that in the decomposition of albuminoids sulphureted hydrogen
+    is liberated which of itself discolors silver, brass, and onions.
+
+I have deemed it advisable to publish this as one of the best means of
+answering those correspondents who have made inquiries as to the
+reliability of this test.
+
+It is by some supposed that high colors and viscidity are indications of
+non-edible species, but there are numerous exceptions here. _Russula
+alutacea_--the pileus of which is often a purplish red--_Amanita
+Cæsarea_, and other species of brilliant coloring are known to be
+edible. As to viscidity, two very viscid species, when young, are among
+the highly prized esculents by those who know them, viz., _Fistulina
+hepatica_, or the ox tongue, and _Hygrophorus eburneus_, the ivory
+mushroom.
+
+The method of deciding the character of mushrooms by their odor and
+flavor is not to be relied upon. Edible mushrooms are usually
+characterized by a pleasant flavor and odor; non-edible varieties have
+sometimes an unpleasant odor, and produce a biting, burning sensation on
+the tongue and throat, even in very small quantities, but several of the
+_Amanitas_ have only a slight odor and taste, and certain species of
+mushrooms, acrid otherwise, become edible when cooked.
+
+In fact there is no general rule by which the edible species can be
+distinguished from the unwholesome or poisonous ones. The safest as well
+as the most sensible plan, therefore, is to apply the same rule as that
+which we adopt in the case of the esculents among the flowering plants,
+viz., to learn to know the characteristics of each individual species so
+as to distinguish it from all others.
+
+With regard to the mushrooms which have been designated as poisonous, it
+should be remembered that the term "poisonous" is used relatively. While
+some are only slightly poisonous, producing severe gastric irritation
+and nervous derangement, but without fatal results, others, if eaten in
+even very small quantity, may cause death. Happily, however, the most
+dangerous species are not numerous as compared with the number that are
+edible, and with careful attention on the part of the collector they may
+be avoided.
+
+Since the Amanita group is made responsible by competent authority for
+most of the recorded cases of fatal poisoning, we would recommend the
+amateur mycophagist to give special study to this group in order to
+learn to separate the species authentically recorded as edible from the
+poisonous ones.
+
+Some writers, as a measure of precaution, counsel the rejection of all
+species of Amanita. But this is, of course, a matter for individual
+preference. There would seem to be no good reason why the observant
+student should not learn to discriminate between the edible and the
+poisonous species of the Amanita as of any other group, and they should
+not be eaten until this discriminating knowledge is acquired.
+
+Saccardo describes fifteen edible species of this group of mushrooms. We
+have tested three of this number, which, on account of their abundance
+in our locality and their good flavor, we would be loth to discard,
+viz., A. rubescens, A. Cæsarea, and A. strobiliformis.
+
+A type of the Amanita group, which is named first in the genera of the
+order Agaricini, is shown in Fig. 1, Plate B.
+
+By reference to this figure some of the special characteristics of the
+group can be observed. There are mushrooms in other genera which show a
+volva or sheath at the base of the stem, and which contain edible
+species, but in these the stem is ringless. The Volvariæ, for instance,
+show a conspicuous volva, a stem that is ringless, and pinkish spores.
+The Amanitopsis vaginata carries a volva, but no ring. The spores are
+white, as in the Amanita.
+
+In gathering mushrooms either for the table or for the herbarium, care
+should be taken not to leave any portion of the plant in the ground, so
+that no feature shall be lost that will aid in characterizing the
+species. In the careless pulling up of the plant the volva in the
+volvate species is often left behind.
+
+
+
+
+     AGARICINI. Fries.
+
+     LEUCOSPORI (SPORES WHITE, OR YELLOWISH).
+
+_Genus Russula_ Fr. The _Russulæ_ bear some resemblance to the
+_Lactars_, their nearest allies, but are at once distinguished from them
+by their want of milk.
+
+They are very abundant in the forests and open woods. The genus is cited
+by some authors as the most natural of the agarics, but, as many of the
+species very closely resemble each other, it requires careful analysis
+to determine them. The plants of this genus are not volvate, and have
+neither veil nor ring. The hymenophore is not separate from the trama of
+the gills. Although some are pure white, the caps are usually brilliant
+in coloring, but the color is very susceptible to atmospheric changes,
+and after heavy rains the bright hues fade, sometimes only leaving a
+slight trace of the original coloring in the central depression of the
+cap.
+
+The cap in youth is somewhat hemispherical, afterwards expanding,
+becoming slightly depressed in the centre, somewhat brittle in texture;
+gills rigid, fragile, with acute edge; stem thick, blunt, and polished,
+usually short. The spores are globose, or nearly so, slightly rough,
+white or yellowish, according to the species. In R. virescens the spores
+are white, while in R. alutacea the spores are an ochraceous yellow in
+tint.
+
+A number of the species are of pleasant flavor, others peppery or acrid.
+Out of seventy-two described by Cooke, twenty-four are recorded as
+acrid. With some of these the acridity is said to disappear in cooking,
+and a few mycophagists claim to have eaten all varieties with impunity.
+We have recorded, however, some well authenticated cases of serious
+gastric disturbance, accompanied by acute inflammation of the mucous
+membrane, caused by the more acrid of these, notably _R. emetica_ and
+_R. foetens_, and in view of this fact it would seem a wise precaution
+for the _amateur_ collector to discard or at least to use very sparingly
+all those which have an acrid or peppery taste, until well assured as to
+their wholesomeness.
+
+The _genus Russula_ has been divided into the following tribes or
+groups:--Compactæ, Furcatæ, Rigidæ, Heterophylla, and Fragiles. The
+species _Russula (Rigidæ) virescens_, illustrated in Plate I, belongs
+to the tribe Rigidæ. In the plants of this group, the cap is absolutely
+dry and rigid, destitute of a viscid pellicle; the cuticle commonly
+breaking up into flocci or granules; the flesh thick, compact, and firm,
+vanishing near the margin, which is never involute, and shows no
+striations. The gills are irregular in length, some few reaching half
+way to the stem, the others divided, dilated, and extending into a broad
+rounded end, stem solid.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate I.
+     RUSSULA VIRESCENS FR. (EDIBLE)
+     The Verdette From Nature
+     Collected in the District of Columbia
+     Report of Microscopist, U. S. Department of Agriculture 1893
+     L. Krieger, Pinx.
+     AVIL. CO. LITH. PHILA.]
+
+     PLATE I.
+
+     =Russula virescens= Fries. "_The Verdette_" _or_ "_Greenish Russula_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+The cap of this species is fleshy and dry, the skin breaking into thin
+patches. The margin is usually even, but specimens occur which show
+striations. The color varies from a light green to a grayish or moldy
+green, sometimes tinged with yellow; gills white, free from the stem or
+nearly so, unequal, rather crowded; stem white, stout, solid, smooth, at
+first hard, then spongy; spores white, nearly globose.
+
+One writer speaks of the "warts" of the cap, but the term warts, used in
+this connection, refers merely to the patches resulting from the
+splitting or breaking up of the epidermis of the cap, and not to such
+excrescences called warts, as are commonly observed on the cap of
+Amanita muscaria, for instance, which are remnants of the volva.
+
+The _R. virescens_ is not as common as some others of the Russulæ, in
+some localities, and hitherto seems to have attracted but little
+attention as an edible species in this country, although highly esteemed
+in Europe. It has been found growing in thin woods in Maryland and in
+Virginia from June to November, and we have had reports of its growth
+from New York and Massachusetts. The peasants in Italy are in the habit
+of toasting these mushrooms over wood embers, eating them afterwards
+with a little salt. Vittadini, Roques, and Cordier speak highly of its
+esculent qualities and good flavor. We have eaten quantities of the
+virescens gathered in Washington, D. C., and its suburbs, and found it
+juicy and of good flavor when cooked.
+
+     EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
+
+Plate I exhibits four views of this mushroom (_R. virescens_) drawn and
+colored from nature. Fig. 1, the immature plant; Fig. 2, advanced stage
+of growth, cap expanded or plane; Fig. 3, section showing the unequal
+length of the gills and manner of their attachment to the stem; Fig. 4,
+surface view of the cap showing the epidermis split in characteristic
+irregular patches; Fig. 5, spores, white.
+
+     AGARICINI.
+
+     COPRINARII (SPORES BLACK OR NEARLY SO).
+
+Genus _Coprinus_ Fries. Hymenophore distinct from the stem. Gills
+membranaceous, at first coherent from the pressure, then dissolving into
+a black fluid. Trama obsolete. Spores, oval, even, black. M. C. Cooke.
+
+The plants of this genus have been divided into two tribes, viz.,
+_Pelliculosi_ and _Veliformis_. In the _Pelliculosi_ the gills of the
+mushrooms are covered with a fleshy or membranaceous cuticle, hence the
+cap is not furrowed along the lines of the gills, but is torn and
+revolute. In this tribe are included the _Comati_, _Atramentarii_,
+_Picacei_, _Tomentosi_, _Micacio_ and _Glabrati_. In the tribe
+_Veliformis_ the plants are generally very small, and the cap much
+thinner than in those of the _Pelliculosi_, soon showing distinct
+furrows along the back of the gills, which quickly melt into very thin
+lines. The stem is thin and fistulose.
+
+Cordier states that all the species of _Coprinus_ are edible when young
+and fresh. This is probably true, but most of them have so little
+substance and are so ephemeral as to be of small value for food
+purposes. _C. comatus_, _C. atramentarius_, _C. micaceus_, and _C.
+ovatus_ have the preference with most mycophagists, but even these soon
+melt, and should be gathered promptly and cooked immediately to be of
+use for the table.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate II.
+     COPRINUS COMATUS FR. (EDIBLE)
+     The Maned Mushroom from Nature
+     Collected in the District of Columbia
+     Report of Microscopist, U. S. Department of Agriculture 1893
+     L. Krieger, Pinx.
+     AVIL. CO. LITH. PHILA.]
+
+     PLATE II.
+
+     =Coprinus comatus= Fries. _Maned or Shaggy Coprinus_.
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap at first oblong or cylindrical, then campanulate, the cuticle
+breaking into shaggy fibrous scales, color whitish, the scales generally
+yellow or yellowish, margin revolute and lacerated, soon becoming black.
+Gills linear, free, and close together, at first white, then pink or
+purplish, turning to black. Stem hollow or slightly stuffed, nearly
+equal, somewhat fibrillose, with bulb solid; the ring movable or very
+slightly adherent, generally disappearing as the plant matures. Spores
+oval, black, .0005 to .0007 in. long.
+
+This species is found in abundance in different parts of the United
+States, generally in rich soil, in pastures, by roadsides, in dumping
+lots, etc. Of late years quantities have been gathered in the lawn
+surrounding the Capitol grounds, and in the parks of the District of
+Columbia, as well as in the débris of the wooden block pavements used
+for surface soiling gardens in vicinity of the capital. They have been
+offered for sale in open market as low as 25 cents per pound.
+
+A correspondent from Rochester, New York, states that in a patch of his
+grounds which had been quarried out and filled with street sweepings the
+Coprinus comatus appeared in such quantities as to make it impossible to
+walk over the space without stepping upon them, and that he was able to
+gather from this small space from one to two bushels at a time in the
+spring and the fall. In flavor the C. comatus resembles the cultivated
+mushroom, though perhaps more delicate.
+
+The _Coprinus ovatus_, "_Oval Coprinus_," a closely allied species, is
+similar to the comatus, but smaller, more ovate in shape and delicate in
+flavor, less deliquescent; stem usually 3/4 of an inch long. The
+_Coprinus atramentarius_ has a mouse-gray or brownish cap with irregular
+margin, slightly striated. It is not shaggy, but is spotted with minute,
+innate punctate scales. The stem is hollow, somewhat ringed when young.
+Spores elliptical, black.
+
+_Coprinus micaceus_ is a very common species, and is found generally in
+clusters on old tree stumps or on decaying wood. The cap is thin and of
+a reddish buff or ochraceous tint, often showing a sprinkling of
+glistening micaceous scales or granules; gills crowded, whitish. It is
+at first ovate or bell-shaped, then expanding; striated. The stem is
+white, slender, and hollow, not ringed. The spores in this species are a
+very dark brown, which is unusual in the genus _Coprinus_.
+
+It is generally found in decaying wood or old tree-stumps, growing in
+dense clusters.
+
+Prof. Peck says: "European writers do not record the '_Glistening
+coprinus_' among the edible species, perhaps because of its small size.
+But it compensates for its lack of size by its frequency and abundance.
+In tenderness and delicacy it does not appear to be at all inferior to
+the '_Shaggy coprinus_.'"
+
+     EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
+
+     =Coprinus comatus= Fr. _The Shaggy Maned Mushroom_.
+
+Fig. 1. A young plant.
+
+Fig. 2. A plant partly expanded, exposing the tender pink of the gills.
+
+Fig. 3. A mature plant, bell-shaped and shaggy, with movable ring
+detached from the cap, and with stem unequal and rooting.
+
+Fig. 4. A sectional view, showing hollow stem, thin cap, and broad,
+free, linear gill.
+
+Fig. 5. Spores black.
+
+     AGARICINI.
+
+     LEUCOSPORI (SPORES WHITE, OR YELLOWISH.)
+
+Genus _Marasmius_ Fries.--Tough dry shrivelling fungi--not putrescent,
+reviving when moistened; veil none. Stem cartilaginous or horny. Gills
+tough, rather distant, edge acute and entire. M. C. Cooke.
+
+A characteristic of the species of this genus is their tendency to
+wither with drought and revive with moisture. This biological
+characteristic is of great importance in determining the true Marasmii.
+The plants are usually small and of little substance.
+
+Cooke divides the Marasmii into three tribes, and these again into
+several subdivisions. In the division Scortei of this genus are classed
+three species which are described in the works of most of the
+Continental writers; the Marasmius oreades, which has recognized value
+as an esculent, Marasmius urens and Marasmius peronatus, which have the
+reputation of being acrid and unwholesome.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate III.
+     MARASMIUS OREADES FR. (EDIBLE)
+     The Fairy Ring Mushroom.
+     Report of Microscopist, U. S. Department of Agriculture 1893
+     L. K. after Gillet.
+     AVIL. CO. LITH. PHILA.]
+
+     PLATE III.
+
+     =Marasmius oreades= Fries. "_Fairy Ring Mushroom_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap fleshy, convex at first, then nearly plane, pale yellowish red, or
+tawny red when young, fading to yellow or buff as the plant matures,
+slightly umbonate, flesh white; gills broad, wide apart, rounded or
+deeply notched at the inner extremity, slightly attached to or at length
+free from the stem, unequal in length, whitish or creamy yellow in
+color; stem slender, solid and tough, whitish, generally one to two
+inches in length and one-fourth of an inch in thickness, showing a
+whitish down, easily removed, not strigose or villose, as in the
+Marasmius urens. Spores white.
+
+This species is usually found in open grassy places, sometimes in rings,
+or in parts of rings, often in clusters, and writers generally agree as
+to its agreeable taste and odor. When properly cooked its toughness
+disappears.
+
+Prof. Peck describes two mushrooms which are somewhat similar in
+appearance to the "_Fairy Ring_," and which might be taken for it by
+careless observers, viz., the Naucoria semi-orbicularis, sometimes
+growing in company with it, and the _Collybia dryophila_, a wood variety
+which is sometimes found in open places.
+
+The first of these may be distinguished from the _oreades_, by the rusty
+brown color of the gills, its smooth stem and rusty colored spores. In
+the second the gills are much narrower and the stem is very smooth and
+hollow.
+
+The _Marasmius urens_ as described by European authors has a pale buff
+cap, not umbonate but flat, and at length depressed in the centre, from
+one to two inches across. The gills are unequal, free, very crowded;
+cream color, becoming brownish. The stem is solid and fibrous, densely
+covered with white down at the base. It is very acrid to the taste. In
+habit of growth it is subcæspitose; sometimes found growing in company
+with the M. oreades.
+
+Prof. Peck says of _M. urens_ that he has not yet seen an American
+specimen which he could refer to that species with satisfaction. Our
+experience, so far, is the same as that of Prof. Peck.
+
+_Marasmius peronatus_ has a reddish buff cap, with crowded thin gills,
+creamy, turning to reddish brown; the stem solid and fibrous, with
+yellowish filaments at the base. It is acrid in taste and is usually
+found among fallen leaves in woods.
+
+     EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
+
+In Plate III, Fig. 1 represents an immature plant; Fig. 2, cap expanding
+with growth; Fig. 3, cap further expanded and slightly umbonate; Fig. 4,
+mature specimen, cap plane or fully expanded, margin irregular and
+smooth, stem equal, smooth and ringless; Fig. 5, section showing gills
+broad, free, ventricose, unequal, and flesh white; Fig. 6, spores
+white.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+
+PRESERVING AND COOKING MUSHROOMS.
+
+In Europe several species of mushrooms are preserved by boiling and
+afterwards placing them in earthern jars or tubs filled with water,
+which is renewed from time to time. This simple and economical method of
+keeping mushrooms affords the people considerable provision. With regard
+to the preparation of fresh mushrooms for table use, Dr. Roques, an
+eminent writer on fungi, gives the following excellent suggestions:
+"After selecting good mushrooms, remove the skin or epidermis, cutting
+away the gills, and in some cases the stem, which is usually of not so
+fine a texture.
+
+"It is important to collect for use only young and well-preserved
+specimens, because a mushroom of excellent quality may, nevertheless,
+when overmature or near its decline, become dangerous for food. It then
+acts as does every other food substance which incipient decomposition
+has rendered acrid, irritating and indigestible. It is, moreover, rarely
+the case that mushrooms in their decline are not changed by the presence
+of larvæ."
+
+In Geneva a very lucrative trade is carried on in the exportation of the
+"_Edible Boletus_," which is preserved for use in various ways, the
+simplest of which consists in cutting the caps in slices and stringing
+them, after which they are placed on hurdles in the shade to dry. They
+may also be dried in a stove or oven, but the former method is
+preferable, as the mushroom then retains more of its flavor or perfume.
+When the slices are perfectly dried they are put into sacks and
+suspended in a dry, airy place. Sometimes before the mushrooms are
+sliced they are plunged into boiling water for an instant, which
+treatment is said to preserve them from the ravages of insects. Several
+kinds of mushrooms are preserved in the following manner: After they
+have been properly washed and cleansed, they are boiled in salted water
+and afterwards wiped dry. They are then placed in layers, in jars,
+sprinkled with salt and pepper, and covered with pure olive oil or
+vinegar. _Lactarius deliciosus_, _Cantharellus cibarius_, _Morchellas_,
+_Clavarias_, etc., are thus preserved. Before using the dried mushrooms
+they are soaked in tepid water for some time and afterwards prepared as
+if fresh, with the usual seasoning.
+
+
+RECEIPTS.
+
+_Broiled procerus._--Remove the scales and stalks from the agarics, and
+broil lightly on both sides over a clear fire for a few minutes; arrange
+them on a dish over freshly made, well-buttered toast; sprinkle with
+pepper and salt and put a small piece of butter on each; set before a
+brisk fire to melt the butter, and serve quickly. Bacon toasted over
+mushrooms improves the flavor and saves the butter.
+
+_Agarics delicately stewed._--Remove the stalks and scales from the
+young half-grown agarics, and throw each one as you do so into a basin
+of fresh water slightly acidulated with the juice of a lemon or a little
+good vinegar. When all are prepared, remove them from the water and put
+them in a stewpan with a very small piece of fresh butter. Sprinkle with
+pepper and salt and add a little lemon juice; cover up closely and stew
+for half an hour; then add a spoonful of flour with sufficient cream or
+cream and milk, till the whole has the thickness of cream. Season to
+taste, and stew again until the agarics are perfectly tender. Remove all
+the butter from the surface and serve in a hot dish garnished with
+slices of lemon. A little mace or nutmeg or catsup may be added, but
+some think that spice spoils the flavor.
+
+_Cottager's procerus pie._--Cut fresh agarics in small pieces; pepper,
+salt, and place them on small shreds of bacon, in the bottom of a pie
+dish; then put in a layer of mashed potatoes, and so fill the dish,
+layer by layer, with a cover of mashed potatoes for the crust. Bake well
+for half an hour and brown before a quick fire.
+
+_A la provencale._--Steep for two hours in some salt, pepper, and a
+little garlic; then toss them into a small stewpan over a brisk fire
+with parsley chopped and a little lemon juice.
+
+_Agaric catsup._--Place the agarics of as large a size as you can
+procure, layer by layer, in a deep pan, sprinkling each layer as it is
+put in with a little salt. Then next day stir them several times well so
+as to mash and extract their juice. On the third day strain off the
+liquor, measure and boil for ten minutes, and then to every pint of
+liquor add half an ounce of black pepper, a quarter of an ounce of
+bruised ginger root, a blade of mace, a clove or two, and a teaspoonful
+of mustard seed. Boil again for half an hour; put in two or three bay
+leaves and set aside until quite cold. Pass through a strainer and
+bottle; cork well and dip salt on the gills. Lay them top downwards on a
+gridiron over a moderate fire for five or six minutes at the most.
+
+_To stew mushrooms._--Trim and rub clean half a pint of large button
+mushrooms. Put into a stewpan 2 ounces of butter; shake it over a fire
+until thoroughly melted; put in the mushrooms, a teaspoonful of salt,
+half as much pepper, and a blade of mace pounded; stew until the
+mushrooms are tender, then serve on a hot dish. This is usually a
+breakfast dish.
+
+_Mushrooms à la crême._--Trim and rub half a pint of button mushrooms;
+dissolve in a stewpan 2 ounces of butter rolled in flour; put in the
+mushrooms, a bunch of parsley, a teaspoonful of salt, half a teaspoonful
+each of white pepper and of powdered sugar; shake the pan for ten
+minutes; then beat up the yolks of two eggs with two tablespoonfuls of
+cream, and add by degrees to the mushrooms; in two or three minutes you
+can serve them in sauce.
+
+_Mushrooms on toast._--Put a pint of mushrooms into a stewpan with two
+ounces of butter rolled in flour; add a teaspoonful of salt, half a
+teaspoonful of white pepper, a blade of powdered mace, and a half a
+teaspoonful of grated lemon; stew until the butter is all absorbed; then
+serve on toast as soon as the mushrooms are tender.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING MUSHROOMS.
+
+
+_Abortive_, imperfectly developed.
+
+_Acaulescent_, _acaulous_, having a very short stem or none.
+
+_Acetabuliform_, cup-shaped.
+
+_Acicular_, needle-shaped.
+
+_Aculeate_, slender pointed.
+
+_Acuminate_, terminating in a point.
+
+_Acute_, sharp pointed.
+
+_Adnate_, gills firmly attached to the stem.
+
+_Adnexed_, gills just reaching the stem.
+
+_Adpressed_, pressed in close contact, as applied to gills.
+
+_Æruginous_, verdigris-green.
+
+_Agglutinated_, glued to the surface.
+
+_Aggregated_, collected together.
+
+_Alveolate_, socketed or honeycombed.
+
+_Amphigenous_, when the hymenium is not restricted to a particular
+surface.
+
+_Analogy_, superficial or general resemblance without structural
+agreement.
+
+_Anastomosing_, branching, joining of one vein with another.
+
+_Annular_, ring-shaped.
+
+_Annulate_, having a ring.
+
+_Annulus_, ring round the stem of agarics.
+
+_Apex_, in mushrooms the extremity of the stem nearest the gill.
+
+_Apical_, close to the apex.
+
+_Apiculate_, terminating in a small point.
+
+_Appendiculate_, hanging in small fragments.
+
+_Approximate_, of gills which approach the stem but do not reach it.
+
+_Arachnoid_, cobweb-like.
+
+_Arboreal_, _arboricle_, tree-inhabiting.
+
+_Arcuate_, bow-shaped.
+
+_Areolate_, divided into little areas or patches.
+
+_Argillaceous_, clayey, like clay.
+
+_Ascending_, directed upward.
+
+_Asci_, _ascidia_, spore-cases of certain mushrooms.
+
+_Attenuated_, tapering gradually to a point upward or downward.
+
+
+_Band_, a broad bar of color.
+
+_Banded_, marked with bands.
+
+_Barbed_, furnished with fibrils or hairs.
+
+_Basidia_, cellular processes of certain mushroom-bearing spores.
+
+_Bibliography_, condensed history of the literature of a subject.
+
+_Bifurcated_, divided into two, as in the gills of certain agarics.
+
+_Booted_, applied to the stem of a mushroom when inclosed in a sheath or
+volva.
+
+_Boss_, a knob or short rounded protuberance.
+
+_Bossed_, _bullate_, furnished with a boss or knob.
+
+_Branched_, dividing from the sides; also styled furcate and forked.
+
+_Brick_, trade term for a mass of mushroom spawn, in dimensions the size
+of a brick of masonry.
+
+_Broad_, wide or deep vertically.
+
+_Bulbous_, having the structure of a bulb.
+
+
+_Cæspitose_, growing in tufts.
+
+_Calcareous_, chalky, chalk-like.
+
+_Calyptra_, applied to the portion of volva covering the pileus.
+
+_Campanulate_, bell-shaped.
+
+_Canaliculate_, channelled.
+
+_Cancellate_, latticed, marked both longitudinally and transversely.
+
+_Cap_, the expanded, umbrella-like receptacle of the common mushroom.
+
+_Capillitium_, spore-bearing threads, variable in thickness and color,
+sometimes continuous with the sterile base, sometimes free, dense, and
+persistent, or lax and evanescent, often branched; found in the
+Lycoperdons.
+
+_Carious_, decayed.
+
+_Carneous_, fleshy.
+
+_Cartilaginous_, hard and tough.
+
+_Castaneous_, chestnut color.
+
+_Ceraceous_, wax-like.
+
+_Channelled_, hollowed out like a gutter.
+
+_Chlorosis_, loss of color.
+
+_Cilia_, marginal hair-like processes.
+
+_Ciliate_, fringed with hair-like processes.
+
+_Cinerous_, ash-colored.
+
+_Circinate_, rounded.
+
+_Clathrate_, latticed.
+
+_Clavate_, club-shaped, gradually thickened upward.
+
+_Close_, packed closely side by side; also styled crowded.
+
+_Columella_, a sterile tissue rising column-like in the midst of the
+capillitium, serving as a point of insertion for the threads which
+connect it with the peridium in the form of a net-work.
+
+_Concentric_, having a common center, as a series of rings one within
+another.
+
+_Connate_, united by growing, as when two or more caps become united.
+
+_Concolored_, of a uniform color.
+
+_Confervoid_, from the finely branched threads.
+
+_Continuous_, without a break, of a surface which is not cracked, or of
+one part which runs into another without interruption.
+
+_Cordate_, heart-shaped.
+
+_Coriaceous_, of a leathery texture.
+
+_Corrugated_, drawn into wrinkles or folds.
+
+_Corticated_, furnished with a bark-like covering.
+
+_Cortina_, a partial veil formed not of continuous tissue but of slender
+threads, which in certain mushrooms when young unite the stem with the
+margin of the cap. This membrane remains later as a filamentous ring on
+the stem, or threads hanging to the margin of cap. Applied to the
+peculiar veil of the Cortinarias.
+
+_Cratera_, a cup-shaped receptacle.
+
+_Crenate_, _crenulate_, notched at the edge, the notches blunt or
+rounded, not sharp as in a serrated edge, serratures convex.
+
+_Cribrose_, pierced with holes.
+
+_Cryptogamia_, applied to the division of nonflowering plants.
+
+_Cupreous_, copper-colored.
+
+_Cuspidate_, with a sharp, spear-like point.
+
+_Cyathiform_, cup-shaped.
+
+_Cystidia_, sterile cells of the hymenium, generally larger than the
+basidia cells, with which they are found.
+
+
+_Deciduous_, temporary falling off.
+
+_Decurrent_, as when the gills of a mushroom are prolonged down the
+stem.
+
+_Dehiscent_, a closed organ opening of itself at maturity, or when it
+has attained a certain development.
+
+_Deliquescent_, relating to mushrooms which at maturity become liquid.
+
+_Dentate_, toothed, with concave serratures.
+
+_Denticulate_, finely dentate.
+
+_Dermini_, brown or rust colored spores.
+
+_Determinate_, ending definitely; having a distinctly defined outline.
+
+_Diaphanous_, transparent.
+
+_Dichotomous_, paired by twos; regularly forked.
+
+_Dimidiate_, applied to some gills of mushrooms which reach only halfway
+to the stem.
+
+_Disciform_, of a circular, flat form.
+
+_Dissepiments_, dividing walls.
+
+_Distant_, applied to gills which have a wide distance between them.
+
+_Divaricate_, separating at an obtuse angle.
+
+
+_Echinate_, furnished with stiff bristles.
+
+_Echinulate_, with minute bristles.
+
+_Effused_, spread over without regular form.
+
+_Elongate_, lengthened.
+
+_Emarginate_, applied to gills which are notched or scooped out suddenly
+before they reach the stem.
+
+_Embryo_, the mushroom before leaving its volva or egg stage; also any
+early stage of mushrooms which may have no volva.
+
+_Entire_, the edge quite devoid of serrature or notch.
+
+_Epidermis_, the external or outer layer of the plant.
+
+_Epiphytal_, growing upon another plant.
+
+_Equal_, all gills of the same, or nearly the same length from back to
+front.
+
+_Eroded_, the edge ragged, as if torn.
+
+_Etiolated_, whitened, bleached.
+
+_Even_, distinguished from smooth: a surface quite plane as contrasted
+with one which is striate, pitted, etc.
+
+_Excentric_, out of center. The stems of some mushrooms are always
+excentric.
+
+_Exotic_, foreign.
+
+
+_Family_, a systematic group in scientific classification embracing a
+greater or less number of genera which agree in certain characters not
+shared by others of the same order.
+
+_Farinaceous_, mealy.
+
+_Farinose_, covered with a white, mealy powder.
+
+_Fascia_, a band or bar.
+
+_Fasciate_, zoned with bands.
+
+_Fasciculate_, growing in small bundles.
+
+_Fastigiate_, bundled together like a sheath.
+
+_Favose_, honeycombed.
+
+_Ferruginous_, rust-colored.
+
+_Fibrillose_, clothed with small fibers.
+
+_Fibrous_, composed of fibers.
+
+_Filiform_, thread-like.
+
+_Fimbriated_, fringed.
+
+_Fissile_, capable of being split.
+
+_Fistular_, _fistulose_, tubular.
+
+_Flabelliform_, fan-shaped.
+
+_Flavescent_, yellowish, or turning yellow.
+
+_Flexuose_, wavy.
+
+_Flocci_, threads as of mold.
+
+_Floccose_, downy.
+
+_Flocculose_, covered with flocci.
+
+_Foveolate_, pitted.
+
+_Free_, in relation to the gills of mushrooms reaching the stem but not
+attached to it.
+
+_Fringe_, a lacerated marginal membrane.
+
+_Fructification_, reproducing power of a plant.
+
+_Fugacious_, disappearing rapidly.
+
+_Furcate_, forked.
+
+_Fuliginous_, blackish or sooty.
+
+_Fulvous_, tawny; a rather indefinite brownish yellow.
+
+_Furfuraceous_, with branny scales or scurf.
+
+_Fuscous_, brownish, but dingy; not pure.
+
+_Fusiform_, spindle-shaped.
+
+
+_Genera_, plural of genus.
+
+_Generic_, pertaining to a genus.
+
+_Genus_, a group of species having one or more characteristics in
+common; the union of several genera presenting the same features
+constitutes a tribe.
+
+_Gibbous_, in the form of a swelling; of a pileus which is more convex
+or tumid on one side than the other.
+
+_Gills_, vertical plates radiating from the stem on the under surface of
+the mushroom cap.
+
+_Glabrous_, smooth.
+
+_Glaucescent_, inclining to glaucose.
+
+_Glaucose_, covered with a whitish-green bloom or fine white powder
+easily rubbed off.
+
+_Globose_, nearly spherical.
+
+_Granular_, with roughened surface.
+
+_Greaved_, of a stem clothed like a leg in armor.
+
+_Gregarious_, of mushrooms not solitary but growing in numbers in the
+same locality.
+
+_Grumous_, clotted; composed of little clustered grains.
+
+_Guttate_, marked with tear-like spots.
+
+_Gyrose_, circling in wavy folds.
+
+
+_Habitat_, natural abode of a vegetable species.
+
+_Hepatic_, pertaining to the liver; hence, liver-colored.
+
+_Heterogeneous_, of a structure which is different from adjacent ones.
+
+_Hibernal_, pertaining to winter.
+
+_Hirsute_, hairy.
+
+_Homogeneous_, similar in structure.
+
+_Hyaline_, transparent.
+
+_Hygrophanous_, looking watery when moist and opaque when dry.
+
+_Hymenium_, the fructifying surface of the mushroom; the part on which
+the spores are borne.
+
+_Hymenophore_, the structure which bears the hymenium.
+
+_Hypogæous_, subterranean.
+
+
+_Identification_, the determination of the species to which a given
+specimen belongs.
+
+_Identify_, to determine the systematic name of a specimen.
+
+_Imbricate_, overlapped like tiles.
+
+_Immarginate_, without a distinct border.
+
+_Immersed_, sunk into the matrix.
+
+_Incised_, cut out; cut away.
+
+_Indehiscent_, not opening.
+
+_Indigenous_, native of a country.
+
+_Inferior_, growing below; of the ring of an agaric, which is far down
+on the stem.
+
+_Infundibuliform_, funnel-shaped.
+
+_Innate_, adhering by growing into.
+
+_Inserted_, growing like a graft from its stock.
+
+_Involute_, edges rolled inward.
+
+
+_Laciniate_, divided into flaps.
+
+_Lactescent_, milk-bearing.
+
+_Lacunose_, pitted or having cavities.
+
+_Lamellæ_, gills of mushrooms.
+
+_Lanceolate_, lance-shaped; tapering to both ends.
+
+_Lateral_, attached to one side.
+
+_Latex_, the viscid fluid contained in some mushrooms.
+
+_Laticiferous_, applied to the tubes conveying latex, as in the
+Lactarias.
+
+_Lepidote_, scurfy with minute scales.
+
+_Leucospore_, white spore.
+
+_Ligneous_, woody consistency.
+
+_Linear_, narrow and straight.
+
+_Linguiform_, tongue-shaped.
+
+
+AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.
+
+Fries, Saccardo, Kromholtz, Cooke and Berkeley, M. C. Cooke, Peck,
+Stevenson, Badham, Gillet, Boyer, Gibson, Roques, Hussey, Hay, Bel,
+Paulet and Leveille, Constantin and Dufour, Barla, Roze, W. G. Smith,
+Vittadini.
+
+
+
+
+                           STUDENT'S HAND-BOOK
+                                   OF
+                          MUSHROOMS OF AMERICA
+
+                          EDIBLE AND POISONOUS.
+
+
+
+
+                                   BY
+                          THOMAS TAYLOR, M. D.
+
+                      AUTHOR OF FOOD PRODUCTS, ETC.
+
+
+
+
+       Published in Serial Form--=No. 2=--Price, 50c. per number.
+
+
+
+
+                           WASHINGTON, D. C.:
+              A. R. Taylor, Publisher, 238 Mass. Ave. N.E.
+                                  1897.
+
+
+
+
+The ten mushrooms illustrated in the five plates contained in the first
+number of this series belong to the family Hymenomycetes. In the present
+number are presented illustrations representing three additional
+specimens of the Hymenomycetal fungi (Plates V, VI, and VII). There are
+also presented, in plates C and D, illustrations of nine species
+comprised in four genera of the sub family Discomycetes, of the family
+Ascomycetes.
+
+
+
+
+                            Copyright, 1897, by
+                          Thomas Taylor, M. D.,
+                                  and
+                              A. R. Taylor.
+
+
+
+
+ASCOMYCETES.
+
+
+Fruit, consisting of sporidia, mostly definite, contained in asci,
+springing from a naked or enclosed stratum of fructifying cells, and
+forming a hymenium.--Cooke and Berkeley.
+
+Prof. J. de Seyne states that the three elements which form the hymenium
+in the families Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes are (1) the normal
+basidium, that is, the fruitful club-shaped cell which supports the
+naked spores, (2) the cystidium or sterile cell, an aborted or atrophied
+basidium, and (3) the paraphyses, hypertrophied basidium, the one organ,
+the basidium, being the basis of it all, according as it experiences an
+arrest of development, as it grows and fructifies, or as it becomes
+hypertrophied.
+
+In the family Ascomycetes a minute ascus or spore case envelops the
+sporidia, and takes the place of the basidium, and the hymenium consists
+of (1) the asci containing the sporidia, (2) the paraphyses, and (3) a
+colorless or yellowish mucilage which envelops the paraphyses and asci.
+The asci are present in all species. In some species, however, the
+paraphyses are rare, and the mucilaginous substance is entirely wanting.
+The asci differ in shape and size, according to the species. The
+paraphyses, when present, are at first very short, but they rapidly
+elongate, and are wholly developed before the appearance of the asci.
+They are linear, simple or branched according to the species of plant,
+usually containing oily granules. There is some difference of opinion
+among mycologists as to the special functions of the paraphyses, some
+considering them as abortive asci, and others, like Boudier, as
+excitatory organs for the dehiscence of the asci, by which the spores
+are liberated.
+
+The family Ascomycetes is rich in genera and species.
+
+It consists largely of microscopic fungi, however, and the only group
+which will be considered here is that which includes plants of the
+mushroom family which are edible and indigenous to this country, viz.,
+the sub-family Discomycetes.
+
+
+
+
+DISCOMYCETES.
+
+
+The name Discomycetes, "disk-like fungi," does not give an accurate idea
+of the distinguishing characteristics of this sub-family, the discoid
+form only belonging to the plants of one of its groups. In the
+Discomyceteæ the hymenium is superior, that is, disposed upon the upper
+or exterior surface of the mushroom cap. The sporidia are produced in
+membraneous asci, usually four or eight, or some multiple of that
+number, in each ascus; Cooke says "rarely four, most commonly eight."
+The sporidia are usually hyaline, transparent; colored sporidia are
+rare.
+
+The asci are so minute as to be imperceptible to the naked eye; but if a
+small portion of the upper surface of the cap is removed with a pen
+knife and placed under a microscope having a magnifying power of from
+400 to 800 diameters, the asci, or spore sacks, can be separated and
+their structure studied.
+
+Of the genera included in the Discomycetes the genus Peziza comprises by
+far the largest number of described species. The plants in this genus
+are generally small, thin, and tough. A few of them have been recorded
+as edible by European authors, but not specially commended; one form,
+Peziza _cochleata_, has been spoken of by Berkeley as being gathered in
+basketfuls in one county in England, where it is used as a substitute,
+though a very indifferent one, for the Morel.
+
+Vittadini says the Verpa _digitaliformis_ Persoon, a small
+brownish-colored mushroom, is sold in Italian markets for soups, but
+that, "although sold in the markets, it is only to be recommended when
+no other fungus offers, which is sometimes the case in the spring." P.
+_aurantia_ Vahl., a small Peziza growing in clusters in the grass, is
+reported as edible by a member of the Boston Mycological Club, who
+speaks well of it.
+
+The genera Morchella, Gyromitra, Helvella, and Mitrula contain, however,
+what may be considered the most desirable edible species. Types of these
+four groups are represented in Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10, Plate C.
+
+The plants of these genera have a stem and cap. The cap, however,
+differs very much from that of the ordinary mushroom. In the genus
+Morchella the cap is deeply pitted and ridged so that it presents a
+honeycombed appearance. In Gyromitra the cap is convolutely lobed but
+not pitted. In Helvella the cap is very irregular and reflexed, and in
+Mitrula the cap is ovate or club shaped and smooth. In all four of these
+genera the hymenium is superior, _i. e._, it is on the upper and outer
+surface of the cap, the interior surface being barren.
+
+In Plates C and D are figured 9 types of edible fungi included in the
+family Ascomycetes, sub-family Discomycetes.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate C.
+     ASCOMYCETES
+     SUB-FAMILY DISCOMYCETES
+     TYPES OF FOUR OF THE LEADING GENERA OF DISCOMYCETES,
+     IN WHICH OCCUR EDIBLE SPECIES
+     T. TAYLOR, DEL.
+     THE NORRIS PETERS CO., PHOTO-LITHO., WASHINGTON, D. C.]
+
+     PLATE C.
+
+     FIG. 1. =Morchella esculenta= Pers. "_Common Morel_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+_Genus Morchella_ Dill. Receptacle pileate or clavate, impervious in the
+centre, stipitate, covered with hymenium, which is deeply folded and
+pitted.--Cooke.
+
+In this genus the species have a general resemblance to each other in
+size, color, form, texture, and flavor. The cap is usually a dull
+yellow, sometimes slightly olive-tinted, darkening with age to a
+brownish leather tinge. The stems are stout and hollow, white or
+whitish. This genus has a very wide geographical distribution, but the
+species are not numerous. Cooke describes twenty-four, some of them
+found in India, Java, Great Britain, Central and Northern Europe,
+Australia, and North America. Peck describes six species found in New
+York State. The lines of demarcation between species are not very
+decided; but as none of the species are known to be poisonous, it may
+be considered a safe genus to experiment with.
+
+In the Morchella esculenta the cap is ovate, in one variety rotund, the
+margin attaching itself to the stem; ribs firm and anastomosing, forming
+deep hollows or pits; color yellowish tan, olivaceous; spores hyaline,
+colorless; asci very long. The Morel, though rare in some localities, is
+found in large quantities in some of the midwestern States, sometimes in
+the woods along the borders of streams, often in peach orchards, at the
+roots of decaying trees.
+
+I am informed by correspondents who have collected and eaten them that
+the Morels can be gathered in abundance in the springtime along the
+banks of the Missouri and tributary streams. A lieutenant in the United
+States Army informs me that he found fine specimens of this species in
+the mountains of California, five or six thousand feet above sea-level.
+A correspondent, Mr. H. W. Henshaw, writes that he has made many
+excellent meals of them, finding them on the banks of Chico Creek,
+Sacramento Valley, California, on Gen. Bidwell's ranch, in April. A
+correspondent in Minnesota writes: "The Morel grows abundantly in some
+places here, but so prejudiced are many of the natives against
+'toad-stools' that I had to eat the Morel alone for a whole season
+before I could induce any one else to taste it." Mr. Hollis Webster, of
+the Boston Mycological Club, reports the Morchella _conica_ as appearing
+in abundance in eastern Massachusetts in May of this year. A
+correspondent in West Virginia reports that quantities of a large-sized
+Morel are found in the mountain regions there.
+
+I have reports also of the appearance of the Morel in Western New York,
+and on the coast of Maine and of Oregon. A miner writes to me from
+Montana that he and several other miners, having lost their way in the
+mountains of that State during the spring of the year, subsisted
+entirely for five days on Morels which they collected.
+
+The specimen represented in Plate C, Fig. 1, is figured from a Morchella
+_esculenta_ which grew in the vicinity of Falls Church, Va., less than
+ten miles from the District of Columbia. The reports which I have
+received from correspondents in twenty States show that the Morel is not
+so rare in this country as was formerly supposed. The advantages which
+this mushroom possesses over some others are (1) the readiness with
+which it can be distinguished, (2) its keeping qualities, and (3) its
+agreeable taste. It is easily dried, and in that condition can be kept a
+long time without losing its flavor. Though it has not the rich flavor
+of the common field mushroom, it is very palatable when cooked, and when
+dried it is often used in soups. It is very generally esteemed as an
+esculent among mycophagists.
+
+Fig. 2 represents the sporidia enclosed in the ascus, or spore sack,
+with accompanying paraphyses.
+
+     FIG. 3. =Gyromitra= _esculenta_ Fries. "_Esculent Gyromitra_."
+
+_Genus Gyromitra_ Fries. This genus contains very few species, but all
+are considered edible, though differing somewhat in flavor and
+digestibility. Five or six species are figured by Cooke. Peck speaks of
+several species found in New York. One of these, G. curtipes Fries, is
+also figured by Cooke as found in North Carolina. This species Cooke
+regards as equal in flavor to G. esculenta. G. esculenta has a rounded,
+inflated cap, irregularly lobed and hollow, smooth and brittle in
+texture, reddish brown. It falls over the stem in heavy convolutions,
+touching it at various points. The stem is stout, stuffed, at length
+hollow, whitish or cinereous; spores elliptical with two nuclei,
+yellowish, translucent. The plant is usually from two to four inches in
+height, but larger specimens are found.
+
+Fig. 4 represents the spore sack with enclosed sporidia.
+
+Mr. Charles L. Fox, of Portland, Maine, records the Gyromitra
+_esculenta_, of which he sent me a very good specimen last spring, as
+quite abundant during May in the open woods near the city named.
+Speaking of this species, he says: "From the point of view of their
+edibility, we have classed them under two heads--the light and the dark
+varieties. These differ in the locality in which they are found, in
+their color and in the convolutions of their surface. Both grow large.
+
+"The _Light Gyromitra_ is the more easily digested of the two. Its
+height varies from three to five inches, cap three to five inches in
+diameter. Its cap is inflated, very irregular, and twisted in large
+convolutions. These convolutions are almost smooth on the surface,
+sometimes showing small depressions; margin generally attached to the
+stem in parts. It is a transparent yellow in color. This variety does
+not grow dark brown with age. Stem white or very light buff, smooth, and
+hollow. It grows best on slopes facing the south, in scant woods of
+birch, maple, and pine. We have found no specimens in open places or on
+the borders of woods.
+
+"The _Dark Gyromitra_ is more common than the light variety. Its color
+is generally of dark lake brown, even in the young plant, though it is
+sometimes of a light warm yellow, which grows darker with age. Stem
+flesh-colored or pallid, but not white, nor so light as in the first
+variety. Its cap is similar in its large convolutions to that of the
+light variety, but it is covered with many intricate vermiform ridges,
+sometimes in high relief or even strongly undercut. Grows in mossy
+places, in light sandy soil, on borders of pine woods. Its flesh is
+brittle, but not so tender as that of the first variety. Both varieties
+dry readily. We should advise eating the _Dark Gyromitra_ only in
+moderate amounts, as, if eaten in quantity, or if old specimens are
+used, indigestion or nausea is liable to follow. In regard to both
+varieties, I would advise that only young specimens should be eaten at
+first, as they are more tender and less pronounced in flavor than the
+older plants. We have eaten, however, a considerable quantity of the
+_Light Gyromitra_ with no unpleasant results. The flavor of the
+Gyromitras is quite strong, and some have found it too much so to be
+agreeable on the first eating. The general opinion here, however, is
+favorable to the Gyromitra as an excellent addition to the table."
+
+Some German authorities speak well of the flavor of the G. esculenta,
+and it is sold in the German markets. Cordier records it as agreeable in
+taste when cooked. Peck says that he has repeatedly eaten it without
+experiencing any evil results, but does not consider its flavor equal to
+that of a first-class mushroom. He advises also that it should be eaten
+with moderation, and that only perfectly fresh specimens should be used,
+sickness having resulted from eating freely of specimens that had been
+kept twenty-four hours before being cooked.
+
+I have not been fortunate in securing a sufficient quantity of fresh
+specimens to test its edible qualities personally, but the testimony
+received from those who have eaten it seems to point to the necessity
+for moderation in eating and care in securing fresh specimens to cook.
+
+     FIG. 5. =Helvella crispa=. "_Crisp Helvella_."
+
+_Genus Helvella_ Linn. The plants of this genus are usually small,
+though a few of the species are of good size. They are not plentiful,
+but they are very generally regarded as edible, the flavor bearing a
+resemblance to that of the Morel. The cap has a smooth, not polished,
+surface, and is very irregular, revolute, and deflexed, not honeycombed
+like the Morel, nor showing the brain-like convolutions of the
+Gyromitras. Color brownish pale tan, or whitish. The stem in the larger
+species is stout, and sometimes deeply furrowed in longitudinal grooves,
+usually white or whitish.
+
+The species Helvella crispa is white or pallid throughout, cap very
+irregular, sometimes deeply concave in the centre, with margin at first
+erect, then drooping; again it is undulating, much divided and deflexed;
+in fact, so irregular is the shape that scarcely two specimens will show
+the cap the same in outline; stem stout and deeply channelled. Spores
+elliptical, transparent. Habitat woods, growing singly or in groups, but
+not cæspitose.
+
+Fig. 6, the ascus or spore sack and paraphyses.
+
+_Genus Mitrula_ Fries. Soft and fleshy, simple capitate, stem distinct,
+hymenium surrounding the inflated cap; head ovate, obtuse, inflated.--M.
+C. Cooke.
+
+Cooke says of this genus that it is scarcely so well characterized as
+many with which it is associated, and that some of the species are
+evidently so closely allied to some of the species of the genus
+Geoglossum that it is difficult to draw the line of demarcation between
+them, particularly so with the species Mitrula _pistillaris_ B. from
+Louisiana.
+
+The plants are very small, and though none are recorded as poisonous,
+only one or two have any value as esculents.
+
+     FIG. 7. =Mitrula sclerotipes= Boudier.
+
+The cap in this species is small, and the stem long and slender. The
+spores are transparent, the asci club-shaped. The plants of this species
+are always found springing from an oblong sclerotium; hence the name
+sclerotipes.
+
+Fig. 8 represents the sporidia enclosed in their asci with paraphyses
+and individual spores, the latter magnified 800 diameters. Fig. 9,
+sectional view of mature plant.
+
+     FIG. 10. =Mitrula vitellina= Sacc., var. _irregularis_ Peck.
+
+Saccardo, in his Sylloge Fungorum, includes in this genus those having a
+club-shaped cap, which brings into it, with others, the species Mitrula
+_vitellina_ Sacc., formerly classed in the genus Geoglossum, and its
+variety _irregularis_ Peck. The latter was first described in 1879, in
+Peck's Thirty-Second Report, under the name Geoglossum _irregulare_.
+Prof. Peck now gives preference to the name assigned to it by Saccardo,
+and it is so recorded in Peck's later reports.
+
+Prof. Peck records this species as edible, and recommends it as having
+tender flesh and an agreeable flavor. It sometimes grows in profusion in
+wet mossy places, in woods, or swampy ground. It is bright yellow in
+color, clean and attractive. The cap is much longer than the stem, often
+deeply lobed, extremely irregular in outline, and tapers to a short
+yellowish or whitish stem. The spores are narrowly elliptical and
+transparent. The specimen illustrated is from a small one figured by
+Peck. The plants sometimes reach two inches in height. They are most
+abundant in temperate climates.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate D.
+     FOUR TYPES OF THE GENUS MORCHELLA.
+     T. TAYLOR, DEL.
+     THE NORRIS PETERS CO., PHOTO-LITHO., WASHINGTON, D. C.]
+
+     PLATE D.
+
+In Plate D are represented four species of the genus Morchella, viz., M.
+_semilibera_, M. _bispora_, M. _conica_, and M. _deliciosa_. Morchella
+_esculenta_ is figured in Plate C.
+
+     FIG. 1. =Morchella semilibera= De Candolle. "_Half Free Morel_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap conical but half free from the stem as the name of the species
+indicates. The ribs are longitudinal, forming oblong pits; stem hollow,
+much longer than the cap, white; spores elliptical. Peck says that this
+species has been described by Persoon under the name Morchella
+_hybrida_, and this name is adopted in Saccardo's Sylloge Fungorum, but
+most English writers prefer the first.
+
+Fig. 2. Sectional view of Morchella _semilibera_.
+
+Fig. 8. Sporidia of same inclosed in ascus with accompanying
+paraphyses.
+
+     FIG. 3. Sectional view of =Morchella bispora= Sorokin. "_Two-Spored
+     Morel_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap free from the stem to the top, somewhat resembling that of M.
+_semilibera_, but blunt at its summit instead of conical, the outward
+surface deeply pitted, inner surface smooth and barren. A characteristic
+of this species which distinguishes it from others of the same genus is
+found in the number of its sporidia, spores as seen in the ascus or
+spore sack. In the plants of the genus Morchella the spore sacks, with
+one or two exceptions, contain eight spores.
+
+In the species M. _bispora_ the spore sacks contain but two spores and
+these are much larger than the sporidia of those which contain eight.
+This characteristic, however, can only be determined by the aid of the
+microscope.
+
+Cooke figures a specimen taken from those published by Sorokin in
+Thumen's Exsiccata, and calls it a variety of Morchella _Bohemica_
+Kromb. He says that it is not unusual to find M. _Bohemica_ with two or
+four sporidia in some of the asci, mixed with others containing more,
+some specimens being entirely tetrasporous, and some, as the variety
+_bispora_, usually containing but two sporidia. Cooke contends that M.
+bispora is simply a bisporous form of Morchella _Bohemica_, and calls it
+M. _Bohemica_ var. _bispora_. It is not as common as other species.
+
+Fig. 9 represents asci of M. bispora showing the two spores in each
+ascus.
+
+     FIG. 4. =Morchella conica.= "_Conical Morel_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap conical or oblong-conical, margin adhering to the stem, the
+prominent ridges longitudinal and irregularly bisected with shorter
+ones; the whole plant hollow throughout; color pale tan or ochraceous
+yellow, growing dingy and darker with age; stem white; spores
+elliptical.
+
+This species is quite plentiful in some localities; the flavor is like
+that of M. _esculenta_.
+
+Fig. 5. Sectional view of M. _conica_.
+
+Fig. 10. Ascus, sporidia and paraphyses.
+
+     FIG. 6. =Morchella deliciosa= Fries. "_Delicious Morel_."
+
+Cap nearly cylindrical, blunt at the top, and usually much longer than
+the stem, adnate. Plant hollow throughout. Stem white. Spores
+elliptical.
+
+Fig. 7. Sectional view of M. _deliciosa_.
+
+Fig. 11. Ascus, sporidia, and paraphyses.
+
+The Morchella _deliciosa_ is highly esteemed as an esculent wherever
+eaten. Split open and stuffed with bread crumbs seasoned with pepper,
+salt, and butter and a pinch of thyme or onion, steamed in a hot oven,
+and served with butter sauce, this mushroom makes a very savory dish.
+
+_Note._--Small specimens have been selected for illustration in this
+plate in order to utilize as much as possible the plate space.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate IV.
+     THE NORRIS PETERS CO., PHOTO-LITHO., WASHINGTON, D. C.]
+
+     PLATE IV. STRUCTURE OF THE AGARICINI, GILL-BEARING MUSHROOMS.
+
+Fig. 1. Cap or pileus umbonate, _a_; stem or stipe fistulose, tubular,
+_b_; gills or lamellæ adnate, and slightly emarginate.
+
+Fig. 2. Gills remote, _i. e._, distant from the stem. (See _a_.)
+
+Fig. 3. Gills adnexed, partly attached to the stem at their inner
+extremity, _a_.
+
+Fig. 4. Gills emarginate, with a tooth, as at _a_; stem stuffed.
+
+Fig. 5. Cap obtuse, _e_; gills free, _i. e._, reaching the stem but not
+attached thereto (see _a_); _b_ stem stuffed.
+
+Fig. 6. Cap umbilicate, slightly depressed in the centre, _b_; gills
+decurrent, _i. e._, running down the stem. (See _a_.)
+
+Fig. 7. Basidium, cell _a_, borne on the hymenium, or spore-bearing
+surface of the gills; _b_, stigmata; _c_, spores.
+
+Fig. 8. Gills adnate, _i. e._, firmly attached to the stem at their
+inner extremity, as at _a_.
+
+Fig. 9. Cap, with border involute, _i. e._, rolled inward. (See _a_.)
+
+Fig. 10. Lamellæ or gills dentated or toothed. (See _a_.)
+
+Fig. 11. Cap with border revolute, _i. e._, rolled backward. (See _a_.)
+
+     AGARICINI. Fries.
+
+     LEUCOSPORI (SPORES WHITE OR YELLOWISH).
+
+_Genus Lactarius_ Fries. The plants of this genus have neither veil nor
+volva. They somewhat resemble the _Russulæ_, but can be readily
+distinguished from them by the greater fleshiness of the stem and by the
+milky juice which exudes from the flesh. The latter is a characteristic
+feature of the _Lactars_, giving to the group its name.
+
+The species were originally arranged by Fries into groups according to
+the color and quality of the milk, and of the naked or pruinose
+character of the gills. Prof. Peck, however, considering the latter
+character not sufficiently constant or obvious to be satisfactory, in
+his early reports makes the color of the milk alone the basis of the
+primary grouping of the American species.
+
+Saccardo, in his Sylloge, follows Fries in his classification of the
+species of the genus Lactarius.
+
+In some species the milk is at first bright colored and continues
+unchanged; in others it is always white or whitish, and in others again
+it is at first white, changing to different hues on exposure to the air,
+becoming pinkish, pale violet, or yellow. In one species (C. indigo)
+both plant and milk are of indigo blue. The taste of the milk varies, as
+does that of the flesh, according to species. Sometimes it is mild or
+very slightly acrid, and again it resembles Cayenne pepper in its hot,
+biting acridity. It is somewhat viscid or sticky in character, and
+permeates to some extent the whole flesh of the mushroom, but is most
+profuse in the gills, where in fresh young specimens it is seen exuding
+on the slightest pressure. In old or wilted specimens it does not flow
+so freely, but may be found by breaking off portions of the cap.
+
+The plants usually present a fleshy cap, the flesh quite brittle, and
+breaking in clean, even fractures. In a number of the species the upper
+surface of the cap shows bands or zones of warm coloring, not found in
+any of the species of the allied genus Russula. The gills are sometimes
+even, more often forked, acute on the edge, color white or whitish, but
+changing to yellowish or reddish tints as the plants mature, or when cut
+or bruised. While they are at first adnate they become, with the
+expansion of the cap, somewhat decurrent, showing in this particular a
+resemblance to the plants of the genus Clitocybe. The stem is central,
+except in a few species, where it is eccentric or lateral, notably the
+latter in L. _obliquus_; spores white or yellowish, according to
+species; Cooke says, "rarely turning yellow." They are globose, or
+nearly so, and slightly rough.
+
+This genus is a large one, and contains many acrid species. Out of
+fifty-three described and figured by Cooke, more than half are given as
+having the milk more or less acrid. More than forty species have been
+recorded as growing in this country, and many of these are extremely
+acrid in taste.
+
+A number of the species are edible, while others have been recorded as
+deleterious, poisonous, etc. L. torminosus, L. piperatus, and L.
+insulsus are species about which there seems to be difference of opinion
+among authors as to their wholesomeness or edibility, some contending
+that, in spite of their extreme acridity, they are edible when cooked,
+and others that they are deleterious in their effects. L. _deliciosus_
+and L. _volemus_ have a good reputation in this country as well as
+abroad, and are quite abundant in some localities. They are more
+frequent in temperate climates than in northern latitudes or in the
+tropics.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate V.
+     LACTARIOUS DELICIOSUS.
+     1 General form. 2 Section. 3 Spores.]
+
+     PLATE V.
+
+     =Lactarius deliciosus= Fries. "_Delicious Lactarius_" _or_ "_Orange
+     Milk Mushroom_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap fleshy, viscid, at first convex, then nearly plane, becoming much
+depressed in the centre, funnel-shaped, marked in the adult plant with
+rings or rust-colored zones. Color of the cap dull orange, turning
+paler, and grayish or greenish yellow when old or dried; margin at first
+turned inwards; flesh whitish or tinged with yellow; gills decurrent,
+crowded rather thick, sometimes slightly forked at the base, pale
+yellow, sometimes a saffron yellow, exuding when bruised a saffron-red
+or orange-colored liquid, hence the popular name of "Orange Milk
+Mushroom;" stem smooth, somewhat spotted, stout, stuffed with a
+yellowish pith, eventually becoming hollow; color about the same as that
+of the cap. Spores subglobose, yellowish. Taste mild or very slightly
+acrid when raw.
+
+Mycophagists generally concur in the opinion that it is of very pleasant
+flavor when cooked, and some speak very enthusiastically of its esculent
+qualities.
+
+Over-cooking is apt to make it tough. I find steaming in the oven with
+butter, pepper, and salt, and a very small quantity of water, as oysters
+are steamed, a very good method of preserving the juices and flavor.
+
+It is found in Maryland, under the pines and sometimes in mossy and
+swampy places. Prof. Underwood, President of the New York Mycological
+Club, reports it as fairly abundant in Connecticut.
+
+Lactarius _volemus_ Fries, the "Orange-Brown Lactar," somewhat resembles
+the L. _deliciosus_ in shape and size, but the cap is dry and glabrous
+and the skin is apt to crack in patches in somewhat the same manner as
+does that of the Russula _virescens_. It is a warm orange-brown in
+color, varying slightly with age, and is not zoned. The gills are white
+or yellowish and crowded, adnate in the young specimens, and decurrent
+in the mature, exuding a white milk when bruised. The spores are
+globose, and white. It is found in open woods. The flavor is much like
+that of L. _deliciosus_, although perhaps not so rich.
+
+One author states it as his experience that the Lactars which have
+_bright_-colored milk, unchanging, are usually edible and have a mild
+taste. L. _indigo_ Schwein has been recorded as less abundant than some
+other species, but edible. The plant is a deep blue throughout, the milk
+of the same color and unchanging. The taste of both flesh and milk is
+mild. Specimens of this species were sent to me from western New York
+several years ago by a correspondent who found it growing in quantities
+in a corn field. He had cooked several dishes of it, and reported its
+flavor as very agreeable.
+
+L. _vellereus_ and L. _piperatus_ are very common in fir woods. The
+plants are large and stout, white throughout, the milk white and
+excessively acrid; gills decurrent, unequal and narrow. The milk in
+_vellereus_ is apt to be scanty but copious in _piperatus_.
+
+Of L. _piperatus_, Worthington Smith says: "So strongly acrid is the
+milk that if it be allowed to trickle over tender hands it will sting
+like the contact of nettles; and if a drop be placed on the lips or
+tongue the sensation will be like the scalding of boiling water." He
+records it as "poisonous." Fries and Curtis say that, "notwithstanding
+its intense acridity, it is edible when cooked." Cordier, while
+recording it as edible, says that the milk, and butter made from the
+milk of cows fed with it, are bitter and nauseous, although cows eat it
+with avidity. Gibson, while quoting one or two authors as to its
+edibility when cooked, says: "Its decidedly ardent tang warns me not to
+dwell too enthusiastically upon its merits in a limited selection of
+desirable esculents." The Secretary of the Boston Mycological Club,
+writing in the Club bulletin, says "it has been eaten as a sort of duty
+after the acridity was cooked out," but does not commend it. It is
+spoken of as "an unattractive fungus which usurps in the woods the place
+that might well be occupied by something better." In this opinion I
+fully concur.
+
+L. _torminosus_, "_Wooly Lactarius_," sometimes called the "_Colic
+Lactarius_," has been termed acrid and poisonous by Badham. Cordier and
+Letellier, on the other hand, say that it can be eaten with impunity
+when cooked. Gillet declares it deleterious and even dangerous in the
+raw state, constituting a very strong and drastic purgative. One author
+states that, although it does not constitute an agreeable article of
+food, it is eaten in some parts of France and in Russia. Considering the
+differences of opinion which exist with regard to this and other
+extremely acrid species, it would seem the part of prudence for persons
+with delicate stomachs to avoid the use of very acrid species, for,
+though the acridity may be expelled by cooking, there would seem to be
+no necessity for risking unpleasant or dangerous results while the range
+of unquestionably wholesome and agreeable species is sufficiently wide
+to satisfy the most enthusiastic mycophagist.
+
+     AGARICINI.
+
+     LEUCOSPORI (SPORES WHITE OR YELLOWISH).
+
+Armillaria Fries. Cooke places Armillaria in the order Agaricini, _genus
+Agaricus_, making of it a _sub_-genus. Saccardo, in taking it out of
+Agaricus, elevates it to the position of a separate genus. The name
+Armillaria is derived from a Greek word, meaning a ring or bracelet,
+referring to its ringed stem.
+
+In the plants of the Armillaria the veil is partial in infancy,
+attaching the edge of the cap to the upper part of the stem; the stem
+furnished with a ring. Below the ring the veil is concrete with the
+stem, forming scurfy scales upon it. The gills are broadly adnexed. In
+abnormal specimens the ring is sometimes absent, or appearing only in
+scales, running down the stem. Spores white. The species are few; eight
+are recorded as growing in the United States. Cooke describes twelve
+species found in Great Britain.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate VI.
+     AGARICUS (ARMILLARIA) MELLEUS.
+     Group from Hynesboro Park, Md., U. S.
+     K. MAYO, del.]
+
+     PLATE VI.
+
+     =Ag. (Armillaria) melleus= Vahl. "_Honey-Colored Armillaria._"
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap fleshy, rather thin at the margin, at first subconical, then
+slightly rounded, or nearly plane, clothed with minute hairy tufts;
+margin sometimes striate, color varying, usually a pale-yellowish or
+honey color or light reddish brown; flesh whitish. Gills whitish or
+paler than the cap, growing mealy with the shedding of the profuse white
+spores, and often spotted with reddish-brown stains, adnate, ending with
+decurrent tooth. Stem fibrillose, elastic, stuffed or hollow, ringed,
+and adorned with floccose scales which often disappear with age; in some
+varieties distinctly bulbous at the base, in others showing tapering
+root. Specimens occur in which the ring is wanting or only traces of it
+appear in the form of scales encircling the stem. Veil usually firm,
+membraneous, and encircling the stem in a well-pronounced ring or
+collar, but sometimes filmy as a spider's web, in very young specimens
+hiding the gills, but breaking apart as the cap expands.
+
+Manner of growth cæspitose, generally on decayed tree stumps, although
+the group figured in the plate was found growing on moist sand, mixed
+with clay, on a roadside in Hynesbury Park.
+
+Authors differ widely as to the value of this species as an esculent. I
+have only eaten the very young and small specimens when cooked, and
+found them very palatable. A Boston mycophagist records it as "very
+good," fried after five minutes' boiling in salted water. Prof. Peck,
+having tried it, considers it "a perfectly safe species, but not of
+first-rate quality." It is very common in Maryland and Virginia, and in
+the mountain districts prolific. I have talked with Bohemians and with
+Germans who have gathered it in basketfuls in the vicinity of the
+District of Columbia, who speak well of it, considering it a valuable
+addition to the table. Its prolific growth makes it valuable to those
+who like it. There are no species recorded as dangerous in this group.
+
+Ag. (Armillaria) robustus, a very stout species, with a fleshy, compact,
+smooth cap, bay color or tawny, occurs in the Maryland woods, and in the
+open woods of the Massachusetts coast.
+
+     AGARICINI. Fries.
+
+_Genus Cantharellus_ Adans. In the plants of this genus the hymenophore
+or fleshy substance of the cap is continuous with the stem. They are
+fleshy, membranaceous, and putrescent, having neither veil, ring, nor
+volva. The stem is central, except in a few species, where it is
+lateral. A characteristic of the genus which separates it from other
+genera of the Agaricini is the vein-like appearance of the gills. They
+are very shallow and so obtuse on the edges as to present the appearance
+of a network of swollen branching veins. They are usually decurrent and
+anastomosing. It is a small genus. Cooke figures nineteen species. Among
+the described species C. cibarius is the only one whose edible qualities
+have been highly recommended. C. umbonatus, a very small plant, found in
+eastern Massachusetts is commended by those who have eaten it. They are
+usually found in woods, and amongst moss. One species, _C. carbonatus_,
+is found upon charred ground.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate VII.
+     CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS FR.
+     1, 2, 3, 4 Various stages of growth. 5 A section.
+     6 Spores. 7 Spores and basidia.
+     From Hynesbury, Md., U. S.
+     Sackett & Wilhelms Lithographing Co., New York.]
+
+     PLATE VII.
+
+     =Cantharellus cibarius= Fries. "_The Edible Chantarelle_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap a rich golden yellow, like the yolk of an egg; at first convex,
+later concave and turbinated; margin sinuous, undulate, smooth,
+shining, and more or less lobed; diameter from two to four inches;
+flesh pale yellow or whitish; veins or gills rather thick and wiry,
+remarkably decurrent, usually very much bifurcated and of the same
+golden yellow as the cap; stem solid or stuffed, slightly attenuated
+downwards, yellow; spores white or pale yellowish, elliptical.
+
+European authors esteem it very highly, and some speak of the odor as
+like that of ripe apricots. The plant as found in Maryland and Virginia
+has a slightly pungent but agreeable taste when raw, and a pleasant odor
+when cooked. It is ranked as one of the best of the wood mushrooms by
+those who have eaten it in this locality (District of Columbia). It is
+found here in abundance, after light rains, in fir woods. Berkeley
+states that it is somewhat rare in England, where it is held as a
+delicacy, but quite common on the continent. We have had specimens from
+various localities throughout the States. Cooke says the spores are
+white. Peck and Gibson record them as yellow. I find them white,
+sometimes slightly tinted with yellow.
+
+The _Chantarelle_ takes its name from a Greek word signifying a cup or
+vase, referring to its shape and possibly also to its rich golden color;
+_cibarius_ refers to its esculent qualities.
+
+The variety _rufipes_ Gillet closely resembles C. _cibarius_, but is
+darker, with the stem _rufous_, reddish, at the base.
+
+C. _aurantiacus_ Fries bears a sufficient resemblance to C. _cibarius_
+to be sometimes taken for it, although the cap is tomentose and of a
+much deeper orange in tint, the gills more crowded, darker than the cap,
+and the stem less stout. In the variety _pallidus_ the whole plant is
+very light or buff yellow, and the gills nearly white. C. aurantiacus
+has been recorded as poisonous or unwholesome by some of the earlier
+authors, others say that they have eaten it, but do not commend it.
+
+
+
+
+RECEIPTS FOR COOKING.
+
+
+_Stuffed Morels._--Choose the freshest and lightest colored Morels, open
+the stalk at the base, fill with minced veal and bread-crumbs, secure
+the ends of the stalk and place between thin slices of bacon.
+
+The Morel should not be gathered immediately after heavy rains, as it
+becomes insipid with much moisture. The flavor is said to grow stronger
+in drying.
+
+_Escalloped Mushrooms._--(From Mr. Frank Caywood, Fredericktown, Ohio,
+November 14, 1893.) Season as directed in the usual methods for
+mushrooms and add a small quantity of vinegar to hasten the cooking.
+Cook slowly until tender; rapid boiling evaporates the flavor. When
+done, put in from a pint to a quart of sweet milk and heat. Take a
+pudding dish and put in a layer of broken crackers; light milk crackers
+are the best. Put lumps of butter and pepper and salt over the crackers.
+Next a layer of the tender mushrooms with some of the hot gravy and
+milk. Continue these layers until the dish is full, having a layer of
+crackers on top. Place the dish in the oven and bake slowly until the
+crackers are browned.
+
+_Mushroom Fritters._--Take nice large tops, season, and dip into batter
+and fry in hot butter as other fritters.
+
+_Mushrooms en ragout._--Put into a stewpan a little "stock," a small
+quantity of vinegar, parsley, and green onions chopped up, salt and
+spices. When this is about to boil, the cleaned mushrooms are put in.
+When done remove them from the fire and thicken with yolks of eggs.
+
+The Lactarius _deliciosus_ may be served with a white sauce or fried.
+Badham says the best way to cook them is to season first with pepper,
+salt, and small pieces of butter, and bake in a closely covered pie dish
+for about three quarters of an hour.
+
+The Cantharellus, being somewhat dry, requires more fluid sauce in
+cooking than the juicier mushrooms, and is best minced and slowly stewed
+until quite tender. Some advise soaking it in milk a few hours before
+cooking. The Italians dry or pickle it or keep it in oil for winter use.
+
+Persoon gives the following recipes for cooking the Morel: 1st. Wash and
+cleanse thoroughly, as the earth is apt to collect between the ridges;
+dry and put them in a saucepan with pepper, salt, and parsley, adding or
+not a piece of bacon; stew for an hour, pouring in occasionally a little
+broth to prevent burning; when sufficiently done, bind with the yolks of
+two or three eggs, and serve on buttered toast.
+
+2. _Morelles à l'Italienne._--Having washed and dried, divide them
+across, put them on the fire with some parsley, scallion, chives,
+tarragon, a little salt, and two spoonfuls of fine oil. Stew till the
+juice runs out, then thicken with a little flour; serve with bread
+crumbs and a squeeze of lemon.
+
+
+
+
+MUSHROOM GROWING.[A]
+
+
+[A] A part of the matter presented under this caption was contributed by
+the author to the Health Magazine and appeared in the March number
+(1897) of that periodical.
+
+To France is due the credit of being the first country to cultivate
+mushrooms on a large scale, and France still supplies the markets of the
+world with canned mushrooms. The mushroom which is cultivated in the
+caves and quarries of France, to the exclusion of all others, is the
+Agaricus arvensis (the "Snowball"), a species of field mushroom.
+
+Of late years France has found a formidable competitor in the culture of
+mushrooms in Great Britain. The English market gardeners find their
+moist, equable climate favorable to outdoor culture, and abundant crops
+are grown by them in the open air, chiefly, however, for the home
+market.
+
+That mushroom growing can be made a lucrative business is shown by the
+experience of a well-known English grower, Mr. J. F. Barter, who on one
+acre of ground has produced in the open air, without the aid of glass,
+an average of from ten to twelve thousand pounds of mushrooms annually;
+the price obtained for them varying according to the season, but
+averaging ten pence, or twenty cents, per pound for the whole year. The
+value of twelve thousand pounds of mushrooms at ten pence per pound
+would be £500 sterling or $2,500.
+
+For the purposes of comparison the following are quoted from the Pall
+Mall Gazette, as exceptional prices realized in England for other fruits
+and vegetables in recent years:
+
+Pounds sterling per statute acre:
+
+Very early gooseberries, 100; onions, 192; early lettuces, 100; plums,
+100; potatoes, 100; strawberries, 150; black currants, 168; filberts,
+200.
+
+It will be seen that onions and filberts head the list, but the product
+of an acre of mushrooms has been shown to be worth more than double that
+of either filberts or onions.
+
+In the localities specially favorable to hop growing 30 cwt. of hops to
+the acre is considered exceptional, while the average price has been
+quoted at 3 pounds sterling, or about one-fifth of the sum obtained from
+Mr. Barter's acre of mushrooms. Three months in the year the weather
+does not favor outdoor culture, and these months Mr. Barter spends in
+manufacturing brick spawn, which he exports to this and other countries.
+Among those who have been very successful in indoor culture are Mr.
+William Robinson, editor of the "London Garden," and Mr. Horace Cox,
+manager of the "Field."
+
+In America, where mushroom culture is still comparatively in its
+infancy, there have already been obtained very encouraging results by
+painstaking growers. Most of the cultivation has been in the northern
+and midwestern States, where the climatic conditions seemed most
+favorable to indoor culture. A few figures as to the revenue obtained in
+this way may be interesting to readers.
+
+An experienced Pennsylvania grower states that from a total area of
+5,500 square feet of beds, made up in two mushroom houses, he obtained a
+crop of 5,000 pounds of mushrooms in one season, or about one pound to
+the square foot. These sold at an average of a little over 50 cents per
+pound. A third house, with 19,000 square feet of beds, produced 2,800
+pounds, or one and one-half pounds to the square foot. This house
+yielded a net profit of one thousand dollars. This, however, can be
+quoted only as showing the possibilities of careful culture by
+experienced growers under very favorable circumstances. Amateurs could
+scarcely expect such good results. Three-fourths of a pound to the
+square foot would probably come nearer the average. A Philadelphia
+grower gives the average price secured from fifty shipments of mushrooms
+in one season at 54 cents per pound. New York dealers report higher
+rates than this. A Washington florist who utilizes the lower shelves of
+his propagating houses for the purpose of mushroom growing informed me
+that during two seasons he received 60 cents per pound wholesale,
+shipping to New York, and that he sold one thousand dollars worth in one
+season. Mr. Denton, a market gardener of Long Island, who cultivates in
+houses built for the purpose, markets from 1,700 to 2,500 pounds per
+year.
+
+Thus far the market is in the hands of a comparatively few dealers in
+the neighborhood of large cities, but there is certainly no good reason
+why the growing of mushrooms should not be more generally undertaken by
+the farming community. Certainly no one has better facilities than are
+at the command of the enterprising American farmer. On most farms the
+conditions are favorable or could easily be made so for mushroom
+culture, on a moderate scale, at least. Generally there are disused
+sheds, old barns, etc., which with a small outlay could be transformed
+into mushroom houses, and where timber is plentiful the cost of building
+a small mushroom house would be repaid by the profits accruing from the
+business.
+
+In the culture of mushrooms there are open, to the enterprising with
+small capital, four sources of profit: first, the sale of the fresh
+mushrooms; second, the manufacture of mushroom catsup; third, the
+canning of the small button mushroom for exportation; and, fourth, the
+manufacture of spawn.
+
+It is well in this, as in all new industries, to begin in a small way,
+and if success is attained it is easy to extend operations on a larger
+scale. My advice to amateurs is to begin with one or two beds in a
+well-drained cellar or shed where good ventilation and even temperature
+can be secured at moderate cost. In the underground cellar economy is
+secured by the saving in fuel. The beds can be made on the floor, flat,
+ridged or banked against the wall, ten or twelve inches deep in a warm
+cellar, and from fifteen to twenty inches in a cool cellar. The boxing
+for the sides and ends may be built six or eight inches higher than the
+beds to give the mushrooms plenty of head room.
+
+
+DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING THE COMPOST FOR THE BEDS.
+
+Procure not less than a cartload of clean, fresh stable manure. Place it
+under cover, to protect it from rain and drain water, mix well and heap
+up the whole mass into a mound three feet high then beat the mound
+firmly down to prevent undue heating. Repeat this operation every other
+day until its rank smell is gone, taking care that on each turning the
+outside dry manure is placed in the centre of the mound. By this means
+the stable odor is dissipated while its heating properties are equally
+distributed. Add to this from one-fourth to one-fifth of clean, rich
+garden mould. Mix well. After this careful handling, the mass may be
+considered fit for bedding purposes. When placed in the beds the mass
+should be compacted again by beating with the back of a spade or trowel.
+The bed surface should appear moist but not wet, smooth and of firm
+consistence. From day to day it will be necessary to test its general
+temperature by means of a thermometer. To this end make at various
+places at different depths openings sufficiently large to admit the use
+of a thermometer. It will be found that the temperature is highest
+nearest the bottom. Test at various points. At first the temperature
+will run high; 105° to 120° Fahrenheit is probably as high as it will
+reach, but in a few days it will fall to 85° or 80° Fahrenheit. At this
+point spawn the bed. For this purpose make holes in the top of the bed
+about six inches apart and two inches deep with a blunt dibble or broom
+handle. Place in these holes or openings a piece of brick spawn about
+the size of a hen's egg, and cover the holes with manure; finish by
+packing the same, keeping the surface of the bed smooth and moist. The
+spawn should be slightly moistened before using. Should the surface of
+the bed become dry, use water from a fine sprinkling pan. The
+temperature of the cellar or house in which the bed may be placed should
+range between 55° and 75°, and should not be lower than 50°. If the
+spawn is good and all conditions attended to, the white filaments should
+appear spreading through the bed within eight or ten days after
+spawning. When the white spawn is observed on or near the surface, cover
+the whole surface with from one to two inches of garden loam well
+pulverized. A good general rule for spawning the bed is to wait until
+the heat of the bed is on the decline and has fallen to at least 90°
+Fahrenheit. If the heat in the middle of the bed runs too high the
+spawn is killed. The experience of a number of growers has shown that a
+bed spawned at 60° to 80° and kept at 55° after the mushrooms appear
+gives better results than one spawned at 90°.
+
+The quality of the manure makes some difference in its temperature. That
+obtained from stables where horses are grass fed will be of lower normal
+temperature and will chill quicker than that obtained from corn or oat
+fed stock.
+
+A solution of saltpeter in proportion of about fifteen grains to a quart
+of water, occasionally spread over the bed with a fine hose, helps to
+accelerate the growth of the mushrooms.
+
+The proper condition of the manure as regards dryness or moistness can
+be readily ascertained by squeezing it in the hand; it should be
+unctuous enough to hold together in a lump, and so dry that you cannot
+squeeze a drop of water out of it. Excessive moisture in the manure has
+been often a cause of failure. It should be remembered also that when
+the heat of the manure is on the decline it falls rapidly, five, often
+ten degrees a day, till it reaches about 75°, and between that and 65°
+it may rest for weeks.
+
+One of the principal causes of the failure of mushroom culture in this
+country is the use of old or poor spawn. Good spawn should have a fresh,
+mushroomy odor, and a bluish-white appearance on the surface. In buying
+spawn one should always go to reliable seedsmen.
+
+
+COMPOST FOR MUSHROOM BEDS.
+
+Sawdust has been used in England for mushroom beds, after having been
+used for stable bedding, with very good results. It has also been used
+successfully in the District of Columbia. In fact, the very large models
+of cultivated mushrooms exhibited by the Division of Microscopy of the
+Department of Agriculture at the World's Fair in Chicago were moulded
+from mushrooms which were grown on the writer's premises, in a
+composition of sawdust stable bedding, combined with about one-fourth
+garden mould, but I am confident, at the same time, that much depends on
+the kind of timber the sawdust is made from. In this case the sawdust
+came from spruce.
+
+
+MUSHROOM CULTURE IN CANADA.
+
+A Canadian correspondent informs me that he, with others, has been very
+successful in growing mushrooms in the open air during the summer months
+in Canada, and gives the following directions for preparing the beds in
+the colder latitudes:
+
+Place under a shed such amount of clean stable manure as may be required
+for the beds, turning it over and over until all free ammonia has
+escaped and the tendency of undue fermentation and evolution of high
+temperature has greatly modified. To effect this, it is necessary to
+heap up the manure each time in a mound, say three feet high after
+turning, and beat it firmly down (the exclusion of free air prevents
+overheating). To put the manure in proper condition for use in the beds,
+from two to four weeks' treatment may be required, but much depends on
+the quality of the manure and temperature of the atmosphere. Before
+making the beds, and several days after the last turning, test the
+internal temperature of the mound in the following manner: Make a hole
+with a broomstick through the mound from top to bottom, and suspend a
+thermometer half way down in the hole for, say, an hour. The temperature
+may be as high as 150° F. After the lapse of the time stated, beat the
+mound more firmly down to prevent rise of temperature. Test again two
+days after in the same manner. If the temperature has risen several
+degrees the mound must be again taken down, turned over, and remade. If,
+on the other hand, the temperature has fallen to 100° F., the permanent
+bed may be made. If indoor growth is desired, such as a cellar,
+outbuilding, or cave, the atmosphere must not fall below 50° F., nor be
+over 80° F. Air drafts cannot be permitted. The floor must be dry and
+the atmosphere moist. The cellar may be dark, or moderately light.
+Growers differ in opinion in this respect. Growers generally add to the
+manure about one-fourth or one-fifth garden soil, but success has been
+attained without the use of garden soil, except as surface dressing
+after spawning the bed; an excessive use of loam, in any case, tends to
+lower the temperature too rapidly. Having prepared a box or frame-work
+for the bed twelve inches deep, fill it up to within two inches of the
+top; beat gently down with a board, or a brick, until it is even and
+compact. On the following day make holes in the bed, with a dibble, ten
+inches deep, in which suspend a thermometer half way down for an hour.
+Should the temperature have fallen to 90° F., cover lightly with straw
+and test on the following day. Should the temperature prove to be going
+down, say to 80° F., or 85° F., it is safe to plant the spawn; but
+should the temperature be on the rise, wait until it is falling. One
+grower has stated that his greatest success has been when the spawn was
+planted at the temperature of 75° F. Should the temperature fall too
+quickly and the surface be too dry, sprinkle with water at blood heat,
+using a very fine hose, and cover the bed with straw.
+
+The spawn brick should be cut into pieces, about the size of an egg, and
+planted in holes made in the bed, about two inches deep and about six
+inches apart. The holes are then filled up and about two inches of
+garden soil sifted over the surface of the bed. Tamp the bed surface
+gently with the back of a spade. Mushrooms may be expected for table use
+in about six or seven weeks, provided the spawn is good and the
+temperature has not fallen below 50° F. In outdoor culture the beds must
+be well covered with straw or canvas, and had better be under a shed
+roof with southern exposure.
+
+The spawn used by this grower is the "brick" spawn, imported from Carter
+& Holborn, London, England.
+
+
+CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOMS IN JAPAN.
+
+The Japanese are very successful in cultivating a mushroom which they
+call "Shiitake" or "Lepiota shiitake." China also produces the same
+mushroom, but of an inferior quality. The Chinese therefore prefer the
+mushroom cultivated by the Japanese, which they import from Japan in
+large quantities. It is cultivated on a variety of trees, but is said to
+grow best on the "Shiinoki," a species of oak (Quercus cuspidata).
+
+There are three varieties of "Shiitake," the spring, summer, and autumn
+crops differing somewhat in quality. The method of growing the
+"Shiitake" is given by the Japanese Commissioner of Agriculture as
+follows:
+
+"Trees of from twenty to fifty years' growth are cut down at the
+approach of winter when the sap has ceased to run, and after the lapse
+of twenty or thirty days, according to the condition of the drying of
+the wood, are sawed into logs of 4 or 5 feet in length. Into each of
+these logs incisions are made with a hatchet, at intervals of about 6
+inches, and they are piled regularly upon a frame-work erected at a
+height of about 1 foot above the ground, under the trees. The location
+of the ground selected for piling the logs should be the slopes of a
+forest, facing southeast or southwest. After keeping the logs as above
+described for from two to three years, they are immersed in water for
+twenty-four hours in the middle of November, and again laid one upon
+another for about four days; if it is in a cold district, the pile is
+covered with straw or mats. At the expiration of the fourth day the logs
+are obliquely tilted against poles fixed horizontally to the trees at a
+height of about 4 feet in a well-ventilated and sunny situation. The
+mushrooms soon appear in quantity, and, after twenty or thirty days'
+growth, are ready for harvesting."
+
+Recent reports of the Japanese Agricultural Department show the total
+value of the annual export of "Shiitake" to be nearly five hundred
+thousand "yen" (silver).
+
+
+MANUFACTURE OF SPAWN.
+
+As many tons of artificial spawn are yearly imported into this country,
+it would seem that the manufacture of spawn in the United States might
+prove a profitable form of investment.
+
+
+"BRICK SPAWN."
+
+For commercial purposes the English method of making the spawn into
+bricks has some advantages over the French "flake" process. Its compact
+and uniform shape makes the brick more convenient for storage and
+general handling, and greatly facilitates its transportation to long
+distances. Brick spawn is made in the following manner: Clean horse
+droppings, cow manure, loam, and road sweepings are beaten up in a
+mortar-like consistency and then formed into bricks, moulds being used,
+slightly differing in shape with different makers, but usually thinner
+and wider than common building bricks. The following proportions are
+given: (1) Horse droppings the chief part; one-fourth cow dung;
+remainder loam. (2) Fresh horse droppings mixed with short litter for
+the greater part; cow dung, one third; and the rest mould or loam. (3)
+Horse dung, cow dung, and loam, in equal parts. When about half dry,
+depressions are made in the bricks, sometimes in the centre, and
+sometimes in each corner, and small pieces of good spawn are placed in
+these depressions, and plastered over with the material of the brick.
+The cakes are then laid out to dry, standing on their edges, and when
+nearly dry are piled in pairs with the spawn-larded surfaces face to
+face. The bricks are then stacked away, and covered with sweet
+fermenting litter, sufficiently to cause a heat of 60° F. It should not
+be over 70° F. One spawn manufacturer says that the most rapid and
+successful growth of the mycelium is attained when the temperature is
+from 63° F. to 67° F. The bricks are examined frequently during the
+process, and when the mycelium of the old spawn has permeated the whole
+mass like a fine white mould, the bricks are taken out and dried in a
+well-ventilated dark place. They are then placed in a cool, dark
+storehouse, where they are not subject to dampness and where the
+temperature is about 50° F., not over 65° or below 35° F. Slight
+ventilation is necessary, but not enough to make the bricks dust-dry.
+Keeping the spawn dry merely suspends its growth; as soon as it is again
+submitted to favorable conditions of moisture and heat, its pristine
+activity returns. Dampness, combined with heat, stimulates the growth of
+mycelium; frost also destroys the vitality of the spawn. It is evident,
+therefore, that these conditions should not exist in the store-room.
+
+One manufacturer advocates piling the bricks, after spawning, on a clay
+floor, packing closely four bricks deep, and covering them with sifted
+loam. By this method it is claimed that danger of "fire fang" will be
+avoided, as the bricks will be kept at a perfectly uniform temperature
+of about 60° or 66°, which causes the spawn to run quickly and
+uniformly. In from four to six weeks they are ready to take out and dry
+for use or storage.
+
+The French or "Flake" spawn comes in light masses of loose, dry litter.
+It is obtained in the following way: A bed is made up as if for
+mushrooms in the ordinary way, and spawned with "virgin" spawn, and when
+the bed is thoroughly impregnated with spawn, it is broken up and set
+aside to dry. This spawn is usually sold in small boxes, containing from
+two to five pounds, but it also can be obtained in bulk when it is
+purchased by weight. The French or "flake" spawn is much more expensive
+than the English or "brick" spawn. It is claimed by some very successful
+growers, who have tried both, that the brick spawn produces heavier and
+fleshier mushrooms than the French "flake."
+
+
+"MILL TRACK" SPAWN.
+
+"Mill track" spawn was formerly considered the best in England, but
+since horse power has given place to steam power in the mills there is
+now no further supply of mill track, and it is practically superseded by
+the "brick" spawn. The real "mill track" is the natural spawn that has
+spread through the thoroughly amalgamated horse droppings in mill
+tracks, or the sweepings from mill tracks.
+
+
+SPAWN PRODUCED IN A MANURE HEAP.
+
+During the past year I have made some experiments in the pine and oak
+woods of Hynesboro' Park, Maryland, with relation to spawn culture, an
+account of which may prove of interest to students in this line of
+investigation. Several loads of stable manure and oak-leaf bedding were
+well mixed and formed into a mound about three feet in height, having a
+diameter of six feet, and tapering to about four inches in depth at the
+outer edge. The mass was quite moist and slightly tamped to give it
+general consistency. It was exposed to the open air, without protection,
+during the months of September, October, and November. In the meantime,
+frequent rains occurred. On examination it was found that the rains did
+not penetrate to a depth of more than four inches. On opening up the
+centre of the mound, it was observed that the portion thus exposed
+consisted of highly decomposed leaves, and presented a white mass of
+matted, "burned" mycelium. It was evident that the temperature at that
+point had risen considerably above 100° Fahr. The mycelium was,
+doubtless, produced in abundance before the temperature reached 100
+Fahr. and became scorched as the temperature increased. On examining the
+outer edges, where the depth was only twelve inches, I found an
+abundance of mycelium which did not show any appearance of having been
+scorched by undue temperature. Since no mycelium had been added to the
+mound, it is evident that the spores which produced it must have been
+present, although unobserved, and awaiting only the proper conditions
+for development, _i. e._, for budding and the production of mycelium. At
+the end of the third month, groups of the common meadow mushroom,
+Agaricus campestris, together with some fine examples of Tricholoma
+terreum, an edible mushroom, common to these woods, appeared on the
+edges of the mound.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+CONTINUATION OF GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING MUSHROOMS.
+
+
+_Maculate_, spotted.
+
+_Marginate_, having a distinct border.
+
+_Matrix_, the substance upon which a mushroom grows.
+
+_Medial_, at the middle; of the ring of a mushroom which is between
+superior or near the apex of the stem, and distant or far removed from
+the apex.
+
+_Merismoid_, having a branched or laciniate pileus.
+
+_Moniliform_, contracted at intervals in the length, like a string of
+beads.
+
+_Multifid_, having many divisions.
+
+_Multipartite_, divided into many parts.
+
+_Mycelium_, the delicate threads proceeding from the germinating spores,
+usually white and popularly termed spawn.
+
+
+_Narrow_, of very slight vertical width.
+
+_Netted_, covered with projecting reticulated lines.
+
+_Nucleus_, the reproductive germ in the spore.
+
+
+_Obconic_, inversely conical.
+
+_Obcordate_, like an inverted heart.
+
+_Oblique_, slanting.
+
+_Oblong_, longer than broad.
+
+_Obovate_, inversely egg-shaped, broadest at the apex.
+
+_Obtuse_, blunt or rounded.
+
+_Ochrospore_, ochre-colored spore.
+
+_Orbicular_, having the form of an orb.
+
+_Order_, group of a classification intermediate between tribe and
+family.
+
+_Ostiole_, _ostiolum_, mouth of the perithecium; orifice through which
+the spores are discharged.
+
+_Ovate_, egg-shaped.
+
+
+_Pallid_, pale, undecided color.
+
+_Papillate_, _papillose_, covered with soft tubercles.
+
+_Paraphyses_, sterile cells found with the reproductive cells of some
+plants.
+
+_Parasitic_, growing on and deriving support from another plant.
+
+_Partial_, of a veil clothing the stem and reaching to the edge of the
+cap but not extending beyond it.
+
+_Patent_, spreading.
+
+_Pectinate_, toothed like a comb.
+
+_Pedicel_, foot-stock.
+
+_Pedicillate_, having a pedicel.
+
+_Pelliculose_, furnished with a pellicle or distinct skin.
+
+_Penciled_, with pencil-like hairs either on the tip or border.
+
+_Peridium_, general covering of a puff-ball, simple or double, dehiscent
+or indehiscent at maturity.
+
+_Perithecia_, bottle-like receptacles containing asci.
+
+_Peronate_, used when the stem has a distinct stocking-like coat.
+
+_Persistent_, inclined to hold firm, tenacious.
+
+_Pervious_, forming an open tube-like passage.
+
+_Pileate_, having a cap.
+
+_Pileoli_, secondary pilei; arising from a division of the primary
+pileus.
+
+_Pileus_, the cap, receptacle, or one part of a mushroom; other parts
+are the stem and gills.
+
+_Pilose_, covered with hairs.
+
+_Pits_, depressions in cells or tubes resembling pores, applied also to
+hollow depressions in the surface of the cap of the morel.
+
+_Plumose_, feathery.
+
+_Pore_, orifice of the tubes of polypores.
+
+_Poriform_, in the form of pores.
+
+_Porous_, having pores.
+
+_Powdery_, covered with bloom or powder.
+
+_Projecting_, the anterior end jutting out beyond the margin.
+
+_Proliferous_, applied to an organ which gives rise to secondary ones of
+the same kind.
+
+_Pruinose_, covered with frost-like bloom.
+
+_Pruniform_, plum-shaped.
+
+_Pubescent_, downy.
+
+_Pulverulent_, covered with dust.
+
+_Pulvinate_, cushion-shaped.
+
+_Punctate_, dotted with points.
+
+_Pyriform_, pear-shaped.
+
+
+_Quaternate_, arranged in groups of four.
+
+
+_Receptacle_, a part of the mushroom extremely varied in form,
+consistency, and size, inclosing the organs of reproduction.
+
+_Remote_, when the margin of the gill comes to an end before reaching
+the stem.
+
+_Reniform_, kidney-shaped.
+
+_Repand_, bent backwards.
+
+_Resupinate_, of mushrooms spread over the matrix without any stem and
+with the hymenium upwards; inverted by twisting of the stalk.
+
+_Reticulate_, marked with cross lines like the meshes of a net.
+
+_Revolute_, rolled backwards; of the margin of a cap, the opposite of
+involute.
+
+_Rhodospore_, rose or pink spore.
+
+_Rimose_, cracked.
+
+_Ring_, a part of the veil adhering to the stem of a mushroom in the
+shape of a ring.
+
+_Rivulose_, marked with lines like rivulets.
+
+_Rubiginous_, rust colored.
+
+_Rufescent_, reddish in color.
+
+_Rugose_, wrinkled.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+
+Through the courtesy of Mr. Hollis Webster, Secretary of the Boston
+Mycological Club, the following list of mushrooms, which have been
+collected and eaten by members of that club during the past year, has
+been supplied to me:
+
+
+AMANITA.
+
+    A. _Cæsarea_ Scop., "True Orange."
+    A. _rubescens_ Persoon.
+    A. _vaginata_ Bull.
+
+
+LEPIOTA.
+
+    L. _procera_ Scop., "Parasol Mushroom."
+    L. _rachodes_ Vilt.
+    L. _Americana_ Pk.
+    L. _naucinoides_.
+
+
+ARMILLARIA.
+
+    A. _mellea_ Vahl, "Honey Mushroom."
+
+
+TRICHOLOMA.
+
+    T. _equestre_ L.
+    T. _sejunctum_ Low, "Yellow Blusher."
+    T. _portentosum_ Fr.
+    T. _coryphacum_ Fr.
+    T. _russula_ Schaeff.
+    T. _columbetta_ Fr.
+    T. _gambosum_ Fr., "St. George's Mushroom."
+    T. _personatum_.
+    T. _nudum_.
+
+
+HYGROPHORUS.
+
+    H. _virgineus_ Fr.
+    H. _fuligineus_ Frost.
+    H. _flavo discus_ Frost, "Yellow Sweet-Bread."
+    H. _hypothejus_ Fr.
+    H. _puniceus_ Fr.
+
+
+LACTARIUS.
+
+    L. _piperatus_ Fr.
+    L. _deliciosus_ Fr.
+    L. _volemus_ Fr.
+
+
+RUSSULA.
+
+    R. _virescens_ Fr.
+    R. _lepida_ Fr.
+    R. _punctata_ Gt.
+    R. _aurata_ Fr.
+    R. _ochracea_ Fr.
+    R. _alutacea_ Fr.
+
+
+CANTHARELLUS.
+
+    C. _cibarius_ Fr.
+    C. _umbonatus_ Fr.
+
+
+MARASMIUS.
+
+    M. _oreades_ Fr., "Fairy Ring."
+    M. _scorodonius_ Fr.
+    M. _alliaceus_ Fr.
+
+
+HYPHOLOMA.
+
+    H. _sublateritium_ Schaeff.
+    H. _candolleanum_ Fr.
+    H. _perplexum._
+    H. _appendiculatum_ Bull.
+
+
+COPRINUS.
+
+    C. _comatus_ Fr., "Shaggy Mane."
+    C. _ovatus_ Fr.
+    C. _atramentarius_.
+    C. _micaceus_ Fr.
+    C. _fimetarius_ Fr.
+
+
+CORTINARIUS.
+
+    C. _turmalis_ Fr.
+    C. _sebaceus_ Fr.
+    C. _cærulescens_ Fr.
+    C. _collinitus_ Fr.
+    C. _violaceus_ Fr.
+    C. _albo violaceus_ Pers.
+    C. _cinnamomeus_ Fr.
+    C. _cinnamomeus_ var. _semi-sanguineus_ Fr.
+
+
+CLITOCYBE.
+
+    C. _clavipes_ Fr.
+    C. _odora_ Fr.
+    C. _dealbata_ Low.
+    C. _laccata_ Scop.
+    C. _multiceps_ Pk.
+    C. _infundibuliformis_ Schaeff.
+
+
+COLLYBIA.
+
+    C. _dryophila_ Bull.
+    C. _velutipes_ Curt.
+
+
+PLEUROTUS.
+
+    P. _ostreatus_ Fr.
+    P. _sapidus_ Kalch.
+    P. _ulmarius_ Fr., Elm-tree Mushroom.
+    P. _pluteus cervinus_ Schaeff.
+
+
+CLITOPILUS.
+
+    C. _prunulus_ Scop.
+    C. _orcella_ Bull.
+    C. _unitinctus_ Pk.
+    C. _Seymourianus_ Pk.
+
+
+PHOLIOTA.
+
+    P. _caperata_ Pers., "The Gypsy."
+    P. _præcox_ (when too old is bitter).
+    P. _adiposa_.
+
+
+AGARICUS (Psalliota).
+
+    A. _arvensis_.
+    A. _cretaceus_ Fr.
+    A. _campester_ L.
+    A. _silvicola_ Vilt.
+
+
+SPARASSIS.
+
+    S. _crispa_ Fr.
+
+
+CLAVARIA.
+
+(Any and all Clavarias found are generally eaten by us without
+identification).
+
+    C. _botrytes_ Pers.
+    C. _amethystina_ Bull.
+    C. _coralloides_ L.
+    C. _cinerea_ Bull.
+    C. _aurea_ Schaeff.
+    C. _rugosa_ Bull.
+    C. _pistillaris_ L.
+
+
+LYCOPERDON.
+
+    L. _cyathiforme_ Bose.
+    L. _giganteum_ Batsch.
+    L. _pyriforme_ Schaeff.
+    L. _saccatum_ Fr.
+
+
+MORCHELLA.
+
+    M. _esculenta_ Bull.
+    M. _conica_ Pers.
+
+
+PEZIZA.
+
+    P. _aurantia_ Vahl.
+
+
+STROBILOMYCES.
+
+    S. _strobilaceus_ Berk.
+
+
+FISTULINA.
+
+    F. _hepatica_ Fr., "Beef Steak Mushroom."
+
+
+POLYPORUS.
+
+    P. _betulinus_ Fr. (coriaceous when old).
+    P. _sulphureus_ Fr.
+
+
+HYDNUM.
+
+    H. _imbricatum_ L.
+    H. _repandum_ L.
+    H. _caput-medusæ_ Bull.
+
+Also thirteen of the Boleti.
+
+
+
+
+                           STUDENT'S HAND-BOOK
+                                   OF
+                          MUSHROOMS OF AMERICA
+
+                          EDIBLE AND POISONOUS.
+
+
+
+
+                                   BY
+                          THOMAS TAYLOR, M. D.
+
+                      AUTHOR OF FOOD PRODUCTS, ETC.
+
+
+
+
+       Published in Serial Form--=No. 3=--Price, 50c. per number.
+
+
+
+
+                           WASHINGTON, D. C.:
+              A. R. Taylor, Publisher, 238 Mass. Ave. N.E.
+                                  1897.
+
+
+
+
+     [Illustration: Plate E.
+     THE NORRIS PETERS CO., PHOTO-LITHO., WASHINGTON, D. C.]
+
+     PLATE E.
+
+Plate E illustrates various forms and positions of the annulus or ring
+characteristic of certain species of mushrooms, together with the
+cortina or veil of which the ring, if present, is the remnant, in some
+species, either as it appears entire or as a fringe on the margin of the
+cap, contrasting these forms with a sectional view of a species in which
+the veil or ring is always wanting.
+
+Fig. 1. Ring broad, reflexed or deflexed, or both; situated high up on
+the stem, as in _Armillaria mellea_.
+
+Fig. 2. Ring situated about midway of the stem, deflexed and pendulous
+as in _Amanita muscaria_.
+
+Fig. 3. Ring about half midway of the stem, split, and radiating
+outwards, as in _Agaricus arvensis_.
+
+Fig. 4. Ring drooping.
+
+Fig. 5. Ring persistent, movable, wholly detached, in age, from the tall
+and slender stem, upon which it easily slips up and down. A species of
+great beauty, _Lepiota procera_.
+
+Fig. 6. Ring narrow, scarcely perceptible above the middle of the stem;
+remnants of the veil adhering to the margin of the cap as a fugacious
+web.
+
+Fig. 7. Ring generally wanting--_Tricholoma nudum_. Remnants of the veil
+seen on the margin of the cap.
+
+Fig. 8. Remnants of the veil appearing on the margin of the cap as a
+fringe, and particularly on the stem as a mere fibrillose zone of a
+darker color as in the _Cortinarii_.
+
+Fig. 9. Plant exhibiting the cortina unbroken, the extremities of its
+delicate arachnoid threads attached to cap and stem, respectively.
+
+Fig. 10. Section of a Russula, in which genus the ring is always
+wanting; veil none.
+
+
+     [Illustration: Plate F.
+     THE NORRIS PETERS CO., PHOTO-LITHO., WASHINGTON, D. C.]
+
+     PLATE F.
+
+Plate F illustrates by section or otherwise various forms of these
+gill-like processes characteristic of species, considered either with
+regard to marginal outline or position of their posterior extremity:
+
+  Fig. 1. Gills distant.
+  Fig. 2. Gills crowded.
+  Fig. 3. Gills flexuose.
+  Fig. 4. Gills unequal.
+  Fig. 5. Bifurcated.
+  Fig. 6. Anastomosing veins.
+  Fig. 6a. Sectional view.
+  Fig. 7. Gills narrow.
+  Fig. 8. Gills broad.
+  Fig. 9. Lanceolate.
+  Fig. 10. Ventricose.
+  Fig. 11. Anteriorly rounded.
+  Fig. 12. Posteriorly rounded.
+  Fig. 13. Emarginate.
+  Fig. 14. Emarginate and denticulate.
+
+
+
+
+                           Copyright, 1897, by
+                          Thomas Taylor, M. D.,
+                                   and
+                             A. R. Taylor.
+
+
+
+
+     AGARICINI.
+
+_Subgenus Hypholoma_. Hymenophore continuous with the stem, veil woven
+into a fugacious web, which adheres to the margin of the pileus. Gills
+adnate or sinuate; spores brownish purple, sometimes intense purple,
+almost black.--M. C. Cooke.
+
+This subgenus has been divided into the following five groups:
+
+1. Fasciculares.--Pileus smooth, tough, bright colored when dry, not
+hygrophanous. Examples, Ag. (Hypholoma) _sublateritius_ and Ag.
+(Hypholoma) _fascicularis_.
+
+2. Viscidi.--Pileus naked, viscid. Example, Ag. (Hypholoma) _oedipus_.
+
+3. Velutini.--Pileus silky, with innate fibrils. Example, Ag.
+(Hypholoma) _velutinus_.
+
+4. Flocculosi.--Pileus clad with floccose superficial evanescent scales.
+Example, Ag. (Hypholoma) _cascus_.
+
+5. Appendiculati.--Pileus smooth and hygrophanous. Example, Ag.
+(Hypholoma) _Candollianus_.
+
+The species are not numerous. They are generally either gregarious or
+cæspitose, and are often found in clusters upon tree stumps, or
+springing from the buried roots of stumps. A few species are found in
+short grass in open places; but few are recorded as edible, and one, H.
+_fascicularis_, has been classed as deleterious by Berkeley, Cooke, and
+some of the earlier authors. I find, however, no authenticated case of
+poisoning by this species, and, indeed, have as yet found no species of
+Hypholoma which could be satisfactorily identified as H. fascicularis.
+
+The few species of Hypholoma which I have tested have been palatable,
+and one or two are of very delicate flavor.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate VIII.
+     EDIBLE
+     Agaricus (Hypholoma) _sublateritius_ Fries (Hypholoma sublatertium)
+     "Brick Top."
+     Group from Seabrooke Woods, Md.
+     T. Taylor, del.]
+
+     PLATE VIII.
+
+     =Ag. (Hypholoma) sublateritius= Schaeff. "_Red Tuft_." (=Hypholoma
+     sublateritium=) "_The Brick Top_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+The cap of this species is fleshy and obtuse, convexo-plane, sometimes
+showing a superficial whitish cloudiness upon the margin coming from the
+veil, which soon disappears, leaving it smooth and dry; color tawny
+brick red, with pale straw margin; flesh compact and whitish, turning
+yellow when wilted. Stem stuffed and fibrillose, tapering downward. Near
+its attachment to the cap the color is very light yellow; lower down and
+towards the root it is covered with patches and lines of burnt sienna
+color. It bears no distinct ring. In very young plants the filmy veil is
+sometimes perceived, reaching from the margin of the cap to the stem.
+This disappears as the cap expands, sometimes leaving the stem obscurely
+annulate. Gills adnate in full-grown specimens, slightly decurrent,
+somewhat crowded, dingy white or cinereous, turning to dark olive, never
+yellow; in old or wilted specimens changing to a dark brown. In old
+specimens the cap is a reddish brown and the gills are sometimes stained
+with the purplish brown of the spores.
+
+This is a very common species and very abundant in pine and oak woods. I
+have seen an oak stump in Prince George's County, Md., measuring from 3
+to 4 feet in height, literally covered with mushrooms of this species.
+This mushroom has been recorded as suspicious by some writers, probably
+owing to its slightly bitter taste, but I have thoroughly tested its
+edible qualities, both uncooked and prepared in various ways for the
+table, using the caps only. It keeps well when dried, and when ground
+into powder, with the addition of boiling water and a little pepper and
+salt, makes a very pleasant and nutritious beverage. It is most abundant
+in the early autumn, and is gathered in this latitude well into the
+winter, even when the snow is on the ground.
+
+Our American plant is less heavy and more graceful in aspect than the
+same species in England, as figured in English works, but the general
+characteristics are the same.
+
+Ag. (Hypholoma) _fascicularis_ Hudson, recorded as deleterious, is
+figured in "Cooke's Illustrations."
+
+Dr. Berkeley thus distinguishes these two species from each other. Cap
+of _sublateritius_ is obtuse, discoid; that of _fascicularis_,
+subumbonate. Flesh of the former, compact, dingy-white; that of the
+latter, yellow. Stem in _sublateritius_ is "stuffed," attenuated
+downwards, ferruginous; stem of _fascicularis_ hollow, thin, flexuose.
+The gills in both species are adnate, crowded; but in _fascicularis_
+they are also linear and deliquescent, and are _yellow_ in color.
+
+NOTE.--In the Friesian arrangement of the genera of the order Agaricini,
+which is adopted by M. C. Cooke, Hypholoma finds place as a subgenus of
+the genus Agaricus, spore series Pratelli. Saccardo in his Sylloge
+elevates Hypholoma to the rank of a separate genus and places it in his
+spore series Melanosporæ.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate IX.
+     EDIBLE
+     Agaricus (Hypholoma) _Candollianus_, Fries., variety _incertus_ Peck
+     Figured from specimens collected in the District of Columbia
+     T. Taylor, del.]
+
+     PLATE IX.
+
+     =Agaricus (Hypholoma) incertus= Peck. (_Hypholoma incertum_.)
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap fleshy but fragile, smooth and hygrophanous, moist; at first convex,
+then expanding; color creamy white. Gills adnate, narrow, crowded,
+whitish in young specimens, turning to a pinkish dun color, later to a
+rosy cinnamon, sometimes showing when mature a slightly purplish tint.
+Stem smooth, slender, long and hollow, with slight striations near the
+apex, white. Specimens occur in which the stem is obscurely annulate
+arising from the attachment to it of fragments of the veil, but usually
+it is ringless.
+
+The typical species of Hypholoma have the fleshy part of the cap
+confluent with the stem, but in H. _incertum_ the stem is not confluent
+and is easily separated from the cap as in the Lepiotas. This mushroom
+was first recorded by Peck in his early reports as the variety
+"_incertus_" of the species Agaricus (Hypholoma) Candollianus, but has
+since been recorded by Saccardo as a distinct species, Hypholoma
+incertum.
+
+Two species of Hypholoma have the same habit and sufficiently resemble
+_incertum_ to be taken for it, if not carefully examined as to points of
+difference. These are H. _Candollianum_, named in honor of A. De
+Candolle, and H. _appendiculatum_. In the first named of these two
+species the cap is whitish, the gills at first violet in color, changing
+to dark cinnamon brown. In H. appendiculatum the pileus is rugose when
+dry, and sprinkled with atoms. It is darker in color than that of H.
+incertum; Cooke says tawny or pale ochre; Massee says bay, then tawny.
+The gills are sub-adnate, in color resembling those of H. incertum; stem
+slender, smooth, and white.
+
+From the foregoing it will be seen that H. _incertum_ agrees more nearly
+with H. _Candollianum_ in the color of the cap, but more nearly with H.
+_appendiculatum_ in the color of the gills. Saccardo recognizes the
+three as "distinct species of the _genus Hypholoma_." As all are edible,
+the slight differences observed are interesting chiefly to the
+mycologist. The mycophagist will find them equally valuable from a
+gastronomic point of view. In taste they resemble the common mushroom.
+They are more fragile, however, and require less cooking than the
+cultivated mushroom. Broiled on toast or cooked for ten minutes in a
+chafing dish, they make a very acceptable addition to the lunch menu.
+
+The specimens figured in Plate IX were selected from a crop of thirty or
+more growing in the author's garden, in very rich soil at the base of a
+plum-tree stump. For several seasons past small crops have been gathered
+from the same spot, as well as around the base of a flourishing peach
+tree. Quantities of all three species have been gathered in the short
+grass of the Capitol grounds for a number of seasons, and in the various
+parks of the District of Columbia. Specimens have been received from
+western New York and Massachusetts. Those growing upon soil very heavily
+fertilized are apt to be somewhat stouter and shorter stemmed than those
+coming up through the short grass in the parks.
+
+
+
+
+ANALYTICAL TABLE.
+
+
+The following compendious analytical table showing prominent
+characteristics of the leading genera and subgenera of the order
+Agaricini, according to Fries, Worthington Smith, and other botanists,
+which appears in Cooke's Hand Book, revised edition, will be found
+helpful to the collector in determining the genus to which a specimen
+may belong.
+
+  ORDER AGARICINI
+
+  I. Spores white or very slightly tinted--Leucospori
+     1. Plant fleshy, more or less firm, putrescent (neither
+        deliquescent nor coriaceous)
+        2. Hymenophore free
+           3. Pileus bearing warts or patches free from the
+              cuticle (volvate)                               _Amanita_
+           3. Pileus scaly, scales concrete with the cuticle
+              (not volvate)                                   _Lepiota_
+        2. Hymenophore confluent
+           4. Without cartilaginous bark
+              5. Stem central
+                 6. With a ring                               _Armillaria_
+                 6. Ringless
+                    7. Gills sinuate                          _Tricholoma_
+                    7. Gills decurrent
+                       8. Edge acute                          _Clitocybe_
+                       8. Edge swollen obtuse                 CANTHARELLUS
+                    7. Gills adnate
+                       9. Parasitic on other Agarics          NYCTALIS
+                       9. Not parasitic
+                          10. Milky                           LACTARIUS
+                          10. Not milky
+                              11. Rigid and brittle           RUSSULA
+                              11. Waxy                        HYGROPHORUS
+              5. Stem lateral or absent                       _Pleurotus_
+           4. With cartilaginous bark
+              12. Gills adnate                                _Collybia_
+              12. Gills sinuate                               _Mycena_
+              12. Gills decurrent                             _Omphalia_
+     1. Plant tough, coriaceous or woody
+        13. Stem central.
+            14. Gills simple                                  MARASMIUS
+            14. Gills branched                                XEROTUS
+        13. Stem lateral or wanting
+            15. Gills toothed                                 LENTINUS
+            15. Gills not toothed                             PANUS
+            15. Gills channelled longitudinally or crisped    TROGIA
+            15. Gills splitting longitudinally                SCHIZOPHYLLUM
+            15. Gills anastomosing                            LENZITES
+
+  II. Spores rosy or salmon color--Hyporhodii
+      16. Without cartilaginous bark
+          17. Hymenophore free
+              18. With a volva                                _Volvaria_
+              18. Without a volva
+                  19. With a ring                             _Annularia_
+                  19. Ringless                                _Pluteus_
+          17. Hymenophore confluent, not free
+              20. Stem central
+                  21. Gills adnate or sinuate                 _Entoloma_
+                  21. Gills decurrent                         _Clitopilus_
+              20. Stem lateral or absent                      _Claudopus_
+      16. With cartilaginous bark
+          22. Gills decurrent                                 _Eccilia_
+          22. Gills not decurrent
+              23. Pileus torn into scales                     _Leptonia_
+              23. Pileus papillose, sub-campanulate.
+                  24. Gills membranaceous, persistent         _Nolanea_
+                  24. Gills sub-deliquescent                  BOLBITIUS
+
+  III. Spores brownish, sometimes rusty, reddish or
+       yellowish brown.--Dermini.
+       25. Without cartilaginous bark.
+           26. Stem central.
+               27. With a ring.
+                   28. Ring continuous                          _Pholiota_
+                   28. Ring arachnoid, like a spider's
+                       web filamentous or evanescent.
+                       29. Gills adnate terrestrial           CORTINARIUS
+                       29. Gills decurrent, or acutely adnate,
+                           mostly epiphytal,                  _Flammula_
+               27. Without a ring.
+                   30. With rudimentary volva                 _Acetabularia_
+                   30. Without a volva.
+                       31. Gills adhering to the hymenophore,
+                           and sinuate.
+                           32. Cuticle fibrillose or silky    _Inocybe_
+                           32. Cuticle smooth viscid          _Hebeloma_
+                       31. Gills separating from the
+                           hymenophore, and decurrent,        PAXILLUS
+           26. Stem lateral or absent                         _Crepidotus_
+       25. With cartilaginous bark.
+           33. Gills decurrent                                _Tubaria_
+           33. Gills not decurrent.
+               34. Margin of pileus at first incurved         _Naucoria_
+               34. Margin of pileus always straight.
+                   35. Hymenophore free                       _Pluteolus_
+                   35. Hymenophore confluent                  _Galera_
+
+  IV. Spores purple, sometimes brownish purple, dark purple,
+      or dark brown.--Pratellæ.
+      36. Without cartilaginous bark.
+          37. Hymenophore free.
+              38. With a volva                                  _Chitonia_
+              38. Without a volva                               _Psalliota_
+          37. Hymenophore confluent.
+              39. Veil normally ring shaped on the stem         _Stropharia_
+              39. Veil normally adhering to the margin of
+                  the pileus                                    _Hypholoma_
+      36. With cartilaginous bark.
+          40. Gills decurrent                                   _Deconica_
+          40. Gills not decurrent.
+              41. Margin of pileus at first incurved            _Psilocybe_
+              41. Margin of pileus at first straight            _Psathyra_
+
+  V. Spores black or nearly so.--Coprinarii.
+     42. Gills deliquescent                                     COPRINUS
+     42. Gills not deliquescent.
+         43. Gills decurrent                                    GOMPHIDIUS
+         43. Gills not decurrent.
+             44. Pileus striate                                 _Psathyrella_
+             44. Pileus not striate                             _Panæolus_
+
+In the Friesian classification which, with modifications, has prevailed
+for many years among mycologists, the _genus Agaricus_ included in its
+_subgenera_ the greater part of the species of the order _Agaricini_.
+The subgenera, printed in the above table in italics, were included in
+this genus. The genera are printed in capitals. In the Saccardian
+system, all the _subgenera_ of _Agaricus_ having been elevated to
+_generic_ rank, the term Agaricus is limited to a very small group which
+includes the _subgenus Psalliota_ of Fries, the species being
+characterized by fleshy caps, free gills, ringed stem, and dark brown or
+purplish brown spores. As restricted, it naturally falls into the spore
+series _Melanosporeæ._
+
+In the white-spored section, Leucospori, the recorded edible species
+occur in the following genera: Marasmius, Cantharellus, Lactarius,
+Russula, Hygrophorus, Collybia, Pleurotus, Clitocybe, Tricholoma,
+Armillaria, Lepiota, and Amanita. The plants of Marasmius are usually
+thin and dry, reviving with moisture. Cantharellus is characterized by
+the obtuseness of the edges of the lamellæ, Lactarius by the copious
+milky or sticky fluid which exudes from the plants when cut or bruised.
+Russula is closely allied to Lactarius, and the plants bear some
+resemblance in external appearance to those of that genus, but they are
+never milky, and the gills are usually rigid and brittle. In Hygrophorus
+the plants are moist, not very large, often bright colored, and the
+gills have a waxy appearance. The Collybias are usually cæspitose, the
+stems exteriorly cartilaginous, in some species swelling and splitting
+open in the centre.
+
+In Pleurotus the stem is lateral or absent. The plants are epiphytal,
+usually springing from the decaying bark of trees and old stumps.
+
+In Clitocybe the plants are characterized by a deeply depressed, often
+narrow cap, with the gills acutely adnate, or running far down the stem,
+which is elastic, with a fibrous outer coat covered with minute fibers.
+Many of the species have a fragrant odor. The Tricholomas are stout and
+fleshy, somewhat resembling the Russulas, but distinguished from them by
+the sinuate character of the gills, which show a slight notched or
+toothed depression just before reaching the stem (represented in Fig. 4,
+Plate IV). Typical species of Armillaria show a well-defined ring and
+scales upon the stem, the remains of the partial veil, and the plants
+are usually large, and cæspitose. The Lepiotas are recognized by the
+soft, thready character of the fleshy portion of the cap, and the
+fringed scales formed by the breaking of the cuticle. The ease with
+which the ringed stem is removed from its socket in the cap is another
+characteristic which distinguishes the plants from those of other
+genera.
+
+The Amanitas are distinguished by the volva, which sheathes the somewhat
+bulbous stem at its base and the ring and veil which in the young plant
+are very distinct features, the whole plant in embryo being enveloped in
+the volva.
+
+The Amanita group, besides containing some very good edible species, is
+also credited with containing the most dangerous species of all the
+mushroom family, and some which are undoubtedly fatal in their
+effects.[A]
+
+[A] A more detailed description of this group will appear in No. 5 of
+this series.
+
+The Nyctali are minute mushrooms parasitic on other mushrooms.
+
+In Omphalia, the plants are quite small, with membranaceous caps, gills
+truly decurrent, and cartilaginous stems.
+
+The Myceneæ are generally very small, slender, and fragile, usually
+cæspitose, with bell-shaped caps, sinuate gills, not decurrent, and
+cartilaginous stems. In some species the plants exude a milky juice.
+
+In the genera Panus, Lentinus, Lenzites, Schizophyllum, Xerotus, and
+Trogia, the plants are leathery or coriaceous, dry and tough, and though
+none are recorded as poisonous, they are too tough to be edible.
+
+The mushrooms having pink or salmon colored spores, section Rhodosporii,
+form the smallest of the four primary groups of Agaricini, the number of
+known species not exceeding 400, and most of these are tasteless, or of
+disagreeable odor, while some are recorded as unwholesome.
+
+The species are pink-gilled when mature, though often white or whitish
+when very young.
+
+The recorded edible species are found in Volvaria, Clitopilus, and
+Pluteus. The Volvariæ are characterized by the very large and perfect
+volva which wraps the base of the stem in loose folds, the ringless
+stem, and the pink, soft, liquescent gills, which are free and rounded
+behind. The cap is not warted; in some species it is viscid, and in
+_bombycinus_, recorded by several authors as edible, and by some as
+doubtful, it is covered with a silky down.
+
+In Clitopilus the odor of the edible species is more or less mealy. The
+cap is fleshy, and the margin at first involute. Two edible species
+which closely resemble each other--viz., Clitopilus _prunulus_, "Plum
+mushroom," and Clitopilus _orcella_, "Sweetbread mushroom,"--are highly
+recommended for their delicacy of flavor.
+
+In Leptonia most of the species are small, thin, and brittle,
+corresponding with Mycena in the white-spored series, and with Psathyra
+and Psathyrella in the dark-spored series.
+
+Eccilia corresponds with Omphalia. Claudopus corresponds with Pleurotus
+in its habit of growth and lateral stem, differing in the color of the
+spores.
+
+Annularia includes only a few small species having a ringed stem, no
+volva, and free pink gills. Cooke says of this subgenus that no British
+species are known.
+
+The recorded species of Pluteus have their habitat on tree stumps,
+sawdust, or upon fallen timber. One species, Pluteus _cervinus_, is
+recorded as edible, but not specially commended. Of Entoloma,
+Worthington Smith says, "It is allied to Tricholoma, though most of the
+species are thinner and often brittle. It agrees also in structure with
+Hebeloma and Hypholoma." None of the species are recorded as having
+value as esculents.
+
+The genus Bolbitius is described by Cooke as a small genus intermediate
+between Agaricus and Coprinus on the one side, and Coprinus and
+Cortinarius on the other. The species are small and ephemeral. Saccardo
+places Bolbitius in his division Melanosporæ, although the spores are
+ochraceous.
+
+In the section Pratelli Psalliota and Hypholoma contain mushrooms which
+are of exceptionally fine flavor. In the first of these is found the
+common field mushroom Agaricus campester and its allies.
+
+The black-spored section Coprinarii contains two genera which include a
+few recorded edible species, viz., Coprinus and Gomphidius. The
+Psathyrellas correspond in size to the Mycenas in the white-spored
+series and to the Psathyras in the purple-spored section; the gills are
+free or adnate and turn black when mature. None of the species are
+edible.
+
+In Paneolus the plants are somewhat viscid when moist, the gills are
+described as "clouded, never becoming purple or brown." They are usually
+found on manure heaps near cities. None are edible.
+
+Saccardo in his Sylloge combines the Pratellæ and Coprinarii, making of
+them one section which he calls _Melanosporeæ_.
+
+G. Massee, the British mycologist, makes of the black-spored and the
+purple and purplish-brown spored series two divisions, calling them,
+respectively, _Porphyrosporeæ_ and _Melanosporeæ_.
+
+The recorded edible species of the spore section Dermini are found in
+Pholiota, Cortinarius, and Paxillus. The larger proportion of the
+Pholiotas grow upon tree stumps. They have a fugacious, persistent
+friable ring, and are liable to be confused with the Cortinarii, unless
+attention is paid to the spidery veil and the iron-rust tint of the
+spores of the latter. Only a few of the species are recorded as edible,
+but none are known to be poisonous. Cortinarius is a large genus. It
+contains a larger proportion of edible species than Pholiota, and none
+are recorded as poisonous. The cobweb-like veil which extends from stem
+to margin of cap in the young species, and the rust-colored spores which
+dust the gills as the species mature, distinguish the genus from all
+others.
+
+A characteristic feature of Paxillus, and one which makes it easily
+distinguishable from others of the same group, is the ease with which
+the gills as a whole can be separated from the substance or fleshy
+portion of the cap. There is an exception to this in the species
+Paxillus involutus, recorded by Peck as edible.
+
+
+
+
+POLYPOREI.
+
+
+Hymenium lining the cavity of tubes or pores which are sometimes broken
+up into teeth or concentric plates.--Berkeley's Outlines.
+
+The plants of this second primary group or order of the family
+Hymenomycetes exhibit a greater dissimilarity of form and texture than
+do those of the Agaricini. Some of its genera consist almost wholly of
+coriaceous or woody plants. A few contain fleshy ones. Some of the
+species have a distinct stem, while others are stemless. With regard to
+the receptacle in the plants of the genera _Boletus_, _Strobilomyces_,
+etc., it forms a perfect cap, like that of the common Agaric, a cushion
+of tubes taking the place of gills on the under surface of the cap, the
+hymenium in this case lining the inner surface of the tubes from which
+the spores drop when mature.
+
+In some species, such as those of the genus Poria, the receptacle is
+reduced to a single thin fibrous stratum, adhering closely to the matrix
+and exposing a surface of crowded pores, and in others it consists of
+fibrous strata formed in concentric layers.
+
+A number of groups, each of which was treated in the original Friesian
+classification as a single genus, have more recently been recognized as
+comprising several distinct genera. In the Saccardian system the genera
+Trametes, Dædalea, Merulius, Porothelium, and Fistulina still retain the
+generic rank assigned to them by Fries, but the old genus Boletus is
+subdivided into four genera, Boletus, Strobilomyces, Boletinus, and
+Gyrodon, while Polyporus, originally a very large genus, is subdivided
+into the genera Polyporus, Fomes, Polystictus, and Poria. This
+arrangement was in part suggested by Fries in his later works, and is
+accepted by M. C. Cooke, as indicated in his latest work on fungi.
+
+Quoting M. C. Cooke, "_Strobilomyces_ is _Boletus_ with a rough warty
+and scaly pileus; _Boletinus_ is _Boletus_ with short, large radiating
+pores; and _Gyrodon_ is _Boletus_ with elongated sinuate irregular
+pores, all fleshy, firm fungi of robust habit, possessing stem and cap."
+The species of the genus Polyporus as now restricted are somewhat fleshy
+in the young stage, shrinking as they mature and dry, and becoming
+indurated with age. In Fomes the species, of woody consistency from the
+first, have no room for shrinkage, and are quite rigid; the tubes being
+in strata, and the strata growing yearly, the species are virtually
+perennial. The pileus of the plant shows a rigid polished crust
+resulting from resinous exudations.
+
+In Polystictus the plants are usually small, thin, tough, and irregular
+in outline, the tubes exceedingly short, with thin walls, which easily
+split up, giving the pores at times a toothed or fringed appearance. The
+surface is velvety, or hairy, and zoned in varying colors. They are very
+common upon decaying tree stumps, often covering the surface of the
+stump in gaily colored layers. Not esculent.
+
+Poria is composed of resupinate species with the pores normally in a
+single series, the whole stratum spread over, and adhering to the
+matrix. The species are coriaceous or woody. Not esculent.
+
+The plants of the genus Trametes allied to Fomes are epiphytal, with the
+trama the same in substance and color as the hymenophore. The tubes do
+not form in regular strata, but are sunk into the substance of the
+pileus. The plants are coriaceous, and none are edible.
+
+Dædalea closely resembles _Trametes_ with the tubes forming deep
+labyrinthiform depressions. Whole plant woody, sessile.
+
+Hexagonia, allied by its characteristics to Polystictus, has large
+hexagonal pores, with firm, entire dissepiments.
+
+In Favolus the plants are slightly fleshy and substipitate with the
+pores angular, and radiating from the stem. Not edible.
+
+The species of the genus Laschia are recognized by the shallow
+irregular pores and the vein like character of their dissepiments (or
+pore walls). Substance slightly gelatinous.
+
+In the plants of Porothelium, irregular papillæ take the place of tubes,
+and the plants are sub-membranaceous and resupinate, having the habit of
+those of Poria.
+
+The genus Merulius has been termed the lowest and most imperfect of the
+genera of Polyporei. It presents a soft, waxy spore-bearing surface,
+reticulated with obtuse folds. Solenia, by early authors placed in
+Discomycetes, thence transferred to Auricularini, and by some authors
+associated with Cyphella in Theleporei, now finds place as one of the
+genera of Polyporei as given by Saccardo.
+
+The above-mentioned genera, together with Myriadoporus, Ceriomyces,
+Bresadolia, Theleporus, Gloeporus, and Cyclomyces, constitute the
+Polyporeæ of the Saccardian system.
+
+_Myriadoporus_ is a North American genus. It is a form of the genus
+Polyporus, but with pores in the _interior_ as well as on the _exterior_
+surface. _Ceriomyces_ is generally regarded as a spurious genus. It is
+similar to _Myriadoporus_, but with internal pores and only spurious
+pores externally. Of _Bresadolia_ Cooke says "there is only one
+described species, and of this only one specimen has been found."
+_Theleporus_ is an African genus of which only one species is known.
+_Gloeporus_ is a form of resupinate Polyporus, except that the
+hymenium or pore-bearing surface is gelatinous instead of being firm.
+_Cyclomyces_ is a genus with some features of Lenzites; it is leathery.
+All of these are more or less coriaceous. None are edible. _Campbellia_
+is a new genus. It is _Merulius_ with a pileus and central stem.
+
+The edible Polyporeæ are found in the genera Boletus, Strobilomyces,
+Gyrodon, Boletinus, Polyporus, and Fistulina. Of these, the first four
+genera contain most of the edible species as well as a few which have
+been regarded as unwholesome or poisonous.
+
+In the genus Polyporus as now restricted, the species Polyporus
+_sulphureus_ Fries is perhaps the one most likely to be selected for
+table use, the others becoming very quickly indurated or tough, and this
+should be gathered when very young, as in maturity it loses its fleshy
+consistency and becomes dry and tough. It is common on old tree stumps
+and is often found on the dead wood of living trees, the bright yellow
+and vivid orange red tints which characterize the young plant making it
+very conspicuous.
+
+It is easily recognized by its irregular, closely overlapping frond-like
+caps, white flesh, and the very small sulphur-yellow tubes. The spores
+are white, elliptical. The flesh of young specimens is somewhat juicy.
+
+The geographical distribution is wide, and in places where a moist, warm
+temperature prevails plants of this species often attain very large
+proportions, sometimes completely encircling the trunk of a tree at its
+base. The bright colors fade as the plant matures, and the plant
+becomes indurated and friable, when very old crumbling readily in the
+hands.
+
+To prepare for the table, very thin slices of young specimens should be
+cut and either allowed to slowly simmer on the back of the range, or
+soaked in milk and then fried in butter.
+
+Of the genus Fistulina but one species, Fistulina hepatica, figured in
+Plate X, is recorded as edible and indigenous to this country.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate X.
+     FISTULINA HEPATICA
+     1 Specimen, upper view. 2 Same, under view.
+     3 Specimen, upper view. 4 Same, under view.
+     5 Spores.
+     K. MAYO, del.]
+
+     PLATE X.
+
+     =Fistulina hepatica= Bull. "_Beefsteak Mushroom_," "_Liver Fungus_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+_Genus Fistulina_ Bull. Hymenophore fleshy, hymenium inferior, that is,
+on the under surface of the cap, at first papillose; the papillæ at
+length elongated, and forming distinct tubes.
+
+Besides Fistulina _hepatica_, five species of this genus are recorded in
+Saccardo's Sylloge, viz., F. _radicata_ Schw., F. _spathulata_ B. & C.,
+F. _pallida_ B. & R., F. _rosea_ Mont., and F. _antarctica_ Speg.; the
+last indigenous to Patagonia.
+
+F. _hepatica_ is the only species with which I am familiar. The plants
+of this species are very irregular in form, rootless, epiphytal, often
+stemless, and sometimes attached to the matrix by a very short stem.
+This fungus is frequently found upon old oak, chestnut, and ash trees,
+developing in the rotting bark. It appears first as a rosy pimple, or in
+a series of red granules. In a very short time it becomes tongue-shaped,
+sometimes kidney shaped, assuming the color of a beet root. As it
+increases in size it changes form again, becoming broad in proportion to
+its length, and changing in color to a deep blood red, and finally to a
+dull liver tint. Its lower surface is often paler than its upper, it
+being tinged with yellow and pinkish hues.
+
+One author states that it requires about two weeks to attain its highest
+development, after which it gradually decays.
+
+It varies in size from a few inches to several feet in circumference.
+Rev. M. J. Berkeley mentions one which weighed thirty pounds. It has
+been styled, the "_poor man's fungus_," and in flavor resembles meat
+more than any other.
+
+The substance is fleshy and juicy in the early stage. The pileus is
+papillose, the papillæ elongated, and forming distinct tubes as the
+pileus expands. These tubes are separable from each other, and with age
+become approximate and jagged at their orifices. The tubes are at first
+yellowish, with a pink tinge, becoming dingy with age. The fleshy
+substance, or hymenophore, is often veined in light and dark red
+streaks. The juice is pellucid, red, and slightly acid. Spores at first
+nearly round, becoming elliptical, salmon color.
+
+This fungus is esteemed in Europe, where it is eaten prepared in a
+variety of ways.
+
+When young and tender it can be sliced and broiled or minced and stewed,
+making a delicious dish. When too old the stock is rather tough for good
+eating, but the gravy taken from it forms a rich flavoring for a
+vegetable stew or a meat ragout. The following recipe for cooking this
+mushroom has been recommended:
+
+    Slice and macerate it, add pepper and salt, a little lemon, and
+    chopped onions or garlic; then strain and boil the liquid, which
+    makes most excellent gravy, resembling that of good beefsteak.
+
+The Fistulina hepatica is well known in Europe, and is found in
+different parts of the United States, in some places growing abundantly.
+I have gathered some fine specimens in Maryland and Virginia, but none
+as large as that described by Dr. Berkeley.
+
+
+
+
+RECIPES FOR COOKING MUSHROOMS.
+
+
+_To Pot Mushrooms._--The small open mushrooms suit best for potting.
+Trim and rub them; put into a stewpan a quart of mushrooms, 3 ounces of
+butter, 2 teaspoonfuls of salt, and half a teaspoonful of cayenne and
+mace, mixed, and stew for ten or fifteen minutes, or till the mushrooms
+are tender; take them carefully out and drain them perfectly on a
+sloping dish, and when cold press them into small pots and pour
+clarified butter over them, in which state they will keep for a week or
+two. Writing-paper placed over the butter, and over that melted suet,
+will effectually preserve them for weeks in a dry, cool place.
+
+_To Pickle Mushrooms._--Select a number of sound, small pasture
+mushrooms, as nearly alike as possible in size. Throw them for a few
+minutes into cold water, then drain them, cut off the stalks, and gently
+rub off the outer skin with a moist flannel dipped in salt; then boil
+the vinegar, adding to each quart two ounces of salt, half a nutmeg
+grated, a dram of mace, and an ounce of white pepper corns. Put the
+mushrooms into the vinegar for ten minutes over the fire; then pour the
+whole into small jars, taking care that the spices are equally divided;
+let them stand a day, then cover them.
+
+_Baked Mushrooms._--Peel the tops of twenty mushrooms; cut off a portion
+of the stalks and wipe them carefully with a piece of flannel dipped in
+salt. Lay the mushrooms in a tin dish, put a small piece of butter on
+the top of each, and season with pepper and salt. Set the dish in the
+oven and bake them from twenty minutes to half an hour. When done,
+arrange them high in the centre of a very hot dish, pour the sauce
+around them, and serve quickly and as hot as you possibly can.
+
+_Mushrooms with Bacon._--Take some full-grown mushrooms, and, having
+cleaned them, procure a few rashers of nice streaky bacon and fry them
+in the usual manner. When nearly done add a dozen or so of mushrooms
+and fry them slowly until they are cooked. In this process they will
+absorb all the fat of the bacon, and with the addition of a little salt
+and pepper will form a most appetizing breakfast relish.
+
+_Mushroom Pie._--A very good mushroom pie is made in the following
+manner: Chop a quart of mushrooms into small pieces, season to taste,
+and add one pound of round steak chopped fine and seasoned with a small
+piece of onion. If the steak is lean, add a small piece of suet, unless
+butter is preferred to give flavor. Put the chopped steak and mushrooms
+in deep saucepan with cover, and stew slowly until tender. Make a crust
+as for beefsteak pie and put in a deep earthern dish, lightly browning
+the under crust before adding the stew, and cover with a crust lightly
+punctured.
+
+In some parts of Russia mushrooms form an important part of the diet of
+the people, especially during the Lenten season, when the fast of the
+Greek church is very strictly kept, and meat, fish, eggs, and butter are
+forbidden.
+
+Provision is made for this season in the securing of quantities of dried
+and salted mushrooms, which are cut up in strips and made into salads
+with a dressing of olive oil and vinegar. The poorer classes to whom the
+olive oil is unattainable use the rape seed and other vegetable oils in
+the cooking of their mushrooms.
+
+The following recipes are translated from a recently published Russian
+work on the subject of mushrooms, cultivated and wild:
+
+Select fresh, sound Boleti, cut off the caps, and, after wiping clean
+with a napkin, place them in a sieve, pouring over them scalding water;
+when thoroughly drained, leave them where there is a free current of air
+until perfectly dry. Next string them upon stout twine, leaving spaces
+between to allow of free circulation of air. If convenient, they can be
+dried artificially by placing in a not too hot oven with the door open.
+Dried by either method, they can be kept all winter. Before using, they
+should be soaked in water or milk until soft. In this condition they
+make very good flavoring for soup or gravy, and can also be used as
+filling for pies.
+
+_Mushrooms Cooked in Butter._--Wipe the mushrooms clean and dip in dry
+flour. Heat a quantity of butter to boiling temperature in a saucepan,
+seasoning with a small piece of onion. Drop the flour-covered mushrooms
+into the boiling butter, shaking the pan constantly over the fire. When
+the mushrooms are cooked add sour cream to taste. Before serving,
+sprinkle with grated muscat nut.
+
+_Mushroom Pickle._--Select only young button mushrooms. Put them for a
+few moments in boiling water lightly salted and vinegared. Boil vinegar
+(only the best should be used), spicing it according to taste. Allow the
+vinegar to cool. Put the mushrooms in layers in a jar and pour over them
+enough spiced vinegar to cover. Seal tightly.
+
+_Salted Piperites._--Only the caps are taken of the Lactarius piperites.
+They are placed first in salted scalding water for several minutes. The
+water is then gently pressed out with a napkin, the mushrooms are
+placed on sieves and cold water poured over them. They are then placed
+in layers in a jar, each layer sprinkled with salt, and whole pepper and
+minced onion scattered over the layer. When the jar is full a thin round
+board is placed upon the top layer and pressed down with weights, and as
+the mass gives way mushrooms are added until the jar is compactly
+filled. The jar is then covered with parchment or otherwise tightly
+sealed. Eight gallons of mushrooms require from one to one and a half
+glasses of salt. This makes a good salad when treated with oil.
+
+NOTE.--L. piperites is an extremely acrid mushroom when in the raw
+state, and the Russians do not stew it, but prepare it in the above way,
+taking the precaution to scald thoroughly with salted water before
+putting away. The precaution of scalding through several waters is a
+wise one to use in the preparation of all mushrooms inasmuch as the
+poisonous principle of most mushrooms is soluble in scalding water.
+Dilute vinegar is frequently used in the same manner. Vinegar should not
+be used in metal vessels unless porcelain-lined.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF THE GENERA OF HYMENOMYCETES.
+
+
+The following list of the genera of Hymenomycetes, summarized from
+Kellerman's Synopsis of Saccardo's Sylloge Fungorum, will be found
+useful for reference:
+
+
+I.--AGARICACEÆ.
+
+_Leucosporeæ._ (Spores white or slightly tinted yellowish.)
+
+    GENERA.
+
+    Amanita Pers.
+    Amanitopsis Roze.
+    Lepiota Fries.
+    Schulzeria Bres.
+    Armillaria Fries.
+    Tricholoma Fries.
+    Clitocybe Fries.
+    Collybia Fries.
+    Mycena Fries.
+    Hiatula Fries.
+    Omphalia Fries.
+    Pleurotus Fries.
+    Hygrophorus Fries.
+    Lactarius Fries.
+    Russula Pers.
+    Cantharellus Adans.
+    Arrhenia Fries.
+    Nyctalis Fries.
+    Stylobates Fries.
+    Marasmius Fries.
+    Heliomyces Lev.
+    Lentinus Fries.
+    Panus Fries.
+    Xerotus Fries.
+    Trogia Fries.
+    Lenzites Fries.
+    Tilotus Kalch.
+    Hymenogramme B. & Mont.
+    Oudemansiella Speg.
+    Pterophyllus Lev.
+    Rachophyllus Berk.
+    Schizophyllum Fries.
+
+_Rhodosporæ_ (spores pink or salmon color), corresponding to the
+Hyporhodii of Fries.
+
+    GENERA.
+
+    Volvaria Fr.
+    Annularia Schulz.
+    Pluteus Fries.
+    Entoloma Fries.
+    Clitopilus Fries.
+    Leptonia Fries.
+    Nolanea Fries.
+    Eccilia Fries.
+    Claudopus Worth. Smith.
+
+_Ochrosporæ_ (spores tawny ochraceous, or light rusty tint of brown),
+corresponding to the Dermini of Fries.
+
+    GENERA.
+
+    Pholiota Fries.
+    Locillina Gill.
+    Inocybe Fries.
+    Hebeloma Fries.
+    Flammula Fries.
+    Naucoria Fries.
+    Pluteolus Fries.
+    Galera Fries.
+    Tubaria Worth. Smith.
+    Crepidotus Fries.
+    Cortinarius Fries.
+    Paxillus Fries.
+
+_Melanosporæ_ (spores black, dark-brown or purplish-brown), combining
+the attributes of both the Coprinarii and the Pratelli of Fries.
+
+    GENERA.
+
+    Chitonia Fries.
+    Agaricus Linn.
+    Pilosace Fries.
+    Stropharia Fries.
+    Hypholoma Fries.
+    Psilocybe Fries.
+    Deconica Worth. Smith.
+    Psathyra Fries.
+    Bolbitius Fries.
+    Coprinus Pers.
+    Panæolus Fries.
+    Annellaria Karsh.
+    Psathyrella Fries.
+    Gomphidius Fries.
+    Anthracophyllum Ces.
+    Montagnites Fries.
+
+
+II.--POLYPORACEÆ (Polyporei).
+
+    GENERA.
+
+    Boletus Dill.
+    Strobilomyces Berkeley.
+    Boletinus Kalchbr.
+    Gyrodon Opatowski.
+    Fistulina Bull.
+    Polyporus Mich.
+    Fomes Fries.
+    Polystictus Fries.
+    Poria Pers.
+    Trametes Fries.
+    Hexagonia Fries.
+    Dædalea Pers.
+    Myriadoporus Peck.
+    Ceriomyces Corda.
+    Bresadolia Speg.
+    Cyclomyces Kunz.
+    Favolus Fries.
+    Gloeoporus Mont.
+    Laschia Fries.
+    Merulius Hall.
+    Theleporus Fries.
+    Porothelium Fries.
+    Solenia Hoffm.
+
+
+III.--HYDNACEÆ (Hydnei).
+
+    GENERA.
+
+    Hydnum Linn.
+    Caldesiella Lace.
+    Hericium Pers.
+    Tremellodon Pers.
+    Sistotrema Pers.
+    Irpex Fries.
+    Radulum Fries.
+    Plebia Fries.
+    Lopharia K. & M. Ow.
+    Grandinia Fries.
+    Grammothele B. & C.
+    Odontia Pers.
+    Kneiffia Fries.
+    Mucronella Fries.
+
+
+IV.--THELEPHORACEÆ (Thelephorei).
+
+    GENERA.
+
+    Craterellus Fries.
+    Hypolyssus Pers.
+    Thelephora Ehrh.
+    Cladoderris Pers.
+    Beccariella Ces.
+    Stereum Pers.
+    Hymenochæte Lev.
+    Skepperia Berk.
+    Corticium Fries.
+    Peniophora Cooke.
+    Coniophora D. C.
+    Michenera B. & C.
+    Matula Mass.
+    Hypochnus Fries.
+    Exobasidium Weron.
+    Helicobasidium Pat.
+    Cyphella Fries.
+    Friesula Speg.
+    Cora Fries.
+    Rhipidonema Matt.
+
+
+V.--CLAVARIACEÆ (Clavariei).
+
+    GENERA.
+
+    Sparassis Fries.
+    Acartis Fries.
+    Clavaria Vaill.
+    Calocera Fries.
+    Lachnocladium Lev.
+    Pterula Fries.
+    Ptifula Pers.
+    Pistallaria Fries.
+    Physalacria Peck.
+
+
+VI.--TREMELLACEÆ (Tremellini)
+
+    GENERA.
+
+    Auricularia Bull.
+    Hirneola Fries.
+    Platygloea Schroet.
+    Exidia Fries.
+    Ulocolla Bref.
+    Craterocolla Bref.
+    Femsjonia Fries.
+    Tremella Dill.
+    Næmatelia Fries.
+    Gyrocephalus Pers.
+    Delortia Pat. & Gail.
+    Arrhytidia Berk.
+    Ceracea Cragin.
+    Guepinia Fries.
+    Dacryomitra Pul.
+    Collyria Fries.
+
+    GENERA MINUS CERTA.
+
+    Hormonyces Bon.
+    Ditiola Fries.
+    Apyrenium Fries.
+
+
+
+
+BREFIELD'S CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI.
+
+
+A system of classification of fungi which is receiving attention from
+mycologists is that recently presented by the distinguished German
+author Dr. Oscar Brefield. Dr. Brefield's exhaustive investigations into
+the life-history of fungi in general have been such as to entitle his
+views to consideration, although the system presents some
+inconsistencies which may prevent its adoption in its entirety.
+
+According to the Brefield system, as summarized by his colleague Dr. Von
+Tavel, Fungi are divided into two primary classes: (1) the
+_Phycomycetes,_ or lower fungi nearest like the algæ, _consisting of a
+one-celled thallus with sexual as well as non-sexual modes of
+reproduction_, and (2) the Mesomycetes and the Mycomycetes, _having a
+divided or many celled thallus, propagated by non-sexually formed
+spores_. The Phycomycetes are further divided into two large sections,
+based on their methods of reproduction, termed, respectively,
+Zygomycetes and Oomycetes. These include the old typical Mucors, the
+Peronosporeæ or "rotting moulds," once classed with the Hyphomycetes,
+the Saprolegniaceæ, "Fish Moulds," of aquatic habit, the
+Entomophthoraceæ, "Insect Moulds," together with some minor groups. The
+Mesomycetes connect the Phycomycetes with the Mycomycetes. The class
+Mycomycetes is primarily divided into two sections, viz., Ascomycetes
+and Basidiomycetes, with the Ustilagineæ, "Smut Fungi," in Mesomycetes,
+forming a transitional group between Phycomycetes and the Basidiomycetal
+group of the higher fungi.
+
+The Ascomycetes are primarily subdivided into _Exoasci_ and _Carpoasci,_
+groups based on the character of the asci. In the first, _Exoasci,_ the
+asci are naked and borne directly on the mycelium; in the second,
+_Carpoasci,_ they are enclosed in a wrapper composed of fertile hyphæ
+and sterile threads, having also accessory fruit forms. The first
+includes Endomycetes and Taphrineæ. In the second are included the
+groups Gymnoasci, Perisporaceæ, Pyrenomycetes, Hysteriaceæ,
+Discomycetes, and Helvellaceæ.
+
+The Basidiomycetes characterized by the possession of basidia are
+arranged in two groups, based on the character of the basidia: (1) the
+Protobasidiomycetes, in which the basidia are septate, divided, and (2)
+the Autobasidiomycetes, in which the basidia are not divided, and bear a
+definite number of spores.
+
+The first of these (Protobasidiomycetes) includes the following distinct
+groups: (1) the Uredineæ, "Rust Fungi," which have horizontally divided
+basidia, always free, never enclosed; (2) the Auricularieæ, having
+basidia somewhat resembling those of the Uredineæ, but which are borne
+in fruit bodies with open hymenia; (3) Pileacreæ, having horizontal
+septate basidia in closed receptacles; and (4) Tremellineæ, having
+vertically divided basidia borne in gymnocarpous receptacles--that is,
+those in which the hymenium is exposed while the spores are growing.
+
+The Autobasidiomycetes are characterized by undivided basidia, bearing
+spores only at the apex. This group is subdivided into three sections:
+(1) Dacryomycetes, which includes the lowest of the Tremelloid forms,
+with club-shaped basidia, nearly approaching the true Hymenomycetal
+type, together with several groups of minor import; (2) Gasteromycetes;
+and (3) Hymenomycetes, with Phalloideæ placed in the group as a
+subsection of Gasteromycetes.
+
+The above can only be considered as a very brief abstract of the system
+of classification proposed by Dr. Brefield, but it will serve to give
+some idea of the principle on which the system is based, which is
+sufficient for our present purpose. Those who wish to study the system
+in detail will find it treated in a comprehensive manner in Dr. Von
+Tavel's summary as it appears in the _Vergleichende Morphologie der
+Pilze_, Jena, 1892.
+
+
+
+
+CONIOMYCETES AND HYPHOMYCETES.
+
+
+In the original classification of Fries two of the primary divisions of
+the sporiferous Fungi were termed, respectively, _Coniomycetes_ and
+_Hyphomycetes_. This arrangement was accepted by Berkeley, the term
+_Coniomycetes_ being applied to all fungi in which the naked spores,
+appearing like an impalpable dust, were the principal feature of the
+plant, and the term _Hyphomycetes_ to fungi in which the threads or
+hyphæ bearing the spores were the most conspicuous feature.
+
+Coniomycetes, as broadly interpreted by Berkeley and other mycologists
+of his day, included the Uredineæ or "rust fungi," the Ustilagines or
+"smut fungi," the Sphæropsideæ, and the Melanconieæ. This arrangement
+was very unsatisfactory on account of the distinctively different
+character of the methods of reproduction of the respective groups, and
+they have since been disassociated and by some authors ranked as
+distinct orders or families. Others combine Uredinei and Ustilaginei in
+one group under the name Hypodermei.
+
+Familiar examples of Uredinei are seen in the rust of the Barberry leaf,
+etc., and of the Ustilaginei in the "smut" of corn and the "bunt" of
+wheat.
+
+Some authors combine the Sphæropsideæ with the closely allied
+Melanconieæ. M. C. Cooke contends that the _Sphæropsideæ_ should be
+considered apart from the _Melanconieæ,_ on the fundamental basis that
+the former possess a distinct perithecium, while the latter do not.
+
+The _Sphæropsideæ_ as recently defined by Cooke are "Fungi _possessed of
+a perithecium, but without asci_, ... sporules or stylospores being
+produced internally at the apex of more or less distinct supporting
+hyphæ or pedicels, termed sporophores."
+
+The Sphæropsideæ somewhat resemble the Pyrenomyceteæ in external
+characteristics, but differ from them in the absence of asci and
+paraphyses. Saccardo retains all the species in his Sylloge, but
+relegates them to an inferior position as imperfect fungi.
+
+The group _Pyrenomycetes_, or _Sphæriacei_, as at first recognized by
+_Fries_, included not only the _Sphæriacei_ and the _Perisporacei_, but
+also the _Sphæropsidei_ and _Melanconiaceæ_. Later, when ascigerous
+fungi were separated from stylosporous fungi, this group was revised,
+the ascigerous species only being retained. As at present limited, the
+Pyrenomycetes are "_ascigerous_ fungi having the fructification enclosed
+within a perithecium."
+
+They constitute a very large group, the described species, according to
+Cooke's Census of Fungi, numbering not less than 10,500, or at least
+1,000 more than all the recorded species of Hymenomycetes. The plants
+are microscopic in size, and grow upon vegetable or animal substances.
+
+
+
+
+HYPHOMYCETES.
+
+
+With regard to the Hyphomycetes, Cooke takes the ground that in their
+internal relations to each other, and their external relations to the
+remaining orders, the Hyphomycetes are undoubtedly a well-defined and
+natural group, and should have place as such in a systematic work. It is
+a large order, containing nearly 5,000 species, mostly parasitic on dead
+animals and vegetable matter. The spores, termed conidia, are free, as
+in Hymenomycetes. The species are microscopic in size, and the hyphæ are
+strongly developed. They have no hymenium and no true basidia, and are
+non-sexual in their reproduction.
+
+The four primary sections are the Mucedineæ, or "white moulds;" the
+Dematieæ, or "black moulds;" the Stilbea, with the hyphæ or thread-like
+filaments pallid or brown, and densely cohering, and the Tubercularieæ,
+with the hyphæ densely compacted in wart-like pustules of somewhat
+gelatinous consistency.
+
+The divisions called Melanconieæ, Sphæropsideæ, and Hyphomyceteæ are not
+recognized in the Brefield system of classification as distinct groups.
+Massee and Cooke, with other mycologists, take exception to this
+omission and its implication, in their discussion of the subject, giving
+consistent reasons for the retention of these groups in systematic
+works.
+
+
+
+
+PHYCOMYCETES OR PHYSOMYCETES.
+
+
+As originally defined by Berkeley, this group was composed chiefly of
+the old typical Mucors and their allies, and was then termed
+Physomycetes. In the newer system of classification its original
+definition has been extended so as to include a number of groups
+somewhat dissimilar in their habits and characteristics, but "united
+under the conservating bond of a dimorphic reproduction," and the name
+has been changed to Phycomycetes. As at present recognized "the
+Phycomycetes are characterized by a unicellular mycelium, often
+parasitic on plants or animals, sometimes saprophytic, developed in the
+air or in water. Reproduction sexual or asexual." As thus interpreted,
+Phycomycetes includes the Mucoracei; the Peronosporaceæ, or "rotting
+moulds;" the Cystopi, or "white rusts;" the Saprolegniaceæ, or "fish
+moulds;" the Entomophthoraceæ, or "insect moulds," together with a few
+minor groups of doubtful natural affinity.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+
+Saccardo, P. A. "Sylloge Sphæropsidearum et Melanconiearum," in Sylloge
+Fungorum. Vol. iii. Imp. 8vo. Padua, 1884.
+
+L. A. Crie. _Recherches sur les Pyrenomycetes inferieurs du group de
+Depazées._ 8vo. Paris, 1878.
+
+J. C. Corda. _Icones Fungorum._ Fol. 6 vol. Prague, 1837-'54.
+
+Bonorden. _Zur Kenntniss der Coniomyceten u. Cryptomyceten._ 4to. Halle,
+1860.
+
+M. C. Cooke. _The Hyphomycetous Fungi of the United States._ 8vo. 1877.
+
+P. A. Saccardo. _Sylloge Fungorum._ Vol. iv.--"Hyphomyceteæ." Padua,
+1886.
+
+De Toni, J. B. "Sylloge Ustilaginearum et Uredinearum," in Saccardo,
+_Sylloge Fungorum._ Imp. 8vo. Vol. vii, pt. ii. Padua, 1888.
+
+Geo. Winter in Rabenhorst's _Kryptogamen Florader Pilze_. 8vo. Cuts.
+1884.
+
+Geo. Massee. _British Fungi--Phycomycetes and Ustilagineæ._ 8vo. Cuts.
+London, 1891.
+
+O. Brefield. _Bot. Untersuch. ü. Hefenpilze._ Leipzig, 1883.
+
+Tulasne. "Memoire sur les Ustilaginées comparées aux Uredinées." Ann.
+des Sci. Nat., 3d series, vol. vii. Paris, 1847.
+
+M. Woronin. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ustilagineen. 1882.
+
+M. C. Cooke. Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould. 12mo. Col. plates. London,
+1870.
+
+C. B. Plowright. _A Monograph of the British Uredineæ and Ustilagineæ._
+8vo. London, 1889.
+
+W. C. Smith. _Diseases of Field and Garden Crops._ 12mo. Cuts. London,
+1884.
+
+D. D. Cunningham. _Conidial Fructification in the Mucorini._
+
+R. Thaxter. "The Entomophthoreæ of the United States." Memoirs of Boston
+Society of Natural History. Vol. iv, 4to. Plates. 1888.
+
+L. Mangin. _Sur le Structure des Peronosporées._ Paris, 1890.
+
+K. Lindstedt. _Synopsis d. Saprolegniaceen._ 8vo. Four plates. Berlin,
+1872.
+
+M. Cornu. "Monographie des Saprolegniées." Ann. des Sci. Nat., 5th
+series. Vol. xv. Paris, 1872.
+
+M. C. Cooke. _Synopsis Pyrenomycetum._ 2 parts. 8vo. London, 1884-'86.
+
+A. de Zaczewski. "Classification naturelle des Pyrenomycetes." Bull.
+Soc. Myc. de France, vol. x. 1894.
+
+J. B. Ellis and B. M. Everhart. _The North American Pyrenomycetes._
+
+M. C. Cooke. _Mycographia,_ vol. i. "Discomycetes." Col. plates. Imp.
+8vo. London, 1879.
+
+W. Phillips. _A Manual of British Discomycetes._ Im. 8vo. Plates.
+London, 1887.
+
+P. A. Saccardo. "Sylloge Discomycetum," in _Sylloge Fungorum_. Vol.
+viii. Padua, 1889.
+
+R. Hartig. _Text Book of Diseases of Trees._ Roy. 8vo. London, 1894.
+
+Geo. Massee. The Evolution of Plant Life, Lower Forms. 12mo. London,
+1891.
+
+Marshall Ward. Diseases of Plants. 12mo. Cuts. London, 1884.
+
+A. De Bary. _Recherches sur le Developpement de quelques champignons
+parasites._ 8vo. Plates. Berlin, 1878-'94.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+_Superior_, the upper surface; applied to the ring when near the apex of
+the stem.
+
+
+_Tetraspore_, _tetra_ Gr. four; spores.
+
+_Theca_, cell-mother, the protoplasm of which originates by
+segmentation; a certain number of spores, usually eight, held in
+suspension in the protoplasm of the theca without being attached to each
+other or to the cell walls.
+
+_Thecaspore_, the spore thus encased.
+
+_Tomentose_, downy, with short hairs.
+
+_Torsive_, spirally twisted.
+
+_Torulose_, a cylindrical body swollen and restricted alternately.
+
+_Toxic_, poisonous.
+
+_Trama_, the substance proceeding from the hymenophore, intermediate
+between the plates (central in) of the gills of agarics.
+
+_Transverse_, crosswise.
+
+_Tremelloid_, jelly-like.
+
+_Truncate_, ending abruptly, as if cut short; cut squarely off.
+
+_Tubæform_, trumpet-shaped.
+
+_Tubercle_, a small wart-like excrescence.
+
+_Tubular_, hollow and cylindrical.
+
+_Turbinate_, top-shaped.
+
+_Typical_, agreeing closely with the characters assigned to a group or
+species.
+
+
+_Umbilicate_, having a central depression.
+
+_Umbo_, the boss of a shield; applied to the central elevation of the
+cap of some mushrooms.
+
+_Umbonate_, having a central boss-like elevation.
+
+_Uncinate_, hooked.
+
+_Unequal_, short imperfect gills interspersed among the others.
+
+_Universal_, used in relation to the veil or volva which entirely
+envelops the mushroom when young.
+
+
+_Variety_, an individual of a species differing from the rest in
+external form, size, color, and other secondary features, without
+perpetuating these differences only under exceptional circumstances.
+
+_Veil_, in mushrooms a partial covering of the stem or margin of the
+pileus.
+
+_Veliform_, a thin veil-like covering.
+
+_Venate_, _Veined_, intersected by swollen wrinkles below and on the
+sides.
+
+_Ventricose_, swollen in the middle.
+
+_Vernicose_, shining as if varnished.
+
+_Verrucæ_, warts or glandular elevations.
+
+_Verrucose_, covered with warts.
+
+_Villose_, _villous_, covered with long, weak hairs.
+
+_Virescent_, greenish.
+
+_Virgate_, streaked.
+
+_Viscid_, covered with a shiny liquid which adheres to the fingers when
+touched.
+
+_Viscous_, gluey.
+
+_Volute_, rolled up in any direction.
+
+_Volva_, a substance covering the mushroom, sometimes membranous,
+sometimes gelatinous; the universal veil.
+
+
+_Walnut brown_, a deep brown like that of some varieties of wood. (Raw
+umber, and burnt sienna and white.)
+
+_Wart_, an excrescence found on the cap of some mushrooms; the remains
+of the volva in form of irregular or polygonal excrescences, more or
+less adherent, numerous, and persistent.
+
+
+_Zone_, a broad band encircling a mushroom.
+
+_Zoned_, furnished with one or more concentric circles.
+
+
+Although some writers apply the terms spore, sporidia, sporophore,
+sporules, and conidia somewhat indiscriminately to all spore bodies, in
+order to avoid confusion, it is now recommended by the best authorities
+that certain distinctive limitations should be adhered to in the use of
+these terms. Saccardo, in defining the terms which he employs, accepts
+the term spores as applicable exclusively to the naked spores supported
+on basidia, as found in the Basidiomyceteæ. The term sporidia he limits
+to spores produced or enclosed in an ascus, as in the Ascomyceteæ. The
+term sporules he applies to the spores of imperfect fungi, where they
+are enclosed in perithecia (microscopic cups or cells), such as the
+Sphæropsidea. The term conidia he uses to designate the spores of
+imperfect fungi without perithecia or asci, such as the Hyphomyceteæ and
+the Melanconieæ. This arrangement is in accordance with M. C. Cooke's
+published views on the subject, except in the case of the spore bodies
+of the Melanconieæ, which he prefers, for well-defined reasons, to call
+sporules.
+
+In accordance with these limitations, the terms _spermatia_,
+_stylospores_, and _clinospores_ are merged in _sporule_.
+
+Other terms appropriate to their development are employed to designate
+the spores of Uredineæ, Phycomyceteæ, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                           STUDENT'S HAND-BOOK
+                                   OF
+                          MUSHROOMS OF AMERICA
+
+                          EDIBLE AND POISONOUS.
+
+
+
+
+                                   BY
+                          THOMAS TAYLOR, M. D.
+
+                      AUTHOR OF FOOD PRODUCTS, ETC.
+
+
+
+
+       Published in Serial Form--=No. 4=--Price, 50c. per number.
+
+
+
+
+                           WASHINGTON, D. C.:
+              A. R. Taylor, Publisher, 238 Mass. Ave. N.E.
+                                  1897.
+
+
+
+
+                           Copyright, 1897, by
+                          Thomas Taylor, M. D.,
+                                   and
+                              A. R. Taylor.
+
+
+
+
+GASTEROMYCETES.
+
+
+Hymenium more or less permanently concealed, consisting in most cases of
+closely packed cells of which the fertile ones (the basidia) bear naked
+spores on distinct spicules, exposed only by the rupture or decay of the
+investing coat or peridium. Berkeley's Outlines.
+
+This family has been subjected to numerous revisions since the days of
+Fries, when its structural characteristics were not so well understood
+as at present.
+
+Montagne and Berkeley are credited with being the first to show the true
+structure of the hymenium in the puff-balls, as well as to demonstrate
+the presence of basidia. This important discovery led to the correlating
+of the Gasteromycetes with the Hymenomycetes under the common title
+Basidiomycetes, both having the spores borne upon basidia. The two
+families still remained distinct, however, not only because of the
+dissimilarity in their external features but principally on account of
+the difference in the disposition and character of the hymenium.
+
+In the Hymenomycetes the hymenium is exposed to the light from the
+first, and the spores drop from the basidia as they mature; whereas in
+the Gasteromycetes the hymenial pulp, or gleba, consisting of the spores
+with the supporting basidia and the hyphæ, is enclosed within the
+substance of the fungus, and the spores are exposed only on the decay of
+the investing coat.
+
+The basidia of the Gasteromycetes, though resembling those of the
+Hymenomycetes, are more variable in form and the number of the spores
+not so constant. They perform the same functions and bear spicules,
+sometimes in pairs, sometimes quaternate, each spicule being surmounted
+by a spore. They dissolve away as the spores mature and can, therefore,
+only be observed in the very young stage of the plant. The spores of the
+Gasteromycetes are usually colored and, except in the subterranean
+species, globose. As seen through the microscope they have often a rough
+warty appearance, sometimes spinulose. Paraphyses may be present as
+aborted basidia, but cystidia are rarely distinguished. A characteristic
+of a large proportion of the plants is the drying up of the hymenial
+substance, so that the cavity of the receptacle becomes at length filled
+with a dusty mass composed of spores and delicate threads, the remains
+of the shriveled hyphæ.
+
+The following table will serve to show the distinctive features of the
+four primary divisions of the Gasteromycetes:
+
+    _Lycoperdaceæ_.--Hymenium fugitive, drying in a dusty mass of
+    threads and spores, dispersed by an opening or by fissures of the
+    peridium. Terrestrial.
+
+    _Phalloideæ_.--Hymenium deliquescent and slimy; receptacle pileate;
+    volva universal. Foetid fleshy fungi.
+
+    _Hypogæi_, or _Hymenogastreæ_.--Hymenium permanent, not becoming
+    dusty or deliquescent except when decayed. Capillitium wanting.
+    Subterranean.
+
+    _Nidulariaceæ_.--Receptacle cup-shaped or globose; spores produced
+    on sporophores or short basidia enclosed in globose or disciform
+    bodies (sporangia) contained within a distinct peridium.
+    Terrestrial.
+
+The section Lycoperdaceæ contains upwards of 500 species or more than
+two-thirds of the whole number of recorded species of the
+Gasteromycetes. Lycoperdon, Bovista, and Geaster, its most conspicuous
+genera, are said to contain the largest number of well-known species. A
+few are edible.
+
+The Phalloideæ include about 90 species. The plants are usually
+ill-smelling and unwholesome. Some are stipitate, others are latticed,
+etc. Some are conspicuous for their bright coloring. In the young stage
+they are enclosed in an egg-shaped volva having a gelatinous inner
+stratum.
+
+The plants of the Nidulariaceæ are very minute, tough, and widely
+distributed. The species Cyathus, the "bird's-nest fungus," is quite
+common in some localities, and is interesting because of its peculiar
+form. The individual plant is very small, not more than two centimeters
+high. It resembles an inverted bell, or a miniature wine-glass. A
+delicate white membrane covers the top at first. This disappears as the
+plant matures, revealing lentil-shaped bodies packed closely together
+like eggs in a nest. These oval bodies are the peridiola containing the
+spores. They are usually found upon rotten wood or sticks on the ground.
+Sixty-five species are recorded, but none are edible.
+
+The plants of the division Hypogæi or Hymenogastreæ are subterranean in
+habit, preferring a sandy soil. They are usually somewhat globose in
+form, having a thick outer coat or peridium, though in some of the
+genera the outer coat is very thin or obsolete. They are dingy in color.
+In the young plants the interior substance somewhat resembles that of
+the truffle, but is streaked and mottled. When old the gleba consists of
+a dusty mass of threads and spores. They are known under various
+appellations, such as "underground puff-balls," "false truffles," etc.
+
+The Hypogæi are analogous to the Tuberacei, except that the spores are
+not contained in asci as in the latter. Cooke says they appear to be the
+link which unites the Basidiomycetes to the Ascomycetes by means of the
+Tuberacei or genuine Truffles. In the young stage the basidia in the
+Hypogæi are easily distinguished by the aid of the microscope.
+
+In external features and habit of growth the species of Elaphomyces, a
+genus of Tuberacei, closely resemble the Hypogæi, and in old age, when
+the _asci_ have disappeared, it is difficult to distinguish the plants
+of this genus from the Hypogæi.
+
+The genus _Melanogaster_ contains an edible species, _M. variegatus_,
+Tulasne, commonly known in Europe as the "Red Truffle" or "False
+Truffle." _M. variegatus_ is usually gregarious and subterranean in
+habit. The exterior is minutely granular, tawny yellow or reddish rust
+color; the interior soft, bluish-black, streaked with yellow, the spore
+mass in maturity becoming pubescent. The odor is pleasantly aromatic,
+and the taste sweet. Under trees in woods. The variety _Broomeianus_
+Berk. is paler in the marbling, which shows reddish instead of yellow
+streaks. The pulpy mass is at first white, changing to a yellowish,
+smoky hue.
+
+
+LYCOPERDACEÆ AND PHALLOIDEÆ.
+
+The plants figured in Plates G and H belong to the Lycoperdaceæ and
+Phalloideæ.
+
+
+LYCOPERDACEÆ.
+
+Massee, who has given the Puff-Ball group very close study, says that in
+the gleba of the Lycoperdaceæ, "at a very early period two sets of hyphæ
+are present. One, thin-walled, colorless, septate and rich in
+protoplasm, gives origin to the trama, and elements of the hymenium, and
+usually disappears entirely after the formation of the spores; the
+second type consists of long thick-walled aseptate or sparsely septate,
+often colored hyphæ, which are persistent and form the capillitium. The
+latter are branches of the hyphæ forming the hymenium."
+
+
+GENERA LYCOPERDON AND BOVISTA.
+
+To the genera Lycoperdon and Bovista belong most of the "Puff-balls" and
+all of the species figured in Plate G. In the plants of these two genera
+the peridium is more or less distinctly double, and the hyphæ, or
+delicate threads which are seen mixed with the dusty mass of spores in
+the mature plant, forming what is called the capillitium, are an
+important element in classification.
+
+_Genus Lycoperdon_ Tourn. In this genus the investing coat or peridium
+is membranaceous, vanishing above or becoming flaccid; bark or outer
+shell adnate, sub-persistent, breaking up into scales or warts;
+capillitium soft, dense, and attached to the peridium, base spongy and
+sterile.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate G.
+     Gasteromycetes.
+     Six Types of the "Puff-Ball" Group.
+     Edible.]
+
+     PLATE G.
+
+     EDIBLE PUFF-BALLS.
+
+     FIG. 1.--=Lycoperdon cælatum= Fries. "_Collapsing Puff-Ball_."
+
+Peridium flaccid above, with mealy coating, obtuse, at length
+collapsing, the sterile stratum cellulose. Inner peridium distinct from
+the outer all round; capillitium nearly free, collapsing when mature,
+threads long and brittle; spores dingy olive, turning brown; base
+stem-like, broad and blunt, with root, obconical, somewhat spongy.
+Common in pastures and open woods. Edible when young, but not much
+commended. Plant pale cream color.
+
+     FIGS. 2 and 3.--=Lycoperdon gemmatum= Batsch. "_Warted Puff-Ball_,"
+     "_Studded Puff-Ball_."
+
+Plant sub-globular, with a stem-like base; white or cinereous, turning
+to light greyish-brown, the surface warty, the warts unequal, the larger
+ones somewhat pointed, the smaller granular. As the warts fall off they
+leave the surface of the denuded peridium somewhat dotted or slightly
+reticulated. Flesh, when young, firm and whitish. The plants of this
+species are small, variable in form, sometimes turbinated, sometimes
+nearly globose, or depressed globose, but usually the basal portion is
+narrower than the upper portion. The stem varies in thickness and
+length; sometimes it is quite elongated, in some instances absent.
+Capillitium and spores yellowish-green, turning dark olive or brown.
+Columella present. When the spores are fully ripe the peridium opens by
+a small apical aperture for their dispersion. The plants are sometimes
+densely cæspitose, and crowd together on the ground or on decaying wood
+in large patches after warm rains. They are found both in fields and
+open woods during summer and autumn. They are edible when young, but not
+specially well flavored. There are several varieties. Plants sometimes
+oval or lens-shaped.
+
+In Var. _hirtum_ the plant is turbinate, subsessile, and hairy, with
+slender, spinous warts. The variety _papulatum_ is subrotund, sessile,
+papillose and pulverulent, the warts being nearly uniform in size.
+Plants from one to two inches in height.
+
+     FIGS. 4 and 5.--=Lycoperdon pyriforme= Schaeffer. "_Pear-Shaped
+     Puff-Ball_."
+
+Plant dingy white or brownish yellow; pear-shaped, or obovate pyriforme,
+sometimes approaching L. gemmatum in size and shape, but easily
+distinguished from that species by the surface features of the peridium
+and the internal hyphæ. The persistent warts which cover the surface of
+the peridium are so minute as to appear to the naked eye like scales. In
+some instances the peridium is almost smooth, and sometimes cracks in
+areas, inner peridium thin and tough. The hyphæ are thicker than the
+spores and branched, continuous with the slightly cellular base, and
+forming a columella inside the peridium. Spores greenish-yellow, then
+brownish-olive, smooth and globose.
+
+The short stem-like base of the plant terminates in fiber-like rootlets,
+creeping under the soil and branching, thus attaching large clusters of
+the young plants together. They are often found in quantity on the mossy
+trunks of fallen trees.
+
+     FIG. 6.--=Lycoperdon giganteum= Batsch. "_Giant Puff-Ball_."
+
+The Giant Puff-Ball, so generally neglected, is one of the most valuable
+of the edible mushrooms. It is readily distinguished from other
+puff-balls and allied fungi by its large size. It is subglobose in form,
+often flattened at the top and usually wider than deep. The peridium or
+rind is membranaceous, smooth, or very slightly floccose, and creamy
+white at first, turning to pale yellowish-brown when the plant is old.
+When young it is filled with a white, seemingly homogeneous fleshy
+substance of pleasant flavor. This substance changes, when mature, to an
+elastic, yellowish or olivaceous brown, cottony but dusty mass of
+filaments and spores. The peridium is very fragile above, cracking into
+areæ in the mature plant and breaking up and falling away in fragments,
+thus allowing the dispersion of the spores. The capillitium and spores
+are at first greenish-yellow, turning to dingy olive. The plants vary in
+size, but average from ten to twenty inches in diameter. In the columns
+of the _Country Gentleman_ some years ago there appeared a description
+of a puff-ball of this species which weighed forty seven pounds and
+measured a little over eight feet in circumference. It was found in a
+low, moist corner of a public park. Specimens weighing from twenty to
+thirty pounds are recorded as being found in different parts of the
+country; but specimens of such large dimensions are unusual. This
+species is found in many parts of the United States. It is the L.
+_bovista_ of Linn. Sacc.
+
+A correspondent writes that he has found the giant puff-ball in great
+abundance growing on the Genessee Flats, Livingstone Co., New York.
+Another writes from Nebraska that it is quite abundant on the prairies
+there in summer. A third writes from Missouri, "Since the late rains we
+have had puff-balls in abundance, and find them delicious made into
+fritters."
+
+The puff-balls should be gathered young. If the substance within is
+white and pulpy, it is in good condition for cooking, but if marked with
+yellow stains it should be rejected.
+
+Vittadini says:
+
+"When the giant puff-ball is conveniently situated you should only take
+one slice at a time, cutting it horizontally and using great care not to
+disturb its growth, to prevent decay, and thus one may have a fritter
+every day for a week."
+
+Different authors write with enthusiasm of the merits of the giant
+puff-ball as an esculent.
+
+Mrs. Hussey, an English botanist, gives the following receipt for
+"puff-ball omelet:"
+
+First, remove the outer skin; cut in slices half an inch thick; have
+ready some chopped herbs, pepper, and salt; dip the slices in the yolk
+of an egg, and sprinkle the herbs upon them; fry in fresh butter, and
+eat immediately.
+
+I have tested fine specimens of the giant puff-ball gathered in the
+public parks of Washington, D. C., finding it delicious eating when
+fried in batter.
+
+     FIGS. 7 and 8.--=Lycoperdon cyathiforme= Bose. "_Cup-shaped
+     Puff-Ball_."
+
+Synonyms--L. fragile Vitt. L. albopurpureum Frost.
+
+Plant nearly globose, with a short, thick, stem-like base, color
+varying, cinereous, brown, tinged with violet.
+
+Rind or peridium smooth, or minutely floccose, scaly in the mature
+plant, cracking into somewhat angular areas, the upper portion finally
+falling away in fragments, leaving a wide cup-shaped base, with
+irregular margin, which remains long after the dispersion of the spores
+and capillitium. This basal portion is often tinged with the purplish
+hue of the spores. Spores rough, purplish-brown. Capillitium same color
+as the spores.
+
+Lycoperdon _cyathiforme_ is a more common species than L. _giganteum_,
+and is deemed quite equal to the latter in flavor. The plants are of
+good size, being from 4 to 10 inches in diameter.
+
+They are frequently found in open fields and grassy places after
+electric storms. When sliced and fried in egg batter, they taste much
+like the _giganteum_ or _giant puff-ball_.
+
+A puff-ball which is not inferior to either of the two last-named
+species, though not as large, and perhaps not as abundant as either, is
+the Lycoperdon _saccatum_ of Fries, sometimes called the "Long-stemmed
+puff-ball," because of its elongated stem.
+
+The plants of this species are attractive in appearance, usually
+hemispherical, or lentiform in shape, with cylindrical stem-like base.
+The peridium is thin and delicate, breaking into fragments; creamy white
+in the young stage, and clothed with delicate warts, so minute as to
+give the surface a soft mealy appearance, the under surface somewhat
+plicate. Capillitium sub-persistent and dense. Both spores and
+capillitium brown.
+
+     LYCOPERDACEÆ.
+
+_Genus Bovista_ Dill. Peridium papery (or sometimes corky), persistent;
+the outer rind, sometimes called the bark, quite distinct from the
+inner, at length shelling off. Capillitium sub-compact, equal, adnate to
+the peridium on all sides; spores pedicillate, brownish.
+
+     FIGS. 9 and 10.--=Bovista plumbea= Pers. _Lead-Colored Bovista_.
+
+Plant small, spherical, having a double shell or peridium, the inner one
+white and the outer one smooth and greyish lead-color or bluish-grey,
+and shelling off at maturity. When young the interior is filled with a
+creamy white substance. This soon begins to disintegrate, and, as the
+spores mature, changes to a mass of dusty brown spores and threads. When
+the spores are ready for dissemination a small aperture appears in the
+top of the peridium, through which they push their way outwards like a
+little puff of smoke.
+
+When young, and while the flesh is white throughout, the plant is
+edible, although so small that it would take a quantity to make a good
+dish. It is found chiefly in pastures in the autumn. Sometimes found
+growing in company with Agaricus campestris. Of pleasant flavor when
+young.
+
+
+Fig. 11. Basidium and spores of a Lycoperdon highly magnified.
+
+An English author states that inflammation of the throat and swelling of
+the tongue have been known to ensue from eating some of the small
+species of Lycoperdon in the raw state. It would be a wise precaution,
+therefore, to cook all of the smaller species well before eating.
+
+The genus Scleroderma is allied to Lycoperdon, but differs from it in
+the absence of a capillitium, and in the thick indehiscent outer skin,
+or peridium, which bursts irregularly on the maturity of the spore-mass,
+the flocci adhering on all sides to the peridium and forming distinct
+veins in the central mass.
+
+The species Scleroderma _vulgare_ is very common in woods, and has
+sometimes been mistaken for a form of Truffle. The plants are not very
+attractive, and the odor is rank. They are subsessile and irregular in
+shape, with a hard outer skin, the larger form of a yellowish or
+greenish brown hue, and covered with large warts or scales, the smaller
+very minutely warty, and of a darker brown hue. The internal mass is of
+a bluish-black hue, threaded through with white or greyish flocci.
+Spores dingy. The interior becomes pulverulent when the plant matures.
+This species has been eaten in its young state when cooked, but the
+flavor is by no means equal to that of the large puff-balls. It is
+sometimes attacked by a fungus larger than itself, called Boletus
+_parasiticus_, and this parasite is again attacked by a species of
+Hypomyces, one of the genera of the Pyrenomycetes, which grows in
+patches upon dead fungi.
+
+     PHALLOIDEÆ OR PHALLACEÆ.
+
+The Phalloideæ, sometimes called the "Stink-horn" fungi on account of
+their foetid odor, are not numerous, the whole number of described
+species being about eighty. The plants are watery, quick in growth, and
+decay very rapidly. They are varied in form and are quite unlike the
+ordinary mushroom types. In some of the genera the plants are columnar
+and phalloid, in other clathrate or latticed, in others again the disk
+is stellate, and in one genus it is coralloid, but they are all
+enclosed, in the early stage, in a volva which is at first hidden or
+partially hidden beneath the surface of the ground. A gelatinous stratum
+is contained within the firmer outside membrane.
+
+_Genus Ithyphallus_. In this genus the cap is perforated at the top,
+free from the stem and reticulate. No veil. The mature plants are
+columnar in form with the remains of the volva enclosing the column-like
+stem at the base; the cap in its deeply pitted reticulations somewhat
+resembling that of the _Morel_, although of different texture.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate H.
+     Gasteromycetes.
+     Phalloideæ.
+     Figs. 1 to 6, Ithyphallus impudicus, Linn. "Foetid Mushroom."
+     Fig. 7, Clathrus cancellatus, Fr. "Latticed Mushroom."
+     Unwholesome.]
+
+     PLATE H.
+
+     FIGS. 1 to 6.--=Ithyphallus= _impudicus_ Linn. "_Foetid Wood Witch_."
+
+In the embryonic stage the plant is enclosed in a volva which is
+composed of three layers, the outer one firm, the intermediate one
+gelatinous, and the inner one consisting of a thin membrane. The gleba,
+or spore-bearing portion, in the early stage forms a conical honeycombed
+cap within the inner shell or membrane, concealing the stem to which it
+is attached. The stem at this stage is very short, cylindrical, and
+composed of small cells filled with a gelatinous substance. The volva is
+about the size of a hen's egg. On maturity it ruptures at the apex. The
+stem rapidly expands and, elongating, elevates the cap into the air. The
+stem becomes open and spongy, owing to the drying of the gelatinous
+matter and its quick expansion.
+
+The whole plant attains a height of from four to ten inches in a few
+hours. The hymenial surface is on the outside of the cap, the spores
+being embedded in its glutinous coated ridges and depressions. The
+hymenium is at first firm but rapidly deliquesces, holding the spores in
+the liquid mass. The cap is greenish or greenish-gray in color, changing
+to a dark bottle-green. In its deliquescent state the odor is very
+repulsive. While enclosed in the volva the unpleasant odor is not so
+perceptible, and it has been eaten in that condition without unpleasant
+effects, but in its mature stage it is considered unwholesome, and
+certainly its offensive odor would be quite sufficient to deter most
+persons from attempting to test its edible qualities. Flies, however,
+are very fond of the fluid, and consume it greedily and with impunity.
+It is found in gardens and woods, its presence being detected several
+rods away by the offensive odor. Specimens occur in which the color of
+the cap is white or reddish.
+
+In the allied genus _Mutinus_ the pileus is adnate and is not perforated
+at the apex. Mutinus _caninus_ resembles _impudicus_ in form, but the
+cap is continuous with, not free from the stem, and is crimson in color,
+covered with a greenish-brown, odorless mucus. The stem is hollow,
+whitish, tinted with a pale yellow or orange color. Not common.
+
+_Genus Clathrus_ Mich. In this genus the receptacle is sessile, and
+formed of an obovate globular net-work. At first wholly enclosed in a
+volva which becomes torn at the apex and falls away, leaving a
+calyx-like base at its point of contact with the stem.
+
+     FIG. 7.--=Clathrus cancellatus= Tourn.
+
+     UNWHOLESOME.
+
+Receptacle bright vermillion or orange red, covered at first with a
+greenish mucus which holds the colorless spores. Volva white or pale
+fawn color. Odor strongly foetid.
+
+
+
+
+MYXOMYCETES OR MYXOGASTERS.--"_Slime Fungi_."
+
+
+In their early history the Myxomycetes, or "slime moulds," were classed
+with the gasteromycetal fungi, and by Fries grouped as a sub-order of
+the Gasteromycetes, under the name Myxogasters. From this connection
+they were severed in 1833 by Link, who, recognizing certain distinctive
+features which entitled them to consideration as an entirely separate
+group, ranked the Myxogasters, as a separate order, under the title
+_Myxomycetes_, _Slime moulds_. De Bary, in a monograph on the subject
+written some years later, questioned the right of this group to the
+place assigned it in the vegetable world, claiming that the Myxogasters
+were as nearly related to the animal as to the vegetable kingdom, and
+changing the name to Mycetozoa. Massee assailed this position in his
+"Monograph of the Myxogasters," pointing out that De Bary derived his
+reasons and deductions from the early or vegetative stage of the fungi,
+without taking sufficiently into account the characteristics of the
+later or reproductive stage in which the great disparity between these
+organisms and those of the lower animals becomes apparent.
+
+Dr. Rostafinski, the Polish botanist, and pupil of De Bary, adopts the
+name given the group by De Bary, but applies it in a more restricted
+sense, classifying on a botanical basis. Both De Bary and Massee have
+their earnest disciples. M. C. Cooke takes the ground that the
+Myxomycetes are entitled to mention as "_fungi_ which produce their
+fructification enclosed within a peridium," although considering them as
+an aberrant group which, on account of certain peculiarities of their
+early or vegetative stage, should no longer be classed as having
+affinity with Gasteromycetes. Without further discussion of the subject,
+it is sufficient, for our present purpose, to state that mycologists now
+very generally agree in regarding this group as quite distinct from the
+Gasteromycetes.
+
+The species are minute, rarely exceeding a millimeter in diameter, at
+first pulpy, then dry. In the early or vegetative stage the "slime
+mould" is plasmoidal, consisting of a mass of protoplasm without cell
+wall, and prefers damp surfaces, such as rotting leaves, moist logs,
+etc. The whole substance is slippery or slimy and presents different
+hues, red, orange, violet, brown, etc., according to species, but never
+green. It is in the reproductive or fruiting stage that their
+resemblance to microscopic puff-balls appears, the sporangium in many
+species exhibiting a distinct peridium or outer coat which encloses the
+spores together with the hair-like threads called the capillitium. On
+the ripening of the spores this peridium ruptures, allowing their
+escape, the capillitium lending valuable aid in their dissemination.
+
+
+
+
+GENERA OF GASTEROMYCETES, ACCORDING TO SACCARDO.
+
+
+    I.--PHALLACEÆ, OR PHALLOIDEÆ.
+
+    Dictyophora, Desvaugh.
+    Ithyphallus, Fr.
+    Mutinus, Fr.
+    Kalchbrennera, Berk.
+    Simblum, Klotzsch.
+    Clathrus, Mich.
+    Colus, Cav. & Sech.
+    Lysurus, Fr.
+    Anthurus, Kalchbr.
+    Calathiscus, Mont.
+    Aseroë, La Bill.
+    Staurophallus. (?)
+
+
+    II.--NIDULARIACEÆ.
+
+    Nidularia, Fr. & Nordh.
+    Cyathus, Hall.
+    Crucibulum, Tul.
+    Thelebolus, Tode.
+    Dacryobolus, Fr.
+    Sphærobolus, Tode.
+    Polyangium, Link.    } Genera delenda.
+    Atractobolus, Tode.  }
+
+
+    III.--LYCOPERDACEÆ.
+
+    Gyrophragmium, Mont.
+    Secotium, Kunze.
+    Polyplocium, Berk.
+    Cycloderma, Klotzsch.
+    Mesophellia, Berk.
+    Cauloglossum, Grev.
+    Podaxon (Desv.) Fr.
+    Sphæriceps, Welw. & Curr.
+    Tylostoma, Pers.
+    Queletia, Fr.
+    Battarrea, Pers.
+    Husseya, Berk.
+    Mitremyces, Nees.
+    Geaster, Mich.
+    Diplocystis, B. & C.
+    Diploderma, Link.
+    Trichaster, Czern.
+    Broomeja, Berk.
+    Coilomyces, B. & C.
+    Lanophila, Fr.
+    Eriosphæra, Reich.
+    Bovista, Dill.
+    Calvatia, Fr.
+    Lycoperdon, Tourn.
+    Hippoperdon, Mont.
+    Scleroderma, Pers.
+    Castoreum, C. & M.
+    Xylopodium, Mont.
+    Areolaria, Forquigu.
+    Phellorina, Berk.
+    Favillea, Fr.
+    Polygaster, Fr.
+    Polysaccum, D. C.
+    Testicularia, Klotzsch.
+    Arachnion, Schw.
+    Scoleciocarpus, Berk.
+    Paurocotylis, Berk.
+
+
+    IV.--HYMENOGASTRACEÆ (HYPOGÆI).
+
+    Hysterangium, Vitt.
+    Octaviania, Vitt.
+    Rhizopagon, Fr.
+    Melanogaster, Corda.
+    Hymenogaster, Vitt.
+    Hydnangium, Walk.
+    Gautieria, Vitt.
+    Macowanites, Kalchbr.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+
+E. Fischer, etc. "Gasteromycetæ," Saccardo, _Sylloge Fungorum_. Vol.
+vii, part i. Padua, 1888.
+
+Chas. H. Peck. "United States species of Lycoperdon."
+
+Geo. Massee. "Monograph of the British Gasteromycetes." _Annals of
+Botany,_ Nov., 1889. "Monograph of the Genus Lycoperdon" in _Journal
+Royal Micro. Soc._ London, 1887.
+
+C. Bambeke. _Morphologie du Phallus impudicus._ Gand, 1889.
+
+A. P. Morgan. "North American Geasters" in _American Naturalist_. Roy.
+8vo. 1887.
+
+L. and C. Tulasne. "Essai d'une Monographie des Nidulariees." Ann. des
+Sci. Nat. 8vo. Paris, 1844.
+
+M. C. Cooke. _The Myxomycetes of Great Britain._ Plates. 8vo. London,
+1877. _The Myxomycetes of the United States_, by the same author. New
+York, 1877.
+
+Geo. Massee. _A Monograph of the Myxogasters._ Col. plates. Roy. 8vo.
+London, 1892.
+
+A. De Bary. "Die Mycetozoon" (_Schleimpilz_). Plates. 8vo. Leipzig,
+1864.
+
+J. Rostafinski. _Sluzowce, Mycetozoa Monografia._ Plates. 4to. Paris,
+1875.
+
+Geo. A. Rex. New American Myxomycetes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
+part iii, Dec. 16, 1890, pp. 436-438.
+
+Balliet Letson. "Slime Molds." The Ornithologist and Botanist. Vol. i.
+Binghamton, N. Y., Nov., 1891, p. 85. 1 col.
+
+Thos. H. McBride. "The Myxomycetes of Eastern Iowa." Bulletin from the
+Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of Iowa. Iowa
+City, Iowa, 1892.
+
+
+
+
+     AGARICINI.
+
+_Subgenus Lepiota_ Fries. Veil universal and concrete, with the cuticle
+of the pileus breaking up in the form of scales. Gills typically free,
+often remote, not sinuate or decurrent. Stem generally distinct from the
+hymenophore. Volva absent. Habitat terrestrial, mostly found on rich
+soil or in grassy places. (In Saccardo's _Sylloge_, Lepiota is given
+generic rank.)
+
+The Lepiotas have a wide geographical distribution. No less than 225
+species have been recorded as found in different parts of the world.
+These are pretty evenly divided between the torrid and temperate zones.
+They are generally smaller than the Amanitas, less fleshy and somewhat
+dry and tough. The flesh is soft and thready, not brittle. In the plants
+of most of the species the cap is rough, the cuticle being broken up
+into tufts or scales. These tufts are readily distinguished from the
+warts which characterize certain species of Amanita, being formed from
+the breaking up of the cuticle with the concrete veil, while the
+wart-like excrescences seen upon Amanita _muscaria_, for example, are
+composed of fragments of the volva, which is always found enclosing the
+very young plants of the genus Amanita.
+
+A few of the species are characterized by a smooth cap; in some
+instances it is granulose or mealy. Usually the cuticle is dry, but in a
+few of the species it is viscid. The stem is generally long and hollow,
+and, being of different texture from the flesh of the cap, is easily
+separated from it, often leaving a distinct socket at the junction of
+stem and cap. It is sometimes smooth, sometimes floccose. In some
+species it is bulbous at the base, in others not. The ring which
+encircles the stem is at first continuous with the cuticle of the cap,
+breaking apart with its expansion. It is sometimes movable, sometimes
+evanescent.
+
+The species generally are considered edible, or innoxious. None are
+recorded as dangerous. A mycophagist from Augusta, Ga., reports,
+however, that the members of a family in that vicinity were made quite
+ill from eating the Lepiota _Morgani_, a greenish-spored species of
+Lepiota, while he himself ate of the same dish, experiencing no
+unpleasant effects. I have had no personal experience with this species.
+
+Two edible species of Lepiota, which are widely commended as of good
+quality, and which are sufficiently abundant to have value as esculents,
+are figured in Plate XI. A third, Ag. (Lepiota) cepæstipes, var.
+cretaceus--Lepiota _cretacea_, figured in Plate XI½, is an exotic
+species found in greenhouses. It is of very delicate flavor.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate XI.
+     EDIBLE
+     Figs. 1 to 4 Agaricus (Lepiota) procerus, Fries (Lepiota procera)
+     "_Parasol Mushroom_."
+     Figs. 5 to 9 Lepiota naucinoides Peck. (Agaricus naucinus Fries)
+     "_Smooth White Lepiota_."
+     T. Taylor, del.]
+
+     PLATE XI.
+
+     FIGS. 1 to 4.--=Ag. (Lepiota) procerus= Scop. (=Lepiota procera=).
+     "_Parasol Mushroom_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap at first ovate, then expanded, showing distinct umbo, cuticle thick,
+torn into evanescent scales; gills remote from the stem, free, white, or
+yellowish-white; stem long, slender, variegated with brownish scales,
+hollow or slightly stuffed, bulbous at the base, and bearing a
+well-defined thickish ring, which in the mature plant is movable. Spores
+white, elliptical. The color of the cap varies from a light tan or
+ochraceous yellow to a dark reddish-brown. The surface showing beneath
+the lacerated cuticle is of a lighter hue than the cuticle, and is silky
+and fibrillose, giving the cap a somewhat shaded or spotted appearance.
+The flesh is dry, soft and thready, white. Taste and odor pleasant.
+
+Cap from 3 to 5 inches broad; stem from 5 to 10 inches high.
+
+This species is commonly found in pastures and in open grassy places;
+sometimes in open woods near cultivated fields, usually solitary or in
+very small clusters. It is a favorite among mycophagists. Lepiota
+_racodes_ closely resembles Lepiota _procera_, and by some botanists the
+two are regarded as forms of the same species. In L. _racodes_ the
+pileus is at first globose, expanded, and finally depressed in the
+centre; the cuticle is thin and broken into persistent scales; the whole
+plant smaller than L. procera. Flesh slightly reddish when bruised.
+Edible. There is also a white variety (_puellaris_) with a floccose
+squamose cap.
+
+     PLATE XI.
+
+     FIGS. 5 to 9.--=Ag. (Lepiota) naucinus= Fries (=Lepiota naucinoides=
+     Peck). "_Smooth White Lepiota_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap at first sub-globose, then curved, the surface smooth and satiny
+when dry, creamy white; gills close and slightly rounded at the inner
+extremity towards the stem, free from the stem, white; stem white,
+smooth, hollow, and bulbous at the base; ring thick, distinct, movable,
+white. The gills, soon after gathering, become suffused with a faint
+pinkish or fleshy tint. The spores are white, sub-elliptical. Specimens
+occur in which there is a slight granulation in the centre of the cap,
+but they are rare. The variety _squamosa_ shows the surface of the cap,
+somewhat broken into thick scales.
+
+L. _naucinoides_ is a very clean and attractive looking mushroom,
+usually symmetrical in shape. It is a fleshier mushroom than L.
+_procera_, and is found in grassy places, in lawns, sometimes in
+gardens, or by roadsides, especially where the soil is rich. The
+specimens figured in Plate XI were gathered in a rose garden, growing in
+loamy soil. Specimens have been received from different States, some of
+them much larger than those here illustrated.
+
+This mushroom is recorded by some authors as equal in flavor to the
+Parasol mushroom. When stewed with butter it makes a very appetizing
+dish.
+
+There is a fatally poisonous mushroom to which it bears some
+resemblance, and which might be taken for it, viz., Amanita _verna_, or
+"Spring mushroom." It is therefore necessary, in order to guard against
+such a mistake, to give particular attention to the characteristics of
+these two mushrooms. They are both white throughout, and both have white
+spores and ringed stem. Amanita _verna_, however, carries a white volva
+or cup-shaped sheath at the base of the stem, and the gills do not show
+a pinkish or flesh colored tinge at any stage. In Lepiota _naucinoides_,
+as in all the Lepiotas, the volva is wanting. Amanita _verna_ is apt to
+be moist and clammy to the touch, and is tasteless. L. _naucinoides_ is
+dry, and has a pleasant flavor. The first is found _wholly_ in _woods_;
+the second prefers pastures, open grassy places, and gardens, though
+sometimes found in light woods. I have never found an Amanita in a lawn,
+pasture, or garden.
+
+An edible mushroom, Agaricus (Psalliota) _cretaceus_, found in pastures,
+bears a slight resemblance to L. _naucinoides_, when the color of the
+spores and gills are not taken into consideration. In the former the
+gills very quickly change from their early stage of rosy pink to a dark
+purplish-brown color, like that of the common mushroom. The spores are
+purplish-brown, while in L. _naucinoides_ the pinkish hue which tinges
+the fading plant is very faint, and changes to a very light tan color
+with age. The spores being white, the gills retain their white color for
+a long time, never changing to dark brown.
+
+L. _Americana_ Pk. A. & S., L. _excoriata_ Schaeff., and L.
+_rubrotincta_ Pk. have been tested and are of good flavor.
+
+L. _Americana_ has a reddish or reddish-brown cap, umbonate, with close
+adpressed scales and white flesh. The gills are broad and free from the
+stem, sometimes anastomosing near it, white; stem white, hollow,
+tapering towards the cap, annulate. When dried the whole plant has a
+brownish-red hue. When cut or bruised it sometimes exudes a reddish
+juice. Miss Banning reports specimens found in Druid Hill Park,
+Baltimore. I have gathered very beautiful specimens in Montgomery
+county, Md. This mushroom sometimes grows to a very large size.
+
+L. _excoriata_ has a pale fawn-colored cap, slightly umbonate, with thin
+cuticle, breaking into scales; gills remote, white; stem white, hollow,
+and short, nearly cylindrical. Odor faint, pleasant.
+
+L. _rubrotincta_ Pk. "_Red-tinted Agaric_." Cap reddish or pinkish,
+broadly umbonate and clothed with adpressed scales; gills whitish, free,
+and close; stem nearly equal or slightly thickened at the base, with a
+well-developed persistent white or pinkish ring. Spores white,
+sub-elliptical.
+
+L. _holosericeus_ Fries has a fleshy white cap, soft, silky, and
+fibrillose, a solid bulbous stem, with persistent broad, reflexed ring,
+and free ventricose, white gills. Edible. It is found in gardens and
+cultivated places.
+
+L. _acutesquamosa_ Wein, found in greenhouses and soil in gardens, is a
+heavy but not very tall species. The cap is obtuse, and fleshy, at first
+floccose. As the cap expands it bristles with erect pointed tufts or
+scales. The gills are white or yellowish, lanceolate and simple, free
+from the stem. Stem bulbous, somewhat stuffed, rough or silky below the
+ring, and downy above. Ring persistent. Color of cap whitish or light
+brown, with darker scales.
+
+L. _granulosus_ Batsch. Cap thin, wrinkled or corrugated, granulose,
+mealy; gills white, _reaching the stem_, sometimes free. Plants very
+small and varying in color--pink, yellow, and white, according to
+variety.
+
+L. _amiantha_. Plants very small, ochraceous in color, with yellow flesh
+and white gills _adnate_ and crowded.
+
+L. _cepæstipes_ Sow. Cap thin, broad, sub-membranaceous, broadly
+umbonate, adorned with mealy evanescent scales, margin irregular; gills
+white, at length remote. Stem hollow and floccose, narrow at top,
+ventricose; ring evanescent. Generally found in hothouses. Cap 1 to 3
+inches broad. Stem 3 to 6 inches high. Spores white.
+
+L. _cristata_ is a common species found on lawns and in fields where the
+grass is short. The plants are small, the cap from ½ to 1½ inches in
+width. Not very fleshy. The cuticle of the cap is at first continuous
+and smooth but soon breaks into reddish scales. The stem is fistulose,
+slender and equal; gills free. Odor and taste somewhat strong and
+unpleasant.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate XI½.
+     Agaricus (Lepiota) cepæstipes--var. cretaceus, Peck. (Lepiota
+     cretacea.)
+     Edible.
+     From Nature.]
+
+     PLATE XI½.
+
+     =Ag. (Lepiota) cepæstipes=, variety =cretaceus= Peck (=Lepiota
+     cretacea=).
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+This very delicate and beautiful agaric is found on tan and leaves in
+hothouses.
+
+The specimens here delineated were gathered in one of the hothouses of
+the Agricultural Department and first described and figured in _Food
+Products_, No. 2, of the report of the Division of Microscopy. The
+plants are a pure white throughout, and both stem and pileus are
+covered with small chalk-white mealy tufts. Berkeley says, "this species
+is probably of exotic origin, as it never grows in the open air." It is
+also met with in the hothouses of Europe. Specimens have been received
+from contributors who gathered them in greenhouses in different
+localities. This species should not be confounded with the
+purplish-brown spored mushroom Agaricus (Psalliota) cretaceus, which has
+pink gills turning to dark brown and is allied to the common meadow
+mushroom.
+
+Lepiota _cretacea_ is a delicious mushroom when broiled, or cooked in a
+chafing dish, and served on hot buttered toast. It has a pleasant taste
+when raw.
+
+Lepiota _Morgani_ Peck, the "_Green-Spored Lepiota_," is an exception to
+the general type of Lepiotas in the color of its gills and spores. It is
+western and southern in its range. This species is described by Peck in
+the Botanical Gazette of March, 1897, p. 137, as follows: "Pileus
+fleshy, soft, at first sub-globose, then expanded, or depressed, white,
+the brownish or alutaceous cuticle breaking up into scales except on the
+disk; lamellæ close, lanceolate, remote, white, then green; stem firm,
+equal, or tapering upwards, sub-bulbous, smooth, webby-stuffed, whitish,
+tinged with brown, annulus rather large, movable; flesh both of the
+pileus and stem white, changing to reddish, and then to yellowish hue
+when cut or bruised; spores ovate, sub-elliptical, mostly uninucleate,
+.0004 to .0005 inches long, .0003 to .00032 broad, sordid green.
+
+"Plant 6 to 8 inches high, pileus 5 to 9 inches broad, stem 6 to 12
+lines thick. Open dry grassy places. Dayton, Ohio. A. P. Morgan."
+
+     AGARICINI.
+
+_Genus Cortinarius_ Fries. This genus is distinguished by a cob-web-like
+veil, dry persistent gills, which in the mature plants become
+discolored, and pulverulent with the rusty or ochraceous colored spores.
+The veil is very delicate, resembling a spider's web. It is not concrete
+with the cuticle of the cap, but extends from its margin to the stem, in
+the young plants sometimes concealing the gills, but disappearing as the
+cap expands. Sometimes a few filaments are seen depending from the
+margin of the cap or encircling the stem.
+
+In the young plants of this genus the gills vary very much in color.
+They are whitish, clay-color, violet, dark purple, blood-red, etc.,
+according to species, but, as the plants mature, the gills become dusted
+with the rust-colored falling spores, and with age usually become a
+rusty ochraceous, or cinnamon color. The stem in some of the species is
+distinctly bulbous and in others equal, cylindrical, or tapering. In
+identifying the species it is necessary, in order to ascertain the true
+color of the gills, to examine the plants at different periods of
+growth.
+
+The genus Cortinarius is a large one, and contains many beautiful
+species. It is mainly confined to temperate regions. Not a single
+species has been recorded as found in Ceylon, the West Indies, or
+Africa, but one tropical species is found in Brazil. Nearly four hundred
+species have been described, and over three hundred and seventy of these
+belong to the United States and Europe. A few are found in the extreme
+southern or temperate portion of South America, and several are reported
+from a temperate elevation among the Himalayas. Sweden and Great
+Britain, with their temperate climates, claim a large proportion of the
+European species. Not many of the Cortinarii have been recorded as
+edible, and none as dangerous. The Rev. M. J. Berkeley records, however,
+a case of poisoning by one of the species, C. (Inoloma) _bolaris_ Pers.,
+which though not fatal was somewhat alarming, the symptoms being great
+oppression of the chest, profuse perspiration, and the enlargement for
+two days of the salivary glands of the patient. I have seen no other
+statements relating to the poisonous properties of this species, and the
+results alluded to may have been owing to some individual idiosyncrasy.
+
+Berkeley, in his "Outlines," gives the following description of this
+mushroom: "Pileus fleshy, obsoletely umbonate, growing pale, variegated
+with _saffron-red, adpressed, innate_ scales; stem stuffed, then hollow,
+nearly equal, squamose, of the same color as the cap; gills
+subdecurrent, crowded, watery, cinnamon color. Cap 1 to 2 inches broad.
+Stem 2 to 3 inches long." In beech woods in September and October.
+
+The genus Cortinarius has been divided by some authors into the
+following six groups: (1) _Phlegmacium_, in which the cap is fleshy and
+viscid, the veil partial, and the stem firm and dry; (2) _Myxacium_, in
+which the veil is universal and glutinous, hence the cap and stem both
+viscid; cap thin and the gills adnate or decurrent; (3) _Inoloma_, in
+which the cap is fleshy, dry, and at first silky with innate fibrils;
+veil simple and stem slightly bulbous; (4) Dermocybe, in which the
+pileus is thinly fleshy, dry, and at first downy, becoming smooth; the
+veil single and fibrillose; flesh watery, colored when moist, stem equal
+or attenuated downwards; (5) Telamonia, in which the cap is moist, at
+first smooth or dotted with the superficial fragments of the veil, the
+stem ringed below, or peronately scaly from the remains of the universal
+veil; (6) Hydrocybe, in which the cap is thin and moist, not viscid,
+smooth, or covered with superficial white fibrils; stem rigid, not
+scaly, veil thin, occasionally collapsed in an irregular ring. These
+subdivisions have been designated as _tribes_ by some botanists and
+_subgenera_ by others, etc. To the divisions Inoloma and Phlegmacium,
+respectively, belong the two species illustrated in Plate XII.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate XII.
+     EDIBLE
+     Figs. 1 to 4 Cortinarius (Inoloma) violaceus, Linn.
+     "_Violet Cortinarius_."
+     Figs. 5 to 7 Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) cærulescens, Fries.
+     T. Taylor, del.]
+
+     PLATE XII.
+
+     FIGS. 1 to 4.--=Cortinarius (Inoloma) violaceus= Fr. "_Violet
+     Cortinarius_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap fleshy, at first convex, then nearly plane, dotted with hairy tufts
+or scales, margin at first involute, color purple or dark violet, flesh
+soft, purplish; gills distant, broad, adnate, somewhat rounded near the
+stem, at first purplish violet, changing to an ochraceous or brownish
+cinnamon color as the plant matures; stem solid, somewhat bulbous at the
+base, purple; cortina or veil white or tinged with violet, sometimes
+bluish.
+
+This is a handsome species, and though it is somewhat rare in many
+localities, its pretty and unusual coloring does not allow it to be
+easily overlooked. It is edible, and has a mushroomy taste when raw.
+Agaricus _nudus_ Bull, a purple species with white spores, is sometimes
+confounded with it. There are other purple species of Cortinarius not so
+pleasant to the taste, which bear some resemblance to C. _violaceus_.
+The specimens figured in Plate XII were gathered near Dedham, Mass., on
+open ground on the border of a stretch of pine woods.
+
+     FIGS. 5 TO 7.--=Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) cærulescens=.
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap fleshy, at first convex, then plane, surface even, viscid; color
+bluish or violet; gills adnexed and crowded, at first bluish, changing
+to violet or purplish hues; stem solid, short, and thick, with a broadly
+bulbous base, same color as the cap; veil filmy, single. In woods and on
+the borders of woods. This mushroom varies in color, the bluish or
+purplish tints being quite susceptible to atmospheric changes. When
+growing in the shade or well-sheltered places, it is much darker in hue
+than when exposed unsheltered to the bright sunlight. The specimen
+figured in Plate XII was gathered on low ground near a pine grove in
+Essex County, Mass.
+
+Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) _purpurascens_ Fr. bears a slight resemblance
+to _cærulescens_, but can be distinguished from it by the spotted or
+zoned character of the cap and the broadly emarginate gills.
+
+Cortinarius _turmalis_, an edible autumnal species, having an ochraceous
+or brownish-yellow cap with emarginate or decurrent gills, the latter at
+first whitish, then reddish clay color, is found in abundance in some
+parts of Maryland. The gills are never tinged with purple or blue. The
+flesh is white. The plants are easily discovered by those familiar with
+their habitat, as they grow under pine needles in groups, forming small
+mounds extending over large spaces, and in these hiding places, in the
+autumnal months, they are free from insects and dust. I have collected a
+bushel of them in less than an hour in fresh condition in October. Some
+of the French authors do not class this species as edible. Gillet, in
+his Hymenomycetes of France, enumerates fifty-three edible species of
+Cortinarius, but places _turmalis_ among the suspects. I find this
+mushroom not only edible, but very valuable, because of its abundance in
+the localities where found. It is often densely cæspitose. The plant,
+when mature, is from 3 to 5 inches high.
+
+C. _sebæceus_, found also in pine woods, is recorded as edible. The
+plant is tall, white-stemmed, with broad tan-colored, somewhat viscid
+cap; emarginate gills, clay color at first, at last cinnamon color; stem
+solid, stout, fibrillose, and equal.
+
+Cortinarius _collinitus_, Smeared Cortinarius, and Cortinarius
+_cinnamomeus_, with its variety semi-sanguinea, have also been tested,
+and found edible. The first of these is somewhat common. The plants when
+fresh are covered with a glutinous substance, and this should be removed
+before cooking. Cap smooth under the glutinous coat, light brown or
+tawny yellow in color, flesh white; gills whitish or light gray when
+young, cinnamon-hued in the matured plant. Stem solid, nearly equal,
+cylindrical, yellowish, and somewhat scaly. C. _cinnamomeus_ belongs to
+the division Dermocybe. The cap is thin at first, silky with innate
+fibrids, becoming smooth, and varies from light brown to a dark cinnamon
+color. The gills are yellowish, then cinnamon; stem downy or silky,
+yellow. The variety _semi-sanguinea_ has the lamellæ red, almost as in
+the preceding species.
+
+C. (Phlegmacium) _varius_, "Variable Cortinarius," edible, has a compact
+fleshy viscid, even cap, brownish in color, gills at first violet,
+changing to cinnamon, stout solid stem, white or whitish, adorned with
+adpressed flocci, flesh white.
+
+Cortinarius (Telamonia) _armillatus_ Fries is given in M. C. Cooke's
+list of edible Cortinarii. Cap fleshy but not thick, fibrillose and
+slightly scaly, bright bay color, thin uneven margin; stem solid, dingy,
+rufescent, showing irregular red zones or bands elongated and slightly
+bulbous at the base; gills distant, broad, pallid in color at first,
+changing to dark cinnamon. C. (Telamonia) _hæmatochelis_ Bull. (edible),
+somewhat resembles the former in color and size, though not so bright a
+brown. Cap thin, silky-fibrillose; gills adnate, narrow and crowded,
+light cinnamon; stem long, solid, dingy, with a reddish zone.
+
+C. (Hydrocybe) _castaneus_ Bull., _Chestnut Cortinarius_ (edible), is
+found in woods and gardens. The plants of this species are usually
+small. Cap at first campanulate, expanding, sometimes slightly umbonate
+in the centre, chestnut color; gills ventricose, crowded, purplish,
+changing to rust color; stem short, hollow or stuffed, cartilaginous,
+equal, pallid, reddish brown, or tinged with violet; veil white.
+
+
+_Subgenus Collybia_ Fries. Cap at first convex, then expanded, not
+depressed, with an involute margin; gills reaching the stem, but not
+decurrent, sometimes emarginate; stem hollow, with cartilaginous bark of
+a different substance from the hymenophore, but confluent with it; often
+swollen and splitting in the middle; spores white. The plants are
+usually found growing upon dead tree stumps; some grow upon the ground;
+a few are parasitic on other fungi or springing from _sclerotia_, small
+impacted masses of mycelium. The species are generally small and firm
+and of slow growth. A few are edible, some few have an unpleasant odor.
+On account of the cartilaginous stem and the dryness of their substance,
+some of the smaller species are apt to be taken for Marasmii. Note:
+Saccardo in his Sylloge gives Collybia generic rank.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate XIII.
+     EDIBLE
+     Figs. 1 to 3 Agaricus (Collybia) fusipes, Bull.
+     "_Spindle Foot Collybia_."
+     Figs. 4 to 6 Agaricus (Collybia) maculatus, A. & S.
+     "_Spotted White Collybia_."
+     Figs. 7 to 9 Agaricus (Collybia) velutipes, Curt.
+     "_Velvet Footed Collybia_."
+     T. Taylor, del.]
+
+     PLATE XIII.
+
+     FIGS. 1 to 3.--=Ag. (Collybia) fusipes= Bull. "_Spindle-Foot
+     Collybia_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap fleshy, somewhat tough, convex, then plane, smooth, even or slightly
+cracked in places, umbo evanescent, reddish brown; gills adnexed, nearly
+free, broad, distant, at length separating near the stem, firm, white,
+changing to fawn color, or pale brown often spotted; stem long, stuffed,
+then hollow, externally cartilaginous, contorted, swollen in the middle,
+cracking in longitudinal slits, fusiform, tapering narrowly to a rooted
+base, reddish brown. On stumps in woods in the autumn. Cap 1 to 2 inches
+broad; stem 2 to 6 inches long. This species is densely cæspitose. It is
+very generally recorded among authors as edible, although the flesh is
+somewhat tough. It requires long and slow cooking. An English author
+recommends it for pickling. Only the caps should be used for this
+purpose.
+
+     FIGS. 4 to 6.--=Ag. (Collybia) maculatus= A. & S. (=Collybia
+     maculata=). "_Spotted White Collybia_."
+
+Cap fleshy and compact, convexo-plane, obtuse, smooth, even, margin
+thin, at first involute, turned inwards, white; stem long and stout,
+externally cartilaginous, ventricose, sometimes striate, tapering
+towards the base; gills free, or nearly so, narrow, crowded, somewhat
+linear, white, becoming spotted. Taste slightly acid. The whole plant is
+creamy white, becoming spotted and stained throughout with rusty-brown
+or foxy-red tints. The plants are usually large, long stemmed, and grow
+in irregular clusters on decayed tree stumps in woods. Specimens of a
+large size have been gathered in the fir woods near Mattapoisett,
+Massachusetts. Cap 3 to 5 inches broad; stem 3 to 5 inches long. The
+variety _immaculatus_ differs from the typical form in not becoming
+spotted and in the broader gills, which are serrated.
+
+     FIGS. 7 to 9.--=Ag. (Collybia) velutipes= Curt. "_Velvet-Footed
+     Collybia_."
+
+Cap fleshy, thin, at first convex, then plane, obtuse, smooth, viscid,
+tawny or brownish yellow, turning dark; flesh yellowish and soft; gills
+slightly adnexed, pale yellow; stem tough, stuffed, externally
+cartilaginous, sometimes slender, but usually thick, covered with a
+brown velvety down, dark bay color. This is a very common species in
+some localities. It is densely cæspitose, growing in heavy clusters on
+old logs and tree trunks in parks, woods, and gardens. The plants are
+quite gelatinous when cooked. Group figured from illustration by M. C.
+Cooke.
+
+Collybia _radicata_ Rehl. is recorded as an edible species. The plants
+have a thin, slightly fleshy cap, slightly umbonate, wrinkled, and
+glutinous at maturity; distant, white, adnexed gills, and tall, slender,
+rigid stem. The latter is often twisted and usually attenuated upwards,
+color pale brown. It has a long tapering root entering deeply into the
+soil. This species is solitary in habit, and is commonly found in grass,
+or near decayed stumps. Cap from 2 to 3 inches in diameter, stem 6
+inches to 10 inches in length.
+
+Collybia _esculenta_ Jacq., a small species found in pine woods as well
+as in pastures in the spring, is recorded as edible by a number of
+authors. In this species the cap is nearly plane, obtuse, and smooth,
+brownish; gills adnate, whitish; stem very slender, fistulose, equal,
+tough, smooth, reddish clay color, deeply rooting.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+As Chief of the Division of Microscopy, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
+the author prepared for the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago a
+collection of models of edible and poisonous mushrooms, for which a
+medal and diploma were there awarded. The same collection, which now
+belongs to the Museum of the Department of Agriculture, was exhibited at
+the Atlanta Cotton Exposition in 1895, where a diploma was again awarded
+for it, and has since been exhibited at the exposition of 1897 in
+Nashville, Tenn. The models composing this collection, about one
+thousand in number, were made from actual specimens and colored to
+nature, the same species being generally represented by numerous
+specimens so as to illustrate the various stages in the life of the
+plant, habit of growth, etc.
+
+The following is a list of the mushrooms represented in this collection,
+among which there are types of most of the genera in which species
+recorded as edible occur:
+
+Amanita _Cæsarea_ Schaeff. "Orange Amanita." Edible.
+
+Amanita _rubescens_ Pers. "The Blusher." "Reddish-Brown Amanita."
+Edible.
+
+Amanita _strobiliformis_ Vitt. "Fir-Cone" or "Pine-Cone Amanita."
+Edible.
+
+Amanita _pantherinus_ D. C. "Panther Mushroom." Poisonous.
+
+Amanita _phalloides_ Fr. "Poison Amanita." Poisonous.
+
+Amanita _muscaria_ Linn. "Fly Amanita." "False Orange." Poisonous.
+
+Amanita _verna_ Bull. "Spring Mushroom." "Vernal Amanita." Poisonous.
+
+Amanitopsis _vaginata_ Roze. "The _Grizette."_ "Sheathed Amanitopsis."
+Edible.
+
+Lepiota _procera_ Scop. "Parasol Mushroom." "Tall Lepiota." Edible.
+
+Lepiota _racodes_ Vitt. "Ragged Lepiota." Edible.
+
+Armillaria _mellea_ Fr. "Honey Mushroom." Edible.
+
+Tricholoma _terreum_ Schaeff. "The Gray Cap." Edible.
+
+Clitocybe _illudens_ Schw. "Giant Clitocybe." Unwholesome.
+
+Clitocybe _odora_ Bull. "Odorous Clitocybe." Edible.
+
+Clitocybe _laccata_ Scop. Edible.
+
+Collybia _fusipes_ Bull. "Spindle-Foot Collybia." Edible.
+
+Pleurotus _ostreatus_ Jacq. "Oyster Mushroom." Edible.
+
+Pleurotus _ulmarius_ Jacq. "Elm Pleurotus." Edible.
+
+Volvaria _bombycina_ Schaeff. "Silky Volvaria." This species has been
+recorded by some authors as poisonous. Hays, after testing it, speaks
+well of it, and states that is eaten on the Continent.
+
+Volvaria _speciosa_ Fr. Not commended.
+
+Pholiota _caperata_ Pers. Edible.
+
+Agaricus _campester_. "Field Mushroom." Edible.
+
+Agaricus _arvensis_ Schaeff. "Horse Mushroom." Edible.
+
+Hypholoma _sublateritium_. "Brick Top." Edible.
+
+Hypholoma _Candolliana_. Edible.
+
+Coprinus _comatus_ Fr. "Shaggy Mane Mushroom." Edible.
+
+Coprinus _atramentarius_. "Inky Coprinus." Edible.
+
+Cortinarius _turmalis_ Fr. Edible.
+
+Cortinarius _cærulescens_ Fr. Edible.
+
+Hygrophorus _conicus_ Fr. Conical Mushroom. Has been recorded by a
+number of authors as poisonous. Some later writers speak of it as
+edible.
+
+Hygrophorus _puniceus_ Fr. "Purplish Hygrophorus." Edible.
+
+Hygrophorus _ceraceus_ Fr. "Waxen Hygrophorus." Edible.
+
+Lactarius _deliciosus_ Fr. "Delicious Lactarius." Edible.
+
+Lactarius _volemus_ Fr. "Orange-brown Lactarius." Edible.
+
+Lactarius _torminosus_ Fr. This mushroom is said to contain an acrid
+juice which acts seriously on the stomach and alimentary canal.
+
+Lactarius _rufus_ Fr. Intensely acrid.
+
+Lactarius _vellereus_ Fr. Extremely acrid.
+
+Lactarius _piperatus_. "Fiery Milk Mushroom." Extremely acrid when raw.
+The Russians parboil it, throwing away the liquid, before preparing for
+pickling. A noted German chemist reports it "not very safe."
+
+Russula _alutacea_ Fr. Yellow-gilled Russula. Edible.
+
+Russula _virescens_ Fr. Edible.
+
+Russula _cyanoxantha_ Schaeff. "Variable Russula." Edible.
+
+Russula _emetica_ Fr. This mushroom is extremely acrid when raw; by some
+authors it is recorded as poisonous, by others as edible. Chemical
+analysis has shown that it contains a varying proportion of muscarin, as
+well as cholin, etc.
+
+Cantharellus _cibarius_ Fr. "The Chantarelle." Edible.
+
+Marasmius _oreades_ Bolt. "The Fairy Ring Mushroom." Edible.
+
+Boletus _edulis_ Bull. Edible.
+
+Boletus _scaber_ Fr. Edible.
+
+Boletus _granulatus_ Linn. Edible.
+
+Boletus _brevipes_ Pk. Edible.
+
+Boletus _luteus_ Linn. Edible.
+
+Boletus _pachypus_ Fr. Edible.
+
+Boletus _Americanus_ Pk. Edible.
+
+Boletus _subtomentosus_ Linn. Edible.
+
+Boletus _castaneus_ Bull. Edible.
+
+Boletus _Satanus_ Lenz. "White-topped Boletus." Recorded as poisonous.
+
+Boletus _luridus_ Schaeff. "Red-pored Boletus." Recorded as poisonous.
+
+Strobilomyces _strobilaceus_ Bull. Edible.
+
+Fistulina _hepatica_ Fr. "Beefsteak Fungus." Edible.
+
+Polyporus _sulfureus_ Bull. Edible.
+
+Hydnum _repandum_ Linn. Edible.
+
+Hydnum _erinaceum_ Bull. Edible.
+
+Sparassis _crispa_ Wulf. Edible.
+
+Clavaria _cinerea_ Bull. Edible.
+
+Clavaria _rugosa_. Edible.
+
+Lycoperdon _gemmatum_ Fr. Edible.
+
+Lycoperdon _giganteum_ Fr. "Giant Puff-Ball." Edible.
+
+Lycoperdon _pyriforme_ Schaeff. "Pear-shaped Puff-Ball." Edible.
+
+Scleroderma _vulgare_ Fr.
+
+Morchella _esculenta_ Pers. Edible.
+
+Morchella _conica_ Bull. Edible.
+
+Hirneola _auricula Judæ_ Bull. Edible.
+
+Ithyphallus _impudicus_ Linn. Unwholesome.
+
+Clathrus _cancellatus_ Linn. Unwholesome.
+
+NOTE.--In addition to the above there were also represented a number of
+coriaceous or woody species which grow upon trees, old stumps, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                           STUDENT'S HAND-BOOK
+                                   OF
+                          MUSHROOMS OF AMERICA
+
+                          EDIBLE AND POISONOUS.
+
+
+
+
+                                   BY
+                           THOMAS TAYLOR, M. D.
+
+                      AUTHOR OF FOOD PRODUCTS, ETC.
+
+    _Fellow of the A. A. A. S.; Hon. Member of the Mic. Section Royal
+    Inst., Liverpool, England; Member of Honor of the International
+    Medical Society of Hygiene, Brussels; Member of the American and
+    Washington Chemical Societies; French Chemical Society, Paris; of
+    the American Textile Society; Medical Society of Washington, D. C.;
+    Cor. Member Academy of Arts and Sciences of Brooklyn, N. Y.; Cor.
+    Member Mic. Societies of New York, Buffalo, etc., etc._
+
+
+
+
+       Published in Serial Form--=No. 5=--Price, 50c. per number.
+
+
+
+
+                           WASHINGTON, D. C.:
+              A. R. Taylor, Publisher, 238 Mass. Ave. N.E.
+                                  1898.
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHER'S NOTE.
+
+
+It has not been possible to represent all the genera of mushrooms which
+contain species having value as esculents within the compass of this
+series of five pamphlets, but the demand for these promises to justify
+the publication, at a future date, of a second series, which the author
+now has in preparation.
+
+                                        A. R. T.
+
+
+
+
+                           Copyright, 1898, by
+                          Thomas Taylor, M. D.,
+                                  and
+                             A. R. Taylor.
+
+
+
+
+     AGARICINI.
+
+     LEUCOSPORI--(Spores White).
+
+Subgenus _Pleurotus_ Fries. The Pleuroti are similar in some respects to
+the Tricholomas and Clitocybes, some of the species having notched gills
+near the stem, and others, again, having the gills decurrent, or running
+down the stem. Most of the species grow upon dead wood or from decaying
+portions of live trees. Very few grow upon the ground. The stem is
+mostly eccentric, lateral, or wanting; when present it is homogeneous or
+confluent with the substance of the cap; the substance may be compact,
+spongy, slightly fleshy, or membranaceous. Veil evanescent or absent.
+The spores are white or slightly tinted.
+
+M. C. Cooke figures over thirty species of Pleurotus found in Great
+Britain, and describes 45 species found in Australia. With few
+exceptions, all of these grow upon wood. Very few have value as
+esculents.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate J.
+     Agaricus (Pleurotus) ostreatus, Jacq.
+     Edible.
+     _T. Taylor, del._]
+
+     PLATE J.
+
+     =Ag. (Pleurotus) ostreatus= Jacq. "_Oyster Mushroom_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap soft, fleshy, smooth, shell-shaped, white or cinereous, turning
+brownish or yellowish with age. Flesh white, somewhat fibrous. Gills
+white, broad and decurrent, anastamosing at the base. Stem usually not
+well defined, lateral, or absent. Spores elliptical, white. The caps are
+sometimes thickly clustered and closely overlapping, and sometimes wide
+apart. This mushroom has long been known as edible both raw and cooked.
+It has a pleasant but not decided flavor and must be cooked slowly and
+carefully to be tender and easily digestible. Old specimens are apt to
+be tough. It is found on decaying wood and often on fallen logs in moist
+places or upon decaying tree-trunks. It is frequently recurrent on the
+same tree. I have gathered great quantities of the Oyster mushroom
+during several seasons past from a fallen birch tree which spanned a
+small stream. The lower end of the tree rested on the moist ground at
+the edge of the stream. Specimens have been found on the willow, ash and
+poplar trees, and upon the apple and the laburnum.
+
+
+Pleurotus _sapidus_ Kalchb. _Sapid Pleurotus_. Edible.
+
+This species closely resembles the Oyster mushroom in form and habit of
+growth, and is by some considered only a variety of _P. ostreatus_. It
+grows usually in tufts with the caps closely overlapping, varying in
+color white, ashy, grayish or brownish. Flesh white. The stems are
+white, smooth and short, mostly springing from a common base. The gills
+are white and very broad, and decurrent. The spores assume a very pale
+lilac tint on exposure to the atmosphere.
+
+
+Pleurotus _ulmarius_ Bull. "_Elm Pleurotus_." Edible.
+
+The Elm Pleurotus is quite conspicuous by reason of its large size and
+light color. The cap is smooth and compact, usually whitish with a dull
+yellowish tinge in the center. Flesh white. The skin cracks very easily,
+giving it a scaly appearance. The gills are broad, and toothed or
+notched near their point of attachment to the stem as in the
+Tricholomas, white in color, turning yellowish with age. The stem is
+firm and smooth, solid and rather eccentric, thick and sometimes
+slightly downy near the base, from two to four inches in length.
+Although this mushroom seems to prefer the elm and is most frequently
+found on trees of that species, it is found also upon other trees, but
+principally the maple, the ash, the willow, and the poplar. It grows
+upon live trees, usually where the branches have been cut away, and upon
+stumps as well. Most authors recommend it as an esculent, although it
+has not the rich flavor of some other mushrooms. It dries well and can
+be kept thus for winter use. This species has a wide range and grows
+most abundantly in the autumn. Its resistance to cold has been
+frequently remarked.
+
+      AGARICINI.
+
+Subgenus _Amanita_. The Amanitas are usually large and somewhat watery,
+the flesh brittle rather than tough. The very young plants are enveloped
+in a membranous wrapper, which breaks apart with the expansion of the
+plant, leaving a more or less persistent sheath at the base of the stem.
+The universal veil is distinct and free from the cuticle of the cap. The
+cap is convex at first, then expanded; in some species naked and smooth;
+in others, clothed with membranaceous patches of the volva. The stem is
+distinct from the fleshy substance of the cap, ringed and furnished with
+a volva or sheath. In some of the species this sheath is connate with
+the base of the stem, firm and persistent. In others, it is friable, at
+length nearly obsolete.
+
+The ring is usually persistent, deflexed, more or less prominent, in
+rare cases pressed close against the stem, and sometimes scarcely
+distinguishable from it. The gills in most of the species are free from
+the stems, but there are exceptions to this rule. Spores white. As to
+geographical distribution, according to M. C. Cooke, seven-eighths of
+the species are distinctly located in the temperate zone, one-twentieth
+at a temperate elevation, and only one-twentieth presumably tropical.
+Out of the eighty species, about sixty are North American and European,
+and one species is found on the slopes of the Andes, in South America.
+As heretofore stated, this group among mushrooms is made responsible for
+most of the well authenticated cases of fatal poisoning by mushrooms. It
+would be judicious, therefore, for those who are not thoroughly familiar
+with the characteristics of the edible Amanitas to defer making
+experiments with them for table use until that familiarity is acquired.
+
+Saccardo in his _Sylloge_ describes no less than fifteen edible species
+of Amanita as found in different parts of the world. Of those I have
+personally been able to identify but three which are common in this
+country, and which have been well tested. Specimens of these three
+species are illustrated in Plates XIV and XIV½ of this pamphlet. They
+are each and all found in varying abundance in different parts of the
+United States.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate XIV.
+     EDIBLE AMANITAS.
+     Figs. 1 to 4 Ag. (Amanita) Cæsareus, Scop. (Amanita Cæsarea)
+     "Orange Amanita."
+     Figs. 5 to 9 Ag. (Amanita) rubescens. Pers. "The Blusher."
+     "Reddish Brown Amanita."
+     EDIBLE.
+     T. Taylor, del.]
+
+     PLATE XIV.
+
+     FIGS. 1 to 4. =Ag. (Amanita) Cæsareus= Scop. (=Amanita Cæsarea=).
+     "_Orange Amanita_," "_True Orange_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap at first convex, afterwards well expanded; _smooth_, free from
+warts, striate on the margin; color orange-red or bright lemon-yellow,
+with red disk; gills lemon-yellow, rounded near the stem, and free from
+it; stem equal or slightly tapering upwards, stuffed with cottony
+fibrils, or hollow (color clear lemon-yellow), bearing a yellowish ring
+near the top and sheathed at the base with large, loose, membranous,
+white volva. Odor faint but agreeable. Spores white, elliptical.
+
+The whole plant is symmetrical in form, brilliant in coloring, clean and
+attractive in appearance. The American plant seems to differ in some
+slight respects from the European as figured and described in European
+works. In Europe the pileus or cap is said to vary in color, being
+sometimes white, pale yellow, red or even copper color, although it is
+usually orange-yellow. My own observation of the American plant of this
+species agrees with that of Prof. Peck in that the cap is uniform in
+color, being at first bright reddish-orange or even brilliant red,
+fading with age to yellow, either wholly or only on the margin. No white
+specimens have been as yet recorded in this country. The red color
+disappears in the dried specimens. The striations of the margin are
+usually quite deep and long and almost as distant as in the edible
+species Amanitopsis _vaginata_. Some European writers have described the
+flesh or substance of the cap as yellowish. In our plant the flesh is
+white, but stained with yellow or red immediately under the cuticle.
+Amanita _Cæsarea_ is the only one of the Amanitas which has yellow
+gills.
+
+Berkeley, in his "Outlines of British Fungi," describes A. Cæsarea as it
+is found in some parts of Continental Europe, but states that up to the
+date of his writing it had not been found in Great Britain. It is not
+recorded in the more recent lists of British fungi by M. C. Cooke nor in
+that of Australian fungi by the same author. The species has a wide
+range in this country, and though not very common in the North, in some
+localities, as in the pine and oak woods of North Carolina, it is found
+in great abundance. Dufour states that it is much esteemed as an
+esculent in France, and though rare in the northern part of that
+country, it is common in the center and the south of France in autumn.
+It is well known in different portions of Continental Europe, and is
+frequently figured in contrast with its very poisonous congener, Amanita
+muscaria, or "False Orange," commonly known as the "Fly Amanita," or
+"Fly-Killer."
+
+A careless observer might mistake one for the other, but with a little
+attention to well-defined details the edible form can be readily
+distinguished from the poisonous one.
+
+In analyzing the species the attention should be directed to the
+following characteristics of the two mushrooms: In A. _Cæsarea_ the cap
+is _smooth_, the stem, gills and ring _lemon-yellow_, and the cup-shaped
+wrapper or volva which sheathes the base of the stem is white and
+_persistently membranous_.
+
+In A. _muscaria_ the cap is _warty_ or shows the traces or remains of
+warts; the gills _white_, stem _white_, or only very slightly yellowish,
+and the wrapper or volva is evanescent, breaking up into ridge-like
+patches adhering to the base of the stem.
+
+The Amanita Cæsarea has long been esteemed as an esculent in foreign
+countries, and was known in ancient times to the Greeks and Romans. It
+is known under the following names: "Orange," "Cæsar's mushroom,"
+"Imperial mushroom," "Yellow-egg," "Kaiserling," etc. Mycologists who
+have tested it agree as to its edibility and delicate flavor.
+
+The specimens figured in Plate XIV represent the average size of those
+which I have gathered in the vicinity of the District of Columbia. Much
+larger ones have been gathered in the woody portions of Druid Hill Park,
+Baltimore, Md.
+
+Dufour writes: "This mushroom, the "true oronge," is cooked in a variety
+of ways, and it always constitutes an exquisite dish." This author gives
+the following recipes for cooking the _Cæsarea_, which he calls the
+"Oronge:"
+
+_Oronge à la bordelaise._--The stem is minced with fine herbs,
+bread-crumbs, and garlic, and seasoned with pepper and salt. This hash
+is placed in the concavity of the caps, and all is put to bake with good
+oil in a pan steamed in a chafing dish.
+
+_Oronge à l'Italienne._--Stew gently with a little butter and salt, then
+serve with a sauce composed of oil seasoned with the juice of lemon,
+pepper, garlic, and extract of sweet almond.
+
+The Spanish are fond of this mushroom, and it is said to enter into
+their national dish, olla podrida, a mixture of meat, vegetables, and
+spices, whenever it can be obtained.
+
+It is sometimes fried in butter or olive oil and seasoned with sugar.
+
+     PLATE XIV.
+
+     FIGS. 5 to 9.--=Ag. (Amanita) rubescens= Pers. (=Amanita
+     rubescens=). "_The Blusher_," "_Reddish Brown Amanita_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap at first convex then expanded, margin even or very slightly
+striated, usually reddish-brown or reddish-fawn color, covered with
+mealy, more or loss persistent warts; flesh white, changing to a reddish
+or pinkish tinge, where cut or bruised, the reddish tinge most intense
+in the bulbous portion of the base of the stem; _gills reaching the stem
+and forming decurrent lines upon it_, white, becoming spotted with rusty
+or wine red stains when bruised or attacked by insects; stem ringed,
+whitish or dingy white, becoming brownish or spotted, with reddish-brown
+stains. The base of the stem is usually bulbous, the bulb sometimes
+tapering to a point at the root, and in some instances ending abruptly.
+
+The ring or collar which encircles the stem near the top is membranous,
+and usually well defined.
+
+The volva which completely envelops the young plant is very friable and
+soon disappears. Fragments of the volva may be seen in the shape of
+scales or small particles upon the mushroom stem, and in wart-like
+patches upon the cap. In the representations of this mushroom which
+appear in European works the cap is a deeper reddish-brown tint than I
+have found it here. The color of the cap is usually a light reddish
+brown or reddish gray, sometimes almost white. This species is found
+usually in light open woods. In a warm moist climate it appears early in
+the season, and can be gathered until the frosts come. Taste very
+pleasant.
+
+There is a poisonous species, Amanita _pantherinus_, rare, which has a
+viscid brown warted cap bearing a slight resemblance to that of the
+_rubescens_, but the gills do not turn red when bruised, and the volva
+at the base of the stem is well defined and persistent.
+
+The _rubescens_ is very plentiful in the woods of Maryland and Virginia,
+and specimens have been received from different parts of the country. I
+have frequently eaten it stewed with butter, and found it very good
+eating. Hay speaks of it as being eaten in England, where it is called
+the "Blusher." Cooke says it is pleasant both in taste and odor. It is
+spoken of by French authors as of delicate flavor, and as well known in
+some parts of France. In preparing for the table bring the mushroom to a
+quick boil and pour off the first water, then stew with flavoring to
+suit the taste.
+
+The specimens of this species represented in Plate XIV were collected in
+the woods of Forest Glen, Maryland. They are often found of much larger
+size and much lighter in coloring, with the stains upon the gills redder
+in color. The very young plants as they burst through the surface of
+the soil show a distinct volva at the base of the stem. In the mature
+plant this disappears, often leaving the slightly bulbous base quite
+smooth.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate XIV½.
+     Agaricus (Amanita) strobiliformis, Vitt. "Fir-Cone Mushroom."
+     Edible.
+     From Nature.
+     _T. Taylor, del._]
+
+     PLATE XIV½.
+
+     =Ag. (Amanita) strobiliformis= Fries (=Amanita strobiliformis=).
+     "_Fir-cone Mushroom_."
+
+     EDIBLE.
+
+Cap fleshy, convex at first, then expanded, covered with persistent
+white warts, margin even, white; flesh white, firm and compact; gills
+rounded behind and free from the stem, white; stem solid, the bulbous
+base tapering, furrowed with concentric and longitudinal channels at the
+root, and extending well into the ground, white; ring large, soon
+splitting; volva breaking up and appearing in concentric ridges upon the
+stem. Spores white.
+
+This mushroom is very pleasant to the taste when raw as well as when
+cooked. It is found in light woods or on the borders of woods where the
+soil is somewhat friable, generally solitary, but sometimes two or three
+are found clustered together. The plants are sometimes so large that two
+or three of them would make a very good meal. Specimens have been found
+with the cap measuring 8 to 9 inches across when expanded, the stem
+varying from 6 to 8 inches in height, and from 1 to 3 inches in
+thickness. When young the plants are generally snowy white throughout,
+changing with age to a dingy white or cinereous hue. The specimens
+figured in the plate formed one of a cluster of three mushrooms of this
+species found growing in the fir woods of the District of Columbia.
+
+During some seasons I have found the _strobiliformis_, or "Fir-cone
+mushroom," fairly plentiful in some parts of Maryland, and in other
+seasons it has been rare. The whole plant when young is enclosed in a
+white membranous wrapper.
+
+Although this species is very generally recognized by mycologists as
+edible, I would advise great caution in selecting specimens for table
+use, since there is a dangerous species which might be mistaken for it
+by one not familiar with the characteristics of both species; I refer to
+a form of Amanita muscaria with ochraceous yellow cap which, when faded
+or bleached by the sun and rain, sometimes approaches, in tint, the
+dingy white of old or faded specimens of the _strobiliformis_. Both
+species have _white gills_, _white stems_, and _white flocculent veil_.
+The volva is evanescent in both, leaving traces of its existence in
+concentric ridges at the base, and part way up the stem.
+
+In the species _strobiliformis_, the flesh of the cap is white
+throughout, as well as the cuticle.
+
+In the yellowish _muscaria_, the flesh _immediately_ beneath the cuticle
+of the upper surface of the cap is yellowish, frequently deepening at
+the disk to orange hue.
+
+The cap of Amanita _muscaria_ is very attractive to flies, but proves
+to them, as also to roaches and to some other insects, a deadly poison.
+
+The juice of _strobiliformis_ is not poisonous to flies. This fact may
+aid in identifying the species.
+
+
+Subgenus _Amanitopsis_ Roze. The species of this subgenus were formerly
+included in Amanita. The characteristic which separates it from Amanita
+is the _absence of a ring on the stem_. The gills are free from the
+stem, the spores are white, and the whole plant in youth is encased in
+an egg-shaped volva.[A]
+
+[A] Although this subgenus is not included in M. C. Cooke's analytical
+key to the order of Agaricini, published with his kind permission in No.
+3 of this series, he now includes it as one of the subgenera which
+should have a place in that list.
+
+
+Amanitopsis _vaginata_ Roze. Edible.
+
+This species is very common in pine and oak forests. The plant, as a
+whole, has a graceful aspect and grows singly or scattered through open
+places in the woods. It is somewhat fragile and easily broken. The cap
+in this species is usually a mouse-gray, sometimes slaty gray or
+brownish, generally umbonate in the center and distinctly striated on
+the margin.
+
+The stem is white, equal, and slender in proportion to the width of the
+cap, and sheathed quite far up with a loose white membranous wrapper.
+This sheath is so slightly attached to the base of the stem that it is
+often left in the ground if the plant is carelessly pulled. The gills
+are white, or whitish, free from the stem and rounded at the outer
+extremity.
+
+There is a white variety, (variety _alba_) A. _nivalis_, in which the
+whole plant is white, and a tawny variety (A. _fulva_ Schaeff.) in which
+the cap is a pale ochraceous yellow, with the gills and stem white or
+whitish. In the variety A. _livida_ or A. _spadicea_ Grev. the cap is
+brown, while the stem and gills are tinged a smoky brown.
+
+These are all edible and of fairly good flavor. Except in the absence of
+the ring upon the stem, the light varieties might be mistaken for small
+forms of the poisonous species Amanita _verna_ or of _phalloides_. Great
+caution should therefore be observed, in gathering for the table, to be
+sure of the species.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate XV.
+     Figs. 1 to 7. Ag. (Amanita) muscarius, Linn. (Amanita muscaria)
+     "Fly Mushroom."
+     Fig. 8. Ag. (Amanita) phalloides, Fries.
+     Fig. 9. Ag. (Amanita) mappa Batsch.
+     POISONOUS.
+     T. Taylor, del.]
+
+     PLATE XV.
+
+     Figs. 1 to 7.--=Ag. (Amanita) muscarius= Linn. (=Amanita muscaria=).
+     "_Fly Mushroom_," "_False Orange_."
+
+     POISONOUS.
+
+Cap warty, margin striate; gills white, reaching the stem, and often
+forming decurrent lines upon it; stem white, stuffed, annulate, bulbous
+at the base, concentrically ridged or scaly at the base, and sometimes
+part way up, with fragments of the ruptured wrapper. Spores widely
+elliptical, white, .0003 to .0004 of an inch in length.
+
+The plants of this species vary very much in size and in the color of
+the cap. The latter is sometimes a bright scarlet and again it is orange
+color, more frequently ochraceous yellow, fading to a very pale yellow
+tint. In the variety _albus_ it is white. The stem is stuffed with webby
+fibrils and varies very much in thickness: sometimes in young specimens
+it is very stout, with a thick ovate bulb reaching well up towards the
+cap, and again it is comparatively slender and nearly equal from the cap
+down to a very slight bulb at the base. The very young plant is
+completely enveloped in a white or yellowish egg-shaped wrapper or
+volva, which, being friable, generally breaks up into scales, forming
+warts upon the upper surface of the cap. When the plant is young and
+moist the cap is slightly sticky. A thickish white veil extends from the
+stem to the inner margin of the cap. This breaks away with the growth
+and expansion of the plant and falls in lax folds, forming a deflexed
+ring round the upper portion of the stem.
+
+This mushroom is very common in woods and forests in summer and autumn,
+and has a wide geographical range. It is recorded by all mycologists as
+poisonous. One author states that when eaten in very small quantities it
+acts as a cathartic, but that it causes death when eaten freely. Flies
+find in it a deadly poison, and the poisonous alkaloids are not
+destroyed by drying.
+
+Although cases are cited where this mushroom has been eaten without
+injury, its fatally poisonous effects have been too well and too often
+tested to allow of any doubt as to the danger of eating it, even in
+small quantities.
+
+Amanita Frostiana, Frost's Amanita, is a much smaller species than A.
+muscaria. It bears a very close resemblance to the Fly Amanita, and
+might easily be taken for a small form of the same. The cap is yellowish
+and warted, and specimens occur in which the stem and gills are slightly
+tinged with yellow. It is poisonous.
+
+     PLATE XV.
+
+     FIG. 8.--=Ag. (Amanita) phalloides= Fries (=Amanita phalloides=)
+     =A. vernalis= Bolt., =A. verrucosus= Curtis. "_Poisonous Amanita_,"
+     "_Death Cup_."
+
+     POISONOUS.
+
+Cap bell-shaped or ovate at first, then expanded, smooth, obtuse,
+viscid, margin even, creamy-white, brown, or greenish, without warts;
+flesh white; stem white, hollow or stuffed, bulbous at the base,
+annulate; gills rounded and ventricose, coarse, and persistently white,
+free from the stem; volva conspicuous, large, loose, adhering to the
+base, but free from the stem at the top, with the margin irregularly
+notched. In the white forms there is frequently a greenish or yellow
+tinge at the disk or centre of the cap. The white form is most common,
+but the brownish is often found in this country. I have not yet found
+the green-capped variety sometimes figured in European works. In the
+brown variety the stem and ring are often tinged with brown, as also the
+volva. The cap is usually from 2 to 3 inches broad, and the stem from 3
+to 5 inches long. The whole plant is symmetrical in shape and clean
+looking, though somewhat clammy to the touch when moist. It is very
+common in mixed woods, in some localities, and is universally considered
+as fatally poisonous.
+
+The white form of A. _phalloides_, although in reality bearing very
+little resemblance to the common field mushroom, has been mistaken for
+it as also for the _Smooth white lepiota_, and in some instances has
+been eaten with fatal results by those who gathered it.
+
+The distinction between this most poisonous Amanita and the common field
+mushroom is well marked. In the common mushroom the _gills_ are _pink,
+becoming dark brown_, the _spores purplish brown_, and the whole
+mushroom is stout and short stemmed, the stem being shorter than the
+diameter of the cap, and having no volva, or wrapper at its base. In the
+species A. _phalloides_ the _gills_ are _persistently white_ and the
+bulb is distinct and broad at the base, the white cup-shaped wrapper
+sheathing the base of the stem like the calyx of a flower. The _Smooth
+white lepiota_ shows neither volva nor trace of one, and has other
+distinct characteristics which distinguish it from A. _phalloides_. See
+page 14, No. 4 of this series.
+
+The specimen figured in Plate XV grew in Maryland, where it is quite
+common.
+
+     PLATE XV.
+
+     FIG. 9.--=Ag. (Amanita) mappa (Amanita mappa)= Linn., =Amanita
+     citrina=, =A. virosa.=
+
+     POISONOUS.
+
+Cap at first convex, then expanded, dry, without a separable cuticle,
+not warty but showing white, yellowish, or brownish scales or patches on
+its upper surface; gills white, adnexed; flesh white, sometimes slightly
+yellowish under the skin; stem stuffed, then hollow, cylindrical,
+yellowish white, nearly smooth, with a distinctly bulbous base; volva
+white or brownish. Odor pleasant. Spores spheroidal. The cap in this
+species is somewhat variable in color, but those having a white cap are
+most common. The plant is not so tall as those of the species
+_phalloides_. It is solitary in habit, and is found usually in open
+woods.
+
+Curtis and Lowerby figure _mappa_ and _phalloides_ under the same name.
+
+     [Illustration: Plate XVI.
+     Fig. 1. Ag. (Amanita) vernus, Bull. (Amanita verna.) "Spring
+     Mushroom."
+     Fig. 2. Represents section of mature plant.
+     Fig. 3. Spores; Fig. 4. Young plant.
+     POISONOUS.
+     T. Taylor, del.]
+
+     PLATE XVI.
+
+     FIGS. 1 to 4.--=Ag. (Amanita) vernus= Bull. =(Amanita verna)= Linn.,
+     =Amanita bulbosa=, =Ag. solitarius.= "_Vernal Mushroom_," "_Spring
+     Mushroom_," etc.
+
+     POISONOUS.
+
+Cap at first ovate, then expanded, becoming at length slightly
+depressed, viscid, white; margin smooth; flesh white; gills white, free;
+stem white, equal, stuffed or hollow, easily splitting, floccose, with
+bulbous base; volva white, closely embracing the stem, but free from it
+at the margin; ring reflexed; spores globose, .0003 in. broad. The plant
+is creamy white throughout and does not seem to be easily
+distinguishable from the white forms of A. _phalloides_. Fries and some
+others consider this species merely a variety of Amanita _phalloides_,
+and it is regarded as equally poisonous, the poisonous principle being
+the same as that of A. _phalloides_. It is very common in mixed woods
+from early spring to frosty weather.
+
+
+
+
+ALKALOIDS OF THE POISONOUS MUSHROOMS.
+
+
+Schrader, after some experiments made in 1811, stated that the poisonous
+principle of the "Fly mushroom," Amanita muscaria, seemed to be combined
+with its red coloring matter and might be extracted by water or aqueous
+alcohol, but that it was not soluble in ether.
+
+Vaquelin, as the result of more extended investigations made in 1813,
+expressed the opinion that this poison was not confined to the coloring
+matter of the mushroom, but that it was an integral part of the fatty
+constituents not only of _muscaria_ but of several species of mushrooms.
+In 1826 and 1830, and again in 1867, important investigations were made
+and published by Letellier relating to the medical and poisonous
+properties of mushrooms growing around Paris. Letellier's early
+investigations led him to the conclusion that there were two poisons
+contained in certain fungi--(1) an acrid principle easily destroyed by
+drying or boiling or by maceration in alcohol or in alkaline solution,
+and (2) a peculiar poisonous alkaloid found only in certain of the
+Amanita group. Letellier in 1866 named this latter alkaloid _amanitin_.
+He then considered it to be the active poison of Amanita _muscaria_,
+Amanita _phalloides_, and Amanita _verna_, but a subsequent analysis by
+the German chemists Schmiedeberg and Koppe showed the _amanitin_ of
+Letellier to be identical with _cholin_, a substance found in bile.
+Kobert says that _amanitin_ is non-poisonous in itself, but states that
+it may be changed on decay of the mushroom to the muscarin-like acting
+_neurin_, which is highly poisonous. He thinks it highly probable that
+nearly all of the edible and non-edible mushrooms contain pure
+_amanitin_ (cholin) partly in primitive condition and partly in a more
+intricate organic connection, as _lecithin_. It has been demonstrated
+that amanitin separates very readily from lecithin during the _decay or
+careless drying_ of mushrooms and changes into the _poisonous neurin_;
+hence the necessity of using mushrooms only when _perfectly fresh_ or
+when _quickly dried_.
+
+
+MUSCARIN.[A]
+
+[A] The earliest account of the separation of the poisonous principles
+of the mushrooms of the genus Amanita dates back to the experiments of
+Apoiger in 1851. Harnack's researches were published in 1876 and those
+of Huseman in 1882.
+
+To the eminent German chemists Schmiedeberg and Koppe is due the credit
+of isolating the active poisonous principle of the Fly mushroom
+(_muscarin_). These authors published in 1869 a series of interesting
+experiments made with _muscarin_, having relation to its effect upon the
+heart, respiration, secretions and digestive organs, etc., and this was
+supplemented by other experiments made by their pupils, Prof. R. Boehm
+and E. Harnack. Schmiedeberg and Koppe's work relates to the effect of
+this poison on man as well as upon the lower animals. Dr. J. L. Prevost
+in 1874 reviewed the investigations made by Schmiedeberg and Koppe in a
+paper read before the Biological Society of Geneva, adding some
+confirmatory observations of his own relative to experiments made with
+muscarin upon the lower animals. The experiments made by these authors
+demonstrated "that muscarin arrests the action of a frog's heart, that a
+muscarined frog's heart began to beat immediately under the influence of
+atropin, and further that it was impossible to muscarine a frog's heart
+while under the influence of atropin."
+
+Schmiedeberg subjected cats and dogs to doses of muscarin, large enough
+to produce death, and when the animals were about to succumb, injected
+hypodermically from one to two milligrams of sulphate of _atropin_,
+after which the toxic symptoms disappeared and the animals completely
+revived. Prof. Boehm found that _digitalin_ likewise re-established
+heart action when suspended by the action of muscarin.
+
+In man the fatal termination, in cases of mushroom poisoning, where the
+antidote is not used, may take place in from 5 to 12 hours or not for
+two or three days.
+
+According to Prof. E. Kobert's recent chemical analysis, the "Fly
+mushroom," Amanita muscaria, contains not only the very poisonous
+alkaloid _muscarin_ and the _amanitin_ of Letellier (_cholin_), but also
+a third alkaloid, _pilz atropin_. The pilz-atropin (mushroom atropin)
+was discovered by Schmiedeberg in a _commercial_ preparation of
+_muscarin_, and later Prof. Kobert discovered it in varying proportions
+in fresh mushrooms of different species. The effect of this third
+alkaloid, it is claimed, is to neutralize to a greater or less extent
+the effect of the poisonous one. Under its influence, when present in
+quantity, the poison is almost entirely neutralized. Contraction of the
+pupils changes to dilation, and slowing of the pulse may disappear. Only
+through the presence of this natural antidote in the Fly mushroom, says
+Kobert, is it possible, as in some parts of France and Russia, to eat
+without danger this mushroom, which contains 10% of sugar (trehalose or
+mycose) in a fermented and unfermented condition. He states also that
+delirium, intoxication, and other symptoms which, according to Prof.
+Dittmer of Kamschatka and various scientific travellers, are reported
+effects of the Fly mushroom in the extreme north, are not experienced in
+the same degree in southern Russia. This difference in action, he
+thinks, may be very properly attributed to the varying proportion of the
+above-mentioned atropin in the mushroom or to the presence of substances
+which develop only in the extreme north.
+
+The symptoms of _muscarin_ poisoning, apart from vomiting and purging,
+are slowing of the pulse, cerebral disturbance, contraction of the
+pupils, salivation and sweating. In case of death, which is caused by
+suffocation or a suspension of heart action, the lungs are found to be
+filled with air, and there is a transfusion of blood in the alimentary
+canal.
+
+Prof. R. Kobert, in a lecture delivered before the University of Dorpat
+in 1891, states that _muscarin_ is found equally in the Fly mushroom (A.
+muscaria), the Panther mushroom (A. pantherinus), Boletus luridus, and
+in varying quantities in Russula emetica. He states also that though
+highly poisonous to vertebrates, _muscarin_ is not so to flies, and that
+the noxious principle in A. muscaria which kills the flies is not as yet
+determined.
+
+It has been shown that the lower animals, such as sheep and geese, as
+well as man, have been severely poisoned by feeding on the "Fly
+mushroom," and that in the case of the horse, experiments have
+demonstrated that even 0.04 of a gramme, 0.62 of a grain, have caused
+marked symptoms of poisoning.
+
+For _muscarin_ as for _neurin_ poisoning the antidote is atropin
+administered internally or by subcutaneous injection.
+
+
+PHALLIN.
+
+The toxic alkaloid of Amanita _phalloides_ Fries (Amanita _bulbosa_) was
+examined by Boudier, who named it "_bulbosin_," and by Oré, who named it
+"_phalloidin_," but their examinations, it is claimed, proved little
+beyond the fact that it seemed to be in the nature of an alkaloid,
+identical neither with _muscarin_ nor _helvellic_ acid.
+
+Oré affirmed that the _phalloidin_ of the Amanita phalloides was very
+nearly related to, and perhaps identical with, strychnine. From this
+view Kobert and others dissent.
+
+The poisonous principle of Amanita _phalloides_ has recently been
+subjected to very careful analysis by Prof. Kobert. As a result of a
+large number of experiments and post-mortem examinations held on persons
+poisoned by A. _phalloides_, Kobert states that the symptoms can be
+explained uniformly by the action of a poison, to which he gives the
+provisional name of "_phallin_." This is an albuminous substance which
+dissolves the corpuscles of the blood, resembling in this and other
+respects in a remarkable degree the action of _helvellic_ acid.
+
+According to Kobert _phallin_ has so far only been found in Amanita
+_phalloides_ and in its varieties _verna_, _mappa_, etc. He finds also
+in this mushroom muscarin and an atropin-like alkaloid.
+
+The symptoms of the phalloides poisoning are complex. Vomiting is
+accompanied by diarrhoea, cold sweats, fainting at times, convulsions,
+ending in coma. There is also fever and a quickening of the pulse. All
+these symptoms, which follow in succession, according to one author, are
+dependent on two different poisonous substances. The first may be an
+acrid and fixed poison, for it is found after repeated dryings, as well
+in the aqueous as in the alcoholic extract. The second acts by
+absorption, and is purely narcotic.
+
+Phallin has some of the properties of the toxalbumin of poisonous
+spiders, and is a vegetable toxalbumin.
+
+It has been remarked that in cases of poisoning by A. _phalloides_, the
+mushroom has tasted very good, and those poisoned felt well for several
+hours after eating.
+
+Phalloides poisoning is said to bear a marked resemblance to phosphorus
+poisoning and to acute jaundice. There is no known antidote to the
+poisonous alkaloid _phallin_.
+
+According to Prof. Kobert's analyses, the proportion of phallin in the
+dried mushroom amounts to less than 1%, but its effect on account of its
+concentration is the more intensive.
+
+Extensive experiments made by Kobert with ox blood in regard to the
+comparative action of different substances in their power of dissolving
+the red blood corpuscles demonstrate that _phallin_ in this respect
+exceeds all known substances. Kobert states that "If _phallin_ be added
+to a mixture of blood with a 1% solution of common salt, using the blood
+of man, cattle, dogs, or pigeons, the blood corpuscles will be entirely
+dissolved by the poison diluted to 1-125,000."
+
+Prof. Kobert states that he has examined the species Boletus edulis,
+Agaricus campester, and Amanita Cæsarea a number of times, but could
+never detect the action of phallin in them. Neither has he found it in
+A. muscaria.
+
+
+THE POISONOUS ALKALOID OF GYROMITRA ESCULENTA FRIES (HELVELLA ESCULENTA
+PERS.)
+
+HELVELLIC ACID.
+
+Prof. Kobert writes of a number of cases of poisoning in the Baltic
+provinces of Russia by the mushroom Helvella _esculenta_ Persoon,
+sometimes called the Lorchel. It should be here stated that the
+_Helvella esculenta_ of Persoon is the _Gyromitra esculenta_ of Fries.
+This mushroom is described as edible and placed in the edible lists by
+Dr. M. C. Cooke, Prof. Peck, and other distinguished mycologists, who
+have tested it and found it edible when perfectly fresh.
+
+The poisonous principle of this mushroom was isolated and analyzed by
+Prof. R. Boehm, of Russia, in 1885. It was by him designated as
+"_helvellic acid_," and found to be soluble in hot water. Profs. Eugene
+Bostroem and E. Ponfick, after giving some study to the effects of this
+mushroom poison, agreed in their report concerning it, which is to the
+effect that the _quickly dried_ H. _esculenta_ (Gyromitra _esculenta_)
+is not poisonous, and that the poisonous acid of the fresh ones may be
+extracted by means of hot water, so that while the decoction is
+poisonous the mushroom is not at all so, after the liquid is pressed
+out. Experiments with this mushroom were made by both authors on dogs,
+which ate them greedily, but without exception the dogs were very sick
+afterwards. The symptoms were nausea, vomiting, jaundice, stoppage of
+the kidneys, and hæmaglobinuria. The symptoms observed in man correspond
+to those manifested by the lower animals. Dissection showed the
+dissolution of innumerable blood corpuscles.
+
+Prof. Kobert, commenting on the experiments made by Bostroem and
+Ponfick, states that he himself had been furnished yearly with fresh
+specimens of "H. _esculenta_" (G. _esculenta_) specially gathered for
+him at Dorpat, and after making various experiments with the freshly
+expressed juice he became convinced that the poisonous principle greatly
+varies, the juice sometimes operating as very poisonous, and sometimes
+as only slightly so. He states also that the proportion of poison in the
+mushroom varies with the weather, location, and age of the mushroom. The
+inhabitants of Russia do not eat this mushroom, but in Germany it is
+eaten dried or when perfectly fresh, after cooking, and after the first
+water in which it is boiled is removed.
+
+Helvellic acid is not found in Morchella _esculenta_ (the true Morel),
+nor is it known to exist in any other species except G. _esculenta_. It
+has been stated that there is no antidote for helvellic poisoning after
+the symptoms have appeared.
+
+A specimen of Gyromitra esculenta was forwarded to me from Portland,
+Maine, by a member of a mycological club of that city, who stated that
+this mushroom was quite abundant in the early spring in the woods near
+Portland and that the plants were eaten by the members of the club,
+_care being taken to use them only when perfectly fresh_. Indigestion
+and nausea followed the eating of old specimens, but the general opinion
+was "favorable to the Gyromitra as an addition to the table." (See page
+6, part 2, of this series.)
+
+Prof. Chas. H. Peck, of Albany, while placing this mushroom in his
+edible list as one which he had repeatedly tested, advises that it
+should be eaten only when perfectly fresh, as nausea and sickness had
+been known to result from the eating of specimens which had been kept
+twenty-four hours before cooking.
+
+I forwarded a number of drawings of the American species of G.
+_esculenta_, together with a dried specimen of the same received from
+Maine, to Prof. Kobert, who identified both drawings and specimen as the
+_Gyromitra esculenta_ of Fries, synonymous with the _Helvella esculenta_
+of Persoon. Prof. Kobert also informs me that he finds the fresh G.
+_esculenta_ perfectly harmless when freed of the water of the first
+boiling. He says: "My wife and I eat it very often, when in fresh
+condition, and after the first water in which it is boiled is poured
+off." The active poisonous principle of this mushroom is the _helvellic
+acid_, which is soluble in hot water. When the mushroom is gathered
+fresh and _quickly dried_ it is then also innoxious. In this respect it
+differs from the species _A. muscaria_, in which the poisonous alkaloid
+_muscarin_ is not destroyed in the drying, but remains unchanged for
+years in the dried mushroom.
+
+The fact that there have been seemingly well-authenticated cases of
+fatal poisoning in the eating of this mushroom shows that if used at
+all it should be eaten _only when the conditions essential to safety are
+most carefully observed_, and as these mushrooms show varying qualities,
+according to local conditions of soil and climate, etc., amateurs
+finding it in localities where it has not been heretofore used should
+proceed tentatively and with much care before venturing to eat it
+freely.
+
+
+POISONOUS AND DELETERIOUS MUSHROOMS OF THE LACTAR, RUSSULA, AND BOLETUS
+GROUPS.
+
+Lactarius _torminosus_ Fries contains in its milky juice an acrid resin
+which causes inflammation of the stomach and of the alimentary canal.
+When parboiled and the first water removed, it has been eaten without
+injurious effects. Lactarius _plumbeus_ Bull., Lactarius _uvidus_ Fries,
+Lactarius _turpis_ Weinn., and Lactarius _pyrogalus_ Bull., all acrid
+mushrooms, according to Kobert, are similarly poisonous.
+
+Of the "Erdschieber" (Lactarius _vellereus_) and the "Pfefferling"
+(Lactarius piperatus Scop.) Kobert says they are eaten in parts of
+Russia and in some places in Germany, but that neither is very safe.
+
+
+There is a species of _Russula_ (R. _emetica_) very common in woods,
+easily recognized by its smooth scarlet top, white gills, and white stem
+and by its biting acridity, which, though recorded as poisonous by some
+authors, is considered edible by others. This mushroom, R. _emetica_,
+has been subjected to chemical analysis by Kobert, who finds in it
+_muscarin_, _cholin_, and _pilz-atropin_ in varying proportions. Kobert
+states that in Germany it is "_rightly_" considered poisonous, though
+eaten in Russia, and ascribes the fact that it is not deemed poisonous
+in the latter country to the manner in which it is there prepared, the
+poisonous alkaloid being in greater part eliminated by parboiling the
+mushrooms, and not merely pouring off the water, but carefully squeezing
+it out of the parboiled fungi.
+
+To the presence in this mushroom of the neutralizing alkaloid
+"pilz-atropin" in varying proportions may also be attributed in some
+measure the safety with which it has been eaten under certain
+conditions. R. foetens and other acrid Russulas, as well as Lactars,
+have been known to produce severe gastro-enteritis.
+
+Considering the foregoing, it would seem the part of prudence at least
+to avoid such of the Lactars and Russulas as have an acrid or peppery
+taste.
+
+I think it would be a wise precaution to pour off the water of the first
+boiling in the case of all mushrooms about which there is a particle of
+doubt, whether _recorded_ as poisonous or not.
+
+Lactarius _torminosus_ Fries. Cap fleshy, at first convex, then
+expanded, at length depressed in the center, slightly zoned, margin
+turned inwards, pale ochraceous yellow, with flesh-colored mottlings;
+_downy_ or _hairy_; gills whitish, changing to pinkish yellow, narrow
+and close together; stem equal, stuffed or hollow, pallid or whitish;
+milk persistently _white and acrid_. In woods and fields. Specimens have
+been collected in New York, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Virginia. Cap 3
+to 5 inches, stem 2½ to 4 inches.
+
+Lactarius _pyrogalus_. Cap fleshy, slightly zoned, _smooth_, even, and
+moist, depressed in the center, grayish, or cinereous; gills white or
+yellowish, thin, not crowded; stem short, stout, stuffed, or hollow,
+sometimes slightly attenuated towards the root, pallid; flesh white or
+whitish; milk _white_ and _extremely acrid_, copious. Borders of woods
+and meadows. This mushroom is sometimes called the "Fiery Milk
+Mushroom."
+
+Lactarius _uvidus_ Fries. Cap thin, convex, then plane, and slightly
+depressed in the center, sometimes showing slight umbo, viscid,
+_zoneless_, smooth, dingy gray or pallid brown, margin turned inwards;
+gills narrow and close together, white or yellowish, when cut or bruised
+turning a purplish hue; stem stuffed or hollow, viscid, smooth, equal or
+slightly tapering towards the cap, white; milk white, changing to lilac,
+acrid. Height 2 to 4 inches. Cap 2 to 4 inches broad. In woods.
+
+Lactarius _turpis_ Fries. Cap viscid, compact, _zoneless_, greenish
+umber, margin clothed with yellowish down; gills thin, paler than the
+cap; stem hollow or stuffed, stoutish, short, viscid, olive color,
+slightly attenuated towards the base; milk _white_, _acrid_. Fir woods.
+
+Lactarius _plumbeus_ Fries. Cap fleshy, firm, dry, somewhat hairy,
+varying in color, usually some shade of brown; gills yellowish, thin,
+and close together; stem solid, equal, lighter in color than the cap;
+flesh white; milk _white_ and _acrid_.
+
+Lactarius _vellereus_ Fries. _Fleecy Lactarius_. Cap compact, convex or
+umbilicate, zoneless, _minutely downy_; margin reflexed, gills white,
+_distant_, arcuate; stem short, solid, pubescent; milk _white_, _acrid_,
+somewhat scanty. In woods. Whole plant white.
+
+Lactarius _piperatus_ Scop. _Peppery Lactarius_. Cap fleshy, compact,
+convex and slightly umbilicate, at last deeply depressed, becoming
+funnel-formed, smooth and even; gills decurrent, very narrow, thin, even
+and close together, dichotonous, white; flesh white; milk _white_,
+_extremely acrid_, copious; stem very short, stout, solid. Whole plant
+white.
+
+Lactarius _blennius_ Fries. Cap depressed, slimy or glutinous,
+greenish-gray; margin incurved and somewhat downy. Gills narrow, white
+or whitish; stem stuffed or hollow, viscid, and of same color as the cap
+or paler; milk white and very acrid.
+
+M. C. Cooke divides the genus Lactarius into 4 "Tribes": (1) Piperites,
+in which the stem is central, gills _unchangeable_, naked, neither
+discolored nor _pruinose_, milk at first _white_ and _commonly acrid_;
+(2) Dapetes, in which the stem is central, gills naked, _milk from the
+first deeply colored_; (3) Russulares, in which the stem is central,
+gills pallid, _then discolored_, becoming darker, changing when turned
+to the light, at length _pruinose_, with milk at _first white_ and
+_mild_ and _sometimes becoming acrid_; (4) Pleuropos, in which the stem
+is concentric or lateral.
+
+To the first of these subdivisions, _Piperites_, belong all of the
+Lactars enumerated above. The Russians eat the Piperites only after the
+water of the first boiling has been taken off.
+
+Lactarius _rufus_ Scop., a very acrid species of large size, having
+reddish ochraceous gills and zoneless cap of reddish yellow with white
+milk, belongs to the subdivision Russulares. Common in fir woods.
+Dangerous.
+
+Lactarius _volemus_ Fries, a tawny yellow-capped mushroom with white
+gills changing to a yellowish hue, and copious _sweet_ white milk,
+belongs also to the latter subdivision. Edible.
+
+Russula (Fragiles) _emetica_ Fries. Cap fleshy, at first convex, then
+expanded or depressed, smooth, polished, red, margin sulcate; gills
+free, equal and broad, white; stem solid but somewhat spongy in the
+center, smooth, short, stoutish, white or stained reddish; flesh white,
+sometimes slightly tinted red, under the thin red cuticle. The cap of
+this mushroom varies from a deep rich crimson to a pale pinkish red,
+being very subject to atmospheric changes. Specimens are often found
+with the cap washed almost white after heavy rains, or with but a slight
+red spot in the center. The gills and spores are pure white, and the
+flesh peppery to the taste. If tasted when raw the juice should not be
+swallowed.
+
+The variety _Clusii_ has a blood-red cap, pallid yellowish gills,
+adnexed, becoming adnate. Spores white. In woods. Acrid. The variety
+_fallax_ is fragile, with dingy reddish pileus and adnexed, distant,
+whitish gills.
+
+Besides the above mentioned, there are other acrid Russulas and Lactars
+which are regarded with suspicion, though not as yet satisfactorily
+tested.
+
+
+POISONOUS BOLETI.
+
+Several of the Boleti have the reputation of being poisonous or
+deleterious, among them Boletus _luridus_, Boletus _Satanas_, and
+Boletus _felleus._ Kobert's analysis of B. _luridus_ shows the presence
+of the poisonous alkaloid muscarin in this mushroom, while the
+bitterness of B. _felleus_ should make one chary of eating it in
+quantity, if at all. Schmiedeberg and Koppe describe experiments made
+with Boletus Satanas, in which the symptoms experienced closely resemble
+those of muscarin poisoning.
+
+A correspondent living in Georgia, who is quite familiar with the
+species, writes that he has frequently eaten the yellow form of the
+_muscaria_, when cooked, without serious inconvenience. Another
+correspondent writes that he has eaten the species Boletus luridus and
+Boletus Satanas, as well as several other mushrooms of poisonous repute,
+with perfect impunity.
+
+Without calling in question the testimony of persons who state that they
+have with impunity eaten mushrooms generally found to be poisonous, it
+must be said that even if, through local conditions of soil or climate,
+the poisonous constituents of such mushrooms sometimes exist in
+comparatively minute proportions, or are _neutralized_ by an unusual
+proportion of _mushroom atropin_ in the plant, or eliminated by some
+process used in its preparation for the table, or, finally, if
+constitutional idiosyncrasies should enable some persons safely to eat
+what is poisonous to others, the rule that such are to be avoided should
+never be disregarded by the ordinary collector, nor should it be
+departed from even by experts, except upon the clearest evidence that in
+the given case the departure is safe. It is certainly the part of
+discretion, when in doubt, to take no risks.
+
+
+RECENT INSTANCES OF MUSHROOM POISONING.
+
+About a year ago a physician in Vineland, New Jersey, furnished the
+following in regard to his personal experience of the effects of
+mushroom poisoning: "My wife, daughter, and self selected, according to
+an article in the Encyclopedia Britannica, what we thought were a nice
+lot of mushrooms, cooked them in milk, and ate them for dinner with
+relish. In a few hours we were vomiting, laughing, and staggering about
+the house. We could not control ourselves from the elbows to the finger
+tips, nor our legs from the knee to the ends of our toes. In other
+words, we were drunk on mushrooms. The mushrooms grew within the shade
+of Norway spruce and other ornamental trees on the lawn in front of our
+house. They were pure white inside and out; smooth shiny tops that
+easily peeled off. The caps were about two or three inches in diameter,
+and had a stem of the same length. On the day before, my wife and a
+friend ate some of these mushrooms raw and experienced no bad effects.
+The next day at noon we ate them cooked in milk with a little butter,
+and they were very good. About two o'clock our food did not seem to
+digest well, and soon my daughter, sixteen years of age, vomited all her
+dinner. Then my wife began to feel the effects, and took hot water
+freely, sweet oil, currant wine, and at last an overdose of
+tartar-emetic. Of course, she was the sickest of all. I was cool and
+happy and amused at the situation, and drunk from my head down. I did
+not vomit, and my mushrooms remained with me for at least 48 hours. I
+took nothing but hot water and sweet oil. A friend of my daughter's of
+her own age partook of the mess and had not a single bad symptom."
+
+A physician from West Grove, Pennsylvania, writes: "I determined to risk
+a test of the Amanita muscaria. Accordingly, two good-sized specimens
+were steamed in butter. I ate one, and another member of my family ate
+the other, feeling that the consequences could not be serious from so
+small an amount. About an hour after eating, a sensation of nausea and
+faintness was experienced in both cases, followed by nervous tingling,
+some cold perspiration and accelerated and weakened action of the heart.
+Considerable prostration ensued within two hours. Knowing that sulphate
+of atropin has proved the most successful remedy for the active
+principle of the Fly agaric, Amanita muscaria, a small dose,
+one-sixtieth of a grain, was taken by each. Considerable relief was
+experienced within 30 minutes, and all unpleasant symptoms had
+disappeared within 6 hours, without repeating the medicine."
+
+Another case, wherein the antagonism of atropin for muscarin was
+demonstrated, was brought to our notice during the month of September of
+the past year. An entire party of people were badly poisoned by eating
+mushrooms, and, although a doctor was called in very late, most of them
+were saved by the use of sulphate of atropin.
+
+It would seem from the foregoing cases that the intensity and action of
+the mushroom poison must depend in some degree on the constitution of
+the individual, as well as on the quality and quantity of the mushrooms
+eaten. The first treatment should be to get rid of the poison
+immediately and by every possible means, so as to prevent or at least
+arrest the progress of inflammation of the alimentary canal, and at the
+same time to prevent the absorption of the poison. In a majority of
+cases the recovery of the victim depends solely upon the promptness with
+which vomiting is excited. Vertigo, convulsions, spasms, and other grave
+nervous symptoms, which ordinarily follow the cessation of the most
+important functions, yield, ordinarily, to the action of an emetic
+without the necessity of ulterior remedies, if taken in time, while the
+substance is yet in the stomach; when it has entered the lower bowels
+purgation is necessary. Sweet oil should always be taken in combination
+with castor oil, or such other purgatives as are used. Enemas of cassia,
+senna, and sulphate of magnesia have also been used with good effect.
+
+The fatal poisoning of Count Achilles de Vecchj, in November, 1897, by
+eating the Amanita muscaria, is so fresh in the public recollection, and
+the details in regard to it were so widely published through the
+newspaper press, that it is unnecessary to take up space in
+recapitulating the circumstances.
+
+The death of Chung Yu Ting, in 1894, was occasioned by eating mushrooms
+which he had collected in a patch of woods near Washington, D. C., and
+which I identified at the time as Amanita phalloides, sometimes called
+the "Death Cup." He had eaten very freely of this mushroom and died
+after great suffering, although ten hours had elapsed before the toxic
+effects began to show themselves.
+
+Since it has been shown that vinegar and the solution of common salt
+have the power to dissolve the alkaloids of the poisonous mushrooms, it
+follows that the liquor thus formed must be extremely injurious. It
+should, therefore, be obvious that vinegar and salt should not be
+introduced into the stomach after poisonous mushrooms have been eaten.
+The result would only be to hasten death. Ether and volatile alkali are
+also attended with danger. A physician should in all cases be promptly
+called, and, if muscarin poisoning is suspected, hypodermic injections
+of the sulphate of atropin, the only chemical antidote known to be
+efficacious, should be administered, the dose being from 1/180 up to
+1/35 of a grain. Small doses of atropin can also be taken internally, to
+accelerate heart action. To relieve the pains and irritation in the
+abdomen sweet oil and mucilaginous drinks should be given.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY--FUNGI.
+
+NORTH AMERICA.
+
+
+Berkeley, M. J. "Fungi of Arctic Expedition, 1875-'76." Linn. Journ.,
+xvii. 1880.
+
+---- "Decades of Fungi," viii-x, in Hook. Journ., vol. iv. London. 1845.
+
+---- "Decades of Fungi," xii-xiv. "Ohio Fungi," Hook. Journ., vol. vi.
+London. 1847.
+
+---- "Decades of Fungi," xxi-xxii. "North and South Carolina." Hook.
+Journ., vol. i. 1849.
+
+Berkeley, M. J., and Curtis, M. A. "North American Fungi" in
+_Grevillea_, vols. i-iv. London. 1871-'75.
+
+Bessey, C. E. The Erysiphei. (Monograph.) Michigan.
+
+Curtis, M. A. "Contributions to the Mycology of North America," Silliman
+Journal. 8vo. 1848.
+
+---- "Catalogue of the Plants of North Carolina." 8vo. Raleigh. 1867.
+
+Cooke, M. C. "Fungi of Texas." Linn. Journ., vol. xvii.
+
+---- and Ellis, J. B. "New Jersey Fungi," in _Grevillea_. 1878-'80.
+
+Ellis, J. B. "Canadian Fungi." Journ. Mycol., vol. 1. Manhattan. 1885.
+
+Farlow, W. G. List of Fungi found in the vicinity of Boston. _Bulletin
+of the Bussey Inst_., vol. 1.
+
+Gibson, Hamilton Wm. Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms. Harper Bros.,
+New York.
+
+Harkness, H. W. Pacific Coast Fungi, i, iv. San Francisco. 1885-'87.
+
+Peck, C. H. Reports of the New York Museum of Natural History. Albany.
+1872-'97. Albany, N. Y.
+
+Ravenel. "Fungi Carolinia," Fasc.: v. 90.
+
+Schweinitz, L. de _Synopsis fungorum_ in _Amer. boreali media
+degentium_. 4to. Philadelphia. 1831.
+
+Taylor, Thomas. _Mildew of the Native Grape Vine_. _Peronospora
+viticola_.
+
+---- _Erysiphei of the European Grape Vine_.
+
+---- _Fungoid Diseases of the Peach Tree_.
+
+---- _Mildew of the Lilac_. Illustrated. An. Report of the U. S. Dept.
+of Agriculture, 1871, pages 110 to 122, inclusive.
+
+---- _Black-knot on Plum and Cherry Trees_. Illustrated.
+
+---- _Blight and Rot of the Potato_, "_Peronospora infestans_."
+Illustrated.
+
+---- _Blight and Smut in Onions_. Illustrated. An. Report of the U. S.
+Dept. of Agriculture, 1872, pages 175 to 198, inclusive.
+
+---- _Potato Blight and Rot_. Pages 118 to 123 and 251-253.
+
+---- _New Fungus of the Hawthorn_. _Roestelia aurantiaca_. Pages
+431-433. Illustrated.
+
+---- _Rust of the Orange_. Pages 588-594. An. Report of Dept. of
+Agriculture, 1873.
+
+Taylor, Thomas. _Fungoid Disease of the Cherry._ Page 173.
+
+---- _Grape-vine Disease._ Page 175.
+
+---- Cranberry Scald and Rot. Page 171. Illustrated. An. Report of Dept.
+of Agriculture, 1874.
+
+---- _Fungoid Diseases of the Cranberry._ Page 206.
+
+---- _Fungoid Diseases of the Plum and Cherry Trees._ Pages 119 and 413.
+An. Report Dept. of Agriculture, 1877.
+
+---- Food Product Reports, Mushrooms, Edible and Poisonous. Annual
+Reports of U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1885-1895.
+
+---- Student's Handbook of Mushrooms of America, Edible and Poisonous.
+
+Watt, D. A. P. Provisional Catalogue of Canadian Cryptogams.
+
+Bulletins of the Boston, New York, and Philadelphia Mycological
+Societies. Published in Boston, Mass., New York, N. Y., and
+Philadelphia, Penn., respectively.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+TOXICOLOGY OF MUSHROOMS.
+
+
+Boudier, Emile. _Gazette des hop._ Paris. 1846.
+
+---- Mushrooms Toxicologically Considered. Paris. 1869.
+
+T. Husemann und A. Husemann. "Handb. der Toxicologie." Berlin. 1862.
+
+Letellier and Speneux. "Experiences nouvelles sur les Champignons
+vénenéux etc." Paris. 1866.
+
+McIlvaine, Chas. Article on Amanita poisonings, Therapeutic Mag.
+Philadelphia, 1893.
+
+Schmiedeberg and Koppe. "Das Muscarin Das Giftige Alkaloid des
+Fliegenpilzes." Leipzig. Verlag von F. C. W. Vogel. 1869.
+
+Kobert, Rudolph. "Sitzungsberichte der Naturforscher-Gesellschafft."
+Dorpat, Russia. 1891-'92.
+
+---- Lehrbuch der Intoxication. Stuttgard, Germany.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+No. 1.
+
+  Plate A.       Agaricus (Psalliota) campester. Edible.
+  Plate B.       Types of the Six Orders of Hymenomycetes.
+  Plate I.       Russula virescens Fries. Edible.
+  Plate II.      Coprinus comatus Fries. Edible.
+  Plate III.     Marasmius oreades Fries. Edible.
+
+
+No. 2.
+
+  Plate C.       Types of four of the leading genera of Discomycetes, in
+                   which occur edible species.
+  Plate D.       Four types of the genus Morchella. Edible.
+  Plate IV.      Outline sketches showing structure of the Agaricini.
+  Plate V.       Lactarius deliciosus Fries. Edible.
+  Plate VI.      Agaricus (Armillaria) melleus Vahl. Edible.
+  Plate VII.     Cantharellus cibarius Fries. Edible.
+
+
+No. 3.
+
+  Plate E.       Outline sketches of various mushrooms.
+  Plate F.       Outline sketches showing characteristics of the lamellæ or
+                   gills of mushrooms.
+  Plate VIII.    Ag. (Hypholoma) sublateritius Fries. Edible.
+  Plate IX.      Ag. (Hypholoma) incertus (Hypholoma incertum) Peck. Edible.
+  Plate X.       Fistulina hepatica Bull. Edible.
+
+
+No. 4.
+
+  Plate G.       Six types of the Puff-Ball Group. Edible.
+  Plate H.       Two types of the subdivision Phalloideæ. Unwholesome.
+  Plate XI.      Ag. (Lepiota) procerus Fries. (Lepiota procera.) Edible.
+  Plate XI.      Ag. (Lepiota) naucinoides Peck. Edible.
+  Plate XI½.     Ag. (Lepiota) cepæstipes--var. cretaceus Peck (Lepiota
+                   cretacea). Edible.
+  Plate XII.     Cortinarius (Inoloma) violaceus. Linn.
+  Plate XII.     Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) cærulescens Fries.
+  Plate XIII.    Figs. 1 to 3, Ag. (Collybia fusipes) Bull. Edible.
+  Plate XIII.    Figs. 4 to 6, Ag. (Collybia maculatus) A. & S. (Collybia
+                   maculata). (After Cooke.) Edible.
+  Plate XIII.    Figs. 7 to 9, Ag. (Collybia) velutipes Curt. (After Cooke.)
+
+
+No. 5.
+
+  Plate J.       Ag. (Pleurotus) ostreatus Jacq. Edible.
+  Plate XIV.     Figs. 1 to 4, Ag. (Amanita) Cæsareus Scop. (Amanita
+                   Cæsarea). Edible.
+  Plate XIV.     Figs. 5 to 9, Ag. (Amanita) rubescens Pers. Edible.
+  Plate XIV½.    Ag. (Amanita) strobiliformis Vitt. Edible.
+  Plate XV.      Figs. 1 to 7, Ag. (Amanita) muscarius Linn. (Amanita
+                   muscaria). Poisonous.
+  Plate XV.      Fig. 8, Ag. (Amanita) phalloides Fries. Poisonous.
+  Plate XV.      Fig. 9, Ag. (Amanita) mappa Batsch. Poisonous.
+
+
+
+
+CORRECTION OF PLATES.
+
+
+PART 1.
+
+  Plate B.       Fig. 4 should read Fig. 5, Fig. 5 should read Fig. 4.
+
+
+PART 2.
+
+  Plate D.       Fig. 3, the exposed inner surface of the cap, should be
+                   _smooth_, not _ridged_, as the straight lines in the
+                   engraving might suggest.
+  Plate V.       For Lactarious read Lactarius.
+
+
+PART 3.
+
+  Plate VIII.    The red on the upper surface of the cap is too bright in
+                   tint. It should be a dull brick-red.
+  Plate IX.      Fig. 6. The spores should be a deeper tint or brownish
+                   purple.
+
+    The spores as delineated on the plates represent a magnification of
+    from 400 to 500 diameters.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes.
+
+To avoid confusion, corrections noted above were not made to the plates
+or their captions.
+
+"Membranaceous," "membraneous" and "membranous" all appear multiple
+times; I left them as is. Similarly for "Hynesboro" and "Hynesbury,"
+"sebaceus" and "sebæceus," "subglobose" and "sub-globose," "center" and
+"centre," "net-work" and "network."
+
+Both "Huseman" and "Husemann" appear; perhaps they refer to the same
+person, but I couldn't be sure, so I left them as is.
+
+There is little consistency about when names are italicized or placed in
+quotes. Except where noted below, I left them as typeset in the
+original.
+
+Changed "filamentose" to "filamentous" on page 7 of part 1: "filamentous
+network."
+
+Changed "sub generas" to "subgenera" on page 9 of part 1: "of the
+subgenera."
+
+Changed "Pratelæ" to "Pratellæ" on page 11 of part 1, in Dr. M. C.
+Cooke's subdivisions.
+
+Changed "puffball" to "puff-ball" on page 13 of part 1: "and the
+puff-ball."
+
+Changed "II" to "I" on page 17 of part 1 to match the illustrations:
+"illustrated in Plate I."
+
+Changed "mycophogists" to "mycophagists" on page 18 of part 1: "with
+most mycophagists."
+
+Changed "micaceous" to "micaceus" on page 19 of part 1: "Coprinus
+micaceus."
+
+Changed "plain" to "plane" on page 20 of part 1: "then nearly plane."
+
+Changed "parsely" to "parsley" on page 22 of part 1: "with parsley
+chopped."
+
+Changed "channeled" to "channelled" on page 23 of part 1:
+"_Canaliculate_, channelled."
+
+Changed "Channeled" to "Channelled" on page 23 of part 1: "_Channelled_,
+hollowed out like a gutter."
+
+Changed "clustured" to "clustered" on page 24 of part 1: "little
+clustered grains."
+
+Changed "charactertistics" to "characteristics" on page 3 of part 2:
+"the distinguishing characteristics."
+
+Changed "mushroon" to "mushroom" on page 5 of part 2: "common field
+mushroom."
+
+Changed "paraphesis" to "paraphyses" on page 7 of part 2: "spore sack
+and paraphyses."
+
+Changed "Saac." to "Sacc." on page 8 of part 2: "Mitrula vitellina
+Sacc."
+
+Changed "tetrasporus" to "tetrasporous" on page 9 of part 2: "being
+entirely tetrasporous."
+
+Changed "agaricus" to "Agaricus" on page 16 of part 2: "Agaricus
+arvensis."
+
+Changed "mid-western" to "midwestern" on page 17 of part 2:
+"and midwestern States."
+
+The arithmetic doesn't work out right for the third house of the
+Pennsylvania grower on page 17 of part 2. Perhaps it produced 28,000
+pounds rather than 2,800. However, I left it as it was.
+
+Removed duplicate word "the" on page 20 of part 2: "add to the manure."
+
+Changed "surfare" to "surface" on page 20 of part 2: "surface be too
+dry."
+
+Changed "POLYPOROUS" to "POLYPORUS" on page 24 of part 2.
+
+Changed "deletereous" to "deleterious" on page 3 of part 3: "classed as
+deleterious."
+
+Changed "yellew" to "yellow" on page 4 of part 3: "never yellow."
+
+Changed "flexuous" to "flexuose" on page 4 of part 3: "thin, flexuose."
+
+The Analytic Table starting on Page 6 of part 3 was changed to use
+numeric codes to identify the branches in the tree rather than the special
+characters, for clarity and elimination of non-Latin-1 characters.
+
+"Massée" appeared on pages 5, 10 and 20 of part 3; they were all changed
+to "Massee."
+
+Changed "Psilosybe" to "Psilocybe" in the table on page 7 of part 3.
+
+Changed "fibres" to "fibers" on page 8 of part 3: "with minute fibers."
+
+Changed "Rhodosporhii" to "Rhodosporii" on page 9 of part 3: "section
+Rhodosporii."
+
+"Pleurotos" appeared on pages 9 and 16 of part 3 and page 3 of part 5;
+they were all changed to "Pleurotus" for consistency.
+
+Changed "epyphytal" to "epiphytal" on page 13 of part 3: "epiphytal,
+often stemless."
+
+Changed "Mushroooms" to "Mushrooms" on page 14 of part 3: "Mushrooms
+with Bacon."
+
+Changed "importatnt" to "important" on page 15 of part 3: "an important
+part."
+
+Changed "Hymenomycetefs" to "Hymenomycetes" on page 16 of part 3: "the
+genera of Hymenomycetes."
+
+Both "Gloeoporus" and "Gloeporus" appear. I left both spellings,
+since I couldn't determine the author's intention.
+
+Changed "Basidyomycetes" to "Basidiomycetes" on page 18 of part 3:
+"Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes."
+
+Changed "myceluim" to "mycelium" on page 18 of part 3: "directly on the
+mycelium."
+
+Changed "Dacyromycetes" to "Dacryomycetes" on page 19 of part 3: "(1)
+Dacryomycetes."
+
+Some text was dropped on page 19 of part 3. I inserted an ellipsis as a
+place-holder: "without asci, ... sporules or stylospores."
+
+Moved semi-colon inside quote three times on page 20 of part 3, for
+grammatical consistency: 'or "rotting moulds;" the Cystopi, or "white
+rusts;" the Saprolegniaceæ, or "fish moulds;".'
+
+Changed "Entomothoraceæ" to "Entomophthoraceæ" on page 20 of part 3.
+
+Changed "Uutersuch." to "Untersuch." on page 21 of part 3: "Bot.
+Untersuch."
+
+Changed "Mongraphie" to "Monographie" on page 21 of part 3: "Monographie
+des Saprolegniées."
+
+Changed "spois" to "spores" on page 23 of part 3, in the entry for
+tetraspore.
+
+Changed "perethecia" to "perithecia" twice on page 23 of part 3:
+"enclosed in perithecia" and "fungi without perithecia."
+
+Changed "Hyphomecetea" to "Hyphomyceteæ" on page 23 of part 3: "such as
+the Hyphomyceteæ."
+
+Changed "rotton" to "rotten" on page 4 of part 4: "rotten wood or
+sticks."
+
+Changed "Puff Ball" to "Puff-Ball" in caption to Plate G.
+
+Changed "globuse" to "globose" on page 6 of part 4: "sometimes nearly
+globose."
+
+Changed "fetid" to "foetid" on page 9 of part 4, for consistency:
+"their foetid odor." Also in the caption to Plate H.
+
+Changed "disc" to "disk" on page 9 of part 4: "the disk is stellate."
+
+Changed "Phalloideae" to "Phalloideæ" in the caption to Plate H.
+
+Changed "Lycoperadaceæ" to "Lycoperdaceæ" on page 12 of part 4:
+"III.--Lycoperdaceæ."
+
+Italicized "Lepiota" on page 13 of part 4, for consistency: "_Subgenus
+Lepiota_ Fries."
+
+Changed "cepaestipes" to "cepæstipes" in the caption to Plate XI½:
+"Agaricus (Lepiota) cepæstipes."
+
+Changed "coerulescems" to "cærulescens" in the caption to Plate XII.
+
+Removed italics from "Scop." on page 23 of part 4: "Clitocybe _laccata_
+Scop."
+
+Changed "satanus" to "Satanus" on page 24 of part 4: "Boletus _Satanus_
+Lenz."
+
+Changed "Beef-steak" to "Beefsteak" on page 24 of part 4: "Beefsteak
+Fungus."
+
+One of the plates was labeled with script letter I, to differentiate it
+from Roman numeral I. I changed script letter I to upper case letter J.
+
+Changed "Caesareus" and "Caesarea" to "Cæsareus" and "Cæsarea",
+respectively, in the caption to Plate XIV: "Ag. (Amanita) Cæsareus,
+Scop. (Amanita Cæsarea)."
+
+Removed italics from "Roze" on page 9 of part 5, twice: "Subgenus
+_Amanitopsis_ Roze", "Amanitopsis _vaginata_ Roze."
+
+Changed "mappá" to "mappa" in caption to Plate XV: "Ag. (Amanita) mappa
+Batsch."
+
+The footnote on page 12 of part 5 had no anchor in the text. I attached
+it where I thought it made the most sense.
+
+Changed "Washington, D. D." to "Washington, D. C." on page 21 of part 5.
+
+Removed italics from "Linn." on page 22 of part 5: "Linn. Journ."
+
+Italicized "Grevillea" on page 22 of part 5: '"North American Fungi" in
+_Grevillea_.'
+
+Added closing quote on page 23 of part 5 to Bibliography entry for
+Letellier.
+
+Changed "Psaliota" to "Psalliota" on page 23 of part 5: "Agaricus
+(Psalliota) campester."
+
+Plate XVI is omitted from the index to illustrations; since I wasn't
+sure how the author would have wanted to describe it, I left it out.
+
+For the Latin-1 version, I replaced the oe-ligature with the two
+separate characters: "oe."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Student's Hand-book of Mushrooms of
+America, Edible and Poisonous, by Thomas Taylor
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MUSHROOMS ***
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