diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 19:58:39 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 19:58:39 -0700 |
| commit | ef86fd2c93812edf8afde02421a46ce1843b474e (patch) | |
| tree | ff494c510512a4e2861f18abe9ef2ad8e52c8ee9 | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 1364254 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/32995-h.htm | 1733 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/front.gif | bin | 0 -> 79140 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/front2.gif | bin | 0 -> 2926 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/front3.gif | bin | 0 -> 3044 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/i006.gif | bin | 0 -> 159256 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/i007.gif | bin | 0 -> 4723 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/i015a.gif | bin | 0 -> 153203 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/i015b.gif | bin | 0 -> 195173 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/i020a.gif | bin | 0 -> 117149 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/i020b.gif | bin | 0 -> 192462 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/i028a.gif | bin | 0 -> 148933 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/i028b.gif | bin | 0 -> 132767 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/i034.gif | bin | 0 -> 187260 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995-h/images/i049.gif | bin | 0 -> 5467 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995.txt | 1306 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32995.zip | bin | 0 -> 28579 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
20 files changed, 3055 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/32995-h.zip b/32995-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bafc9b --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h.zip diff --git a/32995-h/32995-h.htm b/32995-h/32995-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb81fad --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/32995-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1733 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Our Caughnawagas in Egypt, by Louis Jackson. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +td.rn {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.bbox {border: solid 2px; } + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +div.centered {text-align:center;} +div.centered table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:left;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.figboxed { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + padding: 10px 10px 10px 10px; + border: 4px double; +} + +.tranotes { + border: solid 1px #8b4513; + font-size: smaller; + width: 65%; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + padding-left: 1em; + padding-right: 1em; + background: #fbf5e6; +} + + </style> + </head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Our Caughnawagas in Egypt, by Louis Jackson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Our Caughnawagas in Egypt + a narrative of what was seen and accomplished by the + contingent of North American Indian voyageurs who led the + British boat Expedition for the Relief of Khartoum up the + Cataracts of the Nile. + +Author: Louis Jackson + +Commentator: T. S. Brown + +Release Date: June 27, 2010 [EBook #32995] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR CAUGHNAWAGAS IN EGYPT *** + + + + +Produced by Peter Vickers and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img class="figboxed" src="images/front.gif" width="400" height="684" alt="OUR CAUGHNAWAGAS IN EGYPT." title="OUR CAUGHNAWAGAS IN EGYPT." /> +</div> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> +<img src="images/front2.gif" width="150" height="29" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="center"> +Entered according to Act of Parliament, in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-five<br /> +<span class="smcap">By</span> LOUIS JACKSON,<br /> +in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture and Statistics at Ottawa.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> +<img src="images/front3.gif" width="150" height="31" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="i006" id="i006"></a> +<img src="images/i006.gif" width="400" height="494" alt="LOUIS JACKSON, Captain of the Contingent." title="LOUIS JACKSON, Captain of the Contingent." /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> + +<h1>OUR CAUGHNAWAGAS</h1> + +<h2>IN EGYPT:</h2> + +<p class="center">A Narrative of what was seen and accomplished by the<br /> +Contingent of North American Indian Voyageurs who<br /> +led the British Boat Expedition for the Relief of<br /> +Khartoum up the Cataracts of the Nile.<br /></p> + +<p class="center">By LOUIS JACKSON, of Caughnawaga,<br /> +Captain of the Contingent.<br /></p> + +<p class="center">With an introductory preface by T. S. Brown.<br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/i007.gif" width="200" height="54" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="center">Montreal:<br /> +W. DRYSDALE & CO.,<br /> +PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS,<br /> +<span class="smcap">232 St. James Street</span>.</p> + +<hr style="width: 5%;" /> +<p class="center">1885.</p> +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="75%" cellspacing="5" summary="ILLUSTRATIONS"> +<tr> +<td class="center" colspan="2"><h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#i006">LOUIS JACKSON. Captain of the Contingent</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#i015a">THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#i015b">THE GREAT SPHINX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#i020a">A DAHABEAH</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#i020b">RAISING WATER ON THE NILE</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#i028a">BOAT FOR THE NILE EXPEDITION UNDER SAIL</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#i028b">BOAT FOR THE NILE SHOWING AWNING</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#i034">CATARACT OF AMBIGOL</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + +<p>The Indians of Caughnawaga are an offshoot from the Mohawks, +one of the divisions of the Six Nations, formerly in pseudo occupation +of western New York, and known to the French by the +general name of Iroquois. Long before the cession of this Province +to Great Britain, they were settled at the head of the rapids of the +St. Lawrence opposite Lachine, on a tract of land ten miles square, +or 64,000 acres held in common, but lately separated into lots to be +divided among the people as individual property.</p> + +<p>Contrary to what has been the too common fate of aborigines +brought into close contact with foreigners, the Caughnawagas, with +some mixture of white blood, have maintained throughout, their +Indian customs, manners and language, with the manhood of their +ancestors, in an alertness, strength and power of endurance where-ever +these qualities have been required: in the boating or rafting +on our larger rivers and the hardships of <i>Voyageurs</i> in the North-West.</p> + +<p>As a high tribute to this known excellence, the call for Canadian +<i>Voyageurs</i> to assist in the boat navigation of the Nile was accompanied +by a special requirement that there should be a contingent of +fifty Caughnawagas. They responded quickly to the call, performed +the task committed to them in a manner most satisfactory as described +in these pages, and returned to their homes at the end of six +months, after a voyage of more than 12,000 miles, sound and resolute +as when they started, with the loss of but two men.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> + +<p>There is something unique in the idea of the aborigines of the +New World being sent for to teach the Egyptians how to pass the +Cataracts of the Nile, which has been navigated in some way by +them for thousands of years, that should make this little book +attractive to all readers, especially as it is written by one born and +bred in Caughnawaga, who, with the quick eye of an Indian, has +noticed many things unnoticed by ordinary tourists and travellers.</p> + +<p>It is written in a most excellent spirit that might wisely be imitated +by other travellers. The writer finds no faults, blames nobody, and +always content, is generous in his acknowledgments for every act of +kindness and proper consideration shown to him and his party, by +Her Majesty's Officers of all ranks in command of the expedition. +It was written off-hand and goes forth to the public as it came +from the pen of the writer, to be judged in its style and the matter +contained, by no standard but its own.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Montreal</span>, April, 1885.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 95%;" /> + +<h2>OUR CAUGHNAWAGAS IN EGYPT.</h2> + +<p>When it was made known by Lord Melgund in the +early part of September, 1884, that it was the express +desire of General Lord Wolseley to have Caughnawaga +Indians form part of the Canadian Contingent, +the required number was soon obtained, in spite of +discouraging talk and groundless fears. Having been +introduced to Lord Melgund, I agreed to go and look +after the Caughnawaga boys, although then busily +engaged in securing my crops. I, with a number of +others reached the "Ocean King" at Quebec, +having been left behind in Montreal through incorrect +information given me by one of the ship's officers as +to the time of sailing. We received the farewell of +the Governor General on board the "Ocean King," +and His Excellency's very kind words had an especially +encouraging effect upon my boys.</p> + +<p>On reaching Sidney, C. B., and while taking in +coal, some funny tricks were played by voyageurs +which I must not omit. To get ashore in spite of the +officers who kept watch on the wharf, some daring +fellows jumped from the vessel's rigging into the +empty coal cars returning to the wharf, coming back +in the dark and the vessel being a few feet off the +wharf, the men had to climb aboard by a rope. Now +it happened, that of two friends, one was able to get +up, the other was not, neither could his friend help +him, they however, contrived a plan, which they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +carried out to perfection. The one on the wharf laid +quietly down, while his friend climbed aboard and +there informed our officers that a man had hurt himself +by falling off the coal shoot, immediately there +was great alarm, lamps were hung over the side and +the man discovered by his clothes to be one of the +voyageurs, a plank was shoved out over the ship's +rail, standing nearly upright and a line hove, (some +suggested to put the line around his neck.) However, +he was hoisted aboard and carried towards the cabin. +While being carried, the apparently lifeless one was +seen to open his eyes three or four times, but too +many hands evidently had hold of him and so he was +brought before the doctor, who eagerly examined +him, but soon pronounced him dead, "dead drunk" and +ordered him to be taken to his bunk, where he soon +sat up laughing and feeling good, to escape so easily.</p> + +<p>On arriving in Alexandria, after a fine passage and +good treatment we saw our boats, which at the first +sight and from a distance, were condemned by the +boys, but later experience changed our first impression.</p> + +<p>We left the wharf at Alexandria on the 8th of October, +at 11 a. m. by train. The first-class carriages +were after the English style, but the troop cars in +which we were transported were less comfortable, +they had four benches placed fore and aft, two in the +centre back to back and one on each side with back to +outside, lacking the usual conveniences of our Canadian +cars. The sides of the car were about four feet +high, then open to the roof. We were fifty-six +in a car which made it uncomfortably crowded. +After leaving Alexandria I was surprised to see<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +people standing up to their necks in the swamps, +cutting some kind of grass. I saw also cattle lying perfectly +still in the water with just their heads out. +This sight scared my boys as to what the heat would +be further south. Beyond the swamps on the east +side of the road I saw nice gardens, and, what was +still more interesting, groves of palm trees with fruit. +After two hours' ride we reached the desert, where +nothing but sand was to be seen. The whistle went +all the time to warn camel drivers, who also use the +roadbed, and I did not see any other road for them to +travel. Another curiosity was the protective fencing +for the road, made of cornstalks to keep back the sand, +as we make board fences against the snow. At all +the stations, which were far apart, all hands rushed +out for a drink of water. We did not meet many +trains. During the afternoon we came close to the +Nile, which there appeared to be about the same +width as the St. Lawrence opposite Caughnawaga. +We soon reached a regular Egyptian settlement, with +people living in small mud huts, and with chickens, +goats, sheep and dogs coming out with the children. +The ground appeared to be clay and in the road every +three or four feet there was a rat hole and rats dodging +in all directions. I saw more rats at a glance than +I had ever seen before in all my life. We also saw +some ship yards with some boats on the stocks and +some on the mud. The boats were about twenty feet +long, and one afloat appeared to be wood to within +about four inches above water with gunwales of mud +and a peculiar sail.</p> + +<p>The gunwales were three or four feet high and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +five or six inches thick. They appeared to be baked +hard by the sun, and were water proof, as I afterwards +saw several of them loaded so heavily that a great +part of the mud gunwales were under water. I suppose +mud is used in preference to wood, because wood +is very scarce in Egypt and mud is very plentiful. +They make the most of the mud which the Nile +brings down in such quantities every year. They +build houses with it as well as boats and it is this +mud which manures and fertilizes the whole land of +Egypt.</p> + +<p>We soon sighted the pyramids and came to Bulac +Station three miles from Cairo at 7 o'clock. It being +dark, supper was served which we took into the cars, +it consisted of canned meat, bread and tea. We left at +eight for Assiout. The sand became very troublesome +entering the open cars and I concluded as we +were travelling through the night to give my eyes a +rest and went to sleep sitting up. Next morning at +eight o'clock we reached Assiout about 240 miles +from Alexandria, there we saw some Nubian prisoners, +black, ugly and desperate looking fellows chained +together with large rusty chains round their necks. +They were sitting on the ground. We were marched +about a quarter of a mile to the river, where there +were fleets of steamers and barges, one fleet waiting +for us. We were marched on board two barges tied +together and after washing about half an inch of mud +off our faces with Nile river water, went to breakfast +prepared by our own cooks who had left Alexandria +twelve hours in advance. After breakfast I went +ashore, I noticed in one little mud hut, goats, sheep,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +dogs and children on the ground and there were flies +in the children's faces and eyes beyond description. I +got my first near view of a date tree here with its +rough bark which I cut with my knife.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i015a" id="i015a"></a> +<img class="bbox" src="images/i015a.gif" width="500" height="296" alt="THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH." title="THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH." /> +<span class="caption">THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH.</span> +</div> +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a name="i015b" id="i015b"></a> +<img class="bbox" src="images/i015b.gif" width="400" height="408" alt="THE GREAT SPHINX." title="THE GREAT SPHINX." /> +<span class="caption">THE GREAT SPHINX.</span> +</div> + +<p>The next sight was a ship yard where four or five +whip saws were kept going; their whip saw is rigged +like a bucksaw only the saw instead of the stick, is +in the centre. There is a stick on each side of the +saw and a string outside each stick. They had to +back the saw the whole length of the wood to get it +out. Messrs. Cook and Son the great tourist agents +had just commenced to build a large hotel, which +when returning home I found already finished. I +noticed a sign over a mud house door "Egyptian +Bank." A track runs from the depot straight down +to the river and there were a number of flat cars +loaded with boats, of which I took a nearer look, I also +saw oars and poles. I was well pleased with all and +at the same time made up my mind, that we had +carried paddles across the ocean for very little use. I +asked permission to go and see the catacombs, but was +told that we must get under way. I received for my +men cooking utensils, such as kettles, tin-plates, knives, +forks and spoons, for the whole campaign, which I +delivered up again, when returning. We started at +11 a. m., the fleet consisting of two barges side by side +in tow of a side-wheel steamer. At the stern of each +barge a trough, built of mud bricks, formed the cooking +range, and it amused me to see that they had put +on about half a cord of wood for cooking purposes, to +last during the trip to Assouan, (twelve days) and this +at once impressed me with the difference between the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +value of fuel in this country and in our own. There +were thirteen gangs with their foremen on the barges +and three gangs with foremen on the steamer. We +found the Nile river water of good taste but muddy +and we generally left it standing for an hour to settle. +A funny sight was presented by a cow and a small +camel harnessed to a plough. A stick crooked suitably +by nature was laid over both necks and tied round +each and a native rope was run from the yoke +to a stick, also crooked to suit the purpose by nature, +used as plough, scratching about two inches deep and +three inches wide, at a speed as I judged of one acre +per week. Another unusual thing was to see the +crops in several stages of growth at the same time in +adjoining patches, from sowing to quarter grown, half +grown and ripe crops. This is one of the consequences +of the Nubians depending upon the overflow of +the Nile to fertilize their soil. Directly the river +begins to fall they commence to sow their seed in the +mud, it leaves behind, and as the water recedes they +follow it up with the sowing. The crop farthest from +the river of course gets the start.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i020a" id="i020a"></a> +<img class="bbox" src="images/i020a.gif" width="500" height="311" alt="A DAHABEAH." title="A DAHABEAH." /> +<span class="caption">A DAHABEAH.</span> +</div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i020b" id="i020b"></a> +<img class="bbox" src="images/i020b.gif" width="500" height="446" alt="RAISING WATER ON THE NILE." title="RAISING WATER ON THE NILE." /> +<span class="caption">RAISING WATER ON THE NILE.</span> +</div> + +<p>The next novel sight was the irrigation of the +fields. To lift the water from the river, a frame is +made by putting some cornstalks into the ground and +putting clay round them to make posts, which are +placed about six feet apart; the posts support a small +stick, across which is laid a crooked pole, with about +a dozen bends in it, that balances a mud basket on +one end against a leather bucket on the other. The +bucket holds about as much as our common well bucket, +a man is continually filling from the river and emptying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +into a mud spout between the posts. The water +is led off in a small mud conduit over the farm which +is divided into sections, when one section is filled +with water the stream is turned into another one. +These waterworks are kept going day and night. Once +in a while one may see cattle power used for irrigation +of the following old fashioned kind, the yoke is +hitched to a primative cog-wheel of about twelve feet +in diameter, which works into a smaller wheel placed +underneath it, the cattle walking over a bridge. The +cogs are simply pins driven into the outside of each +wheel. The shaft of the smaller wheel runs out over +a ditch cut from the river and carries a large reel +about eighteen feet in diameter over which two native +ropes are laid to which are attached about forty earthen +jars. The cattle here are about the same size as +ours, but they have a lump on their back and their +horns run straight back. The colour of most of these +cattle is blueish. Where the fertile strip of land +is wide, canals are dug in curves to bring +the water back near, to the sand mountains. The +cattle feed along the river bank, which is left uncultivated +for about twenty feet from the water, and I +have seen a number of them of all kinds, feeding on +this poor strip and never touch the rich crops alongside, +although left to themselves and I was told that +they were taught that way. The sheep look +like dogs dragging long tails on the ground and the +dogs look much like the Esquimaux dogs I have seen +in Manitoba.</p> + +<p>After seven or eight days travel we left the sand +mountains and began to see rock on both sides, more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +particularly on the east bank the rock looked to me +like plaster of Paris. The natives quarried it and +loaded it into small dibeers. "Dibeers" are sailing +crafts with a small cabin aft, whilst, "Nuggars" are +plain barges, with a very peculiar sail, the boom of +which is rolled into the sail by way of furling the latter. +I heard one blast go off and this being Sunday, +the 19th October, I made up my mind that the people +here have no Sundays. We passed some ruins on both +shores, some appeared to be cut into the solid rock, +which here is of a brownish colour. I could not tell +what kind of rock but the courses varied from four to +twenty feet as seen between the temples and they +laid very even. The perpendicular seams were perfectly +straight. The temples all faced the river. We +also passed some immense figures, some standing, some +sitting on chairs, some looking towards the river, +some showing their profile, the highest of these I +judged to be 60 feet high. It was a pity that we +could not get the slightest information from the +Egyptian crew with us, who seemed very averse to +us, so much so, that I could not even learn their names +far less any of their language. About this time some +of the boys gave out that we would be shown the +exact spot, where Moses was picked up, but nobody +knew exactly. Our fleet did not run at nights, and it +always happened that we halted in some uninhabited +place, where nothing could be learned. Some of the +cities we passed presented a beautiful appearance +from the distance, temples, high towers and so forth +all looking very white, some mud houses were two +or three stories high and of blue mud color.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<p>At one place, the only one point where we stopped in +the day time, I went ashore to see what was called a +sacred tree. A young Christian Egyptian of about +sixteen years, whose acquaintance I made here told me +that the sacred tree had great healing power, and sick +people would come and ask its help, and when cured +would drive a nail into the tree as a memorial. The +tree showed a great number of nails of all patterns, +and it must not be forgotten that nails here are even +scarcer than money. It is a live tree and nothing nice +to look at, it rises from the ground about four feet +straight and then lays over horizontally for about +thirty feet, after which it turns up and throws out +branches. The trunk is about one foot through and +the bark is similar to that of our large thorn tree. +Returning to the fleet I saw a young man lying in the +dust on the side of the road, with his mouth open, his +tongue out and his eyes, in fact his whole face a mass +of flies, a horrible sight. A little girl bent over him, +pointed to the sick and looked at me. My young +Christian bade me come away saying it was a case of +leprosy. My friend showed me a mosque and a bazaar. +Coming out of the bazaar I noticed three men acting +very queerly, walking around in front of a mud hut, +talking dolefully or murmuring and constantly looking +to the ground, and was told that there was a death in +the family. My guide saw me back to the fleet and +on the road asked me for a book, and I gave him one. +His people lived in the place. The fertile strips along +the river here are much narrower than in Lower Egypt, +sometimes one-eighth of a mile wide sometimes only +about two hundred feet, but to judge from the crops<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +as well as the cattle and the food the latter find, the +soil must be better.</p> + +<p>I should say the river is from a third of a mile to +half a mile wide on the average from Assiout to Assouan, +and very shallow, as the steamer, which drew +about five feet of water, got aground often. We +reached Assouan at 10 a. m. on the 21st, not without +regret at having had to pass such famous places as +Thebes and Luxor. We camped quite close to Thebes +and there were guides waiting with candles to +show us over the place but we had no time to spare +and so were not permitted to wander about.</p> + +<p>We landed two miles below the city at Assouan the +lower end of the track of the seven mile railway to +Shellal passing behind Assouan. This railway is built +to portage over the first cataract. Opposite Assouan, +we passed the camp of the Black Watch. At Shellal, +a steamer with forty whalers in tow received us and +started at once towards Wady Halfa. We camped +two or three miles above Shellal and were therefore +deprived of any sight of the first cataract. Our fifty-six +Caughnawaga Indians were given eight boats, +which were towed four abreast and ten long, this was +the first time we got into the boats. We soon made +use of the awning provided for each. The country +along the river here is all rock and as I was told, back +of the rock all sand. Doctor Neilson informed me +that we were now about crossing into the tropics. +The natives here are considerably darker than the +Egyptians and better built men. They were dressed +similarly to the Egyptians. A navy pinnace overhauled +us here bringing Abbe Bouchard who had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +stayed behind in Cairo. We went a good distance +before we again met cultivated land and then only in +strips, some of which were not twenty feet wide and +they were utilized every inch. The natives follow +the falling river with cultivation, as I discovered when +coming back a little over three months afterwards, +when I found crops of beans from one inch to a foot +long, growing where there had been water. We +passed miles of barren rock and then again narrow +strips and altogether the country was poorer +than Upper Egypt. Occasionally we would see a +few date trees along the river and now and then +a small mud-built village. Irrigation was going on +the same as below, both by hand and by +ox-power. We reached Korosko on the 24th of October +the steamer was run with the bow on the shore, but +the boats towed too far from shore for us to get out.</p> + +<p>Korosko is a small fort occupied by both English +and Egyptian soldiers. The river banks around +are fifteen to twenty feet high. From my whaler +I could see a small building near the beach +with a sign over the door marked "poste Keden" +Post office. We left Korosko after an hour's stoppage +and beached in good season, to give us a chance to +cook supper. At every night's camp we unavoidably +did more or less damage to the crops, which must have +caused serious loss to these poor people by whom, as I +said before, every inch of the spare soil is utilized. +We got under way at sunrise. The river up this far +from Assouan is a series of very straight stretches from +five to fifteen miles in length with no difficult bends +and good for navigation everywhere. The current<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +varys from three to five miles an hour. During this +day I noticed a small screw tug bearing a foresail +coming after us and trying hard to reach us. It proved +to be a press steamer having on board the correspondent +of an English paper, an engineer and a native pilot. +They ran short of coal and wanted a tow, and all the +coal they had left when reaching us, a man could +have put in his vest pocket. We beached this night +on the west side close to a temple, cut, as it appeared +to me into the solid rock. Being called to receive +stores and cholera belts for the men I was prevented +from joining an exploring party, that set out, +and was told, when the boys came back, that +I had missed something worth seeing. I learnt +afterwards that this place was Abu-Simbel, where +there are two temples cut out of the rock which +are said to be the oldest specimens of architecture +in the world. The boys said they had seen +stone figures of men with toes three feet long and I +dare say they were not far out, as I learnt there are +four seated figures in front of the largest temple supposed +to represent Rameses the Great, which are sixty +five feet in height. I was sorry that I had to stay +behind to look after the stores. Talking about cholera +belts, everybody engaged in the British service in +Egypt had to wear these belts, soldiers and voyageurs +were supplied with them and required to wear them. +They are strips of flannel twelve or fifteen inches +wide, and I was told by soldiers who had served in +Egypt some time, that they are very effective in preventing +cholera and dysentery.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i028a" id="i028a"></a> +<img class="bbox" src="images/i028a.gif" width="500" height="311" alt="BOAT FOR THE NILE EXPEDITION UNDER SAIL." title="BOAT FOR THE NILE EXPEDITION UNDER SAIL." /> +<span class="caption">BOAT FOR THE NILE EXPEDITION UNDER SAIL.</span> +</div> + +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i028b" id="i028b"></a> +<img class="bbox" src="images/i028b.gif" width="500" height="315" alt="BOAT FOR THE NILE EXPEDITION SHOWING AWNING." title="BOAT FOR THE NILE EXPEDITION SHOWING AWNING." /> +<span class="caption">BOAT FOR THE NILE EXPEDITION SHOWING AWNING.</span> +</div> + +<p>Next day, Sunday the 26th at 5 p. m. we arrived at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +Wady Halfa. The weather was still the same as ever +since we landed at Alexandria, not a cloud, not uncomfortably +warm, but warm enough. A steam tug +came out from Wady Halfa and brought orders for us +to proceed as far as the river was navigable for the +steamer. This brought us about four miles above +Wady Halfa where the tow was disbanded. The +boats then proceeded another mile and we camped. +During this mile we had the first opportunity to work +the boats, (still all light) and that evening the opinions +about them varied greatly.</p> + +<p>No sooner were our tents pitched than Lord +Wolseley arrived. He shook hands with some, exchanged +a few words with our commander, Colonel +Denison, and was off again. We found here about a +hundred whalers waiting for us. We were at the foot +of the second cataract and the following morning were +ordered to take the light boats up the cataract to the +first naval camp, about three miles distant, to make +one trip and if possible two. Seven men took one +boat and all the crews made two trips, some getting +through early, some late.</p> + +<p>The first trip I made, I took a different channel +from those who started before. I stepped the two masts +with which the boat was provided and used the sails +and the six oars only, the wind being as usual from the +north. We needed all our resources but we reached +the camp in good time. We walked back the three +miles took another boat and tried the channel generally +taken, it being apparently the shortest route. I +had to use the tow-line at one place where there was a +"gate" or channel, as we say in Canada, with about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +three feet of a fall, about eighteen feet wide and a good +standing place to tow from. Right there was stationed +our acquaintance, the reporter, in his little tug moored +above the gate. One of the voyageurs while wading +must have stepped into some seam, he jumped quickly +back into his boat, leaving behind his moccasin and +said he was bitten by a crocodile, which all of us were +kind enough to believe and we advised him not to wade +any more. All had accomplished their task in the evening +and come back to our camp. Soon afterwards General +Sir Evelyn Wood arrived and went towards +Colonel Denison's tent. I heard my name called by +my officer and went before the General who demanded +the number of my men and wanted to see them. +Getting the men in line, the General asked me if they +spoke English and I said they spoke enough for boating +purposes, but no more. The General then left. After +supper I was informed by my officer that I had to +take thirty-five men with me and go about a hundred +miles up the river.</p> + +<p>Here commences the second railway of the river route, +about thirty miles long, and the first train on the following +morning brought Lord Wolseley on his way to +the front. The second train had on board, Col. +Alleyne, Lord Avonmore, Capt. Moore, Lieut. Perry +and Lieut. C. R. Orde. This train took me and my +men on and stopped at Gemai where we found several +boats which had been portaged on cars. We pitched +tents and did not leave until 10 o'clock the next morning, +October 29th. I picked crews as nearly equal +as I could, with a captain to each and started with six +boats, nearly light, only the five officers and their luggage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +on board. I had the honor to start in boat No. 1 +with Col. Alleyne on board, the officers taking a boat +each of different numbers, reached Sarras about 5 p. m. +a distance of eighteen miles. The river here is very +narrow, in some places about a thousand feet and the +current very swift. I had to get a line out only once. +At Sarras each boat took on nearly two tons of ammunition +and stores, also additional passengers. We +proceeded two miles up and camped. There were +many islands and rocks both in sight and sunken, but +room enough to go anywhere. The shores are barren +rock. Starting next day with a light breeze, I soon +found that I wanted more wind to proceed under sail +as the current grew swifter and my boat had now on +board, besides Col. Alleyne, his servant, his interpreter, +one corporal and one native swimmer, then myself +with five men and about two tons of freight. This +was the time to find out what we could do with our +boats, the north wind had freshened, which gave us +more speed and with the help of five good oars we +dodged the swift currents, catching eddies and after +two hours trial the captains congratulated each other +upon being masters of the situation. We soon began +to race, each captain using his own judgment as to +which channel to take, which gave each a chance to +be ahead or behind according to his luck. When I +signalled for dinner all headed for shore and it was +here that Louis Capitaine was so unaccountably lost, +within sixty feet from shore. Louis had the bow oar +in Peter January's boat and he rose when nearing +shore. While standing in the bow he fell over, the +headway of the boat made the distance a hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +feet before he was seen to rise. Lieut. Perry threw a +life-preserver and ordered the Arab swimmer, which +this boat carried, to assist him, the swimmer jumped +immediately and swam towards the spot but Louis +disappeared before assistance reached him. My +boat was about sixty yards behind Peter's boat +coming up in the eddy behind a rock. When striking +the current I noticed Louis' helmet and the Arab +swimmer. We went ashore to prepare dinner and I +really believe that Colonel Alleyne, the officer in +charge of this convoy, felt so badly about this accident, +that he did not take anything. He hired natives to +search for the body and give it decent burial, if found. +After dinner we proceeded with one man short. The +water not being so bad we made the Semnah cataract +that afternoon. This cataract was thought the worst +in the whole route. Colonel Alleyne showed me up to +the gate and said "now everything is yours." It +must be understood that this gate does by no means +reach across the river. The river is about 1000 feet +wide here and the gate situated between the east +shore and an island is about twenty feet wide. Not +being sure of the water I tried a light boat first. I +took boat No. 1 through without any trouble, but +would not trust the full load on any boat. We all +lightened somewhat and passed the six boats through +with tow lines inside of an hour. The freight we +had left was portaged by camels. We reloaded and +started under sail four miles up in smooth water and +camped. Colonel Alleyne held an inquest that night +on Louis Capitaine's death and despatched a man to the +nearest telegraph station with the news of his death. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>A few weeks after this despatch was sent, Colonel +Kennedy showed me a copy of the Ottawa <i>Free Press</i>, +in which the <i>Free Press</i> made free indeed reporting +Captain Louis Jackson as drowned. All the captains +appeared pleased with their boats, talking about who +made the best run and each boasting to have the best +boat. From this cataract to the next one above, at +Ambigol, is counted seventeen miles, which stretch +proved much the same as below Semnah cataract; +plenty of dodging and crossing the stream to get the +side of the river with the lesser current, the boats +being such good travellers and answering their helms +so well with a stiff breeze, we found ourselves in a +genuine boatman's paradise. In spite of the free wind +we had all day, we had to get lines out and track +several times. We camped on an island about a +mile below Ambigol cataract. In the evening the +captains argued as to which of them had run the +most on sandbanks. These sand shoals are formed +behind large rocks in a manner never seen in our +own waters, and it was strange to notice that like +situated rocks would not alike accumulate sand, some +had shoals behind them and some had none, still all +showed the same eddy on the water surface, and the +water being muddy we could not tell which to trust +and so gave them all wider berths in future.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a name="i034" id="i034"></a> +<img class="bbox" src="images/i034.gif" width="500" height="323" alt="CATARACT OF AMBIGOL." title="CATARACT OF AMBIGOL." /> +<span class="caption">CATARACT OF AMBIGOL.</span> +</div> + +<p>The following day, the 1st of November we reached +the post of Ambigol about 8 a. m. We found this +cataract different from Semnah cataract. This has no +"gate" but a very crooked channel, swift current and +very bad tracking. It required the combined force of +thirty-five men to pull one boat with its full load.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +The cataract is one mile long and the roughest part +is at the foot and at the head. It was in this mile of +the route that afterwards three white men were lost. +We got through this cataract about noon and cooked +dinner just above it. It must be remembered that +the route was entirely unknown to us all and that +we had to find our channels and often did not take +the best one. From this out I ordered my captains +to take a different channel each, there being so many, +so as to find the best one for future purposes. The +boats being so equally matched, we could easily tell +who had the wrong channel, for he was soon left astern. +The officer in charge, Col. Alleyne, who is +himself an experienced boatman, was so well pleased +with our progress that he never interfered but left +it all to us. It must also not be forgotten that the +boys had been forty days travelling, doing no hard +work, before we took the boats and by this time their +hands were very sore. The rocky shores were so +bold that poles could only be of use in keeping off and +it was impossible to assist by shoving ahead.</p> + +<p>To say a word about the boats now, we all had come +to the conclusion that the boats and outfit were well +devised for the service so far. We had tried them +now in various ways; we had sailed against a swift +current with a beam wind, where a flat bottom would +have had to be towed with lines, and the more this +towing could be avoided the better it was on account +of the fearful track along the shore. The boats +were sufficiently strong for all necessary handling +and in case of accident, they were light enough +to be brought ashore and turned over for repairs without<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +extra help. More difficult it was to find a good +place on the shore where to haul a boat out. The +boats were provided with two sails each, a sample of +which (sails) I have brought home with me.</p> + +<p>We camped next on Tangur island and the following +day the 2nd of November, we started to face the +Tangur cataract. The wind being very strong in our +favor we tried to dodge behind the many islands, but +had to give up sailing in many places and get the lines +out. We overcame this cataract without much difficulty. +Above the cataract it was considered smooth water for +about one mile when a very bad stretch was met with +about half a mile long. The river here is about +quarter of a mile wide, and full of large rocks between +which the water came down very "wicked" in +channels of about sixty feet wide and some wider. I +again ordered each captain to pick his own channel, +and having a strong breeze and all oars working we +managed to get above. In this place I discovered by +experience that what we had found to be the best +channel on that day, was the worst a few days after. +The water falling six inches to a foot every day, continually +changed the rapids, making a bad place better +and a good place bad. Above this cataract we had +thirteen miles of what we called smooth water with a +current of from three to five miles an hour. I had +noticed in coming up that the country was inhabited, +having seen a few Arabs now and then. We reached +the foot of Akaska cataract that evening. On landing, +the boat, which carried Lord Avonmore, got stove in +when His Lordship took the tools and proved himself +quite a carpenter. Here also were seen some useful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +stretches of beach under cultivation, but these were +getting few and far between.</p> + +<p>Next day, the 3rd November, we faced the Akaska +cataract, we were getting used to the river and therefore +this cataract proved to be the easiest so far. Between +Akaska and the foot of Dal cataract there are +nine miles of good navigation, and the greater part of +the beach is useful, this stretch looking altogether +better and less wild. We reached the foot of Dal +about noon. Dal cataract is said to be five miles long. +In this cataract I saw for the first time, small willow +trees on the islands. We went about half a mile up +with sails and oars, when we had to track for quite a +distance. In this rapid it happened for the first time +that we came to a halt, not knowing how to proceed. +We had crossed on to an island not having water +enough in the little channel between this island and +the shore, but found at the head of the island the +water rough and the current too strong to pull against +and could not proceed without a line to the mainshore. +It was here that the foresight of Colonel Alleyne, +proved of value. Our Arab swimmer managed to +carry the tow line to the shore, where he made fast +and we pulled ourselves up, carrying the end of the +tow line of the next boat, which carried the next line +and so on until the six boats were up. Half a mile +further on we came to a place where it was impossible +to proceed on this side of the river, there being no +place for the men to stand and pull, the water made +a kind of a fall, and it was altogether a singular +place. We had to try the other side of the river. +In crossing we met with many rocks and one island<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +which offered so many favorable eddies, that we rather +gained than lost ground. The river here is about +three-quarters of a mile wide. On the west shore we +found good tracking for about a quarter of a mile, +when again the services of our swimmer were required. +Finding ourselves on an island, Colonel Alleyne being +an experienced boatman said we had done enough for +that day and we camped.</p> + +<p>On Tuesday, November 4th, we started again with +sails and oars. The river being full of islands we had +not the same difficulty as the day before, and we +reached Sarkametto about 10 a. m., well pleased to find +ourselves at the head of these last four cataracts and +congratulated ourselves on having brought the first six +boats of the Expedition so far.</p> + +<p>Next morning I received orders to go down with +four boats, which order rather disappointed me, as I +had expected to go through to Dongola. I found out +that our trip was a trial only. I took all hands into +the four boats, the officers also coming aboard, and left +at 9 a. m.</p> + +<p>Now came the tug of war, the shooting of all the +cataracts. Coming up we used all eddies, now we had +to avoid them, coming up also if unable to proceed +we could draw back and try another channel, now, +everything depended on quick judgment and prompt +action, the more so as keel boats are not considered fit +for rapid work. I ordered my captains to follow at +such distances as to give them time to avoid following +should the leading boat err in the choice of channel. +After shooting the Dal cataract all safe I asked my +captains how the boats behaved. All agreed that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +were slow in answering their helm and required close +watching. Travelling between the cataracts against +a strong headwind was slow work and we longed for +the next one to get along faster. Shooting the Dal, +there had been much dodging of rocks and islands, +which gave some excitement. In Akaska cataract we +discovered a smooth, straight channel in the middle +of the river and not very long.</p> + +<p>This shooting of the rapids was a surprise to the +Egyptian soldiers, a number of whom were stationed +at every cataract. The natives came rushing out of +their huts with their children, goats and dogs and +stood on the beach to see the North American Indian +boatmen. I had more leisure now to look round. I +have not seen the place yet where I would care to +settle down.</p> + +<p>The next cataract is Tangur, which I considered the +most dangerous of all for shooting. The river is wide +and there are many islands and rocks, the rocks are +high, and there are many channels to choose from, and +as I had noticed coming up, many of these channels are +too crooked for shooting especially with a keel boat, +all of which makes this rapid, a dangerous one to shoot. +The rocks hide each other and if you clear the first +one you find yourself close on the other. A narrow +escape I had on the east side of Tangur island. The +boat following me had taken a sheer and was obliged to +take another channel, which having a swifter current +than the one I had taken, brought this boat up with +me below the rock so close as nearly to cause a disaster.</p> + +<p>Colonel Alleyne ordered lunch near the place, where +the steamer Gizeh was wrecked. We could see her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +high and dry on the rock, where she had laid some +time as I was told. After lunch we started for +Ambigol cataract. On our way we met several large +nuggars with their peculiar sails, going at good speed. +These nuggars never track but go up with a strong +breeze. We shot Ambigol cataract between three and +four o'clock and met five whalers at the foot of it. +Colonel Alleyne ordered me to go ashore to speak to +them. They were manned by Royal Engineers with +foreman Graham and his voyageurs. We started again +downwards and made Semnah cataract after sunset +shortly before dark. Shooting Semnah gate, finished +our day's work and we camped. We had made this +day 61 miles.</p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table summary="Mileages"> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dal cataract</span></td><td class="rn">5</td><td class="center">miles.</td></tr> +<tr><td>From the foot of Dal to the head of Akaska </td><td class="rn">9</td><td class="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Akaska cataract</span></td><td class="rn">1</td><td class="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td>From the foot of Akaska to Tangur</td><td class="rn">14</td><td class="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tangur cataract</span></td><td class="rn">3</td><td class="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td>From the foot of Tangur to Ambigol</td><td class="rn">9</td><td class="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ambigol cataract</span></td><td class="rn">1</td><td class="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td>From the foot of Ambigol to Semnah</td><td class="rn">17</td><td class="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Semnah cataract</span></td><td class="rn">2</td><td class="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rn">——</td><td class="center"></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rn">61</td><td class="center">"</td></tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p>This day's experience decided my opinion about the +boats. Many of my men had been portaging on the +Ottawa for different lumber firms and all agreed with +me, that whilst the Nile river boats would have been +of no use on the Ottawa, they could not be improved +upon for the Nile service on account of the nature of +the river. For the ascents of the river as well as the +cataracts, the sailing qualities of the boats were all +important, and when towed by line the keel would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +give a chance to shoot out into the current to get round +rocks, where a flat bottom would have followed the line +broadside and fetched up against the rock. In shooting +the cataracts the boats did not answer the helm as +quickly as would flat bottoms, but this drawback was +not sufficient to condemn the keel.</p> + +<p>Next day, Thursday, November 6th, we ran some +more swift water to Sarras, nine miles below foot of +Semnah. We met there thirty whalers with troops +and stores ready to ascend. Colonel Denison asked +me to give him one man to act as pilot, so I gave him +Mathias Hill, an Iroquois. Colonel Denison went up +with this fleet.</p> + +<p>Most of the Canadian voyageurs asked me how I +found the Rapids. I told them that I had no trouble, +considering it unadvisable to give a minute description, +as I had already discovered how the fast falling +water daily changed the appearance of the river, and +what was a good place for me to go up, would be bad +now, whilst a bad place might be better. I was well +aware that these voyageurs would have more trouble +than I had. They had not only larger loads but soldier +crews, whilst I had my Caughnawaga boys with +whom I had worked from youth up and who promptly +caught at a sign from me, while the soldiers had to be +talked to, and, although having the best of will, could +not always comprehend the situation.</p> + +<p>After thirty whalers had started, I was informed by +Lord Avon more of the order to camp. Next day the +7th November, another fleet of twenty-eight boats +started, for which Lord Avonmore asked me a pilot. +I gave him John Bruce of St. Regis.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> + +<p>The following day, the 8th, Lord Avonmore requested +of me seven men and a foreman, to go with +him up to the Dal cataract to be stationed there, owing +probably, as I thought to myself, that Col. Alleyne +considered the Dal the most difficult. I pointed out +Peter Canoe as the most experienced boatman I had, +and as he does not speak English, James Deer went +as their interpreter. I received orders for myself to +go down with the rest of my men to Gemai. At +Gemai I found twenty-three light boats manned by +Dongolese. Placing a captain in each boat we started, +but were disappointed to find that these men had never +seen a boat nor used an oar. With the help of the usual +north wind we managed to ascend in good time to +Sarras. On the way up we had to teach one man to +steer and then go round to each man and teach him to +row. Neither understanding one word of the other's +language, this was a terrible task. I had however, +been long enough in contact with English +military discipline by this time, to know that there +was no backing out. We loaded at Sarras and proceeded +up with Lieut. C. R. Orde as Commander of +this convoy, who had an interpreter with him. +Without the latter it would have been impossible to +get along; as it was, some accidents could not be avoided. +Our new commander being an experienced +boatman as well as a good carpenter, and a gentleman +we managed to keep up with the other fleets. To +give an idea of the trouble we had, I need only say +that these Dongolese generally understood just +the contrary of what they were ordered to do. They +would pull hard when asked to stop or stop pulling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +at some critical place when hard pulling was required. +Lieut. Orde as well as myself were continually patching +boats on account of these fellows. We made the nine +miles from Sarras to Semnah in just six days, whereas +we had travelled before at the rate of seventy miles +in five days. At Semnah Lieut. Orde reported to +Commander Hammill, R. N., in charge of Semnah +cataract, Commander Hammill informed me that my +plan of ascending Semnah gate was adopted by all the +others, he also asked me if I thought I should be able +to make boatmen of the Dongolese, I told him I was +discouraged and the only consolation I had was that +my Dongolese convoy was still travelling as fast as +the other fleets in spite of my strict orders always to +give the right of way to boats manned by soldiers and +to avoid retarding them in the cataracts.</p> + +<p>Reaching Ambigol November 19th, during this day +I was requested to assist in pulling off a steam pinnace +which had run on the rocks and filled, blocking +the small channel for steamers to ascend. I having +175 Dongolese with my Caughnawaga boys and +about 200 Egyptian soldiers they parted the hawser +on the first pull, while getting another hawser Col. +Butler arrived in a whaler from Sarras with a crew of +Kroomen, with Chief Prince of Manitoba as captain. +Col. Butler ordered us to abandon the wreck and explore +another channel on the opposite side of the river, I +unloaded my boat manned by Caughnawagas and with +Lieut. Orde, went across, after half a day's search +found a very crooked channel which afterwards 4 or 5 +steamers ascended successfully.</p> + +<p>At Tangur it was found advisable to split the convoy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +Major Crofton taking 10 boats and Lieut. Orde +the rest. Going up some minor cataract with eight +Dongolese on the line, and one young fellow, a little +brighter than the rest, in the boat with me and having +just passed the worst place, a couple of the men ashore +got to fighting and the rest let go the line either to +part them or to join and I was left at the mercy of +the rapid for a variety. These men were, as I said +before, entirely unused to boats. They are all excellent +swimmers and able to cross the river at almost +any place. When making long distances they make +use of the goat skin bottles they have for carrying +water, scolding was of no use, they neither understood +nor cared. I may here mention another peculiarity +of theirs. I had noticed many scars on their bodies, +but could not account for it, until one of them fell sick +when the other cut his skin to bleed him, and filled +the cut with sand.</p> + +<p>This convoy carried about sixty tons of freight, all +of which was brought safely to the foot of Dal cataract +and the convoy was ordered downwards again as +far as the head of Ambigol cataract for reloading. +As I could not trust the Dongolese in shooting the +rapids I manned the boats with my Iroquois and +made trips at each cataract, letting the Dongolese +walk. It was a grand sight to see so many boats on +their way up, some sailing, some rowing, some +tracking and some on shore patching up.</p> + +<p>We reached the head of Ambigol, loaded up and +started up stream. We made the foot of Dal with +less trouble on this trip, the Dongolese having +learned a great deal as well as I and my men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +knowing now some words of their language.</p> + +<p>On arriving at Dal, I found that this place had become +a very busy scene. Many tents were pitched +among which were a commissariat, a post office and a +number of officers tents. Lord Avonmore had come +down from the middle of the Dal cataract, next to his +tent was that of Colonel Burnaby, then Major Mann, +near the beach was Sir George Arthur, who had arrived +that day from below, commanding a convoy of boats. +On the south end of the little colony were Lord +Charles Beresford, Col. Alleyne and Major Spaight. +Col. Alleyne congratulated me on my success with +the Dongolese.</p> + +<p>I returned for another trip, arriving back here on +the 19th of December. The same officers were still +here. The next morning Col. Alleyne ordered me to +camp on the beach with my men and said we had +had done enough of lower cataract service. At the +same time the Dongolese, that had been with me still +in charge of Major Crofton, were sent down to try a +trip by themselves. It proved lucky for these men +that the Nile does not scare them, for they had to +swim for it on more than one occasion. However, +they proved efficient in the end to the satisfaction of +the officers.</p> + +<p>While lying on my oars I had an opportunity to +admire the passing army, both officers and men, and +their discipline. I did not see one private soldier who +looked more than thirty years of age. The soldiers +showed signs of the hard work they had done in +getting up the Nile. Their hands were blistered +and their clothes worn out, but they were as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +cheerful and enthusiastic as ever. My orders now were +to assist the officer in charge with my Iroquois in +passing boats up the Dal cataract, until the last boat +was passed. I had all my men collected here except +four who were stationed above. During this time I +saw Colonel Burnaby depart on his camels, Lord +Avonmore in his boat, my old commander Col. Alleyne +in his boat and afterwards Sir Evelyn Wood on horse-back, +also our Canadian officer Col. Kennedy, Surgeon, +Major Neilson and Col. Grove. The river had now +fallen so much that there were hundreds of rocks in +sight, in front of this station, and crocodiles could be +seen by the dozen, sunning themselves on the rocks, +Major Mann and Abbe Bouchard with the help of a +powerful glass, pronounced one brute to be twenty-five +feet long.</p> + +<p>The last boat that I assisted in passing was on the +14th of January and on the 15th I received orders to +start for Wady Halfa, which brought my active service +in the Egyptian Expedition to a close.</p> + +<p>We arrived at Wady Halfa on the 18th of January +where I found Captains Aumond and McRae and nearly +two hundred voyageurs. At Wady Halfa I witnessed +the military funeral of a Gordon Highlander, which +was a novel sight to me.</p> + +<p>One dark night, long after the retiring bugle had +sounded, an alarm gun was fired. I went out of my +tent and to my astonishment I found the soldiers already +prepared to fight. No lights had been used and it +was a mystery to me how the men could get ready in so +short a time. I could see that in a real attack, the +enemy would not get much advantage over these men.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> + +<p>I must mention here a curious sight I witnessed at +the funeral of an Egyptian, before lowering the body +into the grave they put a small coin into his mouth, +and I found out, that their belief is, that the dead +have to cross a river to get into the "happy hunting +grounds" and I concluded that the ferryman, not ferrying +on "tick" they had provided their comrade with +his fare. Before leaving Wady Halfa, I had the +satisfaction to see two of my Iroquois carry off the +first prizes for running at the United Service Sports, +held under the patronage of the Station Commandant +Col. Duncan and the officers.</p> + +<p>We left Wady Halfa on the 29th January, arriving +at Cairo, February 5th, where an opportunity was +given us to visit the following places of interest: +Kass el-Nil Bridge, Kass-el-Nil Barracks, Abdin Square +and Palace, The Mosque Sultan-Hassan, the Citadel, +the Mosque Mohamet-Ali, the Native Bazaar, the +Esbediah Gardens, and finally Gizeh and the Pyramids.</p> + +<p>We sailed from Alexandria on February 6th, 1885, +well pleased with what we had seen in the land of the +Pharos and proud to have shown the world that the +dwellers on the banks of the Nile, after navigating it +for centuries, could still learn something of the craft +from the Iroquois Indians of North America and the +Canadian voyageurs of many races.</p> + +<p>I cannot conclude without expressing my satisfaction +at the handsome treatment accorded us by the +British Government, and should our services be of +assistance in the proposed Fall campaign in Egypt, +they will be freely given. We were allowed just double +the amount of clothing stipulated in the contract, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +overcoats being given to us at Malta on our way home.</p> + +<p>Judging by the stores we conveyed up the Nile the +army will not fare badly, we carried Armour's beef, +bacon, preserved meat, mutton, vegetables, Ebswurt's +crushed peas for soup, pickles, pepper, salt, vinegar, +hard biscuit, cabin biscuit, flour, oatmeal, rice, sugar, +tea, coffee, cheese, jam, medicine, lime juice, soap, +matches, tobacco.</p> + +<p>Whoever designed the boats struck the right dimensions +perfectly. Each boat was made to carry ten +days' rations, including everything in the above list, +for a hundred men, ten men with kits and accoutrements, +and about a half ton of ammunition.</p> + +<p><br /><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/i049.gif" width="300" height="63" alt="FINIS" title="FINIS" /> +</div> + +<p><br /><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="tranotes"> +<span class="smcap">Transcriber's Note:</span><br /><br /> +Minor spelling and typographical errors have been corrected without +note. Some illustrations have been moved to avoid splitting paragraphs and make smoother reading.<br /><br /> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Our Caughnawagas in Egypt, by Louis Jackson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR CAUGHNAWAGAS IN EGYPT *** + +***** This file should be named 32995-h.htm or 32995-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/9/9/32995/ + +Produced by Peter Vickers and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/32995-h/images/front.gif b/32995-h/images/front.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a4eaeb --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/front.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/front2.gif b/32995-h/images/front2.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cfde6cf --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/front2.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/front3.gif b/32995-h/images/front3.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..04f719a --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/front3.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/i006.gif b/32995-h/images/i006.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4dbedca --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/i006.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/i007.gif b/32995-h/images/i007.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b91546 --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/i007.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/i015a.gif b/32995-h/images/i015a.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae2f08f --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/i015a.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/i015b.gif b/32995-h/images/i015b.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d63478f --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/i015b.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/i020a.gif b/32995-h/images/i020a.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..53af62f --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/i020a.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/i020b.gif b/32995-h/images/i020b.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4fc35e --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/i020b.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/i028a.gif b/32995-h/images/i028a.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a0420b --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/i028a.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/i028b.gif b/32995-h/images/i028b.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e467dcd --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/i028b.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/i034.gif b/32995-h/images/i034.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bf34b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/i034.gif diff --git a/32995-h/images/i049.gif b/32995-h/images/i049.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2bbb1af --- /dev/null +++ b/32995-h/images/i049.gif diff --git a/32995.txt b/32995.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4a33da --- /dev/null +++ b/32995.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1306 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Our Caughnawagas in Egypt, by Louis Jackson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Our Caughnawagas in Egypt + a narrative of what was seen and accomplished by the + contingent of North American Indian voyageurs who led the + British boat Expedition for the Relief of Khartoum up the + Cataracts of the Nile. + +Author: Louis Jackson + +Commentator: T. S. Brown + +Release Date: June 27, 2010 [EBook #32995] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR CAUGHNAWAGAS IN EGYPT *** + + + + +Produced by Peter Vickers and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + A narrative of what was seen and + accomplished by the Contingent + of North American Indian Voyageurs + who led the British Boat + Expedition for the Relief + of KHARTOUM up + the Cataracts of + the NILE. + + OUR CAUGHNAWAGAS IN EGYPT. + + BY + LOUIS JACKSON + OF CAUGHNAWAGA. + + CAPTAIN OF THE CONTINGENT, + + With an introductory Preface + By T. S. BROWN, Esq. + + Montreal: + WM. DRYSDALE & CO., + PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS, + 232 ST. JAMES STREET. + 1885. + + + + + Entered according to Act of Parliament, in the year one thousand + eight hundred and eighty-five + + BY LOUIS JACKSON, + + in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture and Statistics at Ottawa. + + + + +[Illustration: LOUIS JACKSON, Captain of the Contingent.] + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The Indians of Caughnawaga are an offshoot from the Mohawks, one of the +divisions of the Six Nations, formerly in pseudo occupation of western +New York, and known to the French by the general name of Iroquois. Long +before the cession of this Province to Great Britain, they were settled +at the head of the rapids of the St. Lawrence opposite Lachine, on a +tract of land ten miles square, or 64,000 acres held in common, but +lately separated into lots to be divided among the people as individual +property. + +Contrary to what has been the too common fate of aborigines brought into +close contact with foreigners, the Caughnawagas, with some mixture of +white blood, have maintained throughout, their Indian customs, manners +and language, with the manhood of their ancestors, in an alertness, +strength and power of endurance where-ever these qualities have been +required: in the boating or rafting on our larger rivers and the +hardships of _Voyageurs_ in the North-West. + +As a high tribute to this known excellence, the call for Canadian +_Voyageurs_ to assist in the boat navigation of the Nile was accompanied +by a special requirement that there should be a contingent of fifty +Caughnawagas. They responded quickly to the call, performed the task +committed to them in a manner most satisfactory as described in these +pages, and returned to their homes at the end of six months, after a +voyage of more than 12,000 miles, sound and resolute as when they +started, with the loss of but two men. + +There is something unique in the idea of the aborigines of the New World +being sent for to teach the Egyptians how to pass the Cataracts of the +Nile, which has been navigated in some way by them for thousands of +years, that should make this little book attractive to all readers, +especially as it is written by one born and bred in Caughnawaga, who, +with the quick eye of an Indian, has noticed many things unnoticed by +ordinary tourists and travellers. + +It is written in a most excellent spirit that might wisely be imitated +by other travellers. The writer finds no faults, blames nobody, and +always content, is generous in his acknowledgments for every act of +kindness and proper consideration shown to him and his party, by Her +Majesty's Officers of all ranks in command of the expedition. It was +written off-hand and goes forth to the public as it came from the pen of +the writer, to be judged in its style and the matter contained, by no +standard but its own. + +MONTREAL, April, 1885. + + + + +OUR CAUGHNAWAGAS IN EGYPT. + + +When it was made known by Lord Melgund in the early part of September, +1884, that it was the express desire of General Lord Wolseley to have +Caughnawaga Indians form part of the Canadian Contingent, the required +number was soon obtained, in spite of discouraging talk and groundless +fears. Having been introduced to Lord Melgund, I agreed to go and look +after the Caughnawaga boys, although then busily engaged in securing my +crops. I, with a number of others reached the "Ocean King" at Quebec, +having been left behind in Montreal through incorrect information given +me by one of the ship's officers as to the time of sailing. We received +the farewell of the Governor General on board the "Ocean King," and His +Excellency's very kind words had an especially encouraging effect upon +my boys. + +On reaching Sidney, B. C., and while taking in coal, some funny tricks +were played by voyageurs which I must not omit. To get ashore in spite +of the officers who kept watch on the wharf, some daring fellows jumped +from the vessel's rigging into the empty coal cars returning to the +wharf, coming back in the dark and the vessel being a few feet off the +wharf, the men had to climb aboard by a rope. Now it happened, that of +two friends, one was able to get up, the other was not, neither could +his friend help him, they however, contrived a plan, which they carried +out to perfection. The one on the wharf laid quietly down, while his +friend climbed aboard and there informed our officers that a man had +hurt himself by falling off the coal shoot, immediately there was great +alarm, lamps were hung over the side and the man discovered by his +clothes to be one of the voyageurs, a plank was shoved out over the +ship's rail, standing nearly upright and a line hove, (some suggested to +put the line around his neck.) However, he was hoisted aboard and +carried towards the cabin. While being carried, the apparently lifeless +one was seen to open his eyes three or four times, but too many hands +evidently had hold of him and so he was brought before the doctor, who +eagerly examined him, but soon pronounced him dead, "dead drunk" and +ordered him to be taken to his bunk, where he soon sat up laughing and +feeling good, to escape so easily. + +On arriving in Alexandria, after a fine passage and good treatment we +saw our boats, which at the first sight and from a distance, were +condemned by the boys, but later experience changed our first +impression. + +We left the wharf at Alexandria on the 8th of October, at 11 a. m. by +train. The first-class carriages were after the English style, but the +troop cars in which we were transported were less comfortable, they had +four benches placed fore and aft, two in the centre back to back and one +on each side with back to outside, lacking the usual conveniences of our +Canadian cars. The sides of the car were about four feet high, then open +to the roof. We were fifty-six in a car which made it uncomfortably +crowded. After leaving Alexandria I was surprised to see people +standing up to their necks in the swamps, cutting some kind of grass. I +saw also cattle lying perfectly still in the water with just their heads +out. This sight scared my boys as to what the heat would be further +south. Beyond the swamps on the east side of the road I saw nice +gardens, and, what was still more interesting, groves of palm trees with +fruit. After two hours' ride we reached the desert, where nothing but +sand was to be seen. The whistle went all the time to warn camel +drivers, who also use the roadbed, and I did not see any other road for +them to travel. Another curiosity was the protective fencing for the +road, made of cornstalks to keep back the sand, as we make board fences +against the snow. At all the stations, which were far apart, all hands +rushed out for a drink of water. We did not meet many trains. During the +afternoon we came close to the Nile, which there appeared to be about +the same width as the St. Lawrence opposite Caughnawaga. We soon reached +a regular Egyptian settlement, with people living in small mud huts, and +with chickens, goats, sheep and dogs coming out with the children. The +ground appeared to be clay and in the road every three or four feet +there was a rat hole and rats dodging in all directions. I saw more rats +at a glance than I had ever seen before in all my life. We also saw some +ship yards with some boats on the stocks and some on the mud. The boats +were about twenty feet long, and one afloat appeared to be wood to +within about four inches above water with gunwales of mud and a peculiar +sail. + +The gunwales were three or four feet high and five or six inches thick. +They appeared to be baked hard by the sun, and were water proof, as I +afterwards saw several of them loaded so heavily that a great part of +the mud gunwales were under water. I suppose mud is used in preference +to wood, because wood is very scarce in Egypt and mud is very plentiful. +They make the most of the mud which the Nile brings down in such +quantities every year. They build houses with it as well as boats and it +is this mud which manures and fertilizes the whole land of Egypt. + +We soon sighted the pyramids and came to Bulac Station three miles from +Cairo at 7 o'clock. It being dark, supper was served which we took into +the cars, it consisted of canned meat, bread and tea. We left at eight +for Assiout. The sand became very troublesome entering the open cars and +I concluded as we were travelling through the night to give my eyes a +rest and went to sleep sitting up. Next morning at eight o'clock we +reached Assiout about 240 miles from Alexandria, there we saw some +Nubian prisoners, black, ugly and desperate looking fellows chained +together with large rusty chains round their necks. They were sitting on +the ground. We were marched about a quarter of a mile to the river, +where there were fleets of steamers and barges, one fleet waiting for +us. We were marched on board two barges tied together and after washing +about half an inch of mud off our faces with Nile river water, went to +breakfast prepared by our own cooks who had left Alexandria twelve hours +in advance. After breakfast I went ashore, I noticed in one little mud +hut, goats, sheep, dogs and children on the ground and there were +flies in the children's faces and eyes beyond description. I got my +first near view of a date tree here with its rough bark which I cut with +my knife. + +[Illustration: THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH.] + +[Illustration: THE GREAT SPHINX.] + +The next sight was a ship yard where four or five whip saws were kept +going; their whip saw is rigged like a bucksaw only the saw instead of +the stick, is in the centre. There is a stick on each side of the saw +and a string outside each stick. They had to back the saw the whole +length of the wood to get it out. Messrs. Cook and Son the great tourist +agents had just commenced to build a large hotel, which when returning +home I found already finished. I noticed a sign over a mud house door +"Egyptian Bank." A track runs from the depot straight down to the river +and there were a number of flat cars loaded with boats, of which I took +a nearer look, I also saw oars and poles. I was well pleased with all +and at the same time made up my mind, that we had carried paddles across +the ocean for very little use. I asked permission to go and see the +catacombs, but was told that we must get under way. I received for my +men cooking utensils, such as kettles, tin-plates, knives, forks and +spoons, for the whole campaign, which I delivered up again, when +returning. We started at 11 a. m., the fleet consisting of two barges +side by side in tow of a side-wheel steamer. At the stern of each barge +a trough, built of mud bricks, formed the cooking range, and it amused +me to see that they had put on about half a cord of wood for cooking +purposes, to last during the trip to Assouan, (twelve days) and this at +once impressed me with the difference between the value of fuel in this +country and in our own. There were thirteen gangs with their foremen on +the barges and three gangs with foremen on the steamer. We found the +Nile river water of good taste but muddy and we generally left it +standing for an hour to settle. A funny sight was presented by a cow and +a small camel harnessed to a plough. A stick crooked suitably by nature +was laid over both necks and tied round each and a native rope was run +from the yoke to a stick, also crooked to suit the purpose by nature, +used as plough, scratching about two inches deep and three inches wide, +at a speed as I judged of one acre per week. Another unusual thing was +to see the crops in several stages of growth at the same time in +adjoining patches, from sowing to quarter grown, half grown and ripe +crops. This is one of the consequences of the Nubians depending upon the +overflow of the Nile to fertilize their soil. Directly the river begins +to fall they commence to sow their seed in the mud, it leaves behind, +and as the water recedes they follow it up with the sowing. The crop +farthest from the river of course gets the start. + +[Illustration: A DAHABEAH.] + +[Illustration: RAISING WATER ON THE NILE.] + +The next novel sight was the irrigation of the fields. To lift the water +from the river, a frame is made by putting some cornstalks into the +ground and putting clay round them to make posts, which are placed about +six feet apart; the posts support a small stick, across which is laid a +crooked pole, with about a dozen bends in it, that balances a mud basket +on one end against a leather bucket on the other. The bucket holds about +as much as our common well bucket, a man is continually filling from the +river and emptying into a mud spout between the posts. The water is +led off in a small mud conduit over the farm which is divided into +sections, when one section is filled with water the stream is turned +into another one. These waterworks are kept going day and night. Once in +a while one may see cattle power used for irrigation of the following +old fashioned kind, the yoke is hitched to a primitive cog-wheel of +about twelve feet in diameter, which works into a smaller wheel placed +underneath it, the cattle walking over a bridge. The cogs are simply +pins driven into the outside of each wheel. The shaft of the smaller +wheel runs out over a ditch cut from the river and carries a large reel +about eighteen feet in diameter over which two native ropes are laid to +which are attached about forty earthen jars. The cattle here are about +the same size as ours, but they have a lump on their back and their +horns run straight back. The colour of most of these cattle is blueish. +Where the fertile strip of land is wide, canals are dug in curves to +bring the water back near, to the sand mountains. The cattle feed along +the river bank, which is left uncultivated for about twenty feet from +the water, and I have seen a number of them of all kinds, feeding on +this poor strip and never touch the rich crops alongside, although left +to themselves and I was told that they were taught that way. The sheep +look like dogs dragging long tails on the ground and the dogs look much +like the Esquimaux dogs I have seen in Manitoba. + +After seven or eight days travel we left the sand mountains and began to +see rock on both sides, more particularly on the east bank the rock +looked to me like plaster of Paris. The natives quarried it and loaded +it into small dibeers. "Dibeers" are sailing crafts with a small cabin +aft, whilst, "Nuggars" are plain barges, with a very peculiar sail, the +boom of which is rolled into the sail by way of furling the latter. I +heard one blast go off and this being Sunday, the 19th October, I made +up my mind that the people here have no Sundays. We passed some ruins on +both shores, some appeared to be cut into the solid rock, which here is +of a brownish colour. I could not tell what kind of rock but the courses +varied from four to twenty feet as seen between the temples and they +laid very even. The perpendicular seams were perfectly straight. The +temples all faced the river. We also passed some immense figures, some +standing, some sitting on chairs, some looking towards the river, some +showing their profile, the highest of these I judged to be 60 feet high. +It was a pity that we could not get the slightest information from the +Egyptian crew with us, who seemed very averse to us, so much so, that I +could not even learn their names far less any of their language. About +this time some of the boys gave out that we would be shown the exact +spot, where Moses was picked up, but nobody knew exactly. Our fleet did +not run at nights, and it always happened that we halted in some +uninhabited place, where nothing could be learned. Some of the cities we +passed presented a beautiful appearance from the distance, temples, high +towers and so forth all looking very white, some mud houses were two or +three stories high and of blue mud color. + +At one place, the only one point where we stopped in the day time, I +went ashore to see what was called a sacred tree. A young Christian +Egyptian of about sixteen years, whose acquaintance I made here told me +that the sacred tree had great healing power, and sick people would come +and ask its help, and when cured would drive a nail into the tree as a +memorial. The tree showed a great number of nails of all patterns, and +it must not be forgotten that nails here are even scarcer than money. It +is a live tree and nothing nice to look at, it rises from the ground +about four feet straight and then lays over horizontally for about +thirty feet, after which it turns up and throws out branches. The trunk +is about one foot through and the bark is similar to that of our large +thorn tree. Returning to the fleet I saw a young man lying in the dust +on the side of the road, with his mouth open, his tongue out and his +eyes, in fact his whole face a mass of flies, a horrible sight. A little +girl bent over him, pointed to the sick and looked at me. My young +Christian bade me come away saying it was a case of leprosy. My friend +showed me a mosque and a bazaar. Coming out of the bazaar I noticed +three men acting very queerly, walking around in front of a mud hut, +talking dolefully or murmuring and constantly looking to the ground, and +was told that there was a death in the family. My guide saw me back to +the fleet and on the road asked me for a book, and I gave him one. His +people lived in the place. The fertile strips along the river here are +much narrower than in Lower Egypt, sometimes one-eighth of a mile wide +sometimes only about two hundred feet, but to judge from the crops as +well as the cattle and the food the latter find, the soil must be +better. + +I should say the river is from a third of a mile to half a mile wide on +the average from Assiout to Assouan, and very shallow, as the steamer, +which drew about five feet of water, got aground often. We reached +Assouan at 10 a. m. on the 21st, not without regret at having had to +pass such famous places as Thebes and Luxor. We camped quite close to +Thebes and there were guides waiting with candles to show us over the +place but we had no time to spare and so were not permitted to wander +about. + +We landed two miles below the city at Assouan the lower end of the track +of the seven mile railway to Shellal passing behind Assouan. This +railway is built to portage over the first cataract. Opposite Assouan, +we passed the camp of the Black Watch. At Shellal, a steamer with forty +whalers in tow received us and started at once towards Wady Halfa. We +camped two or three miles above Shellal and were therefore deprived of +any sight of the first cataract. Our fifty-six Caughnawaga Indians were +given eight boats, which were towed four abreast and ten long, this was +the first time we got into the boats. We soon made use of the awning +provided for each. The country along the river here is all rock and as I +was told, back of the rock all sand. Doctor Neilson informed me that we +were now about crossing into the tropics. The natives here are +considerably darker than the Egyptians and better built men. They were +dressed similarly to the Egyptians. A navy pinnace overhauled us here +bringing Abbe Bouchard who had stayed behind in Cairo. We went a good +distance before we again met cultivated land and then only in strips, +some of which were not twenty feet wide and they were utilized every +inch. The natives follow the falling river with cultivation, as I +discovered when coming back a little over three months afterwards, when +I found crops of beans from one inch to a foot long, growing where there +had been water. We passed miles of barren rock and then again narrow +strips and altogether the country was poorer than Upper Egypt. +Occasionally we would see a few date trees along the river and now and +then a small mud-built village. Irrigation was going on the same as +below, both by hand and by ox-power. We reached Korosko on the 24th of +October the steamer was run with the bow on the shore, but the boats +towed too far from shore for us to get out. + +Korosko is a small fort occupied by both English and Egyptian soldiers. +The river banks around are fifteen to twenty feet high. From my whaler I +could see a small building near the beach with a sign over the door +marked "poste Keden" Post office. We left Korosko after an hour's +stoppage and beached in good season, to give us a chance to cook supper. +At every night's camp we unavoidably did more or less damage to the +crops, which must have caused serious loss to these poor people by whom, +as I said before, every inch of the spare soil is utilized. We got under +way at sunrise. The river up this far from Assouan is a series of very +straight stretches from five to fifteen miles in length with no +difficult bends and good for navigation everywhere. The current varys +from three to five miles an hour. During this day I noticed a small +screw tug bearing a foresail coming after us and trying hard to reach +us. It proved to be a press steamer having on board the correspondent of +an English paper, an engineer and a native pilot. They ran short of coal +and wanted a tow, and all the coal they had left when reaching us, a man +could have put in his vest pocket. We beached this night on the west +side close to a temple, cut, as it appeared to me into the solid rock. +Being called to receive stores and cholera belts for the men I was +prevented from joining an exploring party, that set out, and was told, +when the boys came back, that I had missed something worth seeing. I +learnt afterwards that this place was Abu-Simbel, where there are two +temples cut out of the rock which are said to be the oldest specimens of +architecture in the world. The boys said they had seen stone figures of +men with toes three feet long and I dare say they were not far out, as I +learnt there are four seated figures in front of the largest temple +supposed to represent Rameses the Great, which are sixty five feet in +height. I was sorry that I had to stay behind to look after the stores. +Talking about cholera belts, everybody engaged in the British service in +Egypt had to wear these belts, soldiers and voyageurs were supplied with +them and required to wear them. They are strips of flannel twelve or +fifteen inches wide, and I was told by soldiers who had served in Egypt +some time, that they are very effective in preventing cholera and +dysentery. + +[Illustration: BOAT FOR THE NILE EXPEDITION UNDER SAIL.] + +[Illustration: BOAT FOR THE NILE EXPEDITION SHOWING AWNING.] + +Next day, Sunday the 26th at 5 p. m. we arrived at Wady Halfa. The +weather was still the same as ever since we landed at Alexandria, not a +cloud, not uncomfortably warm, but warm enough. A steam tug came out +from Wady Halfa and brought orders for us to proceed as far as the river +was navigable for the steamer. This brought us about four miles above +Wady Halfa where the tow was disbanded. The boats then proceeded another +mile and we camped. During this mile we had the first opportunity to +work the boats, (still all light) and that evening the opinions about +them varied greatly. + +No sooner were our tents pitched than Lord Wolseley arrived. He shook +hands with some, exchanged a few words with our commander, Colonel +Denison, and was off again. We found here about a hundred whalers +waiting for us. We were at the foot of the second cataract and the +following morning were ordered to take the light boats up the cataract +to the first naval camp, about three miles distant, to make one trip and +if possible two. Seven men took one boat and all the crews made two +trips, some getting through early, some late. + +The first trip I made, I took a different channel from those who started +before. I stepped the two masts with which the boat was provided and +used the sails and the six oars only, the wind being as usual from the +north. We needed all our resources but we reached the camp in good time. +We walked back the three miles took another boat and tried the channel +generally taken, it being apparently the shortest route. I had to use +the tow-line at one place where there was a "gate" or channel, as we say +in Canada, with about three feet of a fall, about eighteen feet wide +and a good standing place to tow from. Right there was stationed our +acquaintance, the reporter, in his little tug moored above the gate. One +of the voyageurs while wading must have stepped into some seam, he +jumped quickly back into his boat, leaving behind his moccasin and said +he was bitten by a crocodile, which all of us were kind enough to +believe and we advised him not to wade any more. All had accomplished +their task in the evening and come back to our camp. Soon afterwards +General Sir Evelyn Wood arrived and went towards Colonel Denison's tent. +I heard my name called by my officer and went before the General who +demanded the number of my men and wanted to see them. Getting the men in +line, the General asked me if they spoke English and I said they spoke +enough for boating purposes, but no more. The General then left. After +supper I was informed by my officer that I had to take thirty-five men +with me and go about a hundred miles up the river. + +Here commences the second railway of the river route, about thirty miles +long, and the first train on the following morning brought Lord Wolseley +on his way to the front. The second train had on board, Col. Alleyne, +Lord Avonmore, Capt. Moore, Lieut. Perry and Lieut. C. R. Orde. This +train took me and my men on and stopped at Gemai where we found several +boats which had been portaged on cars. We pitched tents and did not +leave until 10 o'clock the next morning, October 29th. I picked crews as +nearly equal as I could, with a captain to each and started with six +boats, nearly light, only the five officers and their luggage on board. +I had the honor to start in boat No. 1 with Col. Alleyne on board, the +officers taking a boat each of different numbers, reached Sarras about 5 +p. m. a distance of eighteen miles. The river here is very narrow, in +some places about a thousand feet and the current very swift. I had to +get a line out only once. At Sarras each boat took on nearly two tons of +ammunition and stores, also additional passengers. We proceeded two +miles up and camped. There were many islands and rocks both in sight and +sunken, but room enough to go anywhere. The shores are barren rock. +Starting next day with a light breeze, I soon found that I wanted more +wind to proceed under sail as the current grew swifter and my boat had +now on board, besides Col. Alleyne, his servant, his interpreter, one +corporal and one native swimmer, then myself with five men and about two +tons of freight. This was the time to find out what we could do with our +boats, the north wind had freshened, which gave us more speed and with +the help of five good oars we dodged the swift currents, catching eddies +and after two hours trial the captains congratulated each other upon +being masters of the situation. We soon began to race, each captain +using his own judgment as to which channel to take, which gave each a +chance to be ahead or behind according to his luck. When I signalled for +dinner all headed for shore and it was here that Louis Capitaine was so +unaccountably lost, within sixty feet from shore. Louis had the bow oar +in Peter January's boat and he rose when nearing shore. While standing +in the bow he fell over, the headway of the boat made the distance a +hundred feet before he was seen to rise. Lieut. Perry threw a +life-preserver and ordered the Arab swimmer, which this boat carried, to +assist him, the swimmer jumped immediately and swam towards the spot but +Louis disappeared before assistance reached him. My boat was about sixty +yards behind Peter's boat coming up in the eddy behind a rock. When +striking the current I noticed Louis' helmet and the Arab swimmer. We +went ashore to prepare dinner and I really believe that Colonel Alleyne, +the officer in charge of this convoy, felt so badly about this accident, +that he did not take anything. He hired natives to search for the body +and give it decent burial, if found. After dinner we proceeded with one +man short. The water not being so bad we made the Semnah cataract that +afternoon. This cataract was thought the worst in the whole route. +Colonel Alleyne showed me up to the gate and said "now everything is +yours." It must be understood that this gate does by no means reach +across the river. The river is about 1000 feet wide here and the gate +situated between the east shore and an island is about twenty feet wide. +Not being sure of the water I tried a light boat first. I took boat No. +1 through without any trouble, but would not trust the full load on any +boat. We all lightened somewhat and passed the six boats through with +tow lines inside of an hour. The freight we had left was portaged by +camels. We reloaded and started under sail four miles up in smooth water +and camped. Colonel Alleyne held an inquest that night on Louis +Capitaine's death and despatched a man to the nearest telegraph station +with the news of his death. A few weeks after this despatch was sent, +Colonel Kennedy showed me a copy of the Ottawa _Free Press_, in which +the _Free Press_ made free indeed reporting Captain Louis Jackson as +drowned. All the captains appeared pleased with their boats, talking +about who made the best run and each boasting to have the best boat. +From this cataract to the next one above, at Ambigol, is counted +seventeen miles, which stretch proved much the same as below Semnah +cataract; plenty of dodging and crossing the stream to get the side of +the river with the lesser current, the boats being such good travellers +and answering their helms so well with a stiff breeze, we found +ourselves in a genuine boatman's paradise. In spite of the free wind we +had all day, we had to get lines out and track several times. We camped +on an island about a mile below Ambigol cataract. In the evening the +captains argued as to which of them had run the most on sandbanks. These +sand shoals are formed behind large rocks in a manner never seen in our +own waters, and it was strange to notice that like situated rocks would +not alike accumulate sand, some had shoals behind them and some had +none, still all showed the same eddy on the water surface, and the water +being muddy we could not tell which to trust and so gave them all wider +berths in future. + +[Illustration: CATARACT OF AMBIGOL.] + +The following day, the 1st of November we reached the post of Ambigol +about 8 a. m. We found this cataract different from Semnah cataract. +This has no "gate" but a very crooked channel, swift current and very +bad tracking. It required the combined force of thirty-five men to pull +one boat with its full load. The cataract is one mile long and the +roughest part is at the foot and at the head. It was in this mile of the +route that afterwards three white men were lost. We got through this +cataract about noon and cooked dinner just above it. It must be +remembered that the route was entirely unknown to us all and that we had +to find our channels and often did not take the best one. From this out +I ordered my captains to take a different channel each, there being so +many, so as to find the best one for future purposes. The boats being so +equally matched, we could easily tell who had the wrong channel, for he +was soon left astern. The officer in charge, Col. Alleyne, who is +himself an experienced boatman, was so well pleased with our progress +that he never interfered but left it all to us. It must also not be +forgotten that the boys had been forty days travelling, doing no hard +work, before we took the boats and by this time their hands were very +sore. The rocky shores were so bold that poles could only be of use in +keeping off and it was impossible to assist by shoving ahead. + +To say a word about the boats now, we all had come to the conclusion +that the boats and outfit were well devised for the service so far. We +had tried them now in various ways; we had sailed against a swift +current with a beam wind, where a flat bottom would have had to be towed +with lines, and the more this towing could be avoided the better it was +on account of the fearful track along the shore. The boats were +sufficiently strong for all necessary handling and in case of accident, +they were light enough to be brought ashore and turned over for repairs +without extra help. More difficult it was to find a good place on the +shore where to haul a boat out. The boats were provided with two sails +each, a sample of which (sails) I have brought home with me. + +We camped next on Tangur island and the following day the 2nd of +November, we started to face the Tangur cataract. The wind being very +strong in our favor we tried to dodge behind the many islands, but had +to give up sailing in many places and get the lines out. We overcame +this cataract without much difficulty. Above the cataract it was +considered smooth water for about one mile when a very bad stretch was +met with about half a mile long. The river here is about quarter of a +mile wide, and full of large rocks between which the water came down +very "wicked" in channels of about sixty feet wide and some wider. I +again ordered each captain to pick his own channel, and having a strong +breeze and all oars working we managed to get above. In this place I +discovered by experience that what we had found to be the best channel +on that day, was the worst a few days after. The water falling six +inches to a foot every day, continually changed the rapids, making a bad +place better and a good place bad. Above this cataract we had thirteen +miles of what we called smooth water with a current of from three to +five miles an hour. I had noticed in coming up that the country was +inhabited, having seen a few Arabs now and then. We reached the foot of +Akaska cataract that evening. On landing, the boat, which carried Lord +Avonmore, got stove in when His Lordship took the tools and proved +himself quite a carpenter. Here also were seen some useful stretches of +beach under cultivation, but these were getting few and far between. + +Next day, the 3rd November, we faced the Akaska cataract, we were +getting used to the river and therefore this cataract proved to be the +easiest so far. Between Akaska and the foot of Dal cataract there are +nine miles of good navigation, and the greater part of the beach is +useful, this stretch looking altogether better and less wild. We reached +the foot of Dal about noon. Dal cataract is said to be five miles long. +In this cataract I saw for the first time, small willow trees on the +islands. We went about half a mile up with sails and oars, when we had +to track for quite a distance. In this rapid it happened for the first +time that we came to a halt, not knowing how to proceed. We had crossed +on to an island not having water enough in the little channel between +this island and the shore, but found at the head of the island the water +rough and the current too strong to pull against and could not proceed +without a line to the mainshore. It was here that the foresight of +Colonel Alleyne, proved of value. Our Arab swimmer managed to carry the +tow line to the shore, where he made fast and we pulled ourselves up, +carrying the end of the tow line of the next boat, which carried the +next line and so on until the six boats were up. Half a mile further on +we came to a place where it was impossible to proceed on this side of +the river, there being no place for the men to stand and pull, the water +made a kind of a fall, and it was altogether a singular place. We had to +try the other side of the river. In crossing we met with many rocks and +one island which offered so many favorable eddies, that we rather +gained than lost ground. The river here is about three-quarters of a +mile wide. On the west shore we found good tracking for about a quarter +of a mile, when again the services of our swimmer were required. Finding +ourselves on an island, Colonel Alleyne being an experienced boatman +said we had done enough for that day and we camped. + +On Tuesday, November 4th, we started again with sails and oars. The +river being full of islands we had not the same difficulty as the day +before, and we reached Sarkametto about 10 a. m., well pleased to find +ourselves at the head of these last four cataracts and congratulated +ourselves on having brought the first six boats of the Expedition so +far. + +Next morning I received orders to go down with four boats, which order +rather disappointed me, as I had expected to go through to Dongola. I +found out that our trip was a trial only. I took all hands into the four +boats, the officers also coming aboard, and left at 9 a. m. + +Now came the tug of war, the shooting of all the cataracts. Coming up we +used all eddies, now we had to avoid them, coming up also if unable to +proceed we could draw back and try another channel, now, everything +depended on quick judgment and prompt action, the more so as keel boats +are not considered fit for rapid work. I ordered my captains to follow +at such distances as to give them time to avoid following should the +leading boat err in the choice of channel. After shooting the Dal +cataract all safe I asked my captains how the boats behaved. All agreed +that they were slow in answering their helm and required close +watching. Travelling between the cataracts against a strong headwind was +slow work and we longed for the next one to get along faster. Shooting +the Dal, there had been much dodging of rocks and islands, which gave +some excitement. In Akaska cataract we discovered a smooth, straight +channel in the middle of the river and not very long. + +This shooting of the rapids was a surprise to the Egyptian soldiers, a +number of whom were stationed at every cataract. The natives came +rushing out of their huts with their children, goats and dogs and stood +on the beach to see the North American Indian boatmen. I had more +leisure now to look round. I have not seen the place yet where I would +care to settle down. + +The next cataract is Tangur, which I considered the most dangerous of +all for shooting. The river is wide and there are many islands and +rocks, the rocks are high, and there are many channels to choose from, +and as I had noticed coming up, many of these channels are too crooked +for shooting especially with a keel boat, all of which makes this rapid, +a dangerous one to shoot. The rocks hide each other and if you clear the +first one you find yourself close on the other. A narrow escape I had on +the east side of Tangur island. The boat following me had taken a sheer +and was obliged to take another channel, which having a swifter current +than the one I had taken, brought this boat up with me below the rock so +close as nearly to cause a disaster. + +Colonel Alleyne ordered lunch near the place, where the steamer Gizeh +was wrecked. We could see her high and dry on the rock, where she had +laid some time as I was told. After lunch we started for Ambigol +cataract. On our way we met several large nuggars with their peculiar +sails, going at good speed. These nuggars never track but go up with a +strong breeze. We shot Ambigol cataract between three and four o'clock +and met five whalers at the foot of it. Colonel Alleyne ordered me to go +ashore to speak to them. They were manned by Royal Engineers with +foreman Graham and his voyageurs. We started again downwards and made +Semnah cataract after sunset shortly before dark. Shooting Semnah gate, +finished our day's work and we camped. We had made this day 61 miles. + + Dal cataract 5 miles. + From the foot of Dal to the head of Akaska 9 " + Akaska cataract 1 " + From the foot of Akaska to Tangur 14 " + Tangur cataract 3 " + From the foot of Tangur to Ambigol 9 " + Ambigol cataract 1 " + From the foot of Ambigol to Semnah 17 " + Semnah cataract 2 " + --- + 61 " + +This day's experience decided my opinion about the boats. Many of my men +had been portaging on the Ottawa for different lumber firms and all +agreed with me, that whilst the Nile river boats would have been of no +use on the Ottawa, they could not be improved upon for the Nile service +on account of the nature of the river. For the ascents of the river as +well as the cataracts, the sailing qualities of the boats were all +important, and when towed by line the keel would give a chance to shoot +out into the current to get round rocks, where a flat bottom would have +followed the line broadside and fetched up against the rock. In shooting +the cataracts the boats did not answer the helm as quickly as would flat +bottoms, but this drawback was not sufficient to condemn the keel. + +Next day, Thursday, November 6th, we ran some more swift water to +Sarras, nine miles below foot of Semnah. We met there thirty whalers +with troops and stores ready to ascend. Colonel Denison asked me to give +him one man to act as pilot, so I gave him Mathias Hill, an Iroquois. +Colonel Denison went up with this fleet. + +Most of the Canadian voyageurs asked me how I found the Rapids. I told +them that I had no trouble, considering it unadvisable to give a minute +description, as I had already discovered how the fast falling water +daily changed the appearance of the river, and what was a good place for +me to go up, would be bad now, whilst a bad place might be better. I was +well aware that these voyageurs would have more trouble than I had. They +had not only larger loads but soldier crews, whilst I had my Caughnawaga +boys with whom I had worked from youth up and who promptly caught at a +sign from me, while the soldiers had to be talked to, and, although +having the best of will, could not always comprehend the situation. + +After thirty whalers had started, I was informed by Lord Avon more +of the order to camp. Next day the 7th November, another fleet of +twenty-eight boats started, for which Lord Avonmore asked me a pilot. +I gave him John Bruce of St. Regis. + +The following day, the 8th, Lord Avonmore requested of me seven men and +a foreman, to go with him up to the Dal cataract to be stationed there, +owing probably, as I thought to myself, that Col. Alleyne considered +the Dal the most difficult. I pointed out Peter Canoe as the most +experienced boatman I had, and as he does not speak English, James Deer +went as their interpreter. I received orders for myself to go down with +the rest of my men to Gemai. At Gemai I found twenty-three light boats +manned by Dongolese. Placing a captain in each boat we started, but were +disappointed to find that these men had never seen a boat nor used an +oar. With the help of the usual north wind we managed to ascend in good +time to Sarras. On the way up we had to teach one man to steer and then +go round to each man and teach him to row. Neither understanding one +word of the other's language, this was a terrible task. I had however, +been long enough in contact with English military discipline by this +time, to know that there was no backing out. We loaded at Sarras and +proceeded up with Lieut. C. R. Orde as Commander of this convoy, who +had an interpreter with him. Without the latter it would have been +impossible to get along; as it was, some accidents could not be avoided. +Our new commander being an experienced boatman as well as a good +carpenter, and a gentleman we managed to keep up with the other fleets. +To give an idea of the trouble we had, I need only say that these +Dongolese generally understood just the contrary of what they were +ordered to do. They would pull hard when asked to stop or stop pulling +at some critical place when hard pulling was required. Lieut. Orde as +well as myself were continually patching boats on account of these +fellows. We made the nine miles from Sarras to Semnah in just six days, +whereas we had travelled before at the rate of seventy miles in five +days. At Semnah Lieut. Orde reported to Commander Hammill, R. N., in +charge of Semnah cataract, Commander Hammill informed me that my plan of +ascending Semnah gate was adopted by all the others, he also asked me if +I thought I should be able to make boatmen of the Dongolese, I told him +I was discouraged and the only consolation I had was that my Dongolese +convoy was still travelling as fast as the other fleets in spite of my +strict orders always to give the right of way to boats manned by +soldiers and to avoid retarding them in the cataracts. + +Reaching Ambigol November 19th, during this day I was requested to +assist in pulling off a steam pinnace which had run on the rocks and +filled, blocking the small channel for steamers to ascend. I having 175 +Dongolese with my Caughnawaga boys and about 200 Egyptian soldiers they +parted the hawser on the first pull, while getting another hawser Col. +Butler arrived in a whaler from Sarras with a crew of Kroomen, with +Chief Prince of Manitoba as captain. Col. Butler ordered us to abandon +the wreck and explore another channel on the opposite side of the river, +I unloaded my boat manned by Caughnawagas and with Lieut. Orde, went +across, after half a day's search found a very crooked channel which +afterwards 4 or 5 steamers ascended successfully. + +At Tangur it was found advisable to split the convoy, Major Crofton +taking 10 boats and Lieut. Orde the rest. Going up some minor cataract +with eight Dongolese on the line, and one young fellow, a little +brighter than the rest, in the boat with me and having just passed the +worst place, a couple of the men ashore got to fighting and the rest let +go the line either to part them or to join and I was left at the mercy +of the rapid for a variety. These men were, as I said before, entirely +unused to boats. They are all excellent swimmers and able to cross the +river at almost any place. When making long distances they make use of +the goat skin bottles they have for carrying water, scolding was of no +use, they neither understood nor cared. I may here mention another +peculiarity of theirs. I had noticed many scars on their bodies, but +could not account for it, until one of them fell sick when the other cut +his skin to bleed him, and filled the cut with sand. + +This convoy carried about sixty tons of freight, all of which was +brought safely to the foot of Dal cataract and the convoy was ordered +downwards again as far as the head of Ambigol cataract for reloading. As +I could not trust the Dongolese in shooting the rapids I manned the +boats with my Iroquois and made trips at each cataract, letting the +Dongolese walk. It was a grand sight to see so many boats on their way +up, some sailing, some rowing, some tracking and some on shore patching +up. + +We reached the head of Ambigol, loaded up and started up stream. We made +the foot of Dal with less trouble on this trip, the Dongolese having +learned a great deal as well as I and my men knowing now some words of +their language. + +On arriving at Dal, I found that this place had become a very busy +scene. Many tents were pitched among which were a commissariat, a post +office and a number of officers tents. Lord Avonmore had come down from +the middle of the Dal cataract, next to his tent was that of Colonel +Burnaby, then Major Mann, near the beach was Sir George Arthur, who had +arrived that day from below, commanding a convoy of boats. On the south +end of the little colony were Lord Charles Beresford, Col. Alleyne and +Major Spaight. Col. Alleyne congratulated me on my success with the +Dongolese. + +I returned for another trip, arriving back here on the 19th of December. +The same officers were still here. The next morning Col. Alleyne ordered +me to camp on the beach with my men and said we had done enough of +lower cataract service. At the same time the Dongolese, that had been +with me still in charge of Major Crofton, were sent down to try a trip +by themselves. It proved lucky for these men that the Nile does not +scare them, for they had to swim for it on more than one occasion. +However, they proved efficient in the end to the satisfaction of the +officers. + +While lying on my oars I had an opportunity to admire the passing army, +both officers and men, and their discipline. I did not see one private +soldier who looked more than thirty years of age. The soldiers showed +signs of the hard work they had done in getting up the Nile. Their hands +were blistered and their clothes worn out, but they were as cheerful +and enthusiastic as ever. My orders now were to assist the officer in +charge with my Iroquois in passing boats up the Dal cataract, until the +last boat was passed. I had all my men collected here except four who +were stationed above. During this time I saw Colonel Burnaby depart on +his camels, Lord Avonmore in his boat, my old commander Col. Alleyne in +his boat and afterwards Sir Evelyn Wood on horse-back, also our Canadian +officer Col. Kennedy, Surgeon, Major Neilson and Col. Grove. The river +had now fallen so much that there were hundreds of rocks in sight, in +front of this station, and crocodiles could be seen by the dozen, +sunning themselves on the rocks, Major Mann and Abbe Bouchard with the +help of a powerful glass, pronounced one brute to be twenty-five feet +long. + +The last boat that I assisted in passing was on the 14th of January and +on the 15th I received orders to start for Wady Halfa, which brought my +active service in the Egyptian Expedition to a close. + +We arrived at Wady Halfa on the 18th of January where I found Captains +Aumond and McRae and nearly two hundred voyageurs. At Wady Halfa I +witnessed the military funeral of a Gordon Highlander, which was a novel +sight to me. + +One dark night, long after the retiring bugle had sounded, an alarm gun +was fired. I went out of my tent and to my astonishment I found the +soldiers already prepared to fight. No lights had been used and it was a +mystery to me how the men could get ready in so short a time. I could +see that in a real attack, the enemy would not get much advantage over +these men. + +I must mention here a curious sight I witnessed at the funeral of an +Egyptian, before lowering the body into the grave they put a small coin +into his mouth, and I found out, that their belief is, that the dead +have to cross a river to get into the "happy hunting grounds" and I +concluded that the ferryman, not ferrying on "tick" they had provided +their comrade with his fare. Before leaving Wady Halfa, I had the +satisfaction to see two of my Iroquois carry off the first prizes for +running at the United Service Sports, held under the patronage of the +Station Commandant Col. Duncan and the officers. + +We left Wady Halfa on the 29th January, arriving at Cairo, February 5th, +where an opportunity was given us to visit the following places of +interest: Kass el-Nil Bridge, Kass-el-Nil Barracks, Abdin Square and +Palace, The Mosque Sultan-Hassan, the Citadel, the Mosque Mohamet-Ali, +the Native Bazaar, the Esbediah Gardens, and finally Gizeh and the +Pyramids. + +We sailed from Alexandria on February 6th, 1885, well pleased with what +we had seen in the land of the Pharos and proud to have shown the world +that the dwellers on the banks of the Nile, after navigating it for +centuries, could still learn something of the craft from the Iroquois +Indians of North America and the Canadian voyageurs of many races. + +I cannot conclude without expressing my satisfaction at the handsome +treatment accorded us by the British Government, and should our services +be of assistance in the proposed Fall campaign in Egypt, they will be +freely given. We were allowed just double the amount of clothing +stipulated in the contract, the overcoats being given to us at Malta on +our way home. + +Judging by the stores we conveyed up the Nile the army will not fare +badly, we carried Armour's beef, bacon, preserved meat, mutton, +vegetables, Ebswurt's crushed peas for soup, pickles, pepper, salt, +vinegar, hard biscuit, cabin biscuit, flour, oatmeal, rice, sugar, tea, +coffee, cheese, jam, medicine, lime juice, soap, matches, tobacco. + +Whoever designed the boats struck the right dimensions perfectly. Each +boat was made to carry ten days' rations, including everything in the +above list, for a hundred men, ten men with kits and accoutrements, and +about a half ton of ammunition. + +FINIS. + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: Minor spelling and typographical errors have been +corrected without note. Some Illustrations have been moved to avoid +splitting paragraphs and make smoother reading. Obvious errors have been +corrected. Italic text in the original has been enclosed by '_'. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Our Caughnawagas in Egypt, by Louis Jackson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR CAUGHNAWAGAS IN EGYPT *** + +***** This file should be named 32995.txt or 32995.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/9/9/32995/ + +Produced by Peter Vickers and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/32995.zip b/32995.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cb01a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/32995.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3611dd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #32995 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32995) |
