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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán,
+México, by William E. Duellman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, México
+
+Author: William E. Duellman
+
+Release Date: August 27, 2010 [EBook #33543]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES OF MICHOACAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 15, No. 1, pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs.
+
+December 20, 1961
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by cedillas, like ~this~ signifies
+words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies
+words in italics.]
+
+
+
+The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, México
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1961
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.
+
+Volume 15, No. 1, pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs.
+Published December 20, 1961
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+
+PRINTED IN
+THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1961
+
+
+
+
+The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, México
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+ PAGE
+
+INTRODUCTION 3
+ Acknowledgments 5
+ Historical Account 7
+
+NATURAL LANDSCAPE 9
+
+GEOGRAPHY OF THE HERPETOFAUNA 13
+
+ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES 13
+ Amphibia 14
+ Caudata 14
+ Salientia 20
+ Reptilia 56
+ Testudines 56
+ Crocodilia 58
+ Sauria 59
+ Serpentes 88
+
+SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE OCCURRENCE 124
+
+GAZETTEER 129
+
+SUMMARY 141
+
+LITERATURE CITED 142
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+For almost 30 years North American herpetologists have been making
+extensive collections of reptiles and amphibians in México. Some parts
+of the country, because of their accessibility, soon became relatively
+well known; other regions lying off the beaten path were bypassed or
+inadequately sampled. Principally in the last decade herpetologists have
+been entering regions from which no collections previously were
+available in an attempt to fill gaps in known distributions and to
+discover unknown species of animals. In 1950 Dr. Donald D. Brand led an
+exploration party from the University of Texas to the poorly explored
+and faunistically unknown region of southwestern Michoacán. James A.
+Peters accompanied Brand and collected amphibians and reptiles. In 1951
+I welcomed the opportunity to accompany Brand on a second expedition to
+southwestern Michoacán. Such was the beginning of my interest in the
+herpetofauna of the region. I have been fortunate to return to Michoacán
+on four successive trips, all of which had as their purpose the
+accumulation of data on the herpetofauna that would result in a survey
+of the component species and an analysis of their distribution.
+
+My original intention was to amplify Peters' (1954) study based on the
+collections made by him in 1950 and by me in 1951 in the Sierra de
+Coalcomán. But it soon became evident that in order to understand the
+relationships of the herpetofauna of the Sierra de Coalcomán, the
+species inhabiting the Tepalcatepec Valley and adjacent mountain ranges
+would have to be studied. In the course of making that study I examined
+all specimens from Michoacán already in museums.
+
+There have been few detailed herpetofaunal studies in México. The first
+such study of any consequence was that by Bogert and Oliver (1945) on
+the herpetofauna of Sonora. In that paper the authors analyzed the fauna
+from a geographic view and showed the transition from tropical species
+in the southern part of the state to members of the Sonoran Desert
+assemblage to the north. Martin (1958) made a detailed study of the
+herpetofauna of the Gómez Farías region in southern Tamaulipas; he
+emphasized the ecological distribution of amphibians and reptiles in
+that region with special reference to cloud forests. Duellman (1958c)
+presented a preliminary geographic analysis of the herpetofauna of
+Colima with special reference to the continuity of the species
+inhabiting the lowlands. Zweifel (1960) discussed in detail the
+herpetofauna of the Tres Marías Islands and commented on the derivation
+of the fauna. Duellman (1960d) provided a detailed account of the
+geographic distribution of the amphibians known to occur in the lowlands
+of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and attempted to account for the present
+patterns of distribution.
+
+The present report is the first of two parts dealing with the
+herpetofauna of Michoacán. The purpose of this part is to present a full
+account of the species of amphibians and reptiles known to inhabit the
+state of Michoacán; the accounts of the species are accompanied by a
+brief description of the natural landscape and of the various
+assemblages of species comprising the major faunistic groups within the
+region. A gazetteer of collecting localities is appended. The second
+part of the study, now in preparation, deals with the ecological and
+historical geography of the herpetofauna. Since the present part will be
+of interest primarily to systematic herpetologists, I have decided to
+separate it from the more general material of interest to
+biogeographers.
+
+One of the major problems that faces the worker undertaking a faunal
+study is the presence of species or genera of unsettled systematic
+status. My work in Michoacán has been no exception; fifteen separate
+studies were undertaken in an attempt to solve systematic problems in
+certain groups. Some systematic problems still remain but are of little
+consequence insofar as the entire faunal picture is concerned, or are so
+involved as to be impractical to undertake at this time. In accounts of
+species, such problems are mentioned in the hope that they will interest
+some worker who will be inclined to investigate them.
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+While engaged in the study of the herpetofauna of Michoacán I have built
+up a debt of gratitude to many individuals, without whose aid my
+ambition to complete my study never would have been realized. I am
+especially grateful to those individuals who accompanied me in the
+field; Lee D. Beatty, Richard E. Etheridge, Carter R. Gilbert, Fred G.
+Thompson, Jerome Tulecke, and John Wellman offered stimulating
+companionship and valuable assistance. On many occasions they suffered
+hardships on behalf of my interests.
+
+Studies of my own specimens have been augmented by material from other
+institutions. For permitting me to examine specimens in their care I am
+indebted to W. Frank Blair, Charles M. Bogert, Doris M. Cochran, William
+B. Davis, James R. Dixon, the late Emmett R. Dunn, Josef Eiselt, Alice
+G. C. Grandison, Norman Hartweg, Robert F. Inger, Arthur Loveridge, the
+late Karl P. Schmidt, Hobart M. Smith, Robert C. Stebbins, Margaret
+Storey, Edward H. Taylor, and Richard G. Zweifel.
+
+Several people have aided me in the study of specimens and in the
+analysis of data; I am grateful to Donald D. Brand, who first introduced
+me to Michoacán; since that time I have benefited much from his
+knowledge of the area. James A. Peters provided me with essential
+information concerning his field work in southern Michoacán in 1950.
+James R. Dixon and Floyd L. Downs have permitted me to use freely the
+material and data that they accumulated in their recent field work in
+Michoacán. Norman E. Hartweg allowed me to use the specimens and data
+that he gathered in his survey of the herpetofauna in the region of
+Volcán Parícutin. L. C. Stuart, Charles F. Walker, and Richard G.
+Zweifel have helped in unraveling some of the systematic and
+distributional problems.
+
+I am especially grateful to my wife, Ann, who for six months helped me
+track down elusive species and explore new areas. Furthermore, she has
+stimulated me to carry this study to completion.
+
+Many people in Michoacán favored the field parties with quarters,
+transportation, and valuable information, which greatly facilitated the
+field work. In this respect I am especially indebted to Ingeniero Ruben
+Erbina of Ingenieros Civiles Asociados, who not only let us use his home
+as our headquarters, but through a letter of introduction gave us the
+"key" to southern Michoacán. Ingeniero Pedro Tonda aided us in Arteaga
+and San Salvador. Ingeniero Anastacio Peréz Alfaro of the Comisión
+Tepalcatepec in Uruapan provided the latest maps of southern Michoacán
+and much essential information pertaining to travel conditions in the
+area. Señor Nefty Mendoza gave us a home in Dos Aguas; this kindness
+allowed us to work in this interesting region during the height of the
+rainy season. Mr. and Mrs. Bob Thomas let us make use of their
+facilities at Hacienda Zirimícuaro. The naval officers at the Estación
+Marina at Playa Azul made pleasant what might have been a dreadful stay
+in that small coastal village. To the managers and pilots of Lineas
+Aereas Picho in Uruapan I owe special thanks for going out of their way
+on more than one occasion to transport a stranded snake-hunter.
+Throughout the months of field work beginning in 1955 I constantly have
+been aided by the authorities and workers of the Comisión Tepalcatepec,
+a subdivision of the Secretaria de Caminos y Obras Publicas, and of the
+private corporation, Ingenieros Civiles Asociados. Much of the field
+work in Michoacán was made possible only through the co-operation of the
+natives who supplied mules, acted as guides, and aided in the collection
+of specimens. I have learned a great deal from these people. They will
+never see this report. Their work as guides, muleteers, and collectors
+greatly assisted me with the mountains of equipment that had to be piled
+on the backs of scrawny mules for transportation to places where the
+natives seldom trod. Their efforts in behalf of Don Guillermo never will
+be forgotten; I extend an especially hearty _muchas gracias_ to
+Benjamin, Ignacio, Jesús, Lorenzo, Mariano, and Remigio.
+
+Much of the work on this report was done while I was associated with the
+Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. I thank Norman E.
+Hartweg and T. H. Hubbell for making available to me the facilities of
+the museum and for their numerous courtesies that aided me so much.
+
+My field work in Michoacán was supported by the Museum of Zoology at the
+University of Michigan (1951), by the Horace H. Rackham School of
+Graduate Studies of the University of Michigan (1955), by the Penrose
+Fund of the American Philosophical Society (1956), by the Bache Fund of
+the National Academy of Sciences (1958), and by the University of Kansas
+Endowment Association (1960).
+
+Permits for collecting specimens in México were provided by the
+Dirección General de Caza through the courtesy of Ing. Juan Lozano
+Franco and Luis Macías Arellano.
+
+
+Historical Account
+
+Unlike many parts of southern México and northern Central America,
+Michoacán received no attention from the collecting expeditions of the
+European museums in the last century. The earliest known herpetological
+specimens from Michoacán were obtained by Louis John Xantus, who was
+appointed U. S. Consul to Colima in 1859. In April, 1863, Xantus
+collected at Volcán Jorullo in Michoacán; in April and May of the same
+year he collected along the coast of Michoacán between the Río Cachán
+and the Río Nexpa. His small collection of 19 extant specimens is in the
+United States National Museum. Alfredo Dugès, a resident of Guanajuato,
+México, made early contributions to the knowledge of the herpetofauna of
+Michoacán. In 1885 he described _Sonora michoacanensis_, and in 1891 he
+described _Eumeces altamirani_; from what is known of the distribution
+of these species, he probably had collected in the Tepalcatepec Valley.
+During their biological survey of México, Edward W. Nelson and Edward A.
+Goldman spent a limited amount of time in Michoacán in 1892 and again in
+1903 and 1904. Most of their collecting was done on the plateau in the
+north-central part of the state; their collections are in the United
+States National Museum. While collecting fishes in southern México, Seth
+E. Meek obtained some amphibians and reptiles from Lago de Pátzcuaro in
+1904; these are in the collections of the Chicago Natural History
+Museum. In 1908 Hans Gadow ventured into the then unexplored "tierra
+caliente" of the Balsas Valley and collected at Volcán Jorullo and other
+localities in the valley. Later in the same year he collected at
+Guayabo, San Salvador, and Arteaga in the Sierra de Coalcomán and at
+Buena Vista and Cofradía in the Tepalcatepec Valley. His collections
+were deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) and the
+Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.
+
+The first thirty years of the present century saw little more field work
+in Michoacán. In the 1930's Edward H. Taylor and Hobart M. Smith
+collected throughout much of México. At various times they worked in
+Michoacán, principally along the road from México City to Guadalajara.
+In 1935 Hobart M. Smith spent a week at Hacienda El Sabino south of
+Uruapan; he revisited the locality again in 1936 and made a large and
+important collection of amphibians and reptiles from the upper limits of
+the arid tropical scrub forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Specimens
+collected by Smith and Taylor were incorporated into the Edward H.
+Taylor-Hobart M. Smith collection, which subsequently was deposited in
+part in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Illinois and
+in part in the Chicago Natural History Museum. In 1939 Hobart M. Smith
+collected at Pátzcuaro and between Uruapan and Apatzingán; these
+collections, made while he was a Walter Rathbone Bacon Scholar of the
+Smithsonian Institution, are deposited in the United States National
+Museum. In 1940 and 1941 Frederick A. Shannon, who was a member of the
+Hoogstraal Expeditions under the auspices of the Chicago Natural History
+Museum, collected on Cerro de Tancítaro and at Apatzingán; an account of
+the specimens collected there was published by Schmidt and Shannon
+(1947).
+
+The eruption of Volcán Parícutin in February, 1943, attracted the
+attention of many biologists, a group of which from the Museum of
+Zoology at the University of Michigan collected in the Cordillera
+Volcánica in 1945 and 1947. The amphibians and reptiles were collected
+and studied by Norman E. Hartweg. In 1950 James A. Peters accompanied
+Donald D. Brand on a preliminary exploration of the western part of the
+Sierra de Coalcomán and adjacent Pacific coast of Michoacán; in the same
+year Peters collected also on the Mexican Plateau and at Volcán Jorullo.
+His specimens are in the Museum of Zoology at the University of
+Michigan. Since 1950 many biologists have collected in Michoacán in the
+course of work on certain groups of animals or in general surveys. In
+this way Raymond Alcorn, Robert W. Dickerman, James R. Dixon, Floyd L.
+Downs, Emmet T. Hooper, and Robert R. Miller have contributed to our
+knowledge of the herpetofauna.
+
+As stated previously, my own field work in Michoacán began in 1951, when
+I accompanied Donald D. Brand on an exploring expedition to the
+southern part of the state. In that year a short time was spent on the
+Mexican Plateau, principally in the area around Lago de Cuitzeo, and at
+Volcán Jorullo. In July and August we made our headquarters at
+Coalcomán. From that town the field party travelled southward to Maruata
+on the Pacific coast and thence back over the mountains to Coalcomán.
+Later in that summer we travelled by mule from Coalcomán southeastward
+to the mouth of the Río Nexpa. In 1955, accompanied by Lee D. Beatty,
+Carter R. Gilbert, and Fred G. Thompson, I collected in the Tepalcatepec
+Valley and at Coalcomán. We made a mule trip from Coalcomán to Cerro de
+Barolosa, where we made the first collections from the pine-fir forests
+in the Sierra de Coalcomán. Later in the same summer Carter R. Gilbert
+and I spent a week at Playa Azul on the Pacific coast. In March, April,
+and May, 1956, my wife and I collected for a short time in the
+Cordillera Volcánica and on the Mexican Plateau. In early April we moved
+into the Tepalcatepec Valley, where we collected intensively between
+Churumuco and Tepalcatepec. In May we collected on the Pacific coast
+between Boca de Apiza and La Placita. In July and August, 1956,
+accompanied by Richard E. Etheridge, we returned to Michoacán and again
+collected on the Mexican Plateau and in the Cordillera Volcánica, before
+moving into the Tepalcatepec Valley. In an attempt to fill in gaps in
+the known distributions of many species and to sample the fauna in some
+previously uncollected areas, I returned to Michoacán in June, 1958.
+Accompanied by Jerome B. Tulecke and John Wellman, I collected on the
+Mexican Plateau in the northwestern part of the state, on the southern
+slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica, and in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Most
+of our time was spent in the Sierra de Coalcomán, where we collected at
+Aguililla, Artega, and Dos Aguas. In 1960 two days were spent in
+Michoacán; a small collection was made in the eastern part of the
+Cordillera Volcánica. With the exception of the specimens collected in
+1960, which are at the Museum of Natural History at the University of
+Kansas, the specimens that I have collected in Michoacán are in the
+Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan.
+
+
+
+
+NATURAL LANDSCAPE
+
+
+A proper understanding of the geographical distribution of animals in a
+given region is possible only after a thorough acquaintance with the
+geography of the region. Likewise, in order to gain a knowledge of the
+ecological distribution and relationships of the components of the
+fauna, it is necessary to study the animals in their natural
+environments. In order to give the reader a picture of the physical
+features and the major animal habitats within the state of Michoacán,
+the following brief description is offered. Each of these facets
+mentioned below will be elaborated in detail in my final report on the
+herpetofauna of Michoacán.
+
+
+Physiography
+
+The state of Michoacán comprises an area of 60,093 square kilometers
+(Vivó, 1953). Within this area the rugged terrain has a total relief of
+nearly 4000 meters. There have been several attempts to classify the
+physiographic provinces of México; the classification used here is a
+slight modification of the scheme proposed by Tamayo (1949). I have
+tried to keep the system as simple as possible, but still useful in
+discussing the distribution of animals living in the region. For general
+purposes the state of Michoacán can be divided into lowlands and
+highlands as follows:
+
+ LOWLANDS
+ Pacific Coastal Plain
+ Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin
+
+ HIGHLANDS
+ Mexican Plateau
+ Cordillera Volcánica
+ Sierra de Coalcomán
+
+Although the lowlands in the state are continuous, they are only
+narrowly connected and thus form two distinct physiographic and biotic
+areas. The Pacific Coastal Plain in Michoacán extends for a distance of
+about 200 kilometers (airline) from the Río Coahuayana to the Río
+Balsas. The coastal plain is broad between the Río Coahuayana and San
+Juan de Lima, and between Las Peñas and the Río Balsas, where the hills
+rise some 12 kilometers inland from the sea. Between San Juan de Lima
+and Las Peñas the mountains extend to the sea; in this region rocky
+promontories form precipitous cliffs dropping into the sea. Between the
+promontories are small sandy or rocky beaches.
+
+Lying to the north of the Sierra de Coalcomán and the Sierra del Sur,
+but south of the Cordillera Volcánica, is a broad structural depression,
+the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin. The western part of this basin, which
+separates the Sierra de Coalcomán from the Cordillera Volcánica, is the
+valley of the Río Tepalcatepec, a major tributary of the Río Balsas. The
+eastern part of the basin is the valley of the Río Balsas. From the
+point of junction of the two rivers, the Río Balsas flows southward
+through a narrow gorge, which separates the Sierra de Coalcomán from
+the Sierra del Sur, to the Pacific Ocean. In Michoacán the floor of the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin varies from 200 to 700 meters above sea level.
+
+The central part of México is a vast table-land, the Mexican Plateau,
+the southern part of which extends into northern Michoacán. In this
+region the terrain is rolling and varies from 1500 to 1900 meters above
+sea level. Many small mountain ranges rise from the plateau and break
+the continuity of the rolling table-land. Located on the southern part
+of the Mexican Plateau in Michoacán are several lakes, the largest of
+which are Lago de Chapala, Lago de Cuitzeo, and Lago de Pátzcuaro.
+
+Bordering the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau is a nearly unbroken
+chain of volcanos, the Cordillera Volcánica. The highest peaks in
+Michoacán, Cerro San Andrés (3930 meters) and Cerro de Tancítaro (3870
+meters), are in this range. Parts of the Cordillera Volcánica in
+Michoacán are known by separate names; these are, from west to east:
+Sierra de los Tarascos, Sierra de Ozumatlán, and Serranía de Ucareo.
+
+Lying between the Tepalcatepec Valley and the Pacific Ocean, and east of
+the Río Coahuayana and west of the Río Balsas, is an isolated highland
+mass, the Sierra de Coalcomán. This mountain range rises to elevations
+of slightly more than 3000 meters. It has a length of about 200
+kilometers and a width of about 80 kilometers. Except for a relatively
+low connection with the Cordillera Volcánica, the Sierra de Coalcomán is
+isolated from other mountain ranges in southwestern México.
+
+
+CLIMATE
+
+The climates in Michoacán vary from tropical in the lowlands to cool
+temperate at high elevations in the Sierra de Coalcomán and Cordillera
+Volcánica. The highest temperatures are known in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin, where at Churumuco the mean annual temperature is 29.3° C. and
+the range of monthly means is 3.5° C. (Contreras, 1942). Frosts occur
+sporadically on the Mexican Plateau, and in the winter snow falls on the
+highest mountains.
+
+Precipitation varies geographically and seasonally. Most of the rain
+falls between June and October. In the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin
+rainfall in the rest of the year is negligible. The annual average
+rainfall at Coahuayana on the Pacific Coastal Plain is 871 mm.
+(Guzmán-Rivas, 1957:52). In the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin rainfall
+seldom exceeds 800 mm. per year. In the mountains precipitation is
+heavier and somewhat more evenly distributed throughout the year, but
+still definitely cyclic. For example, Uruapan (elevation, 1500 meters)
+receives an average annual rainfall of 1674 mm. (Contreras, 1942). The
+prevailing winds are from the Pacific Ocean. The southern (windward)
+slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán probably receive more rain than any
+other part of the state. The Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin lies in a rain
+shadow of the Sierra de Coalcomán, and the Mexican Plateau lies in a
+somewhat less drastic rain shadow of the Cordillera Volcánica; these are
+the driest regions in the state.
+
+
+VEGETATION AND ANIMAL HABITATS
+
+For the purposes of this report I have adopted the classification of
+types of vegetation that seem to me most significant in terms of
+ecological distribution of reptiles and amphibians in Michoacán. These
+types are as follows:
+
+ TEMPERATE (1000-4000 meters)
+ Fir Forest (2400-4000 meters)
+ Pine-oak Forest (1000-4000 meters)
+ Mesquite-grassland (1500-2100 meters)
+
+ TROPICAL (0-1000 meters)
+ Arid Tropical Scrub Forest (0-1000 meters)
+ Tropical Semi-deciduous Forest (150-600 meters)
+
+The vegetation of the Pacific Coastal Plain and the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin consists of arid tropical scrub forest, composed of deciduous
+trees, which in many places are stunted and widely spaced. In the dry
+season there is little cover provided by this forest. In the rainy
+season there is a sparse growth of grasses and some shade provided by
+the small leaves of the thorny trees.
+
+In Michoacán the rainfall is heaviest on the southern slopes of the
+Sierra de Coalcomán and somewhat less so on the southwestern slopes of
+the Cordillera Volcánica. At these relatively low elevations (150 to 600
+meters) there is tropical semi-deciduous forest, characterized by
+relatively dense shade throughout the year and by a leaf mulch on the
+ground. This type of forest forms the gallery forest along the larger
+streams in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin and on the Pacific Coastal
+Plain.
+
+Rainfall also is heavy on the high mountain ridges, where temperatures
+are low. On these ridges, fir forest, often mixed with pine and oaks, is
+found. This habitat is characterized by a cool, moist climate, many
+rotting logs, and a moist ground cover of leaves and needles.
+
+Most of the mountains are covered with pine-oak forest, which in most
+places is decidedly subhumid, but where this forest occurs on the
+windward sides of high ridges, it sometimes is noticeably humid. In
+this forest the important animal habitats include the needle- and
+leaf-litter, and in some areas, bromeliads.
+
+The rolling terrain of the Mexican Plateau supports cacti, small
+leguminous trees, and grasses. Like the arid tropical scrub forest, this
+type of vegetation, the Mesquite-grassland association, is deciduous and
+thus provides little shelter in the dry season. Unlike the areas in
+which arid tropical scrub forest is developed, the Mesquite-grassland is
+found in areas having warm days and cool nights.
+
+
+
+
+GEOGRAPHY OF THE HERPETOFAUNA
+
+
+Although the main part of my final report on the herpetofauna of
+Michoacán will deal with the geographical and ecological patterns of
+distribution of the herpetofauna, a brief summary of the faunal
+assemblages is presented here.
+
+In Michoacán there are two major faunal assemblages, one in the
+lowlands, and one in the highlands. A large number of the species
+inhabiting the lowlands are wide-ranging species, such as _Bufo
+marinus_, _Iguana iguana_, and _Boa constrictor_. Sixty-three species
+are known to occur on the Pacific Coastal Plain; 41 of these, together
+with 36 others occur in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, a physiographic
+region to which several species of reptiles are endemic; for example,
+_Enyaliosaurus clarki_, _Urosaurus gadowi_, _Cnemidophorus calidipes_,
+and _Eumeces altamirani_.
+
+Generally speaking, the members of the highland faunal assemblage have
+more restricted geographic ranges. The major exceptions are those
+species that are widely distributed on the Mexican Plateau, such as:
+_Bufo compactilis_, _Sceloporus torquatus_, and _Salvadora bairdi_. In
+the montane habitats of the Cordillera Volcánica, 45 species of
+amphibians and reptiles are known; 34 species have been found in the
+Sierra de Coalcomán. Fourteen species are known to occur in both ranges.
+Several species are known only from the Cordillera Volcánica and
+adjacent highlands, and three species are endemic to the Sierra de
+Coalcomán.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES
+
+
+In the following pages the 176 species and subspecies of amphibians and
+reptiles known to occur in the state of Michoacán are discussed in
+relation to their variation, life histories, ecology, and distribution
+in the state. Data have been gathered from 9676 specimens. I have not
+prolonged the accounts of species with information that has been
+presented elsewhere. Consequently, the length and completeness of the
+accounts are variable. I have given only the information that I consider
+a worthwhile contribution to our knowledge of the particular species.
+
+The synonymies given at the beginning of each account include the first
+use of the trivial name by the original author, the first usage of the
+combination that I am using, and, if the circumstances make it
+necessary, additional names or combinations that have been proposed
+since the publication of the checklists of Mexican amphibians and
+reptiles by Smith and Taylor (1945, 1948, and 1950b). References cited
+only in the synonymies are not listed in the Literature Cited. Preceding
+the discussion of each species is an alphabetical list of the localities
+in Michoacán from which specimens have been examined. The listing of a
+locality means that one or more specimens, as indicated, has been
+examined from that locality. Only for those specimens especially
+mentioned in the text are catalogue numbers given. Abbreviations for the
+various museums and scientific collections are, as follows:
+
+ AMNH American Museum of Natural History
+ ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
+ BMNH British Museum (Natural History)
+ CNHM Chicago Natural History Museum
+ EHT-HMS Edward H. Taylor-Hobart M. Smith collection
+ JRD James R. Dixon collection, College Station, Texas
+ KU University of Kansas Museum of Natural History
+ MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology
+ MVZ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
+ NMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
+ SU Stanford University Museum of Natural History
+ TCWC Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection
+ UIMNH University of Illinois Museum of Natural History
+ UMMZ University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
+ USNM United States National Museum
+ UTNHC University of Texas Natural History Collection
+
+Throughout the accounts of the species all measurements are given in
+millimeters; if the range of variation is given, the mean follows in
+parentheses.
+
+
+AMPHIBIA
+
+Caudata
+
+
+~Ambystoma amblycephalum~ Taylor
+
+ _Ambystoma amblycephala_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26: 420, November 27, 1940.--Fifteen kilometers west of
+ Morelia, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Fifteen km. W of Morelia (19); 11 km. SSE of Opopeo (12); 8
+ km. S of Pátzcuaro; 24 km. S of Pátzcuaro (2); Quiroga (20);
+ Tacícuaro (167).
+
+Taylor and Smith (1945:530) presented data on 137 specimens collected at
+Tacícuaro on October 1, 1939; these are all larvae and metamorphosing
+individuals. Aside from these, the largest larva examined (UMMZ 104962
+from 15 km. W of Morelia) has a snout-vent length of 70.0 mm. and a tail
+length of 53.5 mm. The larvae are pale pinkish tan above and somewhat
+paler below; there is a lateral row of cream colored spots. The
+tail-fin, which is deepest at mid-length, extends to the back of the
+head and is flecked with brown. In small larvae the outer edge of the
+tail-fin is dark brown. The eyes are large. Two small metamorphosed
+specimens (UMMZ 98967) from 24 kilometers south of Pátzcuaro are
+tentatively referred to this species. These specimens have body lengths
+of 49.0 and 45.0 mm. and tail lengths of 36.0 and 31.5 mm.,
+respectively. They have 17-17 and 16-15 vomerine teeth arranged in a
+broad arch behind the choanae, 10 costal grooves, and 7 intercostal
+spaces between adpressed toes. The dorsal color is uniform brown; that
+of the venter is a dusty cream.
+
+Larvae were collected from shallow ponds near Quiroga and 15 kilometers
+west of Morelia; metamorphosed individuals were taken from beneath logs
+in pine and fir forests at elevations from 2300 to 2800 meters.
+
+
+~Ambystoma dumerili dumerili~ (Dugès)
+
+ _Siredon Dumerili_ Dugès, La Naturaleza, 1:241, 1870--Lago
+ de Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México.
+
+ _Bathysiredon dumerilii_, Dunn, Notulae Naturae, 36:1,
+ November 9, 1939.
+
+ _Bathysiredon dumerilii dumerilii_, Maldonado-Koerdell, Mem.
+ y Rev. Acad. Nac. Cien., 56:199, 1948.
+
+ _Ambystoma_ (_Bathysiredon_) _dumerili_, Tihen, Bull.
+ Florida State Mus., 3:3, June 20, 1958.
+
+ Lago de Pátzcuaro (22);? Morelia.
+
+For many years this unusual salamander was known from only a few
+specimens mostly collected in the last century; Smith and Taylor
+(1948:7) stated: "It is presumed that this species is extinct owing to
+the introduction of exotic game and food fishes." In 1951 and in 1955 I
+had been told that _axolotls_ were sold in the market at Pátzcuaro;
+nevertheless, none was found on my visits there. In 1956 Charles M.
+Bogert obtained several large specimens at the market in Pátzcuaro.
+These establish the continued existence of the salamander in Lago de
+Pátzcuaro. On January 27, 1955, R. W. Dickerman procured a specimen (KU
+41573) in the market at Morelia. Since fish are brought to Morelia from
+Lago de Pátzcuaro, the specimen probably was from that lake.
+Nevertheless, the species may occur in other permanent bodies of water
+in Michoacán. Maldonado-Koerdell (1948) described _Bathysiredon dumerili
+queretarensis_ from San Juan del Río, Queretaro. This locality is about
+200 airline kilometers northeast of Lago de Pátzcuaro and is in the Río
+Moctezuma drainage.
+
+
+~Ambystoma ordinarium~ Taylor
+
+ _Ambystoma ordinaria_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26:422, November 27, 1940.--Four miles west of El Mirador,
+ near Puerto Hondo, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Axolotl (56); Cerro San Andrés; 22 km. W of Mil Cumbres; 46
+ km. E of Morelia (34); 8 km. SE of Opopeo (5); Puerto de
+ Garnica (8); Puerto Hondo (41); San Gregorio (16); San José
+ de la Cumbre (20).
+
+Of 16 specimens (KU 51520-35) collected on June 18, 1955, near San
+Gregorio, 15 are adult females with swollen cloacae and minute ovarian
+eggs. Possibly these specimens had just recently deposited their mature
+eggs. In preservative the specimens are black above and dull creamy gray
+below. Measurements for the 15 females are: snout-vent length,
+80.0-102.0 (92.5); tail length, 69.0-93.0 (84.2); head width, 15.8-20.5
+(17.7); head length, 22.8-26.6 (24.4). A larval specimen with small
+gills has a snout-vent length of 72 mm. and a tail length of 62 mm.
+Three specimens have 12 costal grooves; the other have 11.
+
+Of 20 specimens from San José de la Cumbre (UMMZ 112857 and 115143), 14
+are neotenic adults; the others are larvae. In life the salamanders were
+blackish to olive-brown above with scattered cream-colored dots on the
+dorsum and flanks but in preservative are dull grayish black with
+indistinct pale spots and dark reticulations. The belly is pale gray
+with indistinct dark spots. Eleven females and three males have the
+following measurements, respectively: snout-vent length, 76.0-90.0
+(80.7), 64.0-84.0 (74.3); tail length, 70.0-81.0 (75.0), 58.0-71.0
+(66.7); head width, 19.5-23.5 (20.7), 17.5-20.5 (19.3); head length,
+22.0-25.0 (23.0), 20.0-22.5 (21.5). The smallest larva has a snout-vent
+length of 43.0 mm. and a tail length of 38.0 mm. Two individuals have 12
+costal grooves; the others have 11. All of the females contained eggs,
+the largest of which were 1.5 mm. in diameter. The stomachs of most of
+the specimens were distended with oligochaets, aquatic insect larvae,
+and small aquatic beetles.
+
+A series of 34 larvae (JRD 5904-37) from 46 kilometers east of Morelia
+are tentatively referred to this species. These specimens are
+olive-brown above with cream-colored spots on the flanks; the dorsal
+tail-fin does not extend onto the body.
+
+This species has been found only at elevations in excess of 2400 meters
+in pine and fir forests. At Rancho Axolotl James A. Peters collected
+larvae and neotenic individuals in a rocky stream and adults from
+beneath rocks and logs in the forest near the stream. Neotenic
+individuals and larvae were found in a clear stream in pine-fir forest
+at an elevation of 2700 meters near San José de la Cumbre; specimens
+were collected there in July, 1955, and again in July, 1956. The site
+was visited in April, 1956, at which time the stream consisted of only a
+few puddles; no salamanders were found.
+
+
+~Ambystoma tigrinum velasci~ Dugès
+
+ _Ambystoma velasci_ Dugès, La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:142,
+ 1888.--Laguna Santa Isabel, near Guadalupe Hidalgo, Distrito
+ Federal, México.
+
+ _Ambystoma tigrinum velasci_, Dunn, Copeia, no. 3:157,
+ November 14, 1940.
+
+ Pátzcuaro (5); Tacícuaro (9).
+
+Definite specific assignment of these specimens, all larvae, cannot be
+made at this time. They have shovel-shaped heads and laterally
+compressed bodies with the dorsal tail-fin extending anteriorly to the
+back of the head. The eyes are small. The body is pale tan with dark
+mottling on the tail and flanks. The average snout-vent length for nine
+specimens from Tacícuaro is 61.0 mm.
+
+The larvae from Tacícuaro (UMMZ 89255) were collected by Dyfrig Forbes
+in October, 1939; those from Pátzcuaro, presumably Lago de Pátzcuaro
+(BMNH 1914.1.28-247-8 and CNHM 948), were collected by Hans Gadow and
+Seth Meek in 1908.
+
+
+~Pseudoeurycea belli~ (Gray)
+
+ _Spelerpes belli_ Gray, Catalogue Batrachia Gradientia
+ British Museum, p. 46, 1850.--México. Type locality
+ restricted to 2 miles east of Río Frío, Puebla, México, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950a:341).
+
+ _Pseudoeurycea bellii_, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 30:209, June 12, 1944.
+
+ Axolotl (2); Carapan; Cerro Tancítaro (84); Macho de Agua;
+ 22 km. W of Mil Cumbres; Opopeo; Pátzcuaro (8); Puerto Hondo
+ (2): San José de la Cumbre; San Juan de Parangaricutiro
+ (42); Uruapan (5); Zacapu (4).
+
+This salamander seems to reach its greatest abundance in Michoacán in
+the Sierra de los Tarascos between Pátzcuaro and Tancítaro, where it is
+found at elevations from 1500 to 2900 meters. It is found less commonly
+in the eastern part of the Cordillera Volcánica in Michoacán, where it
+sometimes occurs in association with _Pseudoeurycea robertsi_.
+
+On June 22 and 23, 1955, four clutches of eggs of this species were
+found beneath adobe bricks and rocks on the volcanic ash that has buried
+the village of San Juan de Parangaricutiro. The eggs were unstalked and
+separate, but adherent in clumps of three or four (Pl. 2, Fig. 1). The
+outer membranes were covered with fine particles of ash. The ash beneath
+the stones where the eggs were found was only slightly moist; one clump
+of eggs was partially desiccated. Three complete clutches have 20, 23,
+and 34 eggs; one clutch of 15 eggs was being eaten by beetles
+(Tenebrionidae: _Eleodes_ sp.). The eggs vary in size from 4.6 to 6.5
+mm. and average 5.3 mm. in diameter. They are unpigmented. Surrounding
+the embryo is a vitelline membrane, an inner, and an outer envelope
+(Fig. 1). In an average-sized egg having an embryo 4 mm. in length, the
+diameter of the outer membrane is 5.3 mm., the inner membrane 5.0 mm.,
+and the vitelline membrane 4.6 mm. All of the eggs contained embryos in
+which the limb buds were developed; in about half of these the eyes were
+distinctly visible.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Diagram of an egg of _Pseudoeurycea belli_ from
+San Juan de Parangaricutiro, Michoacán. × 10.]
+
+The first heavy rain of the season occurred on the night of June 22,
+1955. Thus, at least sometimes, _Pseudoeurycea belli_ lays its eggs
+before the onset of the rainy season. A female having a snout-vent
+length of 110 mm., collected on June 22, 1955, contained 36 ovarian eggs
+having diameters from 3.0 to 3.5 mm. The fact that small juveniles were
+collected on the same date indicates that this salamander lays eggs over
+a period of several weeks in late spring and early summer.
+
+The smallest juvenile examined has a snout-vent length of 17.0 mm. and a
+tail length of 7.5 mm. Twelve juveniles from the vicinity of San Juan de
+Parangaricutiro have an average snout-vent length of 19.4 mm. and an
+average tail length of 9.7 mm. In juveniles the adpressed limbs either
+touch or overlap by one intercostal space; in adults there are two or
+three intercostal spaces between adpressed toes. Therefore the greatest
+number of intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs is found in the
+largest specimens. A similar relationship between adpressed limbs (=
+length of limbs) and snout-vent length was shown for _Plethodon
+richmondi_ by Duellman (1954a). The number of vomerine teeth is
+variable; the number of teeth seems to be closely correlated with the
+size of the salamander (Fig. 2). A similar correlation between the
+number of maxillary teeth and body length was reported for
+_Chiropterotriton multidentatus_ by Rabb (1958). In 12 juvenile
+_Pseudoeurycea belli_ there are 6-13 (8.8) vomerine teeth, and in 11
+adults having snout-vent lengths greater than 90 mm. there are 39-49
+(44.0) vomerine teeth. The coloration of the juveniles resembles that of
+the adults (Pl. 1).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. Correlation between the number of vomerine teeth
+and snout-vent length in 79 _Pseudoeurycea belli_ from Michoacán.]
+
+The differences between this species and _Pseudoeurycea gigantea_ are
+minor. Taylor (1939a) distinguished _gigantea_ from _belli_ by the
+larger size, fewer intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs, more
+vomerine teeth, and absence of occipital spots in _gigantea_. Taylor and
+Smith (1945) stated that in life the spots in _gigantea_ are orange
+instead of red as in _belli_. Five specimens of _Pseudoeurycea belli_
+from Michoacán, including one juvenile, lack occipital spots. In the 34
+living individuals that I have seen from Michoacán the spots varied from
+deep red to orange. Therefore, of the characters listed by Taylor (_op.
+cit._) to diagnose _Pseudoeurycea gigantea_, only the over-all larger
+size and smaller number of intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs (=
+relatively longer limbs) are useful in separating _Pseudoeurycea belli_
+and _gigantea_.
+
+
+~Pseudoeurycea robertsi~ (Taylor)
+
+ _Oedipus robertsi_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:287,
+ July 10, 1939.--Nevado de Toluca, México.
+
+ _Pseudoeurycea robertsi_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 30:209, June 12, 1944.
+
+ Atzimba (3); Macho de Agua (9); Puerto Lengua de Vaca (14).
+
+Previously this species has been recorded only from the type locality.
+In July, 1956, individuals referable to this species were found at two
+sites in pine-fir forest immediately to the east of Macho de Agua and in
+pine-oak-fir forest at Atzimba. On August 20, 1958, a series was
+collected in pine-fir forest at Puerto Lengua de Vaca. These localities
+are between 2900 and 3000 meters in the Cordillera Volcánica in eastern
+Michoacán.
+
+In life the coloration of these salamanders was highly variable. The
+belly and undersurfaces of the tail and hind limbs were pale gray, with
+or without silvery white flecks; the chin was a cream-color and flecked
+with silvery white in some specimens. The middorsal area was brown,
+orange-brown, or dull grayish yellow. The flanks and lateral surfaces of
+the tail were black with yellowish flecks or streaks on the flanks and
+yellowish or orange-brown flecks on the tail. The iris was golden brown.
+Measurements of eight males and two females are, respectively:
+snout-vent length, 42.5-56.0 (49.5), 54.0-60.0 (57.0); tail length,
+42.0-56.0 (48.1), 52.0-55.0 (53.5). The smallest juvenile has a
+snout-vent length of 28.0 mm. and a tail length of 23.0 mm. Of the 26
+available specimens, six have 12 costal grooves, and the others have 11.
+
+In comparison with 36 topotypes, the specimens from Michoacán have a
+less striking dorsal color pattern; none has a well-defined dorsal
+reddish brown area or bold reddish mottling on the tail. Furthermore,
+the specimens from Michoacán have paler venters than do topotypic
+specimens.
+
+
+Salientia
+
+
+~Rhinophrynus dorsalis~ Duméril and Bibron
+
+ _Rhinophrynus dorsalis_ Duméril and Bibron, Erpétologie
+ générale, vol. 8:758, 1841.--Veracruz, Veracruz, México.
+
+ Mouth of the Río Balsas (10).
+
+These specimens (BMNH 1914.1.28.181-90) were collected by Gadow in 1908
+and reported by him (1930:72): "Whilst this very sluggish termite-eating
+toad is common enough in the sweltering hot country of the state of Vera
+Cruz, up to an elevation of 1500 feet, it was unknown on the west side
+of the Isthmus until I found it in great numbers near the mouth of the
+Balsas River, in and near fresh-water pools, where it attracted
+attention by its loud peculiar voice during the pairing season in the
+month of July." Subsequently, Peters (1954:3) verified the
+identification of these specimens. Although torrential rains fell during
+the week in July, 1955, that I spent at Playa Azul near the mouth of the
+Río Balsas, the distinctive voice of _Rhinophrynus_ was not heard.
+Elsewhere on the Pacific coast of México adult _Rhinophrynus_ have been
+reported only from Tehuantepec and a few localities on the coastal
+lowlands of Chiapas. Taylor (1942b:37) found on the coast of Guerrero a
+tadpole that was referred to the genus _Rhinophrynus_ by Orton (1943).
+In the summer of 1960 adults of _Rhinophrynus_ were collected near
+Acapulco, Guerrero (Fouquette, _in litt._). These recent collections
+verify the existence of the species along the Pacific lowlands of México
+at least as far north as Michoacán.
+
+
+~Scaphiopus hammondi multiplicatus~ Cope
+
+ _Scaphiopus multiplicatus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 15:52, June 8, 1863.--Valley of México.
+
+ _Scaphiopus hammondi multiplicatus_, Kellogg, Bull. U. S.
+ Natl. Mus., 160:22, March 31, 1932.
+
+ Angahuan (5); Cuitzeo (4); Cuseño Station (2); Jiquilpan
+ (9); Morelia (7); Pátzcuaro (3); Quiroga; Tarécuaro; Uruapan
+ (24); Zacapu.
+
+This small toad has been found at elevations between 1500 and 2500
+meters on the Mexican Plateau and associated mountain ranges; it occurs
+in mesquite-grassland and in pine forests. Calling males and females
+laden with eggs have been collected in the rainy season in the months of
+July and August. The call is a medium-pitched snore. In living
+individuals the dorsal ground color varies from pale brown to gray with
+dark brown or olive-brown markings. In many individuals the tips of the
+small dorsal pustules are red.
+
+
+~Bufo coccifer~ Cope
+
+ _Bufo coccifer_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 18:130, 1866--Arriba, Costa Rica.
+
+ Apatzingán (27); Lombardia; Nueva Italia (5).
+
+In life the dorsal color pattern consists of a yellowish tan ground
+color with dark brown spots; the middorsal stripe is deep yellow or
+cream color. The venter is a dusty cream color, and the iris is pale
+gold. Males have dark brown horny nuptial tuberosities on the thumb. The
+following measurements are of 21 males and four females, respectively:
+snout-vent length, 43.5-51.7 (48.1), 55.6-62.6 (59.1); tibia length,
+16.6-18.8 (17.6), 18.8-20.3 (19.3); head width, 16.7-19.7 (18.4),
+20.6-22.2 (21.4); head length, 13.8-16.6 (14.8), 16.5-18.2 (17.3).
+
+The specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley differ slightly from
+specimens from southeastern México and Central America. Those from
+Michoacán have low and narrow cranial crests; in about one-half of the
+specimens the occipital crest exists only as a row of tubercles, and in
+some the postorbital and suborbital crests are barely discernible.
+Specimens from the southern part of the range, Costa Rica and Nicaragua,
+have much higher and thicker cranial crests; in these the occipital
+crest is well defined and extends posteriorly to a point back of the
+anterior edge of the parotid gland; the postorbital and suborbital
+crests are well marked. Of 48 specimens from Esquipulas, Guatemala, all
+have high crests, but these are not so well developed as in ten
+specimens from Matagalpa, Nicaragua, and three from various localities
+in Costa Rica. Six specimens from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, have cranial
+crests that are lower than those in specimens from Guatemala. In three
+of the specimens from Tehuantepec the occipital crests are reduced to a
+series of tubercles. Of six specimens from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero,
+four have poorly developed occipital crests. These observations suggest
+the presence of a cline in the development of the cranial crests;
+specimens have higher crests in the southern part of the range than in
+the northern part.
+
+In México _Bufo coccifer_ has been collected only in semi-xeric
+habitats, but to the south, from Guatemala to Costa Rica, it has been
+found in more upland and humid habitats. Southern specimens are darker
+than those from the north, a possible correlation with the differences
+in habitat.
+
+These toads probably range throughout the Tepalcatepec Valley, but they
+are unknown from the coast of Michoacán. Breeding choruses were found
+after heavy rains on June 24, 1955, and on August 2, 1956. The first was
+in a muddy ditch; the second was in a flooded grassy field. The call is
+a high-pitched, but not loud, "whirrr." Males were calling from the edge
+of the water or from clumps of grass in the water. Clasping pairs were
+in the water; amplexus is axillary.
+
+
+~Bufo compactilis compactilis~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Bufo compactilis_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:661,
+ 1833.--México. Type locality restricted to Xochimilco,
+ Distrito Federal, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).
+
+ _Bufo compactilis compactilis_, Smith, Herpetologica, 4:7,
+ September 17, 1947.
+
+ Cuitzeo (2); Emiliano Zapata (20); Jiquilpan (5); La Palma
+ (5); Morelia; Tupátaro.
+
+The southwestern terminus of the range of this species is on the Mexican
+Plateau in Michoacán. All specimens from the state have spotted venters.
+In living toads the dorsal ground color was gray or grayish tan with
+olive green spots. The vocal sac was brownish gray; the iris was a
+bright golden color.
+
+On June 11, 1958, many individuals were calling from shallow water in a
+flooded field at Emiliano Zapata. The call is a slow trill, in which the
+individual notes are discernible.
+
+
+~Bufo marinus~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Rana marina_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1:211,
+ 1758.--America.
+
+ _Bufo horribilis_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:654,
+ 1833.--Misantla and Veracruz, Veracruz, México. Taylor and
+ Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 95:551, January 30, 1945.
+
+ _Bufo angustipes_ Taylor and Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+ 95:553, January 30, 1945.--La Esperanza, Chiapas, México.
+
+ Aguililla; Apatzingán (3); Barranca de Bejuco; Capirio;
+ Charapendo; Chichihuas; Coahuayana (2); Coalcomán (7);
+ Cofradía (2); 25 km. S of Cuatro Caminos; El Sabino (10);
+ Huahua, La Playa (13); Ojos de Agua de San Telmo; Ostula;
+ Playa Azul (2); Pómaro (2).
+
+This large toad is characteristically found in areas supporting tropical
+scrub forest to elevations of about 1000 meters. The species is much
+more abundant than the numbers listed above suggest. In the dry season
+individuals have been observed in patios, along streams, and by
+irrigation ditches. In the rainy season the loud, rattling call of the
+males is heard at night throughout the Tepalcatepec Valley and the
+coastal lowlands.
+
+Taylor and Smith (1945:552) revived Wiegmann's _Bufo horribilis_ for the
+large toads of México that are here referred to _B. marinus_. Their
+action was based upon the supposition that the "species _marinus_" is
+composite. Although probably true, this supposition has yet to be
+proved. Until the large, and apparently related, species of _Bufo_
+inhabiting tropical America have been studied systematically as a unit,
+the recognition of segments of the population as either species or
+subspecies is meaningless. Taylor and Smith (op. cit.:553) based the
+description of a new species, _Bufo angustipes_, on one rather
+emaciated, formalin-hardened female from La Esperanza, Chiapas. The type
+(USNM 116513), when compared with numerous specimens of _Bufo marinus_
+from throughout the range of the species in México and northern Central
+America, displays no combination of characters to set it off from the
+others. Therefore, I suggest that _Bufo horribilis_ Wiegmann and _Bufo
+angustipes_ Taylor and Smith be placed in the synonymy of _Bufo marinus_
+(Linnaeus) until future systematic study of the genus and this species
+in particular establishes the existence of recognizable taxa.
+
+
+~Bufo marmoreus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Bufo marmoreus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:66,
+ 1833.--Veracruz, Veracruz, México.
+
+ Barranca de Bejuco; Coahuayana (11); El Diezmo (2); La
+ Placita (9); La Orilla (12); Motín del Oro; Ostula (9);
+ Playa Azul (5); Pómaro (15); Salitre de Estopilas; San Pedro
+ Naranjestila.
+
+In Michoacán this species is confined to elevations of less than 1000
+meters on the coast and foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán. In this
+region in the months of June and July, breeding congregations have been
+found in temporary pools and along streams.
+
+Smith and Taylor (1948:39), in their key to the Mexican species of
+_Bufo_, placed emphasis on the nature of the supraorbital and
+postorbital crests (whether they form a curve or a sharp angle) in
+distinguishing _Bufo marmoreus_ from _Bufo perplexus_. In the original
+description of _perplexus_, Taylor (1943a:347) characterized the species
+as follows: supraorbital and postorbital crests forming a sharp angle,
+instead of a curve as in _marmoreus_; supratympanic crest smaller than
+in _marmoreus_; diagonal lateral stripe lacking in females;
+concentration of dorsal tubercles as found in _marmoreus_ lacking in
+males. The discovery of specimens in which the crests form a curve and
+others in which the crests form an angle in both the Tepalcatepec Valley
+and in the coastal lowlands prompted an investigation of these
+characters and others throughout the ranges of the species. An
+examination of 410 specimens has resulted in the following conclusions.
+
+
+TABLE 1.--VARIATION IN THE SHAPE OF THE SUPRAORBITAL AND POSTORBITAL
+CRANIAL CRESTS IN BUFO MARMOREUS AND B. PERPLEXUS.
+
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|LOCALITY | N | Curved |Intermediate| Angular |
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Tepalcatepec Valley | 50| 10 (20.0%)| 17 (34.0%) |23 (46.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Morelos | 12| 2 (16.6%)| 5 (41.7%) | 5 (41.7%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Izúcar, Puebla | 4| 2 (50.0%)| 0 (0.0%) | 2 (50.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Southern Sinaloa | 1| 1(100.0%)| 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco| 2| 2(100.0%)| 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Colima | 45| 25 (55.0%)| 18 (40.0%) | 2 (5.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Coast of Michoacán | 55| 35 (63.6%)| 17 (30.9%) | 3 (5.5%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Acapulco, Guerrero | 7| 7(100.0%)| 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Chilpancingo, Guerrero | 10| 1 (10.0%)| 4 (40.0%) | 5 (50.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Pochutla, Oaxaca | 13| 6 (46.2%)| 6 (46.2%) | 1 (7.6%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Tehuantepec, Oaxaca |177| 81 (45.8%)| 67 (37.8%) |29 (16.4%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Tonolá, Chiapas | 1| 0 (0.0%)| 0 (0.0%) | 1(100.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Veracruz | 33| 26 (78.8%)| 6 (18.2%) | 1 (3.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+| Total |410|198 (48.3%)|140 (34.2%) |72 (17.5%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+
+ 1. Although the highest percentage of individuals having the
+ supraorbital and postorbital crests forming a sharp angle is
+ from localities in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, numerous
+ individuals from throughout the range of _marmoreus_ have the
+ crests forming an angle (Table 1).
+
+ 2. In all samples of ten or more specimens, some toads have
+ the supraorbital and postorbital crests forming a sharp
+ angle, some have the crests forming a curve, and some have
+ an intermediate condition.
+
+ 3. The relative size of the supratympanic crest is highly
+ variable in all samples examined.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3. Adult male of _Bufo perplexus_ from Apatzingán,
+Michoacán. × 1.5.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4. Adult male of _Bufo marmoreus_ from Pómaro,
+Michoacán. × 1.5.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 1
+
+Hatchling of _Pseudoeurycea belli_ from San Juan de Parangaricutiro,
+Michoacán. × 8.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 2
+
+FIG. 1. Nest and eggs of _Pseudoeurycea belli_ beneath a
+rock at San Juan de Parangaricutiro. Approx. natural size.
+
+FIG. 2. Multiple egg clutches of _Phyllomedusa
+dacnicolor_ from Coalcomán, Michoacán. 1/3 ×.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 3
+
+FIG. 1. Adult male of _Tomodactylus angustidigitorum_
+from Paracho, Michoacán. × 4.
+
+FIG. 2. Adult male of _Tomodactylus fuscus_ from Los
+Cantiles, Michoacán. ×4.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 4
+
+FIG. 1. Adult male of _Tomodactylus nitidus_ nitidus from
+Tuxpan, Michoacán. ×.
+
+FIG. 2. Adult male of _Tomodactylus nitidus orarius_ from
+Tecolapa, Colima. × 4.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 5
+
+FIG. 1. Adult male of _Tomodactylus nitidus_ petersi from
+Apatzingán, Michoacán. × 4.
+
+Fig. 2. Adult male of _Tomodactylus rufescens_ from Dos
+Aguas, Michoacán. × 4.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 6
+
+FIG. 1. Adult male of _Hypopachus caprimimus_ from
+Tuxpan, Michoacán. × 2-1/2.
+
+FIG. 2. Adult male of _Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis_ from
+Tangamandapio, Michoacán. × 3.]
+
+ 4. A distinct, pale-colored, diagonal lateral stripe is
+ found in females only from localities outside of the
+ Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin; females from the basin have a
+ spotted dorsum.
+
+ 5. Males from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin usually have a
+ broad middorsal line that is yellow or pale tan; those from
+ outside the basin have either a narrow middorsal line or
+ none.
+
+ 6. Males from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin have low,
+ scattered dorsal tubercles (Fig. 3); males from outside the
+ basin have a concentration of tubercles in a broad band on
+ the back (Fig. 4).
+
+Therefore the nature of the cranial crests is of little value in
+separating two populations, but the color pattern of the females and the
+nature of the dorsal tubercles of the males do show distinct
+differences. Furthermore, certain differences in size and proportion are
+evident; _Bufo marmoreus_ is a slightly larger toad and has a relatively
+longer tibia and longer head than _perplexus_ (Table 2).
+
+
+TABLE 2.--COMPARISON OF CERTAIN MEASUREMENTS AND PROPORTIONS IN BUFO
+MARMOREUS AND B. PERPLEXUS. (MEANS ARE GIVEN IN PARENTHESES BELOW THE
+RANGES.)
+
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+| | | | |Tibia length|Head length|
+| Species | Sex | N|Snout-vent+------------+-----------+
+| | | | length | Snout-vent |Snout-vent |
+| | | | | length | length |
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+| _B. marmoreus_ | Male |15|61.5-72.5 | 35.9-41.6 | 28.3-33.3 |
+| | | | (65.2) | (39.0) | (31.6) |
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+| _B. perplexus_ | Male |20|50.0-59.0 | 33.7-38.1 | 26.4-31.1 |
+| | | | (54.9) | (36.4) | (29.5) |
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+| _B. marmoreus_ | Female | 7|68.0-76.0 | 33.0-36.8 | 26.8-32.6 |
+| | | | (70.7) | (34.7) | (29.6) |
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+| _B. perplexus_ |Female | 6|64.1-69.8 | 32.4-36.9 | 25.1-29.0 |
+| | | | (66.8) | (35.5) | (27.5) |
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+
+Taylor (1943a:347) described _Bufo perplexus_ from Mexcala on the Río
+Balsas in Guerrero. Among the many paratypes are specimens from Tonolá,
+Chiapas, and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. These apparently were referred to
+_perplexus_ solely on the nature of the cranial crests. All of the
+specimens examined during the course of the present study from the
+lowlands of Veracruz and from the Pacific lowlands from Sinaloa
+southward to Chiapas are referable to _Bufo marmoreus_; those from the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin are referable to _Bufo perplexus_, as defined
+above. Ten specimens from Chilpancingo, Guerrero (UMMZ 115352), do not
+readily fit either species. Perhaps there is gene exchange between the
+inland and coastal populations through the relatively low pass at
+Chilpancingo, at the mouth of the Río Balsas, and near the convergent
+headwaters of the Río Coahuayana and Río Tepalcatepec in southern
+Jalisco. If this can be demonstrated, then _Bufo perplexus_ would have
+to be considered as a subspecies of _Bufo marmoreus_, instead of an
+allopatric species.
+
+
+~Bufo perplexus~ Taylor
+
+ _Bufo perplexus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 29:347,
+ October 15, 1943.--Balsas River near Mexcala, Guerrero,
+ México.
+
+ Aguililla (2); Apatzingán (42); Buena Vista (5); Capirio
+ (3); La Playa (25); Lombardia (6); Nueva Italia (9); Río
+ Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingán; Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S
+ of Apatzingán; San Salvador (4); Tzitzio; Volcán Jorullo.
+
+
+~Bufo occidentalis~ Camerano
+
+ _Bufo occidentalis_ Camerano, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino,
+ 14:887, December 31, 1878.--México. Type locality restricted
+ to Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:330). Firschein, Copeia, no. 3:220, September 15,
+ 1950.
+
+ _Bufo símus_, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+ 194:42, 1948.
+
+ Barranca Seca (32); Cerro de Barolosa (4); Cerro Tancítaro,
+ 3 km. E of Apo (2); Cerro Tancítaro, 19 km. E. of Apo (10);
+ Charapendo; Coalcomán (7); Dos Aguas (4); Jacona, Jaramillo
+ (2); Las Tecatas; Los Reyes (181); Tancítaro (10); Uruapan
+ (3).
+
+This toad is an inhabitant of pine and oak forests between 900 and 2400
+meters. Near Charapendo on the slopes of the Sierra de los Tarascos and
+at Coalcomán it apparently reaches its lowest altitudinal limits. At
+both of these localities the pine-oak forest is replaced by arid
+tropical scrub forest on the lower slopes.
+
+Twenty-four tadpoles were collected on May 3 in a quiet section of a
+fast stream near Barranca Seca. The tadpoles have a robust body,
+broadest about two-thirds the distance from the snout to the posterior
+edge of the body, half again as broad as deep. Eyes dorsolateral;
+nostrils dorsal, somewhat directed forward, and about three-fifths the
+distance from the tip of the snout to the eye; spiracle sinistral and
+lateral, located at about midbody; anus median; tail long and slender;
+tail-musculature extends nearly to tip of tail; depth of
+tail-musculature at mid-length about one-third total depth of tail;
+dorsal tail-fin not extending onto body (Fig. 5); average body length of
+ten tadpoles having small hind limb buds, 14.4 mm.; average tail length,
+22.0 mm.
+
+Mouth ventral, nearly terminal, about one-third as wide as widest part
+of body; anterior lip has no papillae; lower lip bordered by two rows of
+papillae and lateral lips by one row of papillae; beaks moderately well
+developed, the upper forming a broad arch and finely denticulate; tooth
+rows 2/3, the upper rows extending to the edge of the lips, subequal in
+length, and slightly longer than lower rows, which also are subequal in
+length; inner upper tooth row broken medially; inner lower tooth row
+sometimes broken (Fig. 6).
+
+The body is black dorsally and laterally, and bluish gray ventrally; the
+tail musculature is brown and stippled with darker brown. The fins are
+transparent and stippled with brown, the stippling being most pronounced
+on the posterior two-thirds of the upper tail-fin.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5. Tadpole of _Bufo occidentalis_ (UMMZ 94269) from
+Barranca Seca, Michoacán. × 3.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6. Mouthparts of larval _Bufo occidentalis_ (UMMZ
+94269) from Barranca Seca, Michoacán. × 20.]
+
+Forty recently metamorphosed individuals average 18.9 mm. in snout-vent
+length.
+
+The relationships of this toad seem to be with _Bufo bocourti_ Brocchi,
+an inhabitant of pine and oak forests in the uplands of Chiapas and
+Guatemala. In _Bufo occidentalis_ the tympanum usually is indistinct and
+sometimes completely covered, and it is absent in _bocourti_. _Bufo
+occidentalis_ has a broader interorbital area and relatively shorter and
+more rounded parotid glands than _bocourti_. The tadpoles of the two
+species are nearly identical (see Stuart, 1943:12).
+
+
+~Leptodactylus labialis~ (Cope)
+
+ _Cystignathus labialis_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+ 17:90, 1877.--No type locality designated; type locality
+ restricted to Potrero Viejo, Veracruz, México, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:350).
+
+ _Leptodactylus labialis_, Brocchi, Mission Scientifique au
+ Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, pt. 3, sec. 2, livr.
+ 1:20, 1881.
+
+ Apatzingán (26); Capirio (5); Cofradía (9); El Sabino (4);
+ Lombardia; Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingán (2).
+
+In the Tepalcatepec Valley this frog reaches the northernmost known
+limit of its range in western México. Although the species is abundant
+in the valley, it apparently is absent from the coastal lowlands. In the
+Tepalcatepec Valley _Leptodactylus melanonotus_ seems to be more
+abundant than _labialis_. In the rainy season both species have been
+heard calling from the same ponds and flooded fields.
+
+There are only slight differences in size between the sexes;
+measurements of 20 males and eight females are, respectively: snout-vent
+length, 32.3-39.5 (35.1), 34.1-39.2 (37.2); tibia length, 14.3-17.0
+(15.4), 14.9-16.8 (15.8); head width, 11.0-13.6 (12.0), 12.2-13.2
+(12.6); head length, 12.8-15.1 (13.3), 12.8-14.6 (13.7).
+
+
+~Leptodactylus melanonotus~ (Hallowell)
+
+ _Cystignathus melanonotus_ Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 12:485, 1861.--Nicaragua. Type locality
+ restricted to Recero, Nicaragua, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:320).
+
+ _Leptodactylus melanonotus_, Brocchi, Mission Scientifique
+ au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, pt. 3, sec. 2, livr.
+ 1:20, 1881.
+
+ Apatzingán (103); Capirio; Charapendo (7); Coahuayana;
+ Cofradía (10); El Sabino (21); La Playa (3); Lombardia (5);
+ Maruata; Nueva Italia (7); Ostula (9); Playa Azul (11); Río
+ Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia; Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of
+ Nueva Italia (6); Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingán.
+
+
+This species is widespread in the lowlands of the state; it has been
+collected up to elevations of 1050 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley. In
+the dry season individuals were discovered beneath rocks along streams
+and in damp arroyos; in the rainy season they were found wherever there
+was water. Males were heard calling from flooded fields, ditches, rocky
+streams, and small puddles. The call is a series of individual notes:
+"woink, woink, woink."
+
+Adult males are noticeably smaller than females; measurements for 20
+males and ten females from Apatzingán are, respectively: snout-vent
+length, 29.6-34.6 (32.3), 36.3-44.1 (40.8); tibia length, 12.6-15.1
+(14.0), 16.5-19.0 (17.8); head width, 10.8-11.9 (11.3), 12.6-14.8
+(13.7); head length, 11.2-13.2 (11.9), 13.1-14.8 (14.0). Brownish yellow
+ventral glands are present in some juveniles and in some adults
+collected in the dry season as well as in the rainy season.
+
+
+~Leptodactylus occidentalis~ Taylor
+
+ _Leptodactylus occidentalis_ Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+ Sci., 39:349, 1937.--Tepic, Nayarit, México.
+
+ Five km. W of Tangamandapio.
+
+On the night of June 11, 1958, this species was calling from a
+hyacinth-choked ditch. Although numerous individuals were heard, only
+one specimen was obtained. The frogs were calling from the tangled mat
+of hyacinths along with _Hyla eximia_, _Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis_, and
+_Rana pipiens_.
+
+Taylor (1936a:352) characterized this species as follows: "The narrow
+head, small maximum size (38 mm. for females, 33 mm. for males), the
+character of the postaxillary and postfemoral glands, the narrower
+groups of vomerine teeth, clearly distinguish this western Mexican form
+from the more robust, larger _melanonotus_ to the south. The call is
+likewise fainter and different in quality." Concerning the glands,
+Taylor (_loc. cit._) remarked: "There is a possibility that the horny
+excrescence covering the glands may appear only during the breeding
+season. This character is quite as strongly marked in females as in
+males." Bogert and Oliver (1945:324) concluded that the population of
+_Leptodactylus_ in northwestern México could not be distinguished from
+_melanonotus_ in other parts of the country and thus synonymized
+_Leptodactylus occidentalis_ with _melanonotus_. Bogert and Oliver (op.
+cit.: 324) stated that the extent as well as the presence or absence of
+ventral glands was highly variable in all samples examined by them.
+
+Upon seeing numerous living individuals of _Leptodactylus melanonotus_
+from many parts of its range in México and individuals of the population
+of _Leptodactylus_ in northwestern México (Nayarit and Sinaloa), I was
+immediately impressed not so much by the differences in the development
+of the ventral glands, but by the color of the glands. The differences
+in color are apparent in freshly preserved specimens. With the exception
+of _Leptodactylus_ from northwestern México, specimens of _melanonotus_
+from throughout México and northern Central America have yellow or
+yellowish brown glands. Specimens from northwestern México have black or
+brownish black glands that are conspicuously darker than those found in
+_melanonotus_. Examination of 653 preserved specimens of _Leptodactylus
+melanonotus_ from México and Guatemala has failed to reveal specimens
+with black ventral glands, like those found in specimens from
+northwestern México, to which the name _Leptodactylus occidentalis_ has
+been applied. Furthermore, in _melanonotus_ the glands are less distinct
+and more extensive than in _occidentalis_; in the latter species glands
+are absent from the throat and midventral area, where they often are
+present in _melanonotus_ (Fig. 7).
+
+In some individuals of both species collected in the dry season and in
+some collected in the rainy (breeding) season the glands are absent; the
+development of these glands, therefore, does not seem to be correlated
+with breeding. Likewise, the glands are present or absent in either sex,
+and often as not they are present in juveniles. Presence of the glands,
+therefore, cannot be correlated either with sexual or ontogenetic
+development. Since the glands are found in individuals from all parts of
+the range, it is unlikely that there is a correlation between the
+development of the glands and the environment.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7. Diagrammatic view of ventral surfaces of
+_Leptodactylus melanonotus_ (A) and _Leptodactylus occidentalis_ (B),
+showing usual position and size of glandular areas. Approx. natural
+size.]
+
+Aside from the differences in the ventral glands, the call is different
+in the two populations. The call of _Leptodactylus occidentalis_ is a
+rather harsh "wack, wack, wack" as contrasted with the more nasal
+"woink, woink, woink" of _melanonotus_. Sound spectrographs are needed
+to analyze the differences in calls. None of the specimens of
+_occidentalis_ examined approaches in size the largest individuals of
+_melanonotus_; possibly the size of the frogs is another valid character
+for separating the species. On the basis of the above data it is evident
+that the frogs in northwestern México show certain characters that
+distinguish them from _Leptodactylus melanonotus_, as it is known
+throughout the rest of México. It is not known for certain that
+_melanonotus_ and _occidentalis_ are sympatric. Several series of old,
+poorly preserved specimens from Nayarit and Sinaloa cannot be placed in
+either species, for none has visible ventral glands. _Leptodactylus
+melanonotus_ is known from Acaponeta, Nayarit (AMNH 43913-25), and the
+following localities in Jalisco: Barro de Navidad (UMMZ 118098), La
+Concepción (UMMZ 113081), La Resolana (UMMZ 102104), and Tenachitlán
+(UMMZ 113045-6). Records for _Leptodactylus occidentalis_ are: Álamos,
+Sonora (AMNH 51356-65); Culiacán (AMNH 49511-9), Chele (UMMZ 110914),
+and Rosario (UMMZ 113062) in Sinaloa; Ixtlán del Río (UMMZ 102108), San
+Blas (UMMZ 112814, 112994, 110892, 115543), and Tepic (UMMZ 115544) in
+Nayarit; Ameca (UMMZ 102106-7) and La Cofradía on the south shore of
+Lago de Chapala (UMMZ 102105) in Jalisco; and Tangamandapio, Michoacán
+(UMMZ 119145). From these scattered records it appears that
+_Leptodactylus occidentalis_ in the southern part of its range stays in
+the uplands, whereas _melanonotus_ is confined to the lowlands.
+
+
+~Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi~ (Taylor)
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus hobartsmithi_ Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+ Sci., 39:355, 1937.--Uruapan, Michoacán, México.
+
+ _Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 26:501, November 27, 1940.
+
+ Cascada Tzararacua (6); 21 km. W of Ciudad Hidalgo; 29 km. E
+ of Morelia; Puerto Hondo; San José de la Cumbre (13);
+ Uruapan (2); Zitácuaro.
+
+Of six specimens from Cascada Tzararacua, five are colored like typical
+_M. hobartsmithi_, having the anterior and posterior surfaces of the
+thighs and the upper arms pale pink in life and a grayish brown dorsum
+in preservative. The other specimen (UMMZ 94231) has in preservative a
+dark brown dorsolateral line on each side enclosing a pale tan area that
+extends from the snout to the vent. One specimen from 29 kilometers east
+of Morelia (UIMNH 40338) and 13 specimens from San José de la Cumbre
+(UMMZ 102111) do not have the prominent tarsal tubercles characteristic
+of _M. hobartsmithi_. Also, in these fourteen specimens the palmar
+tubercles are larger, and the dark anal patch more distinct, than in
+typical _M. hobartsmithi_. Possibly these specimens, which are from the
+high mountains in the eastern part of Michoacán, represent another
+species of _Microbatrachylus_. However, Taylor (1940d:501) reported a
+series of _M. hobartsmithi_ from the mountains 10 miles west of Villa
+Victoria in the western part of the state of México.
+
+The largest specimen from Michoacán is a gravid female (UIMNH 16104)
+having a snout-vent length of 23.5 mm.
+
+_Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi_ has been found in rocky ravines along
+streams in the Cordillera Volcánica and the southwestern escarpment of
+these mountains at elevations from 1450 to 2750 meters.
+
+
+~Microbatrachylus pygmaeus~ (Taylor)
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus pygmaeus_ Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+ Sci., 39:352, 1937.--1 mile north of Rodriguez Clara,
+ Veracruz, México.
+
+ _Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26:500, November 27, 1940.
+
+ _Microbatrachylus albolabris_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 26:502, November 27, 1940.--2 miles west of Córdoba,
+ Veracruz, México.
+
+ _Microbatrachylus minimus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26:507, November 27, 1940.--Agua del Obispo, Guerrero,
+ México.
+
+ _Microbatrachylus imitator_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 28:70, May 15, 1942.--La Esperanza, Chiapas, México.
+
+ Arteaga (328).
+
+This large series (UMMZ 119247-8) was collected on June 22 and 23, 1958,
+before the onset of the heavy summer rains. The frogs were found in a
+shaded ravine at the north edge of Arteaga; they were obtained during
+the day, at which time they were actively moving about in the leaf
+litter along a small stream.
+
+These frogs are all referred to _M. pygmaeus_, because this is the
+earliest name available for frogs showing the variation in
+characteristics displayed by this large series. The characters used by
+Taylor (1936a, 1940d, 1941a, and 1942b) and Smith and Taylor (1948) to
+distinguish the various species of _Microbatrachylus_ include color
+pattern, relative length of the hind limb, presence and position of
+dorsal dermal folds or pustules, relative size of inner and outer
+metatarsal tubercles, and the number of palmar tubercles. All specimens
+from Arteaga have two palmar tubercles; the inner and outer metatarsal
+tubercles are subequal in size. Furthermore, aside from sexual
+difference, there is little variation in the relative length of the hind
+limbs (Table 3). However, many color patterns do exist in the series;
+each of these color patterns is described below.
+
+
+TABLE 3.--SNOUT-VENT LENGTH EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF TIBIA LENGTH IN
+ANIMALS OF SIX COLOR PATTERNS OF MICROBATRACHYLUS PYGMAEUS. (LETTERS
+REFER TO THE VARIANTS HAVING THE COLOR PATTERN DISCUSSED IMMEDIATELY
+BELOW)
+
++------------+-----------+---------+---------+----+--------+
+| | | Number | Range | | Twice |
+| Color | Sex | of | of |Mean|standard|
+|Pattern | |specimens|variation| | error |
+| | | | | |of mean |
++------------+-----------+---------+---------+----+--------+
+| A | Male | 25 |51.4-57.5|55.2| 3.34 |
+| | Female | 25 |49.3-54.9|51.6| 3.12 |
+| B | Male | 20 |51.0-57.1|55.4| 2.44 |
+| | Female | 21 |47.3-54.9|51.2| 3.52 |
+| C | Male | 6 |54.5-56.2|55.2| .... |
+| | Female | 6 |50.0-52.9|51.6| .... |
+| D | Male | 17 |52.9-58.2|55.4| 2.64 |
+| | Female | 14 |48.5-56.6|52.1| 4.16 |
+| E | Male | 10 |50.9-56.9|55.1| 3.40 |
+| | Female | 7 |49.6-54.5|51.6| .... |
+| F | Female | 2 |51.9-52.6|52.3| .... |
++------------+-----------+---------+---------+----+--------+
+
+A.--225 specimens: Dorsum mottled brown and cream, usually with a dark
+spot between the eyes and one or two dark V-shaped marks with the apex
+anteriorly on the back; 55 of these have a narrow cream-colored line
+from the tip of the snout to the vent and thence onto the posterior
+surfaces of the thighs. All are pustulate above; in most specimens the
+pustules form no pattern, but in some they tend to form a V in the
+scapular region.
+
+B.--41 specimens: Dorsum pale tan or cream-color with brown mottling on
+flanks; a brown interorbital bar and a brown chevron in scapular region.
+Dorsum irregularly pustulate; in some specimens the pustules tend to
+form a V in the scapular region.
+
+C.--12 specimens: Dorsum colored like "A", but having a broad yellow
+stripe narrowly bordered by black from the tip of the snout to the vent;
+in some specimens there is a narrow yellow stripe on the posterior
+surfaces of the thighs. The dorsum is irregularly pustulate.
+
+D.--31 specimens: Dorsum variably streaked with cream-color or pale tan
+and brown; usually a broad cream-colored stripe from eyelid to groin
+bordered laterally by a somewhat narrower brown stripe; middorsal area
+cream-color and separated from dorsolateral cream-colored stripe by a
+brown stripe, or middorsal area brown with a cream-colored or yellow,
+narrow stripe from tip of snout to vent; a dark stripe from tympanum to
+flank; dorsal surfaces of heels creamy white to pale orange; anal patch
+brown. A dermal ridge from posterior edge of eyelid to rump; another
+ridge extends posteromedially from the eyelid; scattered pustules on the
+dorsum in some specimens.
+
+E.--17 specimens: A narrow dark stripe from snout, through nostril and
+eye, over tympanum, to vent, enclosing a unicolor dorsum (reddish tan to
+yellowish tan in life); heels pale tan or yellow above; anal patch
+black. A faint dermal ridge from posterior edge of eyelid to rump, or
+part way to rump.
+
+F.--2 specimens: Mottled brown and cream-color above; upper lips and
+upper arms white. A dermal fold from posterior edge of eyelid to rump;
+scattered pustules on dorsum.
+
+Some of these color variants are assignable to names proposed by Taylor:
+"A" and "B" undoubtedly are _M. pygmaeus_ (Taylor, 1936a); "C" probably
+is _M. pygmaeus_; "D" is referable to _M. minimus_ (Taylor, 1940d) in
+most characteristics, although the coloration is more nearly like that
+of _M. lineatissimus_ (Taylor, 1941a), a larger species characterized by
+a relatively long hind limb; "E" apparently is _M. imitator_ (Taylor,
+1942b); "F" is _M. albolabris_ (Taylor, 1940d). Examination of series of
+these frogs from other parts of México shows a similar composition of
+color variants. Of 78 specimens from the Río Sarabia and the village of
+Sarabia in Oaxaca (UMMZ 115428-37), 57 are "A," six are "D," three are
+"E," and 12 are "F"; of 22 specimens from Teapa, Tabasco (UMMZ 113829),
+11 are "A," five are "D," two are "E," and four are "F"; of 33 specimens
+from Potrero Viejo, Veracruz (USNM 115447-58, 115461-71, 116840-2,
+116864-70), ten are "A," 13 are "E," and ten are "F"; of 31 specimens
+from La Esperanza, Chiapas (USNM 115477-9, 116827-39, 116849-63), 28 are
+"A" and four are "F."
+
+It is highly doubtful if these color variants are actually distinct
+species. Goin (1950 and 1954) in his studies of inheritance of color
+pattern in West Indian species of the genus _Eleutherodactylus_ has
+shown that similar color pattern variants come from the same clutch of
+eggs; furthermore, Goin has worked out the genetic ratios of certain of
+these variants. Heathwole (_in litt._) obtained "normal" specimens and
+individuals having a broad middorsal stripe ("C" in figure 9) from a
+clutch of eggs of _Eleutherodactylus gollmeri_. The presence of a broad
+middorsal yellow stripe is common in _Eleutherodactylus rugulosus_.
+
+Perhaps the most interesting aspect of variability in color pattern in
+Mexican eleutherodactylids is the parallelism between members of the
+_Eleutherodactylus rhodopis_-group and some members of
+_Microbatrachylus_. In the former group there are white-lipped
+individuals (_Eleutherodactylus beatae_ Boulenger), individuals having a
+unicolor reddish or yellowish dorsum (_E. dorsoconcolor_ Taylor), and
+individuals having a dorsal pattern of irregular longitudinal brown and
+cream-colored streaks (_E. venustus_ Günther). In the humid forests of
+southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, and Chiapas members of both groups
+occur sympatrically. A proper understanding of the evolutionary
+significance of these variants in the two groups, as well as proper
+allocation of the presently recognized species, must await experimental
+evidence based on studies of the inheritance of color pattern.
+Nevertheless, at present it is apparent that certain characters,
+especially the nature of the dermal folds and pustules, and the color
+pattern, are of little taxonomic value in distinguishing "species" of
+_Microbatrachylus_. The data derived from a study of the large series
+from Arteaga, together with that from the other series examined,
+suggests that _Microbatrachylus albolabris_, _imitator_, _minimus_, and
+_pygmaeus_ are morphotypes of one species. Of these names, _pygmaeus_ is
+the oldest. Consequently _Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_ has been used here
+for the series from Arteaga.
+
+Although _Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi_, a species distinguished from
+all of the above by the presence of tubercles on the outer edge of the
+tarsus, is known from Michoacán northward into Nayarit,
+_Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_ previously has not been known north of
+Guerrero, where it occurs in habitats similar to that in which it was
+collected at Arteaga.
+
+
+~Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum~ Taylor
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus cactorum_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 25:391, July 10, 1939.--20 miles northwest of Tehuacán,
+ Puebla, México.
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum_, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+ Novitates, 1813:20, December 23, 1956.
+
+ Cherán; Coalcomán; Uruapan.
+
+The few specimens indicate that this species occurs at moderate to high
+elevations in the state. The specimens from Cherán and Uruapan were
+obtained in pine forests; the specimen from Coalcomán was found on a
+rocky hillside covered with dense forest and located about 100 meters
+below the lower limits of the pine forest in the area. A specimen from
+Rancho Reparto (elevation 1850 meters) on the west slope of Cerro
+Barolosa was lost.
+
+The specimen from Coalcomán (UMMZ 104728) is a juvenile having a
+snout-vent length of 25.0 mm. In life it was tan above, mottled with
+olive-green. The ventral surfaces were gray; the hind limbs were
+distinctly barred with yellow and brown, and the lips were barred with
+yellow and black.
+
+
+~Eleutherodactylus occidentalis~ Taylor
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus occidentalis_ Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc.
+ Washington, 54:91, July 31, 1941.--Hacienda El Florencio,
+ Zacatecas, México.
+
+ Arteaga (2); Cascada Tzararacua; Coalcomán (2); 19 km. SW of
+ Coire (3); La Placita (7); Los Reyes; Ostula (4); Pómaro
+ (2).
+
+The locality records for this species suggest that it is a member of a
+group of animals, the distribution of which includes the western part of
+the Mexican Plateau and the Pacific lowlands. In Michoacán this frog
+has been collected in pine-oak forest at Cascada Tzararacua and at Los
+Reyes, in arid scrub forest at Arteaga and Coalcomán, and in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest on the lower Pacific slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcomán. On July 5, 1950, James Peters (1954:6) found calling males at
+La Placita.
+
+Most of the specimens are immature; four adult males have snout-vent
+lengths of 30.9-33.0 (32.2) mm. In all specimens the first finger is
+noticeably longer than the second; the inner metatarsal tubercle is
+large, flat, and cream-colored, contrasting with the dark brown sole of
+the foot. When the hind limbs are adpressed, the heels broadly overlap.
+Characteristically, a dark line extends from the snout, through the eye,
+above the tympanum, to a point above the insertion of the forelimb.
+Usually there is a dark bar behind the tympanum, two dark brown bars
+from the eye to the mouth and thence onto the lower jaw, and another
+dark bar on the upper lip between the eye and nostril. One adult from
+Arteaga, an adult and a juvenile from La Placita, and one juvenile each
+from Coire, Ostula, and Pómaro, have the lower lip barred with dark
+brown and white, and have a white stripe extending the length of the
+upper lip. In life the dorsum varies from dark gray or olive-brown to
+tan or reddish brown.
+
+This species belongs to a group containing two other populations that
+are currently recognized as species--_calcitrans_, known only from
+Omiltemi, Guerrero, and _mexicanus_, reported from the mountains of
+Oaxaca. Another apparently undescribed member of this group has been
+collected in the mountains of northern Puebla. The locality records
+indicate that the group inhabits the mountains on the periphery of the
+Mexican Plateau, except in western México, where _Eleutherodactylus
+occidentalis_ extends to the Pacific lowlands.
+
+
+~Eleutherodactylus rugulosus vocalis~ Taylor
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus vocalis_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26:401, November 27, 1940.--Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacán,
+ México.
+
+ Arteaga (10); El Sabino (8); Salitre de Estopilas (3);
+ Tumbiscatio (2); Tzitzio (2).
+
+The distributional data on this frog in Michoacán indicate that it
+inhabits riparian situations in arroyos and canyons in the lower slopes
+of the Cordillera Volcánica and the Sierra de Coalcomán, where it has
+been taken at elevations only below 1100 meters.
+
+The dorsal color of living individuals from Arteaga varied from dark
+gray and olive brown to tan and reddish brown. The iris was grayish
+brown. In contrast, individuals from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, had pale
+golden eyes; specimens from Matías Romero, Oaxaca, had gold eyes heavily
+flecked with gray; and individuals from Volcán San Martin, Veracruz, had
+bronze eyes.
+
+The use of the trinomial here is arbitrary. Frogs of the
+_Eleutherodactylus rugulosus_ group in México (_rugulosus_, _avocalis_,
+and _vocalis_) exhibit only slight differences in size, proportions, and
+coloration (Duellman, 1958c:6). Furthermore, the named populations are
+allopatric. _Eleutherodactylus rugulosus vocalis_, as defined by
+Duellman (_loc. cit._), occurs in the foothills of the Sierra Madre
+Occidental and associated ranges from central Sinaloa southward into
+Michoacán.
+
+
+~Tomodactylus angustidigitorum~ Taylor
+
+ _Tomadactylus angustidigitorum_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 26:494, November 27, 1940.--Quiroga, Michoacán,
+ México.
+
+ Angahuan (6); Apo; Carapan (21); 19 km. S of Carapan (13);
+ Cerro Tancítaro (12); Cherán; Corupu (14); Cuseño Station
+ (14); Opopeo (3); Paracho (11); Parícutin (2); Pátzcuaro
+ (3); Quiroga (59); San Juan de Parangaricutiro (16);
+ Tancítaro (25); Uruapan (8); Zacapu (11).
+
+This species is indigenous to the pine-oak forests on the southern rim
+of the Mexican Plateau, and has been collected at elevations from 1500
+to 2500 meters. Males have been observed to call from rocks, rock
+fences, clumps of grass, and low bushes; the call is a single "peep." At
+San Juan de Parangaricutiro numerous specimens were found in the daytime
+beneath adobe bricks and lava on the volcanic ash derived from Volcán
+Parícutin; at Paracho individuals were found by day beneath rocks in a
+pine forest.
+
+In most specimens the dorsum is dark reddish brown, and the prominent
+inguinal glands are cream-color or pale orange (Pl. 3, Fig. 1). Of eight
+individuals collected at Paracho, one was reddish brown, two were
+pinkish tan, three were dark brown, and two were black.
+
+
+~Tomodactylus fuscus~ Davis and Dixon
+
+ _Tomodactylus fuscus_ Davis and Dixon, Herpetologica,
+ 11:157, July 15, 1955.--1.5 miles southeast of Huitzilac,
+ Morelos, México.
+
+ Los Cantiles (2); 28 km. E of Morelia.
+
+The range of this species includes the Sierra Ajusco in México and
+Morelos and thence westward to the Serranía Ucareo in Michoacán. The
+specimen from 28 kilometers east of Morelia was found in an oak forest
+on a steep hillside at an elevation of 2100 meters. One from Los
+Cantiles was calling from a steep cliff at an elevation of 2200 meters
+in pine-oak forest. This specimen (UMMZ 119156) in life had a pale
+olive-brown dorsum with irregular dark brown mottling and transverse
+bars on the limbs. The interorbital bar, the upper arms, and the tips of
+the dorsal pustules were pale orange; the iris was pale grayish gold
+(Pl. 3, Fig. 2).
+
+
+~Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus~ (Peters)
+
+ _Liuperus nitidus_ Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+ 878, 1869.--Izúcar de Matamoras, Puebla, México.
+
+ _Tomodactylus amulae_ Günther, Biologia Centrali-Americana,
+ Reptilia and Batrachia, p. 219, April, 1900.--Amula,
+ Guerrero, México.
+
+ _Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus_, Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci.,
+ 9:385, December, 1957.
+
+ Copuyo (15); Tuxpan (8); Tzitzio (11).
+
+One specimen from Tzitzio (UMMZ 99155) was referred to _Tomodactylus
+nitidus petersi_ by Dixon (1957:390). A re-examination of this specimen,
+and examination of ten others from the same locality (UMMZ 121571)
+reveals that the relatively small size of the tympanum and absence of
+dense ventral spotting place these specimens closer to _T. nitidus
+nitidus_ than to _T. nitidus petersi_.
+
+The specimens from Tuxpan (UMMZ 114303-4) had in life a gray to olive
+tan ground color with dark olive-green markings, bright yellow thighs
+with olive-green transverse bands, yellowish tan shanks with olive-green
+bars, yellow groin, white inguinal glands with black markings, grayish
+white belly with scattered brownish black spots in some specimens, and a
+deep golden iris (Pl. 4, Fig. 1). These specimens were found calling
+from bushes in a rocky field at an elevation of 1800 meters. The call is
+a high-pitched "pee-ee-eep."
+
+
+~Tomodactylus nitidus orarius~ Dixon
+
+ _Tomodactylus nitidus orarius_ Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci.,
+ 9:392, December, 1957.--4.5 miles southwest of Tecolapa,
+ Colima, México.
+
+ La Placita (3); Pómaro.
+
+These specimens, referred to _Tomodactylus petersi_ by Duellman
+(1954b:5), were included in _T. nitidus orarius_ by Dixon (1957:392).
+Color notes based on living individuals from Tecolapa, Colima (UMMZ
+114312 and 116922), are: gray above mottled with brown; venter dirty
+white; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs bright yellow; iris
+pale golden (Pl. 4, Fig. 2). The call is a soft "braa" usually followed
+by three high notes: "braaa-eep-ee-eep." In Michoacán this subspecies
+has been found only in the coastal region and the lower foothills of the
+Sierra de Coalcomán, an area in which it replaces _Tomodactylus nitidus
+petersi_. This is the only _Tomodactylus_ known to inhabit coastal
+lowlands.
+
+
+~Tomodactylus nitidus petersi~ Duellman
+
+ _Tomodactylus petersi_ Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 560:5, October 22, 1954.--Coalcomán, Michoacán,
+ México.
+
+ _Tomodactylus nitidus petersi_, Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci.,
+ 9:390, December, 1957.
+
+ Aguililla; Apatzingán (8); Cascada Tzararacua: Charapendo
+ (5); Coalcomán (5); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (6); El Sabino
+ (5); La Playa (2); Jiquilpan; Uruapan (2); Volcán Jorullo;
+ Zamora.
+
+In life, specimens from Apatzingán (UMMZ 114308-9) varied in dorsal
+color from grayish tan to pale brown; the dorsal markings were olive
+green. The thighs and groin were yellowish orange; the iris was pale
+golden, and the vocal sac was purplish gray (Pl. 5, Fig. 1).
+Measurements for 13 adult males from the Tepalcatepec Valley are:
+snout-vent length, 21.9-26.8 (24.3); tibia length, 8.4-9.9 (9.3); head
+width, 7.2-9.2 (7.8); head length, 7.6-8.7 (8.2).
+
+At Apatzingán and Charapendo in the Tepalcatepec Valley males were found
+calling from rocks and bushes in open arid tropical scrub forest. The
+call, a triple note "peep-ee-eep," is repeated once every 90 to 135
+seconds. _Tomodactylus nitidus petersi_ probably ranges throughout the
+Tepalcatepec Valley and surrounding foothills. Dixon (1957:392) referred
+the specimens from Zamora, Jiquilpan, and Uruapan to this subspecies.
+Uruapan is near the lower limits of the pine forest on the slopes of the
+Cordillera Volcánica; Zamora and Jiquilpan are on a low part of the
+Mexican Plateau southeast of Lago de Chapala.
+
+
+~Tomodactylus rufescens~ Duellman and Dixon
+
+ _Tomodactylus rufescens_ Duellman and Dixon, Texas Jour.
+ Sci., 11:78, March, 1959.--Dos Aguas, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Dos Aguas (14); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (6).
+
+Fourteen specimens from the pine-oak forests around Dos Aguas (UMMZ
+118503-10, 121498-9) have reddish brown dorsal color and a narrow
+cream-colored middorsal line (Pl. 5, Fig. 2). Twelve of these specimens
+are adult males having snout-vent lengths of 20.7 to 24.6 (22.5) mm. One
+female has a snout-vent length of 24.8 mm., and one juvenile has a
+snout-vent length of 14.5 mm. Six specimens are from a region of mixture
+of pine-oak forest and arid tropical scrub forest at 18 kilometers east
+of Dos Aguas (UMMZ 121497, 121500). All are males having snout-vent
+lengths of 18.0 to 22.6 (20.7) mm. The dorsum is tan marked with black;
+the thighs are yellowish orange.
+
+The specimens from 18 kilometers east of Dos Aguas were found on July
+22, 1960, by Floyd L. Downs and John Winklemann, who collected calling
+males of _Tomodactylus rufescens_ and _Tomodactylus nitidus petersi_ at
+the same locality. Downs (_personal communication_) stated the call was
+a single note. At Dos Aguas I heard _T. rufescens_ give two calls, one a
+single "peep," the other a triple note--"pee-ee-eep."
+
+In the higher parts of the Sierra de Coalcomán _Tomodactylus rufescens_
+seems to fill the same niche as _T. angustidigitorum_ does in the
+Cordillera Volcánica. At lower elevations in their respective mountain
+ranges the species occur sympatrically with _T. nitidus petersi_.
+
+
+~Diaglena reticulata~ Taylor
+
+ _Diaglena reticulata_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 28:60, May 15, 1942.--Cerro Arenal, Oaxaca, México.
+
+ Nueva Italia (3); Ostula (7).
+
+Until recently frogs of the genus _Diaglena_ were known only from a few
+specimens from southern Sinaloa (_Diaglena spatulata_) and from the
+Pacific lowlands of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (_Diaglena reticulata_).
+Peters (1955a) reported specimens from Ostula, Michoacán, and compared
+these specimens with one _D. reticulata_ from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, and
+four _D. spatulata_ from Sinaloa. This comparison showed that the
+specimens from Michoacán, although showing some minor differences from
+_D. reticulata_, are closer to that species than to _D. spatulata_.
+Subsequent to Peters' work, series of both species of _Diaglena_,
+including additional specimens from Michoacán and from Colima, have been
+collected, and a more qualified comparison is now possible.
+
+In comparing specimens of _D. spatulata_ from southern Sinaloa (UMMZ
+115322) with specimens of _D. reticulata_ from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (UMMZ
+115321), the differences noted by Taylor (1942c:60) were found to be
+constant. But specimens from Ostula, Michoacán (UMMZ 104418), and five
+individuals from Colima (TNHC 26379-83) were found to be intermediate in
+certain characters. The skin of the dorsum in _D. reticulata_ is
+granular; that in _D. spatulata_ is smooth. The skin in specimens from
+Ostula and Colima is slightly granular. The dorsal ground color of _D.
+reticulata_ is yellowish brown with dark reticulations; the dorsal
+ground color of _D. spatulata_ is olive-green. Specimens from Ostula and
+Colima most closely resemble those from Tehuantepec in coloration, but
+the reticulations are more coarse, and the ground color has an
+olive-green tint. _Diaglena reticulata_ also differs from _D.
+spatulata_ in having a larger over-all size, slightly broader head, a
+narrower interorbital distance, and a more pointed snout with a deeper
+labial shelf (Table 4). The specimens from Ostula and Colima are
+intermediate between _D. reticulata_ from Oaxaca and _D. spatulata_ from
+Sinaloa in body proportions.
+
+Of three specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley (JRD 5991-3), only two
+are suitable for measuring. These specimens are smaller than adults from
+the coastal areas and have broader heads and snouts, but narrower
+interorbital distances, than specimens in the other samples (Table 4).
+The texture of the skin is like that of specimens from Ostula and
+Colima. The coloration resembles that of _D. reticulata_, but the
+reticulations are bold and form indistinct bands on the hind limbs.
+
+
+TABLE 4.--COMPARISON OF FOUR CHARACTERS IN FIVE SAMPLES OF DIAGLENA.
+(ALL DATA ARE FOR MALES; MEANS GIVEN IN PARENTHESES BELOW RANGES.)
+
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| | | | Head | Inter- |Internarial|
+| | | | width | orbital | distance |
+| | Number |Snout-vent| |distance | |
+| Locality | of | length |----------+---------+-----------+
+| |specimens| |Snout-vent| Head | Head |
+| | | | length | width | width |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| Oaxaca | 9 |71.1-87.5 |25.4-29.1 |63.0-71.4| 11.9-13.8 |
+| | | (80.7) | (27.9) | (67.1) | (12.9) |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| Coast of | 5 |72.0-79.2 |24.3-27.2 |67.0-73.8| 13.7-14.4 |
+| Michoacán | | (74.8) | (25.6) | (71.4) | (14.1) |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| Colima | 4 |71.7-79.6 |26.1-28.6 |70.5-75.3| 16.0-17.9 |
+| | | (74.8) | (27.4) | (72.0) | (16.6) |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| Tepalcatepec | 2 |63.0-65.4 |28.3-32.2 |57.3-62.4| 17.0-20.2 |
+| Valley | | (64.2) | (30.3) | (59.9) | (18.6) |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| Sinaloa | 11 |71.9-81.3 |24.0-27.3 |70.5-78.1| 15.0-17.3 |
+| | | (77.3) | (25.7) | (73.4) | (16.1) |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+
+All specimens from Michoacán and Colima more closely approach _Diaglena
+reticulata_ than _D. spatulata_. The acquisition of additional
+specimens, especially from the area between Sinaloa and Colima and from
+Guerrero, is necessary to determine the relationships among the various
+populations known at present. Both species of _Diaglena_ inhabit
+tropical scrub forest; none has been found in the more humid and
+tropical semi-deciduous forests. Humid forest replaces the scrub forest
+in the lowlands of southern Nayarit and northern Jalisco; possibly this
+forest acts as a barrier to the distribution of _Diaglena_ and thus
+serves as a divider between the ranges of _D. spatulata_ to the north
+and _D. reticulata_ to the south.
+
+
+~Pternohyla fodiens~ Boulenger
+
+ _Pternohyla fodiens_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+ 5, 10:326, 1882.--Presidio, Sinaloa, México.
+
+ Nueva Italia (2).
+
+These specimens (JRD 5994-5) were found on the road near Nueva Italia
+during a heavy rain on the night of August 25, 1960, by James R. Dixon.
+Both are females having snout-vent lengths of 64.0 and 59.0 mm. They are
+typical of the species as it is known from Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco,
+and Colima.
+
+These specimens constitute the southernmost record for the species,
+which ranges in semi-arid habitats from southern Arizona southward along
+the Pacific lowlands of México to Colima and inland on the Mexican
+Plateau in Jalisco.
+
+
+~Phyllomedusa dacnicolor~ Cope
+
+ _Phyllomedusa dacnicolor_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 16:181, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima,
+ México. Funkhouser, Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford
+ Univ., 5:37, April 1, 1957.
+
+ _Agalychnis alcorni_ Taylor, Copeia, no. 2:31, June 2,
+ 1952.--Río Tepalcatepec, 17 miles south of Apatzingán,
+ Michoacán, México.
+
+ _Agalychnis dacnicolor_, Duellman, Herpetologica, 13:29,
+ March 30, 1957.
+
+ _Phyllomedusa alcorni_, Funkhouser, Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist.
+ Mus. Stanford Univ., 5:30, April 1, 1957.
+
+ Aguililla (13); Apatzingán (7); Charapendo; Coahuayana (3);
+ Coalcomán (54); El Sabino; Huetamo Road (2); La Orilla; La
+ Placita; Nueva Italia (4); 32 km. E of Neuva Italia (2); Río
+ Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingán; Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S
+ of Apatzingán; Salitre de Estopilas (2); Tzitzio (4).
+
+This large tree frog has been found only in the lowlands below elevation
+of about 1000 meters, usually in arid tropical scrub forest. Calling
+males were heard on rainy nights throughout the rainy season; in nearly
+every instance both males and females were found in low trees and
+bushes. On summer nights when there had been no rain, adults were found
+sitting on bushes in the scrub forest.
+
+At Coalcomán on July 1, 1955, a chorus was heard at midday. About forty
+_Phyllomedusa dacnicolor_ were found in one guayava bush at the edge of
+a recently dried pond. Individual males were calling; clasping males
+were silent. The call is a barking groan. Fifteen individual egg masses
+were hanging from branches and leaves in tear-drop fashion. Each egg
+mass contained 100 to 350 pale green eggs, located only in the exterior
+part of the clear gelatinous mass. Two composite egg masses appeared to
+have been made up by egg deposition on the part of three to five females
+(Pl. 2, Fig. 2).
+
+As shown by Duellman (1957a), the characters used by Taylor (1952) to
+diagnose _Phyllomedusa alcorni_ are sexually dimorphic. Funkhouser
+(1957) apparently was unaware of this sexual dimorphism, for she
+recognized _P. alcorni_ and _P. dacnicolor_ as distinct species.
+
+
+~Phrynohyas inflata~ (Taylor)
+
+ _Acrodytes inflata_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 30:64,
+ June 12, 1944.--La Venta, Guerrero, México.
+
+ _Phrynohyas inflata_, Duellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 96:19, February 1, 1956.
+
+ _Phrynohyas corasterias_ Shannon and Humphrey,
+ Herpetologica, 13:15, March 30, 1957.--4.8 miles east of San
+ Blas, Nayarit, México.
+
+ Barranca de Bejuco.
+
+One specimen of this large species was collected in 1951; it was found
+on a low branch in tropical semi-deciduous forest at an elevation of 65
+meters. In life there were olive-gray blotches on a pale gray dorsum;
+the iris was a dark golden color.
+
+This species, which is known from only a few specimens, seems to be
+restricted to the coastal lowlands and low foothills from Guerrero
+northward to Nayarit. Shannon and Humphrey (1957) described _Phrynohyas
+corasterias_ from Nayarit. Their description was based on a small female
+having a snout-vent length of 34.4 mm. The new species was diagnosed as
+differing from _P. inflata_ in having less webbing on the feet, a poorly
+developed supratympanic fold, a more pustulate dorsum, and marked
+differences in dorsal pattern, color, and nature of antebrachial
+banding. The significance of the webbing was questioned by Shannon and
+Humphrey. The nature of the supratympanic fold and dorsal pustules
+changes with age (Duellman, 1956a:31). _Phrynohyas inflata_ is known to
+attain a snout-vent length of 95 mm. Dermal structures that undergo
+ontogenetic change are of little importance in comparing a juvenile with
+a large adult. The only significant difference in color pattern between
+_P. inflata_ and _P. corasterias_ is the presence of wide transverse
+bands on the limbs of the latter. In this respect _P. corasterias_
+approaches _P. latifasciata_, a species known only from two specimens
+from southern Sinaloa. The acquisition of additional specimens from
+Jalisco, Nayarit, and Sinaloa may show that _P. inflata_ and _P.
+latifasciata_ are conspecific, as suggested by Duellman (1956a:21).
+Nonetheless, the specimen on which the description of _P. corasterias_
+was based is not sufficiently different from the known specimens of _P.
+inflata_ to warrant specific recognition.
+
+
+~Hyla arenicolor~
+
+ _Hyla arenicolor_ Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ ser. 2, 6:84, July, 1866.--Northern Sonora, México. Type
+ locality restricted to Santa Rita Mountains, Pima County,
+ Arizona, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:354).
+
+ Agua Cerca; Cascada Tzararacua (3); Chinapa; Cojumatlán; Dos
+ Aguas; El Sabino (25); El Espinal; Lago de Camécuaro;
+ Lombardia (2); Tupátaro; Zinapécuaro.
+
+Altitudinally this frog ranges from 500 to 2100 meters; although the
+environments in which it has been found vary from open arid tropical
+scrub forest to pine forest, it usually is found near rocky streams in
+these habitats. There is great disparity in size between specimens from
+the mountains and those from the Tepalcatepec Valley. Seven males from
+elevations in excess of 1400 meters have an average snout-vent length of
+34.7 mm.; nine from elevations below 1000 meters have an average
+snout-vent length of 49.1 mm. In life a male collected at night at
+Lombardia (UMMZ 112846) had dark brown spots on a grayish brown dorsum;
+the groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of the thighs, and ventral
+surfaces of the hind limbs and palms were yellowish orange. The belly
+and tips of digits were white; the vocal sac was purplish brown, and the
+iris was dark grayish gold. In contrast, a specimen obtained in the
+daytime at Chinapa (UMMZ 119204) had indistinct gray spots on a pale
+ashy gray dorsum; the flash colors were yellow. After dark the spots
+were dark olive-brown on a grayish brown dorsum.
+
+Two males were found calling from a rocky stream near Lombardia on July
+12, 1955. The call is a nasal "ah-ah-ah-ah."
+
+
+~Hyla baudini~ Duméril and Bibron
+
+ _Hyla baudinii_ Duméril and Bibron, Erpétologie générale,
+ vol. 8:564, 1841.--México. Type locality restricted to
+ Córdoba, Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:346).
+
+ Aguililla (5); Apatzingán (30); Arteaga; Buena Vista;
+ Charapendo; Coahuayana; Cofradía (4); El Sabino (12); La
+ Placita; La Playa; Maruata; Nueva Italia (3); 32 km. E of
+ Nueva Italia (2); Ostula (4); Río Tepalcatepec, 25 km. S of
+ Apatzingán (3); Salitre de Estopilas; San José de la Montaña
+ (2); Tumbiscatio; Tzitzio.
+
+This tree frog is widespread in the coastal lowlands and in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley up to elevations of about 1200 meters. It is found
+in numbers in the early part of the rainy season, at which time males
+were heard calling from bushes and trees along ditches and temporary
+ponds. The call is a loud nasal "waank-waank-waank." One individual that
+was emitting a long and unusually high-pitched call was found to have
+one hind limb engulfed by a _Leptodeira maculata_.
+
+When active at night these frogs usually are pale tan to reddish brown
+above with dark brown markings. A specimen found sitting on a maguey
+plant in the daytime was pale ashy gray with a pale green upper lip.
+
+
+~Hyla bistincta~ Cope
+
+ _Hyla bistincta_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 17:87,
+ 1877.--Veracruz, México. Type locality restricted to
+ Acultzingo, Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:346).
+
+ Cerro San Andrés; Dos Aguas (2); Los Conejos (3); Uruapan
+ (50).
+
+In the Parque Nacional at Uruapan this species was found in abundance
+during the day. The frogs hide in an entanglement of vines and
+vegetation overhanging several small spring-fed streams. Tadpoles were
+in the rocky streams, and metamorphosing young were on vegetation at the
+edges of the streams.
+
+In life the dorsum is greenish tan with brown mottling; in some
+individuals the entire dorsum is dark chocolate brown. The flanks are
+pale lemon yellow barred with lavender-brown. Notes on the color of a
+living frog from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119193) are: Dorsal ground color a
+medium shade of brown with dark brown flecks; flanks black with silvery
+white and pale yellow spots; belly pale yellowish white; throat mottled
+with grayish brown; iris pale copper color.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8. Tadpole of _Hyla bistincta_ (UMMZ 115231) from
+Uruapan, Michoacán. × 2.]
+
+Description of Tadpole: Body somewhat depressed; maximum width of body
+slightly more than one-half of body length. Nostrils placed
+dorsolaterally and directed anteriorly, situated about midway between
+tip of snout and eye. Eyes of moderate size, dorsolateral in position
+and directed upwards. Tail about twice as long as body, thrice as long
+as deep, and tapering gradually to a rounded tip. Tail-musculature not
+extending to tip of tail fin. Spiracle sinistral, lateral, and situated
+at midbody. Vent dextral; the cloacal tube extending along ventral part
+of tail for a distance equal to about one-eighth of body length (Fig.
+8). Average body length of six tadpoles with small hind limb buds, 19.5
+mm.; tail length, 38.3 mm. Mouth ventral, its width equal to about
+two-thirds of greatest width of body. Lips bordered by two rows of small
+papillae; row of larger papillae between upper lip and outer upper
+tooth-row, similar row between lower lip and outer lower tooth-row;
+laterally these rows degenerating into numerous small papillae. Horny
+beaks well developed; upper beak moderately arched and deeply indented;
+lower beak slightly indented. Serrations of beaks blunt and peglike,
+moderately developed on both beaks, but slightly stronger on lower one.
+Tooth-rows 2/3; upper rows nearly equal in length and slightly longer
+than lower rows, which are subequal in length; inner upper tooth row
+interrupted medially by rounded notch; inner lower tooth-row turned
+downward laterally; teeth in all rows about equal in size, but
+decreasing in length laterally (Fig. 9).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9. Mouthparts of larval _Hyla bistincta_ (UMMZ
+115231) from Uruapan, Michoacán. × 15.]
+
+Color in formalin: pale grayish brown dorsally and laterally; pale gray
+ventrally; tail-musculature brown; tail-fin translucent with scattered
+melanophores most numerous on upper fin.
+
+In most details these tadpoles resemble those of _Hyla robertsorum_
+described by Rabb and Mosimann (1955).
+
+Four metamorphosing young have snout-vent lengths of 23.0-23.5 (23.2);
+a completely metamorphosed individual has a snout-vent length of 24.8
+mm.
+
+In Michoacán this stream-breeding hylid occurs at elevations of 1,600 to
+2,400 meters in the Sierra de Coalcomán and in the mountains rising from
+the Mexican Plateau.
+
+
+~Hyla eximia~ Baird
+
+ _Hyla eximia_ Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 7:61, October 20, 1854.--Valley of México. Type locality
+ restricted to Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México, by Smith
+ and Taylor (1950a:329).
+
+ _Hyla microeximia_ Maslin, Herpetologica, 13:81, July 10,
+ 1957.--3 miles northwest of Jocotepec, Jalisco, México.
+
+ Ciudad Hidalgo (36); Cuitzeo; 29 km. NW of Jacona; Jiquilpan
+ (2); Lago de Camécuaro (2); Lago de Pátzcuaro (129); Los
+ Reyes; Morelia; Sahuayo (3); San Gregorio (63);
+ Tangamandapio (4); Temazcal (26); Tupátaro; Tuxpan (15);
+ Undameo (2); Uruapan (20); Zacapu; Zamora (27); Zinapécuaro
+ (10).
+
+More than 80 per cent of the specimens from Michoacán have brown spots
+between the lateral and dorsolateral dark stripes, and more than 50 per
+cent have spots between the dorsolateral stripes, at least posteriorly.
+In comparison with specimens from the Valley of México, those from
+Michoacán have more distinct dorsolateral stripes that extend farther
+anteriorly, sometimes to the eyelid, and in this respect are more nearly
+like those from Jalisco and Nayarit (Taylor, 1939b:425). Some specimens
+from the western part of Michoacán possess certain characters used by
+Maslin (1957:81) to distinguish _Hyla microeximia_ from _H. eximia_;
+nevertheless, the variation is such that two species cannot be
+distinguished in Michoacán. Four series of freshly preserved specimens
+have been studied in detail; in the discussion below they are arranged
+from west to east; the measurement is for snout-vent length of ten males
+from each sample:
+
+ _Zamora._--Twenty-two specimens (UMMZ 102083), 24.0-27.6
+ (26.1) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe, or row of dashes,
+ present in all specimens; dark spots in lateral and dorsal
+ green fields; lateral dark stripe confluent with
+ dorsolateral stripe posteriorly in 18 specimens; white line
+ not extending to groin.
+
+ _Temazcal._--Thirty-five specimens (UMMZ 119162), 26.5-31.1
+ (28.2) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe of row of spots present
+ only posteriorly in most; both dorsolateral stripes and
+ dorsal spots lacking in four specimens; heavy spotting
+ dorsally in three others; lateral and dorsolateral dark
+ stripes confluent posteriorly in three; lateral white stripe
+ extending to groin in 16 specimens.
+
+ _Ciudad Hidalgo._--Thirty-six specimens (UMMZ 119163),
+ 26.4-30.9 (28.2) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe or row of
+ spots present only posteriorly in most; no brown spots in
+ the green fields of many specimens; large brown inguinal
+ spot in most specimens; heavy spotting dorsally in four;
+ lateral and dorsolateral dark stripes confluent posteriorly
+ in five; lateral white line extending to groin in most
+ specimens.
+
+ _Tuxpan._--Fifteen specimens (UMMZ 115227), 28.7-33.0 (30.5)
+ mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe or row of dashes in all
+ specimens; dark spots in lateral green fields, at least
+ posteriorly in most; dark spots posteriorly in the dorsal
+ green field in five; lateral dark stripe separated from
+ dorsolateral stripe in all specimens; lateral white line
+ extends to the groin in all specimens.
+
+As can be seen from the above descriptions, the distinguishing
+characters of _Hyla microeximia_--confluence of lateral and dorsolateral
+dark stripes posteriorly, extent of lateral white stripe, and
+distribution of dark spots dorsally--are found in individuals from all
+of the populations sampled. In the samples from western Michoacán there
+is a higher incidence of _microeximia_-like frogs than in those from
+other parts of the state. _Hyla eximia_ is a wide-ranging species
+varying greatly geographically and individually. A thorough review of
+the species and related members of the _Hyla eximia_-group is necessary
+before certain populations can justifiably be segregated as subspecies
+or species.
+
+In Michoacán _Hyla eximia_ has been collected in mesquite-grassland,
+pine-oak forest, and cultivated areas on the Mexican Plateau from 1500
+to 2300 meters; apparently it is absent from the Sierra de Coalcomán.
+This is the most abundant frog on the southern part of the Mexican
+Plateau; in the rainy season breeding choruses are found in temporary
+pools and in the marshes adjacent to the permanent lakes.
+
+
+~Hyla lafrentzi~ Mertens and Wolterstorff
+
+ _Hyla lafrentzi_ Mertens and Wolterstorff, Zool. Anz.,
+ 84:235, August 25, 1929.--Desierto de los Leones, Distrito
+ Federal, México.
+
+ Cerro San Andrés (26); Opopeo (9).
+
+In March, 1949, James A. Peters collected this species at elevations of
+2400 to 2800 meters on the west slope of Cerro San Andrés. The frogs
+were found beneath logs and rocks in a damp canyon in coniferous forest.
+Among the juveniles in this series is a completely transformed
+individual (UMMZ 102093) having a snout-vent length of 14.5 mm. Five
+adults have snout-vent lengths of 36.2-39.5 (38.0) mm. _Hyla lafrentzi_
+has noticeably longer hind limbs than _H. eximia_; in the former, when
+the hind limb is brought forward along the body, the tibiotarsal
+articulation extends to the snout. There are dark transverse bands on
+the hind limbs; the dorsolateral stripe is broken into an anterior and a
+posterior segment, and the latter is narrowly bordered by white in most
+specimens.
+
+_Hyla lafrentzi_ occurs at higher elevations than any other frog in
+Michoacán; the locality records from throughout the range indicate that
+it is restricted to pine and pine-fir forests. In these habitats it
+replaces _Hyla eximia_, which inhabits the lower pine-oak forests and
+mesquite-grassland on the Mexican Plateau. Ponds are absent at places
+where _Hyla lafrentzi_ has been collected; possibly the eggs are laid in
+streams.
+
+
+~Hyla smaragdina~ Taylor
+
+ _Hyla smaragdina_ Taylor, Copeia, No. 1:18, March 30,
+ 1940.--6 kilometers east of Cojumatlán, Michoacán, México.
+
+ _Hylella azteca_ Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 56:49,
+ June 16, 1943.--Tepoztlán, Morelos, México.
+
+ Cojumatlán (30); Copuyo (7); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (22);
+ Ostula (8); Pómaro (3); Sahuayo; Salitre de Estopilas (7).
+
+Taylor (1940a:18) diagnosed this species as having few or no vomerine
+teeth, no vocal sac, a rather broad and flat head, two large tubercles
+below the anus, a granular venter, and a green dorsum in life. The
+specimens on which the description was based are either immature or
+non-breeding individuals; all were collected from bromeliads growing on
+cacti near Cojumatlán. Another small, flat-headed hylid from Tepoztlán,
+Morelos, was described and diagnosed by Taylor (1943b:49) as differing
+from _Hyla smaragdina_ in having a vocal sac and a broader head. This
+specimen was named _Hylella azteca_. Specimens from the coastal region
+of Michoacán and Colima were referred to _Hylella azteca_ by Peters
+(1954:7) and Duellman (1958c:8).
+
+Comparison of topotypic _Hyla smaragdina_ and the holotype of _Hylella
+azteca_ (UIMNH 25044) with the several series of specimens from
+Michoacán has resulted in the conclusion that all pertain to only one
+species. Although the type series of _Hyla smaragdina_ consists of
+immature specimens, the males in that series do possess vocal sacs.
+Since these were not breeding individuals, the sacs are not well
+developed. The characters of the anal tubercles and the relative width
+of the head are of no value in separating the two species. The
+apparently aestivating individuals comprising the type series of _Hyla
+smaragdina_, and the type of _Hylella azteca_, which also was found in a
+bromeliad, were green in life. Of the calling males found on the coast
+of Michoacán, most were yellowish tan when found; two were pale green,
+but soon changed to pale tan. Calling males from Copuyo and Dos Aguas
+were pale yellowish tan. Therefore the color of the dorsum is of little
+significance in distinguishing the two named populations.
+
+Males of _Hyla smaragdina_ have been found calling in the months of June
+and July from rocky streams; the call is a nasal "haah-haah-haah,"
+repeated quickly and constantly for as long as 30 seconds. As pointed
+out by Duellman (1958c:9), this breeding behavior is unlike that
+suggested by Taylor (1943b:51). In Michoacán _Hyla smaragdina_ has been
+found in tropical semi-deciduous forest, oak forest, and
+mesquite-grassland at elevations from 150 to 1500 meters.
+
+
+~Hyla smithi~ Boulenger
+
+ _Hyla smithi_ Boulenger, Zool. Rec. Reptilia and Batrachia,
+ 38:33, 1902.--Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
+
+ Aguililla (14); Apatzingán (104); Arteaga; Charapendo (5);
+ Coalcomán (11); El Sabino (44); La Playa (6); Lombardia (2);
+ Nueva Italia (8); Playa Azul; Salitre de Estopilas (2).
+
+This small hylid is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley to elevations of
+about 1000 meters; it was found infrequently on the coastal lowlands.
+Males call from bushes in and around flooded fields and ditches, from
+grasses and small herbs in the water and from vegetation overhanging
+small streams. The call consists of a series of short, high notes,
+somewhat reminiscent of a katydid's song. In the dry season occasional
+males were heard calling from irrigated fields near Apatzingán. In the
+daytime individuals were found in the axils of leaves of the
+elephant-ear plants (_Xanthosoma_).
+
+In living individuals the dorsal color usually is uniform pale yellow;
+often the lateral white stripe is barely visible. The vocal sac is
+bright yellow, and the iris is pale gold. In some individuals there are
+scattered dark brown spots or flecks on the back and upper surfaces of
+limbs. Twenty males from Apatzingán have the following measurements:
+snout-vent length, 22.8-26.0 (25.0) mm., tibia length, 10.7-13.6 (12.6)
+mm.; head width, 7.2-8.0 (7.6) mm., head length, 7.1-8.1 (7.7) mm.
+
+
+~Hypopachus caprimimus~ Taylor
+
+ _Hypopachus caprimimus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26:526, November 27, 1940.--Agua del Obispo, Guerrero,
+ México.
+
+ Buena Vista; Copuyo (6); Charapendo (3); Cofradía;
+ Jaramillo; Jungapeo; San Salvador; Tuxpan.
+
+Specimens of _Hypopachus_ from the Balsas drainage in Michoacán have
+characters consistent with topotypic _H. caprimimus_. Eleven specimens
+from the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau all have the flanks darker
+than the dorsum, a distinct and continuous dark stripe from the occiput
+to the groin, a large dark spot in the inguinal region, and a pair of
+dark transverse stripes on the thigh and shank (Pl. 6, Fig. 1). With
+the exception of three specimens from Charapendo, all have a
+predominantly brown venter with round, cream-colored spots.
+
+Peters (1954:8) referred specimens from Buena Vista and San Salvador to
+_Hypopachus oxyrrhinus_. He stated that the specimen (BMNH
+1914.1.28.150) from San Salvador had flanks much darker than the dorsum
+and a well-defined continuous stripe from the occiput to the groin; this
+specimen has the characters of _H. caprimimus_. The specimen (BMNH
+1914.1.28.151) from Buena Vista resembles _H. oxyrrhinus_ in some
+characters, but it is not like _H. oxyrrhinus ovis_ on the Mexican
+Plateau in Michoacán. The specimen has paired transverse stripes on the
+hind limbs as does _H. caprimimus_, and is here referred to that
+species.
+
+In Michoacán this species has been collected in arid tropical scrub
+forest at elevations of 200 to 1800 meters in the northern foothills of
+the Sierra de Coalcomán, the Tepalcatepec and Tuxpan valleys, and on the
+lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica. Calling males have been found
+along streams. One specimen from Charapendo was regurgitated by a
+_Leptodeira maculata_.
+
+
+~Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis~ Taylor
+
+ _Hypopachus ovis_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:520,
+ November 27, 1940.--Tepic, Nayarit, México.
+
+ _Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis_, Shannon and Humphrey,
+ Herpetologica, 14:89, July 23, 1958.
+
+ Emiliano Zapata; 30 km. NW of Jacona (2); 10 km. NE of
+ Pátzcuaro (2); Tangamandapio (16); 24 km. W of Zamora (16).
+
+Thirty-seven specimens from the Mexican Plateau in northwestern
+Michoacán agree well with the diagnosis of _Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis_
+by Shannon and Humphrey (1958). With the exception of one specimen from
+Tangamandapio, all have dark bellies extensively mottled or spotted with
+cream-color. Most of the specimens have some form of an irregular,
+usually broken, dark line from the occiput to the groin. In eight
+specimens there is no line or linear arrangement of spots; instead the
+dorsum is spotted or flecked with dark brown. The ground color of the
+dorsum and flanks varies from dull reddish brown to grayish brown;
+cream-colored spots are evident on the flanks and posterior surfaces of
+the thighs in all specimens (Pl. 6, Fig. 2).
+
+In comparison with 14 specimens from Quesería, Colima (UMMZ 80001-2),
+individuals from the Mexican Plateau have a darker venter with bolder
+markings, and a more mottled dorsum.
+
+In Michoacán this species has been taken between 1500 and 2200 meters on
+the Mexican Plateau, where it inhabits mesquite-grassland and cultivated
+areas.
+
+
+~Rana dunni~ Zweifel
+
+ _Rana dunni_ Zweifel, Copeia, no. 2:78, July 15, 1957.--Lago
+ de Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Lago de Pátzcuaro (23); Río de Morelia, near Undameo (8).
+
+Aside from the type series of this species, there are in the Museum of
+Zoology at the University of Michigan six specimens taken from "tanks"
+at the limnological station at Pátzcuaro by Paul S. Martin in 1948, and
+eight specimens found in shaded ditches along the Río de Morelia by
+Robert R. Miller on April 4, 1957. The Río de Morelia flows into Lago de
+Cuitzeo; this drainage is separated from Lago de Pátzcuaro by a chain of
+hills about 2400 meters in elevation. Dr. Richard G. Zweifel has
+examined these specimens and has informed me that, although they differ
+slightly from typical _Rana dunni_, they are much closer to that species
+than to _Rana montezumae_.
+
+
+~Rana megapoda~ Taylor
+
+ _Rana megapoda_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:310,
+ November 12, 1942.--Chapala, Jalisco, México.
+
+ La Palma (8).
+
+These specimens (USNM 113998-114005) are from the marshes along the
+southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala. Five females have snout-vent
+lengths of 124.0-138.1 (131.5), and one male has a snout-vent length of
+110.2 mm. Two juveniles have snout-vent lengths of 49.7 and 56.3 mm. The
+coloration of the juveniles is more bold than that of the adults. The
+body proportions of these specimens agree with those presented by
+Zweifel (1957:80).
+
+
+~Rana montezumae~ Baird
+
+ _Rana montezumae_ Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 7:61, October 20, 1854.--Mexico City, Distrito Federal,
+ México.
+
+ La Palma; 8 km. NW of Maravatio (10); Sahuayo; Tupátaro (7).
+
+This species probably is more abundant and widespread than is indicated
+by the few specimens listed above. It has been found only in the
+vicinity of permanent water on the Mexican Plateau and the mountains
+rising from the plateau at elevations of 1500 to 2000 meters. Its
+apparent absence from Lago de Pátzcuaro cannot be explained, unless
+_Rana dunni_ replaces it there.
+
+
+~Rana pipiens~ Schreber
+
+ _Rana pipiens_ Schreber, Der Naturforscher, Halle, 18:185,
+ 1782.--Raccoon, Gloucester County, New Jersey.
+
+ Aguililla (2); Apatzingán (13); Arteaga; Axolotl (16);
+ Camachines (2); Capirio; Cascada Tzararacua (3); Cerro San
+ Andrés (6); Charapendo (4); Ciudad Hidalgo; Coalcomán (17);
+ Cuitzeo (3); El Sabino (10); Jacona (3); 29 km. NW of Jacona
+ (8); Jiquilpan; La Orilla (3); La Palma (5); La Playa (4);
+ Lago de Chapala (3); Lago de Pátzcuaro (6); Lombardia; Los
+ Conejos (67); Los Reyes (7); Macho de Agua; Maravatio;
+ Morelia (5); Opopeo (3); Pátzcuaro (9); 26 km. S of
+ Pátzcuaro (52); Puerto Hondo (3); Río Duero, 14 km. E of
+ Zamora (13); Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingán (2);
+ San Gregorio (38); San José de la Cumbre (5); Tangamandapio;
+ Zacapu; 18 km. W of Zamora (35).
+
+Except on the Pacific lowlands, this species is abundant throughout the
+state. It has been collected from sea level to 2800 meters, the greatest
+altitudinal range of any amphibian in Michoacán. It has been found
+frequently in the Tepalcatepec Valley; it is not a distinctly highland
+species in southern Michoacán, as stated by Peters (1954:9). One
+specimen from Aguililla (UMMZ 119257) is an albino. In this specimen
+there is a faint pattern on the hind limbs; otherwise the entire body is
+creamy white; the eyes are pink.
+
+
+~Rana pustulosa~ Boulenger
+
+ _Rana pustulosa_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
+ 11:343, 1883.--Ventanas, Durango, México.
+
+ Arteaga (4); 21 km. S of Arteaga; Cascada Tzararacua (3);
+ Coalcomán (3); 12 km. ENE of Dos Aguas (3); El Sabino (53);
+ Los Reyes (3); Tzitzio (4); Uruapan.
+
+Although _Rana pustulosa_ seems to be absent from the Mexican Plateau in
+Michoacán, it has been collected at elevations of 850 to 2150 meters on
+the slopes of the Cordillera Volcánico and in the Sierra de Coalcomán.
+Usually the frogs are found along rocky streams, but at Coalcomán they
+were found in a hyacinth-choked old river channel, and at El Sabino, in
+irrigation ditches.
+
+In most specimens the dorsum is dark olive-brown; in some it is pale
+olive-tan with dense dark brown mottling on the back and dark transverse
+bands on the hind limbs.
+
+Thirteen tadpoles (UMMZ 94271) taken from a seepage pool by a stream
+near Uruapan closely resemble the description of tadpoles of this
+species given by Taylor (1942b).
+
+
+
+
+REPTILIA
+
+
+Testudines
+
+
+~Chelonia mydas~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Testudo mydas_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10:197,
+ 1758.--Type locality restricted to Ascension Island by
+ Mertens and Müller (1928:23).
+
+ _Chelonia mydas_, Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom., 2:89,
+ 1800.
+
+ Beach between Río Motín and Río Colotlán (2); Maruata; Playa
+ Azul (4).
+
+Green sea turtles are abundant along the coast of Michoacán. Laying
+females and fresh nests were found on August 6-12, 1950, July 14-16,
+1951, and July 8-10, 1955. The general account of sea turtles on the
+coast of Michoacán that was given by Peters (1957) is supplemented here
+by my field notes on the actions of one female observed on the night of
+July 14, 1951, near Maruata by Donald D. Brand and I. Because of a full
+moon, visibility was excellent.
+
+In the course of the day several _Chelonia_ were seen in the surf;
+shortly after dark the first turtle was observed on the beach. Several
+were observed to come out on the beach and crawl nearly to the strand
+line, only to return to the sea.
+
+At 10:20 p. m. one turtle was seen about 15 meters from the water. We
+watched this turtle from some distance and observed that by 10:26 p. m.
+she had moved about ten meters to a bank of sand about two meters high.
+Ten minutes later she had climbed the bank and disappeared over the top
+into the brush. We moved closer and remained hidden below the bank.
+Although we could not see the turtle, we could hear her movements.
+Between 10:37 and 10:57 p. m. the turtle dug, often flipping the dry
+sand for a distance of about two meters. When this energetic digging
+ceased, we moved up the bank to see that she was facing inland and
+sitting in a depression about one and one-half meters in diameter and 30
+centimeters in depth. She had cleaned out this depression in the past 20
+minutes. Between 11:00 and 11:36 p. m. she dug the nest hole by first
+scooping sand with one hind flipper and then with the other; when sand
+was thrown by one flipper, there was a similar, but weaker, motion by
+the other flipper. At 11:36 p. m. she stopped digging. By crawling up
+behind the turtle we were able to examine the nest cavity, which
+measured 21 centimeters across the top and 38 centimeters deep. The
+diameter of the bottom of the hole was estimated to be about 50
+centimeters. At 11:40 p. m. she released the first egg; a minute later
+she dropped the second. At 11:42 p. m. the third and fourth eggs were
+released; these were coherent, as were the fifth and sixth eggs released
+at 11:43 p. m. After this, as many as three eggs were dropped at a
+time. After laying about 60 eggs, she paused for a minute and then
+continued laying. By 11:55 p. m. she had laid 98 eggs; after this, the
+process of deposition slowed considerably. She dropped a fragment of an
+egg followed by normal eggs. At midnight she deposited a miniature egg
+about 20 mm. in diameter. This terminated the deposition. Immediately
+she began to cover the nest.
+
+Within ten minutes after the last egg was deposited the nest had been
+covered. The turtle first had been seen at 10:20 p. m.; judging from its
+speed and its distance from the water, the turtle probably had been on
+land for about ten minutes. About 25 minutes were used in crawling from
+the water to the nesting site. One hour and 33 minutes were spent at the
+nesting site; of this time twenty minutes were taken for egg deposition.
+The turtle was not followed back to the water, but if the return trip
+took approximately the same amount of time as required to travel from
+the ocean to the nesting site, the total elapsed time from departure to
+return to the water was about two and one-half hours.
+
+We collected the eggs as they were deposited. There were 106 eggs, each
+having a diameter of about 40 mm., plus one small egg and a fragment of
+another. The turtle had a carapace about one meter in length.
+
+From our limited observations of sea turtles and their tracks on the
+beaches, and from the accounts of these animals by the residents of the
+coastal region, great numbers of sea turtles use these relatively
+uninhabited beaches for nesting grounds. However, the turtles do not go
+unmolested. The natives capture turtles and collect their eggs. Opened
+and emptied nests also showed signs of predatory activity on the part of
+other mammals. In the vicinity of Playa Azul several turtles were killed
+by dogs.
+
+
+~Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes~ Wagler
+
+ _Cinosternon hirtipes_ Wagler, Naturl. Syst. Amph., p. 37,
+ 1830.--México. Type locality restricted to Mazatlán,
+ Sinaloa, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:25).
+
+ _Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes_, Schmidt, Check list N Amer.
+ Amph. Rept., ed. 6, p. 89, 1953.
+
+ Eight km. W of Ciudad Hidalgo; Jiquilpan; La Palma; Lago de
+ Camécuaro (4); Lago de Cuitzeo (3); Lago de Pátzcuaro (8);
+ 14 km. E of Zamora (4).
+
+One specimen from eight kilometers west of Ciudad Hidalgo (UIMNH 24707)
+is from the Río Tuxpan, a tributary of the Río Balsas; this is the only
+record for the species from the Balsas drainage. All others are from the
+lakes or rivers flowing into the lakes on the southern part of the
+Mexican Plateau. This species exists in Lago de Pátzcuaro to the
+apparent exclusion of the abundant and widespread _Kinosternon
+integrum_.
+
+
+~Kinosternon integrum~ LeConte
+
+ _Kinosternon integrum_ LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 7:183, 1854.--México. Type locality restricted
+ to Acapulco, Guerrero, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:25).
+
+ Agua Cerca (3); Aguililla; Arteaga (8); Apatzingán (7);
+ Barranca de Herradero; Buenavista (20); Capirio (2);
+ Charapendo (3); Chupio; Coahuayana (2); Coalcomán (169);
+ Copuyo (4); El Sabino (8); Jacona; Jiquilpan (12); La Orilla
+ (2); La Playa (2); Lago de Cuitzeo (27); Las Higuertas;
+ Lombardia (3); Los Reyes (5); Morelia; Ojos de Agua de San
+ Telmo; San Pedro Naranjestila; Tacícuaro.
+
+Excepting Lago de Pátzcuaro, _Kinosternon integrum_ occupies all
+permanent and temporary ponds, lakes, and streams below 2200 meters
+throughout the state. At Coalcomán the species was in roadside ditches,
+small puddles, flooded fields, a hyacinth-choked ox-bow of the Río
+Coalcomán, as well as in the Río Coalcomán and its tributaries.
+Specimens from Arteaga and Barranca de Herradero were found in clear
+rocky streams; the one from Las Higuertas was found in a small muddy
+pond in pine-oak forest.
+
+On August 26, 1960, James R. Dixon found a copulating pair in a pool at
+Capirio. The large series from Coalcomán contains juveniles and adults;
+these turtles formed the basis for the study of relative growth of
+plastral scutes in this species by Mosimann (1956).
+
+
+~Geoemyda rubida perixantha~ Mosimann and Rabb
+
+ _Geoemyda rubida perixantha_ Mosimann and Rabb, Occ. Pap.
+ Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 548:1, November 9, 1953.--Eight
+ kilometers south of Tecomán, Colima, México.
+
+ Apatzingán (2); Coahuayana; La Placita; Punta San Juan de
+ Lima.
+
+These specimens have been discussed in detail by Mosimann and Rabb
+(1953). All are from the arid tropical scrub forest; those from the
+coastal regions were collected at elevations of less than 40 meters, and
+those from the Tepalcatepec Valley were collected at an elevation of 335
+meters.
+
+
+Crocodilia
+
+
+~Crocodylus acutus acutus~ Cuvier
+
+ _Crocodylus acutus_ Cuvier, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
+ 10:55, 1807.--Santo Domingo.
+
+ _Crocodylus acutus acutus_, Müller and Hellmich,
+ Ibero-Amerik. Stud., 13:128, 1940.
+
+ Boca de Apiza (2); Playa Azul (2).
+
+The crocodile or "caiman" is abundant in the brackish lagoons along the
+cost of Michoacán; three large adults and several juveniles were
+observed at Estero Pichi at Playa Azul; others were seen at Mexiquillo
+and Maruata. Residents of the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin frequently have
+reported "caimanes" in the Río Balsas and Río Tepalcatepec, but the
+existence of the crocodile in these rivers has not been verified by
+specimens.
+
+
+Sauria
+
+
+~Phyllodactylus duellmani~ Dixon
+
+ _Phyllodactylus duellmani_ Dixon, Southwest Nat., 5:37,
+ April 15, 1960.--Rancho El Espinal, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Fourteen km. SSW of Apatzingán; Capirio; Cafradía (3); El
+ Espinal (3).
+
+This species is known only from the Tepalcatepec Valley, where it has
+been found in open arid situations from 180 to 500 meters. Specimens
+were found in the daytime in stumps, dead cacti, and the hollow branches
+of the legume, _Apoplanesia paniculata_. In life adults were pale gray
+or grayish tan above and creamy white below. A juvenile having a
+snout-vent length of 18 mm. had a pale orange tail with gray
+cross-bands. In the adults the tail was colored like the body. The
+specimen from 14 kilometers south-southwest of Apatzingán (KU 29764) and
+those from Cofradía (BMNH 1914.1.28.28-30) were not listed by Dixon
+(1960).
+
+
+~Phyllodactylus homolepidurus~ Smith
+
+ _Phyllodactylus homolepidurus_ Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 22:121, November 15, 1935.--Five miles southwest of
+ Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
+
+ El Ticuiz (2); La Placita; Ostula (2); Pómaro; San Pedro
+ Naranjestila.
+
+These specimens have been referred to _Phyllodactylus homolepidurus_ by
+James R. Dixon (_in litt._), who is currently studying the American
+members of the genus. Geckos of this species have been found in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest in the coastal lowlands to elevations of 500
+meters. Most specimens were found beneath the bark of standing dead
+trees or stumps. Two individuals from El Ticuiz (UMMZ 115102) in life
+were dark gray above with brownish tubercles; the belly was a dusty
+cream-color. Apparently this species does not enter the Tepalcatepec
+Valley, where _Phyllodactylus lanei_ is abundant.
+
+
+~Phyllodactylus lanei~ Smith
+
+ _Phyllodactylus lanei_ Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 22:125, November 15, 1935.--Tierra Colorado, Guerrero,
+ México.
+
+ Apatzingán (13); 21 km. S of Arteaga: El Sabino (53); La
+ Playa; Ostula (2); Río Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (8);
+ 16 km. N of Tafetán.
+
+This widespread species has been taken at elevations of less than 1100
+meters in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, where it occurs in riparian
+situations in the foothills. Specimens have been collected in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest at Ostula and in oak forest south of Arteaga; both
+of these localities are on the Pacific slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcomán, a region inhabited by _Phyllodactylus homolepidurus_. Both
+species have been collected at Ostula.
+
+A juvenile from 21 kilometers south of Arteaga (UMMZ 118933) had
+alternating black and white bands on the tail. In life most of the
+lizards are dull ashy gray or grayish tan above and white below.
+According to Dixon (_in litt._), one specimen from Apatzingán (UMMZ
+115102) resembles _Phyllodactylus magnus_ in scutellation, but it lacks
+the distinctive yellow venter of that species.
+
+Apparently _Phyllodactylus lanei_ is restricted to rather mesic
+environments in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley and surrounding
+foothills; in the more open arid environments on the floor of the valley
+it seems to be replaced by _Phyllodactylus duellmani_.
+
+
+~Phyllodactylus paucituberculatus~ Dixon
+
+ _Phyllodactylus paucituberculatus_ Dixon, Southwest. Nat.,
+ 5:40, April 15, 1960.--Río Cupatitzio (= Río Marquez), 6.5
+ miles south of Lombardia, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Río Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (6).
+
+Two of these specimens (UMMZ 112692-3) were discussed in detail by Dixon
+(1960:40) in his description of the species. On August 25, 1960, Dixon
+collected four additional specimens at the type locality, a conglomerate
+cliff along the Río Marquez. These will be reported by him in his
+forthcoming study of the genus.
+
+
+~Anolis dunni~ Smith
+
+ _Anolis dunni_ Smith, Copeia, no. 1:9, May 10, 1936.--Agua
+ del Obispo, Guerrero, México.
+
+ Arteaga (3); 19 km. S of Arteaga.
+
+Three females from Arteaga (UMMZ 119075) have snout-vent lengths of 41,
+41, and 44 mm. In life the pale grayish brown dorsum was marked with
+dark brown; the belly was white, and the throat was pale pink. All have
+a dark interorbital bar and dark vertical bars on the upper labials. In
+two specimens there are only scattered dark flecks on the dorsum; in the
+third there is a dark postorbital stripe, a dark lateral stripe, and
+four narrow transverse bands on the body. A male from 19 kilometers
+south of Arteaga (UMMZ 119076) having a snout-vent length of 49 mm. had
+in life a tan dorsum, a broad white stripe from the ear to the groin,
+scattered small white spots on the dorsum, and indistinct pale
+cream-colored spots on the posterior surfaces of the thighs. This male
+has the dark labial bars, but lacks the dark interorbital bar, found in
+the females. The large rose-pink throat fan extends to about the middle
+of the belly. In all of the specimens the middorsal scales are keeled
+and much smaller than the smooth pavementlike or slightly imbricate
+ventrals. All have two gulars in contact with the mental, five scales
+between the nasals, five scales (not including the first labials) in
+contact with the rostral, and four rows of loreals. In these characters
+these specimens agree well with _Anolis dunni_ from Guerrero, as
+diagnosed by Davis (1954b).
+
+Previously _Anolis dunni_ has been reported only from the vicinity of
+Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, a locality situated at an elevation of about
+900 meters in pine-oak forest in the Sierra del Sur. All known close
+relatives of _Anolis dunni_ occur only in Guerrero: _A. taylori_ Smith
+and Spieler from Acapulco, _A. gadowi_ Boulenger from Tierra Colorado,
+_A. liogaster_ Boulenger, and _A. omiltemanus_ Davis from Omiltemi. The
+present specimens from elevations of about 900 meters in riparian stream
+vegetation and oak forest represent the northern known limits of this
+group of _Anolis_.
+
+
+~Anolis nebulosus~ (Wiegmann)
+
+ _Dactyloa nebulosa_ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 47,
+ 1834.--México. Type locality restricted to Mazatlán,
+ Sinaloa, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:66).
+
+ _Anolis nebulosas_, Bocourt, Mission Scientifique au Mexique
+ et dan l'Amerique Centrale. Reptiles, livr. 2:77, 1873.
+
+ Acahuato (3); Agua Cerca; Apatzingán (4); Araparicuaro (3);
+ 29 km. S of Ario de Rosales (3); 20 km. S of Arteaga (2);
+ Barranca de Bejuco; Cascada Tzararacua (5); Cerro Tancítaro
+ (13); Cherán; Chupio (5); Coalcomán (10); Cofradía; Dos
+ Aguas (10); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (3); El Diezmo; El Sabino
+ (43); El Ticuiz; Jiquilpan (2); La Orilla; La Placita; La
+ Playa (3); Los Conejos (2); Los Pozos; Nogueleras (2);
+ Ostula; 8 km. W of Pátzcuaro (2); 8 km. NE of Pátzcuaro;
+ Playa Azul (3); Río Cachán; Río Marquez, 10 km. S of
+ Lombardia; Río Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingán; San
+ Juan de Lima (6); San Pedro Naranjestila; Temazcal; Tuxpan
+ (2); Tzitzio; Uruapan (74); 11 km. N of Uruapan (2); Volcán
+ Jorullo; 16 km. E of Zacapu (2); 18 km. W of Zamora;
+ Ziracuaretiro.
+
+Even with the abundance of material the assignment of a specific name to
+these anoles is only tentative, for definite determination between
+_Anolis nebulosus_ Wiegmann and _A. nebuloides_ Bocourt is uncertain.
+Bocourt (1873:75) distinguished _A. nebuloides_ from _A. nebulosus_ by
+the following characters: (1) head scales keeled, not smooth; (2) snout
+narrower; (3) ear opening larger; (4) supraorbital semicircles separated
+by a row of small scales and not in contact; (5) dorsal scales larger
+and subequal in size to the belly scales. Boulenger (1885:77) used the
+same characters; Smith and Taylor (1950b:58) in their key to the Mexican
+species of _Anolis_ stated that the dorsal scales are slightly smaller
+than the ventrals in _A. nebulosus_ and markedly smaller in _A.
+nebuloides_. Smith (_in litt._) stated that the characters of the
+relative sizes of the dorsal and ventral scales were incorrect in that
+key.
+
+The application of the above criteria to specimens from Michoacán has
+not resulted in the recognition of two species. The majority of the
+specimens have the supraorbital semicircles separated by at least one
+small scale; the head scales, with the exception of those on the snout
+in a few individuals, are smooth; the dorsal scales are only slightly
+smaller than the ventrals. In other characters of scutellation the
+specimens are highly variable. The males in life have an orange throat
+fan. Anoles of this kind have been found in Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco,
+Nayarit, and southern Sinaloa. Near Oaxaca, Oaxaca, specimens were
+collected that superficially resemble those from Michoacán and farther
+north. These have low keels on the snout scales, dorsals somewhat larger
+than the ventrals, and a pink throat fan. In ten males from Oaxaca the
+size of the dorsal scales relative to that of the ventrals is 1.00:0.83;
+the same ratio for 25 males from Michoacán is 1.00:1.08. In both samples
+there are specimens in which the dorsal and ventral scales are about
+equal in size.
+
+Investigations by Richard E. Etheridge on the osteology of _Anolis_,
+including those species here being considered, have revealed relatively
+constant differences in the parasternalia and in the caudal vertebrae.
+The application of Etheridge's findings to anoline systematics must
+await the completion of his study.
+
+The carination of the scales on the snout _versus_ smooth scales there
+seems to be the only significant character given by Bocourt that
+distinguishes _A. Nebuloides_ from _A. nebulosus_. The difference in the
+color of the throat fan, which is apparent only in living individuals,
+is more striking. Obviously more than one species is represented, as is
+borne out by the differences in the color of the throat fan and in the
+osteology, but there is uncertainty about the correct name for each
+species. On the strength of Bocourt's diagnosis of keeled snout scales
+in _A. nebuloides_, I am applying that name to the population in Oaxaca
+and _A. nebulosus_ to the specimens from Michoacán. As arranged here,
+the two species can be distinguished, as follows:
+
+ _A. nebulosus._--Dorsal scales only slightly smaller than
+ the ventral scales; snout scales usually smooth; throat-fan
+ bright orange in adult males.
+
+ _A. nebuloides._--Dorsal scales somewhat larger than the
+ ventral scales; snout scales having a low keel; throat-fan
+ pink in adult males.
+
+With respect to geographic distribution, _A. nebulosus_ has been
+collected from southern Sinaloa southward to Michoacán. The lizards here
+referred to _A. nebuloides_ have been taken only in pine-oak forest on
+the mountain slopes near Oaxaca City. Zweifel and Norris (1955:233)
+reported anoles with pink throat-fans from southern Sonora; possibly
+those specimens are _A. nebuloides_; I have not examined them. I have
+seen several preserved specimens from the vicinity of Tehuantepec,
+Oaxaca. Although they probably belong to this group, those specimens
+differ from both _A. nebulosus_ and _A. nebuloides_ in their larger
+size, relatively larger head, and much larger throat fan.
+
+Aside from the minor variation in scutellation, specimens of _Anolis
+nebulosus_ from Michoacán vary greatly in coloration. Usually the
+females have some form of a broad middorsal pale-colored band. In life
+this is dull yellow, tan, or orange. Two females from Dos Aguas are
+strikingly different; one (UMMZ 119521) has a broad middorsal orange
+stripe that is scalloped laterally and bordered by gray. The other (UMMZ
+119081) has a narrow middorsal cream-colored line. Males usually are
+unicolor brown or olive-tan; sometimes the middorsal region is darker.
+Some individuals have dark cross-bands or chevrons on the dorsum. One
+male from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119080) has a cream-colored lateral stripe.
+
+In Michoacán _Anolis nebulosus_ occurs from sea level to elevations
+slightly in excess of 2100 meters, usually in areas of dense cover,
+whether this be herbaceous, viney, or woody, ordinarily on the ground as
+well as in bushes and trees. One was in a bromeliad growing about ten
+meters above the ground. In the arid Tepalcatepec Valley anoles of this
+species are most frequently found in the tangled growth along streams.
+Above Uruapan they were found in pine-oak forest, and on the Mexican
+Plateau between Zamora and Zacapu they were found in a bunch grass-scrub
+oak association.
+
+
+~Anolis schmidti~ Smith
+
+ _Anolis schmidti_ Smith, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool.
+ ser., 24:21, January 30, 1939.--Manzanillo, Colima, México.
+
+ La Placita; San Juan de Lima.
+
+Peters (1954:11) reported on the specimen from La Placita; another was
+secured at San Juan de Lima in 1956. The latter (UMMZ 115078) is a male
+having a snout-vent length of 43.0 mm. and a tail length of 70.5 mm. The
+dorsal ground color is pale tan; there are five pairs of irregular dark
+brown dorsolateral blotches. In life the throat fan was pale orange.
+These specimens agree with those from Colima described by Duellman
+(1958c:10). The distribution of _Anolis schmidti_ seems to be restricted
+to the coastal lowlands from Michoacán to Nayarit.
+
+
+~Basiliscus vittatus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Basiliscus vittatus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:373,
+ 1828.--México. Type locality restricted to Veracruz,
+ Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:72).
+
+ Apatzingán (9); Capirio; Coahuayana (5); El Cerrito; El
+ Sabino (2); El Ticuiz; La Placita (3); Maruata (2); Motín
+ del Oro; Ostula; Playa Azul (3).
+
+This species has been found only on the coast and in the low
+Tepalcatepec Valley. In the latter area it is restricted to riparian
+situations along the larger streams. The lizard is abundant in the
+mangrove swamps bordering the brackish lagoons on the coast. In July,
+1955, scores of individuals were seen around Estero Pichi at Playa Azul.
+Adults, especially the large males, are exceedingly wary and difficult
+to collect. At all localities where they were found, the lizards were
+most often seen in dense bushes, where they are well camouflaged.
+Individuals of all sizes were observed to run across the surface of the
+ponds.
+
+
+~Iguana iguana rhinolopha~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Iguana rhinolopha_ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 44,
+ 1834.--México. Type locality restricted to Córdoba,
+ Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:72).
+
+ _Iguana iguana rhinolopha_, Van Denburgh, Proc. Acad. Nat.
+ Sci. Philadelphia, 1897:461, January 18, 1898.
+
+ Apatzingán (8); Capirio (3); El Cerrito; El Ticuiz (2); La
+ Placita; La Playa (2); Maruata; Playa Azul; Río Cachán.
+
+Like the preceding species, this lizard is always found near water. It
+does not ascend the foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán, but in the
+Balsas Basin it reaches elevations of 800 meters at La Playa. Large
+adults are often seen in the large trees making up the gallery forests
+along rivers. From high perches the lizards drop into the water with a
+terrific splash. Bright green juveniles were abundant in bushes along
+the Río Tepalcatepec in July, 1955.
+
+
+~Ctenosaura pectinata~ (Wiegmann)
+
+ _Cyclura pectinata_ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 42,
+ 1834.--México (by inference). Type locality restricted to
+ Colima, Colima, México, by Bailey (1928:25).
+
+ _Ctenosaura pectinata_, Gray, Catalogue of the lizards...
+ British Museum, p. 191, 1845.
+
+ Apatzingán (27); between Ario de Rosales and La Playa;
+ Barranca de Bejuco; Capirio (2); Coalcomán (4); El Espinal;
+ El Sabino (2); El Ticuiz; Jazmin (2); La Huacana; La Placita
+ (8); La Playa (3); Limoncito; Lombardia; Motín del Oro;
+ Playa Azul; Río Cancita, 12 km. E of Apatzingán (2); Río
+ Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2);? Uruapan; Volcán
+ Jorullo.
+
+_Ctenosaura pectinata_ is a common lowland species that ascends the
+slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán and the Cordillera Volcánica to
+elevations of about 1050 meters (approximating the lower limits of the
+oak forest). The record from Uruapan (USNM 10234, collected by Dugès) is
+doubtful.
+
+These large lizards are most easily observed on rock fences along roads.
+Near Apatzingán innumerable individuals can be seen in mid-morning.
+Later in the day, as the sun rises higher in the sky, the lizards
+retreat to the shade of the crevices in the fences. The abundance of
+these lizards in the Tepalcatepec Valley, together with evidence
+gathered from the natives of the valley, indicates that these lizards
+are seldom used for human consumption there. On the other hand, several
+people in Coalcomán consider the "iguana negra" (local name for
+_Ctenosaura_) to be a delicacy and serve it at every opportunity. In
+early July, 1951, brilliant green young of the year were collected at La
+Playa and at Coalcomán.
+
+
+~Enyaliosaurus clarki~ (Bailey)
+
+ _Ctenosaura clarki_ Bailey, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 73:44,
+ September 26, 1928.--Ovopeo (= Oropeo), Michoacán, México.
+
+ _Enyaliosaurus clarki_, Duellman and Duellman, Occ. Pap.
+ Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 598:1, February 16, 1959.
+
+ Twelve km. SSW of Apatzingán; Capirio (7); Cofradía (3); El
+ Espinal (2); 32 km. E of Huetamo; Jazmin (5); Oropeo (10);
+ Rancho Nuevo; Río Cancita, 12 km. E of Apatzingán (8);
+ Tepalcatepec (3); Zicuiran (6).
+
+This species is known only from the low areas of the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin between elevations of 200 and 510 meters. It is commonly found in
+the open arid tropical scrub forest dominated by _Prosopsis_ sp.,
+_Apoplanesia paniculata_, and _Cercidium plurifoliolatum_. Continued
+collecting in the Tepalcatepec Valley has borne out the suggestions of
+Duellman and Duellman (1959) concerning the distribution and abundance
+of this lizard. Also, continued collecting in Colima and on the Pacific
+coast has failed to reveal the presence of _Enyaliosaurus_ there.
+
+
+~Phrynosoma asio~ Cope
+
+ _Phrynosoma asio_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 16:178, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima, México.
+
+ Apatzingán (4); San Salvador.
+
+In Michoacán this species has been obtained only in the Tepalcatepec
+Valley and on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán between 300
+and 700 meters. Apparently the lizard is absent from the coastal
+lowlands of Michoacán and Guerrero. The distribution of this species,
+therefore, is discontinuous. One population inhabits the lowlands of
+Colima and the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin inland to northern Guerrero and
+Morelos; a southern population inhabits the Plains of Tehuantepec in
+Oaxaca.
+
+A juvenile from Apatzingán (USNM 47739) has a snout-vent length of 40.0
+mm. and a tail length of 19.5 mm.
+
+
+~Sceloporus aeneus aeneus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Sceloporus aeneus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370,
+ 1828.--México. Type locality restricted to Tres Cumbres,
+ Morelos, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:137).
+
+ _Sceloporus aeneus aeneus_, Smith, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 361:6, December 15, 1937.
+
+ Angahuan; Araparicuaro (2); Capácuaro (2); Carapan (11);
+ Cherán (11); 18 km. WNW of Ciudad Hidalgo (10); Cuseño
+ Station; Jeráhuaro; Los Conejos (36); Macho de Agua (7);
+ Opopeo; Paracho (2); Pátzcuaro (4); Pino Gordo; 18 km. W of
+ Quiroga (2); Tancítaro (49); Uruapan (14); 16 km. NW of
+ Zacapu (5); between Zacapu and Zamora (2); 13 km. E of
+ Zinapécuaro; 14 km. SE of Zitácuaro (14).
+
+This small terrestrial species inhabits the pine and fir forests of the
+Cordillera Volcánica between elevations of 1850 and 3100 meters;
+apparently it is absent from the Sierra de Coalcomán. It seems to prefer
+rather open coniferous forests in which there is a more or less
+continuous cover of grasses on the ground. On warm sunny days the
+lizards can be observed scurrying about in the grass; in the early hours
+of the day, or on cold days, they are found beneath stones, logs, or
+dead clumps of bunch grass.
+
+
+~Sceloporus asper~ Boulenger
+
+ _Sceloporus asper_ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+ 1897:497, October, 1897.--La Cumbre de los Arrastrados,
+ Jalisco, México.
+
+ Apatzingán (3); 10 km. E of Dos Aguas; Uruapan (41).
+
+This strictly arboreal lizard is abundant in the mixed broad-leafed
+forest near Uruapan. The lizards are exceedingly wary and can be
+approached only with difficulty. In life males have pale blue bellies;
+the throat is pale pink. The pale gray dorsum marked with irregular
+darker gray blotches blends well with the color of the tree trunks on
+which the lizard lives. The one specimen from Dos Aguas was found on a
+pine tree; it provides the only record for the species from the Sierra
+de Coalcomán.
+
+
+~Sceloporus bulleri~ Boulenger
+
+ _Sceloporus bulleri_ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+ 1894:729, April, 1895.--Las Cumbre de los Arrastrados,
+ Jalisco, México.
+
+ Acuaro de las Lleguas (13); Barolosa (9); Dos Aguas (61); 10
+ km. NE of Dos Aguas (5).
+
+Heretofore this species has been known only from a few specimens from
+scattered localities in the Sierra Madre Occidental in southwestern
+Jalisco and Sinaloa. The collection of a large series of these lizards
+in virgin pine forest at elevations of more than 2000 meters in the
+Sierra de Coalcomán now makes possible an analysis of variation in the
+species.
+
+Superficially _S. bulleri_ resembles _S. torquatus_, but _S. bulleri_ is
+smaller, has more dorsal scales, fewer scales in the dark collar, and
+fewer femoral pores. In 88 specimens of _S. bulleri_ there are 36-41
+(38.7) dorsal scales and 2 or 3 (2.6) middorsal scales in the collar, as
+compared with 28-31 (29.3) dorsal scales and 3 or 4 (3.4) middorsal
+scales in the collar of 26 specimens of _S. torquatus_ from Uruapan. In
+20 adult males of _S. bulleri_ there are 13-15 (14.3) femoral pores, and
+13-16 (14.4) in 11 females; 13 males of _S. torquatus_ have 14-21 (17.3)
+femoral pores, and 13 females have 15-21 (16.7). Seventeen adult males
+of _S. bulleri_ have snout-vent lengths of 72-91 (82.0); ten females,
+71-87 (75.7). In comparison, 13 adult males of _S. torquatus_ have an
+average snout-vent length of 88.9 mm., and 13 females, 88.5 mm. In _S.
+bulleri_ there is little variation in the head scales. The frontal is in
+contact with the interparietal in 63, and not in 24, specimens; the
+median frontonasal is in contact with the frontal in 13, and not in 74,
+specimens. In 39 specimens there are two canthals, and in 48 there is
+one; in 29 specimens there are three preauriculars, and in 58 there are
+four.
+
+In life adult males have a pale blue tail, bright blue belly patches, a
+purplish blue throat, and pale blue lines on the sides of the head and
+neck.
+
+This species was obtained at four localities in the high mountains of
+the Sierra de Coalcomán. In this mountain range _Sceloporus bulleri_
+apparently replaces _S. torquatus_, a species that is widespread in the
+Cordillera Volcánica and on the Mexican Plateau. At Dos Aguas and at
+Acuaro de las Lleguas the lizards were abundant in the tall pine forest,
+where they were found on standing pine trees, on pine logs, and on rock
+outcroppings.
+
+
+~Sceloporus dugesi intermedius~ Dugès
+
+ _Sceloporus intermedius_ Dugès, La Naturaleza, 4:29,
+ 1877.--La Noria, near Zamora, Michoacán, México.
+
+ _Sceloporus dugesii intermedius_, Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 24:663, February 16, 1938.
+
+ Cojumatlán (6); Jiquilpan (11); Lago de Camécuaro; Lago de
+ Chapala; Morelia (23); Pátzcuaro (84); Quiroga (35); Sahuayo
+ (4); Tacícuaro (2); Tangamandapio (17); Tangancícuaro (9);
+ Zacapu (4); Zamora (11); Zinapécuaro (9).
+
+This lizard is strictly an inhabitant of the Mexican Plateau, where it
+is found in rocky places, sometimes in pine-oak forest, but more
+frequently in mesquite-grassland. It is a terrestrial species, and is
+most often seen on rock fences at elevations of 1500 to 2200 meters.
+
+This species differs from _S. bulleri_ and _S. torquatus_ in having two
+rows of supraoculars, instead of one; also it has more dorsal scales.
+Twenty-six specimens of _Sceloporus dugesi intermedius_ from
+Tangamandapio and Tangancícuaro have 44-48 (45.7) dorsal scales, as
+compared with an average of 38.7 in _S. bulleri_ and 29.3 in _S.
+torquatus_. In life _Sceloporus dugesi intermedius_ has a dull greenish
+gray dorsum; in males the belly patches are bright blue bordered
+medially by black, and the throat is bluish gray. The largest specimen
+examined is a male having a snout-vent length of 80 mm.
+
+
+~Sceloporus gadowae~ Boulenger
+
+ _Sceloporus gadoviae_ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+ 1905, 2:246, October 7, 1905.--Mezquititlán, Guerrero,
+ México.
+
+ Chupio; El Sabino (77); La Playa (6); Río Marquez, 10 km. S
+ of Lombardia (11).
+
+Although this species has a rather extensive range in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin in the state of Michoacán, Guerrero, Morelos,
+and Puebla, it is only locally abundant in that area. Usually these
+lizards are found on rocky cliffs in which there are many crevices for
+cover. _Sceloporus gadowae_ is abundant on a conglomerate cliff along
+the Río Marquez south of Lombardia. Although the closely related _S.
+pyrocephalus_ is abundant in the stream valley and in the hills above
+the cliff, _S. gadowae_ has been found only on the cliff; few
+individuals of _S. pyrocephalus_ have been observed on the cliff. A
+similar situation was discovered on a much more extensive conglomerate
+cliff along the Río Balsas near Mexcala, Guerrero. Near Tehuitzingo,
+Puebla, where _S. pyrocephalus_ was not found, _S. gadowae_ was found on
+conglomerate cliffs. Probably there is strong competition between the
+two species; possibly this has resulted in the restriction of _S.
+gadowae_ to isolated cliff-habitats within the extensive range of the
+more widespread _S. pyrocephalus_.
+
+In Michoacán _Sceloporus gadowae_ has been found along the lower slopes
+of the Cordillera Volcánica at elevations from 250 to 1050 meters. All
+of the localities from which this lizard is known lie in the arid
+tropical scrub forest.
+
+
+~Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Sceloporus microlepidotus_ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana,
+ p. 51, 1834.--México. Type locality restricted to México,
+ Distrito Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:120).
+
+ _Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus_, Smith and Laufe,
+ Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 48:332, December, 1945.
+
+ Angahuari; Apo (10); Atzimba (3); Carapan (5); Cerro San
+ Andrés (17); Cerro Tancítaro (18); Corupu; Cuseño Station
+ (2); Jacona; Jeráhuaro (10); Macho de Agua; Mil Cumbres; 46
+ km. E of Morelia; 60 km. E of Morelia (2); Opopeo (14);
+ Pátzcuaro (30); Puerto Hondo (19); San Gregorio (41); San
+ José de la Cumbre (8); Sierra Patamba; Tancítaro (233);
+ Tupátaro; Undameo; Uruapan (180); between Zacapu and Zamora;
+ 24 km. SE of Zitácuaro; between Zurumbeneo and Cerro
+ Garnica.
+
+This small species of _Sceloporus_ is an ubiquitous inhabitant of the
+coniferous forests from 1550 to 3100 meters in the Cordillera Volcánica.
+Usually it is seen on tree trunks, but occasionally on the ground. Near
+the lower limit of the altitudinal distribution of the species, as at
+Uruapan, individuals sometimes are found on broad-leafed trees.
+Apparently _Sceloporus heterolepis_ replaces _S. grammicus
+microlepidotus_ in the Sierra de Coalcomán.
+
+
+~Sceloporus heterolepis~ Boulenger
+
+ _Sceloporus heterolepis_ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+ 1894:731, April, 1895.--La Cumbre de los Arrastrados,
+ Jalisco, México.
+
+ Araparicuaro; Cerro Barolosa (6); Dos Aguas (13); Los
+ Conejos; 11 km. N of Uruapan (3).
+
+Although Michoacán has not previously been included in the range of this
+lizard, it was first collected in the state by Gadow in 1908 (BMNH
+1914.1.28.69 from Araparicuaro). The description of _S. heterolepis_
+given by Smith (1939:197) can be supplemented by data on the 23
+specimens now in the collections of the Museum of Zoology at the
+University of Michigan. All have two canthals; there are 55 to 71 (63.6)
+scales in the middorsal row; 1 to 3 rows middorsally are somewhat
+enlarged and bordered on either side by a row of larger scales bearing
+high keels. There are 14 to 20 (16.2) femoral pores. Eight adult males
+have snout-vent lengths from 49 to 61 (58.0) mm. and tail lengths from
+57 to 74 (66.0) mm.; four adult females have snout-vent lengths from 52
+to 57 (55.2) mm. and tail lengths from 60 to 66 (63.5) mm. The smallest
+of eight juveniles has a snout-vent length of 28 mm. and a tail length
+of 32 mm. The dorsum in adults is pale grayish brown; there are three
+irregular chevron-shaped dark marks and a triangular dark brown mark
+above the insertion of the hind limbs; on the tail are dark brown rings.
+There are scattered faint blue flecks on the flanks and narrow
+transverse dark lines on the lower limbs. Males have pale bluish green
+belly patches and an orange-salmon-colored throat; the belly in females
+is pale orange-tan. The juveniles have a more contrasting color pattern;
+the dark chevrons on the dorsum are bordered posteriorly by pale gray.
+
+In Michoacán this species has been obtained in pine and pine-fir forests
+from 1800 to 2700 meters. On Cerro Barolosa and at Dos Aguas, both in
+the Sierra de Coalcomán, the lizards were found beneath the bark of
+dead, standing pines. In the Sierra de Coalcomán _Sceloporus
+heterolepis_ seems to fill the niche of the small arboreal _Sceloporus_
+in the coniferous forest in southwestern México, a position held by _S.
+grammicus microlepidotus_ in the Cordillera Volcánica; the latter
+species does not occur in the Sierra de Coalcomán. Five specimens of
+_Sceloporus heterolepis_ are known from the Cordillera Volcánica,
+whereas 603 of _S. grammicus microlepidotus_ have been collected there.
+The ecological relationships that exist between the two species in the
+Cordillera Volcánica are not known.
+
+Insofar as is known, _Sceloporus heterolepis_ reaches the southern
+limits of its range in the Sierra de Coalcomán and in the western part
+of the Cordillera Volcánica. Other records for the species are from the
+Sierra Madre Occidental in Jalisco. Langebartel (1959) described
+_Sceloporus shannonorum_ from the mountains near the Durango-Sinaloa
+border; the single specimen of _S. shannonorum_ differs significantly
+from _S. heterolepis_ only in having fewer dorsal scales (48). The
+acquisition of additional material, especially from Nayarit and northern
+Jalisco, probably will provide a basis for showing that these two
+populations are conspecific.
+
+
+~Sceloporus horridus oligoporus~ Cope
+
+ _Sceloporus oligoporus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima,
+ México.
+
+ _Sceloporus horridus oligoporus_, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 24:520, February 16, 1938.
+
+ Aguililla; Apatzingán (50); Arteaga (2); Capirio (2);
+ Cascada Tzararacua; Charapendo (4); Coahuayana (3);
+ Coalcomán (32); 19 km. S of Corralito; 27 km. E of Dos
+ Aguas; El Sabino (55); El Ticuiz; Huetamo (2); Jazmin;
+ Jungapeo (2); La Orilla (2); La Placita; Limoncito (3);
+ Playa Azul (5); Tzitzio (8); Uruapan (4); Volcán Jorullo
+ (2); Ziracuaretiro; Zirimícuaro (13).
+
+All of the specimens from Michoacán seem to be typical _S. horridus
+oligoporus_; none has more than six femoral pores.
+
+Characteristically this species is found in open arid scrub forest; it
+reaches its greatest abundance in rocky areas in which there are
+scattered leguminous trees and bushes. It has been found in these low
+trees and bushes almost as frequently as it has been found on the
+ground; none has been seen in large trees or far above the ground.
+Altitudinally, this species ranges from sea level to about 1600 meters.
+
+
+~Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster~ Smith
+
+ _Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster_ Smith, Proc. U. S.
+ Natl. Mus., 92:360, November 5, 1942.--Acapulco, Guerrero,
+ México.
+
+ Aguililla; Apatzingán (18); Barranca de Herradero; Capirio
+ (19); Coahuayana (4); Coalcomán (2); Cofradía (4); El
+ Cerrito; El Sabino (33); El Ticuiz (3); La Placita (6);
+ Lombardia (4); Playa Azul; Río Marquez, 10 km. S of
+ Lombardia (2); Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva Italia (4);
+ Salitre de Estopila; San Juan de Lima (2); Santa Ana;
+ Tzitzio; Ziracuaretiro.
+
+Smith (1942a:360) diagnosed _Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster_ as
+having fewer femoral pores than the other subspecies of _S.
+melanorhinus_ and as having the lateral belly patches in the males
+confluent in the midline. Examination of forty specimens from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley and the coastal regions of Michoacán does not
+substantiate this diagnosis. The number of femoral pores varies from 15
+to 22 (18.9); 14 individuals (35%) had 20 or more femoral pores. Smith
+(_loc. cit._) stated that _S. melanorhinus_ in Oaxaca had 18 to 27
+(21.6) femoral pores and that 77 per cent of the specimens had more than
+20 femoral pores. Of the 24 males examined from Michoacán, 18 have the
+lateral belly patches separated in the midline. Usually they are
+separated by no more than one scale, but in some individuals they are
+separated by two or more scales. Although the above data minimize
+certain differences between the northern and southern populations of
+this species, certain of the color pattern characters seem to be
+diagnostic of the subspecies inhabiting the Pacific lowlands from
+Guerrero to Nayarit. Large adults of _S. m. calligaster_ have only a
+faint dorsal pattern, which in the subspecies _melanorhinus_ and
+_stuarti_ consists of a series of large, dark, interconnected triangles
+on the back. This pattern is present in young and small adults of _S. m.
+calligaster_; furthermore, in this subspecies the ventral coloration of
+the males differs from that found in the more southern populations.
+Adult males of _S. m. calligaster_ have a black throat, that changes to
+brilliant blue posteriorly, and a large white spot medially on the chin.
+This spot is present in some specimens from Oaxaca and Chiapas, but, if
+present, it is much smaller and less distinct than in specimens from
+Michoacán. In _S. m. calligaster_ the chest and midventral area are
+orange to salmon-color.
+
+A male from Lombardia in life was colored as follows: Dorsum grayish tan
+bearing faint bluish gray flecks; chest deep salmon-orange, this color
+continuing down midventral area to the somewhat paler groin; belly
+patches pale blue fading to pale green laterally; throat black
+anteriorly enclosing a white spot; throat blue posteriorly and bluish
+green posterolaterally.
+
+Individual lizards were observed to change in dorsal color from a pale
+ashy gray to a rather dull brown. Normally, inactive individuals and
+those observed on overcast days were dull brown.
+
+_Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster_ is found in trees in riparian
+situations in the lowlands to elevations of about 1500 meters. It does
+not inhabit the arid tropical scrub forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley or
+on the coast, but in those areas is found in the gallery forests along
+streams and rivers. The lizards are wary and live high in the trees;
+they are especially difficult to locate in the rainy season, when the
+trees are in full leaf.
+
+
+~Sceloporus pyrocephalus~ Cope
+
+ _Sceloporus pyrocephalus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima,
+ México.
+
+ Acahuato (2); Apatzingán (142); Arteaga (4); 26 km. S of
+ Arteaga (4); Capirio (6); Chinapa; Chupio; 19 km. S of
+ Corralito (5); El Sabino (220); Jazmin (3); La Placita (8);
+ La Playa (14); La Salada (6); Lombardia (5); Nueva Italia
+ (14); Ojos de Agua de San Telmo (2); Oropeo (3); Ostula;
+ Punta de San Telmo (3); Río Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingán
+ (13); Río Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (10); Río Marquez,
+ 13 km. SE of Nueva Italia (3); San Juan de Lima (2); Santa
+ Ana (2); Tafetan (2); Tepalcatepec (2); Tzitzio (6); Volcán
+ Jorullo (3).
+
+This small species is extremely common in the Tepalcatepec Valley and
+noticeably less so on the coast. It is usually found on the ground in
+rocky areas, but males frequently have been seen on the trunks of low
+trees in the scrub forest. Altitudinally, it ranges from sea level to
+slightly more than 1000 meters. The sexes are readily distinguished in
+the field (Oliver, 1937; Smith, 1939; Duellman, 1954b). In the dry
+season only males were observed in the Tepalcatepec Valley, but in the
+rainy season both sexes were found in approximately the same numbers.
+
+
+~Sceloporus scalaris scalaris~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Sceloporus scalaris_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370,
+ 1828.--México. Type locality restricted to México, Distrito
+ Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:137).
+
+ _Sceloporus scalaris scalaris_, Smith, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 361:2, December 15, 1937.
+
+ Carapan (2); Cherán; Ciudad Hidalgo; Huingo (3); Jacona (3);
+ Jiquilpan (2); Lago de Camécuaro (2); Lago de Chapala; Lago
+ de Cuitzeo (5); Morelia (4); Pátzcuaro (4); Queréndaro;
+ Quiroga; Tacícuaro (5); Tarécuaro; Zacapu (4); Zamora (4);
+ Zinapécuaro (11).
+
+This small terrestrial species does not seem to be abundant anywhere in
+the state. It sometimes is found in open pine, oak, or pine-oak forest,
+but usually it is observed in areas supporting bunch grass. In such
+places the lizards sun and forage on the open ground and quickly take
+refuge in the large clumps of grass. Altitudinally, the species ranges
+from 1550 to 2300 meters. Although _Sceloporus scalaris scalaris_ has
+been found in association with _S. dugesi intermedius_, _S. spinosus_,
+and _S. torquatus_, it does not seem to form any close ecological
+association with any of these species. In the pine forests of the
+Cordillera Volcánica _S. s. scalaris_ is replaced by _Sceloporus aeneus
+aeneus_, another small terrestrial species that occurs in great
+abundance throughout the coniferous forests of the Cordillera Volcánica.
+
+
+~Sceloporus siniferus siniferus~ Cope
+
+ _Sceloporus siniferus_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+ 11:159, 1869.--Pacific side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
+ Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950b:134).
+
+ _Sceloporus siniferus siniferus_, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U.
+ S. Natl. Mus., 199:134, October 26, 1950.
+
+ Twenty-six km. S of Arteaga; Barranca de Bejuco (2);
+ Coahuayana; El Ticuiz (2); La Mira; La Orilla (2); La
+ Placita (9); Maruata; Ojos de Agua de San Telmo; Ostula (4);
+ Playa Azul (6); Pómaro (2); Puerto de las Higuerita; Santa
+ Ana (3).
+
+This small terrestrial species inhabits the dense arid tropical scrub
+forest on the coast and lower foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán to
+elevations of about 150 meters. It also occurs in the lower Balsas
+Valley, but it has not been found in the scrub forest of the broad
+Tepalcatepec Valley. Perhaps the large number of _Sceloporus siniferus_
+on the coastal lowlands is responsible for the small number there of _S.
+pyrocephalus_, another terrestrial species of about the same size. The
+latter is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where _S. siniferus
+siniferus_ has not been found. _Sceloporus siniferus siniferus_ is a
+fast runner and difficult to collect; consequently, the small number of
+specimens available is not indicative of its abundance.
+
+
+~Sceloporus spinosus spinosus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Sceloporus spinosus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370,
+ 1828.--México. Type locality restricted to Puebla, Puebla,
+ México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:116).
+
+ _Sceloporus spinosus spinosus_, Martín del Campo, Anal.
+ Inst. Biol. México, 8:262, 1937.
+
+ Cojumatlán (2); Huetamo Road; Lago de Cuitzeo (4); Maravatio
+ (8); Tupátaro (2).
+
+Although this species is widespread on the southern part of the Mexican
+Plateau, it is uncommon in Michoacán. It has been collected only in
+rather open situations in the mesquite-grassland on the plateau between
+1500 and 2300 meters, where it has been found in association with
+_Sceloporus dugesi intermedius_ and _S. scalaris scalaris_. Most
+specimens of _Sceloporus spinosus spinosus_ have been observed on rock
+fences. In this habitat the species is the larger member of a pair of
+species, the smaller of which is _Sceloporus dugesi intermedius_.
+
+
+~Sceloporus torquatus torquatus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Sceloporus torquatus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:369,
+ 1828.--México. Type locality restricted to México, Distrito
+ Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:126).
+
+ _Sceloporus torquatus torquatus_, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos.
+ Soc., 22:402, 1885.
+
+ Angahuan (31); Araparicuaro; Capácuaro (3); Carapan (11);
+ Cerro Tancítaro; Cherán; Ciudad Hidalgo; Cojumatlán;
+ Copándaro (2); Corupu (4); Cuseño Station (9); El Álamo;
+ Jacona (6); Jiquilpan (2); Jungapeo (3); Lago de Camécuaro;
+ Lago de Chapala; Lago de Cuitzeo (3); La Palma (2); Los
+ Conejos (3); Los Reyes (3); Maravatio (9); Morelia (17);
+ Paracho (3); Pátzcuaro (27); Pino Gordo; Queréndaro (2);
+ Quiroga; Sahuayo (3); San José de la Cumbre; San Juan de
+ Panangaricutiro; Tacícuaro (10); Tancítaro (200);
+ Tangamandapio; Tangancícuaro (3); Temazcal (2); Tupátaro
+ (5); Uruapan (136); Zacapu; Zinapécuaro (10); Zirimícuaro
+ (12); Zitácuaro.
+
+This large species inhabits the Mexican Plateau and the Cordillera
+Volcánica, but not the Sierra de Coalcomán, where apparently it is
+replaced by _Sceloporus bulleri_. _Sceloporus torquatus torquatus_
+usually is found in pine or pine-fir forests at elevations between 1450
+and 3000 meters. In many places it is almost entirely arboreal, but in
+areas where there are many fallen trees or rock fences and rock piles,
+many individuals have been found on the ground near the rocks or logs.
+In the coniferous forests this species is associated with _S. grammicus
+microtepidotus_ and _S. aeneus aeneus_.
+
+The distinction made by Smith (1938:572) between the subspecies _S.
+torquatus torquatus_ and _melanogaster_ is slight. Individuals with pale
+bluish spots are found throughout the range of the species in Michoacán;
+spotting is especially evident in the young. Individuals having an
+incomplete nuchal collar have been found at Maravatio and at Zinapécuaro
+in the northern part of the state; in this character these specimens
+resemble _S. torquatus melanogaster_, which is found to the north from
+Guanajuato to Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí.
+
+
+~Sceloporus utiformis~ Cope
+
+ _Sceloporus utiformis_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima,
+ México.
+
+ Nineteen km. S of Arteaga (2); Cascada Tzararacua (17);
+ Coahuayana (3); Coalcomán (6); El Sabino (2); El Ticuiz (2);
+ Ostula (3); Pómaro; Río Cachán; San Juan de Lima; Uruapan
+ (26).
+
+In Michoacán the range of this species is discontinuous. It has been
+found between 1050 and 1550 meters on the slopes of the Cordillera
+Volcánica, and on the coast and seaward slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcomán up to an elevation of 900 meters. It is absent from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. At Uruapan and at Cascada Tzararacua this lizard
+was found on the ground in oak forest or in open pine-oak forest; on the
+coast and foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán it was found on the
+ground in the gallery forests along streams, and not in the scrub
+forest.
+
+
+~Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus~ (Schmidt)
+
+ _Uta tuberculata_ Schmidt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 22:4,
+ December 1, 1921.--Colima, Colima, México.
+
+ _Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus_, Mittleman, Bull. Mus.
+ Comp. Zool., 91:169, September, 1942.
+
+ Twenty-six km. S of Arteaga; Cascada Tzararacua (2); Chupio;
+ Coahuayana; Coalcomán (8); El Sabino (2); Jungapeo; La
+ Orilla (2); La Placita (4); Playa Azul (4); Pómaro (2); San
+ Salvador (16);? Tupátaro; Uruapan (12); Tzitzio; Zamora.
+
+The known distribution and geographic variation of _Urosaurus
+bicarinatus_ in southwestern México presents a confused picture. In
+general rugosity, specimens from the coastal region of Michoacán
+(Coahuayana, La Orilla, La Placita, Playa Azul, and Pómaro) resemble _U.
+bicarinatus tuberculatus_ to the north along the Pacific coast.
+Furthermore, specimens from the coast have less stippling in the gular
+region than do those from the Sierra de Coalcomán and the slopes of the
+Cordillera Volcánica. Specimens from the mountains have greatly carinate
+enlarged dorsals, large lateral tubercles, and heavily stippled throats;
+in these characters they resemble specimens from Morelos, Guerrero, and
+Oaxaca. As mentioned by Peters (1954:14), some specimens from La Orilla
+and San Salvador are like _U. bicarinatus bicarinatus_ in certain
+characters, and one specimen has the blue ventral patches restricted to
+the sternal area, a characteristic of _U. bicarinatus anonymorphus_ of
+Oaxaca and eastern Guerrero. Examination of all available specimens from
+Michoacán indicates that the nature of the dorsal scales is of little
+value in separating the subspecies. The specimens from Michoacán are
+here provisionally referred to _U. bicarinatus tuberculatus_, because
+cursory examination of specimens from several localities between Nayarit
+and Oaxaca shows that there are only minor differences between the named
+populations. Individuals from the northern part of the range are more
+rugose and have larger blue ventral patches and less gular stippling
+than those from the south.
+
+In Michoacán _Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus_ is found in wooded
+areas, not in open scrub forest, in the coastal area to elevations of
+about 900 meters, and along the slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica and
+the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau at elevations from 1000 to 1700
+meters. The record for Tupátaro probably is erroneous, for no other
+specimens of this species are known from the central plateau.
+Essentially, the distribution of this species parallels that of
+_Sceloporus utiformis_, a strictly terrestrial species. _Urosaurus
+bicarinatus tuberculatus_ lives on tree trunks. Below 1000 meters in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley _Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus_ is replaced by
+_Urosaurus gadowi_.
+
+
+~Urosaurus gadowi~ (Schmidt)
+
+ _Uta gadovi_ Schmidt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 22:3, December
+ 1, 1921.--Cofradía, Jalisco, México (in error) = Cofradía,
+ Michoacán, México (Duellman, 1958b:49).
+
+ _Urosaurus gadowi_, Mittleman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+ 91:154, September, 1942.
+
+ Acahuato (2); Apatzingán (56); 12-16 km. S of Apatzingán
+ (12); Buenavista (7); Capirio (23); Cofradía (21); El Sabino
+ (13); Guayabo; Jazmin; La Playa; La Salada (3); Nueva Italia
+ (7); Rancho Nuevo; Río Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingán (5);
+ Río Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2); Río Marquez, 13 km.
+ SE of Nueva Italia (3); San Salvador (2); Santa Ana;
+ Tepalcatepec; Volcán Jorullo (3); Zicuiran (2);
+ Ziracuaretiro.
+
+Although individuals of this species have been collected at elevations
+slightly exceeding 1200 meters on Volcán Jorullo and at 1100 meters at
+Ziracuaretiro on the southern slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica, for
+the most part these lizards are found at elevations of less than 800
+meters, where they inhabit the open arid scrub forest of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, a region to which this species is endemic
+(Duellman, 1958b:49). These small lizards usually are found on the
+trunks and main branches of the small trees in the scrub forest; in this
+habitat they are associated with _Sceloporus horridus oligoporus_, a
+much larger species.
+
+Males have a pale orange spot on the throat and a pale blue belly;
+females have immaculate venters.
+
+A specimen from Guayabo on the northern slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcomán was referred to _Urosaurus irregularis_ (Fischer) by Peters
+(1954:15). I have studied this specimen (BMNH 1914.1.28.110), a female
+having a snout-vent length of 46 mm., and agree with Peters that it
+closely resembles Fischer's description and figure (1882: pl. 17, fig.
+1). This specimen and those seen of _Urosaurus gadowi_ all have
+pavementlike enlarged dorsal scales that are complete across the
+vertical line. In _U. gadowi_ the enlarged dorsals usually are in four
+to six irregular rows; in the specimen from Guayabo the dorsals are in
+two rows. Although none of the other specimens of _U. gadowi_ examined
+has only two rows of enlarged dorsals, I prefer to consider the specimen
+from Guayabo as an aberrant individual of that species, rather than _U.
+irregularis_. Guayabo is in the known range of _U. gadowi_. _Urosaurus
+irregularis_ is known only from the type specimen in the Bremen Museum;
+the type locality, according to Fischer (1882:232), is "Aus dem
+Hochlande von Mexico." If an examination of the type specimen of _U.
+irregularis_ shows it to be identical with _U. gadowi_, then _U.
+irregularis_ would be the name for the lizards here referred to _U.
+gadowi_.
+
+
+~Mabuya brachypoda~ Taylor
+
+ _Mabuya brachypoda_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38
+ (1):308, December 20, 1956.--Four kilometers east-southeast
+ of Los Angeles de Tilarán, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
+
+ El Sabino (42); La Placita; Playa Azul; Tzitzio (3).
+
+Previously this species has been reported from La Placita as _Mabuya
+mabouya alliacea_ by Peters (1954:15). Webb (1958:1311) provided
+evidence that Mexican specimens were conspecific with _Mabuya
+brachypoda_, as described from Costa Rica by Taylor (1956:308). The
+large series in the Taylor collection studied by Webb and listed by him
+as being from Uruapan actually is part of a series collected by Hobart
+M. Smith at El Sabino at an elevation of 1050 meters, 30 kilometers
+south of Uruapan.
+
+This species probably ranges throughout the coastal region of the state;
+individuals from La Placita and Playa Azul were taken in dense scrub
+forest near sea level.
+
+
+~Scincella assata taylori~ (Oliver)
+
+ _Leiolopisma assatum taylori_ Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 360:12, November 20, 1937.--Santiago,
+ Colima, México.
+
+ _Scincella assata taylori_, Mittleman, Herpetologica, 6:20,
+ June 5, 1950.
+
+ Twenty-one km. S of Arteaga; Ostula.
+
+The specimen from Ostula was obtained in semi-deciduous broad-leaf
+forest at an elevation of 120 meters; that from 21 kilometers south of
+Arteaga was taken in oak forest at an elevation of 830 meters. Both
+localities are on the coastal slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán.
+Probably the species inhabits the heavy forests on the lower slopes of
+these mountains. The specimen from south of Arteaga (UMMZ 119117) in
+life had a tan dorsum and a bright orange-pink tail.
+
+
+~Eumeces altamirani~ Dugès
+
+ _Eumeces altamirani_ Dugès, La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:485,
+ 1891.--Apatzingán, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Twelve km. E of Apatzingán; El Sabino (4).
+
+One specimen of this rare species was found beneath a rock in the open
+scrub forest 12 kilometers east of Apatzingán on July 3, 1955. Another
+skink, presumably of this species, was seen at Capirio. The specimen
+from east of Apatzingán is a male having a snout-vent length of 97 mm.
+and an incomplete tail. In most respects it compares favorably with
+accounts of the species given by Taylor (1936b:55 and 1936c:102). The
+frontal is divided by a transverse suture; the enlarged dorsal scales
+are arranged in 11 pairs anteriorly, followed by 48 unpaired enlarged
+scales. The head and middorsal area are brown; there is a pale tan
+stripe on the edges of the vertebral and paravertebral rows, bordered by
+a dark brown stripe on the paravertebral row, which, in turn, is
+bordered by a pale tan stripe on the lateral edge of the paravertebral
+scale row and the median edge of the adjacent scale row. The stripes
+extend from the neck to the base of the tail. The flanks are mottled
+with brown and cream-color; the labials are cream-color barred by brown;
+the venter is a pale cream-color.
+
+Dugès (1891:485) described _Eumeces altamirani_ from "las regiones
+cálidas del Estado de Michoacán" and subsequently (1896:480) gave
+Apatzingán as a locality for the species. Presumably he had only one
+specimen. In 1935 Hobart M. Smith collected the species at El Sabino on
+the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica bordering the Tepalcatepec
+Valley. All of the known specimens are from this valley and the adjacent
+slopes, an area to which the species apparently is endemic.
+
+
+~Eumeces colimensis~ Taylor
+
+ _Eumeces colimensis_ Taylor, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
+ zool. ser., 20:77, May 15, 1935.--Colima, Colima, México.
+
+ Coalcomán; Salitre de Estopila.
+
+The species was reported by Peters (1954:16); no additional material has
+been discovered. The species is known only from foothills and low
+mountains at elevations between 130 and 950 meters in Michoacán and
+Colima.
+
+
+~Eumeces copei~ Taylor
+
+ _Eumeces copei_ Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:133,
+ June 5, 1933.--10 miles southeast of Asunción, México,
+ México. Cerro Tancítaro (3); Zacapu.
+
+This member of the _Eumeces brevirostris_-group has been found only in
+pine or pine-fir forests at elevations from 1800 to 2700 meters. It
+probably ranges throughout the high mountains of the state north of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley; its apparent absence in other parts of the
+Cordillera Volcánica, other than on Cerro Tancítaro, is surprising. The
+species has been taken near Asunción in the state of México and at
+Lagunas de Zempoala in Morelos.
+
+In this species the lateral pale yellow stripe, which is bordered below
+by dark brown, extends to the groin and onto the base of the tail. The
+dorsolateral stripe is separated from the copper-colored middorsum by a
+narrow brown stripe.
+
+
+~Eumeces dugesi~ Thominot
+
+ _Eumeces Dugesii_ Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser.
+ 7, 7:138, 1883.--Guanajuato. Type locality restricted to
+ Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:169).
+
+ Carapan (6); Cherán (5); Opopeo (2); 17 km. S of Pátzcuaro
+ (3); San José de la Cumbre (2); Tancítaro (2);
+ Tangancícuaro; Uruapan; Zacapu.
+
+Individuals of this species frequently have been found beneath rocks and
+logs in pine-oak, pine, or fir forests from elevations of 1550 to 1850
+meters. To judge from specimens available, _E. dugesi_ probably is the
+most abundant and widespread species of skink in the state.
+
+In this species the lateral yellow stripe is indistinct and is
+persistent only in the axilla; the dorsolateral stripes terminate
+anterior to the hind limbs and are not separated from the tan dorsum.
+
+
+~Eumeces indubitus~ Taylor
+
+ _Eumeces indubitus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 21:257,
+ November 27, 1934.--Near Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
+
+ Puerto Hondo.
+
+The one specimen of this species from Michoacán was collected by Edward
+H. Taylor in pine forest at Puerto Hondo, near Zitácuaro, at an
+elevation of about 2750 meters (Taylor, 1935:466). The species is known
+from the high mountains of eastern Michoacán, western México, and
+northern Morelos.
+
+
+~Eumeces parvulus~ Taylor
+
+ _Eumeces parvulus_ Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
+ 46:175, October 26, 1933.--Tepic, Nayarit, México.
+
+ El Ticuiz; La Placita; Pómaro (2); San Pedro Naranjestila
+ (3).
+
+Aside from the specimens reported by Peters (1954:17), one other
+specimen was obtained at El Ticuiz. It has 22 scale rows, 3 supraoculars
+in contact with the frontal, 2 postlabials, and a unicolored olive-tan
+dorsum. In life the anterior dorsolateral stripes were pale pinkish tan,
+the labials cream color, the throat white, and the tail pale blue. All
+specimens were found in semi-deciduous broad-leaf forest at elevations
+of less than 500 meters on the seaward slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcomán.
+
+
+~Ameiva undulata sinistra~ Smith and Laufe
+
+ _Ameiva undulata sinistra_ Smith and Laufe, Univ. Kansas
+ Sci. Bull., 31 (1):59, May 1, 1946.--Manzanillo, Colima,
+ México.
+
+ Apatzingán (9); 19 km. S of Arteaga (3); Barranca de Bejuco
+ (2); Coahuayana (6); Coalcomán (3); El Ticuiz (10); La
+ Placita (2); Limoncito (3); Ostula (2); Playa Azul; Salitre
+ de Estopila; San Juan de Lima (2); San Pedro Naranjestila
+ (4).
+
+Six males and six females from the Tepalcatepec Valley have more femoral
+pores than do 16 males and nine females from the coastal lowlands; the
+ranges and average number of femoral pores in the former are 40-50
+(44.8) for males and 38-40 (38.6) for females; males from the coast have
+34-44 (39.2), and females have 32-40 (36.2) femoral pores. In all
+specimens the number of lamellae beneath the fourth toe varies from 26
+to 33 (29.7). In life juveniles have a pale olive-tan dorsum and a
+dorsolateral dark band, superimposed on which is a row of darker brown
+spots. The dorsolateral band is bordered below by a narrow cream-colored
+stripe. The tail is tan above and grayish white below; the belly is pale
+bluish white. Adult males are brilliantly colored in life. A male having
+a snout-vent length of 108 mm. had a rusty brown dorsum and bright blue
+bars on the flanks separated by dark brown interspaces. The side of the
+head was pale green, and the chin and throat were golden yellow. In some
+specimens the throat is orange. Juveniles and subadults have dark flecks
+on the brown or tan middorsal area, but these are absent in the largest
+males.
+
+This species inhabits the heavily wooded areas in the lowlands to
+elevations of about 950 meters. In the Tepalcatepec Valley it has been
+found only in gallery forests along streams. In both the Tepalcatepec
+Valley and the coastal lowlands there is a noticeable absence of large
+adults in the dry season.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus calidipes~ Duellman
+
+ _Cnemidophorus calidipes_ Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 574:1, December 23, 1955.--Capirio,
+ Michoacán, México.
+
+ Apatzingán (56); 12-20 km. S of Apatzingán (5); 19 km. E of
+ Apatzingán (5); 25 km. S of Arteaga; Capirio (57); El
+ Espinal (13); Jazmin (9); 11 km. S of Lombardia; Nueva
+ Italia.
+
+This small, distinctive species of the _sexlineatus_-group of
+_Cnemidophorus_ was discovered in the Tepalcatepec Valley in 1955
+(Duellman, 1955); subsequent field studies showed it to be widespread in
+the valley (Duellman, 1960c). One specimen (KU 29747) is from the
+relatively arid, low Pacific slope of the Sierra de Coalcomán, 25
+kilometers south of Arteaga. All other specimens have been taken at
+elevations of 200 to 650 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where the
+species characteristically inhabits the open scrub forests of the valley
+floor, especially the _Cercidium-Prosopis-Apoplanesia_ associations,
+where there is a sparse growth of grasses. In this habitat it is most
+frequently seen in association with _Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli_
+and _C. deppei infernalis_.
+
+Aside from the characters given in Table 5, _Cnemidophorus calidipes_
+differs from other species of _Cnemidophorus_ in Michoacán by possessing
+a complete (or nearly so) supraorbital semicircle-series of granules; in
+other species the granules seldom extend anteriorly beyond the posterior
+border of the frontal.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus communis communis~ Cope
+
+ _Cnemidophorus communis_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+ 17:95, 1877.--No type locality given; type locality
+ restricted to Colima, Colima, México, by Zweifel (1959a:74).
+
+ _Cnemidophorus communis communis_, Zweifel, Bull. Amer. Mus.
+ Nat. Hist., 117:74, April 27, 1959.
+
+ Aguililla (2); Apatzingán (6); 13 km. S of Arteaga (2); 19
+ km. S of Arteaga (3); Capirio (3); Coahuayana (3); Coalcomán
+ (44); El Ticuiz; between El Ticuiz and Ojos de Agua de San
+ Telmo; La Placita (6); Pómaro (2); Río Cachán; Salitre de
+ Estopila; San Juan de Lima.
+
+The specimens from Coalcomán and the coastal localities were referred to
+_Cnemidophorus sacki copei_ by Peters (1954:18) and Duellman (1954b:12).
+Zweifel (1959a) referred these specimens to _Cnemidophorus communis
+communis_ and pointed out the probable sympatry of _C. communis_ and _C.
+costatus_ (= _sacki_ of Zweifel) in the Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+There is considerable geographic variation in the number of dorsal
+granules around the midbody. Sixteen specimens from the coastal regions
+of Michoacán have 129-146 (136.3) granules; nine from the Tepalcatepec
+Valley have 124-137 (128.3), and 44 from Coalcomán at an elevation of
+950 meters in the Sierra de Coalcomán, intermediate geographically
+between the coast and the Tepalcatepec Valley, have 105-144 (119.7). The
+number of granules in specimens from the coast of Michoacán compares
+favorably with the range of 118-154 (137.8) for 34 specimens from
+Colima, Colima (Zweifel, 1959a:107). Aside from the characters given in
+Table 5, _C. communis communis_ can be distinguished from other members
+of the _Cnemidophorus sexlineatus_-group (_calidipes_, _costatus_, and
+_scarlaris_) by its relatively small post-antebrachial scales.
+
+
+TABLE 5.--COMPARISON OF THE TEN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CNEMIDOPHORUS
+IN MICHOACÁN (SCALE COUNTS ARE FOR SPECIMENS FROM MICHOACÁN ONLY)
+
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+ |Dorsal |Femoral| Adult color | Throat | Maximum
+ Species |granules| pores | pattern | color |snout-vent
+ | | | | | length
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_calidipes_ | 66-86 |31-47 |Light brown dorsum| Pink | 79 mm.
+ | (75) |(39) |with vertical blue| |
+ | | |bars and spots | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_communis |105-146 | 38-52 |Green dorsum with | Pink | 135 mm.
+ communis_ |(124) | (44) |six rows of yellow| |
+ | | |spots | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_costatus | 97-102 |37-43 |Cross-bars | Pink | 126 mm.
+ occidentalis_ | (99) |(39) |anteriorly and | |
+ | | |pale spots | |
+ | | |posteriorly | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_costatus |91-117 |32-49 |Lateral and |Pink with | 132 mm.
+ zweifeli_ |(106) |(41) |dorsolateral rows |blue spot |
+ | | |of spots; | |
+ | | |paravertebrals | |
+ | | |fused with pale | |
+ | | |green middorsum | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_deppei deppei_ |116-117 |37-38 |Green | Black | 93 mm.
+ |(116) |(37) |paravertebral and | |
+ | | |dorsolateral | |
+ | | |stripes; lateral | |
+ | | |stripe broken into| |
+ | | |row of bluish | |
+ | | |spots | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_deppei |91-120 |31-43 |Green | Black | 84 mm.
+ infernalis_ |(101) |(36) |paravertebral and | |
+ | | |dorsolateral | |
+ | | |stripes; broad | |
+ | | |cream lateral | |
+ | | |stripe; reddish | |
+ | | |flanks | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_lineatissimus |108-140 |32-47 |Paravertebral |Pink and | 98 mm.
+ exoristus_ |(122) |(39) |stripes fused with|black |
+ | | |yellow middorsal| |
+ | | |stripe; vertical | |
+ | | |bars on flanks | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_lineatissimus |117-126 |32-37 |Eight distinct |Bluish-pink| 96 mm.
+ lineatissimus_ |(121) |(35) |stripes plus |and black |
+ | | |partially fused | |
+ | | |vertebrals | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_lineatissimus |126-164 |32-48 |Broad middorsal |Pink and | 106 mm.
+ lividus_ |(148) |(38) |stripe; |black |
+ | | |paravertebrals | |
+ | | |distinct; blue | |
+ | | |lateral spots | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_scalaris_ | 80-92 |32-41 |Six distinct cream|Orange-pink| 95 mm.
+ | (86) |(35) |stripes; tan spots| |
+ | | |in dark fields | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+
+Although this is the largest species of _Cnemidophorus_ in Michoacán
+(adult males attain a snout-vent length of 135 mm.), it is neither
+widespread nor abundant. On the coastal lowlands it occurs primarily
+with _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus_. In the coastal lowlands
+there is little open scrub forest, a type of habitat that seems to be
+preferred by _C. communis communis_. In the Tepalcatepec Valley, _C.
+communis communis_ occurs in the open scrub forest with the more
+abundant large species _C. costatus_ (subspecies _zweifeli_). Only in
+the scrub forest in the Coalcomán Valley, where no other species of
+_Cnemidophorus_ occurs, is _C. communis communis_ abundant.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus costatus occidentalis~ Gadow
+
+ _Cnemidophorus communis occidentalis_ Gadow, Proc. Zool.
+ Soc. London, 1906, 1:339, August 23, 1906.--Type locality
+ restricted to Ixtlán, Nayarit, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:182).
+
+ _Cnemidophorus costatus occidentalis_, Zweifel, Copeia, No.
+ 1:98; March 17, 1961.
+
+ Jiquilpan (4).
+
+Only four specimens from the extreme northwestern part of the state are
+referable to this subspecies. These have 97 to 102 dorsal granules at
+midbody and lack the blue gular band or spot characteristic of the
+subspecies in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Probably _C. costatus
+occidentalis_ ranges throughout the Chapala depression, but to the east
+it is replaced by _Cnemidophorus scalaris scalaris_.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli~ Duellman
+
+ _Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_ Duellman, Univ. Kansas Publ.
+ Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:589, May 2, 1960.--Capirio, Michoacán,
+ México.
+
+ Apatzingán (107); Buenavista (3); Capirio (31); Charapendo
+ (12); Chinapa (2); 19 km. S of Corralito (3); Jazmin (2);
+ between La Playa and Volcán Jorullo (2); Limoncito (3); 14
+ km. S of Lombardia (11); Nueva Italia (15); Río Marquez, 10
+ km. S of Lombardia (2); Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva
+ Italia; Tafetan (18); 14 km. E of Tepalcatepec (2); Tzitzio
+ (11); 19 km. S of Tzitzio; Volcán Jorullo (5);
+ Ziracuaretiro; Zirimícuaro.
+
+These lizards were referred to _Cnemidophorus sacki copei_ by Duellman
+(1954b:12 and 1955:6); Duellman (1960a) described the subspecies
+_zweifeli_ and assigned it to _Cnemidophorus sacki_. Zweifel (1961:98)
+used the specific name C. _costatus_ for the whiptails on the
+southwestern part of the Mexican Plateau (_C. c. occidentalis_). Since
+_occidentalis_ and _zweifeli_ are conspecific, the combination _C.
+costatus zweifeli_ is used here for the population inhabiting the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+This lizard is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where it lives in
+open and dense scrub forest, usually at elevations of less than 1000
+meters. Throughout the valley it is found in association with
+_Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis_, and in the lower parts of the valley
+it also is associated with _Cnemidophorus calidipes_. Observations made
+in the dry season indicate that large adults are not active at that
+time.
+
+On the coastal lowlands and in the valleys in the Sierra de Coalcomán
+_Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli_ is replaced by _C. communis communis_.
+To the east in the Balsas Basin _C. costatus zweifeli_ intergrades with
+_C. costatus costatus_.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus deppei deppei~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Cnemidophorus deppei_ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p.
+ 29, 1834.--México. Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec,
+ Oaxaca, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:179).
+
+ _Cnemidophorus deppei deppei_, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos.
+ Soc., 17:31, 1892.
+
+ Salitre de Estopila; San Pedro Naranjestila.
+
+This small species, which is extremely abundant on the coastal lowlands
+of Guerrero, seems to be rare on the coast of Michoacán, where it has
+been taken at elevations of 130 and 500 meters in open situations in
+otherwise forested areas. Duellman and Wellman (1960:25) discussed these
+specimens in relation to their subspecific assignment. They were
+referred to _Cnemidophorus deppei lineatissimus_ by Peters (1954:18).
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis~ Duellman and Wellman
+
+ _Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis_ Duellman and Wellman,
+ Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:32, February 10,
+ 1960.--Mexcala, Guerrero, México.
+
+ Acahuato; Apatzingán (227); Capirio (3); El Sabino; Jazmin;
+ La Playa (6); Lombardia (6); Nueva Italia (4); Río Marquez,
+ 10 km. S of Lombardia (6); Río Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva
+ Italia (10); south of Tancítaro; Volcán Jorullo (3).
+
+This is one of the most abundant and widespread lizards in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. Throughout its range it is ecologically associated
+with _Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli_, which ranges to elevations
+somewhat higher than the 1050 meters known for _C. deppei infernalis_.
+This small lizard reaches its greatest abundance in grassy areas on the
+floor of the Tepalcatepec Valley, where in the
+_Cercidium-Prosopis-Apoplanesia_ associations it occurs with
+_Cnemidophorus calidipes_.
+
+Duellman and Wellman (1960) discussed the variation and relationships of
+_Cnemidophorus deppei_, of which the subspecies _infernalis_ is
+restricted to the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus~ Duellman and Wellman
+
+ _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus_ Duellman and
+ Wellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:44,
+ February 10, 1960.--Rancho Santa Ana, four kilometers
+ northeast of San Salvador, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Thirteen to 25 km. S of Arteaga (18); Capirio (19);
+ Limoncito (13); Santa Ana (22).
+
+As in _Cnemidophorus calidipes_, the distribution of this subspecies
+seems to be restricted to the Tepalcatepec Valley, except in the
+vicinity of Arteaga, where it occurs on the southern slope of the Sierra
+de Coalcomán. As pointed out by Duellman and Wellman (1960:46), the
+specimens from south of Arteaga are like those from the Tepalcatepec
+Valley in scutellation and coloration, and not like _Cnemidophorus
+lineatissimus lividus_ from the geographically closer coastal lowlands.
+
+In the Tepalcatepec Valley _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus_
+inhabits gallery forests along the larger streams; in this habitat it is
+associated with _Ameiva undulata sinistra_. From the other species of
+_Cnemidophorus_ in Michoacán, _C. lineatissimus exoristus_ can be
+distinguished by the possession of seven longitudinal stripes in adults
+and by the characters of scutellation given in Table 5.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lineatissimus~ Cope
+
+ _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos.
+ Soc., 17:94, 1877.--Colima and Guadalajara. Type locality
+ restricted to Colima, Colima, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:179).
+
+ _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lineatissimus_, Duellman and
+ Wellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:41,
+ February 10, 1960.
+
+ Boca de Apiza (4).
+
+These specimens have 117 to 126 dorsal granules at midbody, a noticeably
+lower count than that for _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus_ on the
+coast of Michoacán, which has 126 to 164 (148). Apparently these
+specimens represent immature _C. lineatissimus lineatissimus_; the
+differences between these and _C. lineatissimus lividus_ from nearby
+localities indicate that possibly the populations are distinct species
+and not subspecies, as suggested by Duellman and Wellman (1960:41).
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus~ Duellman and Wellman
+
+ _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus_ Duellman and Wellman,
+ Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:50, February 10,
+ 1960.--Maruata, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Barranca de Bejuco (4); Boca de Apiza (2); Coahuayana (6);
+ El Ticuiz (7); La Placita (11); Maruata (7); Motín del Oro;
+ Ostula (5); Playa Azul (4); Playa Cuilala (2); Pómaro (2);
+ Salitre de Estopila (2); San Pedro Naranjestila.
+
+This is the most abundant and widespread species of _Cnemidophorus_ on
+the coastal lowlands of Michoacán, where it ranges from sea level to
+elevations of about 500 meters. In this area it inhabits dense arid
+scrub forest and semi-deciduous broad-leafed forest. Both of these
+habitats are continuous, or nearly so, along the lowlands and foothills
+of the Sierra de Coalcomán. This in itself may explain the abundance of
+_Cnemidophorus lineatissimus_ and the relative scarcity of _C. deppei_
+and _C. communis_ in the coastal area, for _C. deppei_ and _C. communis_
+usually inhabit more open arid scrub forest, as occurs in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. Living in the dense scrub forest with _C.
+lineatissimus_ is _Ameiva undulata sinistra_.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus scalaris~ Cope
+
+ _Cnemidophorus gularis scalaris_ Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos.
+ Soc., 17:47, 1892.--Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México.
+
+ _Cnemidophorus scalaris_, Zweifel, Bull. American Mus. Nat.
+ Hist., 117:72, 1959.
+
+ Araro (2); Jacona; Lago de Cuitzeo (42); Morelia; 21 km. N
+ of Morelia (4).
+
+Zweifel (1959a:72) assigned the small species of _Cnemidophorus_ having
+a relatively low number of dorsal granules and inhabiting the southern
+part of the Mexican Plateau to _C. scalaris_, which he diagnosed as
+rarely exceeding 100 mm. in snout-vent length and always having an
+average of less than 100 dorsal granules at midbody and usually less
+than 90. Forty-two specimens from the south shore of Lago de Cuitzeo
+(UMMZ 119558) have 80-91 (85.8) dorsal granules. Four specimens from 21
+kilometers north of Norelia (UIMNH 6952 and UMMZ 104743) have 89, 78,
+92, and 84 granules; one from Morelia (UMMZ 104742) has 78; two from
+Araro (UMMZ 119522) have 80 and 87; one from Jacona (UIMNH 24703) has
+88.
+
+Since no large adult males are present in the series from Michoacán, an
+adequate comparison of coloration between these and populations on the
+northern part of the Mexican Plateau cannot be made. _Cnemidophorus
+scalaris_ is a name applied to the lizards inhabiting the Mexican
+Plateau from Chihuahua south to Puebla by Zweifel (1959a:72). It is
+doubtful if all of the populations assigned to this subspecies belong
+there; possibly more than one species is involved, but the paucity of
+material prevents further analysis at this time.
+
+
+~Heloderma horridum horridum~ (Wiegmann)
+
+ _Trachyderma horridum_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 22:421,
+ 1829.--México. Type locality restricted to Huajintlán,
+ Guerrero, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:193).
+
+ _Heloderma horridum horridum_, Bogert and Martín del Campo,
+ Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 109:20, April 16, 1956.
+
+ Apatzingán; Coalcomán; La Placita; Oropeo; Parácuaro.
+
+This species is known from elevations of less than 1000 meters in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, the Sierra de Coalcomán, and the coastal lowlands.
+Specimens from Coalcomán, La Placita, and Parácuaro came from areas of
+dense woods; those from Apatzingán and Oropeo might have come from
+patches of dense woods in the otherwise open scrub forest of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+
+~Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Gerrhonotus imbricatus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:379,
+ 1828.--México. Type locality restricted to México, Distrito
+ Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:201).
+
+ _Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus_, Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat.
+ Sci. Philadelphia, 88:475, October 20, 1936.
+
+ Acuaro de las Lleguas (9); Cerro Barolosa (4); Cerro
+ Tancítaro (36); Dos Aguas (22); Paracho; Sierra Patamba;
+ Tinguidín; Zacapu.
+
+Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán are noticeably different from
+those inhabiting the mountains rising from the Mexican Plateau. Of 45
+specimens from Cerro Tancítaro and adjacent areas on the Mexican Plateau
+and in the Cordillera Volcánica, 15 have twelve longitudinal rows of
+dorsal scales and 30 have fourteen rows. Of seven specimens from the
+state of México, 5 have twelve rows and 2 have fourteen; of nine
+specimens from central Veracruz, 8 have twelve rows and one has
+fourteen; of six specimens from Hidalgo, 5 have twelve rows and one has
+sixteen; of two specimens from Guanajuata, one has fourteen and the
+other has sixteen rows. All of the 35 specimens from the Sierra de
+Coalcomán have sixteen rows. Furthermore, these specimens have the
+superciliary row extended anteriorly, so that the anterior superciliary
+is in broad contact with the loreal. Specimens from Cerro Tancítaro have
+a shorter superciliary row, so that the anterior superciliary is not in
+broad contact with the loreal. These characters were used by Tihen
+(1949:220) to distinguish _Gerrhonotus imbricatus ciliaris_ from _G.
+imbricatus imbricatus_. According to Tihen, the subspecies _G.
+imbricatus ciliaris_ ranges from Guanajuato and Hidalgo northward to
+Chihuahua and Coahuila, whereas the nominal subspecies occurs from
+Michoacán and Hidalgo southward to Oaxaca. Specimens from the Sierra de
+Autlán in Jalisco are like those from Cerro Tancítaro; consequently,
+there seems to be no connection between the populations of _G.
+imbricatus ciliaris_ in the mountains of the northern part of the
+Mexican Plateau with the _ciliaris_-like individuals found in the Sierra
+de Coalcomán. The acquisition and study of additional material from
+throughout the range of the species is necessary to clarify the picture
+of geographic variation. Until then, I prefer to consider all of the
+specimens from Michoacán as _Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus_.
+
+The largest specimen is a male having a snout-vent length of 136 mm. Two
+juveniles collected in July 24, 1960, have snout-vent lengths of 36 and
+42 mm. A specimen having a snout-vent length of 127 mm. and a tail
+length of 145 mm. was regurgitated by a _Crotalus pusillus_, which had a
+body length of 550 mm.
+
+_Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus_ is an inhabitant of coniferous
+forests. In the Cordillera Volcánica it occurs from 1500 to 3500 meters
+at the top of Cerro Tancítaro. In the Sierra de Coalcomán it occurs from
+2100 to 2700 meters. On July 4, 1955, a pair was found in copulation
+beneath a pine log at 2700 meters on Cerro Barolosa. The male was lying
+on top of the female and was holding her head firmly in his jaws; the
+male's tail was curled under the female's tail, so that the cloacae were
+in contact.
+
+
+Serpentes
+
+~Typhlops braminus~ (Daudin)
+
+ _Eryx braminus_ Daudin, Hist.... des reptiles, 7:279,
+ 1803.--Vazagapatam, India.
+
+ _Typhlops braminus_, Cuvier, Règne animal, ed. 2, 2:73,
+ 1829.
+
+ Apatzingán; Arteaga.
+
+
+Both specimens known from Michoacán were collected by Gadow in 1908.
+Peters (1954:20) remarked that the specimen from Arteaga probably does
+not indicate a rapid spreading of the species, which most likely was
+introduced into México at the time that vessels were stopping at
+Acapulco from the Philippines (Taylor, 1940b:444), but instead may
+indicate that pack trains from Acapulco passed through the Sierra de
+Coalcomán. The occurrence of this snake along a long-used _camino_
+substantiates this belief.
+
+
+~Leptotyphlops bressoni~ Taylor
+
+ _Leptotyphlops bressoni_ Taylor, Copeia, No. 1:5, March 9,
+ 1939.--Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacán, México.
+
+ El Sabino.
+
+This species still is known definitely only from the type specimen
+collected on the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica at the
+northern edge of the Tepalcatepec Valley. A specimen (now lost) reported
+from Aguililla by Cope (1887:63) possibly represents this species (see
+Smith and Taylor, 1945:21, and Peters, 1954:20).
+
+
+~Leptotyphlops gadowi~ Duellman
+
+ _Leptotyphlops gadowi_ Duellman, Copeia, No. 2:93, May 29,
+ 1956.--Apatzingán, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Apatzingán.
+
+No additional specimens of this species have been collected since the
+species was described by Duellman (1956b:93). Data given with the
+specimen by Gadow indicate that it came from his camp above Apatzingán
+at an elevation of about 800 meters. Although the exact position of this
+camp is unknown, the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica above
+Apatzingán usually support arid scrub forest at elevations below 1000
+meters. Therefore, this species probably is an inhabitant of the arid
+scrub forest.
+
+
+~Leptotyphlops phenops bakewelli~ Oliver
+
+ _Leptotyphlops bakewelli_ Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 360:16, November 20, 1937.--Paso del Río, Colima,
+ México.
+
+ _Leptotyphlops phenops bakewelli_, Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl.
+ Mus., 93:445, October 29, 1943.
+
+ La Placita (4); La Salada; Ostula.
+
+The five specimens from the coastal lowlands are from elevations of less
+than 150 meters; these were collected by Peters (1954:20); the specimen
+from La Salada is from an elevation of 580 meters in the Tepalcatepec
+Valley. Peters (_loc. cit._) remarked that the rostral and the tip of
+the tail that were described as white by Oliver (1937:17) actually are
+sulphur-yellow in life.
+
+
+~Loxocemus bicolor~ Cope
+
+ _Loxocemus bicolor_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 13:77, June 30, 1861.--La Unión, El Salvador.
+
+ _Loxocemus sumichrasti_ Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 6,
+ 4:1, 1876.--Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México.
+
+ Apatzingán (6); La Orilla; Lombardia.
+
+As noted by Peters (1954:21), this species was not recorded from
+Michoacán by Smith and Taylor (1945:27), but Gadow (1930:30) collected a
+specimen at La Orilla in 1908. This specimen (BMNH 1914.1.28.124) is a
+male having 235 ventrals and 47 caudals, a dark brown dorsum, and
+cream-colored labials and venter. The anterior chin-shields are
+considerably longer than the scales bordering the chin-shields. In these
+characters this specimen agrees with the diagnosis of _Loxocemus
+bicolor_ given by Taylor (1940c:447), who revived _Loxocemus
+sumichrasti_ Bocourt. Of the six specimens from Apatzingán in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, three males have 243 to 253 (246.6) ventrals and 44
+to 45 (44.3) caudals; three females have 238 to 247 (244.0) ventrals and
+42 to 44 (43.0) caudals. Certain characters of scutellation utilized by
+Taylor for separating _L. bicolor_ and _L. sumichrasti_ are inconsistent
+in this series. The chin-shields are longer than the adjacent scales,
+like those illustrated in _L. bicolor_ by Taylor (_op. cit._, fig. 1).
+The relative lengths of the prefrontal and internasal sutures are
+subequal, or the prefrontal suture is slightly longer. Thus, in these
+characters of scutellation these snakes are like _L. bicolor_, but in
+coloration they are like _L. sumichrasti_; the dorsal color in life was
+an iridescent dark bluish gray, and the belly was pale gray or bluish
+gray.
+
+The supposed differences in scutellation between _L. bicolor_ and _L.
+sumichrasti_ have been questioned by Woodbury and Woodbury (1944:360);
+these authors treated _L. sumichrasti_ as a subspecies of _L. bicolor_.
+As pointed out by Zweifel (1959b:5), such an arrangement is not tenable,
+for, although individuals with each kind of color pattern have not been
+collected together at any one locality, the over-all geographic picture
+is one of sympatric distribution. Only snakes having the coloration of
+_L. sumichrasti_ have been collected in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin. I
+agree with Zweifel (_loc. cit._) that on the basis of morphological
+similarities and sympatric distribution, _L. bicolor_ and _L.
+sumichrasti_ seem to be dimorphic phases of the same species, showing no
+more striking differences in coloration than _Lampropeltis getulus
+californiae_, a now classical example of pattern dimorphism in snakes.
+
+In Michoacán, as in other parts of its range, _Loxocemus bicolor_
+inhabits arid scrub forest environments at low elevations.
+
+
+~Boa constrictor imperator~ Daudin
+
+ _Boa imperator_ Daudin, Hist. nat.... des reptiles, 5:150,
+ 1803.--México. Type locality restricted to Córdoba,
+ Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:347).
+
+ _Boa constrictor imperator_, Forcart, Herpetologica, 7:199,
+ December 31, 1951.
+
+ Apatzingán (4); Coalcomán; El Sabino (2); La Placita; La
+ Playa (2); Lombardia; Nueva Italia (2); Río Cachán; Río
+ Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva Italia; Río Nexpa; Volcán
+ Jorullo.
+
+These specimens have come from a variety of habitats from elevations of
+less than 1,000 meters. The species seems to be equally abundant in the
+broad-leafed semi-deciduous forests of the coastal foothills and in the
+arid Tepalcatepec Valley. In the latter area most of the specimens were
+collected at night.
+
+
+~Coniophanes fissidens dispersus~ Smith
+
+ _Coniophanes fissidens dispersus_ Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl.
+ Mus., 91:106, November 13, 1941.--El Limoncito, Guerrero,
+ México.
+
+ Arteaga.
+
+Further collecting in southern Michoacán has failed to add additional
+material of this species, which is known in the state from the one
+specimen collected by Gadow in 1908. The species possibly ranges
+throughout the coastal foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán. Peters
+(1954:21) described the specimen from Arteaga.
+
+
+~Coniophanes lateritius lateritius~ Cope
+
+ _Coniophanes lateritius_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 13:524, March 31, 1862.--Guadalajara, Jalisco,
+ México.
+
+ _Coniophanes lateritius lateritius_, Smith and Grant,
+ Herpetologica, 14:20, April 25, 1958.
+
+ Nineteen km. S of Arteaga.
+
+The one specimen available from Michoacán of this apparently rare
+species was discussed by Wellman (1959:127), who pointed out that
+although the specimen was geographically intermediate between the
+subspecies _C. l. lateritius_ (Jalisco and Nayarit) and _C. l.
+melanocephalus_ (Morelos and Puebla), the specimen (UMMZ 118954) was
+like _C. l. lateritius_ in scutellation and in color pattern differed
+from other known specimens of the species in having had in life a pale
+orange, instead of a brick-red, dorsum. Additional specimens from the
+Sierra de Coalcomán will be required in order to determine whether this
+specimen is a representative of an orange-colored population or merely
+is aberrant in coloration.
+
+The present specimen is from an elevation of 900 meters in oak forest on
+the southern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán; other locality records
+for the species indicate that it inhabits broad-leafed forest in
+foothills from Nayarit to Puebla.
+
+
+~Conophis vittatus vittatus~ Peters
+
+ _Conophis vittatus_ Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+ 519, 1860.--No type locality given. Type locality restricted
+ to Laguna Coyuca, Guerrero, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:331).
+
+ _Conophis vittatus vittatus_, Smith, Jour. Washington Acad.
+ Sci., 31:119, March 17, 1941.
+
+ Arteaga; Coalcomán (4); La Playa; 19 km. S of Tzitzio.
+
+All specimens of this terrestrial snake have been collected in areas of
+scrub forest between 800 and 1100 meters above sea level. Since the
+species is known from the coastal regions of Guerrero and Colima, its
+absence from the cost of Michoacán is unexplainable; probably the lack
+of specimens from these areas is due solely to inadequate collecting.
+
+
+~Conopsis biserialis~ Taylor and Smith
+
+ _Conopsis biserialis_ Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 28 (2):333, November 12, 1942.--Ten miles west of
+ Villa Victoria, México, México.
+
+ Capácuaro (5); Cerro San Andrés; Cherán; Ciudad Hidalgo;
+ Macho de Agua (4): Pátzcuaro (8); Tancítaro (24); Uruapan
+ (9); 24 km. SE of Zitácuaro (14).
+
+This species is abundant in the coniferous forests at elevations from
+1550 to 2800 meters throughout the Cordillera Volcánica; apparently it
+does not occur in the Sierra de Coalcomán.
+
+On August 1, 1956, a copulating pair was found beneath a rock at
+Capácuaro.
+
+One of the best characters to distinguish this species from _Toluca
+lineata_, which occurs with _Conopsis_ throughout its range in
+Michoacán, is the presence of large, black ventral blotches in _Conopsis
+biserialis_, as contrasted with the two rows of small black spots in
+_Toluca lineata_.
+
+
+~Conopsis nasus~ Günther
+
+ _Conopsis nasus_ Günther, Catalogue... snakes... British
+ Museum, p. 6, 1858.--California (in error). Type locality
+ restricted to Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:330).
+
+ Carapan (2); Erongaricuaro; Maravatio (3); Morelia (2);
+ Nahuatzen; Pátzcuaro (7); Tacícuaro (8); Tancítaro.
+
+This species has been collected in oak, pine-oak, and fir forests at
+elevations of 1900 to 2450 meters on the mountains rising from the
+Mexican Plateau. It does not seem to be so abundant as _Conopsis
+biserialis_. Sufficient ecological data to determine differences in
+habitat between the two species have not been compiled.
+
+
+~Diadophis dugesi~ Villada
+
+ _Diadophis punctatus dougesii_ Villada, La Naturaleza,
+ 3:226, 1875.--Potreros de Balbuena, Distrito Federal,
+ México.
+
+ _Diadophis dugesii_, Blanchard, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci.,
+ 7:51, December 30, 1942.
+
+ Morelia (2); Pátzcuaro; Quiroga.
+
+Apparently this snake is uncommon in Michoacán. It has been found only
+at elevations of 1900 to 2200 meters in pine and pine-oak forests on the
+mountains rising from the Mexican Plateau.
+
+
+~Dryadophis melanolomus stuarti~ Smith
+
+ _Dryadophis melanolomus stuarti_ Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl.
+ Mus., 93:418, October 29, 1943.--Acapulco, Guerrero, México.
+
+ Coahuayana; El Ticuiz; La Placita (3); Punto San Juan de
+ Lima; Punto San Telmo.
+
+The few specimens indicate that in Michoacán, as elsewhere on the
+Pacific coast of México, this species is restricted to forested regions
+on the coastal plain. It does not occur in the Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+The coloration, in life, of a juvenile (UMMZ 114604) is as follows: The
+dorsum is uniform pale grayish tan on posterior one-third of body and on
+tail; anteriorly there are pale grayish tan middorsal blotches separated
+by grayish white interspaces, which are about one-half the length of the
+blotches. Posteriorly the blotches are less distinct, fading into the
+uniform grayish tan ground color of the posterior part of the body. The
+blotches extend laterally onto the fourth and fifth scale rows. Large
+squarish lateral intercalary blotches of darker brown interconnect with
+the dorsal blotches. The top of the head is pale olive-brown; a dark
+brown postorbital stripe extends from the eye to the posterior edge of
+the last upper labial. The labials, chin, and ventrals 1-30 are creamy
+white, changing to a dusty cream-color posteriorly; the chin and
+ventrals 1-30 are heavily spotted with dark brown. The iris is a
+cream-color above and chocolate brown below; the tongue is blue.
+
+
+~Drymarchon corais rubidus~ Smith
+
+ _Drymarchon corais rubidus_ Smith, Jour. Washington Acad.
+ Sci., 31:474, November 11, 1941.--Rosario, Sinaloa, México.
+
+ Apatzingán (5); Arroyo El Salto; Arteaga; Capirio; El Sabino
+ (7); La Palma; La Placita; Ostula; San Juan de Lima.
+
+Not all of the specimens from Michoacán are typical in color pattern of
+this subspecies, as defined by Smith (1941a:475). All specimens from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley are uniformly black above; they have reddish or
+cream-colored chins and the anterior two-thirds of the belly salmon-pink
+or reddish buff. Individuals from the Sierra de Coalcomán (Arteaga and
+Arroyo El Salto) are like those from the Tepalcatepec Valley. Three
+specimens from the coastal lowlands differ noticeably in color pattern:
+
+UMMZ 104504, adult male (Ostula).--Pale brown above flecked with black
+anteriorly; at midbody, flecks form narrow transverse bands that become
+progressively wider posteriorly, until on tail no brown pigment evident,
+all ventrals reddish buff, except last eight, which are black.
+
+UMMZ 104602, adult female (La Placita).--Black above, reddish
+cross-bands and flecks on all of body; dorsal and ventral surfaces of
+tail black; chin cream-color and entire belly reddish buff.
+
+UMMZ 114626, adult male (San Juan de Lima).--Black above; dull
+rust-colored cross-bands on anterior half of body; chin white; belly
+rust-colored on anterior two-thirds of body and black posteriorly.
+
+One specimen from La Palma on the Mexican Plateau (KU 29275) has the top
+of the head an olive-color, the entire dorsum black, the chin and
+ventrals 1-42 a cream-color, remainder of venter black, and all of the
+labials heavily barred with black. A juvenile from Capirio in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley (UMMZ 114627) is black above and has pale
+olive-colored flecks on the anterior one-third of the body; the top of
+the head is dark olive-brown, and the sides of the head are somewhat
+paler. Anteriorly the belly is a cream-color; posteriorly it is black.
+
+The specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley are typical of _Drymarchon
+corais rubidus_. Those from the coastal lowlands differ in having large
+areas of brown or red pigment on the dorsum, a condition not mentioned
+by Smith in his description of the subspecies. The specimen from La
+Palma, like many others from various localities on the Mexican Plateau,
+resembles in certain characters _D. corais orizabensis_ (Smith, _op.
+cit._: 477). Our knowledge of the geographical variation in coloration
+in this species is incomplete; many populations have been assigned to
+subspecific rank without justification.
+
+In Michoacán this species is found from sea level to 1350 meters in the
+Sierra de Coalcomán and to 1300 meters at La Palma on Lago de Chapala.
+It has been collected in scrub forest, semi-deciduous broad-leafed
+forest, and oak forest.
+
+
+~Drymobius margaritiferus fistulosus~ Smith
+
+ _Drymobius margaritiferus fistulosus_ Smith, Proc. U. S.
+ Natl. Mus., 92:383, November 5, 1942.--Miramar, Nayarit,
+ México.
+
+ Apatzingán (3); Coahuayana; Coalcomán (3); El Sabino (3); El
+ Ticuiz; 12 km. S of Tzitzio.
+
+This snake is abundant in the lowlands of the state; the few specimens
+listed above are indicative not of the rarity, but rather of the speed
+and agility, of this diurnal snake. It most frequently is found near
+water, where there is a dense growth of vegetation. One individual was
+observed in a large pool inhabited by several small _Rana pipiens_, and
+another was seen along the bank of a hyacinth-choked river channel. A
+third individual was captured while it was in pursuit of a
+_Cnemidophorus_.
+
+This species has been collected on the coastal lowlands and seaward
+foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán and in the Tepalcatepec Valley to
+elevations of 1150 meters.
+
+
+~Elaphe triaspis intermedia~ (Boettger)
+
+ _Pityophis intermedius_ Boettger, Ber. Offen. Vereins.
+ Naturk., 22:148, 1883.--México. Type locality restricted to
+ Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacán, México, by Dowling (1960:74).
+
+ _Elaphe triaspis intermedia_, Mertens and Dowling,
+ Senckenbergiana, 33:201, November 15, 1952.
+
+ Twenty-four km. E of Apatzingán; Chupio; El Sabino (4); 11
+ km. E of Emiliano Zapata.
+
+Dowling (1960) has shown that specimens from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin have fewer ventrals and caudals than those from the Sierra del Sur
+or the coast. All specimens from Michoacán were collected in open
+forest, either scrub or oak forest. They were found in drier situations
+than those described for the species in southern Tamaulipas by Martin
+(1958:69). In Michoacán _Elaphe triaspis intermedia_ is known from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica, and
+the western edge of the Mexican Plateau at an elevation of 1350 meters.
+It probably occurs in the lower parts of the Sierra de Coalcomán and
+along the Pacific coast, for it is known from the coastal lowlands of
+Guerrero and Colima. In August, 1951, I saw a snake that probably was
+this species in Barranca de Bejuco.
+
+
+~Enulius unicolor~ (Fischer)
+
+ _Geophis unicolor_ Fischer, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 7:227,
+ 1882.--México. Type locality restricted to Chilpancingo,
+ Guerrero, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:331).
+
+ _Enulius unicolor_, Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 25:247, July 10, 1939.
+
+ Between Ario de Rosales and La Playa; Coalcomán; Jungapeo
+ (4); between Zitácuaro and Tuxpan.
+
+This small snake has been collected from beneath rocks in brushy areas
+and broad-leafed forest between 900 and 1800 meters; it has not been
+found in coniferous forest. The limited ecological data suggest that the
+species inhabits the transition zone between the tropical scrub forest
+and the temperate hardwood forest.
+
+All of the specimens have 17 rows of scales; four males have 169-178
+(174.2) ventrals and 102-111 (106.8) caudals; two females have 192 and
+195 ventrals and 96 and 87 caudals. Three individuals have one
+postocular on one side and two on the other; in the other specimens
+there are two postoculars on each side. The largest male has a body
+length of 232 mm. and a tail length of 130 mm.; the largest female has a
+body length of 274 mm. and a tail length of 119 mm.
+
+
+~Geagras redimitus~ Cope
+
+ _Geagras redimitus_ Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, ser. 2, 8:141, 1876.
+
+ San Juan de Lima (2).
+
+Previously this species was known definitely only from the Plains of
+Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. _Sphenocalamus lineolatus_ was described by Fischer
+(1883:5) from Mazatlán; this name has been placed in the synonymy of
+_Geagras redimitus_ Cope. Although Fischer gave the type locality only
+as "Mazatlán" and did not designate the state, it is probable that the
+type originated from Mazatlán, Sinaloa. The present specimens are from a
+locality almost midway between Tehuantepec and Mazatlán and support the
+possibility that _Geagras_ ranges along the Pacific coast of México from
+Oaxaca to Sinaloa.
+
+The two specimens from Michoacán (UMMZ 114446-7), both males, have 118
+and 122 ventrals, 31 and 33 caudals, body lengths of 108 and 81 mm., and
+tail lengths of 20 and 15 mm. Both have 1-1 preoculars, 1-1 postoculars,
+1-2 temporals, 6-6 upper labials, and 5-5 lower labials. In life, the
+dorsum was pale tan; the top of the head and the middorsal and lateral
+stripes were dark brown; the belly was white. The occipital spots were
+pale pinkish tan. Both specimens were found beneath rocks in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest at an elevation of 15 meters on the coastal plain.
+
+
+~Geophis dugesi~ Bocourt
+
+ _Geophis dugesii_ Bocourt, Miss. Scientifique au Mexique et
+ dans l'Amerique Centrale, Rept., livr. 9:573,
+ 1883.--Tangancícuaro, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Carapan; Tangancícuaro; Zacapu.
+
+Aside from the three specimens listed above, there are two (SU 4407-8)
+bearing the data "Michoacán." Bocourt (1883:574) stated that the type
+specimen from Tangancícuaro had six or seven pale cross-bands on the
+anterior part of the body. An illustration, presumably of the same
+specimen, by Dugès (1884:Pl. 9) shows five distinct and one indistinct
+cross-bands. Of the four specimens that I have examined, none has more
+than three pale cross-bands, and one has only one indistinct cross-band.
+Two females have 154 and 158 ventrals and 38 and 37 caudals; two males
+have 150 and 151 ventrals and 43 and 42 caudals.
+
+This species is known only from elevations between 1750 and 2050 meters
+on the southwestern edge of the Mexican Plateau in the state of
+Michoacán.
+
+
+~Geophis incomptus~ Duellman
+
+ _Geophis incomptus_ Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 605:3, May 29, 1959.--Dos Aguas, Michoacán,
+ México.
+
+ Dos Aguas (15).
+
+This species, which seems to be related to _Geophis maculiferus_, is
+known only from the pine-oak forest in the vicinity of Dos Aguas
+(elevation 2100 meters) in the Sierra de Coalcomán. Aside from the five
+specimens comprising the type series, there are ten other specimens in
+the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan collected by Floyd
+L. Downs in July, 1960. Data from these specimens and those comprising
+the type series show that in this sample seven males have 146-153
+(149.3) ventrals and 35-37 (36.0) caudals; eight females have 150-154
+(152.4) ventrals and 29-34 (32.5) caudals. The largest specimen is a
+female with a body length of 344 mm. and a tail length of 53 mm.
+
+
+~Geophis maculiferus~ Taylor
+
+ _Geophis maculiferus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 27:119, December 30, 1941.--Near Cicio [_sic_] = Tzitzio,
+ Michoacán, México.
+
+ Tzitzio.
+
+The type and only known specimen of _Geophis maculiferus_ (UIMNH 25078)
+is a female having 140 ventrals and 30 caudals, dorsal scales in 15
+rows, one postocular, and an anterior temporal. Only one other species
+in México has dorsal scales in 15 rows and has an anterior temporal;
+that species is _G. incomptus_, which differs from _G. maculiferus_ in
+having six or seven lower labials, instead of five, and in having the
+edges of the ventrals dark, instead of a uniformly cream-colored belly.
+
+The locality from which the specimen was obtained lies at an elevation
+of 1630 meters on the southern slope of the Cordillera Volcánica. At
+that elevation there is an interdigitation of arid tropical scrub forest
+and pine-oak forest; probably _Geophis maculiferus_ inhabits the
+pine-oak forest.
+
+
+~Geophis nigrocinctus~ Duellman
+
+ _Geophis nigrocinctus_ Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 605:1, May 29, 1959.--Dos Aguas, Michoacán,
+ México.
+
+ Dos Aguas (3).
+
+The three specimens comprising the type series of the species were found
+beneath logs and in a stump in pine-oak forest at an elevation of 2100
+meters. A discussion of the variation in these specimens and of
+probable relationships of the species was given by Duellman (1959).
+Floyd Downs spent several days at Dos Aguas in July, 1960; although he
+found ten specimens of _Geophis incomptus_, no further specimens of _G.
+nigrocinctus_ were obtained.
+
+
+~Geophis petersi~ Boulenger
+
+ _Geophis petersii_ Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes... British
+ Museum, 2:321, September 23, 1894.--Mexico City. Type
+ locality restricted to Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950a:335).
+
+ Cherán; Coalcomán; Morelia; Pátzcuaro (6).
+
+This seems to be the most widespread species of _Geophis_ in Michoacán.
+It has been found at elevations between 950 and 2350 meters, chiefly in
+pine or pine-oak forest. Boulenger (1894:321) described _Geophis
+petersi_ from a specimen stated to be from Mexico City, a locality which
+probably is in error. The only localities from which the species is
+definitely known are those listed in this account.
+
+Three males and five females from the Mexican Plateau and the Cordillera
+Volcánica have respectively 140-144 (141.7) and 143-151 (146.0) ventrals
+and 39-41 (40.0) and 29-35 (33.2) caudals. All have dorsal scales in 15
+rows, 1 postocular, no anterior temporal, and a relatively small
+triangular supraocular. The specimen from Coalcomán (UMMZ 104698) was
+referred to _Geophis nasalis_ by Peters (1954:22). This specimen is
+abnormal in several characters; in five places there is a fusion and
+separation of the vertebral and paravertebral scale rows, producing a
+change from 17 to 15 rows of dorsal scales. Fusion of the three rows
+takes place at the level of the 8th, 41st, 47th, 54th, and 65th
+ventrals. Furthermore, there is a small secondary postocular on each
+side of the head. In other characters the specimen is like _G. petersi_;
+the resemblances to that species are greater than to _G. nasalis_, which
+has been recorded from Guatemala and southern Chiapas.
+
+
+~Geophis tarascae~ Hartweg
+
+ _Geophis tarascae_ Hartweg, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 601:1, May 4, 1959.--Uruapan, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Uruapan (3).
+
+A female of this species was collected in the Parque Nacional at the
+north edge of Uruapan in 1899, and a male was taken there in 1947; these
+specimens were used by Hartweg in his description of the species. Floyd
+L. Downs obtained another specimen in the Parque Nacional on July 19,
+1960. It has 164 ventrals and 46 caudals; in life, the ground color of
+the neck was brown with a purplish tint; the dorsal markings were black;
+the chin was a cream-color, and the belly was white. This specimen is
+distinguished from those of all other species of _Geophis_ in Michoacán
+in that it has dark irregular cross-bars on the dorsum and a row of dark
+spots on the venter.
+
+
+~Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha~ Cope
+
+ _Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 12:246, November 15, 1860.--Cape San Lucas,
+ Baja California, México.
+
+ _Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha_, Bogert and Oliver, Bull.
+ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:378, March 30, 1945.
+
+ Tupátaro.
+
+The systematic status of the geographic variants of _Hypsiglena_ in
+México and southwestern United States has been commented on by several
+authors. Tanner (1944) considered _H. torquata_ and _H. ochrorhyncha_ to
+be distinct species; Bogert and Oliver (1945:379) and Duellman
+(1957b:238) presented evidence indicating that _H. torquata_ and _H.
+ochrorhyncha_ intergrade in Sinaloa and southern Sonora. In _Hypsiglena_
+the scutellation, including the numbers of labials, dorsals, ventrals,
+and caudals, seem to vary in a clinal manner. Nevertheless, these snakes
+can be divided into two distinct populations on the basis of the nuchal
+color pattern, consisting of an _ochrorhyncha_-type (a broad dark
+nape-band, the lateral edges of which extend anteriorly and fuse with a
+postorbital stripe, and a narrow nape stripe extending from the
+posteromedian edges of the parietals to the dark nape band) and a
+_torquata_-type (a somewhat narrower dark nape-band bordered anteriorly
+by a pale nuchal area, and no dark nape stripe). Snakes having the
+_ochrorhyncha_-type of nuchal pattern are found on the Mexican Plateau
+from Michoacán northward into the desert regions of Sonora and the
+southwestern United States. Snakes having the _torquata_-type of pattern
+are found on the coastal lowlands and adjacent slopes of the Sierra
+Madre Occidental from southern Sinaloa to Colima and thence inland in
+the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin to Morelos and Guerrero. An exception is
+_Hypsiglena torquata dunklei_ from Forlón and San Fernando, Tamaulipas;
+it has the _torquata_-type of nuchal pattern. The distributional picture
+is somewhat complicated because some individuals having the
+_torquata_-type of nuchal pattern also have a faint nape stripe. If
+these are taken as exceptions, the general picture of distribution in
+México is _H. t. torquata_ on the Pacific lowlands from Sinaloa
+southward to the Balsas Basin and _H. t. ochrorhyncha_ on the Mexican
+Plateau.
+
+Smith (1943:433) resurrected _Hypsiglena jani_ Dugès for the snakes of
+the _ochrorhyncha_-type on the southern part of the Mexican Plateau. He
+stated that the southern specimens differed from northern ones in having
+a nuchal spot 9 or 10 scales in length, as compared with a spot 2 to 6
+scales in length in northern specimens. A cursory examination of
+specimens from the areas between Arizona and Michoacán showed that there
+is a gradual increase in the size of the spot from north to south. If no
+other characters can be found to distinguish the populations, they
+should be considered as a single subspecies.
+
+_Hypsiglena affinis_ differs from _H. torquata_ in possessing 19 instead
+of 21 rows of dorsal scales. Additional material is needed from the
+western slopes of Jalisco and the Barrancas in Zacatecas and Durango,
+before definite allocation of _affinis_ can be made.
+
+Bogert and Oliver (1945:379) discussed the status of certain named
+populations in Baja California and concluded that only one species
+occurs there, and that the species probably is conspecific with _H.
+torquata_. A careful review of the genus _Hypsiglena_ might show that
+there is only one species.
+
+The one specimen from Michoacán (USNM 46513) is from an elevation of
+about 2300 meters near the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau.
+
+
+~Hypsiglena torquata torquata~ (Günther)
+
+ _Leptodeira torquata_ Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3,
+ 5:170.--Laguna Island, Nicaragua (in error).
+
+ _Hypsiglena torquata torquata_, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 25:371, July 10, 1939.
+
+ Apatzingán; Capirio; Cofradía.
+
+Specimens from the three mentioned localities have the dark nuchal spot
+bordered anteriorly by a pale blotch. In life the specimen from Capirio
+(UMMZ 114424) had rich reddish brown dorsal spots; the dorsal ground
+color was grayish white above and somewhat more gray laterally. The pale
+nuchal area was a cream-color, and the iris was grayish red.
+
+All of the specimens were found in the arid scrub forest in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley at elevations between 200 and 350 meters.
+
+
+~Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus~ (Günther)
+
+ _Dipsas gracillima_ Günther, Biol. Centrali-Americana,
+ Rept., p. 177, July, 1895.--southern México. Type locality
+ restricted to Acapulco, Guerrero, México, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:331).
+
+ _Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus_, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+ Novitates, 1961:12, September 16, 1959.
+
+ La Orilla.
+
+The specimen from La Orilla was reported by Peters (1954:23) as
+_Imantodes gemmistratus oliveri_; Zweifel (1959c) showed that _I. g.
+oliveri_ did not range west of Tehuantepec and that the snakes
+inhabiting the coastal lowlands of Guerrero, Michoacán, and Colima were
+assignable to the subspecies _gracillimus_. It may be assumed that this
+subspecies ranges throughout the coastal lowlands and foothills of the
+Sierra de Coalcomán.
+
+
+~Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus~ (Cope)
+
+ _Dipsas gemmistrata latistrata_ Cope, Bull. U. S. Natl.
+ Mus., 32:68, 1887.--Southern Jalisco. Type locality
+ restricted to Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:334).
+
+ _Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus_, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+ Novitates, 1961:3, September 16, 1959.
+
+ El Sabino.
+
+The one specimen from Michoacán was collected near the upper limits of
+the scrub forest on the slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica. Zweifel
+(1959c:10) stated that in certain aspects of coloration this specimen
+was like _I. gemmistratus gracillimus_, but in scutellation and other
+features of coloration it was like _I. g. latistratus_. There are too
+few specimens of this species to define the ranges of the various
+subspecies with any degree of accuracy, but from the limited number of
+specimens available, it seems that _I. gemmistratus gracillimus_ occurs
+on the Pacific lowlands from Guerrero northward to Colima. Northward on
+the Pacific lowlands from Colima to Sinaloa and in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin is found _I. gemmistratus latistratus_.
+
+
+~Lampropeltis doliata~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Coluber doliatus_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1:379,
+ 1766.--Charleston, South Carolina.
+
+ _Lampropeltis doliata_, Klauber, Copeia, No. 1:11, April 15,
+ 1948.
+
+ Coalcomán (3); El Sabino; 24 km. W of Morelia; Río Nexpa;
+ Uruapan.
+
+The few specimens of this species from Michoacán show a wide range of
+variation; furthermore, the present systematic status of the subspecies
+of _Lampropeltis doliata_ portrays an incongruous pattern of
+distribution. Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán have relatively
+narrow red bands that are not interrupted dorsally by extensions of the
+black rings; the scales in the red bands have black tips. The specimen
+from El Sabino (EHT-HMS 5253) and the one from the Río Nexpa on the
+coast (USNM 31491) have broader red bands; the scales in the red bands
+do not have black tips. A specimen from 24 kilometers west of Morelia
+(UIMNH 17782) and one from Uruapan (UMMZ 121508) have the red bands
+interrupted dorsally by extensions from the black rings.
+
+Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán were referred to _L. doliata
+blanchardi_ by Peters (1954:24), who noted that in some characters
+these snakes were like _L. d. nelsoni_ and in others like _L. d.
+polyzona_. The individual from El Sabino was referred to _L. d. nelsoni_
+by Taylor (1940c:465); the one from 24 kilometers west of Morelia was
+referred to _L. d. arcifera_ by Smith (1942c:198). If these assignments
+are correct, three subspecies of _Lampropeltis doliata_ occur in
+Michoacán: _blanchardi_ in the Sierra de Coalcomán, _nelsoni_ on the
+coast and in the Tepalcatepec Valley, and _arcifera_ on the Mexican
+Plateau and in the Cordillera Volcánica. Such a distribution is
+plausible, but the few specimens and our general lack of knowledge of
+the variation and relationships of the different populations do not
+permit a definite assignment at this time.
+
+
+~Lampropeltis ruthveni~ Blanchard
+
+ _Lampropeltis ruthveni_ Blanchard, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 81:8, April 28, 1920.--Pátzcuaro, Michoacán,
+ México.
+
+ Morelia; Pátzcuaro; Tacícuaro.
+
+At the present time this species is known definitely from only three
+localities on the Mexican Plateau in Michoacán. An incomplete skin from
+El Sabino (EHT-HMS 5438) was referred to this species by Taylor
+(1940c:465); the specimen cannot be found, so verification of the
+identification cannot be made at this time.
+
+
+~Leptodeira latifasciata~ (Günther)
+
+ _Hypsiglena latifasciata_ Günther, Biologia
+ Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 138, October,
+ 1894.--Southern México. Type locality restricted to
+ Huajintlán, Morelos, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:331).
+
+ _Leptodeira latifasciata_, Dunn, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,
+ 22:696, December, 1936.
+
+ Apatzingán; El Sabino; La Playa; 32 km. E of Nueva Italia.
+
+This nocturnal snake apparently ranges throughout the arid
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley to elevations of about 1050 meters. It has
+been collected only in the arid scrub forest. Aside from the specimens
+listed by Duellman (1958a:93), there is one (UMMZ 120223) having eight
+body blotches, a body length of 510 mm. and a tail length of 103 mm.
+
+
+~Leptodeira maculata~ (Hallowell)
+
+ _Megalops maculatus_ Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 13:488, March 31, 1862.--"Tahiti." Type
+ locality restricted to Manzanillo, Colima, México, by
+ Duellman (1958a:54).
+
+ _Leptodeira maculata_, Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
+ Hist., 114:53, February 24, 1958.
+
+ Aguililla (2); Apatzingán (24); Arteaga (2); Capirio (3);
+ Charapendo (2); Coahuayana (3); Cofradía; Cuatro Caminos; La
+ Placita (3); Lombardia (69); Nueva Italia (29); Pómaro; Río
+ Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2); Salitre de Estopila;
+ Tafetan (2); Volcán Jorullo.
+
+This snake is abundant in the arid Tepalcatepec Valley; most of the
+specimens have been collected in arid scrub forest at elevations of less
+than 500 meters. With the onset of the rains in late June and early
+July, large numbers of these snakes can be found around temporary pools,
+where they feed on small frogs and toads. In the dry season few
+individuals were found, and all of those were beneath cover. Specimens
+from the coast have more body-blotches than do those from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley (Duellman, 1958a:56); otherwise the snakes show
+little variation.
+
+
+~Leptodeira splendida bressoni~ Taylor
+
+ _Leptodeira bressoni_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 25:321, July 10, 1939.--Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacán,
+ México.
+
+ _Leptodeira splendida bressoni_, Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
+ Nat. Hist., 114:84, February 24, 1958.
+
+ Coalcomán (3); El Sabino (3); Uruapan (5).
+
+The range of _Leptodeira splendida bressoni_ apparently does not overlap
+that of _Leptodeira maculata_; the latter is restricted to the lower
+reaches of the arid scrub forest, whereas _L. s. bressoni_ inhabits the
+upper limits of the arid scrub forest and the lower part of the pine-oak
+forest. Specimens have been collected between 950 and 1630 meters on the
+slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica and at 950 meters in the Sierra de
+Coalcomán. At Uruapan individuals were found beneath rocks along a
+stream and in a stone fence. _Leptodeira duellmani_, which was described
+from Coalcomán by Peters (1954:25), is an aberrant individual of _L. s.
+bressoni_ (Duellman, 1958a:56).
+
+
+~Leptophis diplotropis~ (Günther)
+
+ _Ahaetulla diplotropis_ Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+ 4, 9:25, 1872.--Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México.
+
+ _Leptophis diplotropis_, Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
+ Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, Reptiles, livr. 15:835,
+ 1897.
+
+ Between Aguililla and Dos Aguas; Arteaga; Coalcomán; El
+ Diezmo; El Sabino (5); La Playa; Ocorla.
+
+Most specimens of this species have been collected in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest at elevations of less than 1000 meters. In the
+Sierra de Coalcomán one was taken in pine-oak forest at an elevation of
+1700 meters near Ocorla; another was found in broad-leafed forest
+between Aguililla and Dos Aguas at an elevation of 1600 meters. Most
+individuals have been seen in trees or bushes. The absence of
+broad-leafed forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley probably accounts for the
+absence of this snake in that area.
+
+
+~Manolepis putnami~ (Jan)
+
+ _Dromicus putnami_ Jan, Elenco sistematico degli Ofidi, p.
+ 67, 1863.--San Blas, Nayarit, México.
+
+ _Manolepsis putnami_, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. S. Natl.
+ Mus., 187:92, October 5, 1945.
+
+ La Placita (3); Maquili; Ostula.
+
+In Michoacán the species has been found only in tropical semi-deciduous
+forest on the lower slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán. From the
+observations made by Peters (1954:28), this snake is diurnal and feeds
+on teiid lizards.
+
+
+~Masticophis striolatus striolatus~ Mertens
+
+ _Coluber striolatus_ Mertens, Zoologica (Stuttgart), 32:190,
+ 1934.--Substitute name for _Coluber lineatus_ Bocourt, a
+ secondary homonym of _Coluber lineatus_ Linnaeus = _Lygophis
+ lineatus_. Type locality restricted to Presidio de Mazatlán,
+ Sinaloa, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:343).
+
+ _Masticophis striolatus striolatus_, Zweifel and Norris,
+ Amer. Midl. Nat., 54:242, July, 1955.
+
+ Apatzingán (4); Arteaga; Coalcomán (3); El Sabino;
+ Jiquilpan; La Palma; La Playa (3); Lombardia; Nueva Italia;
+ Río Cachán; Santa Ana; Uruapan (2); Volcán Jorullo;
+ Ziracuaretiro.
+
+This large diurnal species inhabits open scrub forest and cultivated
+terrain from sea level to about 1650 meters. On the Mexican Plateau it
+is known from the area around Lago de Chapala, to which it possibly
+gained access through the valleys in the headwaters of the Tepalcatepec
+drainage. Specimens from southern Michoacán have been reported
+previously by Peters (1954:28) and Duellman (1954b:16) as _Masticophis
+flagellum lineatus_.
+
+
+~Masticophis taeniatus australis~ Smith
+
+ _Masticophis taeniatus australis_ Smith, Jour. Washington
+ Acad. Sci., 31:390, September 11, 1941.--Guanajuato,
+ Guanajuato, México.
+
+ Tacícuaro (2); Zamora.
+
+This species reaches the southern limit of its distribution in the state
+of Michoacán. The limited ecological data available suggest that the
+species inhabits the open mesquite grassland of the Mexican Plateau.
+
+
+~Oxybelis aeneus auratus~ (Bell)
+
+ _Dryinus auratus_ Bell, Zool. Jour., 2:324, 1825.--México.
+ Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950a:340).
+
+ _Oxybelis aeneus auratus_, Bogert and Oliver, Bull. Amer.
+ Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:381, March 30, 1945.
+
+ Coahuayana; El Sabino (4); between Las Tecatas and Las
+ Higuertas; between Los Pozos and La Ciénega; Playa Azul;
+ Pómaro (2); between Pómaro and Maruata (2); Punto San Telmo;
+ Río Tizupan.
+
+On the basis of the number of specimens seen and collected on the
+seaward slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán, this is a common snake
+there. Most specimens were collected in tropical semi-deciduous forest;
+others were collected in oak forest to an elevation of 1700 meters.
+Apparently _Oxybelis_ does not inhabit the lower parts of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley; the only specimens from the inland area are four
+from El Sabino, which is situated at about 900 meters on the slopes of
+the Cordillera Volcánica. One individual was seen in gallery forest near
+Limoncito at an elevation of 730 meters on the northern slopes of the
+Sierra de Coalcomán.
+
+
+~Pituophis deppei deppei~ (Duméril)
+
+ _Elaphis deppei_ Duméril, Mem. Acad. Inst. France, 23:453,
+ 1835.--México. Type locality restricted to San Juan
+ Teotihuacán, México, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:334).
+
+ _Pituophis deppei deppei_, Stull, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 250:1, October 12, 1932.
+
+ Carapan (2); Morelia; Tacámbaro; Tacícuaro; Zacapu.
+
+Duellman (1960b) showed that the widespread species _Pituophis deppei_
+was composite and that the "lined subspecies" actually represented
+another species, _Pituophis lineaticollis_. _Pituophis deppei_ occurs
+only on the Mexican Plateau; in Michoacán it inhabits mesquite grassland
+and oak-bunch grass associations between 1900 and 2200 meters.
+
+
+~Pituophis lineaticollis lineaticollis~ (Cope)
+
+ _Arizona lineaticollis_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 13:300, December 28, 1861.--Southern Mexican
+ Plateau. Type locality restricted to 24 kilometers northwest
+ of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México, by Duellman (1960b:607).
+
+ _Pituophis lineaticollis lineaticollis_, Duellman, Univ.
+ Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:607, May 2, 1960.
+
+ Acuaro de las Lleguas; Dos Aguas (3); Morelia; Tancítaro
+ (5).
+
+This species reaches the northern limits of its range in the Sierra de
+Coalcomán and on the Mexican Plateau in Michoacán. On the plateau it has
+been collected in mesquite grassland at elevations between 1500 and 2000
+meters. In the Sierra de Coalcomán individuals were found in open
+pine-oak forest at 2100 meters elevation and in a meadow surrounded by
+pine-oak forest at 2300 meters.
+
+
+~Pseudoficimia frontalis~ (Cope)
+
+ _Toluca frontalis_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 16:167, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima, México.
+
+ _Pseudoficimia frontalis_, Günther, Biologia
+ Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 96, May, 1893.
+
+ Apatzingán; Coalcomán (6); El Sabino (2).
+
+Most specimens were found beneath rocks in grassy areas near the upper
+limits of the arid scrub forest, both in the Sierra de Coalcomán and on
+the southern slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica; all are from elevations
+of less than 1100 meters. One specimen was found on a road at night near
+Apatzingán. This species has been found in similar habitats near
+Huajintlán, Guerrero, and in arid scrub forest at lower elevations in
+Colima. It is unknown from the coast of Michoacán.
+
+
+~Pseudoficimia pulcherrima~ Taylor and Smith
+
+ _Pseudoficimia pulcherrima_ Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas
+ Sci. Bull., 28:246, May 15, 1942.--Huajintlán, Guerrero,
+ México.
+
+ Apatzingán.
+
+This specimen (CNHM 39208) was reported by Schmidt and Shannon
+(1947:81); they stated that it was a paratype of _P. pulcherrima_.
+However, Taylor and Smith (1942a:246) did not mention the specimen;
+aside from the type (EHT-HMS 5497), the only other specimen they
+designated as belonging to the type series was UMMZ 85711 from
+Chilpancingo, Guerrero.
+
+The taxonomic validity of _Pseudoficimia pulcherrima_ remains doubtful,
+for only minor characters distinguish it from _P. frontalis_.
+Furthermore, all known specimens of _P. pulcherrima_ are from within the
+geographic range of _P. frontalis_.
+
+
+~Rhadinaea hesperia hesperia~ Bailey
+
+ _Rhadinaea hesperia_ Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 412:8, May 6, 1940.--Omilteme and Sierra de Burro,
+ Guerrero. Type locality restricted to Omilteme, Guerrero,
+ México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:332).
+
+ _Rhadinaea hesperia hesperia_, Smith, Proc. Biol. Soc.
+ Washington, 55:185, December 31, 1942.
+
+ Arteaga (3); Coalcomán; El Sabino (2); Uruapan; Volcán
+ Jorullo (2).
+
+One specimen from Volcán Jorullo (UMMZ 104494), three from Arteaga (UMMZ
+119281), and one from Uruapan (UMMZ 92342) are typical of the subspecies
+_R. h. hesperia_ in possessing a lateral cream-colored line on the sixth
+and parts of the fifth and seventh dorsal scale rows and in lacking a
+dark line on the second scale row. The specimens from El Sabino (EHT-HMS
+5441 and UIMNH 18933) and one from Coalcomán (UMMZ 104502) have the
+cream-colored line on the sixth and adjacent parts of the fifth and
+seventh scale rows and have a dark line on the second scale row. Another
+individual from Volcán Jorullo (UMMZ 104682) has cream-colored lines
+like the others, but it possesses two lateral dark lines, one on the
+second scale row, and one on the third.
+
+Smith (1942d:186) diagnosed _Rhadinaea hesperia hesperioides_ as
+differing from the nominal subspecies in having the cream-colored line
+on the fourth and fifth scale rows and in possessing a dark line on the
+second scale row. The specimens seen all have the lateral cream-colored
+line centered on the sixth scale row, as is characteristic of _R. h.
+hesperia_. Although many of the specimens also possess a dark line on
+the second scale row, these specimens are here assigned to _R. h.
+hesperia_. Additional specimens are necessary to define accurately the
+subspecies and their ranges. Peters (1954:29) assigned the specimens
+from Coalcomán to _R. h. hesperioides_.
+
+In life the specimens from Arteaga had bright cream-colored temporal
+stripes and dorsolateral stripes on the anterior part of the body. The
+chin and anterior one-sixth of the belly was white; posteriorly the
+venter was bright orange-red.
+
+In Michoacán this snake has been found in tropical semi-deciduous
+forest, arid scrub forest, and pine-oak forest at elevations from 850 to
+1500 meters.
+
+
+~Rhadinaea laureata~ (Günther)
+
+ _Dromicus laureatus_ Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
+ 1:419, 1868.--Mexico City.
+
+ _Rhadinaea laureata_, Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes... British
+ Museum, 2, p. 179, September 23, 1894.
+
+ Capácuaro; Carapan (8); Cherán (3); Paracho (2); Pátzcuaro;
+ Tancítaro (10).
+
+This snake is abundant in the Cordillera Volcánica, but it is unknown in
+the mountains to the northeast of Morelia or in the Sierra de Coalcomán.
+Most specimens were found beneath volcanic rocks imbedded in the ashy
+soil in pine forest between 1800 and 2300 meters.
+
+
+~Rhadinaea taeniata~ (Peters)
+
+ _Dromicus taeniatus_ Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+ 275, 1863.--México.
+
+ _Rhadinaea taeniata_, Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 412:14, May 6, 1940.
+
+ Tancítaro (2).
+
+This species, which is known only from a small region in the mountains
+of Jalisco and central Michoacán, is represented by two specimens (CNHM
+37130 and 39030) collected at Tancítaro (see Schmidt and Shannon,
+1947:80).
+
+
+~Salvadora bairdi~ Jan
+
+ _Salvadora Bairdii_ Jan. Icon. gener. ophid., livr. 2, pl.
+ 3, fig. 2, 1860.--México. Type locality restricted to
+ Acámbaro, Guanajuato, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:330).
+
+ Barranca Seca; Carapan; Cerro San Andrés; Cojumatlán (2);
+ Jiquilpan; Morelia; Pátzcuaro (4); Quiroga; Sahuayo (2);
+ Tacícuaro (12); Tancítaro (56); Uruapan (2); Zacapu (2);
+ between Zitácuaro and Tuxpan (3).
+
+This species is abundant on the Mexican plateau, where it inhabits the
+more grassy areas in the mesquite grassland and cutover land in the pine
+forests from 1550 to 2500 meters. Davis and Dixon (1957:21) described a
+specimen from Zacapu as having two dark paravertebral stripes diverging
+on the temporals and extending through the eye onto the loreal, a
+characteristic of _Salvadora lineata_. On the basis of this specimen,
+Davis and Dixon suggested that _Salvadora bairdi_ and _S. lineata_ were
+subspecifically related. The examination of the large number of
+specimens from Michoacán has revealed this kind of coloration in only
+one other specimen, an individual from Tacícuaro, in which the stripes
+diverge, but do not extend through the eye onto the loreal. Data on
+scutellation for the large series from Tancítaro were given by Schmidt
+and Shannon (1947:78), and for the series from Tacícuaro by Smith
+(1943:466).
+
+
+~Salvadora mexicana~ (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril)
+
+ _Zamenis mexicanus_ Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril,
+ Erpétologie genérale, 7 (pt. 1), p. 695, 1854.--Cape
+ Corrientes, Jalisco, México.
+
+ _Salvadora mexicana_ Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3,
+ 12:349, 1863.
+
+ Apatzingán (12); Capirio (2); El Sabino (5); Huetamo; La
+ Placita; La Playa (4); Lombardia; Nueva Italia; Ojos de Agua
+ de San Telmo; Oropeo; Río Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingán;
+ Santa Ana.
+
+This is one of the most abundant snakes in the arid lowlands of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley; observations indicate that it probably is equally
+abundant on the coastal lowlands. Near Apatzingán as many as five of
+these snakes have been seen in one-half hour. The snakes seem to be
+equally abundant and active in the dry season and in the rainy season.
+Most individuals were seen on the ground, but two were found in low
+trees. On several occasions _Salvadora mexicana_ was observed in pursuit
+of lizards on the ground. Captured individuals regurgitated
+_Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli_, _Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis_,
+_Sceloporus horridus oligoporus_, _Sceloporus pyrocephalus_, and
+_Urosaurus gadowi_.
+
+_Salvadora mexicana_ inhabits only the arid scrub forest at elevations
+from sea level to about 1000 meters.
+
+
+~Sibon nebulatus~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Coluber nebulatus_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1, p.
+ 222, 1758.--Africa (in error). Type locality restricted to
+ Jicaltepec, Veracruz, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:349).
+
+ _Sibon nebulatus_, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:473,
+ November 27, 1940.
+
+ Aquila.
+
+The one specimen from Michoacán was collected by Peters (1954:30) in
+tropical semi-deciduous forest on the coastal foothills of the Sierra de
+Coalcomán. As presently known, the range of this species in western
+México extends from Chiapas to Nayarit. Throughout this region the
+species avoids scrub forest; this may explain its absence in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+
+~Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis~ (Dugès)
+
+ _Contia michoacanensis_ Dugès, _in_ Cope, Proc. Amer.
+ Philos. Soc., 22:178, 1885.--Michoacán. Type locality
+ restricted to Apatzingán, Michoacán, México, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:335).
+
+ _Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis_, Stickel, Proc. Biol.
+ Soc. Washington, 56:116, October 19, 1943.
+
+ Apatzingán (3); Coalcomán (3); 12 km. S of Tzitzio.
+
+These specimens, together with all known specimens from the Sierra del
+Sur in Guerrero (KU 23790-1, MVZ 45123) and the upper Balsas Basin in
+Puebla (UIMNH 41688), are referable to _S. m. michoacanensis_. The
+dorsal pattern consists of a highly variable number of cross-bands of
+red, white, and black. In the specimens from Michoacán there are as many
+as 17 red cross-bands on the body. One specimen from Apatzingán (CNHM
+37141) has just behind the head a white band, bordered on either side by
+a narrow black band; posteriorly the body is uniform red. Two specimens
+from Coalcomán (UMMZ 109905-6) have respectively 11 and 13 red
+cross-bands and 20 and 17 white cross-bands, and the posterior part of
+the body is devoid of red color. Other specimens from these localities
+have red, black, and white cross-bands throughout the length of the
+body.
+
+_Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis_ is distinguished from _S.
+michoacanensis mutabilis_ by the presence of cross-bands on the tail in
+the latter (Stickel, 1943:116). One specimen from Coalcomán (UMMZ
+109904) has one narrow band on the tail; all others from Michoacán have
+uniformly red tails.
+
+Apparently _Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis_ ranges in semi-arid
+and arid habitats from the upper Balsas Basin in Puebla westward to the
+lower slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán, whereas _S. m. mutabilis_
+lives in foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental from southern Jalisco
+to Nayarit. Zweifel (1959b:6) presented evidence to show that specimens
+of _S. m. mutabilis_ supposedly from "Distrito Federal" probably bear
+erroneous locality data.
+
+
+~Tantilla bocourti~ (Günther)
+
+ _Homalocranium bocourti_ Günther, Biologia
+ Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 149, 1895.--Guanajuato,
+ Guanajuato, México.
+
+ _Tantilla bocourti_, Cope, Amer. Nat., 30:1021, December,
+ 1896.
+
+ Carapan; Pátzcuaro (2); between Zitácuaro and Río Tuxpan
+ (11).
+
+This small snake is an inhabitant of the coniferous forests and the
+pine-oak forests on the Cordillera Volcánica. Data on the series from
+between Zitácuaro and the Río Tuxpan were given by Taylor (1940c:481).
+
+
+~Tantilla calamarina~ Cope
+
+ _Tantilla calamarina_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 18:320, February 13, 1867.--Guadalajara,
+ Jalisco, México.
+
+ Apatzingán; La Placita.
+
+Although this snake has been collected at high elevations along the rim
+of the Mexican Plateau in Nayarit, Jalisco, México, and Puebla, the
+specimens from Michoacán are from arid scrub forest at elevations of
+less than 400 meters. The species has been found in similar habitats in
+Colima (Oliver, 1937:24) and in Sinaloa and the Tres Marías Islands
+(Zweifel, 1960:110).
+
+
+~Toluca lineata lineata~ Kennicott
+
+ _Toluca lineata_ Kennicott, _in_ Baird, Report on the United
+ States and Mexican boundary survey, 2, Reptiles, p. 23,
+ 1859.--Valley of México.
+
+ _Toluca lineata lineata_, Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas
+ Sci. Bull., 28:343, May 15, 1942.
+
+ Capácuaro; Carapan (12); Cherán (23); Cojumatlán; Los Reyes;
+ Morelia (2); Nahuatzen; Paracho (10); Pátzcuaro (17);
+ Uruapan (2).
+
+This small snake is an inhabitant of the coniferous forests between
+elevations of about 1550 and 2800 meters. Not infrequently, individuals
+have been found in pine-oak forest within these elevations.
+
+The generic status of _Toluca_ is unsettled. Taylor and Smith (1942b)
+separated _Toluca_ from _Conopsis_ by the presence of enlarged and
+grooved posterior maxillary teeth in _Toluca_ and their absence in
+_Conopsis_. Bogert and Oliver (1945:378) suggested synonymizing _Toluca_
+with _Conopsis_. Smith and Laufe (1945:12) defined the generic position
+of _Toluca_. Actually, in deciding the generic position of these snakes,
+five genera (_Ficimia_, _Gyalopion_, _Pseudoficimia_, _Conopsis_, and
+_Toluca_) must be considered. Of these _Ficimia_ and _Gyalopion_ are
+closely related; they have been placed in one genus by some workers.
+_Pseudoficimia_ is intermediate between _Ficimia-Gyalopion_ and
+_Toluca-Conopsis_. A workable definition of the supraspecific
+classification of these snakes must await a thorough review of the
+species.
+
+
+~Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus~ (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril)
+
+ _Dipsas biscutata_ Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, Erpétologie
+ genérale, 7 (pt. 2):1153, 1854.--México. Type locality
+ restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:340).
+
+ _Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus_, Smith, Proc. U. S.
+ Natl. Mus., 91:159, November 10, 1941.
+
+ Apatzingán (11); Cofradía; Cuatro Caminos; El Sabino (2); La
+ Placita; La Playa (2); Lombardia (2); Nueva Italia (2); Río
+ Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingán; Tafetán.
+
+In the arid lowlands of the Tepalcatepec Valley and presumably also in
+the scrub forest of the coastal lowlands, this is an abundant snake,
+which is active only at night. Usually snakes of this species are found
+on the ground, but one large individual was observed at night in a low
+tree. That individual defied capture by widely opening its mouth and
+striking repeatedly at the collector. The excreta of one specimen
+contained feathers of an unidentified species of bird.
+
+
+~Trimorphodon latifascia~ Peters
+
+ _Trimorphodon biscutata latifascia_ Peters, Monats. Akad.
+ Wiss. Berlin, p. 877, 1869.--Puebla, México. Type locality
+ restricted to Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla, México, by Smith
+ and Taylor (1950a:341).
+
+ _Trimorphodon latifascia_. Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 25:364, July 10, 1939.
+
+ Apatzingán (5); Casada Tzararacua; Coalcomán (2); Lombardia;
+ 14 km. S of Lombardia; Nueva Italia; San Salvador.
+
+In Michoacán this species has been collected in semi-arid habitats at
+elevations from 300 to 1430 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley and lower
+slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica. In this area it occurs sympatrically
+with _Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus_.
+
+In life, adults have a pale tan dorsal ground color and rich chocolate
+brown cross-bands; the eye is pale grayish tan. A juvenile from
+Coalcomán has black cross-bands on a pale grayish tan ground color. As
+stated by Schmidt and Shannon (1947:83) and Peters (1954:32), the type
+specimen of _Trimorphodon fasciolata_ Smith from Cascada Tzararacua is
+indistinguishable from specimens of _Trimorphodon latifascia_.
+
+Seven males have 209 to 223 (216.5) ventrals; one female has 227
+ventrals. The number of dark cross-bands on the body varies from 12 to
+16 (13.5). The relationships of this species are with _Trimorphodon
+tau_ on the Mexican Plateau. In fact, additional specimens from the
+headwaters of the Tepalcatepec Valley and the lower slopes of the
+Mexican Plateau in eastern Michoacán and adjacent Jalisco may show that
+the two are conspecific. _Trimorphodon latifascia_ differs from _tau_ in
+having fewer dark cross-bands on the body and in lacking an interocular
+bar.
+
+
+~Trimorphodon tau~ Cope
+
+ _Trimorphodon tau_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 11:151,
+ 1869.--Quiotepec, Oaxaca, México.
+
+ Emiliano Zapata (2); between Morelia and Ciudad Hidalgo;
+ Tacícuaro; Tangamandapio.
+
+Two of the specimens from Michoacán (UMMZ 118948 from Tangamandapio and
+UIMNH 19138 from Tacícuaro) have cream-colored, Y-shaped marks on the
+head. These markings supposedly are characteristic of _Trimorphodon
+upsilon_. One specimen from Emiliano Zapata (UMMZ 118950) and one from
+between Morelia and Ciudad Hidalgo (EHT-HMS 21402) have a cream-colored
+line on the parietal suture; in another specimen from Emiliano Zapata
+(UMMZ 118949) the anterior end of this line is expanded, giving the
+appearance of an incipient "Y". Thus, the nature of the markings on the
+head in specimens from Michoacán is intermediate between the typical
+condition in _Trimorphodon tau_ and the usual condition in _T. upsilon_.
+Smith and Taylor (1945:148) gave the range of _Trimorphodon tau_ as:
+"Central Guerrero, in the Sierra Madre del Sur; central Oaxaca; and the
+edge of the plateau in central Michoacán." They gave the range of
+_Trimorphodon upsilon_ as: "Southern Chihuahua south to central
+Michoacán, east to central Hidalgo." Specimens referable to _T. tau_
+have been found at La Joya de Salas, near Ciudad Victoria, and near
+Llera, Tamaulipas (see Smith and Darling, 1952:85, and Martin, 1958:74).
+Some of these specimens also show combinations of characteristics of _T.
+tau_ and _T. upsilon_. Smith and Darling (_loc. cit._) suggested that
+_T. tau_ and _T. upsilon_ be considered as subspecies. However, if _T.
+tau_ and _T. upsilon_ are subspecies, intergrades would be expected
+between the ranges of the two populations and not on the northeastern
+and southwestern periphery of their combined ranges. Instead, the
+limited evidence now available suggests that _T. tau_ and _T. upsilon_
+are names based on a highly variable character of color pattern of the
+head, and that only one species is involved.
+
+In Michoacán this species inhabits the mesquite grassland on the Mexican
+Plateau.
+
+
+~Tropidodipsas occidentala~ Oliver
+
+ _Tropidodipsas occidentala_ Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 360:20, November 20, 1937.--Comala, Colima,
+ México.
+
+ Coalcomán.
+
+This specimen was reported by Peters (1954:34), who found it beneath a
+rock at the mouth of a heavily wooded ravine near Coalcomán at an
+elevation of 950 meters. The only other known specimen is from Comala,
+Colima, a village, like Coalcomán, that is located near the upper limits
+of the arid scrub forest.
+
+
+~Natrix valida isabelleae~ Conant
+
+ _Natrix valida isabelleae_ Conant, Nat. Hist. Misc., 126:7,
+ September 15, 1953.--Pie de la Cuesta, Laguna Coyuca,
+ Guerrero, México.
+
+ Coahuayana; Playa Azul (2); Punto San Juan de Lima.
+
+Three females and one male have, respectively, 133, 135, 135, and 131
+ventrals, and 68, 68, 73, and 75 caudals. The grayish stippling on the
+posterior ventral surfaces mentioned by Conant (1953:9) is not visible
+on these specimens. In the small individuals from Punto San Juan de Lima
+and from Coahuayana there are four longitudinal rows of dark spots on
+the dorsum; in two large females from Playa Azul the spots are barely
+discernible.
+
+All of the specimens from Michoacán were found in the coastal lowlands;
+those from Playa Azul were collected from a small brackish,
+mangrove-lined lagoon.
+
+
+~Storeria storerioides~ (Cope)
+
+ _Tropidoclonium storerioides_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 17:190, December 26, 1865.--Mexican Plateau.
+ Type locality restricted to Tres Cumbres, Morelos, México,
+ by Smith and Taylor (1950a:336).
+
+ _Storeria storerioides_, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+ 8(3):29, June, 1883.
+
+ Dos Aguas (11); Puerto de Garnica; Tancítaro (11); Tzitzio;
+ Uruapan; 16 km. NW of Zacapu.
+
+Three males and six females from the Sierra de Coalcomán have,
+respectively, 122-128 (125.3) and 126-136 (130.0) ventrals, and 46-47
+(46.7) and 38-42 (39.1) caudals. Four males and eleven females from the
+Cordillera Volcánica have, respectively, 124-132 (128.5) and 127-139
+(136.4) ventrals, and 43-48 (44.7) and 38-44 (40.2) caudals. These data
+show that, although there is little difference in the number of caudals,
+specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán have fewer ventrals than do
+specimens from the Cordillera Volcánica. Of eleven specimens from the
+Sierra de Coalcomán, two have black bellies. Five others from the Sierra
+de Coalcomán and one from Puerto de Garnica in the Cordillera Volcánica
+have the bellies heavily stippled with black, giving a gray appearance.
+Melanistic tendencies in this species have been discussed by Anderson
+(1960:64), who examined the specimen from Tzitzio. In life, one specimen
+from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119451) had a cream-colored belly; the edges of the
+ventrals were dark brick-red.
+
+In Michoacán this snake inhabits pine-oak, pine, and fir forests at
+elevations between 1550 and 2800 meters in the Cordillera Volcánica and
+the Sierra de Coalcomán. Most specimens were found beneath rocks; the
+one from Tzitzio was removed from the stomach of a Mexican Motmot
+(Anderson, 1960:66).
+
+
+~Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides~ Cope
+
+ _Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyclides_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 13:299, December 28, 1861.--Cape San Lucas,
+ Baja California (in error). Type locality restricted to
+ Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:330). Smith, Copeia, no. 2:140, June 8, 1951.
+ Milstead, Texas Jour. Sci., 5:368, September, 1953.
+
+ _Thamnophis eques eques_ (_nec._ Reuss), Smith, Zoologica,
+ 27:106, October 23, 1942. Bogert and Oliver, Bull. Amer.
+ Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:356, March 30, 1945.
+
+ _Thamnophis vicinus_ Smith, Zoologica, 27:104, October 23,
+ 1942.--Temazcal, Michoacán, México.
+
+ _Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides_, Fitch and Milstead, Copeia,
+ no. 1:112, March 17, 1961.
+
+ Barolosa; Coalcomán; Dos Aguas (3); Los Reyes; Morelia (16);
+ Opopeo; Pino Gordo; Tacícuaro (16); Tancítaro (14);
+ Tangamandapio (2); Temazcal (2); Tzintzuntzan; Uruapan.
+
+The snakes comprising the former _Thamnophis eques_-group have undergone
+extensive taxonomic and nomenclatural shuffling by Smith (1942 and
+1951), Bogert and Oliver (1945), Milstead (1953), and Fitch and Milstead
+(1961). Smith recognized in Michoacán three members of the _T. eques_ (=
+_dorsalis_) complex: _eques eques_, _eques postremus_, and _vicinus_.
+Later, Smith (1951) showed that the specific name _eques_ had been
+misapplied, so that _T. eques eques_ became _T. cyrtopsis cyclides_, and
+_T. eques postremus_ became _T. cyrtopsis postremus_; under this
+arrangement _T. vicinus_ stood unchanged. In the meantime, Bogert and
+Oliver (1945:359) presented a reinterpretation of Smith's data and
+suggested that _T. vicinus_, which differs from _T. dorsalis cyclides_
+only in lacking a middorsal stripe, "... is not a species, but only a
+pattern phase, possibly a simple mutant of _T. e. eques_" (= _T.
+dorsalis cyclides_, by present arrangement). Milstead (1953) agreed with
+Bogert and Oliver on the status of _T. vicinus_; furthermore, on the
+basis of only a few specimens, Milstead concluded that _T. cyrtopsis
+postremus_ was not subspecifically distinct from _T. cyrtopsis
+cyclides_. Recently, Fitch and Milstead (1961) showed that _Thamnophis
+dorsalis_ Baird and Girard (1853) was the correct name for the snakes
+that had been recognized as _Thamnophis cyrtopsis_ Kennicott (1860).
+Consequently, the snakes referred to _T. eques eques_ by Smith (1942)
+and to _T. cyrtopsis cyclides_ by Smith (1951) and Milstead (1953) are
+now _T. dorsalis cyclides_.
+
+Aside from one specimen from Temazcal and nine from Morelia (paratypes
+of _T. vicinus_), only two other specimens completely lacking the
+middorsal stripe have been seen; one is a male (UMMZ 102510) having 161
+ventrals and an incomplete tail from Pino Gordo, and the other is a male
+(CNHM 39060) from Tancítaro having 158 ventrals and an incomplete tail.
+A female from Tancítaro (CNHM 39061) having 153 ventrals and 77 caudals
+has no lateral stripes and only a narrow middorsal stripe on the
+anterior part of the body. Throughout the region where _T. vicinus_-like
+snakes have been found, typical _T. dorsalis cyclides_ occurs in much
+greater numbers. I concur with Bogert and Oliver in placing _T. vicinus_
+as a synonym of _T. dorsalis cyclides_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10. Dorsal color pattern of _Thamnophis dorsalis
+cyclides_ (A) and _Thamnophis dorsalis postremus_ (B).]
+
+Milstead (1953) had available few specimens of _Thamnophis dorsalis_
+from the Tepalcatepec Valley. The large series now in existence shows
+that the population in the Tepalcatepec Valley differs distinctly from
+that inhabiting the Mexican Plateau, Cordillera Volcánica, and Sierra de
+Coalcomán. Therefore the name _T. dorsalis postremus_ Smith (1942) is
+resurrected for the population in the Tepalcatepec Valley. _T. dorsalis
+cyclides_ and _T. dorsalis postremus_ differ in color pattern (Fig. 10)
+and in scutellation (Table 6). Specimens from the Mexican Plateau and
+mountain ranges have a distinct light stripe on the second and third
+scale rows, a dark brown dorsum having squarish black spots, and a row
+of dark spots on the first row of dorsal scales. Specimens from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley have a grayish brown dorsum having smaller and less
+distinct dark spots and no light stripe on the second and third scale
+rows; the first, second, and third rows of scales are colored like the
+venter. In some specimens there are small dark flecks on the first row
+of dorsal scales.
+
+
+TABLE 6.--VARIATION IN SCUTELLATION IN THAMNOPHIS DORSALIS.
+
++---------------------------------+-------+---------+------------+
+| Character |Mexican|Sierra de|Tepalcatepec|
+| |Plateau|Coalcomán| Valley |
++------------------+--------------+-------+---------+------------+
+| Ventrals | Female N | 31 | 2 | 32 |
+| | Mean | 164.0 | 156.5 | 144.6 |
+| | Range|153-171| 154-159 | 138-151 |
+| +--------------+-------+---------+------------+
+| | Male N | 19 | 2 | 32 |
+| | Mean | 153.5 | 154.7 | 138.3 |
+| | Range|149-159| 149-159 | 131-141 |
++------------------+--------------+-------+---------+------------+
+| Caudals | Female N | 28 | 2 | 29 |
+| | Mean | 83.8 | 81.0 | 73.4 |
+| | Range|80-100 | 79-83 | 70-79 |
+| +--------------+-------+---------+------------+
+| | Male N | 14 | 2 | 28 |
+| | Mean | 78.0 | 72.0 | 68.5 |
+| | Range| 71-87 | 72 | 63-73 |
++------------------+--------------+-------+---------+------------+
+
+One specimen from Uruapan (1550 meters) and one from Coalcomán (950
+meters) are intermediate in color pattern between _T. dorsalis cyclides_
+and _T. dorsalis postremus_. Both have indistinct lateral stripes and
+only small dark spots below the stripes. In scutellation these specimens
+are like _T. dorsalis cyclides_.
+
+In Michoacán _Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides_ has been collected in a
+variety of habitats on the Mexican Plateau: pine-oak forest, fir forest,
+marshes, and cleared land from 1550 to 2800 meters. In the Sierra de
+Coalcomán one was taken in broad-leafed forest at 950 meters, three in
+pine-oak forest at 2100 meters, and one in pine forest at 2300 meters.
+
+
+~Thamnophis dorsalis postremus~ Smith
+
+ _Thamnophis eques postremus_ Smith, Zoologica, 27:109,
+ October 23, 1942.--El Sabino, Michoacán, México.
+
+ _Thamnophis cyrtopsis postremus_ Smith, Copeia, no. 2:140,
+ June 8, 1951.
+
+ _Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyclides_ (part), Milstead, Texas
+ Jour. Sci., 5:368, September, 1953.
+
+ _Thamnophis dorsalis postremus_, Fitch and Milstead, Copeia,
+ no. 1:112, March 17, 1961.
+
+ Apatzingán (31); Capirio (2); Charapendo; Cuatro Caminos
+ (22); El Sabino; Lombardia (9); Nueva Italia (8); Uruapan
+ (3).
+
+The reasons for recognizing the population of _Thamnophis dorsalis_ in
+the Tepalcatepec Valley as distinct from that on the surrounding
+highlands are presented in the discussion of _Thamnophis dorsalis
+cyclides_. In certain features of coloration and in the low numbers of
+ventrals and caudals, _T. dorsalis postremus_ shows more resemblance to
+_T. dorsalis sumichrasti_ than to _T. dorsalis cyclides_. According to
+Milstead (1953:367), _T. dorsalis cyclides_ ranges southward from the
+Río Balsas in southwestern México. If specimens could be obtained from
+the upper Balsas Basin they might show that _T. dorsalis postremus_
+inhabits that extensive basin.
+
+In the Tepalcatepec Valley _T. dorsalis postremus_ is most frequently
+found at night in the rainy season, at which time the snakes are
+abundant near temporary pools where frogs are breeding. The absence of
+specimens from the coastal lowlands of Guerrero, Michoacán, and Colima
+indicate that, although the species inhabits the lowlands of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, its range does not include the coastal lowlands.
+
+A female (UMMZ 119402 from Cuatro Caminos) having 139 ventrals and a
+body length of 576 mm., on June 20, 1958, gave birth to 25 young, of
+which 18 (9 males and 9 females) were preserved. In body length the
+males varied from 132 to 141 (137.3) mm.; the females, 125 to 137
+(133.1) mm. In tail length the males varied from 38 to 44 (42.4) mm.;
+females, 35 to 42 (39.7) mm. The males have 138 to 147 (142.2) ventrals
+and 70 to 75 (72.9) caudals; females have 131 to 140 (135.8) ventrals
+and 63 to 71 (67.0) caudals.
+
+
+~Thamnophis eques eques~ (Reuss)
+
+ _Coluber eques_ Reuss, Zool. Misc., p. 152, 1834.--México.
+ Type locality restricted to Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950a:334).
+
+ _Thamnophis macrostemma macrostemma_, Smith and Taylor,
+ Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 187:163, October 5, 1945.
+
+ _Thamnophis subcarinata subcarinata_, Smith, Herpetologica,
+ 5:63, May 31, 1949.
+
+ _Thamnophis eques eques_, Smith, Copeia, no. 2:139, June 8,
+ 1951.
+
+ Jiquilpan; Lago de Cuitzeo; Lago de Pátzcuaro (17);
+ Pátzcuaro (5); Tangancícuaro; Tupátaro (2); Undameo; Zacapu.
+
+Although this snake has been collected in open pine-oak forest and in
+oak-bunch grass associations, it seems to reach its greatest abundance
+in marshes on the Mexican Plateau at elevations of 1550 to 2300 meters.
+
+
+~Thamnophis melanogaster canescens~ Smith
+
+ _Thamnophis melanogaster canescens_ Smith, Zoologica,
+ 27:117, October 23, 1942.--Chapala, Jalisco, México.
+
+ Lago de Cuitzeo (5); Lago de Pátzcuaro; Pátzcuaro;
+ Tacícuaro; Tangamandapio (2).
+
+This species of garter snake seems to be most abundant in the marshes
+adjacent to the lakes on the Mexican Plateau in Michoacán and Jalisco.
+At these elevations (1550 to 2200 meters) it often is found in
+association with _Thamnophis eques eques_ and sometimes with _Thamnophis
+dorsalis cyclides_. On June 11, 1958, individuals of this species were
+found in a hyacinth-choked marsh at Tangamandapio at night.
+
+One specimen from Tangamandapio (UMMZ 119414) had, in life, a dark
+chocolate brown dorsum, reddish brown sides, and cream-colored belly,
+chin, and labials. There were no longitudinal dorsal stripes.
+
+
+~Thamnophis scalaris scaliger~ (Jan)
+
+ _Tropidonotus scaliger_ Jan, Elenco sistematico degli Ofidi,
+ p. 70, 1863.--No type locality designated. Type locality
+ restricted to Mexico City, Distrito Federal, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:329).
+
+ _Thamnophis scalaris scaliger_, Smith, Zoologica, 27:103,
+ October 23, 1942.
+
+ Cerro Tancítaro (2); Nahuatzen; Opopeo; 26 km. S of
+ Pátzcuaro.
+
+The few specimens of this species from Michoacán have been collected at
+elevations from 1800 to 3400 meters in pine or fir forest in the
+Cordillera Volcánica.
+
+
+~Micrurus distans michoacanensis~ (Dugès)
+
+ _Elaps diastema michoacanensis_ Dugès, La Naturaleza, ser.
+ 2, 1:487, 1891.--Michoacán. Type locality restricted to
+ Apatzingán, Michoacán, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:335).
+
+ _Micrurus distans michoacanensis_, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+ Novitates, 1953:11, June 26, 1959.
+
+ Apatzingán (6).
+
+All specimens were collected in the arid scrub forest of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. The number of black rings on the body varies from
+six to eleven. In this respect they agree with the diagnosis of this
+subspecies presented by Zweifel (1959b:9).
+
+
+~Micrurus laticollaris~ (Peters)
+
+ _Elaps marcgravii laticollaris_ Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss.
+ Berlin, p. 877, 1869.--Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla, México.
+
+ _Micrurus laticollaris_, Schmidt, Publ. Field Mus. Nat.
+ Hist., zool. ser., 20:39, December 11, 1933.
+
+ El Sabino (2); Lombardia.
+
+This species ranges throughout the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin westward
+into Colima; specimens from Michoacán were collected in arid scrub
+forest at elevations from 500 to 1050 meters. The limited observations
+on _Micrurus distans michoacanensis_ and _M. laticollaris_ indicate
+that, at least in the Tepalcatepec Valley, _M. laticollaris_ seems to
+inhabit slightly more mesic areas than does _M. distans michoacanensis_.
+
+
+~Pelamis platurus~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Anguis platura_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1:391,
+ 1766.--Pine Island, Pacific Ocean.
+
+ _Pelamis platurus_, Gray, Ann. Philos., p. 15, 1825.
+
+ Boca de Apiza.
+
+In November, 1955, Alfonzo Gonzales, a geographer from the University of
+Texas, observed sea snakes on the beaches of Michoacán. In May, 1956,
+Donald D. Brand of the University of Texas gave me one specimen of
+_Pelamis platurus_ that he obtained on March 2, 1956, at Boca de Apiza.
+Furthermore, he supplied me with the following observations based on his
+field work along the coast of Michoacán from the Río Coahuayana to
+Maruata from March 1, to April 15, 1956. At that time many sea snakes
+were observed; in some places living and dead individuals were seen on
+the beaches; innumerable snakes were seen in the surf. When live
+individuals were taken from the beach and thrown into the ocean, they
+usually swam to shore. Many partially eaten individuals were seen
+protruding from crab holes. Inquiries among the natives resulted in the
+following information: Sea snakes are frequently seen between November
+and April, but most commonly in March and April, at which time the water
+is cold. The natives referred to the sea snakes as "culebra del mar."
+Most natives said that the snakes were not poisonous; others did not
+know of any venomous properties. In May, 1956, I worked the coastal
+region from the Río Coahuayana to La Placita and saw no sea snakes. In
+the summer of 1950 James A. Peters, and in the summer of 1951 I worked
+nearly the entire coastal region of Michoacán; during that time no
+_Pelamis_ were seen. Insofar as I know, this is the first report of such
+seasonal activity in _Pelamis platurus_ in the Americas.
+
+
+~Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus~ Günther
+
+ _Ancisdrodon bilineatus_ Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+ 3, 12:364, 1863.--Pacific coast of Guatemala.
+
+ _Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus_, Burger and Robertson,
+ Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34 (1):213, October 1, 1951.
+
+ Apatzingán; El Sabino; La Playa; Los Reyes.
+
+All specimens from Michoacán are from inland localities between 300 and
+1500 meters. The one from Los Reyes (USNM 46416) was collected by Nelson
+and Goldman on February 13, 1903. The elevation of Los Reyes (1500
+meters) seems unusually high for this species, but otherwise there is no
+reason to doubt the authenticity of the record. Goldman (1951:192) in
+his description of Los Reyes stated: "Los Reyes is near the boundary
+between the Lower Austral and Arid Upper Tropical Zones but is
+preponderantly tropical in zonal character. The regular crops are mainly
+sugar cane, rice, and corn." Thus the biotic features of the area are
+not noticeably different from those at El Sabino and La Playa at lower
+elevations. The development of extensive agriculture through irrigation
+in the Tepalcatepec Valley and planting of rice and sugar-cane in that
+area may produce a more widespread habitat for this snake.
+
+The absence of specimens from the coastal lowlands is due solely to
+inadequate collecting; the natives there know the snake and report that
+it is not uncommon in certain areas.
+
+
+~Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus~ (Cope)
+
+ _Caudisonia basilisca_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, September 30, 1864.--Colima. Type locality
+ restricted to Colima, Colima, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:328).
+
+ _Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus_, Gloyd, Nat. Hist. Misc.,
+ 17:1, April 23, 1948.
+
+ Apatzingán (4); Camachines; Coalcomán; El Ticuiz.
+
+Specimens from southern Michoacán have fewer ventrals and caudals than
+do those from the northern part of the range; three males and three
+females have, respectively, 178, 182, 182, 185, 186, and 188 ventrals,
+and 27, 28, 29, 22, 29, and 29 caudals. Klauber (1952:81) gave the
+following data for _Crotalus basiliscus_ (based on specimens from the
+entire range, except Oaxaca): ventrals in males, 179-201 (191.4), in
+females, 185-206 (197.6); caudals in males, 26-36 (30.7), in females,
+21-29 (24.4). Klauber (1952:84) remarked that the one specimen that he
+had seen from Apatzingán had fewer ventrals and caudals than most other
+specimens. The low numbers of ventrals and caudals in specimens from
+Michoacán, as compared with more northern populations, may be indicative
+of a trend in the reduction of the numbers of these scutes from north to
+south. The southernmost examples of _Crotalus basiliscus_ (_Crotalus
+basiliscus oaxacus_ from Oaxaca) have 172-175 ventrals and 21 caudals
+(Gloyd, 1948).
+
+In Michoacán _Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus_ has been found in arid
+habitats on the coast, in the Tepalcatepec Valley, and in the lower
+parts of the Sierra de Coalcomán. All specimens are from localities
+below 1070 meters in elevation.
+
+
+~Crotalus durissus culminatus~ Klauber
+
+ _Crotalus durissus culminatus_ Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San
+ Diego, 26:65, August 8, 1952.--El Sabino, Michoacán, México.
+
+ El Sabino (18).
+
+These specimens are part of the type series and were collected by Hobart
+M. Smith near the upper limits of the arid scrub forest at an elevation
+of about 1050 meters on the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica at
+the northern edge of the Tepalcatepec Valley. They were discussed in
+detail by Klauber (1952:66-70).
+
+
+~Crotalus intermedius intermedius~ Troschel
+
+ _Crotalus intermedius_ Troschel, _in_ von Müller, Reisen in
+ Vereiningten Staaten, Canada und Mexico, vol. 3, p. 613,
+ 1865.--Type locality unknown.
+
+ _Crotalus intermedius intermedius_, Klauber, Bull. Zool.
+ Soc. San Diego, 26:9, August 8, 1952.
+
+ Cerro Tancítaro.
+
+The one specimen is from the pine forests on the Cordillera Volcánica.
+At the present time this species is known from scattered localities in
+west-central Veracruz, Oaxaca, Michoacán, and as _Crotalus intermedius
+omiltemanus_ in Central Guerrero. Apparently it is restricted to montane
+environments.
+
+
+~Crotalus molossus nigrescens~ Gloyd
+
+ _Crotalus molossus nigrescens_ Gloyd, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 325:2, January 28, 1936.--Four miles west of
+ La Colorada, Zacatecas, México.
+
+ Carapan; Los Conejos; Pátzcuaro; Tacícuaro (5).
+
+In Michoacán this species has been found in pine forests between 1550
+and 2300 meters in the Cordillera Volcánica. I expected to find it in
+the Sierra de Coalcomán, but inquiries among the natives living in the
+pine forests of that mountain range revealed that the people there have
+no knowledge of a large species of rattlesnake.
+
+
+~Crotalus polystictus~ (Cope)
+
+ _Caudisonia polysticta_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 17:191, December 26, 1865.--Tableland of
+ México. Type locality restricted to Tupátaro, Guanajuata,
+ México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).
+
+ _Crotalus polystictus_ Cope, _in_ Yarrow, Wheeler's Rept.
+ Geog. Geol. Expl. Surv. W. 100th. Mer., vol. 5, p. 533,
+ 1875.
+
+ Tacícuaro (4); Tupátaro (2).
+
+Formerly this species was abundant in the marshes around Lago de
+Chapala. The draining of these marshes probably resulted in reducing the
+numbers of these rattlesnakes. The species is known only from the
+Mexican Plateau at elevations of 1450 to 2400 meters.
+
+
+~Crotalus pusillus~ Klauber
+
+ _Crotalus pusillus_ Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego,
+ 26:34, August 8, 1952.--Tancítaro, Michoacán, México.
+
+ Acuaro de las Lleguas (2); Carapan; Cerro Tancítaro (16);
+ Dos Aguas (12).
+
+Aside from the type series of _Crotalus pusillus_ from Cerro Tancítaro
+and one specimen from Carapan referred to the species by Klauber
+(1952:38), there are fourteen specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán.
+These specimens (UMMZ 112566-7, 118591-9, 118601, 121512-3) are like
+_Crotalus pusillus_ from Cerro Tancítaro in having the prefrontals
+paired, a black proximal rattle, and the underside of the tail black.
+The prefrontals are bordered posteriorly by one scale in two specimens,
+by two scales in three specimens, and by three scales in the other nine.
+The snakes from the Sierra de Coalcomán have 40 to 46 (42) dorsal body
+blotches. Ten males have 150-158 (154.4) ventrals and 29-33 (31.0)
+caudals; two females have 157 and 160 ventrals, and 25 and 27 caudals.
+The largest specimen is a male having a body length of 545 mm. and a
+tail length of 63 mm. The only noticeable difference between the
+specimens from the Sierra de Coalcomán and the topotypic series is that
+the latter have fewer dorsal blotches; the range of variation is 33 to
+46 (39.8).
+
+Most specimens of this species have a grayish brown dorsum and dark
+brown dorsal blotches. Two specimens from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 118596 and
+118599) are pale brown above and have indistinct blotches.
+
+One specimen from Dos Aguas regurgitated a large _Gerrhonotus imbricatus
+imbricatus_; of two others from the same locality, one regurgitated a
+_Sceloporus bulleri_ and an _Eptesicus fuscus_. The latter specimen was
+collected at the entrance of a small cave, where it probably had
+captured the bat.
+
+In the Cordillera Volcánica _Crotalus pusillus_ has been obtained in
+pine-oak forest at elevations between 1550 and 1800 meters. In the
+Sierra de Coalcomán two specimens were taken in pine forest at an
+elevation of 2300 meters; ten other were found beneath rocks and logs in
+pine-oak forest at an elevation of 2100 meters.
+
+
+~Crotalus triseriatus aquilus~ Klauber
+
+ _Crotalus triseriatus aquilus_ Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San
+ Diego, 26:24, August 8, 1952.--Alvarez, San Luis Potosí,
+ México.
+
+ Morelia (10); Tacícuaro (2).
+
+I am following Klauber (1952) in assigning some of the specimens of this
+species from Michoacán to the subspecies _aquilus_ and others to _C. t.
+triseriatus_. The distinguishing characters of these subspecies are
+given by Klauber (1952:28). On the basis of the few localities from
+which the species is known in Michoacán it seems as though _C. t.
+aquilus_ inhabits the open grassy areas on the Mexican Plateau and the
+associated open pine-oak or oak-bunch grass habitats to the north and
+east of the Cordillera Volcánica. _Crotalus triseriatus aquilus_ has
+been collected at elevations from 1600 to 2000 meters in Michoacán.
+
+
+~Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus~ (Wagler)
+
+ _Uropsophus triseriatus_ Wagler, Natürliches System der
+ Amphibien, p. 176, 1830.--México. (Probably Mexico City.)
+
+ _Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus_, Klauber, Bull. Zool.
+ Soc. San Diego, 26:19, August 8, 1952.
+
+ Cerro Tancítaro (36); Opopeo; Pátzcuaro.
+
+This small rattlesnake inhabits rocky areas in pine and pine-oak forests
+above 1600 meters in the Cordillera Volcánica; it has been collected at
+3270 meters on Cerro Tancítaro. The series reported by Schmidt and
+Shannon (1947:84) is a mixture of specimens of _Crotalus triseriatus_
+and _Crotalus pusillus_. The two species are found together on Cerro
+Tancítaro, but only _Crotalus pusillus_ inhabits the coniferous forests
+of the Sierra de Coalcomán. Klauber (1952:30) stated that despite the
+proximity of _Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus_ and _Crotalus
+triseriatus aquilus_ in Michoacán, there is no evidence of
+intergradation. He went on to suggest that additional material might
+show that the two named populations actually are distinct species. The
+specimens that have been studied since Klauber's investigations also
+show no evidence of intergradation, but there still is no known sympatry
+of the populations.
+
+The small montane rattlesnakes belonging to the species _C. pricei_, _C.
+pusillus_, and _C. triseriatus_ present a problem in systematics and
+distribution worthy of intensive investigation. A knowledge of the
+distribution and relationships of the various populations of these
+snakes, together with other species also living in isolated populations
+on the higher mountains in México, probably will be of great
+significance in understanding dispersal and differentiation of animals
+during the Pleistocene.
+
+
+
+
+SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE OCCURRENCE
+
+
+Some species for which there are no authentic records from Michoacán can
+be expected there on zoogeographic probability. Other species have been
+recorded from Michoacán, but these records are doubtful for any one of
+several reasons. Fifteen species of such questionable occurrence are
+discussed below:
+
+
+~Syrrhophus modestus modestus~ Taylor
+
+ _Syrrhophus modestus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 28:304, May 15, 1942.--Hacienda Paso del Río, Colima,
+ México.
+
+ _Syrrhophus modestus modestus_, Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus.
+ Zool. Univ. Michigan, 594:5, June 6, 1958.
+
+This small terrestrial frog is not uncommon on the coastal lowlands and
+foothills in Nayarit and in Colima, where it has been collected within a
+few kilometers of the Michoacán border. At Tecolapa, Colima, on August
+9, 1956, _Syrrhophus modestus modestus_ was found with _Tomodactylus
+nitidus orarius_, _Bufo marinus_, _Bufo marmoreus_, _Hyla baudini_,
+_Hyla smithi_, and _Phyllomedusa dacnicolor_, all of which occur on the
+coastal lowlands of Michoacán. Because of its solitary and secretive
+habits, _Syrrhophus modestus modestus_ is not common in collections.
+Additional field work on the coast of Michoacán should reveal the
+presence of the species there.
+
+
+~Hyla microcephala sartori~ Smith
+
+ _Hyla microcephala sartori_ Smith, Herpetologica, 7:186,
+ December 31, 1951.--1 mi. N of Organos, S of El Triente,
+ Guerrero, México.
+
+On August 28, 1960, J. R. Dixon obtained a series of this species from a
+temporary pond 6 kilometers northeast of La Resolana, Jalisco.
+Previously, _Hyla microcephala sartori_ had been known only from the
+lowlands of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The existence of the species in Jalisco
+provides evidence that this frog also occurs in Michoacán and Colima.
+
+
+~Gastrophryne usta usta~ (Cope)
+
+ _Engystoma ustum_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 18:131, 1866.--Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
+
+ _Gastrophryne usta usta_, Carvalho, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 555:13, July 16, 1954.
+
+Smith and Taylor (1948:93-4) listed specimens of this species from
+Organos and El Treinta, Guerrero, and from Paso del Río, Quesería,
+Santiago, and Tecomán, Colima. The species occurs from Sinaloa and
+central Veracruz southward at low elevations to the Isthmus of
+Tehuantepec and thence along the Pacific lowlands into Central America.
+Almost certainly it occurs on the coastal lowlands in Michoacán. Since
+the amphibian fauna of the Tepalcatepec Valley has been better sampled
+than that of the coast, I suspect that if _Gastrophryne_ occurred in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, I would have found it there.
+
+
+~Lepidochelys olivacea~ (Eschscholtz)
+
+ _Chelonia olivacea_ Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, pt. 1, p. 2,
+ 1829.--Manila Bay, Philippine Islands.
+
+ _Lepidochelys olivacea_, Girard, United States Exploring
+ Expedition..., vol. 20, Herpetology, p. 435, 1858.
+
+According to Smith and Taylor (1950b: 15), this sea turtle is known from
+the entire Pacific coast of México; these authors reported the species
+from Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Colima, and Sonora. Although the only
+sea turtle that I observed in Michoacán is _Chelonia mydas_, others
+probably do use the sheltered beaches for nesting. The scanty records of
+sea turtles along the Pacific coast of México indicate that _Chelonia
+mydas_ and _Lepidochelys olivacea_ are the most abundant species in that
+region. There are scattered records of _Dermochelys coriacea_, _Caretta
+caretta_, and _Eretmochelys imbricata_ along the Pacific coast. The
+occurrence of any of these along the coast of Michoacán is probable.
+
+
+~Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima~ (Gray)
+
+ _Emys pulcherrima_ Gray, Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in
+ British Museum, vol. 1, p. 25.--México. Type locality
+ restricted to Presidio de Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950b:30).
+
+ _Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima_, Wettstein, Sitzb. Akad.
+ Wiss. Wien, 143:18, 1934.
+
+Smith and Taylor (1950b:30) recorded this species from Sonora, Sinaloa,
+Nayarit, Colima, and Guerrero; these records indicate that the species
+probably is distributed along the Pacific coast of México southward from
+southern Sonora. It unquestionably occurs on the coast of Michoacán.
+Natives of the coastal lowlands tell of another "tortuga de la tierra"
+besides _Geoemyda rubida_. In the collections of the Museum of Natural
+History of the University of Illinois is a specimen of _Geoemyda
+pulcherrima_ from Mexcala in the Balsas Basin in northern Guerrero. On
+the basis of this specimen it is highly probable that the species also
+inhabits the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin in Michoacán.
+
+
+~Pseudemys scripta ornata~ (Gray)
+
+ _Emys ornata_ Gray, Synopsis reptilium, p. 30,
+ 1831.--Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México.
+
+ _Pseudemys scripta ornata_, Carr, Herpetologica, 1:135,
+ December 30, 1938.
+
+The systematics and distribution of _Pseudemys scripta_ in México and
+Central America are poorly understood. Smith and Taylor (1950b:32)
+recorded this turtle from the Pacific lowlands of Sinaloa, Jalisco,
+Oaxaca, and Chiapas. This species is represented by vicarious
+populations throughout the Atlantic lowlands of México, northwestern
+México, over much of the United States, and also in Baja California.
+Along the Pacific coast of México the species seems to be extremely
+rare, or, at least, only locally abundant. Since the species has such a
+wide distribution, and since it occurs on the Pacific lowlands both to
+the north and to the south of Michoacán, it is reasonable to expect its
+presence on the coast of Michoacán. Inquiries among the natives living
+in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin produced only negative evidence about
+the occurrence of _Pseudemys_ in the Río Tepalcatepec and Río Balsas. I
+suspect that the best place to search for these turtles on the coast of
+Michoacán is in the numerous fresh-water lagoons on the coastal plain.
+
+
+~Caiman crocodilus fuscus~ (Cope)
+
+ _Perosuchus fuscus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 20:203, November 9, 1868.--Río Magdalena,
+ Columbia.
+
+ _Caiman crocodilus fuscus_, Mertens, Senckenbergiana,
+ 26:275, December 22, 1943.
+
+Gadow (1930:50) reported that _Caiman sclerops_ (= _Caiman crocodilus
+fuscus_) inhabited the "tierra caliente" in Michoacán. Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:212) accepted Gadow's record for the State, although otherwise
+the species is unknown north of Oaxaca. Peters (1954:10) refuted Gadow's
+record on the basis that Gadow's collections contained no specimens of
+_Caiman_. The local name "caiman" refers to both _Crocodylus_ and to
+_Caiman_, for, in general, the natives do not distinguish between the
+two. "Caimanes" are reported from along the coast of Michoacán, where
+the name presumably refers to _Crocodylus acutus acutus_, and in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin (Gadow, 1930:50; Webber, 1946:267). I have
+seen no specimens of either _Crocodylus_ or _Caiman_ from the Balsas
+Basin. If crocodilians do occur in the basin, they probably are
+_Crocodylus acutus acutus_. There is no basis, whatsoever, for including
+Michoacán in the range of _Caiman crocodilus fuscus_.
+
+
+~Bipes canaliculatus~ Bonnaterre
+
+ _Bipes canaliculatus_ Bonnaterre, Encyclopédie méthodique,
+ Erpétologie, p. 68, 1789.--México. Type locality restricted
+ to Mexcala, Guerrero, México, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:39).
+
+Dugès (1896:480) reported this species from Morelia, Michoacán. Smith
+and Taylor (1950b:39), who recorded the species from three localities in
+the Balsas Basin in Guerrero, rejected Dugès' record. I, too, am
+unwilling to accept Dugès' record. Nevertheless, the species probably
+occurs throughout much of the Balsas Basin. This idea is strengthened by
+comments made by Storm (1939:342): "The last hard drop, that afternoon,
+was down the great Cerro de los Cajones [southwest of Tacámbaro], and
+here in the upper forest we came upon... a lizard with front legs and
+none behind ... the animal with hands and no feet that señor Smith
+[Hobart M. Smith] was seeking!... They're named _Bipes caniculatus_
+(_sic._)."
+
+
+~Coleonyx elegans nemoralis~ Klauber
+
+ _Coleonyx elegans nemoralis_ Klauber, Trans. San Diego Soc.
+ Nat. Hist., 10:195, March 9, 1949.--Paso del Río, Colima,
+ México.
+
+Klauber (1945:199) and Smith and Taylor (1950b:43) reported this lizard
+from the coastal lowlands of Colima and Guerrero. Davis and Smith
+(1953:101) reported it from 8 kilometers northeast of Temilpa, Morelos,
+in the upper Balsas Basin. Specimens of this lizard have been collected
+infrequently; the few locality records and limited ecological data
+indicate that it inhabits dense scrub forest and tropical semi-deciduous
+forest. _Coleonyx elegans nemoralis_ is to be expected on the coastal
+lowlands, the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán, and on the
+lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica along the northern edge of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+
+~Phrynosoma orbiculare orbiculare~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Lacerta obricularis_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12,
+ 1:1062, 1789.--México (by inference). Type locality
+ restricted to México, Districto Federal, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:97).
+
+ _Phrynosoma orbiculare orbiculare_, Smith, Trans. Kansas
+ Acad. Sci., 37:290, 1934.
+
+Gadow (1905:213) inferred that _Phrynosoma orbiculare_ occurred at
+elevations of more than 3000 feet in Michoacán. There are no specimens
+of this species known from Gadow's collections made in Michoacán. Smith
+and Taylor (1950b:98) apparently accepted Gadow's statement and recorded
+the species from Michoacán: "above 3000 feet (Jorullo?)." Reeve
+(1952:940) somehow misconstrued this statement to read "Jorullo, above
+Zumpango (Smith and Taylor, 1950b)." Reeve did not indicate on his map
+(1952:939) that the species occurred in Michoacán. In the most recent
+review of the species (Horowitz, 1955), no localities are given in
+Michoacán. Since _Phrynosoma orbiculare_ is known from central Jalisco,
+Guanajuato, Queretaro, and México, its presence at least in northeastern
+Michoacán is to be expected, although at the present time there are no
+specimens known from the state.
+
+
+~Eumeces brevirostris~ (Günther)
+
+ _Mabouia brevirostris_ Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
+ 316, August, 1860.--Oaxaca. Type locality restricted to
+ Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:168).
+
+ _Eumeces brevirostris_, Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
+ Mexique et dans l'Amerique Céntrale. Reptiles, livr. 6, p.
+ 439, 1879.
+
+Smith and Taylor (1950b:168) Listed this species: "_Michoacán_: No
+specific record." I am unaware of any specimen of this skink from the
+state. As presently recognized, this species contains two subspecies.
+One of these occurs in the mountains of Oaxaca northward into central
+Veracruz; the other, _Eumeces brevirostris bilineatus_, occurs in
+Durango southward to Jalisco, where it inhabits the Sierra Madre
+Occidental. Possibly the species occurs in the Sierra de los Tarascos in
+Michoacán.
+
+
+~Eumeces callicephalus~ Bocourt
+
+ _Eumeces callacephalus_ Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
+ Mexique et dans l'Amerique Céntrale. Reptiles, livr. 6, p.
+ 431, 1879.--Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México.
+
+Dugés (1896) in a paper in which he listed several species of _Eumeces_
+in México, reported _Eumeces callicephalus_ from Michoacán, but he gave
+no specific locality within the state. Michoacán was included in the
+range of the species by Taylor (1936:298) and by Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:164). The species definitely is known from southeastern Arizona
+southward to Guanajuato. It may occur in Michoacán, but, since there are
+three rather widespread species of _Eumeces_ inhabiting the Mexican
+Plateau and associated mountain ranges in the northern and northeastern
+part of Michoacán, interspecific competition might be a reason for the
+absence of _Eumeces callicephalus_ there.
+
+
+~Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta~ Günther
+
+ _Leptodeira polysticta_ Günther, Biologia
+ Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 172, May, 1895.--Belice,
+ British Honduras.
+
+ _Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta_, Duellman, Bull.
+ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:72, February 24, 1958.
+
+Although this species occurs from sea level to elevations of about 2000
+meters from Nayarit southward into Central America, no specimens are
+known from Michoacán. Smith and Taylor (1945:87) listed the species as
+occurring in Michoacán, but they had no record on which to base this
+report. Probably, the species occurs on the coastal lowlands and seaward
+slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán.
+
+
+~Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis~ Taylor
+
+ _Tropidodipsas guerreroensis_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 26:470; November 27, 1940.--Buena Vista, Guerrero,
+ México.
+
+ _Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis_, Alvarez del Toro and
+ Smith, Herpetologica, 12:16, March 6, 1956.
+
+Dugès (1896:480) reported a snake, questionably of this species, from
+Uruapan, Michoacán. Taylor (1940c) suggested that on geographic grounds
+Dugès' record might refer to _T. f. guerreroensis_, which is known
+definitely only from the type locality. _Tropidodipsas occidentala_ is
+known from Comala, Colima, and Coalcomán, Michoacán. On zoogeopraphic
+grounds that species might be found at Uruapan. Since the specimen
+apparently no longer is extant, the identification cannot be
+ascertained.
+
+
+~Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri~ (Jan)
+
+ _Elaps fitzingeri_ Jan, Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 521,
+ 1858.--México. Type locality restricted to Guanajuato,
+ Guanajuato, México, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).
+
+ _Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri_, Brown and Smith, Proc.
+ Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:63, June 25, 1942.
+
+Smith and Taylor (1945:174) recorded the species from Zamora, Michoacán.
+Hobart M. Smith (_in litt._) stated that this record was based on a
+report of _Elaps fulvius_ from Zamora by Dugès (1896:482). Smith guessed
+that the report was based on a specimen of _Micrurus fitzingeri_. The
+specimen has not been seen. Although the species is known from
+Guanajuato and México, until a specimen is available from Michoacán, the
+species should not be considered part of the herpetofauna of Michoacán.
+
+
+
+
+GAZETTEER
+
+
+The localities in Michoacán here listed are those from which specimens
+were examined as well as other localities mentioned in the text. The
+localities are arranged alphabetically according to the most definitive
+word or words in the total name. For example, Lago de Chapala is listed
+as "Chapala (Lago de)" and Cerro de Tancítaro is listed as "Tancítaro
+(Cerro de)." Insofar as has been possible, the following information is
+given for each locality: geographical co-ordinates to the nearest minute
+of north latitude and west longitude, elevation in meters above mean sea
+level, a description of its geographical location, type of dominant
+vegetation, and in some cases comments concerning collecting sites in
+the vicinity. Distances are in kilometers; all are map (air line)
+distances, unless otherwise indicated. Many localities visited on mule
+trips are given as being a certain number of "mule hours" in a general
+direction from another town or village. In order to reach most of these
+localities today, one would have to go by mule, and this is the way the
+muleteers determine their distances. Some of the elevations are taken
+from maps, but most of them were obtained from one or more readings of
+altimeters that we carried in the field. The terms used for describing
+the vegetation are those defined in the section of the natural
+landscape.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11. Map of Michoacán showing important localities
+mentioned in text. Localities not on this map can be located by
+directions given in the gazetteer.]
+
+My primary cartographic sources have been: the provisional edition of
+maps published by the American Geographic Society (Colima, Guadalajara,
+México, and San Luis Potosí sheets published between 1933 and 1940),
+scale 1:1,000,000; the preliminary sheets (Colima, Guadalajara,
+Guanajuato, and México) published in 1949 with a scale of 1:500,000 of
+the Carta Geográfica de la República Méxicana (Dirección de Geografía y
+Meterología, Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganadería); and the Carta de
+Cuenca Tepalcatepec (Scale 1:250,000) prepared in 1958 by the Comisión
+del Tepalcatepec, Secretaria de Recursos Hidráulicos. I have visited
+most of the 181 localities and have gathered data pertaining to
+vegetation, altitude, and location. I think, nevertheless, that the
+accuracy of some of the locations and elevations as given in the
+gazetteer is questionable. This situation can be rectified only by
+detailed geographic studies.
+
+Most of the important towns, villages, rivers, and high mountains are
+shown on the accompanying map (Fig. 11). Places not shown on this map
+can be located from directions given in the gazetteer.
+
+ Acahuata.--Lat. 19° 10', long. 102° 21', elev. 1040 m. A
+ village north of Apatzingán and on the southern slope of
+ Cerro de Tancítaro; transition between arid tropical scrub
+ forest and pine-oak forest; tropical semi-deciduous forest in
+ barrancas.
+
+ Agua Cerca.--Lat. 19° 06', long. 101° 45', elev. 1550 m. A
+ ranch south-southwest of Ario de Rosales on the road to La
+ Huacana; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Aguililla.--Lat. 18° 45', long. 102° 47', elev. 860 m.; a
+ town in a low valley in the Sierra de Coalcomán; arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Álamo (El).--Lat. 19° 42', long. 100° 55', elev. 2300 m. A
+ ranch 5 kilometers by road east of El Temazcal; pine-oak
+ forest.
+
+ Angahuan.--Lat. 19° 33', long. 102° 14', elev. 2440 m. A
+ Tarascan village about 27 kilometers northwest of Uruapan;
+ pine forest. Much of the land is still covered by a deep
+ layer of ashes from the nearby Volcán Parícutin.
+
+ Apatzingán.--Lat. 19° 06', long. 102° 22', elev. 335 m. The
+ largest town in the Tepalcatepec Valley; arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Apiza (Boca de).--Lat. 18° 42', long. 103° 44', sea level.
+ The name of the mouth of the Río Coahuayana; sandy beach and
+ coco palms.
+
+ Apo.--Lat. 19° 25', long. 102° 25', elev. 2160 m. A village
+ on the western slope of Cerro de Tancítaro; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Aquila.--Lat. 18° 32', long. 103° 30', elev. 150 m. A small
+ village on the Río Aquila in the seaward foothills of the
+ Sierra de Coalcomán; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Araparicuaro.--Lat. 19° 22', long. 102° 12', elev. 1525 m. A
+ village 19 kilometers west-southwest of Uruapan on the trail
+ to Tancítaro; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Araro.--Lat. 19° 54', long. 100° 50', elev. 1830 m. A small
+ village at the eastern end of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Ario de Rosales.--Lat. 19° 12', long. 101° 42', elev. 1980
+ m. A town in the Cordillera Volcánica on the road from
+ Pátzcuaro to La Huacana; mixed hardwoods and pine forest.
+
+ Arteaga (formerly Carrizal).--Lat. 18° 28', long. 102° 25',
+ elev. 850 m. A town in the eastern part of the Sierra de
+ Coalcomán; transition between arid tropical scrub forest and
+ oak forest.
+
+ Atzimba.--Lat. 19° 39', long. 100° 47', elev. 2900 m. A
+ national park in the Cordillera Volcánica, located between
+ Ciudad Hidalgo and Morelia, 32 kilometers by road
+ west-southwest of Ciudad Hidalgo; mixed pine and fir forest.
+
+ Axolotl (Rancho).--Lat. 19° 47', long. 100° 38', elev. 2900
+ m. A settlement on the western slopes of Cerro San Andrés;
+ pine, oak, and fir forest.
+
+ Balsas (Río).--A large river having its headwaters in
+ Tlaxcala, Puebla, and northwestern Oaxaca, flowing westward
+ through an arid valley to the Pacific Ocean, and in its
+ lower part forming the boundary between Michoacán and
+ Guerrero.
+
+ Barolosa (Cerro de).--Lat. 18° 52', long. 102° 57', elev.
+ 2900-3050 m. Presumably the highest mountain in the Sierra
+ de Coalcomán and located about 13 hours by mule
+ east-northeast of Coalcomán; open pine-oak-fir forest and
+ alder thickets.
+
+ Barolosa (Rancho).--Lat. 18° 50', long. 103° 00', elev. 2320
+ m. A small ranch on the west-northwestern slope of Cerro de
+ Barolosa, about 11 hours by mule east-northeast of
+ Coalcomán; open pine-oak forest.
+
+ Barranca Seca.--Lat. 19° 32', long. 102° 15', elev. 2100 m.
+ A small village about 7 kilometers northwest of San Juan de
+ Parangaricutiro; pine forest.
+
+ Bejuco (Barranca de).--Lat. 18° 07', long. 102° 48', elev.
+ 90 m. A barranca in the lower slopes of the Sierra de
+ Coalcomán just west of the lower reaches of the Río Nexpa;
+ tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Buenavista (Tomatlán).--Lat. 19° 17', long. 102° 36', elev.
+ 425 m. A village on the Río Masiaco in the Tepalcatepec
+ Valley, 33 kilometers by road west-northwest of Apatzingán;
+ open arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Buena Vista.--Lat. 18° 40', long. 102° 09', elev. 600 m. A
+ ranch on the northeastern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcomán;
+ arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Cachán (Río).--Lat. 18° 14', long. 103° 14'. A river formed
+ by the affluence of the Río Coalcomán and the Río San José
+ and flowing into the Pacific Ocean at a point indicated by
+ the co-ordinates given above. Sometimes the name is applied
+ to the lower part of the river as used here; other times the
+ name is used for the entire length of the Río Coalcomán.
+
+ Camichines.--Lat. 18° 47', long. 103° 05', elev. 1070 m. A
+ ranch about 5 kilometers east-northeast of Coalcomán;
+ transition between arid tropical scrub forest and oak
+ forest.
+
+ Camécuaro (Lago de).--Lat. 19° 55', long. 102° 13', elev.
+ 1615 m. A small lake (depth to about 10 m.) drained by the
+ Río Duero and located one kilometer north-northwest of
+ Tangancícuaro; mesquite-grassland and some cypress and oak
+ around the lake.
+
+ Cancita (Río).--A tributary of the Río Tepalcatepec flowing
+ southward from the southeastern slope of Cerro de Tancítaro.
+
+ Cantiles (Los).--Lat. 19° 43', long. 100° 55', elev. 2160 m.
+ A ranch 33 kilometers by road east of Morelia; pine forest.
+
+ Capácuaro.--Lat. 19° 33', long. 102° 02', elev. 2070 m. A
+ Tarascan village 18 kilometers by road north of Uruapan;
+ pine forest.
+
+ Capirio.--Lat. 18° 52', long. 102° 08', elev. 180 m. A
+ village on the Río Tepalcatepec, 22 kilometers by road south
+ of Nueva Italia; open arid tropical scrub forest and some
+ gallery forest along the river.
+
+ Carapan.--Lat. 19° 52', long. 102° 02', elev. 2070 m. A
+ village on the northern edge of the Sierra de los Tarascos,
+ 32 kilometers by road west of Zacapu; pine-oak forest at
+ village and to the south; mesquite-grassland immediately to
+ the north.
+
+ Cerrito (El).--Lat. 18° 45', long. 103° 40', elev. 15 m. A
+ ranch about 3 kilometers northeast of Coahuayana; tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Chapala (Lago de).--A large lake on the Mexican Plateau at
+ an elevation of 1525 m., partly in the state of Jalisco. It
+ is drained by the Río Grande de Santiago, which flows
+ northward and then westward into the Pacific Ocean.
+ Immediately to the east of the lake are remnants of once
+ extensive marshes.
+
+ Charapendo.--Lat. 19° 15', long. 102° 04', elev. 975 m. A
+ village 24 kilometers by road south of Uruapan near the
+ upper limit of the arid tropical scrub forest in the
+ Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+ Cherán.--Lat. 19° 42', long. 101° 57', elev. 2350 m. A
+ Tarascan village 27 kilometers by road south-southeast of
+ Carapan; pine forest.
+
+ Chichihuas.--Lat. 18° 47', long. 103° 12', elev. 1200 m. A
+ ranch about 6 kilometers west-southwest of Coalcomán; scrub
+ oak forest.
+
+ Chinapa.--Lat. 19° 22', long. 100° 51', elev. 930 m. A small
+ village on the Río Chinapa, 43 kilometers south of El
+ Temzcal on the road to Huetamo; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Chupio.--Lat. 19° 10', long. 101° 27', elev. 1080 m. A
+ village 12 kilometers by road south of Tacámbaro; transition
+ between arid tropical scrub forest and oak forest.
+
+ Churumuco.--Lat. 18° 37', long. 101° 38', elev. 210 m. A
+ small town in the Balsas Valley; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Ciénega (La).--Lat. 18° 28', long. 103° 18', elev. 900 m. A
+ ranch about 3 hours by mule north of Coire; tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Coahuayana.--Lat. 18° 44', long. 103° 31', elev. 15 m. A
+ village on the coastal plain near the mouth of the Río
+ Coahuayana; arid tropical scrub forest and tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Coalcomán.--Lat. 18° 47', long. 103° 08', elev. 945 m. The
+ largest town in the Sierra de Coalcomán and situated in a
+ valley about 12 by 6 kilometers; arid tropical scrub forest
+ on valley floor; oaks and some tropical semi-deciduous
+ forest on surrounding slopes.
+
+ Coalcomán (Río).--A river having its headwaters northeast of
+ the town of Coalcomán and flowing southward to join with the
+ Río San José to form the Río Cachán.
+
+ Coalcomán (Sierra de).--A highland mass outlined by the Río
+ Coahuayana and its tributaries on the west, the Río
+ Tepalcatepec on the north, and the Río Balsas on the east,
+ and the Pacific Ocean on the south. The axis of the sierra
+ extends for about 200 kilometers in a west-northwest to
+ east-southeast direction; the mountains are nearly 80
+ kilometers in breadth; the highest parts of the range are
+ about 3000 meters above sea level.
+
+ Cofradía.--Lat. 18° 56', long. 102° 17', elev. 215 m. A
+ ranch about 17 kilometers southeast of Apatzingán; arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Coire.--Lat. 18° 26', long. 103° 22', elev. 300 m. A village
+ on the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán on the
+ Río Coire; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Cojumatlán.--Lat. 20° 07', long. 102° 51', elev. 1530 m. A
+ village on the southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Colola (Río).--A small river emptying into the Pacific Ocean
+ between Maruata and Punto San Telmo.
+
+ Conejos (Los).--Lat. 19° 22' long. 102° 07', elev. 1850 m. A
+ village 6 kilometers west-southwest of Uruapan, and
+ sometimes known as Nuevo San Juan; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Copándaro.--Lat. 19° 54', long. 101° 12', elev. 1800 m. A
+ village on the south edge of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Copuyo (Capuyo or Copullo).--Lat. 18° 28', long. 100° 56',
+ elev. 1200 m. A small village about 5 kilometers by road
+ west of Paso Ancho; transition between arid tropical scrub
+ forest and oak forest.
+
+ Cordillera Volcánica.--A mountain range along the southern
+ edge of the Mexican Plateau, roughly along the nineteenth
+ parallel, and made up of many volcanos; the range extends
+ from Volcán de Colima on the west to Cofre de Perote and
+ Orizaba in Veracruz; several of the volcanos reach
+ elevations of more than 4000 meters.
+
+ Corralito (El).--Lat. 18° 52', long. 102° 38', elev. 270 m.
+ A small village in the Tepalcatepec Valley, about 30
+ kilometers southwest of Apatzingán; arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Corupu (Corupo).--Lat. 19° 28', long. 102° 19', elev. 2450
+ m. A village 29 kilometers northwest of Uruapan; pine
+ forest.
+
+ Cuatro Caminos.--Lat. 19° 00', long. 102° 05' elev. 335 m. A
+ village 4 kilometers south of Nueva Italia; arid tropical
+ scrub forest.
+
+ Cuilala (Playa).--Lat. 18° 10', long. 103° 06', sea level. A
+ sandy beach on the Pacific Ocean just east of La Higuerita.
+
+ Cuitzeo.--Lat. 19° 58', long. 101° 09', 1800 m. A village on
+ the north shore of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Cuitzeo (Lago de).--A large lakebed on the Mexican Plateau
+ at an elevation of 1800 m. In dry years there is little
+ water in the lake, and most of the lakebed is dry; in very
+ wet years the entire lakebed is flooded. The Río de Morelia
+ flows into the lake, which has no outlet; surrounding
+ vegetation is mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Cuseño Station.--Lat. 19° 30', long. 102° 16', elev. 2200 m.
+ A field station of the American Geological Society
+ established in 1945 and demolished in 1953; located at the
+ northern edge of the lava flow at Volcán Parícutin; remnants
+ of pine forest.
+
+ Diezmo (El).--Lat. 18° 26', long. 103° 19', elev. 850 m. A
+ ranch about 8 kilometers north of Coire; tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Dos Aguas.--Lat. 18° 45', long. 102° 55', elev. 2100 m. A
+ lumber camp on the eastern slope of Cerro de Barolosa,
+ located about 22 kilometers west-northwest of Aguililla;
+ pine-oak forest and some fir forest in sheltered ravines.
+
+ Duero (Río).--A small river having its headwaters near
+ Tangancícuaro and flowing northwestward into the Río Lerma;
+ source of irrigation water for surrounding agricultural
+ area.
+
+ Emiliano Zapata.--Lat. 18° 59', long. 102° 39' elev. 1600 m.
+ A town 10 kilometers east of Jiquilpan; mesquite-grassland
+ and irrigated fields.
+
+ Erongaricuaro.--Lat. 19° 35', long. 101° 43', elev. 2150 m.
+ A Tarascan village on the western shore of Lago de
+ Pátzcuaro; pine forest.
+
+ Espinal (El).--Lat. 18° 27', long. 102° 07', elev. 500 m. A
+ ranch in the northern foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán,
+ 9 kilometers by road north-northeast of San Salvador; arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Estopilas (Salitre de).--Lat. 18° 30', long. 103° 23', elev.
+ 130 m. A small village about 10 kilometers east of Ostula;
+ tropical semi-deciduous forest and arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Garnica (Cerro).--Lat. 19° 43', long. 100° 48', elev. 3000
+ m. A mountain about 8 kilometers north of Pino Gordo;
+ pine-oak-fir forest.
+
+ Garnica (Puerto de).--Lat. 19° 42', long. 100° 51', elev.
+ 2840 m. A mountain pass 46 kilometers by road west of Ciudad
+ Hidalgo; pine and fir forest.
+
+ Gregorio (San).--Lat. 19° 25', long. 101° 24', elev. 2200 m.
+ A ranch about 16 kilometers southeast of Pátzcuaro; pine
+ forest.
+
+ Guayabo.--Lat. 18° 45', long. 102° 15', elev. 760 m. A
+ village in the Sierra de Coalcomán about 32 kilometers
+ north-northeast of Arteaga; upper limits of arid tropical
+ scrub forest.
+
+ Herradero (Barranca de).--Lat. 18° 17', long. 103° 08',
+ elev. 200-250 m. A barranca south of San Pedro Naranjestila
+ in the Sierra de Coalcomán; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Hidalgo (Ciudad).--Lat. 19° 32', long. 100° 34', elev. 2100
+ m. A town in the valley of the Río Tuxpan;
+ mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.
+
+ Higuerita (La).--Lat. 18° 12', long. 103° 06', sea level. A
+ place name on the Pacific coast; sandy beach and arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Higuertas (Las).--Lat. 18° 39', long. 103° 17', elev. 1600
+ m. A ranch about 7 hours by mule southwest of Coalcomán;
+ pine-oak forest.
+
+ Hondo (Puerto).--Lat. 19° 25', long. 100° 13', elev. 2750 m.
+ A pass in the mountains, 14 kilometers by road east of
+ Zitácuaro (just west of Macho de Agua); pine, oak, and fir
+ forest.
+
+ Huancana (La).--Lat. 18° 58', long. 101° 50', elev. 550 m. A
+ village in the Balsas Basin; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Huahua (La).--Lat. 18° 12', long. 103° 00', sea level. A
+ small village on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
+ forest and gallery forest along the Arroyo de Huahua.
+
+ Huetamo.--Lat. 18° 38', long. 100° 53', elev. 300 m. A town
+ in the Balsas Valley; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Huingo.--Lat. 19° 55', long. 100° 50', elev. 1800 m. A
+ village on the eastern edge of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Jacona.--Lat. 19° 57', long. 102° 18', elev. 1600 m. A small
+ town, 4.3 kilometers by road southwest of Zamora;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Jaramillo.--Lat. 19° 20', long. 102° 02', elev. 1500 m. A
+ ranch 9 kilometers by road south of Uruapan; pine-oak
+ forest.
+
+ Jazmin.--Lat. 18° 52', long. 101° 58', elev. 275 m. A
+ village in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 32 kilometers by road
+ southeast of Cuatro Caminos; open arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Jeráhuaro.--Lat. 19° 52', long. 100° 35', elev. 2600 m. A
+ town in the northern part of the state and located east of
+ Lago de Cuitzeo; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Jiquilpan.--Lat. 19° 59', long. 102° 43', elev. 1570 m. A
+ town just southeast of Lago de Chapala; mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Jorullo (Volcán).--Lat 19° 00', long. 101° 45', elev. 1300
+ m. (crest). A cinder and lava cone rising from the foothills
+ of the Cordillera Volcánica; arid tropical scrub forest on
+ lower slopes and pine-oak forest on top.
+
+ Jungapeo.--Lat. 19° 26', long. 100° 29', elev. 1430 m. A
+ village in the valley of the Río Tuxpan, about 13 kilometers
+ south of Tuxpan on the southern slopes of the Mexican
+ Plateau; tropical semi-deciduous forest and pine-oak forest.
+
+ Lengua de Vaca (Puerto de).--Lat. 19° 26', long. 100° 13',
+ elev. 2900 m. A pass in the mountains at the
+ Michoacán-Mexico border through which passes the Mexico
+ City-Morelia highway; pine and fir forest.
+
+ Lerma (Río).--A river originating in the state of México and
+ flowing westward, and forming the northern boundary of the
+ state of Michoacán, to Lago de Chapala.
+
+ Lima (San Juan de).--Lat. 18° 29', long. 102° 42', sea
+ level. A ranch on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
+ forest and tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Lima (Punta San Juan de).--Lat. 18° 38', long. 102° 43', sea
+ level. A rocky promontory jutting into the Pacific Ocean
+ just southwest of San Juan de Lima; arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Limoncito.--Lat. 18° 45', long. 102° 43', elev. 730 m. A
+ ranch 10 kilometers north of Aguililla; arid tropical scrub
+ forest; tropical semi-deciduous gallery forest along the
+ nearby Río Tepecuate.
+
+ Lombardia.--Lat. 19° 08', long. 102° 02', elev. 640 m. A
+ town in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 38 kilometers by road south
+ of Uruapan; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Lleguas (Acuaro de las).--Lat. 18° 48', long. 102° 52',
+ elev. 2320 m. A place name for a stream and meadow (Llano de
+ la Llegua) surrounded by pine-oak forest, located about 10
+ hours by mule east of Coalcomán.
+
+ Macho de Agua.--Lat. 19° 25', long. 100° 15', elev. 2850 m.
+ A ranch just west of Puerto de Lengua de Vaca and 16
+ kilometers by road east of Zitácuaro; mixed oak, pine, and
+ fir forest.
+
+ Maquili.--Lat. 18° 36', long. 103° 32', elev. 120 m. A
+ village on the Río Aquila about 3 kilometers south-southwest
+ of Aguila; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Maravatio.--Lat. 19° 53', long. 100° 27', elev. 2010 m. A
+ town in the Río Lerma Valley; irrigated fields on flats and
+ pine-oak forest on slopes.
+
+ Marquez (Río).--A tributary to the Río Tepalcatepec, flowing
+ through a deep gorge (Barranca del Marquez) between
+ Lombardia and Nueva Italia. The stream originates from
+ springs near Uruapan, where the stream is known as the Río
+ Cupatitzio.
+
+ Maruata.--Lat. 18° 17', long. 103° 20', sea level. Place
+ name for a Nineteenth Century port of little importance near
+ the mouth of the Río Coire; sandy beach, fresh-water lagoon,
+ and arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Mexcala (Laguna).--Lat. 18° 29', long. 103° 41', sea level.
+ A brackish lagoon surrounded by mangroves, located just
+ southwest of El Ticuiz.
+
+ Mil Cumbres.--Lat. 19° 39', long. 100° 47', elev. 2800 m. A
+ name for a look-out on the México-Morelia highway in Atzimba
+ National Park, about 32 kilometers by road west-southwest of
+ Ciudad Hidalgo; pine and fir forest.
+
+ Mira (La).--Lat. 18° 05', long. 102° 20', elev. 20 m. A
+ small village about 5 kilometers north-northeast of Playa
+ Azul; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Morelia.--Lat. 19° 43', long. 101° 10', elev. 1900 m.
+ Capital of and largest city in Michoacán; mesquite-grassland
+ on flats and pine-oak forest on surrounding hills.
+
+ Morelia (Río de).--A small, intermittent stream originating
+ in the mountains south of Morelia and emptying into Lago de
+ Cuitzeo.
+
+ Motín del Oro.--Lat. 18° 14', long. 103° 48', sea level. A
+ ranch on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Motín (Río).--Lat. 18° 13', long. 103° 48' (mouth). A small
+ river flowing from the Sierra de Coalcomán into the Pacific
+ Ocean.
+
+ Nahuatzen (Nauhuatzin).--Lat. 19° 42', long. 101° 50', elev.
+ 2450 m. A Tarascan village in the mountains west of Lago de
+ Pátzcuaro; pine forest.
+
+ Nexpa (Río).--Lat. 18° 05', long. 102° 47' (mouth). A large
+ river draining the central part of the Sierra de Coalcomán,
+ originating near Aguililla, and flowing into the Pacific
+ Ocean.
+
+ Nogueleras.--Lat. 18° 34', long. 103° 17', elev. 1600 m. A
+ ranch about 10 hours by mule south-southwest of Coalcomán;
+ oak forest.
+
+ Nueva Italia.--Lat. 19° 02', long. 102° 07', elev. 380 m. A
+ town in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 59 kilometers by road south
+ of Uruapan; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Nuevo (Rancho).--Lat. 18° 26', long. 102° 07', elev. 520 m.
+ A ranch 7 kilometers by road north-northeast of San Salvador
+ in the northern foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán; arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Ocorla.--Lat. 18° 38', long. 103° 07', elev. 885 m. A ranch
+ about 6 hours by mule south-southeast of Coalcomán; scrubby
+ oak forest.
+
+ Opopeo.--Lat. 19° 24', long. 101° 37', elev. 2800 m. A
+ village 16 kilometers south of Pátzcuaro; pine and fir
+ forest.
+
+ Orilla (La).--Lat. 18° 00', long. 102° 12', elev. 10 m. The
+ site of a former hacienda of the same name near the mouth of
+ the Río Balsas; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Oropeo.--Lat. 18° 52', long. 101° 48', elev. 300 m. A
+ village in the Tepalcatepec Valley about 13 kilometers south
+ of La Huacana; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Ostula.--Lat. 18° 30', long. 103° 28', elev. 120 m. A
+ village in the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcomán,
+ located on the Río Ostula about 16 kilometers east-southeast
+ of La Placita; arid tropical scrub forest and scattered
+ tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Ozumatlán (Sierra de).--A range in the Cordillera Volcánica
+ extending east-northeast from a point south of Morelia to
+ Queréndaro and reaching elevations in excess of 2600 m.
+
+ Palma (La).--Lat. 20° 09', long. 102° 46', elev. 1525 m. A
+ village on the southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala;
+ lake-shore marshes and mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Paracho.--Lat. 19° 39', long. 102° 02', elev. 2375 m. A
+ Tarascan village in the Cordillera Volcánica, located 35
+ kilometers by road north of Uruapan; pine forest.
+
+ Parangaricutiro (San Juan de).--Lat. 19° 30', long. 102°
+ 15', elev. 2200 m. A former Tarascan village that was
+ destroyed by the eruption of Volcán Parícutin; lava and
+ volcanic ash amidst open pine forest.
+
+ Parícutin (Volcán).--Lat. 19° 30', long. 102° 16', elev.
+ 2200 m. at base and 2700 m. at summit. A volcano born in
+ February, 1943; it ceased to be active in December, 1951,
+ and is located at the north-northeastern base of Cerro de
+ Tancítaro; volcanic ash and lava amidst open pine forest.
+
+ Paso Ancho.--Lat. 19° 28', long. 100° 52', elev. 1100 m. A
+ small village 30 kilometers south of El Temazcal on the road
+ to Huetamo; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Patamba (Sierra).--Lat. 19° 45', long. 102° 21', elev. 3700
+ m. at summit. A mountain, the summit of which is about 22
+ kilometers southwest of Tangancícuaro; pine forest from 2000
+ to 2600 m.; fir forest above 2600 m.
+
+ Pátzcuaro.--Lat. 19° 30', long. 101° 36', elev. 2200 m. A
+ town near the southeastern shore of Lago de Pátzcuaro; pine
+ forest.
+
+ Pátzcuaro (Lago de).--A large lake on the southwestern part
+ of the Mexican Plateau at an elevation of 2165 m. It has no
+ outlet. The lake is surrounded by mountains supporting pine
+ and pine-oak forest. Along the southern and eastern shores
+ of the lake are small marshes.
+
+ Peñas (Las).--Lat. 18° 03', long. 102° 38', sea level. A
+ small village on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Pichi (Estero).--Lat. 18° 01', long. 102° 24', sea level. A
+ brackish lagoon surrounded by mangroves and coconut groves,
+ located just east of Playa Azul.
+
+ Pino Gordo.--Lat. 19° 42', long. 100° 45', elev. 2600 m. A
+ ranch 37 kilometers by road west of Ciudad Hidalgo; pine-oak
+ forest.
+
+ Placita (La).--Lat. 18° 32', long. 103° 37', elev. 20 m. A
+ village on the coastal lowlands, located on the Río Aquila;
+ arid tropical scrub forest; tropical semi-deciduous forest
+ along the river.
+
+ Playa (La).--Lat. 18° 57', long. 102° 33', elev. 800 m. A
+ small village on the western edge of the lava flow of Volcán
+ Jorullo; arid tropical scrub forest and some tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest in ravines.
+
+ Playa Azul.--Lat. 18° 01', long. 102° 25', sea level. A
+ village on the Pacific coast near the mouth of the Río
+ Carrizal; arid tropical scrub forest; coconut plantations;
+ mangrove-lined lagoons.
+
+ Pómaro.--Lat. 18° 18', long. 103° 17', elev. 300 m. An
+ Indian village in the southern foothills of the Sierra de
+ Coalcomán, located about 3 hours by mule north-northeast of
+ Maruata; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Pozos (Los).--Lat. 18° 30', long. 103° 17', elev. 300 m. A
+ ranch located about 5 hours by mule north of Coire; tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Queréndaro.--Lat. 19° 48', long. 100° 53', elev. 1900 m. A
+ town on the Mexican Plateau south of Lago de Cuitzeo;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Quiroga.--Lat. 19° 42', long. 101° 30', elev. 2200 m. A
+ Tarascan town on the north edge of Lago de Pátzcuaro;
+ mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.
+
+ Reyes (Los).--Lat. 19° 35', long. 102° 28', elev. 1500 m. A
+ town in western Michoacán, 50 kilometers south-southwest of
+ Zamora; mesquite-grassland, oak and pine forest.
+
+ Sabino (El).--Lat. 19° 14', long. 102° 03', elev. 1050 m. A
+ hacienda about 24 kilometers south of Uruapan; arid tropical
+ scrub forest, many streams, rice fields.
+
+ Sahuayo.--Lat. 20° 05', long. 102° 43', elev. 1550 m. A town
+ just south of the eastern end of Lago de Chapala;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Salada (La).--Lat. 19° 07', long. 102° 00', elev. 580 m. A
+ ranch southwest of Lombardia; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Salto (Arroyo El).--Lat. 18° 45', long. 103° 04', elev. 1370
+ m. A valley of the Río Flores about 3 hours by mule
+ east-southeast of Coalcomán; pine-oak forest.
+
+ San Andrés (Cerro).--Lat. 19° 48', long. 100° 35', elev.
+ 3950 m. at summit. A mountain, the summit of which is about
+ 16 kilometers north-northwest of Ciudad Hidalgo; oak forest
+ to 2500 m. and pine and fir forest above 2500 m.
+
+ San José (de la Cumbre).--Lat. 19° 41', long. 100° 50',
+ elev. 2750 m. A ranch 51 kilometers by road east of Morelia;
+ pine and fir forest.
+
+ San José (de la Montaña).--Lat. 18° 25', long. 103° 06',
+ elev. 750 m. A village sometimes called La Guitarra, located
+ 14 hours by mule south-southeast of Coalcomán; tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ San Pedro Naranjestila.--Lat. 18° 17', long. 103° 06', elev.
+ 500 m. An Indian village in the southern foothills of the
+ Sierra de Coalcomán; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ San Salvador.--Lat. 18° 25', long. 102° 08', elev. 700 m. A
+ small village in the Sierra de Coalcomán, 37 kilometers by
+ road northeast of Arteaga; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ San Telmo (Ojos de Agua de).--Lat. 18° 37', long. 103° 42',
+ sea level. A small settlement at the base of Punto San Juan
+ de Lima; tropical semi-deciduous forest and groves of oil
+ palms.
+
+ San Telmo (Punta).--Lat. 18° 18', long. 103° 29', sea level.
+ A rocky promontory jutting into the Pacific Ocean, on which
+ there is a lighthouse (El Faro); arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Santa Ana.--Lat. 18° 27', long. 102° 06', elev. 600 m. A
+ ranch about 4 kilometers by road northeast of San Salvador;
+ arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Tacámbaro.--Lat. 19° 05', long. 101° 22', elev. 1820 m. A
+ town in the Cordillera Volcánica; pine forest.
+
+ Tacícuaro.--Lat. 19° 38', long. 101° 18', elev. 2000 m. A
+ village 21 kilometers east-southeast of Quiroga;
+ mesquite-grassland and scrubby oak forest.
+
+ Tafetan.--Lat. 19° 43', long. 100° 52', elev. 1000 m. A
+ village 40 kilometers by road south of El Temazcal; arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Tancítaro.--Lat. 19° 20', long. 102° 22', elev. 1850 m. A
+ small town on the southern slope of Cerro de Tancítaro;
+ pine-oak forest.
+
+ Tancítaro (Cerro de).--Lat. 19° 25', long. 102° 18', elev.
+ 3870 m. at summit. An old volcano in the Cordillera
+ Volcánica; the southern slope drops into the Tepalcatepec
+ Valley; the summit is about 30 kilometers west of Uruapan;
+ pine and oak forest on lower slopes replaced by pine or fir
+ forest above.
+
+ Tangamandapio.--Lat. 19° 56', long. 102° 25', elev. 1700 m.
+ A small town on the Mexican Plateau between Jiquilpan and
+ Zamora; mesquite-grassland and irrigated fields.
+
+ Tangancícuaro.--Lat. 19° 52', long. 102° 13', elev. 1770 m.
+ A town 12 kilometers by road southeast of Zamora;
+ mesquite-grassland and irrigated fields.
+
+ Tarascos (Sierra de los).--A name applied to that part of
+ the Cordillera Volcánica extending eastward from Cerro de
+ Tancítaro and Sierra Patamba to Pátzcuaro.
+
+ Tarécuaro.--Lat. 19° 53', long. 102° 29', elev. 1700 m. A
+ village on the Mexican Plateau, 26 kilometers southwest of
+ Zamora; mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.
+
+ Tecatas (Las).--Lat. 18° 36', long. 103° 17', elev. 1950 m.
+ A ranch located about 10 hours by mule south-southwest of
+ Coalcomán; oak forest.
+
+ Temazcal (El).--Lat. 19° 40', long. 100° 56', elev. 2200 m.
+ A road junction, 29 kilometers east of Morelia; here the
+ road to Huetamo leads south from the Mexico City-Morelia
+ highway; pine forest.
+
+ Tepalcatepec.--Lat. 19° 10', long. 102° 50', elev. 570 m. A
+ village in the upper Tepalcatepec Valley; arid tropical
+ scrub forest.
+
+ Tepalcatepec (Río).--A large river having its headwaters in
+ southeastern Jalisco and flowing through a broad valley,
+ which separates the Cordillera Volcánica from the Sierra de
+ Coalcomán, to the Río Balsas.
+
+ Ticuiz (El).--Lat. 18° 40', long. 103° 40', elev. 10 m. A
+ village on the coastal plain about 11 kilometers south of
+ Coahuayana; arid tropical scrub forest and tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Tinguidín.--Lat. 19° 45', long. 102° 28', elev. 1800 m. A
+ small town, 17 kilometers north of Los Reyes; pine-oak
+ forest.
+
+ Tizupan (Río).--Lat. 18° 09', long. 102° 55' (mouth). A
+ small river flowing southward from the Sierra de Coalcomán
+ to the Pacific Ocean.
+
+ Tlalpujahua.--Lat. 19° 48', long. 100° 10', elev. 2600 m. A
+ mining town in the northeastern part of the state; pine and
+ fir forest.
+
+ Tumbiscatio.--Lat. 18° 32', long. 102° 20', elev. 900 m. A
+ town in the Sierra de Coalcomán; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Tupátaro.--Lat. 19° 53', long. 100° 15', elev. 2050 m. A
+ village in the northeastern corner of the state, 13
+ kilometers northwest of Tlalpujahua; oak forest.
+
+ Tuxpan.--Lat. 19° 35', long. 100° 27', elev. 1850 m. A town
+ in a basin nearly surrounded by mountains and near the
+ headwaters of the Río Tuxpan, 19 kilometers by road
+ east-southeast of Ciudad Hidalgo; arid mesquite-grassland
+ and irrigated fields.
+
+ Tuxpan (Río).--A river draining the mountains in the eastern
+ part of the state and flowing southward into the Río Balsas.
+
+ Tzararacua (Cascada).--Lat. 19° 18', long. 102° 02', 1430 m.
+ A waterfalls of the Río Cupatitzio, 10.5 kilometers by road
+ south of Uruapan; oak forest with scattered pines.
+
+ Tzintzuntzan.--Lat. 19° 38', long. 101° 35', elev. 2170 m. A
+ village at the site of the seat of the ancient Tarascan
+ empire on the eastern shore of Lago de Pátzcuaro; grasslands
+ and marshes.
+
+ Tzitzio.--Lat. 19° 35', long. 100° 55', elev. 1630 m. A
+ village 16 kilometers by road south of El Temazcal; pine-oak
+ and arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Ucareo (Serranía de).--A part of the Cordillera Volcánica,
+ including Cerro San Andrés.
+
+ Undameo.--Lat. 19° 34', long. 101° 17', elev. 2000 m. A
+ village 20 kilometers west-southwest of Morelia;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Uruapan.--Lat. 19° 25', long. 102° 02', elev. 1630 m. A
+ large town on the southern slopes of the Cordillera
+ Volcánica; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Zacapu.--Lat. 19° 48', long. 101° 47', elev. 2000 m. A town
+ on the Mexican Plateau; mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Zamora.--Lat. 19° 59', long. 102° 17', elev. 1570 m. A large
+ town on the Mexican Plateau; mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Zicuiran.--Lat. 18° 53', long. 101° 55', elev. 190 m. A
+ small village 23 kilometers east-southeast of Cuatro
+ Caminos; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Zinapécuaro.--Lat. 19° 52', long. 100° 49', elev. 1900 m. A
+ town near the southeastern end of Lago de Cuitzeo;
+ mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.
+
+ Ziracuaretiro.--Lat. 19° 25', long. 101° 52', elev. 1230 m.
+ A village 19 kilometers by road east of Uruapan; transition
+ between pine-oak forest and arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Zirimícuaro.--Lat. 19° 24', long. 101° 56', elev. 1300 m. A
+ hacienda 13 kilometers by road east of Uruapan; pine-oak
+ forest and fields of sugar cane.
+
+ Zitácuaro.--Lat. 19° 25', long. 100° 21', elev. 2100 m. A
+ town in the highlands of eastern Michoacán; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Zurumbeneo.--Lat. 19° 43', long. 101° 02', elev. 2100 m. A
+ ranch 19 kilometers by road east of Morelia; scrubby oak
+ forest.
+
+
+
+
+SUMMARY
+
+
+The preceding analysis of the amphibians and reptiles of the state of
+Michoacán shows that the herpetofauna is composed of 176 species and
+subspecies definitely recorded from the state, plus ten others that
+probably occur there. Ten species are reported for the first time from
+Michoacán: _Pseudoeurycea robertsi_, _Leptodactylus occidentalis_,
+_Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_, _Pternohyla fodiens_, _Hypopachus
+caprimimus_, _Phyllodactylus homolepidurus_, _Anolis dunni_, _Sceloporus
+bulleri_, _Sceloporus heterolepis,_ and _Geagras redimitus_. Five
+species that have been reported previously from Michoacán are based on
+specimens having unreliable locality data or on misidentifications;
+therefore, the following species are not considered to be a part of the
+herpetofauna of Michoacán: _Caiman crocodilus fuscus_, _Urosaurus
+irregularis_, _Geophis nasalis_, _Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis_,
+and _Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri_.
+
+Systematic studies based at least in part on specimens from Michoacán
+have resulted in a redefinition of nine species and subspecies: _Bufo
+marmoreus_, _Bufo perplexus_, _Anolis nebulosus_, _Anolis nebuloides_,
+_Sceloporus bulleri_, _Sceloporus heterolepis_, _Sceloporus melanorhinus
+calligaster_, _Hypsiglena torquata torquata_, and _Hypsiglena torquata
+ochrorhyncha_.
+
+Nine species that previously have been recognized as valid have been
+placed in synonymy. These are: _Bufo horribilis_ Wiegmann, 1833, and
+_Bufo angustipes_ Smith and Taylor, 1945, as synonyms of _Bufo marinus_
+(Linnaeus), 1758. _Microbatrachylus albolabris_ Taylor, 1940,
+_Microbatrachylus minimus_ Taylor, 1940, and _Microbatrachylus imitator_
+Taylor, 1942, as synonyms of _Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_ (Taylor), 1937.
+_Phrynohyas corasterias_ Shannon and Humphrey, 1957, as a synonym of
+_Phrynohyas inflata_ (Taylor), 1944. _Hyla microeximia_ Maslin, 1957, as
+a synonym of _Hyla eximia_ Baird, 1854. _Hylella azteca_ Taylor, 1943,
+as a synonym of _Hyla smaragdina_ Taylor, 1940. _Loxocemus sumichrasti_
+Bocourt, 1876, as a synonym of _Loxocemus bicolor_ Cope, 1861.
+_Eleutherodactylus vocalis_ Taylor, 1940, is considered to be a
+subspecies of _Eleutherodactylus rugulosus_. The populations of
+_Thamnophis dorsalis_ in the Tepalcatepec Valley are shown to be
+distinct from those inhabiting the highlands of the state; _Thamnophis
+dorsalis postremus_ Smith, 1942, is revived for the population in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+Descriptions are given of the tadpoles of _Bufo occidentalis_ and _Hyla
+bistincta_.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+ANDERSON, J. D.
+
+1960. _Storeria storerioides_ in western Mexico. Herpetologica, 16:63-6,
+March 31.
+
+
+BOGERT, C. M., and OLIVER, J. A.
+
+1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bull. Amer.
+Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:297-426, March 30.
+
+
+BOULENGER, G. A.
+
+1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum, vol. II. London,
+xiii + 497 pp., November 15.
+
+1894. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, vol. II, London, xi
++ 382 pp., September 23.
+
+
+CONANT, R.
+
+1953. Three new water snakes of the genus _Natrix_ from Mexico. Nat.
+Hist. Misc., 126:1-9, September 15.
+
+
+CONTRERAS ARIAS, A.
+
+1942. Mapa de las provincias climatologicas de la República Méxicana.
+Dir. Meteoro, Hidro. Inst. Geog. México, xxvii + 54 pp.
+
+
+COPE, E. D.
+
+1861. Contributions to the ophidiology of Lower California, Mexico, and
+Central America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13:292-306,
+December 28.
+
+1887. Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and
+Mexico. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 32:1-98.
+
+
+DAVIS, W. B.
+
+1954. Three new anoles from Mexico. Herpetologica, 10:1-6, April 20.
+
+
+DAVIS, W. B., and DIXON, J. R.
+
+1957. Notes on Mexican snakes (Ophidia). Southwest. Nat., 2:19-27,
+January.
+
+
+DAVIS, W. B., and SMITH, H. M.
+
+1953. Lizards and turtles of the Mexican state of Morelos.
+Herpetologica. 9:100-108, July 22.
+
+
+DIXON, J. R.
+
+1957. Geographic variation and distribution of the genus _Tomodactylus_
+in Mexico. Texas Jour. Sci., 9:379-409, December.
+
+1960. Two new geckos, genus _Phyllodactylus_ (Reptilia: Sauria), from
+Michoacán, Mexico. Southwest. Nat., 5:37-42, April 15.
+
+
+DOWLING, H. G.
+
+1960. A taxonomic study of the ratsnakes, genus _Elaphe_ Fitzinger. VII.
+The _triaspis_ section, Zoologica, 45:53-80, August 15.
+
+
+DUELLMAN, W. E.
+
+1954a. The salamander _Plethodon richmondi_ in southwestern Ohio.
+Copeia, 1950 (1):40-45, February 19.
+
+1954b. The amphibians and reptiles of Jorullo Volcano, Michoacan,
+Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 560:1-24, October 22.
+
+1955. A new whiptail lizard, genus _Cnemidorphorus_, from Mexico. Occ.
+Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 574:1-7, December 23.
+
+1956a. The frogs of the hylid genus _Phrynohyas_ Fitzinger, 1843. Misc.
+Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 96:1-47, February 21.
+
+1956b. A new snake of the genus _Leptotyphlops_ from Michoacán, México.
+Copeia, 1956 (2):93-94, May 29.
+
+1957a. Sexual dimorphism in the hylid frog _Agalychnis dacnicolor_ Cope,
+and the status of _Agalychnis alcorni_ Taylor. Herpetologica, 13:29-30,
+March 30.
+
+1957b. Notes on snakes from the Mexican state of Sinaloa. Herpetologica,
+13:237-240, October 31.
+
+1958a. A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus _Leptodeira_.
+Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:1-152, February 24.
+
+1958b. Comments on the type locality and geographic distribution of
+_Urosaurus gadowi_. Copeia, 1958 (1):48-49, February 21.
+
+1958c. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Colima, Mexico.
+Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 589:1-22, March 21.
+
+1959. Two new snakes, genus _Geophis_, from Michoacan, Mexico. Occ. Pap.
+Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 605:1-9, May 29.
+
+1960a. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán,
+México. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:587-598, May 2.
+
+1960b. A taxonomic study of the Middle American snake Pituophis deppei,
+Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:599-610, May 2.
+
+1960c. Variation, distribution, and ecology of the Mexican teiid lizard
+_Cnemidophorus calidipes_. Copeia, 1960(2):97-101, June 29.
+
+1960d. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of
+Tehuantepec, México. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13:19-72,
+August 16.
+
+
+DUELLMAN, W. E., and DIXON, J. R.
+
+1959. A new frog of the genus _Tomodactylus_ from Michoacán, Mexico.
+Texas Jour. Sci., 11:78-82, March.
+
+
+DUELLMAN, W. E., and DUELLMAN, A. S.
+
+1959. Notes on the variation, distribution, and ecology of the iguanid
+lizard _Enyaliosaurus clarki_. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
+598:1-10, February 16.
+
+
+DUELLMAN, W. E., and WELLMAN, J.
+
+1960. A systematic study of the lizards of the _deppei_ group (Genus
+_Cnemidophorus_) in Mexico and Guatemala. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 111:1-80, February 10.
+
+
+DUGÈS, A.
+
+1884. Dos reptiles de Mexico. La Naturaleza, 6:359-362.
+
+1891. _Eumeces altamirani_ A. Dug. La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:485-486.
+
+1896. Reptiles y batracios de los E. U. Mexicanos. La Naturaleza, ser.
+2, 2:479-485.
+
+
+DUMÉRIL, A. M., and BOCOURT, F.
+
+1870-1909. Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale,
+Recherches zoologiques. Études sur les reptiles. Paris, xiv + 1012 pp.
+
+
+FISCHER, J. G.
+
+1882. Herpetologische Bemerkengen vorzugsweise über Stücke der Sammlung
+des Naturhistorischen Museum in Bremen. Abhand. Naturwiss. Ver. Bremen,
+7:225-238.
+
+1883. Beschreibungen neuer Reptilien. Akad. Gymnas. Hamburg, 1883:1-16.
+
+
+FITCH, H. S., and MILSTEAD, W. W.
+
+1961. An older name for _Thamnophis cyrtopsis_ (Kennicott). Copeia, no.
+1:112, March 17, 1961.
+
+
+FUNKHOUSER, A.
+
+1957. A review of the Neotropical tree-frogs of the genus
+_Phyllomedusa_. Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford Univ., 5:1-90, April
+1.
+
+
+GADOW, H.
+
+1905. Distribution of Mexican amphibians and reptiles. Proc. Zool. Soc.
+London, 1905:191-244, October 7.
+
+1930. Jorullo. Cambridge Univ. Press, xviii + 100 pp.
+
+
+GLOYD, H. K.
+
+1948. Description of a neglected subspecies of rattlesnake from Mexico.
+Nat. Hist. Misc., 17:1-4, April 23.
+
+
+GOIN, C. J.
+
+1950. Color pattern inheritance in some frogs of the genus
+_Eleutherodactylus_. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 9:1-15, March 3.
+
+1954. Remarks on evolution of color pattern in the _gossei_ group of the
+frog genus _Eleutherodactylus_. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 33:185-195, June 4.
+
+
+GOLDMAN, E. A.
+
+1951. Biological investigations in Mexico. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 115,
+xii + 476 pp., July 31.
+
+
+GUZMÁN-RIVAS, P.
+
+1957. Rainfall analysis for some stations in southwest Mexico. _In_
+Brand, Coastal study of southwest Mexico, Part I. Univ. Texas, Austin,
+xii + 140 pp., June 15.
+
+
+HOROWITZ, S. B.
+
+1955. An arrangement of the subspecies of the horned toad, _Phrynosoma
+orbiculare_ (Iguanidae). Amer. Midl. Nat., 54:209-218, July.
+
+
+KLAUBER, L. M.
+
+1945. The geckos of the genus Coleonyx with descriptions of new
+subspecies. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:133-216, March 9.
+
+1952. Taxonomic studies of the rattlesnakes of Mainland Mexico. Bull.
+Zool. Soc. San Diego, 26:1-143, August 8.
+
+
+LANGEBARTEL, D. A.
+
+1959. A new lizard (_Sceloporus_) from the Sierra Madre Occidental of
+Mexico. Herpetologica, 15:25-27, February 25.
+
+
+MALDONADO-KOERDELL, M.
+
+1948. Los colecciones de anfibios del Museo Alfredo Dugès en la
+Universidad de Guanajuato, I--Urodelos. Mem. Revist. Acad. Nac. Cien.,
+56:185-226.
+
+
+MARTIN, P. S.
+
+1958. A biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the Gómez Farías
+Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
+101:1-102, April 15.
+
+
+MASLIN, T. P.
+
+1957. _Hyla microeximia_ sp. n., Hylidae, Amphibia, from Jalisco,
+Mexico. Herpetologica, 13:81-86, July 10.
+
+
+MILSTEAD, W. W.
+
+1953. Geographic variation in the garter snake, _Thamnophis cyrtopsis_.
+Texas Jour. Sci., 5:348-379, September.
+
+
+MOSIMANN, J. E.
+
+1956. Variation and relative growth in the plastral scutes of the turtle
+_Kinosternon integrum_ LeConte. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
+97:1-43, November 7.
+
+
+MOSIMANN, J. E., and RABB, G. B.
+
+1953. A new subspecies of the turtle _Geoemyda rubida_ (Cope) from
+western Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 548:1-7, November
+9.
+
+
+OLIVER, J. A.
+
+1937. Notes on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the state of
+Colima, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 360:1-28, November
+20.
+
+
+ORTON, G.
+
+1943. The tadpole of _Rhinophrynus dorsalis_. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 472:1-8, May 18.
+
+
+PETERS, J. A.
+
+1954. The amphibians and reptiles of the coast and coastal sierra of
+Michoacán, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 554:1-37, June
+23.
+
+1955. Notes on the frog genus _Diaglena_ Cope. Nat. Hist. Misc.,
+143:1-8, March 28.
+
+1957. The eggs (turtle) and I. Biologist, 39:21-4.
+
+
+RABB, G. B.
+
+1958. On certain Mexican salamanders of the plethodontid genus
+_Chiropterotriton_. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 587:1-37, June
+6.
+
+
+RABB, G. B., and MOSIMANN, J. E.
+
+1955. The tadpole of _Hyla robertsorum_ with comments on the affinities
+of the species. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 563:1-9, March 29.
+
+
+REEVE, W. L.
+
+1952. Taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizards genus
+_Phrynosoma_. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34 (pt. 2):817-960, February 15.
+
+
+SCHMIDT, K. P., and SHANNON, F. A.
+
+1947. Notes on amphibians and reptiles of Michoacán, Mexico. Fieldiana,
+zool., 31:63-85, February 20.
+
+
+SHANNON, F. A., and HUMPHREY, F. L.
+
+1957. A new species of _Phrynohyas_ from Nayarit. Herpetologica,
+13:15-18, March 30.
+
+1958. A discussion of the polytypic species, _Hypopachus oxyrrhinus_,
+with a description of a new subspecies. Herpetologica, 14:85-95, July
+23.
+
+
+SMITH, H. M.
+
+1938. The lizards of the _torquatus_ group of the genus _Sceloporus_
+Wiegmann, 1828. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 24:539-693, February 16.
+
+1939. The Mexican and Central American lizards of the genus
+_Sceloporus_. Zool. ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 26:1-397, July 27.
+
+1941a. A review of the subspecies of the indigo snake (_Drymarchon
+corais_). Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 31:466-481, November 11.
+
+1941b. Notes on the snake genus _Trimorphodon_. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+91:149-168, November 10.
+
+1942a. Mexican Herpetological Miscellany. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+92:349-395, November 5.
+
+1942b. The synonymy of the garter snakes (_Thamnophis_), with notes on
+Mexican and Central American species. Zoologica, 27:97-123, October 23.
+
+1942c. Remarks on the Mexican king snakes of the triangulum group. Proc.
+Rochester Acad. Sci., 8:196-207, September 10.
+
+1942d. Descriptions of new species and subspecies of Mexican snakes of
+the genus _Rhadinaea_. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:185-192, December
+31.
+
+1943. Summary of the collections of snakes and crocodilians made in
+Mexico under the Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship. Proc. U.
+S. Natl. Mus., 93:393-504, October 29.
+
+1951. The identity of the ophidian name _Coluber eques_ Reuss. Copeia,
+1951 (2):138-140, June 8.
+
+
+SMITH, H. M., and LAUFE, L. E.
+
+1945. Notes on a herpetological collection from Oaxaca. Herpetologica,
+3:1-13, November 21.
+
+
+SMITH, H. M., and TAYLOR, E. H.
+
+1945. An annotated checklist and key to the snakes of Mexico. Bull. U.
+S. Natl. Mus., 187:iv + 239 pp., October 5.
+
+1948. An annotated checklist and key to the Amphibia of Mexico. Bull. U.
+S. Natl. Mus., 194: iv + 118 pp., June 17.
+
+1950a. Type localities of Mexican reptiles and amphibians. Univ. Kansas
+Sci. Bull., 33, pt. 2:313-380, March 20.
+
+1950b. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico
+exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 199:v + 253, October
+26.
+
+
+SMITH, P. W., and DARLING, D. M.
+
+1952. Results of a herpetological collection from eastern central
+Mexico. Herpetologica, 8:81-86, November 1.
+
+
+STICKEL, W. H.
+
+1943. The Mexican snakes of the genera _Sonora_ and _Chionactis_, with
+notes on the status of other colubrid genera. Proc. Biol. Soc.
+Washington, 56:109-128, October 19.
+
+
+STORM, M.
+
+1939. Hoofways into hot country. Bland Bros., Mexico City, 521 pp.
+
+
+STUART, L. C.
+
+1943. Comments on the herpetofauna of the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes of
+Guatemala. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 471:1-28, May 17.
+
+
+TAMAYO, J. L.
+
+1949. Geografía General de Mexico. I--Geografía Fisica. Mexico City,
+viii + 628 pp.
+
+
+TANNER, W. W.
+
+1944. A taxonomic study of the genus _Hypsiglena_. Great Basin Nat.,
+5:25-92, December 29.
+
+
+TAYLOR, E. H.
+
+1936a. New species of amphibia from Mexico. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
+39:349-363.
+
+1936b. The rediscovery of the lizard _Eumeces altamirani_ (Dugès) with
+notes on two other Mexican species of the genus. Proc. Biol. Soc.
+Washington, 49:55-58, May 1.
+
+1936c. A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan scincoid lizards of the
+genus _Eumeces_. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 23:1-643, August 15.
+
+1939a. Concerning Mexican salamanders. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+25:259-313, July 10.
+
+1939b. Frogs of the _Hyla eximia_ group in Mexico, with descriptions of
+two new species. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:421-445, July 10.
+
+1940a. A new bromeliad frog from northwestern Michoacan. Copeia, 1940
+(1):18-20, March 30.
+
+1940b. Mexican snakes of the genus _Typhlops_. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+26:441-444, November 27.
+
+1940c. Some Mexican serpents. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:445-487,
+November 27.
+
+1940d. Herpetological Miscellany. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:489-571,
+November 27.
+
+1941a. Some Mexican frogs. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54:87-94, July
+31.
+
+1941b. Herpetological Miscellany, No. II. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+27:105-138, December 30.
+
+1942a. New tailless Amphibia from Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+28:67-89, May 15.
+
+1942b. Tadpoles of Mexican Anura. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:37-55, May
+15.
+
+1942c. The frog genus _Diaglena_ with a description of a new species.
+Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:57-65, May 15.
+
+1943a. Herpetological novelties from Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+29:343-361, October 15.
+
+1943b. A new _Hylella_ from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
+56:49-52, June 16.
+
+1952. A new hylid frog of the genus _Agalychnis_ from southwestern
+Mexico. Copeia, 1952 (1):31-32, June 2.
+
+1956. A review of the lizards of Costa Rica. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38
+(pt. 1):3-322, December 20.
+
+
+TAYLOR, E. H., and SMITH, H. M.
+
+1942a. Concerning the snake genus _Pseudoficimia_ Bocourt. Univ. Kansas
+Sci. Bull., 28:241-249, November 12.
+
+1942b. The snake genera _Conopsis_ and _Toluca_. Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 28:325-363, November 12.
+
+1945. Summary of the collections of amphibians made in Mexico under the
+Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+95:521-613, June 30.
+
+
+TIHEN, J. A.
+
+1949. A review of the lizard genus _Barisia_. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+33:217-256, April 20.
+
+
+VIVÓ, J.
+
+1953. Geografía de México. Mexico City, ed. 3, 338 pp.
+
+
+WEBB, R. G.
+
+1958. The status of the Mexican lizards of the genus _Mabuya_. Univ.
+Kansas Sci. Bull., 38:1303-1313, March 2.
+
+
+WELLMAN, J.
+
+1959. Notes on the variation in and distribution of the Mexican colubrid
+snake _Coniophanes lateritius_. Herpetologica, 15:127-128, September 10.
+
+
+WOODBURY, A. M., and WOODBURY, D. M.
+
+1944. Notes on Mexican snakes from Oaxaca. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci.,
+34:360-373, November 15.
+
+
+ZWEIFEL, R. G.
+
+1957. A new frog of the genus _Rana_ from Michoacán, Mexico. Copeia,
+1957 (2):78-83, July 15.
+
+1959a. Variation in and distribution of lizards of western Mexico
+related to _Cnemidophorus sacki_. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
+117:57-116, April 27.
+
+1959b. Additions to the herpetofauna of Nayarit, Mexico. Amer. Mus.
+Novitates, 1953:1-13, June 26.
+
+1959c. Snakes of the genus _Imantodes_ in western Mexico. Amer. Mus.
+Novitates, 1961:1-18, September 16.
+
+1960. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History
+Expedition to western Mexico. 9. Herpetology of the Tres Marías Islands.
+Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 119:77-128, February 29.
+
+1961. Relationship of two whiptail lizards (genus _Cnemidophorus_) in
+western Mexico. Copeia, no. 1:98-103, March 17.
+
+
+_Transmitted April 21, 1961._
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+
+Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain
+this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas
+Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a
+particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the
+Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There
+is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library, which
+meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, which
+meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request
+copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate
+number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying
+the costs of wrapping and mailing.
+
+* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not
+the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this
+series, are as follows:
+
+
+Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638. 1946-1950.
+
+
+*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp.
+1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.
+
+
+Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and
+distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 18 figures in text. June
+12, 1951.
+
+2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George
+H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951.
+
+3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp.
+478-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.
+
+4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr.,
+and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables.
+October 10, 1951.
+
+Index. Pp. 651-681.
+
+
+*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41
+plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.
+
+
+Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.
+
+
+*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_. By
+Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10,
+1952.
+
+
+Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73
+figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.
+
+2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. By
+Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text.
+August 24, 1953.
+
+3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin H.
+Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954.
+
+4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H. Krutzsch. Pp.
+349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954.
+
+5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James S.
+Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.
+
+6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp.
+479-487. April 21, 1954.
+
+7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse. Microtus montanus, in
+Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in
+text. July 23, 1954.
+
+8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern California
+and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954.
+
+9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By Terry A.
+Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12 tables. November 15, 1954.
+
+10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin
+H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.
+
+11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E. Raymond Hall.
+Pp. 587-590. November 15. 1954.
+
+12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in
+Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608.
+March 15. 1955.
+
+13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from northeastern Mexico.
+By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955.
+
+14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By James S.
+Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.
+
+15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and systematic
+position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 619-624. 2
+figures in text. June 10, 1955.
+
+Index. Pp. 625-651.
+
+
+Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956.
+
+
+Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp.
+1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955.
+
+2. Additional records and extensions of ranges of mammals from Utah. By
+Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80.
+December 10, 1955.
+
+3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By
+Rollin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955.
+
+4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in
+Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10,
+1956.
+
+5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6
+figures in text. May 19, 1956.
+
+6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By
+Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956.
+
+7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75
+figures in text. June 15, 1956.
+
+8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with
+description of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr.
+Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956.
+
+9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp.
+347-351. August 15, 1956.
+
+10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains.
+Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957.
+
+11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco,
+Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957.
+
+12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in
+Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text.
+February 21, 1958.
+
+13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Knox Jones,
+Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958.
+
+14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By J.
+Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958.
+
+15. New Subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert
+L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958.
+
+16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp.
+405-414, 1 figure in text. May 20, 1959.
+
+17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole,
+Microtus montanus. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 415-511. 12 figures in text, 2
+tables. August 1, 1959.
+
+18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P.
+artus. By E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1
+map. January 14, 1960.
+
+19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with
+description of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and
+J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960.
+
+20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo León,
+México. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14,
+1960.
+
+21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León,
+México. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14,
+1960.
+
+22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and
+David H. Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960.
+
+23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert
+L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. June 16, 1960.
+
+Index Pp. 671-690.
+
+
+Vol. 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration. By Harrison
+B. Tordoff and Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6 figures in text, 2 tables.
+September 12, 1956.
+
+2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima.
+By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates, 1 figure. December 20, 1956.
+
+3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural History
+Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R. McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2
+plates, 7 figures in text, 4 tables. December 31, 1956.
+
+4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie vole (Microtus
+ochrogaster). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 129-161, 8 figures in text, 4
+tables. December 19, 1957.
+
+5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. By James W. Bee.
+Pp. 163-211, pls. 9-10, 1 figure in text. March 12, 1958.
+
+6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By Robert B.
+Finley, Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures in text, 35 tables.
+November 7, 1958.
+
+7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in Kansas. By
+Donald W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1959.
+
+8. Natural history of the salamander. Aneides hardyi. By Richard F.
+Johnston and Schad Gerhard. Pp. 573-585. October 8, 1959.
+
+9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán,
+México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 587-598, 2 figures in text. May 2,
+1960.
+
+10. A taxonomic study of the Middle American Snake, Pituophis deppei. By
+William E. Duellman. Pp. 599-612, 1 plate, 1 figure in text. May 2,
+1960.
+
+Index Pp. 611-626.
+
+
+Vol. 11. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-703, 1958-1960.
+
+
+Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis,
+Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text,
+July 8, 1959.
+
+2. The ancestry of modern Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in text. July 10, 1959.
+
+3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-218, 49
+figures in text. February 19, 1960.
+
+4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures
+in text. May 2, 1960.
+
+More numbers will appear in volume 12.
+
+
+Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows (Cyprinidae). By
+Frank B. Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960.
+
+2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the isthmus of
+Tehuantepec, México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 19-72, pls. 1-8, 3
+figs. August 16, 1960.
+
+3. A new subspecies of the slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta) from
+Coahuila, México. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pis. 9-12, 3 figures in
+text. August 16, 1960.
+
+4. Autecology of the Copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 85-288, pls.
+13-20, 26 figures in text. November 30, 1960.
+
+5. Occurrence of the Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the Great
+Plains and Rocky Mountains. By Henry S. Fitch and T. Paul Maslin. Pp.
+289-308, 4 figures in text. February 10, 1961.
+
+6. Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas. By James E. Deacon and Artie
+L. Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in text. February 10, 1961.
+
+7. Geographic variation in the North American Cyprinid Fish, Hybopsis
+gracilis. By Leonard J. Olund and Frank B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pis.
+21-24, 2 figures in text. February 10, 1961.
+
+8. Descriptions of two species of frogs, Genus Ptychohyla--studies of
+American hylid frogs, V. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 349-357, pl. 25, 2
+figures in text. April 27, 1961.
+
+9. Fish populations, following a drought, in the Neosho and Marais des
+Cygnes rivers of Kansas. By James Everett Deacon. Pp. 359-427, pis.
+26-30, 3 figs. in text. August 11, 1961.
+
+More numbers will appear in volume 13.
+
+
+Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats from western México. By Sydney Anderson.
+Pp. 1-8. October 24, 1960.
+
+2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis
+on the central Great Plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones,
+Jr. and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961.
+
+3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson.
+Pp. 29-67, pls. 1-2, 3 figures in text. July 24, 1961.
+
+More numbers will appear in volume 14.
+
+
+Vol. 15. 1. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacán, México. By William
+E. Duellman. Pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs. December 20, 1961.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Amphibians and Reptiles of
+Michoacán, México, by William E. Duellman
+
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+ .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+ .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+ .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+
+ </style>
+ </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán,
+México, by William E. Duellman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacán, México
+
+Author: William E. Duellman
+
+Release Date: August 27, 2010 [EBook #33543]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES OF MICHOACAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br />
+<br />
+Volume 15, No. 1, pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs.<br />
+<br />
+December 20, 1961<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h1>The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN</h2>
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br />
+1961<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br />
+<br />
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br />
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.<br />
+<br />
+Volume 15, No. 1, pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs.<br />
+Published December 20, 1961<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br />
+Lawrence, Kansas<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+PRINTED IN<br />
+THE STATE PRINTING PLANT<br />
+TOPEKA, KANSAS<br />
+1961<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+<h2>The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico</h2>
+
+<h4>BY</h4>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN</h3>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span class="tocnum">PAGE</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Introduction</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_3'>3</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Acknowledgments</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Historical Account</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Natural Landscape</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Geography of the Herpetofauna</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Annotated List of Species</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amphibia</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Caudata</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Salientia</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reptilia</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Testudines</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Crocodilia</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sauria</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Serpentes</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_88'>88</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Species of Questionable Occurrence</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_124'>124</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gazetteer</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_129'>129</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Summary</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href="#SUMMARY">141</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Literature Cited</span> <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_142'>142</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<p>For almost 30 years North American herpetologists have been making
+extensive collections of reptiles and amphibians in M&eacute;xico. Some parts
+of the country, because of their accessibility, soon became relatively
+well known; other regions lying off the beaten path were bypassed or
+inadequately sampled. Principally in the last decade herpetologists have
+been entering regions from which no collections previously were
+available in an attempt to fill gaps in known distributions and to
+discover unknown species of animals. In 1950 Dr. Donald D. Brand led an
+exploration party from the University of Texas to the poorly explored
+and faunistically unknown region of southwestern Michoac&aacute;n. James A.
+Peters accompanied Brand and collected amphibians and reptiles. In 1951
+I welcomed the opportunity to accompany Brand on a second expedition to
+southwestern Michoac&aacute;n. Such was the beginning of my interest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> in the
+herpetofauna of the region. I have been fortunate to return to Michoac&aacute;n
+on four successive trips, all of which had as their purpose the
+accumulation of data on the herpetofauna that would result in a survey
+of the component species and an analysis of their distribution.</p>
+
+<p>My original intention was to amplify Peters' (1954) study based on the
+collections made by him in 1950 and by me in 1951 in the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n. But it soon became evident that in order to understand the
+relationships of the herpetofauna of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, the
+species inhabiting the Tepalcatepec Valley and adjacent mountain ranges
+would have to be studied. In the course of making that study I examined
+all specimens from Michoac&aacute;n already in museums.</p>
+
+<p>There have been few detailed herpetofaunal studies in M&eacute;xico. The first
+such study of any consequence was that by Bogert and Oliver (1945) on
+the herpetofauna of Sonora. In that paper the authors analyzed the fauna
+from a geographic view and showed the transition from tropical species
+in the southern part of the state to members of the Sonoran Desert
+assemblage to the north. Martin (1958) made a detailed study of the
+herpetofauna of the G&oacute;mez Far&iacute;as region in southern Tamaulipas; he
+emphasized the ecological distribution of amphibians and reptiles in
+that region with special reference to cloud forests. Duellman (1958c)
+presented a preliminary geographic analysis of the herpetofauna of
+Colima with special reference to the continuity of the species
+inhabiting the lowlands. Zweifel (1960) discussed in detail the
+herpetofauna of the Tres Mar&iacute;as Islands and commented on the derivation
+of the fauna. Duellman (1960d) provided a detailed account of the
+geographic distribution of the amphibians known to occur in the lowlands
+of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and attempted to account for the present
+patterns of distribution.</p>
+
+<p>The present report is the first of two parts dealing with the
+herpetofauna of Michoac&aacute;n. The purpose of this part is to present a full
+account of the species of amphibians and reptiles known to inhabit the
+state of Michoac&aacute;n; the accounts of the species are accompanied by a
+brief description of the natural landscape and of the various
+assemblages of species comprising the major faunistic groups within the
+region. A gazetteer of collecting localities is appended. The second
+part of the study, now in preparation, deals with the ecological and
+historical geography of the herpetofauna. Since the present part will be
+of interest primarily to systematic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> herpetologists, I have decided to
+separate it from the more general material of interest to
+biogeographers.</p>
+
+<p>One of the major problems that faces the worker undertaking a faunal
+study is the presence of species or genera of unsettled systematic
+status. My work in Michoac&aacute;n has been no exception; fifteen separate
+studies were undertaken in an attempt to solve systematic problems in
+certain groups. Some systematic problems still remain but are of little
+consequence insofar as the entire faunal picture is concerned, or are so
+involved as to be impractical to undertake at this time. In accounts of
+species, such problems are mentioned in the hope that they will interest
+some worker who will be inclined to investigate them.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Acknowledgments</span></h3>
+
+<p>While engaged in the study of the herpetofauna of Michoac&aacute;n I have built
+up a debt of gratitude to many individuals, without whose aid my
+ambition to complete my study never would have been realized. I am
+especially grateful to those individuals who accompanied me in the
+field; Lee D. Beatty, Richard E. Etheridge, Carter R. Gilbert, Fred G.
+Thompson, Jerome Tulecke, and John Wellman offered stimulating
+companionship and valuable assistance. On many occasions they suffered
+hardships on behalf of my interests.</p>
+
+<p>Studies of my own specimens have been augmented by material from other
+institutions. For permitting me to examine specimens in their care I am
+indebted to W. Frank Blair, Charles M. Bogert, Doris M. Cochran, William
+B. Davis, James R. Dixon, the late Emmett R. Dunn, Josef Eiselt, Alice
+G. C. Grandison, Norman Hartweg, Robert F. Inger, Arthur Loveridge, the
+late Karl P. Schmidt, Hobart M. Smith, Robert C. Stebbins, Margaret
+Storey, Edward H. Taylor, and Richard G. Zweifel.</p>
+
+<p>Several people have aided me in the study of specimens and in the
+analysis of data; I am grateful to Donald D. Brand, who first introduced
+me to Michoac&aacute;n; since that time I have benefited much from his
+knowledge of the area. James A. Peters provided me with essential
+information concerning his field work in southern Michoac&aacute;n in 1950.
+James R. Dixon and Floyd L. Downs have permitted me to use freely the
+material and data that they accumulated in their recent field work in
+Michoac&aacute;n. Norman E. Hartweg allowed me to use the specimens and data
+that he gathered in his survey of the herpetofauna in the region of
+Volc&aacute;n Par&iacute;cutin. L. C. Stuart, Charles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> F. Walker, and Richard G.
+Zweifel have helped in unraveling some of the systematic and
+distributional problems.</p>
+
+<p>I am especially grateful to my wife, Ann, who for six months helped me
+track down elusive species and explore new areas. Furthermore, she has
+stimulated me to carry this study to completion.</p>
+
+<p>Many people in Michoac&aacute;n favored the field parties with quarters,
+transportation, and valuable information, which greatly facilitated the
+field work. In this respect I am especially indebted to Ingeniero Ruben
+Erbina of Ingenieros Civiles Asociados, who not only let us use his home
+as our headquarters, but through a letter of introduction gave us the
+"key" to southern Michoac&aacute;n. Ingeniero Pedro Tonda aided us in Arteaga
+and San Salvador. Ingeniero Anastacio Per&eacute;z Alfaro of the Comisi&oacute;n
+Tepalcatepec in Uruapan provided the latest maps of southern Michoac&aacute;n
+and much essential information pertaining to travel conditions in the
+area. Se&ntilde;or Nefty Mendoza gave us a home in Dos Aguas; this kindness
+allowed us to work in this interesting region during the height of the
+rainy season. Mr. and Mrs. Bob Thomas let us make use of their
+facilities at Hacienda Zirim&iacute;cuaro. The naval officers at the Estaci&oacute;n
+Marina at Playa Azul made pleasant what might have been a dreadful stay
+in that small coastal village. To the managers and pilots of Lineas
+Aereas Picho in Uruapan I owe special thanks for going out of their way
+on more than one occasion to transport a stranded snake-hunter.
+Throughout the months of field work beginning in 1955 I constantly have
+been aided by the authorities and workers of the Comisi&oacute;n Tepalcatepec,
+a subdivision of the Secretaria de Caminos y Obras Publicas, and of the
+private corporation, Ingenieros Civiles Asociados. Much of the field
+work in Michoac&aacute;n was made possible only through the co-operation of the
+natives who supplied mules, acted as guides, and aided in the collection
+of specimens. I have learned a great deal from these people. They will
+never see this report. Their work as guides, muleteers, and collectors
+greatly assisted me with the mountains of equipment that had to be piled
+on the backs of scrawny mules for transportation to places where the
+natives seldom trod. Their efforts in behalf of Don Guillermo never will
+be forgotten; I extend an especially hearty <i>muchas gracias</i> to
+Benjamin, Ignacio, Jes&uacute;s, Lorenzo, Mariano, and Remigio.</p>
+
+<p>Much of the work on this report was done while I was associated with the
+Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. I thank Norman E.
+Hartweg and T. H. Hubbell for making available<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> to me the facilities of
+the museum and for their numerous courtesies that aided me so much.</p>
+
+<p>My field work in Michoac&aacute;n was supported by the Museum of Zoology at the
+University of Michigan (1951), by the Horace H. Rackham School of
+Graduate Studies of the University of Michigan (1955), by the Penrose
+Fund of the American Philosophical Society (1956), by the Bache Fund of
+the National Academy of Sciences (1958), and by the University of Kansas
+Endowment Association (1960).</p>
+
+<p>Permits for collecting specimens in M&eacute;xico were provided by the
+Direcci&oacute;n General de Caza through the courtesy of Ing. Juan Lozano
+Franco and Luis Mac&iacute;as Arellano.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Historical Account</h3>
+
+<p>Unlike many parts of southern M&eacute;xico and northern Central America,
+Michoac&aacute;n received no attention from the collecting expeditions of the
+European museums in the last century. The earliest known herpetological
+specimens from Michoac&aacute;n were obtained by Louis John Xantus, who was
+appointed U. S. Consul to Colima in 1859. In April, 1863, Xantus
+collected at Volc&aacute;n Jorullo in Michoac&aacute;n; in April and May of the same
+year he collected along the coast of Michoac&aacute;n between the R&iacute;o Cach&aacute;n
+and the R&iacute;o Nexpa. His small collection of 19 extant specimens is in the
+United States National Museum. Alfredo Dug&egrave;s, a resident of Guanajuato,
+M&eacute;xico, made early contributions to the knowledge of the herpetofauna of
+Michoac&aacute;n. In 1885 he described <i>Sonora michoacanensis</i>, and in 1891 he
+described <i>Eumeces altamirani</i>; from what is known of the distribution
+of these species, he probably had collected in the Tepalcatepec Valley.
+During their biological survey of M&eacute;xico, Edward W. Nelson and Edward A.
+Goldman spent a limited amount of time in Michoac&aacute;n in 1892 and again in
+1903 and 1904. Most of their collecting was done on the plateau in the
+north-central part of the state; their collections are in the United
+States National Museum. While collecting fishes in southern M&eacute;xico, Seth
+E. Meek obtained some amphibians and reptiles from Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro in
+1904; these are in the collections of the Chicago Natural History
+Museum. In 1908 Hans Gadow ventured into the then unexplored "tierra
+caliente" of the Balsas Valley and collected at Volc&aacute;n Jorullo and other
+localities in the valley. Later in the same year he collected at
+Guayabo, San Salvador, and Arteaga in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and at
+Buena Vista and Cofrad&iacute;a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> in the Tepalcatepec Valley. His collections
+were deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) and the
+Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.</p>
+
+<p>The first thirty years of the present century saw little more field work
+in Michoac&aacute;n. In the 1930's Edward H. Taylor and Hobart M. Smith
+collected throughout much of M&eacute;xico. At various times they worked in
+Michoac&aacute;n, principally along the road from M&eacute;xico City to Guadalajara.
+In 1935 Hobart M. Smith spent a week at Hacienda El Sabino south of
+Uruapan; he revisited the locality again in 1936 and made a large and
+important collection of amphibians and reptiles from the upper limits of
+the arid tropical scrub forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Specimens
+collected by Smith and Taylor were incorporated into the Edward H.
+Taylor-Hobart M. Smith collection, which subsequently was deposited in
+part in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Illinois and
+in part in the Chicago Natural History Museum. In 1939 Hobart M. Smith
+collected at P&aacute;tzcuaro and between Uruapan and Apatzing&aacute;n; these
+collections, made while he was a Walter Rathbone Bacon Scholar of the
+Smithsonian Institution, are deposited in the United States National
+Museum. In 1940 and 1941 Frederick A. Shannon, who was a member of the
+Hoogstraal Expeditions under the auspices of the Chicago Natural History
+Museum, collected on Cerro de Tanc&iacute;taro and at Apatzing&aacute;n; an account of
+the specimens collected there was published by Schmidt and Shannon
+(1947).</p>
+
+<p>The eruption of Volc&aacute;n Par&iacute;cutin in February, 1943, attracted the
+attention of many biologists, a group of which from the Museum of
+Zoology at the University of Michigan collected in the Cordillera
+Volc&aacute;nica in 1945 and 1947. The amphibians and reptiles were collected
+and studied by Norman E. Hartweg. In 1950 James A. Peters accompanied
+Donald D. Brand on a preliminary exploration of the western part of the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and adjacent Pacific coast of Michoac&aacute;n; in the same
+year Peters collected also on the Mexican Plateau and at Volc&aacute;n Jorullo.
+His specimens are in the Museum of Zoology at the University of
+Michigan. Since 1950 many biologists have collected in Michoac&aacute;n in the
+course of work on certain groups of animals or in general surveys. In
+this way Raymond Alcorn, Robert W. Dickerman, James R. Dixon, Floyd L.
+Downs, Emmet T. Hooper, and Robert R. Miller have contributed to our
+knowledge of the herpetofauna.</p>
+
+<p>As stated previously, my own field work in Michoac&aacute;n began in 1951, when
+I accompanied Donald D. Brand on an exploring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> expedition to the
+southern part of the state. In that year a short time was spent on the
+Mexican Plateau, principally in the area around Lago de Cuitzeo, and at
+Volc&aacute;n Jorullo. In July and August we made our headquarters at
+Coalcom&aacute;n. From that town the field party travelled southward to Maruata
+on the Pacific coast and thence back over the mountains to Coalcom&aacute;n.
+Later in that summer we travelled by mule from Coalcom&aacute;n southeastward
+to the mouth of the R&iacute;o Nexpa. In 1955, accompanied by Lee D. Beatty,
+Carter R. Gilbert, and Fred G. Thompson, I collected in the Tepalcatepec
+Valley and at Coalcom&aacute;n. We made a mule trip from Coalcom&aacute;n to Cerro de
+Barolosa, where we made the first collections from the pine-fir forests
+in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. Later in the same summer Carter R. Gilbert
+and I spent a week at Playa Azul on the Pacific coast. In March, April,
+and May, 1956, my wife and I collected for a short time in the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica and on the Mexican Plateau. In early April we moved
+into the Tepalcatepec Valley, where we collected intensively between
+Churumuco and Tepalcatepec. In May we collected on the Pacific coast
+between Boca de Apiza and La Placita. In July and August, 1956,
+accompanied by Richard E. Etheridge, we returned to Michoac&aacute;n and again
+collected on the Mexican Plateau and in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, before
+moving into the Tepalcatepec Valley. In an attempt to fill in gaps in
+the known distributions of many species and to sample the fauna in some
+previously uncollected areas, I returned to Michoac&aacute;n in June, 1958.
+Accompanied by Jerome B. Tulecke and John Wellman, I collected on the
+Mexican Plateau in the northwestern part of the state, on the southern
+slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, and in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Most
+of our time was spent in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, where we collected at
+Aguililla, Artega, and Dos Aguas. In 1960 two days were spent in
+Michoac&aacute;n; a small collection was made in the eastern part of the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. With the exception of the specimens collected in
+1960, which are at the Museum of Natural History at the University of
+Kansas, the specimens that I have collected in Michoac&aacute;n are in the
+Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>NATURAL LANDSCAPE</h2>
+
+
+<p>A proper understanding of the geographical distribution of animals in a
+given region is possible only after a thorough acquaintance with the
+geography of the region. Likewise, in order to gain a knowledge of the
+ecological distribution and relationships of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> components of the
+fauna, it is necessary to study the animals in their natural
+environments. In order to give the reader a picture of the physical
+features and the major animal habitats within the state of Michoac&aacute;n,
+the following brief description is offered. Each of these facets
+mentioned below will be elaborated in detail in my final report on the
+herpetofauna of Michoac&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Physiography</h3>
+
+<p>The state of Michoac&aacute;n comprises an area of 60,093 square kilometers
+(Viv&oacute;, 1953). Within this area the rugged terrain has a total relief of
+nearly 4000 meters. There have been several attempts to classify the
+physiographic provinces of M&eacute;xico; the classification used here is a
+slight modification of the scheme proposed by Tamayo (1949). I have
+tried to keep the system as simple as possible, but still useful in
+discussing the distribution of animals living in the region. For general
+purposes the state of Michoac&aacute;n can be divided into lowlands and
+highlands as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Lowlands</span><br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Pacific Coastal Plain<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Highlands</span><br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Mexican Plateau<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Although the lowlands in the state are continuous, they are only
+narrowly connected and thus form two distinct physiographic and biotic
+areas. The Pacific Coastal Plain in Michoac&aacute;n extends for a distance of
+about 200 kilometers (airline) from the R&iacute;o Coahuayana to the R&iacute;o
+Balsas. The coastal plain is broad between the R&iacute;o Coahuayana and San
+Juan de Lima, and between Las Pe&ntilde;as and the R&iacute;o Balsas, where the hills
+rise some 12 kilometers inland from the sea. Between San Juan de Lima
+and Las Pe&ntilde;as the mountains extend to the sea; in this region rocky
+promontories form precipitous cliffs dropping into the sea. Between the
+promontories are small sandy or rocky beaches.</p>
+
+<p>Lying to the north of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and the Sierra del Sur,
+but south of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, is a broad structural depression,
+the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin. The western part of this basin, which
+separates the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n from the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, is the
+valley of the R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, a major tributary of the R&iacute;o Balsas. The
+eastern part of the basin is the valley of the R&iacute;o Balsas. From the
+point of junction of the two rivers, the R&iacute;o Balsas flows southward
+through a narrow gorge,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> which separates the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n from
+the Sierra del Sur, to the Pacific Ocean. In Michoac&aacute;n the floor of the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin varies from 200 to 700 meters above sea level.</p>
+
+<p>The central part of M&eacute;xico is a vast table-land, the Mexican Plateau,
+the southern part of which extends into northern Michoac&aacute;n. In this
+region the terrain is rolling and varies from 1500 to 1900 meters above
+sea level. Many small mountain ranges rise from the plateau and break
+the continuity of the rolling table-land. Located on the southern part
+of the Mexican Plateau in Michoac&aacute;n are several lakes, the largest of
+which are Lago de Chapala, Lago de Cuitzeo, and Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro.</p>
+
+<p>Bordering the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau is a nearly unbroken
+chain of volcanos, the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. The highest peaks in
+Michoac&aacute;n, Cerro San Andr&eacute;s (3930 meters) and Cerro de Tanc&iacute;taro (3870
+meters), are in this range. Parts of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica in
+Michoac&aacute;n are known by separate names; these are, from west to east:
+Sierra de los Tarascos, Sierra de Ozumatl&aacute;n, and Serran&iacute;a de Ucareo.</p>
+
+<p>Lying between the Tepalcatepec Valley and the Pacific Ocean, and east of
+the R&iacute;o Coahuayana and west of the R&iacute;o Balsas, is an isolated highland
+mass, the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. This mountain range rises to elevations
+of slightly more than 3000 meters. It has a length of about 200
+kilometers and a width of about 80 kilometers. Except for a relatively
+low connection with the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n is
+isolated from other mountain ranges in southwestern M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Climate</span></h3>
+
+<p>The climates in Michoac&aacute;n vary from tropical in the lowlands to cool
+temperate at high elevations in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and Cordillera
+Volc&aacute;nica. The highest temperatures are known in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin, where at Churumuco the mean annual temperature is 29.3&deg; C. and
+the range of monthly means is 3.5&deg; C. (Contreras, 1942). Frosts occur
+sporadically on the Mexican Plateau, and in the winter snow falls on the
+highest mountains.</p>
+
+<p>Precipitation varies geographically and seasonally. Most of the rain
+falls between June and October. In the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin
+rainfall in the rest of the year is negligible. The annual average
+rainfall at Coahuayana on the Pacific Coastal Plain is 871 mm.
+(Guzm&aacute;n-Rivas, 1957:52). In the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin rainfall
+seldom exceeds 800 mm. per year. In the mountains precipitation is
+heavier and somewhat more evenly distributed throughout the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> year, but
+still definitely cyclic. For example, Uruapan (elevation, 1500 meters)
+receives an average annual rainfall of 1674 mm. (Contreras, 1942). The
+prevailing winds are from the Pacific Ocean. The southern (windward)
+slopes of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n probably receive more rain than any
+other part of the state. The Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin lies in a rain
+shadow of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, and the Mexican Plateau lies in a
+somewhat less drastic rain shadow of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica; these are
+the driest regions in the state.</p>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Vegetation and Animal Habitats</span></h3>
+
+<p>For the purposes of this report I have adopted the classification of
+types of vegetation that seem to me most significant in terms of
+ecological distribution of reptiles and amphibians in Michoac&aacute;n. These
+types are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Temperate</span> (1000-4000 meters)<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Fir Forest (2400-4000 meters)<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Pine-oak Forest (1000-4000 meters)<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Mesquite-grassland (1500-2100 meters)<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Tropical</span> (0-1000 meters)<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Arid Tropical Scrub Forest (0-1000 meters)<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Tropical Semi-deciduous Forest (150-600 meters)<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The vegetation of the Pacific Coastal Plain and the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin consists of arid tropical scrub forest, composed of deciduous
+trees, which in many places are stunted and widely spaced. In the dry
+season there is little cover provided by this forest. In the rainy
+season there is a sparse growth of grasses and some shade provided by
+the small leaves of the thorny trees.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n the rainfall is heaviest on the southern slopes of the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and somewhat less so on the southwestern slopes of
+the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. At these relatively low elevations (150 to 600
+meters) there is tropical semi-deciduous forest, characterized by
+relatively dense shade throughout the year and by a leaf mulch on the
+ground. This type of forest forms the gallery forest along the larger
+streams in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin and on the Pacific Coastal
+Plain.</p>
+
+<p>Rainfall also is heavy on the high mountain ridges, where temperatures
+are low. On these ridges, fir forest, often mixed with pine and oaks, is
+found. This habitat is characterized by a cool, moist climate, many
+rotting logs, and a moist ground cover of leaves and needles.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the mountains are covered with pine-oak forest, which in most
+places is decidedly subhumid, but where this forest occurs on the
+windward sides of high ridges, it sometimes is noticeably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> humid. In
+this forest the important animal habitats include the needle- and
+leaf-litter, and in some areas, bromeliads.</p>
+
+<p>The rolling terrain of the Mexican Plateau supports cacti, small
+leguminous trees, and grasses. Like the arid tropical scrub forest, this
+type of vegetation, the Mesquite-grassland association, is deciduous and
+thus provides little shelter in the dry season. Unlike the areas in
+which arid tropical scrub forest is developed, the Mesquite-grassland is
+found in areas having warm days and cool nights.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>GEOGRAPHY OF THE HERPETOFAUNA</h2>
+
+
+<p>Although the main part of my final report on the herpetofauna of
+Michoac&aacute;n will deal with the geographical and ecological patterns of
+distribution of the herpetofauna, a brief summary of the faunal
+assemblages is presented here.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n there are two major faunal assemblages, one in the
+lowlands, and one in the highlands. A large number of the species
+inhabiting the lowlands are wide-ranging species, such as <i>Bufo
+marinus</i>, <i>Iguana iguana</i>, and <i>Boa constrictor</i>. Sixty-three species
+are known to occur on the Pacific Coastal Plain; 41 of these, together
+with 36 others occur in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, a physiographic
+region to which several species of reptiles are endemic; for example,
+<i>Enyaliosaurus clarki</i>, <i>Urosaurus gadowi</i>, <i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>,
+and <i>Eumeces altamirani</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Generally speaking, the members of the highland faunal assemblage have
+more restricted geographic ranges. The major exceptions are those
+species that are widely distributed on the Mexican Plateau, such as:
+<i>Bufo compactilis</i>, <i>Sceloporus torquatus</i>, and <i>Salvadora bairdi</i>. In
+the montane habitats of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, 45 species of
+amphibians and reptiles are known; 34 species have been found in the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. Fourteen species are known to occur in both ranges.
+Several species are known only from the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica and
+adjacent highlands, and three species are endemic to the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the following pages the 176 species and subspecies of amphibians and
+reptiles known to occur in the state of Michoac&aacute;n are discussed in
+relation to their variation, life histories, ecology, and distribution
+in the state. Data have been gathered from 9676 specimens. I have not
+prolonged the accounts of species with information that has been
+presented elsewhere. Consequently, the length and completeness of the
+accounts are variable. I have given only the information that I consider
+a worthwhile contribution to our knowledge of the particular species.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The synonymies given at the beginning of each account include the first
+use of the trivial name by the original author, the first usage of the
+combination that I am using, and, if the circumstances make it
+necessary, additional names or combinations that have been proposed
+since the publication of the checklists of Mexican amphibians and
+reptiles by Smith and Taylor (1945, 1948, and 1950b). References cited
+only in the synonymies are not listed in the Literature Cited. Preceding
+the discussion of each species is an alphabetical list of the localities
+in Michoac&aacute;n from which specimens have been examined. The listing of a
+locality means that one or more specimens, as indicated, has been
+examined from that locality. Only for those specimens especially
+mentioned in the text are catalogue numbers given. Abbreviations for the
+various museums and scientific collections are, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">AMNH American Museum of Natural History<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">BMNH British Museum (Natural History)<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">CNHM Chicago Natural History Museum<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">EHT-HMS Edward H. Taylor-Hobart M. Smith collection<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">JRD James R. Dixon collection, College Station, Texas<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">KU University of Kansas Museum of Natural History<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">MVZ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">NMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">SU Stanford University Museum of Natural History<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">TCWC Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">UIMNH University of Illinois Museum of Natural History<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">UMMZ University of Michigan Museum of Zoology<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">USNM United States National Museum<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">UTNHC University of Texas Natural History Collection<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Throughout the accounts of the species all measurements are given in
+millimeters; if the range of variation is given, the mean follows in
+parentheses.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AMPHIBIA</h3>
+
+<h4>Caudata</h4>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Ambystoma amblycephalum</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ambystoma amblycephala</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+26: 420, November 27, 1940.&mdash;Fifteen kilometers west of
+Morelia, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen km. W of Morelia (19); 11 km. SSE of Opopeo (12); 8
+km. S of P&aacute;tzcuaro; 24 km. S of P&aacute;tzcuaro (2); Quiroga (20);
+Tac&iacute;cuaro (167).</p></div>
+
+<p>Taylor and Smith (1945:530) presented data on 137 specimens collected at
+Tac&iacute;cuaro on October 1, 1939; these are all larvae and metamorphosing
+individuals. Aside from these, the largest larva examined (UMMZ 104962
+from 15 km. W of Morelia) has a snout-vent length of 70.0 mm. and a tail
+length of 53.5 mm. The larvae are pale pinkish tan above and somewhat
+paler below; there is a lateral row of cream colored spots. The
+tail-fin, which is deepest at mid-length, extends to the back of the
+head and is flecked with brown. In small larvae the outer edge of the
+tail-fin is dark brown. The eyes are large. Two small metamorphosed
+specimens (UMMZ 98967) from 24 kilometers south of P&aacute;tzcuaro are
+tentatively<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> referred to this species. These specimens have body lengths
+of 49.0 and 45.0 mm. and tail lengths of 36.0 and 31.5 mm.,
+respectively. They have 17-17 and 16-15 vomerine teeth arranged in a
+broad arch behind the choanae, 10 costal grooves, and 7 intercostal
+spaces between adpressed toes. The dorsal color is uniform brown; that
+of the venter is a dusty cream.</p>
+
+<p>Larvae were collected from shallow ponds near Quiroga and 15 kilometers
+west of Morelia; metamorphosed individuals were taken from beneath logs
+in pine and fir forests at elevations from 2300 to 2800 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Ambystoma dumerili dumerili</b> (Dug&egrave;s)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Siredon Dumerili</i> Dug&egrave;s, La Naturaleza, 1:241, 1870&mdash;Lago
+de P&aacute;tzcuaro, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bathysiredon dumerilii</i>, Dunn, Notulae Naturae, 36:1,
+November 9, 1939.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bathysiredon dumerilii dumerilii</i>, Maldonado-Koerdell, Mem.
+y Rev. Acad. Nac. Cien., 56:199, 1948.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ambystoma</i> (<i>Bathysiredon</i>) <i>dumerili</i>, Tihen, Bull.
+Florida State Mus., 3:3, June 20, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro (22);? Morelia.</p></div>
+
+<p>For many years this unusual salamander was known from only a few
+specimens mostly collected in the last century; Smith and Taylor
+(1948:7) stated: "It is presumed that this species is extinct owing to
+the introduction of exotic game and food fishes." In 1951 and in 1955 I
+had been told that <i>axolotls</i> were sold in the market at P&aacute;tzcuaro;
+nevertheless, none was found on my visits there. In 1956 Charles M.
+Bogert obtained several large specimens at the market in P&aacute;tzcuaro.
+These establish the continued existence of the salamander in Lago de
+P&aacute;tzcuaro. On January 27, 1955, R. W. Dickerman procured a specimen (KU
+41573) in the market at Morelia. Since fish are brought to Morelia from
+Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro, the specimen probably was from that lake.
+Nevertheless, the species may occur in other permanent bodies of water
+in Michoac&aacute;n. Maldonado-Koerdell (1948) described <i>Bathysiredon dumerili
+queretarensis</i> from San Juan del R&iacute;o, Queretaro. This locality is about
+200 airline kilometers northeast of Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro and is in the R&iacute;o
+Moctezuma drainage.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Ambystoma ordinarium</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ambystoma ordinaria</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+26:422, November 27, 1940.&mdash;Four miles west of El Mirador,
+near Puerto Hondo, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Axolotl (56); Cerro San Andr&eacute;s; 22 km. W of Mil Cumbres; 46
+km. E of Morelia (34); 8 km. SE of Opopeo (5); Puerto de
+Garnica (8); Puerto Hondo (41); San Gregorio (16); San Jos&eacute;
+de la Cumbre (20).</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Of 16 specimens (KU 51520-35) collected on June 18, 1955, near San
+Gregorio, 15 are adult females with swollen cloacae and minute ovarian
+eggs. Possibly these specimens had just recently deposited their mature
+eggs. In preservative the specimens are black above and dull creamy gray
+below. Measurements for the 15 females are: snout-vent length,
+80.0-102.0 (92.5); tail length, 69.0-93.0 (84.2); head width, 15.8-20.5
+(17.7); head length, 22.8-26.6 (24.4). A larval specimen with small
+gills has a snout-vent length of 72 mm. and a tail length of 62 mm.
+Three specimens have 12 costal grooves; the other have 11.</p>
+
+<p>Of 20 specimens from San Jos&eacute; de la Cumbre (UMMZ 112857 and 115143), 14
+are neotenic adults; the others are larvae. In life the salamanders were
+blackish to olive-brown above with scattered cream-colored dots on the
+dorsum and flanks but in preservative are dull grayish black with
+indistinct pale spots and dark reticulations. The belly is pale gray
+with indistinct dark spots. Eleven females and three males have the
+following measurements, respectively: snout-vent length, 76.0-90.0
+(80.7), 64.0-84.0 (74.3); tail length, 70.0-81.0 (75.0), 58.0-71.0
+(66.7); head width, 19.5-23.5 (20.7), 17.5-20.5 (19.3); head length,
+22.0-25.0 (23.0), 20.0-22.5 (21.5). The smallest larva has a snout-vent
+length of 43.0 mm. and a tail length of 38.0 mm. Two individuals have 12
+costal grooves; the others have 11. All of the females contained eggs,
+the largest of which were 1.5 mm. in diameter. The stomachs of most of
+the specimens were distended with oligochaets, aquatic insect larvae,
+and small aquatic beetles.</p>
+
+<p>A series of 34 larvae (JRD 5904-37) from 46 kilometers east of Morelia
+are tentatively referred to this species. These specimens are
+olive-brown above with cream-colored spots on the flanks; the dorsal
+tail-fin does not extend onto the body.</p>
+
+<p>This species has been found only at elevations in excess of 2400 meters
+in pine and fir forests. At Rancho Axolotl James A. Peters collected
+larvae and neotenic individuals in a rocky stream and adults from
+beneath rocks and logs in the forest near the stream. Neotenic
+individuals and larvae were found in a clear stream in pine-fir forest
+at an elevation of 2700 meters near San Jos&eacute; de la Cumbre; specimens
+were collected there in July, 1955, and again in July, 1956. The site
+was visited in April, 1956, at which time the stream consisted of only a
+few puddles; no salamanders were found.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Ambystoma tigrinum velasci</b> Dug&egrave;s</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ambystoma velasci</i> Dug&egrave;s, La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:142,
+1888.&mdash;Laguna Santa Isabel, near Guadalupe Hidalgo, Distrito
+Federal, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ambystoma tigrinum velasci</i>, Dunn, Copeia, no. 3:157,
+November 14, 1940.</p>
+
+<p>P&aacute;tzcuaro (5); Tac&iacute;cuaro (9).</p></div>
+
+<p>Definite specific assignment of these specimens, all larvae, cannot be
+made at this time. They have shovel-shaped heads and laterally
+compressed bodies with the dorsal tail-fin extending anteriorly to the
+back of the head. The eyes are small. The body is pale tan with dark
+mottling on the tail and flanks. The average snout-vent length for nine
+specimens from Tac&iacute;cuaro is 61.0 mm.</p>
+
+<p>The larvae from Tac&iacute;cuaro (UMMZ 89255) were collected by Dyfrig Forbes
+in October, 1939; those from P&aacute;tzcuaro, presumably Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro
+(BMNH 1914.1.28-247-8 and CNHM 948), were collected by Hans Gadow and
+Seth Meek in 1908.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Pseudoeurycea belli</b> (Gray)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Spelerpes belli</i> Gray, Catalogue Batrachia Gradientia
+British Museum, p. 46, 1850.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality
+restricted to 2 miles east of R&iacute;o Fr&iacute;o, Puebla, M&eacute;xico, by
+Smith and Taylor (1950a:341).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pseudoeurycea bellii</i>, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+30:209, June 12, 1944.</p>
+
+<p>Axolotl (2); Carapan; Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro (84); Macho de Agua;
+22 km. W of Mil Cumbres; Opopeo; P&aacute;tzcuaro (8); Puerto Hondo
+(2): San Jos&eacute; de la Cumbre; San Juan de Parangaricutiro
+(42); Uruapan (5); Zacapu (4).</p></div>
+
+<p>This salamander seems to reach its greatest abundance in Michoac&aacute;n in
+the Sierra de los Tarascos between P&aacute;tzcuaro and Tanc&iacute;taro, where it is
+found at elevations from 1500 to 2900 meters. It is found less commonly
+in the eastern part of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica in Michoac&aacute;n, where it
+sometimes occurs in association with <i>Pseudoeurycea robertsi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On June 22 and 23, 1955, four clutches of eggs of this species were
+found beneath adobe bricks and rocks on the volcanic ash that has buried
+the village of San Juan de Parangaricutiro. The eggs were unstalked and
+separate, but adherent in clumps of three or four (Pl. 2, Fig. 1). The
+outer membranes were covered with fine particles of ash. The ash beneath
+the stones where the eggs were found was only slightly moist; one clump
+of eggs was partially desiccated. Three complete clutches have 20, 23,
+and 34 eggs; one clutch of 15 eggs was being eaten by beetles
+(Tenebrionidae: <i>Eleodes</i> sp.). The eggs vary in size from 4.6 to 6.5
+mm. and average 5.3 mm. in diameter. They are unpigmented. Surrounding
+the embryo is a vitelline membrane, an inner, and an outer envelope
+(Fig. 1). In an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> average-sized egg having an embryo 4 mm. in length, the
+diameter of the outer membrane is 5.3 mm., the inner membrane 5.0 mm.,
+and the vitelline membrane 4.6 mm. All of the eggs contained embryos in
+which the limb buds were developed; in about half of these the eyes were
+distinctly visible.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/fig1.jpg" width="400" height="391" alt="Fig. 1. Diagram of an egg of Pseudoeurycea belli from
+San Juan de Parangaricutiro, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 10." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Diagram of an egg of Pseudoeurycea belli from
+San Juan de Parangaricutiro, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 10.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first heavy rain of the season occurred on the night of June 22,
+1955. Thus, at least sometimes, <i>Pseudoeurycea belli</i> lays its eggs
+before the onset of the rainy season. A female having a snout-vent
+length of 110 mm., collected on June 22, 1955, contained 36 ovarian eggs
+having diameters from 3.0 to 3.5 mm. The fact that small juveniles were
+collected on the same date indicates that this salamander lays eggs over
+a period of several weeks in late spring and early summer.</p>
+
+<p>The smallest juvenile examined has a snout-vent length of 17.0 mm. and a
+tail length of 7.5 mm. Twelve juveniles from the vicinity of San Juan de
+Parangaricutiro have an average snout-vent length of 19.4 mm. and an
+average tail length of 9.7 mm. In juveniles the adpressed limbs either
+touch or overlap by one intercostal space; in adults there are two or
+three intercostal spaces between adpressed toes. Therefore the greatest
+number of intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs is found in the
+largest specimens. A similar relationship between adpressed limbs (=
+length of limbs) and snout-vent length was shown for <i>Plethodon
+richmondi</i> by Duellman (1954a). The number of vomerine teeth is
+variable; the number of teeth seems to be closely correlated with the
+size of the salamander (Fig. 2). A similar correlation between the
+number of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> maxillary teeth and body length was reported for
+<i>Chiropterotriton multidentatus</i> by Rabb (1958). In 12 juvenile
+<i>Pseudoeurycea belli</i> there are 6-13 (8.8) vomerine teeth, and in 11
+adults having snout-vent lengths greater than 90 mm. there are 39-49
+(44.0) vomerine teeth. The coloration of the juveniles resembles that of
+the adults (Pl. 1).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/fig2.jpg" width="650" height="288" alt="Fig. 2. Correlation between the number of vomerine teeth
+and snout-vent length in 79 Pseudoeurycea belli from Michoac&aacute;n." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Correlation between the number of vomerine teeth
+and snout-vent length in 79 Pseudoeurycea belli from Michoac&aacute;n.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The differences between this species and <i>Pseudoeurycea gigantea</i> are
+minor. Taylor (1939a) distinguished <i>gigantea</i> from <i>belli</i> by the
+larger size, fewer intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs, more
+vomerine teeth, and absence of occipital spots in <i>gigantea</i>. Taylor and
+Smith (1945) stated that in life the spots in <i>gigantea</i> are orange
+instead of red as in <i>belli</i>. Five specimens of <i>Pseudoeurycea belli</i>
+from Michoac&aacute;n, including one juvenile, lack occipital spots. In the 34
+living individuals that I have seen from Michoac&aacute;n the spots varied from
+deep red to orange. Therefore, of the characters listed by Taylor (<i>op.
+cit.</i>) to diagnose <i>Pseudoeurycea gigantea</i>, only the over-all larger
+size and smaller number of intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs (=
+relatively longer limbs) are useful in separating <i>Pseudoeurycea belli</i>
+and <i>gigantea</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Pseudoeurycea robertsi</b> (Taylor)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Oedipus robertsi</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:287,
+July 10, 1939.&mdash;Nevado de Toluca, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pseudoeurycea robertsi</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+30:209, June 12, 1944.</p>
+
+<p>Atzimba (3); Macho de Agua (9); Puerto Lengua de Vaca (14).</p></div>
+
+<p>Previously this species has been recorded only from the type locality.
+In July, 1956, individuals referable to this species were found at two
+sites in pine-fir forest immediately to the east of Macho de Agua and in
+pine-oak-fir forest at Atzimba. On August 20, 1958,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> a series was
+collected in pine-fir forest at Puerto Lengua de Vaca. These localities
+are between 2900 and 3000 meters in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica in eastern
+Michoac&aacute;n.</p>
+
+<p>In life the coloration of these salamanders was highly variable. The
+belly and undersurfaces of the tail and hind limbs were pale gray, with
+or without silvery white flecks; the chin was a cream-color and flecked
+with silvery white in some specimens. The middorsal area was brown,
+orange-brown, or dull grayish yellow. The flanks and lateral surfaces of
+the tail were black with yellowish flecks or streaks on the flanks and
+yellowish or orange-brown flecks on the tail. The iris was golden brown.
+Measurements of eight males and two females are, respectively:
+snout-vent length, 42.5-56.0 (49.5), 54.0-60.0 (57.0); tail length,
+42.0-56.0 (48.1), 52.0-55.0 (53.5). The smallest juvenile has a
+snout-vent length of 28.0 mm. and a tail length of 23.0 mm. Of the 26
+available specimens, six have 12 costal grooves, and the others have 11.</p>
+
+<p>In comparison with 36 topotypes, the specimens from Michoac&aacute;n have a
+less striking dorsal color pattern; none has a well-defined dorsal
+reddish brown area or bold reddish mottling on the tail. Furthermore,
+the specimens from Michoac&aacute;n have paler venters than do topotypic
+specimens.</p>
+
+
+<p>Salientia</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Rhinophrynus dorsalis</b> Dum&eacute;ril and Bibron</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rhinophrynus dorsalis</i> Dum&eacute;ril and Bibron, Erp&eacute;tologie
+g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, vol. 8:758, 1841.&mdash;Veracruz, Veracruz, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Mouth of the R&iacute;o Balsas (10).</p></div>
+
+<p>These specimens (BMNH 1914.1.28.181-90) were collected by Gadow in 1908
+and reported by him (1930:72): "Whilst this very sluggish termite-eating
+toad is common enough in the sweltering hot country of the state of Vera
+Cruz, up to an elevation of 1500 feet, it was unknown on the west side
+of the Isthmus until I found it in great numbers near the mouth of the
+Balsas River, in and near fresh-water pools, where it attracted
+attention by its loud peculiar voice during the pairing season in the
+month of July." Subsequently, Peters (1954:3) verified the
+identification of these specimens. Although torrential rains fell during
+the week in July, 1955, that I spent at Playa Azul near the mouth of the
+R&iacute;o Balsas, the distinctive voice of <i>Rhinophrynus</i> was not heard.
+Elsewhere on the Pacific coast of M&eacute;xico adult <i>Rhinophrynus</i> have been
+reported only from Tehuantepec and a few localities on the coastal
+lowlands of Chiapas. Taylor (1942b:37) found on the coast of Guerrero a
+tadpole that was referred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> to the genus <i>Rhinophrynus</i> by Orton (1943).
+In the summer of 1960 adults of <i>Rhinophrynus</i> were collected near
+Acapulco, Guerrero (Fouquette, <i>in litt.</i>). These recent collections
+verify the existence of the species along the Pacific lowlands of M&eacute;xico
+at least as far north as Michoac&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Scaphiopus hammondi multiplicatus</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Scaphiopus multiplicatus</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 15:52, June 8, 1863.&mdash;Valley of M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Scaphiopus hammondi multiplicatus</i>, Kellogg, Bull. U. S.
+Natl. Mus., 160:22, March 31, 1932.</p>
+
+<p>Angahuan (5); Cuitzeo (4); Cuse&ntilde;o Station (2); Jiquilpan
+(9); Morelia (7); P&aacute;tzcuaro (3); Quiroga; Tar&eacute;cuaro; Uruapan
+(24); Zacapu.</p></div>
+
+<p>This small toad has been found at elevations between 1500 and 2500
+meters on the Mexican Plateau and associated mountain ranges; it occurs
+in mesquite-grassland and in pine forests. Calling males and females
+laden with eggs have been collected in the rainy season in the months of
+July and August. The call is a medium-pitched snore. In living
+individuals the dorsal ground color varies from pale brown to gray with
+dark brown or olive-brown markings. In many individuals the tips of the
+small dorsal pustules are red.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Bufo coccifer</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo coccifer</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+18:130, 1866&mdash;Arriba, Costa Rica.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (27); Lombardia; Nueva Italia (5).</p></div>
+
+<p>In life the dorsal color pattern consists of a yellowish tan ground
+color with dark brown spots; the middorsal stripe is deep yellow or
+cream color. The venter is a dusty cream color, and the iris is pale
+gold. Males have dark brown horny nuptial tuberosities on the thumb. The
+following measurements are of 21 males and four females, respectively:
+snout-vent length, 43.5-51.7 (48.1), 55.6-62.6 (59.1); tibia length,
+16.6-18.8 (17.6), 18.8-20.3 (19.3); head width, 16.7-19.7 (18.4),
+20.6-22.2 (21.4); head length, 13.8-16.6 (14.8), 16.5-18.2 (17.3).</p>
+
+<p>The specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley differ slightly from
+specimens from southeastern M&eacute;xico and Central America. Those from
+Michoac&aacute;n have low and narrow cranial crests; in about one-half of the
+specimens the occipital crest exists only as a row of tubercles, and in
+some the postorbital and suborbital crests are barely discernible.
+Specimens from the southern part of the range, Costa Rica and Nicaragua,
+have much higher and thicker cranial crests; in these the occipital
+crest is well defined and extends posteriorly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> to a point back of the
+anterior edge of the parotid gland; the postorbital and suborbital
+crests are well marked. Of 48 specimens from Esquipulas, Guatemala, all
+have high crests, but these are not so well developed as in ten
+specimens from Matagalpa, Nicaragua, and three from various localities
+in Costa Rica. Six specimens from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, have cranial
+crests that are lower than those in specimens from Guatemala. In three
+of the specimens from Tehuantepec the occipital crests are reduced to a
+series of tubercles. Of six specimens from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero,
+four have poorly developed occipital crests. These observations suggest
+the presence of a cline in the development of the cranial crests;
+specimens have higher crests in the southern part of the range than in
+the northern part.</p>
+
+<p>In M&eacute;xico <i>Bufo coccifer</i> has been collected only in semi-xeric
+habitats, but to the south, from Guatemala to Costa Rica, it has been
+found in more upland and humid habitats. Southern specimens are darker
+than those from the north, a possible correlation with the differences
+in habitat.</p>
+
+<p>These toads probably range throughout the Tepalcatepec Valley, but they
+are unknown from the coast of Michoac&aacute;n. Breeding choruses were found
+after heavy rains on June 24, 1955, and on August 2, 1956. The first was
+in a muddy ditch; the second was in a flooded grassy field. The call is
+a high-pitched, but not loud, "whirrr." Males were calling from the edge
+of the water or from clumps of grass in the water. Clasping pairs were
+in the water; amplexus is axillary.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Bufo compactilis compactilis</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo compactilis</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:661,
+1833.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Xochimilco,
+Distrito Federal, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).</p>
+
+<p><i>Bufo compactilis compactilis</i>, Smith, Herpetologica, 4:7,
+September 17, 1947.</p>
+
+<p>Cuitzeo (2); Emiliano Zapata (20); Jiquilpan (5); La Palma
+(5); Morelia; Tup&aacute;taro.</p></div>
+
+<p>The southwestern terminus of the range of this species is on the Mexican
+Plateau in Michoac&aacute;n. All specimens from the state have spotted venters.
+In living toads the dorsal ground color was gray or grayish tan with
+olive green spots. The vocal sac was brownish gray; the iris was a
+bright golden color.</p>
+
+<p>On June 11, 1958, many individuals were calling from shallow water in a
+flooded field at Emiliano Zapata. The call is a slow trill, in which the
+individual notes are discernible.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Bufo marinus</b> (Linnaeus)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana marina</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1:211,
+1758.&mdash;America.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bufo horribilis</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:654,
+1833.&mdash;Misantla and Veracruz, Veracruz, M&eacute;xico. Taylor and
+Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 95:551, January 30, 1945.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bufo angustipes</i> Taylor and Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+95:553, January 30, 1945.&mdash;La Esperanza, Chiapas, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla; Apatzing&aacute;n (3); Barranca de Bejuco; Capirio;
+Charapendo; Chichihuas; Coahuayana (2); Coalcom&aacute;n (7);
+Cofrad&iacute;a (2); 25 km. S of Cuatro Caminos; El Sabino (10);
+Huahua, La Playa (13); Ojos de Agua de San Telmo; Ostula;
+Playa Azul (2); P&oacute;maro (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>This large toad is characteristically found in areas supporting tropical
+scrub forest to elevations of about 1000 meters. The species is much
+more abundant than the numbers listed above suggest. In the dry season
+individuals have been observed in patios, along streams, and by
+irrigation ditches. In the rainy season the loud, rattling call of the
+males is heard at night throughout the Tepalcatepec Valley and the
+coastal lowlands.</p>
+
+<p>Taylor and Smith (1945:552) revived Wiegmann's <i>Bufo horribilis</i> for the
+large toads of M&eacute;xico that are here referred to <i>B. marinus</i>. Their
+action was based upon the supposition that the "species <i>marinus</i>" is
+composite. Although probably true, this supposition has yet to be
+proved. Until the large, and apparently related, species of <i>Bufo</i>
+inhabiting tropical America have been studied systematically as a unit,
+the recognition of segments of the population as either species or
+subspecies is meaningless. Taylor and Smith (op. cit.:553) based the
+description of a new species, <i>Bufo angustipes</i>, on one rather
+emaciated, formalin-hardened female from La Esperanza, Chiapas. The type
+(USNM 116513), when compared with numerous specimens of <i>Bufo marinus</i>
+from throughout the range of the species in M&eacute;xico and northern Central
+America, displays no combination of characters to set it off from the
+others. Therefore, I suggest that <i>Bufo horribilis</i> Wiegmann and <i>Bufo
+angustipes</i> Taylor and Smith be placed in the synonymy of <i>Bufo marinus</i>
+(Linnaeus) until future systematic study of the genus and this species
+in particular establishes the existence of recognizable taxa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Bufo marmoreus</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo marmoreus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:66,
+1833.&mdash;Veracruz, Veracruz, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Barranca de Bejuco; Coahuayana (11); El Diezmo (2); La
+Placita (9); La Orilla (12); Mot&iacute;n del Oro; Ostula (9);
+Playa Azul (5); P&oacute;maro (15); Salitre de Estopilas; San Pedro
+Naranjestila.</p></div>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this species is confined to elevations of less than 1000
+meters on the coast and foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> In this
+region in the months of June and July, breeding congregations have been
+found in temporary pools and along streams.</p>
+
+<p>Smith and Taylor (1948:39), in their key to the Mexican species of
+<i>Bufo</i>, placed emphasis on the nature of the supraorbital and
+postorbital crests (whether they form a curve or a sharp angle) in
+distinguishing <i>Bufo marmoreus</i> from <i>Bufo perplexus</i>. In the original
+description of <i>perplexus</i>, Taylor (1943a:347) characterized the species
+as follows: supraorbital and postorbital crests forming a sharp angle,
+instead of a curve as in <i>marmoreus</i>; supratympanic crest smaller than
+in <i>marmoreus</i>; diagonal lateral stripe lacking in females;
+concentration of dorsal tubercles as found in <i>marmoreus</i> lacking in
+males. The discovery of specimens in which the crests form a curve and
+others in which the crests form an angle in both the Tepalcatepec Valley
+and in the coastal lowlands prompted an investigation of these
+characters and others throughout the ranges of the species. An
+examination of 410 specimens has resulted in the following conclusions.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Table 1.&mdash;Variation in the Shape of the Supraorbital and Postorbital
+Cranial Crests in Bufo marmoreus and B. perplexus.</span></h4>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Locality</td><td align='left'> N</td><td align='left'> Curved</td><td align='left'>Intermediate</td><td align='left'> Angular</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tepalcatepec Valley</td><td align='left'> 50</td><td align='left'> 10 (20.0%)</td><td align='left'> 17 (34.0%)</td><td align='left'>23 (46.0%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Morelos</td><td align='left'> 12</td><td align='left'> 2 (16.6%)</td><td align='left'> 5 (41.7%)</td><td align='left'> 5 (41.7%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Iz&uacute;car, Puebla</td><td align='left'> 4</td><td align='left'> 2 (50.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 2 (50.0%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Southern Sinaloa</td><td align='left'> 1</td><td align='left'> 1(100.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'> 2(100.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colima</td><td align='left'> 45</td><td align='left'> 25 (55.0%)</td><td align='left'> 18 (40.0%)</td><td align='left'> 2 (5.0%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast of Michoac&aacute;n</td><td align='left'> 55</td><td align='left'> 35 (63.6%)</td><td align='left'> 17 (30.9%)</td><td align='left'> 3 (5.5%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Acapulco, Guerrero</td><td align='left'> 7</td><td align='left'> 7(100.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Chilpancingo, Guerrero</td><td align='left'> 10</td><td align='left'> 1 (10.0%)</td><td align='left'> 4 (40.0%)</td><td align='left'> 5 (50.0%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Pochutla, Oaxaca</td><td align='left'> 13</td><td align='left'> 6 (46.2%)</td><td align='left'> 6 (46.2%)</td><td align='left'> 1 (7.6%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tehuantepec, Oaxaca</td><td align='left'>177</td><td align='left'> 81 (45.8%)</td><td align='left'> 67 (37.8%)</td><td align='left'>29 (16.4%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonol&aacute;, Chiapas</td><td align='left'> 1</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 0 (0.0%)</td><td align='left'> 1(100.0%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Veracruz</td><td align='left'> 33</td><td align='left'> 26 (78.8%)</td><td align='left'> 6 (18.2%)</td><td align='left'> 1 (3.0%)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total</td><td align='left'>410</td><td align='left'>198 (48.3%)</td><td align='left'>140 (34.2%)</td><td align='left'>72 (17.5%)</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="hangindent"><p>1. Although the highest percentage of
+individuals having the supraorbital and postorbital crests
+forming a sharp angle is from localities in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, numerous individuals from
+throughout the range of <i>marmoreus</i> have the crests forming
+an angle (Table 1).</p>
+
+<p>2. In all samples of ten or more specimens, some toads have
+the supraorbital and postorbital crests forming a sharp
+angle, some have the crests forming a curve, and some have
+an intermediate condition.</p>
+
+<p>3. The relative size of the supratympanic crest is highly
+variable in all samples examined.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;">
+<img src="images/fig3.jpg" width="419" height="600" alt="Fig. 3. Adult male of Bufo perplexus from Apatzing&aacute;n,
+Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 1.5." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 3. Adult male of Bufo perplexus from Apatzing&aacute;n,
+Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 1.5.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/fig4.jpg" width="400" height="600" alt="Fig. 4. Adult male of Bufo marmoreus from P&oacute;maro,
+Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 1.5." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 4. Adult male of Bufo marmoreus from P&oacute;maro,
+Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 1.5.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 1</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 299px;">
+<img src="images/pl1.jpg" width="299" height="600" alt="Hatchling of Pseudoeurycea belli from San Juan de Parangaricutiro,
+Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 8." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Hatchling of Pseudoeurycea belli from San Juan de Parangaricutiro,
+Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 8.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 2</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/pl2-1.jpg" width="600" height="431" alt="Fig. 1. Nest and eggs of Pseudoeurycea belli beneath a
+rock at San Juan de Parangaricutiro. Approx. natural size." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Nest and eggs of Pseudoeurycea belli beneath a
+rock at San Juan de Parangaricutiro. Approx. natural size.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/pl2-2.jpg" width="600" height="418" alt="Fig. 2. Multiple egg clutches of Phyllomedusa
+dacnicolor from Coalcom&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n. 1/3 &times;." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Multiple egg clutches of Phyllomedusa
+dacnicolor from Coalcom&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n. 1/3 &times;.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 3</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/pl3-1.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus angustidigitorum
+from Paracho, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 4." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus angustidigitorum
+from Paracho, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 4.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/pl3-2.jpg" width="600" height="437" alt="Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus fuscus from Los
+Cantiles, Michoac&aacute;n. &times;4." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus fuscus from Los
+Cantiles, Michoac&aacute;n. &times;4.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 4</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/pl4-1.jpg" width="600" height="437" alt="Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus from
+Tuxpan, Michoac&aacute;n. &times;." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus from
+Tuxpan, Michoac&aacute;n. &times;.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 595px;">
+<img src="images/pl4-2.jpg" width="595" height="404" alt="Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus orarius from
+Tecolapa, Colima. &times; 4." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus orarius from
+Tecolapa, Colima. &times; 4.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 5</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/pl5-1.jpg" width="600" height="418" alt="Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus petersi from
+Apatzing&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 4." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Adult male of Tomodactylus nitidus petersi from
+Apatzing&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 4.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/pl5-2.jpg" width="600" height="432" alt="Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus rufescens from Dos
+Aguas, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 4." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Adult male of Tomodactylus rufescens from Dos
+Aguas, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 4.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 6</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/pl6-1.jpg" width="600" height="424" alt="Fig. 1. Adult male of Hypopachus caprimimus from
+Tuxpan, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 2-1/2." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Adult male of Hypopachus caprimimus from
+Tuxpan, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 2-1/2.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/pl6-2.jpg" width="600" height="429" alt="Fig. 2. Adult male of Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis from
+Tangamandapio, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 3." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Adult male of Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis from
+Tangamandapio, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 3.</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="hangindent"><p>4. A distinct, pale-colored, diagonal lateral stripe is
+found in females only from localities outside of the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin; females from the basin have a
+spotted dorsum.</p>
+
+<p>5. Males from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin usually have a
+broad middorsal line that is yellow or pale tan; those from
+outside the basin have either a narrow middorsal line or
+none.</p>
+
+<p>6. Males from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin have low,
+scattered dorsal tubercles (Fig. 3); males from outside the
+basin have a concentration of tubercles in a broad band on
+the back (Fig. 4).</p></div>
+
+<p>Therefore the nature of the cranial crests is of little value in
+separating two populations, but the color pattern of the females and the
+nature of the dorsal tubercles of the males do show distinct
+differences. Furthermore, certain differences in size and proportion are
+evident; <i>Bufo marmoreus</i> is a slightly larger toad and has a relatively
+longer tibia and longer head than <i>perplexus</i> (Table 2).</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Table 2.&mdash;Comparison of Certain Measurements and Proportions in Bufo
+marmoreus and B. perplexus. (Means Are Given in Parentheses Below the
+Ranges.)</span></h4>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Tibia length</td><td align='left'>Head length</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Species</td><td align='left'> Sex</td><td align='left'> N</td><td align='left'>Snout-vent length</td><td align='left'> Snout-vent length</td><td align='left'>Snout-vent length</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2"><i>B. marmoreus</i></td><td align='left'> &#9794;</td><td align='left'>15</td><td align='left'>61.5-72.5</td><td align='left'> 35.9-41.6</td><td align='left'> 28.3-33.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (65.2)</td><td align='left'> (39.0)</td><td align='left'> (31.6)</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2"><i>B. perplexus</i></td><td align='left'> &#9794;</td><td align='left'>20</td><td align='left'>50.0-59.0</td><td align='left'> 33.7-38.1</td><td align='left'> 26.4-31.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (54.9)</td><td align='left'> (36.4)</td><td align='left'> (29.5)</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2"><i>B. marmoreus</i></td><td align='left'>&#9792;</td><td align='left'> 7</td><td align='left'>68.0-76.0</td><td align='left'> 33.0-36.8</td><td align='left'> 26.8-32.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (70.7)</td><td align='left'> (34.7)</td><td align='left'> (29.6)</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2"><i>B. perplexus</i></td><td align='left'>&#9792;</td><td align='left'> 6</td><td align='left'>64.1-69.8</td><td align='left'> 32.4-36.9</td><td align='left'> 25.1-29.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (66.8)</td><td align='left'> (35.5)</td><td align='left'> (27.5)</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Taylor (1943a:347) described <i>Bufo perplexus</i> from Mexcala on the R&iacute;o
+Balsas in Guerrero. Among the many paratypes are specimens from Tonol&aacute;,
+Chiapas, and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. These apparently were referred to
+<i>perplexus</i> solely on the nature of the cranial crests. All of the
+specimens examined during the course of the present study from the
+lowlands of Veracruz and from the Pacific lowlands from Sinaloa
+southward to Chiapas are referable to <i>Bufo marmoreus</i>; those from the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin are referable to <i>Bufo perplexus</i>, as defined
+above. Ten specimens from Chilpancingo, Guerrero (UMMZ 115352), do not
+readily fit either species. Perhaps there is gene exchange between the
+inland and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> coastal populations through the relatively low pass at
+Chilpancingo, at the mouth of the R&iacute;o Balsas, and near the convergent
+headwaters of the R&iacute;o Coahuayana and R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec in southern
+Jalisco. If this can be demonstrated, then <i>Bufo perplexus</i> would have
+to be considered as a subspecies of <i>Bufo marmoreus</i>, instead of an
+allopatric species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Bufo perplexus</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo perplexus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 29:347,
+October 15, 1943.&mdash;Balsas River near Mexcala, Guerrero,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla (2); Apatzing&aacute;n (42); Buena Vista (5); Capirio
+(3); La Playa (25); Lombardia (6); Nueva Italia (9); R&iacute;o
+Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzing&aacute;n; R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S
+of Apatzing&aacute;n; San Salvador (4); Tzitzio; Volc&aacute;n Jorullo.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Bufo occidentalis</b> Camerano</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo occidentalis</i> Camerano, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino,
+14:887, December 31, 1878.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted
+to Guanajuato, Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:330). Firschein, Copeia, no. 3:220, September 15,
+1950.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bufo s&iacute;mus</i>, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+194:42, 1948.</p>
+
+<p>Barranca Seca (32); Cerro de Barolosa (4); Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro,
+3 km. E of Apo (2); Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro, 19 km. E. of Apo (10);
+Charapendo; Coalcom&aacute;n (7); Dos Aguas (4); Jacona, Jaramillo
+(2); Las Tecatas; Los Reyes (181); Tanc&iacute;taro (10); Uruapan
+(3).</p></div>
+
+<p>This toad is an inhabitant of pine and oak forests between 900 and 2400
+meters. Near Charapendo on the slopes of the Sierra de los Tarascos and
+at Coalcom&aacute;n it apparently reaches its lowest altitudinal limits. At
+both of these localities the pine-oak forest is replaced by arid
+tropical scrub forest on the lower slopes.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-four tadpoles were collected on May 3 in a quiet section of a
+fast stream near Barranca Seca. The tadpoles have a robust body,
+broadest about two-thirds the distance from the snout to the posterior
+edge of the body, half again as broad as deep. Eyes dorsolateral;
+nostrils dorsal, somewhat directed forward, and about three-fifths the
+distance from the tip of the snout to the eye; spiracle sinistral and
+lateral, located at about midbody; anus median; tail long and slender;
+tail-musculature extends nearly to tip of tail; depth of
+tail-musculature at mid-length about one-third total depth of tail;
+dorsal tail-fin not extending onto body (Fig. 5); average body length of
+ten tadpoles having small hind limb buds, 14.4 mm.; average tail length,
+22.0 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Mouth ventral, nearly terminal, about one-third as wide as widest part
+of body; anterior lip has no papillae; lower lip bordered by two rows of
+papillae and lateral lips by one row of papillae; beaks moderately well
+developed, the upper forming a broad arch and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> finely denticulate; tooth
+rows 2/3, the upper rows extending to the edge of the lips, subequal in
+length, and slightly longer than lower rows, which also are subequal in
+length; inner upper tooth row broken medially; inner lower tooth row
+sometimes broken (Fig. 6).</p>
+
+<p>The body is black dorsally and laterally, and bluish gray ventrally; the
+tail musculature is brown and stippled with darker brown. The fins are
+transparent and stippled with brown, the stippling being most pronounced
+on the posterior two-thirds of the upper tail-fin.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig5.jpg" width="600" height="128" alt="Fig. 5. Tadpole of Bufo occidentalis (UMMZ 94269) from
+Barranca Seca, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 3." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 5. Tadpole of Bufo occidentalis (UMMZ 94269) from
+Barranca Seca, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 3.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/fig6.jpg" width="450" height="281" alt="Fig. 6. Mouthparts of larval Bufo occidentalis (UMMZ
+94269) from Barranca Seca, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 20." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 6. Mouthparts of larval Bufo occidentalis (UMMZ
+94269) from Barranca Seca, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 20.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Forty recently metamorphosed individuals average 18.9 mm. in snout-vent
+length.</p>
+
+<p>The relationships of this toad seem to be with <i>Bufo bocourti</i> Brocchi,
+an inhabitant of pine and oak forests in the uplands of Chiapas and
+Guatemala. In <i>Bufo occidentalis</i> the tympanum usually is indistinct and
+sometimes completely covered, and it is absent in <i>bocourti</i>. <i>Bufo
+occidentalis</i> has a broader interorbital area and relatively shorter and
+more rounded parotid glands than <i>bocourti</i>. The tadpoles of the two
+species are nearly identical (see Stuart, 1943:12).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptodactylus labialis</b> (Cope)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cystignathus labialis</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+17:90, 1877.&mdash;No type locality designated; type locality
+restricted to Potrero Viejo, Veracruz, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and
+Taylor (1950a:350).</p>
+
+<p><i>Leptodactylus labialis</i>, Brocchi, Mission Scientifique au
+Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, pt. 3, sec. 2, livr.
+1:20, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (26); Capirio (5); Cofrad&iacute;a (9); El Sabino (4);
+Lombardia; R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzing&aacute;n (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>In the Tepalcatepec Valley this frog reaches the northernmost known
+limit of its range in western M&eacute;xico. Although the species is abundant
+in the valley, it apparently is absent from the coastal lowlands. In the
+Tepalcatepec Valley <i>Leptodactylus melanonotus</i> seems to be more
+abundant than <i>labialis</i>. In the rainy season both species have been
+heard calling from the same ponds and flooded fields.</p>
+
+<p>There are only slight differences in size between the sexes;
+measurements of 20 males and eight females are, respectively: snout-vent
+length, 32.3-39.5 (35.1), 34.1-39.2 (37.2); tibia length, 14.3-17.0
+(15.4), 14.9-16.8 (15.8); head width, 11.0-13.6 (12.0), 12.2-13.2
+(12.6); head length, 12.8-15.1 (13.3), 12.8-14.6 (13.7).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptodactylus melanonotus</b> (Hallowell)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cystignathus melanonotus</i> Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 12:485, 1861.&mdash;Nicaragua. Type locality
+restricted to Recero, Nicaragua, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:320).</p>
+
+<p><i>Leptodactylus melanonotus</i>, Brocchi, Mission Scientifique
+au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, pt. 3, sec. 2, livr.
+1:20, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (103); Capirio; Charapendo (7); Coahuayana;
+Cofrad&iacute;a (10); El Sabino (21); La Playa (3); Lombardia (5);
+Maruata; Nueva Italia (7); Ostula (9); Playa Azul (11); R&iacute;o
+Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia; R&iacute;o Marquez, 13 km. SE of
+Nueva Italia (6); R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzing&aacute;n.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>This species is widespread in the lowlands of the state; it has been
+collected up to elevations of 1050 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley. In
+the dry season individuals were discovered beneath rocks along streams
+and in damp arroyos; in the rainy season they were found wherever there
+was water. Males were heard calling from flooded fields, ditches, rocky
+streams, and small puddles. The call is a series of individual notes:
+"woink, woink, woink."</p>
+
+<p>Adult males are noticeably smaller than females; measurements for 20
+males and ten females from Apatzing&aacute;n are, respectively: snout-vent
+length, 29.6-34.6 (32.3), 36.3-44.1 (40.8); tibia length, 12.6-15.1
+(14.0), 16.5-19.0 (17.8); head width, 10.8-11.9 (11.3), 12.6-14.8
+(13.7); head length, 11.2-13.2 (11.9), 13.1-14.8 (14.0). Brownish yellow
+ventral glands are present in some juveniles and in some adults
+collected in the dry season as well as in the rainy season.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptodactylus occidentalis</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+Sci., 39:349, 1937.&mdash;Tepic, Nayarit, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Five km. W of Tangamandapio.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the night of June 11, 1958, this species was calling from a
+hyacinth-choked ditch. Although numerous individuals were heard, only
+one specimen was obtained. The frogs were calling from the tangled mat
+of hyacinths along with <i>Hyla eximia</i>, <i>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis</i>, and
+<i>Rana pipiens</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Taylor (1936a:352) characterized this species as follows: "The narrow
+head, small maximum size (38 mm. for females, 33 mm. for males), the
+character of the postaxillary and postfemoral glands, the narrower
+groups of vomerine teeth, clearly distinguish this western Mexican form
+from the more robust, larger <i>melanonotus</i> to the south. The call is
+likewise fainter and different in quality." Concerning the glands,
+Taylor (<i>loc. cit.</i>) remarked: "There is a possibility that the horny
+excrescence covering the glands may appear only during the breeding
+season. This character is quite as strongly marked in females as in
+males." Bogert and Oliver (1945:324) concluded that the population of
+<i>Leptodactylus</i> in northwestern M&eacute;xico could not be distinguished from
+<i>melanonotus</i> in other parts of the country and thus synonymized
+<i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> with <i>melanonotus</i>. Bogert and Oliver (op.
+cit.: 324) stated that the extent as well as the presence or absence of
+ventral glands was highly variable in all samples examined by them.</p>
+
+<p>Upon seeing numerous living individuals of <i>Leptodactylus melanonotus</i>
+from many parts of its range in M&eacute;xico and individuals of the population
+of <i>Leptodactylus</i> in northwestern M&eacute;xico (Nayarit and Sinaloa), I was
+immediately impressed not so much by the differences in the development
+of the ventral glands, but by the color of the glands. The differences
+in color are apparent in freshly preserved specimens. With the exception
+of <i>Leptodactylus</i> from northwestern M&eacute;xico, specimens of <i>melanonotus</i>
+from throughout M&eacute;xico and northern Central America have yellow or
+yellowish brown glands. Specimens from northwestern M&eacute;xico have black or
+brownish black glands that are conspicuously darker than those found in
+<i>melanonotus</i>. Examination of 653 preserved specimens of <i>Leptodactylus
+melanonotus</i> from M&eacute;xico and Guatemala has failed to reveal specimens
+with black ventral glands, like those found in specimens from
+northwestern M&eacute;xico, to which the name <i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> has
+been applied. Furthermore, in <i>melanonotus</i> the glands are less distinct
+and more extensive than in <i>occidentalis</i>;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> in the latter species glands
+are absent from the throat and midventral area, where they often are
+present in <i>melanonotus</i> (Fig. 7).</p>
+
+<p>In some individuals of both species collected in the dry season and in
+some collected in the rainy (breeding) season the glands are absent; the
+development of these glands, therefore, does not seem to be correlated
+with breeding. Likewise, the glands are present or absent in either sex,
+and often as not they are present in juveniles. Presence of the glands,
+therefore, cannot be correlated either with sexual or ontogenetic
+development. Since the glands are found in individuals from all parts of
+the range, it is unlikely that there is a correlation between the
+development of the glands and the environment.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/fig7.jpg" width="650" height="338" alt="Fig. 7. Diagrammatic view of ventral surfaces of
+Leptodactylus melanonotus (A) and Leptodactylus occidentalis (B),
+showing usual position and size of glandular areas. Approx. natural
+size." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 7. Diagrammatic view of ventral surfaces of
+Leptodactylus melanonotus (A) and Leptodactylus occidentalis (B),
+showing usual position and size of glandular areas. Approx. natural
+size.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Aside from the differences in the ventral glands, the call is different
+in the two populations. The call of <i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> is a
+rather harsh "wack, wack, wack" as contrasted with the more nasal
+"woink, woink, woink" of <i>melanonotus</i>. Sound spectrographs are needed
+to analyze the differences in calls. None of the specimens of
+<i>occidentalis</i> examined approaches in size the largest individuals of
+<i>melanonotus</i>; possibly the size of the frogs is another valid character
+for separating the species. On the basis of the above data it is evident
+that the frogs in northwestern<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> M&eacute;xico show certain characters that
+distinguish them from <i>Leptodactylus melanonotus</i>, as it is known
+throughout the rest of M&eacute;xico. It is not known for certain that
+<i>melanonotus</i> and <i>occidentalis</i> are sympatric. Several series of old,
+poorly preserved specimens from Nayarit and Sinaloa cannot be placed in
+either species, for none has visible ventral glands. <i>Leptodactylus
+melanonotus</i> is known from Acaponeta, Nayarit (AMNH 43913-25), and the
+following localities in Jalisco: Barro de Navidad (UMMZ 118098), La
+Concepci&oacute;n (UMMZ 113081), La Resolana (UMMZ 102104), and Tenachitl&aacute;n
+(UMMZ 113045-6). Records for <i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> are: &Aacute;lamos,
+Sonora (AMNH 51356-65); Culiac&aacute;n (AMNH 49511-9), Chele (UMMZ 110914),
+and Rosario (UMMZ 113062) in Sinaloa; Ixtl&aacute;n del R&iacute;o (UMMZ 102108), San
+Blas (UMMZ 112814, 112994, 110892, 115543), and Tepic (UMMZ 115544) in
+Nayarit; Ameca (UMMZ 102106-7) and La Cofrad&iacute;a on the south shore of
+Lago de Chapala (UMMZ 102105) in Jalisco; and Tangamandapio, Michoac&aacute;n
+(UMMZ 119145). From these scattered records it appears that
+<i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i> in the southern part of its range stays in
+the uplands, whereas <i>melanonotus</i> is confined to the lowlands.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi</b> (Taylor)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eleutherodactylus hobartsmithi</i> Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+Sci., 39:355, 1937.&mdash;Uruapan, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 26:501, November 27, 1940.</p>
+
+<p>Cascada Tzararacua (6); 21 km. W of Ciudad Hidalgo; 29 km. E
+of Morelia; Puerto Hondo; San Jos&eacute; de la Cumbre (13);
+Uruapan (2); Zit&aacute;cuaro.</p></div>
+
+<p>Of six specimens from Cascada Tzararacua, five are colored like typical
+<i>M. hobartsmithi</i>, having the anterior and posterior surfaces of the
+thighs and the upper arms pale pink in life and a grayish brown dorsum
+in preservative. The other specimen (UMMZ 94231) has in preservative a
+dark brown dorsolateral line on each side enclosing a pale tan area that
+extends from the snout to the vent. One specimen from 29 kilometers east
+of Morelia (UIMNH 40338) and 13 specimens from San Jos&eacute; de la Cumbre
+(UMMZ 102111) do not have the prominent tarsal tubercles characteristic
+of <i>M. hobartsmithi</i>. Also, in these fourteen specimens the palmar
+tubercles are larger, and the dark anal patch more distinct, than in
+typical <i>M. hobartsmithi</i>. Possibly these specimens, which are from the
+high mountains<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> in the eastern part of Michoac&aacute;n, represent another
+species of <i>Microbatrachylus</i>. However, Taylor (1940d:501) reported a
+series of <i>M. hobartsmithi</i> from the mountains 10 miles west of Villa
+Victoria in the western part of the state of M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>The largest specimen from Michoac&aacute;n is a gravid female (UIMNH 16104)
+having a snout-vent length of 23.5 mm.</p>
+
+<p><i>Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi</i> has been found in rocky ravines along
+streams in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica and the southwestern escarpment of
+these mountains at elevations from 1450 to 2750 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</b> (Taylor)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eleutherodactylus pygmaeus</i> Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+Sci., 39:352, 1937.&mdash;1 mile north of Rodriguez Clara,
+Veracruz, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+26:500, November 27, 1940.</p>
+
+<p><i>Microbatrachylus albolabris</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 26:502, November 27, 1940.&mdash;2 miles west of C&oacute;rdoba,
+Veracruz, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Microbatrachylus minimus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+26:507, November 27, 1940.&mdash;Agua del Obispo, Guerrero,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Microbatrachylus imitator</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+28:70, May 15, 1942.&mdash;La Esperanza, Chiapas, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Arteaga (328).</p></div>
+
+<p>This large series (UMMZ 119247-8) was collected on June 22 and 23, 1958,
+before the onset of the heavy summer rains. The frogs were found in a
+shaded ravine at the north edge of Arteaga; they were obtained during
+the day, at which time they were actively moving about in the leaf
+litter along a small stream.</p>
+
+<p>These frogs are all referred to <i>M. pygmaeus</i>, because this is the
+earliest name available for frogs showing the variation in
+characteristics displayed by this large series. The characters used by
+Taylor (1936a, 1940d, 1941a, and 1942b) and Smith and Taylor (1948) to
+distinguish the various species of <i>Microbatrachylus</i> include color
+pattern, relative length of the hind limb, presence and position of
+dorsal dermal folds or pustules, relative size of inner and outer
+metatarsal tubercles, and the number of palmar tubercles. All specimens
+from Arteaga have two palmar tubercles; the inner and outer metatarsal
+tubercles are subequal in size. Furthermore, aside from sexual
+difference, there is little variation in the relative length of the hind
+limbs (Table 3). However, many color patterns do exist in the series;
+each of these color patterns is described below.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Table 3.&mdash;Snout-vent Length Expressed as a Percentage of Tibia Length in
+Animals of Six Color Patterns of Microbatrachylus pygmaeus. (Letters
+Refer to the Variants Having the Color Pattern Discussed Immediately
+Below)</span></h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Color Pattern</td><td align='left'>Sex</td><td align='left'>Numberof specimens</td><td align='left'>Range of variation</td><td align='left'>Mean</td><td align='left'>Twice standard error of mean</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2"> A</td><td align='left'> &#9794;</td><td align='left'> 25</td><td align='left'>51.4-57.5</td><td align='left'>55.2</td><td align='left'> 3.34</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&#9792;</td><td align='left'> 25</td><td align='left'>49.3-54.9</td><td align='left'>51.6</td><td align='left'> 3.12</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2"> B</td><td align='left'> &#9794;</td><td align='left'> 20</td><td align='left'>51.0-57.1</td><td align='left'>55.4</td><td align='left'> 2.44</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&#9792;</td><td align='left'> 21</td><td align='left'>47.3-54.9</td><td align='left'>51.2</td><td align='left'> 3.52</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2"> C</td><td align='left'> &#9794;</td><td align='left'> 6</td><td align='left'>54.5-56.2</td><td align='left'>55.2</td><td align='left'> ....</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&#9792;</td><td align='left'> 6</td><td align='left'>50.0-52.9</td><td align='left'>51.6</td><td align='left'> ....</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2"> D</td><td align='left'> &#9794;</td><td align='left'> 17</td><td align='left'>52.9-58.2</td><td align='left'>55.4</td><td align='left'> 2.64</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&#9792;</td><td align='left'> 14</td><td align='left'>48.5-56.6</td><td align='left'>52.1</td><td align='left'> 4.16</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="2"> E</td><td align='left'> &#9794;</td><td align='left'> 10</td><td align='left'>50.9-56.9</td><td align='left'>55.1</td><td align='left'> 3.40</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&#9792;</td><td align='left'> 7</td><td align='left'>49.6-54.5</td><td align='left'>51.6</td><td align='left'> ....</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'> F</td><td align='left'>&#9792;</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'>51.9-52.6</td><td align='left'>52.3</td><td align='left'> ....</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>A.&mdash;225 specimens: Dorsum mottled brown and cream, usually with a dark
+spot between the eyes and one or two dark V-shaped marks with the apex
+anteriorly on the back; 55 of these have a narrow cream-colored line
+from the tip of the snout to the vent and thence onto the posterior
+surfaces of the thighs. All are pustulate above; in most specimens the
+pustules form no pattern, but in some they tend to form a V in the
+scapular region.</p>
+
+<p>B.&mdash;41 specimens: Dorsum pale tan or cream-color with brown mottling on
+flanks; a brown interorbital bar and a brown chevron in scapular region.
+Dorsum irregularly pustulate; in some specimens the pustules tend to
+form a V in the scapular region.</p>
+
+<p>C.&mdash;12 specimens: Dorsum colored like "A", but having a broad yellow
+stripe narrowly bordered by black from the tip of the snout to the vent;
+in some specimens there is a narrow yellow stripe on the posterior
+surfaces of the thighs. The dorsum is irregularly pustulate.</p>
+
+<p>D.&mdash;31 specimens: Dorsum variably streaked with cream-color or pale tan
+and brown; usually a broad cream-colored stripe from eyelid to groin
+bordered laterally by a somewhat narrower brown stripe; middorsal area
+cream-color and separated from dorsolateral cream-colored stripe by a
+brown stripe, or middorsal area brown with a cream-colored or yellow,
+narrow stripe from tip of snout to vent; a dark stripe from tympanum to
+flank; dorsal surfaces of heels creamy white to pale orange; anal patch
+brown. A dermal ridge from posterior edge of eyelid to rump; another
+ridge extends posteromedially from the eyelid; scattered pustules on the
+dorsum in some specimens.</p>
+
+<p>E.&mdash;17 specimens: A narrow dark stripe from snout, through nostril and
+eye, over tympanum, to vent, enclosing a unicolor dorsum (reddish tan to
+yellowish tan in life); heels pale tan or yellow above; anal patch
+black. A faint dermal ridge from posterior edge of eyelid to rump, or
+part way to rump.</p>
+
+<p>F.&mdash;2 specimens: Mottled brown and cream-color above; upper lips and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+upper arms white. A dermal fold from posterior edge of eyelid to rump;
+scattered pustules on dorsum.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these color variants are assignable to names proposed by Taylor:
+"A" and "B" undoubtedly are <i>M. pygmaeus</i> (Taylor, 1936a); "C" probably
+is <i>M. pygmaeus</i>; "D" is referable to <i>M. minimus</i> (Taylor, 1940d) in
+most characteristics, although the coloration is more nearly like that
+of <i>M. lineatissimus</i> (Taylor, 1941a), a larger species characterized by
+a relatively long hind limb; "E" apparently is <i>M. imitator</i> (Taylor,
+1942b); "F" is <i>M. albolabris</i> (Taylor, 1940d). Examination of series of
+these frogs from other parts of M&eacute;xico shows a similar composition of
+color variants. Of 78 specimens from the R&iacute;o Sarabia and the village of
+Sarabia in Oaxaca (UMMZ 115428-37), 57 are "A," six are "D," three are
+"E," and 12 are "F"; of 22 specimens from Teapa, Tabasco (UMMZ 113829),
+11 are "A," five are "D," two are "E," and four are "F"; of 33 specimens
+from Potrero Viejo, Veracruz (USNM 115447-58, 115461-71, 116840-2,
+116864-70), ten are "A," 13 are "E," and ten are "F"; of 31 specimens
+from La Esperanza, Chiapas (USNM 115477-9, 116827-39, 116849-63), 28 are
+"A" and four are "F."</p>
+
+<p>It is highly doubtful if these color variants are actually distinct
+species. Goin (1950 and 1954) in his studies of inheritance of color
+pattern in West Indian species of the genus <i>Eleutherodactylus</i> has
+shown that similar color pattern variants come from the same clutch of
+eggs; furthermore, Goin has worked out the genetic ratios of certain of
+these variants. Heathwole (<i>in litt.</i>) obtained "normal" specimens and
+individuals having a broad middorsal stripe ("C" in figure 9) from a
+clutch of eggs of <i>Eleutherodactylus gollmeri</i>. The presence of a broad
+middorsal yellow stripe is common in <i>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most interesting aspect of variability in color pattern in
+Mexican eleutherodactylids is the parallelism between members of the
+<i>Eleutherodactylus rhodopis</i>-group and some members of
+<i>Microbatrachylus</i>. In the former group there are white-lipped
+individuals (<i>Eleutherodactylus beatae</i> Boulenger), individuals having a
+unicolor reddish or yellowish dorsum (<i>E. dorsoconcolor</i> Taylor), and
+individuals having a dorsal pattern of irregular longitudinal brown and
+cream-colored streaks (<i>E. venustus</i> G&uuml;nther). In the humid forests of
+southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, and Chiapas members of both groups
+occur sympatrically. A proper understanding of the evolutionary
+significance of these variants in the two groups, as well as proper
+allocation of the presently recognized species, must await experimental
+evidence based on studies<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> of the inheritance of color pattern.
+Nevertheless, at present it is apparent that certain characters,
+especially the nature of the dermal folds and pustules, and the color
+pattern, are of little taxonomic value in distinguishing "species" of
+<i>Microbatrachylus</i>. The data derived from a study of the large series
+from Arteaga, together with that from the other series examined,
+suggests that <i>Microbatrachylus albolabris</i>, <i>imitator</i>, <i>minimus</i>, and
+<i>pygmaeus</i> are morphotypes of one species. Of these names, <i>pygmaeus</i> is
+the oldest. Consequently <i>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</i> has been used here
+for the series from Arteaga.</p>
+
+<p>Although <i>Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi</i>, a species distinguished from
+all of the above by the presence of tubercles on the outer edge of the
+tarsus, is known from Michoac&aacute;n northward into Nayarit,
+<i>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</i> previously has not been known north of
+Guerrero, where it occurs in habitats similar to that in which it was
+collected at Arteaga.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum</b> Taylor</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><i>Eleutherodactylus cactorum</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:391,
+July 10, 1939.&mdash;20 miles northwest of Tehuac&aacute;n, Puebla, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum</i>, Zweifel, Amer. Mus. Novitates,
+1813:20, December 23, 1956.</p>
+
+<p>Cher&aacute;n; Coalcom&aacute;n; Uruapan.</p></div>
+
+<p>The few specimens indicate that this species occurs at moderate to high
+elevations in the state. The specimens from Cher&aacute;n and Uruapan were
+obtained in pine forests; the specimen from Coalcom&aacute;n was found on a
+rocky hillside covered with dense forest and located about 100 meters
+below the lower limits of the pine forest in the area. A specimen from
+Rancho Reparto (elevation 1850 meters) on the west slope of Cerro
+Barolosa was lost.</p>
+
+<p>The specimen from Coalcom&aacute;n (UMMZ 104728) is a juvenile having a
+snout-vent length of 25.0 mm. In life it was tan above, mottled with
+olive-green. The ventral surfaces were gray; the hind limbs were
+distinctly barred with yellow and brown, and the lips were barred with
+yellow and black.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eleutherodactylus occidentalis</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eleutherodactylus occidentalis</i> Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc.
+Washington, 54:91, July 31, 1941.&mdash;Hacienda El Florencio,
+Zacatecas, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Arteaga (2); Cascada Tzararacua; Coalcom&aacute;n (2); 19 km. SW of
+Coire (3); La Placita (7); Los Reyes; Ostula (4); P&oacute;maro
+(2).</p></div>
+
+<p>The locality records for this species suggest that it is a member of a
+group of animals, the distribution of which includes the western part of
+the Mexican Plateau and the Pacific lowlands. In Michoac&aacute;n<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> this frog
+has been collected in pine-oak forest at Cascada Tzararacua and at Los
+Reyes, in arid scrub forest at Arteaga and Coalcom&aacute;n, and in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest on the lower Pacific slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n. On July 5, 1950, James Peters (1954:6) found calling males at
+La Placita.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the specimens are immature; four adult males have snout-vent
+lengths of 30.9-33.0 (32.2) mm. In all specimens the first finger is
+noticeably longer than the second; the inner metatarsal tubercle is
+large, flat, and cream-colored, contrasting with the dark brown sole of
+the foot. When the hind limbs are adpressed, the heels broadly overlap.
+Characteristically, a dark line extends from the snout, through the eye,
+above the tympanum, to a point above the insertion of the forelimb.
+Usually there is a dark bar behind the tympanum, two dark brown bars
+from the eye to the mouth and thence onto the lower jaw, and another
+dark bar on the upper lip between the eye and nostril. One adult from
+Arteaga, an adult and a juvenile from La Placita, and one juvenile each
+from Coire, Ostula, and P&oacute;maro, have the lower lip barred with dark
+brown and white, and have a white stripe extending the length of the
+upper lip. In life the dorsum varies from dark gray or olive-brown to
+tan or reddish brown.</p>
+
+<p>This species belongs to a group containing two other populations that
+are currently recognized as species&mdash;<i>calcitrans</i>, known only from
+Omiltemi, Guerrero, and <i>mexicanus</i>, reported from the mountains of
+Oaxaca. Another apparently undescribed member of this group has been
+collected in the mountains of northern Puebla. The locality records
+indicate that the group inhabits the mountains on the periphery of the
+Mexican Plateau, except in western M&eacute;xico, where <i>Eleutherodactylus
+occidentalis</i> extends to the Pacific lowlands.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus vocalis</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eleutherodactylus vocalis</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+26:401, November 27, 1940.&mdash;Hacienda El Sabino, Michoac&aacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Arteaga (10); El Sabino (8); Salitre de Estopilas (3);
+Tumbiscatio (2); Tzitzio (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>The distributional data on this frog in Michoac&aacute;n indicate that it
+inhabits riparian situations in arroyos and canyons in the lower slopes
+of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica and the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, where it has
+been taken at elevations only below 1100 meters.</p>
+
+<p>The dorsal color of living individuals from Arteaga varied from dark
+gray and olive brown to tan and reddish brown. The iris<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> was grayish
+brown. In contrast, individuals from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, had pale
+golden eyes; specimens from Mat&iacute;as Romero, Oaxaca, had gold eyes heavily
+flecked with gray; and individuals from Volc&aacute;n San Martin, Veracruz, had
+bronze eyes.</p>
+
+<p>The use of the trinomial here is arbitrary. Frogs of the
+<i>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus</i> group in M&eacute;xico (<i>rugulosus</i>, <i>avocalis</i>,
+and <i>vocalis</i>) exhibit only slight differences in size, proportions, and
+coloration (Duellman, 1958c:6). Furthermore, the named populations are
+allopatric. <i>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus vocalis</i>, as defined by
+Duellman (<i>loc. cit.</i>), occurs in the foothills of the Sierra Madre
+Occidental and associated ranges from central Sinaloa southward into
+Michoac&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus angustidigitorum</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tomadactylus angustidigitorum</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 26:494, November 27, 1940.&mdash;Quiroga, Michoac&aacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Angahuan (6); Apo; Carapan (21); 19 km. S of Carapan (13);
+Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro (12); Cher&aacute;n; Corupu (14); Cuse&ntilde;o Station
+(14); Opopeo (3); Paracho (11); Par&iacute;cutin (2); P&aacute;tzcuaro
+(3); Quiroga (59); San Juan de Parangaricutiro (16);
+Tanc&iacute;taro (25); Uruapan (8); Zacapu (11).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species is indigenous to the pine-oak forests on the southern rim
+of the Mexican Plateau, and has been collected at elevations from 1500
+to 2500 meters. Males have been observed to call from rocks, rock
+fences, clumps of grass, and low bushes; the call is a single "peep." At
+San Juan de Parangaricutiro numerous specimens were found in the daytime
+beneath adobe bricks and lava on the volcanic ash derived from Volc&aacute;n
+Par&iacute;cutin; at Paracho individuals were found by day beneath rocks in a
+pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>In most specimens the dorsum is dark reddish brown, and the prominent
+inguinal glands are cream-color or pale orange (Pl. 3, Fig. 1). Of eight
+individuals collected at Paracho, one was reddish brown, two were
+pinkish tan, three were dark brown, and two were black.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus fuscus</b> Davis and Dixon</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tomodactylus fuscus</i> Davis and Dixon, Herpetologica,
+11:157, July 15, 1955.&mdash;1.5 miles southeast of Huitzilac,
+Morelos, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Los Cantiles (2); 28 km. E of Morelia.</p></div>
+
+<p>The range of this species includes the Sierra Ajusco in M&eacute;xico and
+Morelos and thence westward to the Serran&iacute;a Ucareo in Michoac&aacute;n. The
+specimen from 28 kilometers east of Morelia was found in an oak forest
+on a steep hillside at an elevation of 2100 meters. One from Los
+Cantiles was calling from a steep cliff at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> an elevation of 2200 meters
+in pine-oak forest. This specimen (UMMZ 119156) in life had a pale
+olive-brown dorsum with irregular dark brown mottling and transverse
+bars on the limbs. The interorbital bar, the upper arms, and the tips of
+the dorsal pustules were pale orange; the iris was pale grayish gold
+(Pl. 3, Fig. 2).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus</b> (Peters)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Liuperus nitidus</i> Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+878, 1869.&mdash;Iz&uacute;car de Matamoras, Puebla, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tomodactylus amulae</i> G&uuml;nther, Biologia Centrali-Americana,
+Reptilia and Batrachia, p. 219, April, 1900.&mdash;Amula,
+Guerrero, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus</i>, Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci.,
+9:385, December, 1957.</p>
+
+<p>Copuyo (15); Tuxpan (8); Tzitzio (11).</p></div>
+
+<p>One specimen from Tzitzio (UMMZ 99155) was referred to <i>Tomodactylus
+nitidus petersi</i> by Dixon (1957:390). A re-examination of this specimen,
+and examination of ten others from the same locality (UMMZ 121571)
+reveals that the relatively small size of the tympanum and absence of
+dense ventral spotting place these specimens closer to <i>T. nitidus
+nitidus</i> than to <i>T. nitidus petersi</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The specimens from Tuxpan (UMMZ 114303-4) had in life a gray to olive
+tan ground color with dark olive-green markings, bright yellow thighs
+with olive-green transverse bands, yellowish tan shanks with olive-green
+bars, yellow groin, white inguinal glands with black markings, grayish
+white belly with scattered brownish black spots in some specimens, and a
+deep golden iris (Pl. 4, Fig. 1). These specimens were found calling
+from bushes in a rocky field at an elevation of 1800 meters. The call is
+a high-pitched "pee-ee-eep."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus nitidus orarius</b> Dixon</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tomodactylus nitidus orarius</i> Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci.,
+9:392, December, 1957.&mdash;4.5 miles southwest of Tecolapa,
+Colima, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>La Placita (3); P&oacute;maro.</p></div>
+
+<p>These specimens, referred to <i>Tomodactylus petersi</i> by Duellman
+(1954b:5), were included in <i>T. nitidus orarius</i> by Dixon (1957:392).
+Color notes based on living individuals from Tecolapa, Colima (UMMZ
+114312 and 116922), are: gray above mottled with brown; venter dirty
+white; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs bright yellow; iris
+pale golden (Pl. 4, Fig. 2). The call is a soft "braa" usually followed
+by three high notes: "braaa-eep-ee-eep." In Michoac&aacute;n this subspecies
+has been found only in the coastal region and the lower foothills of the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, an area in which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> it replaces <i>Tomodactylus nitidus
+petersi</i>. This is the only <i>Tomodactylus</i> known to inhabit coastal
+lowlands.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus nitidus petersi</b> Duellman</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tomodactylus petersi</i> Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 560:5, October 22, 1954.&mdash;Coalcom&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tomodactylus nitidus petersi</i>, Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci.,
+9:390, December, 1957.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla; Apatzing&aacute;n (8); Cascada Tzararacua: Charapendo
+(5); Coalcom&aacute;n (5); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (6); El Sabino
+(5); La Playa (2); Jiquilpan; Uruapan (2); Volc&aacute;n Jorullo;
+Zamora.</p></div>
+
+<p>In life, specimens from Apatzing&aacute;n (UMMZ 114308-9) varied in dorsal
+color from grayish tan to pale brown; the dorsal markings were olive
+green. The thighs and groin were yellowish orange; the iris was pale
+golden, and the vocal sac was purplish gray (Pl. 5, Fig. 1).
+Measurements for 13 adult males from the Tepalcatepec Valley are:
+snout-vent length, 21.9-26.8 (24.3); tibia length, 8.4-9.9 (9.3); head
+width, 7.2-9.2 (7.8); head length, 7.6-8.7 (8.2).</p>
+
+<p>At Apatzing&aacute;n and Charapendo in the Tepalcatepec Valley males were found
+calling from rocks and bushes in open arid tropical scrub forest. The
+call, a triple note "peep-ee-eep," is repeated once every 90 to 135
+seconds. <i>Tomodactylus nitidus petersi</i> probably ranges throughout the
+Tepalcatepec Valley and surrounding foothills. Dixon (1957:392) referred
+the specimens from Zamora, Jiquilpan, and Uruapan to this subspecies.
+Uruapan is near the lower limits of the pine forest on the slopes of the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica; Zamora and Jiquilpan are on a low part of the
+Mexican Plateau southeast of Lago de Chapala.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Tomodactylus rufescens</b> Duellman and Dixon</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tomodactylus rufescens</i> Duellman and Dixon, Texas Jour.
+Sci., 11:78, March, 1959.&mdash;Dos Aguas, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Dos Aguas (14); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (6).</p></div>
+
+<p>Fourteen specimens from the pine-oak forests around Dos Aguas (UMMZ
+118503-10, 121498-9) have reddish brown dorsal color and a narrow
+cream-colored middorsal line (Pl. 5, Fig. 2). Twelve of these specimens
+are adult males having snout-vent lengths of 20.7 to 24.6 (22.5) mm. One
+female has a snout-vent length of 24.8 mm., and one juvenile has a
+snout-vent length of 14.5 mm. Six specimens are from a region of mixture
+of pine-oak forest and arid tropical scrub forest at 18 kilometers east
+of Dos Aguas (UMMZ 121497, 121500). All are males having snout-vent
+lengths of 18.0 to 22.6 (20.7) mm. The dorsum is tan marked with black;
+the thighs are yellowish orange.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The specimens from 18 kilometers east of Dos Aguas were found on July
+22, 1960, by Floyd L. Downs and John Winklemann, who collected calling
+males of <i>Tomodactylus rufescens</i> and <i>Tomodactylus nitidus petersi</i> at
+the same locality. Downs (<i>personal communication</i>) stated the call was
+a single note. At Dos Aguas I heard <i>T. rufescens</i> give two calls, one a
+single "peep," the other a triple note&mdash;"pee-ee-eep."</p>
+
+<p>In the higher parts of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n <i>Tomodactylus rufescens</i>
+seems to fill the same niche as <i>T. angustidigitorum</i> does in the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. At lower elevations in their respective mountain
+ranges the species occur sympatrically with <i>T. nitidus petersi</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Diaglena reticulata</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Diaglena reticulata</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+28:60, May 15, 1942.&mdash;Cerro Arenal, Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Nueva Italia (3); Ostula (7).</p></div>
+
+<p>Until recently frogs of the genus <i>Diaglena</i> were known only from a few
+specimens from southern Sinaloa (<i>Diaglena spatulata</i>) and from the
+Pacific lowlands of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (<i>Diaglena reticulata</i>).
+Peters (1955a) reported specimens from Ostula, Michoac&aacute;n, and compared
+these specimens with one <i>D. reticulata</i> from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, and
+four <i>D. spatulata</i> from Sinaloa. This comparison showed that the
+specimens from Michoac&aacute;n, although showing some minor differences from
+<i>D. reticulata</i>, are closer to that species than to <i>D. spatulata</i>.
+Subsequent to Peters' work, series of both species of <i>Diaglena</i>,
+including additional specimens from Michoac&aacute;n and from Colima, have been
+collected, and a more qualified comparison is now possible.</p>
+
+<p>In comparing specimens of <i>D. spatulata</i> from southern Sinaloa (UMMZ
+115322) with specimens of <i>D. reticulata</i> from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (UMMZ
+115321), the differences noted by Taylor (1942c:60) were found to be
+constant. But specimens from Ostula, Michoac&aacute;n (UMMZ 104418), and five
+individuals from Colima (TNHC 26379-83) were found to be intermediate in
+certain characters. The skin of the dorsum in <i>D. reticulata</i> is
+granular; that in <i>D. spatulata</i> is smooth. The skin in specimens from
+Ostula and Colima is slightly granular. The dorsal ground color of <i>D.
+reticulata</i> is yellowish brown with dark reticulations; the dorsal
+ground color of <i>D. spatulata</i> is olive-green. Specimens from Ostula and
+Colima most closely resemble those from Tehuantepec in coloration, but
+the reticulations are more coarse, and the ground color has an
+olive-green<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> tint. <i>Diaglena reticulata</i> also differs from <i>D.
+spatulata</i> in having a larger over-all size, slightly broader head, a
+narrower interorbital distance, and a more pointed snout with a deeper
+labial shelf (Table 4). The specimens from Ostula and Colima are
+intermediate between <i>D. reticulata</i> from Oaxaca and <i>D. spatulata</i> from
+Sinaloa in body proportions.</p>
+
+<p>Of three specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley (JRD 5991-3), only two
+are suitable for measuring. These specimens are smaller than adults from
+the coastal areas and have broader heads and snouts, but narrower
+interorbital distances, than specimens in the other samples (Table 4).
+The texture of the skin is like that of specimens from Ostula and
+Colima. The coloration resembles that of <i>D. reticulata</i>, but the
+reticulations are bold and form indistinct bands on the hind limbs.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Table 4.&mdash;Comparison of Four Characters in Five Samples of Diaglena.</span><br />
+(<span class="smcap">All Data Are for Males; Means Given in Parentheses Below Ranges.</span>)</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Locality</td><td align='left'> Number of<br /> specimens</td><td align='left'>Snout-vent length</td><td align='left'> Head width</td><td align='left'>Interorbital distance</td><td align='left'>Internarial distance</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'> &nbsp;</td><td align='left'> &nbsp;</td><td align='left'>Snout-vent length</td><td align='left'>Head width</td><td align='left'> Head width</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Oaxaca</td><td align='left'> 9</td><td align='left'>71.1-87.5</td><td align='left'>25.4-29.1</td><td align='left'>63.0-71.4</td><td align='left'> 11.9-13.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (80.7)</td><td align='left'> (27.9)</td><td align='left'> (67.1)</td><td align='left'> (12.9)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast of Michoac&aacute;n</td><td align='left'> 5</td><td align='left'>72.0-79.2</td><td align='left'>24.3-27.2</td><td align='left'>67.0-73.8</td><td align='left'> 13.7-14.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (74.8)</td><td align='left'> (25.6)</td><td align='left'> (71.4)</td><td align='left'> (14.1)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Colima</td><td align='left'> 4</td><td align='left'>71.7-79.6</td><td align='left'>26.1-28.6</td><td align='left'>70.5-75.3</td><td align='left'> 16.0-17.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (74.8)</td><td align='left'> (27.4)</td><td align='left'> (72.0)</td><td align='left'> (16.6)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tepalcatepec Valley</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'>63.0-65.4</td><td align='left'>28.3-32.2</td><td align='left'>57.3-62.4</td><td align='left'> 17.0-20.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (64.2)</td><td align='left'> (30.3)</td><td align='left'> (59.9)</td><td align='left'> (18.6)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sinaloa</td><td align='left'> 11</td><td align='left'>71.9-81.3</td><td align='left'>24.0-27.3</td><td align='left'>70.5-78.1</td><td align='left'> 15.0-17.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> (77.3)</td><td align='left'> (25.7)</td><td align='left'> (73.4)</td><td align='left'> (16.1)</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>All specimens from Michoac&aacute;n and Colima more closely approach <i>Diaglena
+reticulata</i> than <i>D. spatulata</i>. The acquisition of additional
+specimens, especially from the area between Sinaloa and Colima and from
+Guerrero, is necessary to determine the relationships among the various
+populations known at present. Both species of <i>Diaglena</i> inhabit
+tropical scrub forest; none has been found in the more humid and
+tropical semi-deciduous forests. Humid forest replaces the scrub forest
+in the lowlands of southern Nayarit and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> northern Jalisco; possibly this
+forest acts as a barrier to the distribution of <i>Diaglena</i> and thus
+serves as a divider between the ranges of <i>D. spatulata</i> to the north
+and <i>D. reticulata</i> to the south.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Pternohyla fodiens</b> Boulenger</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Pternohyla fodiens</i> Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+5, 10:326, 1882.&mdash;Presidio, Sinaloa, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Nueva Italia (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>These specimens (JRD 5994-5) were found on the road near Nueva Italia
+during a heavy rain on the night of August 25, 1960, by James R. Dixon.
+Both are females having snout-vent lengths of 64.0 and 59.0 mm. They are
+typical of the species as it is known from Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco,
+and Colima.</p>
+
+<p>These specimens constitute the southernmost record for the species,
+which ranges in semi-arid habitats from southern Arizona southward along
+the Pacific lowlands of M&eacute;xico to Colima and inland on the Mexican
+Plateau in Jalisco.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Phyllomedusa dacnicolor</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phyllomedusa dacnicolor</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 16:181, September 30, 1864.&mdash;Colima, Colima,
+M&eacute;xico. Funkhouser, Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford
+Univ., 5:37, April 1, 1957.</p>
+
+<p><i>Agalychnis alcorni</i> Taylor, Copeia, no. 2:31, June 2,
+1952.&mdash;R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, 17 miles south of Apatzing&aacute;n,
+Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Agalychnis dacnicolor</i>, Duellman, Herpetologica, 13:29,
+March 30, 1957.</p>
+
+<p><i>Phyllomedusa alcorni</i>, Funkhouser, Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist.
+Mus. Stanford Univ., 5:30, April 1, 1957.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla (13); Apatzing&aacute;n (7); Charapendo; Coahuayana (3);
+Coalcom&aacute;n (54); El Sabino; Huetamo Road (2); La Orilla; La
+Placita; Nueva Italia (4); 32 km. E of Neuva Italia (2); R&iacute;o
+Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzing&aacute;n; R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S
+of Apatzing&aacute;n; Salitre de Estopilas (2); Tzitzio (4).</p></div>
+
+<p>This large tree frog has been found only in the lowlands below elevation
+of about 1000 meters, usually in arid tropical scrub forest. Calling
+males were heard on rainy nights throughout the rainy season; in nearly
+every instance both males and females were found in low trees and
+bushes. On summer nights when there had been no rain, adults were found
+sitting on bushes in the scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>At Coalcom&aacute;n on July 1, 1955, a chorus was heard at midday. About forty
+<i>Phyllomedusa dacnicolor</i> were found in one guayava bush at the edge of
+a recently dried pond. Individual males were calling; clasping males
+were silent. The call is a barking groan. Fifteen individual egg masses
+were hanging from branches and leaves in tear-drop fashion. Each egg
+mass contained 100 to 350 pale green eggs, located only in the exterior
+part of the clear gelatinous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> mass. Two composite egg masses appeared to
+have been made up by egg deposition on the part of three to five females
+(Pl. 2, Fig. 2).</p>
+
+<p>As shown by Duellman (1957a), the characters used by Taylor (1952) to
+diagnose <i>Phyllomedusa alcorni</i> are sexually dimorphic. Funkhouser
+(1957) apparently was unaware of this sexual dimorphism, for she
+recognized <i>P. alcorni</i> and <i>P. dacnicolor</i> as distinct species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Phrynohyas inflata</b> (Taylor)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Acrodytes inflata</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 30:64,
+June 12, 1944.&mdash;La Venta, Guerrero, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Phrynohyas inflata</i>, Duellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 96:19, February 1, 1956.</p>
+
+<p><i>Phrynohyas corasterias</i> Shannon and Humphrey,
+Herpetologica, 13:15, March 30, 1957.&mdash;4.8 miles east of San
+Blas, Nayarit, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Barranca de Bejuco.</p></div>
+
+<p>One specimen of this large species was collected in 1951; it was found
+on a low branch in tropical semi-deciduous forest at an elevation of 65
+meters. In life there were olive-gray blotches on a pale gray dorsum;
+the iris was a dark golden color.</p>
+
+<p>This species, which is known from only a few specimens, seems to be
+restricted to the coastal lowlands and low foothills from Guerrero
+northward to Nayarit. Shannon and Humphrey (1957) described <i>Phrynohyas
+corasterias</i> from Nayarit. Their description was based on a small female
+having a snout-vent length of 34.4 mm. The new species was diagnosed as
+differing from <i>P. inflata</i> in having less webbing on the feet, a poorly
+developed supratympanic fold, a more pustulate dorsum, and marked
+differences in dorsal pattern, color, and nature of antebrachial
+banding. The significance of the webbing was questioned by Shannon and
+Humphrey. The nature of the supratympanic fold and dorsal pustules
+changes with age (Duellman, 1956a:31). <i>Phrynohyas inflata</i> is known to
+attain a snout-vent length of 95 mm. Dermal structures that undergo
+ontogenetic change are of little importance in comparing a juvenile with
+a large adult. The only significant difference in color pattern between
+<i>P. inflata</i> and <i>P. corasterias</i> is the presence of wide transverse
+bands on the limbs of the latter. In this respect <i>P. corasterias</i>
+approaches <i>P. latifasciata</i>, a species known only from two specimens
+from southern Sinaloa. The acquisition of additional specimens from
+Jalisco, Nayarit, and Sinaloa may show that <i>P. inflata</i> and <i>P.
+latifasciata</i> are conspecific, as suggested by Duellman (1956a:21).
+Nonetheless, the specimen on which the description of <i>P. corasterias</i>
+was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> based is not sufficiently different from the known specimens of <i>P.
+inflata</i> to warrant specific recognition.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hyla arenicolor</b></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla arenicolor</i> Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ser. 2, 6:84, July, 1866.&mdash;Northern Sonora, M&eacute;xico. Type
+locality restricted to Santa Rita Mountains, Pima County,
+Arizona, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:354).</p>
+
+<p>Agua Cerca; Cascada Tzararacua (3); Chinapa; Cojumatl&aacute;n; Dos
+Aguas; El Sabino (25); El Espinal; Lago de Cam&eacute;cuaro;
+Lombardia (2); Tup&aacute;taro; Zinap&eacute;cuaro.</p></div>
+
+<p>Altitudinally this frog ranges from 500 to 2100 meters; although the
+environments in which it has been found vary from open arid tropical
+scrub forest to pine forest, it usually is found near rocky streams in
+these habitats. There is great disparity in size between specimens from
+the mountains and those from the Tepalcatepec Valley. Seven males from
+elevations in excess of 1400 meters have an average snout-vent length of
+34.7 mm.; nine from elevations below 1000 meters have an average
+snout-vent length of 49.1 mm. In life a male collected at night at
+Lombardia (UMMZ 112846) had dark brown spots on a grayish brown dorsum;
+the groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of the thighs, and ventral
+surfaces of the hind limbs and palms were yellowish orange. The belly
+and tips of digits were white; the vocal sac was purplish brown, and the
+iris was dark grayish gold. In contrast, a specimen obtained in the
+daytime at Chinapa (UMMZ 119204) had indistinct gray spots on a pale
+ashy gray dorsum; the flash colors were yellow. After dark the spots
+were dark olive-brown on a grayish brown dorsum.</p>
+
+<p>Two males were found calling from a rocky stream near Lombardia on July
+12, 1955. The call is a nasal "ah-ah-ah-ah."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hyla baudini</b> Dum&eacute;ril and Bibron</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla baudinii</i> Dum&eacute;ril and Bibron, Erp&eacute;tologie g&eacute;n&eacute;rale,
+vol. 8:564, 1841.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to
+C&oacute;rdoba, Veracruz, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:346).</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla (5); Apatzing&aacute;n (30); Arteaga; Buena Vista;
+Charapendo; Coahuayana; Cofrad&iacute;a (4); El Sabino (12); La
+Placita; La Playa; Maruata; Nueva Italia (3); 32 km. E of
+Nueva Italia (2); Ostula (4); R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, 25 km. S of
+Apatzing&aacute;n (3); Salitre de Estopilas; San Jos&eacute; de la Monta&ntilde;a
+(2); Tumbiscatio; Tzitzio.</p></div>
+
+<p>This tree frog is widespread in the coastal lowlands and in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley up to elevations of about 1200 meters. It is found
+in numbers in the early part of the rainy season, at which time males
+were heard calling from bushes and trees along ditches and temporary
+ponds. The call is a loud nasal "waank-waank-waank." One individual that
+was emitting a long and unusually<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> high-pitched call was found to have
+one hind limb engulfed by a <i>Leptodeira maculata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>When active at night these frogs usually are pale tan to reddish brown
+above with dark brown markings. A specimen found sitting on a maguey
+plant in the daytime was pale ashy gray with a pale green upper lip.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hyla bistincta</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla bistincta</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 17:87,
+1877.&mdash;Veracruz, M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to
+Acultzingo, Veracruz, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:346).</p>
+
+<p>Cerro San Andr&eacute;s; Dos Aguas (2); Los Conejos (3); Uruapan
+(50).</p></div>
+
+<p>In the Parque Nacional at Uruapan this species was found in abundance
+during the day. The frogs hide in an entanglement of vines and
+vegetation overhanging several small spring-fed streams. Tadpoles were
+in the rocky streams, and metamorphosing young were on vegetation at the
+edges of the streams.</p>
+
+<p>In life the dorsum is greenish tan with brown mottling; in some
+individuals the entire dorsum is dark chocolate brown. The flanks are
+pale lemon yellow barred with lavender-brown. Notes on the color of a
+living frog from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119193) are: Dorsal ground color a
+medium shade of brown with dark brown flecks; flanks black with silvery
+white and pale yellow spots; belly pale yellowish white; throat mottled
+with grayish brown; iris pale copper color.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig8.jpg" width="600" height="141" alt="Fig. 8. Tadpole of Hyla bistincta (UMMZ 115231) from
+Uruapan, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 2." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 8. Tadpole of Hyla bistincta (UMMZ 115231) from
+Uruapan, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 2.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Description of Tadpole: Body somewhat depressed; maximum width of body
+slightly more than one-half of body length. Nostrils placed
+dorsolaterally and directed anteriorly, situated about midway between
+tip of snout and eye. Eyes of moderate size, dorsolateral in position
+and directed upwards. Tail about twice as long as body, thrice as long
+as deep, and tapering gradually to a rounded tip. Tail-musculature not
+extending to tip of tail fin. Spiracle sinistral, lateral, and situated
+at midbody. Vent dextral;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> the cloacal tube extending along ventral part
+of tail for a distance equal to about one-eighth of body length (Fig.
+8). Average body length of six tadpoles with small hind limb buds, 19.5
+mm.; tail length, 38.3 mm. Mouth ventral, its width equal to about
+two-thirds of greatest width of body. Lips bordered by two rows of small
+papillae; row of larger papillae between upper lip and outer upper
+tooth-row, similar row between lower lip and outer lower tooth-row;
+laterally these rows degenerating into numerous small papillae. Horny
+beaks well developed; upper beak moderately arched and deeply indented;
+lower beak slightly indented. Serrations of beaks blunt and peglike,
+moderately developed on both beaks, but slightly stronger on lower one.
+Tooth-rows 2/3; upper rows nearly equal in length and slightly longer
+than lower rows, which are subequal in length; inner upper tooth row
+interrupted medially by rounded notch; inner lower tooth-row turned
+downward laterally; teeth in all rows about equal in size, but
+decreasing in length laterally (Fig. 9).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/fig9.jpg" width="500" height="333" alt="Fig. 9. Mouthparts of larval Hyla bistincta (UMMZ
+115231) from Uruapan, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 15." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 9. Mouthparts of larval Hyla bistincta (UMMZ
+115231) from Uruapan, Michoac&aacute;n. &times; 15.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Color in formalin: pale grayish brown dorsally and laterally; pale gray
+ventrally; tail-musculature brown; tail-fin translucent with scattered
+melanophores most numerous on upper fin.</p>
+
+<p>In most details these tadpoles resemble those of <i>Hyla robertsorum</i>
+described by Rabb and Mosimann (1955).</p>
+
+<p>Four metamorphosing young have snout-vent lengths of 23.0-23.5<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> (23.2);
+a completely metamorphosed individual has a snout-vent length of 24.8
+mm.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this stream-breeding hylid occurs at elevations of 1,600 to
+2,400 meters in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and in the mountains rising from
+the Mexican Plateau.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hyla eximia</b> Baird</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla eximia</i> Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+7:61, October 20, 1854.&mdash;Valley of M&eacute;xico. Type locality
+restricted to Coyoac&aacute;n, Distrito Federal, M&eacute;xico, by Smith
+and Taylor (1950a:329).</p>
+
+<p><i>Hyla microeximia</i> Maslin, Herpetologica, 13:81, July 10,
+1957.&mdash;3 miles northwest of Jocotepec, Jalisco, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Ciudad Hidalgo (36); Cuitzeo; 29 km. NW of Jacona; Jiquilpan
+(2); Lago de Cam&eacute;cuaro (2); Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro (129); Los
+Reyes; Morelia; Sahuayo (3); San Gregorio (63);
+Tangamandapio (4); Temazcal (26); Tup&aacute;taro; Tuxpan (15);
+Undameo (2); Uruapan (20); Zacapu; Zamora (27); Zinap&eacute;cuaro
+(10).</p></div>
+
+<p>More than 80 per cent of the specimens from Michoac&aacute;n have brown spots
+between the lateral and dorsolateral dark stripes, and more than 50 per
+cent have spots between the dorsolateral stripes, at least posteriorly.
+In comparison with specimens from the Valley of M&eacute;xico, those from
+Michoac&aacute;n have more distinct dorsolateral stripes that extend farther
+anteriorly, sometimes to the eyelid, and in this respect are more nearly
+like those from Jalisco and Nayarit (Taylor, 1939b:425). Some specimens
+from the western part of Michoac&aacute;n possess certain characters used by
+Maslin (1957:81) to distinguish <i>Hyla microeximia</i> from <i>H. eximia</i>;
+nevertheless, the variation is such that two species cannot be
+distinguished in Michoac&aacute;n. Four series of freshly preserved specimens
+have been studied in detail; in the discussion below they are arranged
+from west to east; the measurement is for snout-vent length of ten males
+from each sample:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Zamora.</i>&mdash;Twenty-two specimens (UMMZ 102083), 24.0-27.6
+(26.1) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe, or row of dashes,
+present in all specimens; dark spots in lateral and dorsal
+green fields; lateral dark stripe confluent with
+dorsolateral stripe posteriorly in 18 specimens; white line
+not extending to groin.</p>
+
+<p><i>Temazcal.</i>&mdash;Thirty-five specimens (UMMZ 119162), 26.5-31.1
+(28.2) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe of row of spots present
+only posteriorly in most; both dorsolateral stripes and
+dorsal spots lacking in four specimens; heavy spotting
+dorsally in three others; lateral and dorsolateral dark
+stripes confluent posteriorly in three; lateral white stripe
+extending to groin in 16 specimens.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ciudad Hidalgo.</i>&mdash;Thirty-six specimens (UMMZ 119163),
+26.4-30.9 (28.2) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe or row of
+spots present only posteriorly in most; no brown spots in
+the green fields of many specimens; large brown inguinal
+spot in most specimens; heavy spotting dorsally in four;
+lateral and dorsolateral<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> dark stripes confluent posteriorly
+in five; lateral white line extending to groin in most
+specimens.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tuxpan.</i>&mdash;Fifteen specimens (UMMZ 115227), 28.7-33.0 (30.5)
+mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe or row of dashes in all
+specimens; dark spots in lateral green fields, at least
+posteriorly in most; dark spots posteriorly in the dorsal
+green field in five; lateral dark stripe separated from
+dorsolateral stripe in all specimens; lateral white line
+extends to the groin in all specimens.</p></div>
+
+<p>As can be seen from the above descriptions, the distinguishing
+characters of <i>Hyla microeximia</i>&mdash;confluence of lateral and dorsolateral
+dark stripes posteriorly, extent of lateral white stripe, and
+distribution of dark spots dorsally&mdash;are found in individuals from all
+of the populations sampled. In the samples from western Michoac&aacute;n there
+is a higher incidence of <i>microeximia</i>-like frogs than in those from
+other parts of the state. <i>Hyla eximia</i> is a wide-ranging species
+varying greatly geographically and individually. A thorough review of
+the species and related members of the <i>Hyla eximia</i>-group is necessary
+before certain populations can justifiably be segregated as subspecies
+or species.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n <i>Hyla eximia</i> has been collected in mesquite-grassland,
+pine-oak forest, and cultivated areas on the Mexican Plateau from 1500
+to 2300 meters; apparently it is absent from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.
+This is the most abundant frog on the southern part of the Mexican
+Plateau; in the rainy season breeding choruses are found in temporary
+pools and in the marshes adjacent to the permanent lakes.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hyla lafrentzi</b> Mertens and Wolterstorff</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla lafrentzi</i> Mertens and Wolterstorff, Zool. Anz.,
+84:235, August 25, 1929.&mdash;Desierto de los Leones, Distrito
+Federal, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Cerro San Andr&eacute;s (26); Opopeo (9).</p></div>
+
+<p>In March, 1949, James A. Peters collected this species at elevations of
+2400 to 2800 meters on the west slope of Cerro San Andr&eacute;s. The frogs
+were found beneath logs and rocks in a damp canyon in coniferous forest.
+Among the juveniles in this series is a completely transformed
+individual (UMMZ 102093) having a snout-vent length of 14.5 mm. Five
+adults have snout-vent lengths of 36.2-39.5 (38.0) mm. <i>Hyla lafrentzi</i>
+has noticeably longer hind limbs than <i>H. eximia</i>; in the former, when
+the hind limb is brought forward along the body, the tibiotarsal
+articulation extends to the snout. There are dark transverse bands on
+the hind limbs; the dorsolateral stripe is broken into an anterior and a
+posterior segment, and the latter is narrowly bordered by white in most
+specimens.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Hyla lafrentzi</i> occurs at higher elevations than any other frog in
+Michoac&aacute;n; the locality records from throughout the range indicate that
+it is restricted to pine and pine-fir forests. In these habitats it
+replaces <i>Hyla eximia</i>, which inhabits the lower pine-oak forests and
+mesquite-grassland on the Mexican Plateau. Ponds are absent at places
+where <i>Hyla lafrentzi</i> has been collected; possibly the eggs are laid in
+streams.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hyla smaragdina</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla smaragdina</i> Taylor, Copeia, No. 1:18, March 30,
+1940.&mdash;6 kilometers east of Cojumatl&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hylella azteca</i> Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 56:49,
+June 16, 1943.&mdash;Tepoztl&aacute;n, Morelos, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Cojumatl&aacute;n (30); Copuyo (7); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (22);
+Ostula (8); P&oacute;maro (3); Sahuayo; Salitre de Estopilas (7).</p></div>
+
+<p>Taylor (1940a:18) diagnosed this species as having few or no vomerine
+teeth, no vocal sac, a rather broad and flat head, two large tubercles
+below the anus, a granular venter, and a green dorsum in life. The
+specimens on which the description was based are either immature or
+non-breeding individuals; all were collected from bromeliads growing on
+cacti near Cojumatl&aacute;n. Another small, flat-headed hylid from Tepoztl&aacute;n,
+Morelos, was described and diagnosed by Taylor (1943b:49) as differing
+from <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> in having a vocal sac and a broader head. This
+specimen was named <i>Hylella azteca</i>. Specimens from the coastal region
+of Michoac&aacute;n and Colima were referred to <i>Hylella azteca</i> by Peters
+(1954:7) and Duellman (1958c:8).</p>
+
+<p>Comparison of topotypic <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> and the holotype of <i>Hylella
+azteca</i> (UIMNH 25044) with the several series of specimens from
+Michoac&aacute;n has resulted in the conclusion that all pertain to only one
+species. Although the type series of <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> consists of
+immature specimens, the males in that series do possess vocal sacs.
+Since these were not breeding individuals, the sacs are not well
+developed. The characters of the anal tubercles and the relative width
+of the head are of no value in separating the two species. The
+apparently aestivating individuals comprising the type series of <i>Hyla
+smaragdina</i>, and the type of <i>Hylella azteca</i>, which also was found in a
+bromeliad, were green in life. Of the calling males found on the coast
+of Michoac&aacute;n, most were yellowish tan when found; two were pale green,
+but soon changed to pale tan. Calling males from Copuyo and Dos Aguas
+were pale yellowish tan. Therefore the color of the dorsum is of little
+significance in distinguishing the two named populations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Males of <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> have been found calling in the months of June
+and July from rocky streams; the call is a nasal "haah-haah-haah,"
+repeated quickly and constantly for as long as 30 seconds. As pointed
+out by Duellman (1958c:9), this breeding behavior is unlike that
+suggested by Taylor (1943b:51). In Michoac&aacute;n <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> has been
+found in tropical semi-deciduous forest, oak forest, and
+mesquite-grassland at elevations from 150 to 1500 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hyla smithi</b> Boulenger</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla smithi</i> Boulenger, Zool. Rec. Reptilia and Batrachia,
+38:33, 1902.&mdash;Cuernavaca, Morelos, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla (14); Apatzing&aacute;n (104); Arteaga; Charapendo (5);
+Coalcom&aacute;n (11); El Sabino (44); La Playa (6); Lombardia (2);
+Nueva Italia (8); Playa Azul; Salitre de Estopilas (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>This small hylid is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley to elevations of
+about 1000 meters; it was found infrequently on the coastal lowlands.
+Males call from bushes in and around flooded fields and ditches, from
+grasses and small herbs in the water and from vegetation overhanging
+small streams. The call consists of a series of short, high notes,
+somewhat reminiscent of a katydid's song. In the dry season occasional
+males were heard calling from irrigated fields near Apatzing&aacute;n. In the
+daytime individuals were found in the axils of leaves of the
+elephant-ear plants (<i>Xanthosoma</i>).</p>
+
+<p>In living individuals the dorsal color usually is uniform pale yellow;
+often the lateral white stripe is barely visible. The vocal sac is
+bright yellow, and the iris is pale gold. In some individuals there are
+scattered dark brown spots or flecks on the back and upper surfaces of
+limbs. Twenty males from Apatzing&aacute;n have the following measurements:
+snout-vent length, 22.8-26.0 (25.0) mm., tibia length, 10.7-13.6 (12.6)
+mm.; head width, 7.2-8.0 (7.6) mm., head length, 7.1-8.1 (7.7) mm.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hypopachus caprimimus</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hypopachus caprimimus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+26:526, November 27, 1940.&mdash;Agua del Obispo, Guerrero,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Buena Vista; Copuyo (6); Charapendo (3); Cofrad&iacute;a;
+Jaramillo; Jungapeo; San Salvador; Tuxpan.</p></div>
+
+<p>Specimens of <i>Hypopachus</i> from the Balsas drainage in Michoac&aacute;n have
+characters consistent with topotypic <i>H. caprimimus</i>. Eleven specimens
+from the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau all have the flanks darker
+than the dorsum, a distinct and continuous dark stripe from the occiput
+to the groin, a large dark spot in the inguinal region, and a pair of
+dark transverse stripes on the thigh and shank<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> (Pl. 6, Fig. 1). With
+the exception of three specimens from Charapendo, all have a
+predominantly brown venter with round, cream-colored spots.</p>
+
+<p>Peters (1954:8) referred specimens from Buena Vista and San Salvador to
+<i>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus</i>. He stated that the specimen (BMNH
+1914.1.28.150) from San Salvador had flanks much darker than the dorsum
+and a well-defined continuous stripe from the occiput to the groin; this
+specimen has the characters of <i>H. caprimimus</i>. The specimen (BMNH
+1914.1.28.151) from Buena Vista resembles <i>H. oxyrrhinus</i> in some
+characters, but it is not like <i>H. oxyrrhinus ovis</i> on the Mexican
+Plateau in Michoac&aacute;n. The specimen has paired transverse stripes on the
+hind limbs as does <i>H. caprimimus</i>, and is here referred to that
+species.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this species has been collected in arid tropical scrub
+forest at elevations of 200 to 1800 meters in the northern foothills of
+the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, the Tepalcatepec and Tuxpan valleys, and on the
+lower slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. Calling males have been found
+along streams. One specimen from Charapendo was regurgitated by a
+<i>Leptodeira maculata</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hypopachus ovis</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:520,
+November 27, 1940.&mdash;Tepic, Nayarit, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis</i>, Shannon and Humphrey,
+Herpetologica, 14:89, July 23, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>Emiliano Zapata; 30 km. NW of Jacona (2); 10 km. NE of
+P&aacute;tzcuaro (2); Tangamandapio (16); 24 km. W of Zamora (16).</p></div>
+
+<p>Thirty-seven specimens from the Mexican Plateau in northwestern
+Michoac&aacute;n agree well with the diagnosis of <i>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis</i>
+by Shannon and Humphrey (1958). With the exception of one specimen from
+Tangamandapio, all have dark bellies extensively mottled or spotted with
+cream-color. Most of the specimens have some form of an irregular,
+usually broken, dark line from the occiput to the groin. In eight
+specimens there is no line or linear arrangement of spots; instead the
+dorsum is spotted or flecked with dark brown. The ground color of the
+dorsum and flanks varies from dull reddish brown to grayish brown;
+cream-colored spots are evident on the flanks and posterior surfaces of
+the thighs in all specimens (Pl. 6, Fig. 2).</p>
+
+<p>In comparison with 14 specimens from Queser&iacute;a, Colima (UMMZ 80001-2),
+individuals from the Mexican Plateau have a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> darker venter with bolder
+markings, and a more mottled dorsum.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this species has been taken between 1500 and 2200 meters on
+the Mexican Plateau, where it inhabits mesquite-grassland and cultivated
+areas.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Rana dunni</b> Zweifel</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana dunni</i> Zweifel, Copeia, no. 2:78, July 15, 1957.&mdash;Lago
+de P&aacute;tzcuaro, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro (23); R&iacute;o de Morelia, near Undameo (8).</p></div>
+
+<p>Aside from the type series of this species, there are in the Museum of
+Zoology at the University of Michigan six specimens taken from "tanks"
+at the limnological station at P&aacute;tzcuaro by Paul S. Martin in 1948, and
+eight specimens found in shaded ditches along the R&iacute;o de Morelia by
+Robert R. Miller on April 4, 1957. The R&iacute;o de Morelia flows into Lago de
+Cuitzeo; this drainage is separated from Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro by a chain of
+hills about 2400 meters in elevation. Dr. Richard G. Zweifel has
+examined these specimens and has informed me that, although they differ
+slightly from typical <i>Rana dunni</i>, they are much closer to that species
+than to <i>Rana montezumae</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Rana megapoda</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana megapoda</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:310,
+November 12, 1942.&mdash;Chapala, Jalisco, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>La Palma (8).</p></div>
+
+<p>These specimens (USNM 113998-114005) are from the marshes along the
+southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala. Five females have snout-vent
+lengths of 124.0-138.1 (131.5), and one male has a snout-vent length of
+110.2 mm. Two juveniles have snout-vent lengths of 49.7 and 56.3 mm. The
+coloration of the juveniles is more bold than that of the adults. The
+body proportions of these specimens agree with those presented by
+Zweifel (1957:80).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Rana montezumae</b> Baird</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana montezumae</i> Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+7:61, October 20, 1854.&mdash;Mexico City, Distrito Federal,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>La Palma; 8 km. NW of Maravatio (10); Sahuayo; Tup&aacute;taro (7).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species probably is more abundant and widespread than is indicated
+by the few specimens listed above. It has been found only in the
+vicinity of permanent water on the Mexican Plateau and the mountains
+rising from the plateau at elevations of 1500<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> to 2000 meters. Its
+apparent absence from Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro cannot be explained, unless
+<i>Rana dunni</i> replaces it there.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Rana pipiens</b> Schreber</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana pipiens</i> Schreber, Der Naturforscher, Halle, 18:185,
+1782.&mdash;Raccoon, Gloucester County, New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla (2); Apatzing&aacute;n (13); Arteaga; Axolotl (16);
+Camachines (2); Capirio; Cascada Tzararacua (3); Cerro San
+Andr&eacute;s (6); Charapendo (4); Ciudad Hidalgo; Coalcom&aacute;n (17);
+Cuitzeo (3); El Sabino (10); Jacona (3); 29 km. NW of Jacona
+(8); Jiquilpan; La Orilla (3); La Palma (5); La Playa (4);
+Lago de Chapala (3); Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro (6); Lombardia; Los
+Conejos (67); Los Reyes (7); Macho de Agua; Maravatio;
+Morelia (5); Opopeo (3); P&aacute;tzcuaro (9); 26 km. S of
+P&aacute;tzcuaro (52); Puerto Hondo (3); R&iacute;o Duero, 14 km. E of
+Zamora (13); R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzing&aacute;n (2);
+San Gregorio (38); San Jos&eacute; de la Cumbre (5); Tangamandapio;
+Zacapu; 18 km. W of Zamora (35).</p></div>
+
+<p>Except on the Pacific lowlands, this species is abundant throughout the
+state. It has been collected from sea level to 2800 meters, the greatest
+altitudinal range of any amphibian in Michoac&aacute;n. It has been found
+frequently in the Tepalcatepec Valley; it is not a distinctly highland
+species in southern Michoac&aacute;n, as stated by Peters (1954:9). One
+specimen from Aguililla (UMMZ 119257) is an albino. In this specimen
+there is a faint pattern on the hind limbs; otherwise the entire body is
+creamy white; the eyes are pink.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Rana pustulosa</b> Boulenger</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana pustulosa</i> Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
+11:343, 1883.&mdash;Ventanas, Durango, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Arteaga (4); 21 km. S of Arteaga; Cascada Tzararacua (3);
+Coalcom&aacute;n (3); 12 km. ENE of Dos Aguas (3); El Sabino (53);
+Los Reyes (3); Tzitzio (4); Uruapan.</p></div>
+
+<p>Although <i>Rana pustulosa</i> seems to be absent from the Mexican Plateau in
+Michoac&aacute;n, it has been collected at elevations of 850 to 2150 meters on
+the slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nico and in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.
+Usually the frogs are found along rocky streams, but at Coalcom&aacute;n they
+were found in a hyacinth-choked old river channel, and at El Sabino, in
+irrigation ditches.</p>
+
+<p>In most specimens the dorsum is dark olive-brown; in some it is pale
+olive-tan with dense dark brown mottling on the back and dark transverse
+bands on the hind limbs.</p>
+
+<p>Thirteen tadpoles (UMMZ 94271) taken from a seepage pool by a stream
+near Uruapan closely resemble the description of tadpoles of this
+species given by Taylor (1942b).</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+<h2>REPTILIA</h2>
+
+
+<h3>Testudines</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Chelonia mydas</b> (Linnaeus)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Testudo mydas</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10:197,
+1758.&mdash;Type locality restricted to Ascension Island by
+Mertens and M&uuml;ller (1928:23).</p>
+
+<p><i>Chelonia mydas</i>, Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom., 2:89,
+1800.</p>
+
+<p>Beach between R&iacute;o Mot&iacute;n and R&iacute;o Colotl&aacute;n (2); Maruata; Playa
+Azul (4).</p></div>
+
+<p>Green sea turtles are abundant along the coast of Michoac&aacute;n. Laying
+females and fresh nests were found on August 6-12, 1950, July 14-16,
+1951, and July 8-10, 1955. The general account of sea turtles on the
+coast of Michoac&aacute;n that was given by Peters (1957) is supplemented here
+by my field notes on the actions of one female observed on the night of
+July 14, 1951, near Maruata by Donald D. Brand and I. Because of a full
+moon, visibility was excellent.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of the day several <i>Chelonia</i> were seen in the surf;
+shortly after dark the first turtle was observed on the beach. Several
+were observed to come out on the beach and crawl nearly to the strand
+line, only to return to the sea.</p>
+
+<p>At 10:20 p. m. one turtle was seen about 15 meters from the water. We
+watched this turtle from some distance and observed that by 10:26 p. m.
+she had moved about ten meters to a bank of sand about two meters high.
+Ten minutes later she had climbed the bank and disappeared over the top
+into the brush. We moved closer and remained hidden below the bank.
+Although we could not see the turtle, we could hear her movements.
+Between 10:37 and 10:57 p. m. the turtle dug, often flipping the dry
+sand for a distance of about two meters. When this energetic digging
+ceased, we moved up the bank to see that she was facing inland and
+sitting in a depression about one and one-half meters in diameter and 30
+centimeters in depth. She had cleaned out this depression in the past 20
+minutes. Between 11:00 and 11:36 p. m. she dug the nest hole by first
+scooping sand with one hind flipper and then with the other; when sand
+was thrown by one flipper, there was a similar, but weaker, motion by
+the other flipper. At 11:36 p. m. she stopped digging. By crawling up
+behind the turtle we were able to examine the nest cavity, which
+measured 21 centimeters across the top and 38 centimeters deep. The
+diameter of the bottom of the hole was estimated to be about 50
+centimeters. At 11:40 p. m. she released the first egg; a minute later
+she dropped the second. At 11:42 p. m. the third and fourth eggs were
+released; these were coherent, as were the fifth and sixth eggs released
+at 11:43 p. m. After this, as many as three eggs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> were dropped at a
+time. After laying about 60 eggs, she paused for a minute and then
+continued laying. By 11:55 p. m. she had laid 98 eggs; after this, the
+process of deposition slowed considerably. She dropped a fragment of an
+egg followed by normal eggs. At midnight she deposited a miniature egg
+about 20 mm. in diameter. This terminated the deposition. Immediately
+she began to cover the nest.</p>
+
+<p>Within ten minutes after the last egg was deposited the nest had been
+covered. The turtle first had been seen at 10:20 p. m.; judging from its
+speed and its distance from the water, the turtle probably had been on
+land for about ten minutes. About 25 minutes were used in crawling from
+the water to the nesting site. One hour and 33 minutes were spent at the
+nesting site; of this time twenty minutes were taken for egg deposition.
+The turtle was not followed back to the water, but if the return trip
+took approximately the same amount of time as required to travel from
+the ocean to the nesting site, the total elapsed time from departure to
+return to the water was about two and one-half hours.</p>
+
+<p>We collected the eggs as they were deposited. There were 106 eggs, each
+having a diameter of about 40 mm., plus one small egg and a fragment of
+another. The turtle had a carapace about one meter in length.</p>
+
+<p>From our limited observations of sea turtles and their tracks on the
+beaches, and from the accounts of these animals by the residents of the
+coastal region, great numbers of sea turtles use these relatively
+uninhabited beaches for nesting grounds. However, the turtles do not go
+unmolested. The natives capture turtles and collect their eggs. Opened
+and emptied nests also showed signs of predatory activity on the part of
+other mammals. In the vicinity of Playa Azul several turtles were killed
+by dogs.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes</b> Wagler</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cinosternon hirtipes</i> Wagler, Naturl. Syst. Amph., p. 37,
+1830.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Mazatl&aacute;n,
+Sinaloa, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:25).</p>
+
+<p><i>Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes</i>, Schmidt, Check list N Amer.
+Amph. Rept., ed. 6, p. 89, 1953.</p>
+
+<p>Eight km. W of Ciudad Hidalgo; Jiquilpan; La Palma; Lago de
+Cam&eacute;cuaro (4); Lago de Cuitzeo (3); Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro (8);
+14 km. E of Zamora (4).</p></div>
+
+<p>One specimen from eight kilometers west of Ciudad Hidalgo (UIMNH 24707)
+is from the R&iacute;o Tuxpan, a tributary of the R&iacute;o Balsas; this is the only
+record for the species from the Balsas drainage. All others are from the
+lakes or rivers flowing into the lakes on the southern part of the
+Mexican Plateau. This species exists<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> in Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro to the
+apparent exclusion of the abundant and widespread <i>Kinosternon
+integrum</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Kinosternon integrum</b> LeConte</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Kinosternon integrum</i> LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 7:183, 1854.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted
+to Acapulco, Guerrero, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:25).</p>
+
+<p>Agua Cerca (3); Aguililla; Arteaga (8); Apatzing&aacute;n (7);
+Barranca de Herradero; Buenavista (20); Capirio (2);
+Charapendo (3); Chupio; Coahuayana (2); Coalcom&aacute;n (169);
+Copuyo (4); El Sabino (8); Jacona; Jiquilpan (12); La Orilla
+(2); La Playa (2); Lago de Cuitzeo (27); Las Higuertas;
+Lombardia (3); Los Reyes (5); Morelia; Ojos de Agua de San
+Telmo; San Pedro Naranjestila; Tac&iacute;cuaro.</p></div>
+
+<p>Excepting Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro, <i>Kinosternon integrum</i> occupies all
+permanent and temporary ponds, lakes, and streams below 2200 meters
+throughout the state. At Coalcom&aacute;n the species was in roadside ditches,
+small puddles, flooded fields, a hyacinth-choked ox-bow of the R&iacute;o
+Coalcom&aacute;n, as well as in the R&iacute;o Coalcom&aacute;n and its tributaries.
+Specimens from Arteaga and Barranca de Herradero were found in clear
+rocky streams; the one from Las Higuertas was found in a small muddy
+pond in pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>On August 26, 1960, James R. Dixon found a copulating pair in a pool at
+Capirio. The large series from Coalcom&aacute;n contains juveniles and adults;
+these turtles formed the basis for the study of relative growth of
+plastral scutes in this species by Mosimann (1956).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Geoemyda rubida perixantha</b> Mosimann and Rabb</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geoemyda rubida perixantha</i> Mosimann and Rabb, Occ. Pap.
+Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 548:1, November 9, 1953.&mdash;Eight
+kilometers south of Tecom&aacute;n, Colima, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (2); Coahuayana; La Placita; Punta San Juan de
+Lima.</p></div>
+
+<p>These specimens have been discussed in detail by Mosimann and Rabb
+(1953). All are from the arid tropical scrub forest; those from the
+coastal regions were collected at elevations of less than 40 meters, and
+those from the Tepalcatepec Valley were collected at an elevation of 335
+meters.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Crocodilia</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Crocodylus acutus acutus</b> Cuvier</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crocodylus acutus</i> Cuvier, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
+10:55, 1807.&mdash;Santo Domingo.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crocodylus acutus acutus</i>, M&uuml;ller and Hellmich,
+Ibero-Amerik. Stud., 13:128, 1940.</p>
+
+<p>Boca de Apiza (2); Playa Azul (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>The crocodile or "caiman" is abundant in the brackish lagoons along the
+cost of Michoac&aacute;n; three large adults and several juveniles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> were
+observed at Estero Pichi at Playa Azul; others were seen at Mexiquillo
+and Maruata. Residents of the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin frequently have
+reported "caimanes" in the R&iacute;o Balsas and R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, but the
+existence of the crocodile in these rivers has not been verified by
+specimens.</p>
+
+
+<p>Sauria</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Phyllodactylus duellmani</b> Dixon</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phyllodactylus duellmani</i> Dixon, Southwest Nat., 5:37,
+April 15, 1960.&mdash;Rancho El Espinal, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Fourteen km. SSW of Apatzing&aacute;n; Capirio; Cafrad&iacute;a (3); El
+Espinal (3).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species is known only from the Tepalcatepec Valley, where it has
+been found in open arid situations from 180 to 500 meters. Specimens
+were found in the daytime in stumps, dead cacti, and the hollow branches
+of the legume, <i>Apoplanesia paniculata</i>. In life adults were pale gray
+or grayish tan above and creamy white below. A juvenile having a
+snout-vent length of 18 mm. had a pale orange tail with gray
+cross-bands. In the adults the tail was colored like the body. The
+specimen from 14 kilometers south-southwest of Apatzing&aacute;n (KU 29764) and
+those from Cofrad&iacute;a (BMNH 1914.1.28.28-30) were not listed by Dixon
+(1960).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Phyllodactylus homolepidurus</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phyllodactylus homolepidurus</i> Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 22:121, November 15, 1935.&mdash;Five miles southwest of
+Hermosillo, Sonora, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>El Ticuiz (2); La Placita; Ostula (2); P&oacute;maro; San Pedro
+Naranjestila.</p></div>
+
+<p>These specimens have been referred to <i>Phyllodactylus homolepidurus</i> by
+James R. Dixon (<i>in litt.</i>), who is currently studying the American
+members of the genus. Geckos of this species have been found in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest in the coastal lowlands to elevations of 500
+meters. Most specimens were found beneath the bark of standing dead
+trees or stumps. Two individuals from El Ticuiz (UMMZ 115102) in life
+were dark gray above with brownish tubercles; the belly was a dusty
+cream-color. Apparently this species does not enter the Tepalcatepec
+Valley, where <i>Phyllodactylus lanei</i> is abundant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Phyllodactylus lanei</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phyllodactylus lanei</i> Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+22:125, November 15, 1935.&mdash;Tierra Colorado, Guerrero,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (13); 21 km. S of Arteaga: El Sabino (53); La
+Playa; Ostula (2); R&iacute;o Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (8);
+16 km. N of Tafet&aacute;n.</p></div>
+
+<p>This widespread species has been taken at elevations of less than 1100
+meters in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, where it occurs in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> riparian
+situations in the foothills. Specimens have been collected in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest at Ostula and in oak forest south of Arteaga; both
+of these localities are on the Pacific slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n, a region inhabited by <i>Phyllodactylus homolepidurus</i>. Both
+species have been collected at Ostula.</p>
+
+<p>A juvenile from 21 kilometers south of Arteaga (UMMZ 118933) had
+alternating black and white bands on the tail. In life most of the
+lizards are dull ashy gray or grayish tan above and white below.
+According to Dixon (<i>in litt.</i>), one specimen from Apatzing&aacute;n (UMMZ
+115102) resembles <i>Phyllodactylus magnus</i> in scutellation, but it lacks
+the distinctive yellow venter of that species.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently <i>Phyllodactylus lanei</i> is restricted to rather mesic
+environments in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley and surrounding
+foothills; in the more open arid environments on the floor of the valley
+it seems to be replaced by <i>Phyllodactylus duellmani</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Phyllodactylus paucituberculatus</b> Dixon</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phyllodactylus paucituberculatus</i> Dixon, Southwest. Nat.,
+5:40, April 15, 1960.&mdash;R&iacute;o Cupatitzio (= R&iacute;o Marquez), 6.5
+miles south of Lombardia, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>R&iacute;o Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (6).</p></div>
+
+<p>Two of these specimens (UMMZ 112692-3) were discussed in detail by Dixon
+(1960:40) in his description of the species. On August 25, 1960, Dixon
+collected four additional specimens at the type locality, a conglomerate
+cliff along the R&iacute;o Marquez. These will be reported by him in his
+forthcoming study of the genus.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Anolis dunni</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Anolis dunni</i> Smith, Copeia, no. 1:9, May 10, 1936.&mdash;Agua
+del Obispo, Guerrero, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Arteaga (3); 19 km. S of Arteaga.</p></div>
+
+<p>Three females from Arteaga (UMMZ 119075) have snout-vent lengths of 41,
+41, and 44 mm. In life the pale grayish brown dorsum was marked with
+dark brown; the belly was white, and the throat was pale pink. All have
+a dark interorbital bar and dark vertical bars on the upper labials. In
+two specimens there are only scattered dark flecks on the dorsum; in the
+third there is a dark postorbital stripe, a dark lateral stripe, and
+four narrow transverse bands on the body. A male from 19 kilometers
+south of Arteaga (UMMZ 119076) having a snout-vent length of 49 mm. had
+in life a tan dorsum, a broad white stripe from the ear to the groin,
+scattered small white spots on the dorsum, and indistinct pale
+cream-colored spots on the posterior surfaces of the thighs. This male
+has the dark labial bars,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> but lacks the dark interorbital bar, found in
+the females. The large rose-pink throat fan extends to about the middle
+of the belly. In all of the specimens the middorsal scales are keeled
+and much smaller than the smooth pavementlike or slightly imbricate
+ventrals. All have two gulars in contact with the mental, five scales
+between the nasals, five scales (not including the first labials) in
+contact with the rostral, and four rows of loreals. In these characters
+these specimens agree well with <i>Anolis dunni</i> from Guerrero, as
+diagnosed by Davis (1954b).</p>
+
+<p>Previously <i>Anolis dunni</i> has been reported only from the vicinity of
+Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, a locality situated at an elevation of about
+900 meters in pine-oak forest in the Sierra del Sur. All known close
+relatives of <i>Anolis dunni</i> occur only in Guerrero: <i>A. taylori</i> Smith
+and Spieler from Acapulco, <i>A. gadowi</i> Boulenger from Tierra Colorado,
+<i>A. liogaster</i> Boulenger, and <i>A. omiltemanus</i> Davis from Omiltemi. The
+present specimens from elevations of about 900 meters in riparian stream
+vegetation and oak forest represent the northern known limits of this
+group of <i>Anolis</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Anolis nebulosus</b> (Wiegmann)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dactyloa nebulosa</i> Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 47,
+1834.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Mazatl&aacute;n,
+Sinaloa, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:66).</p>
+
+<p><i>Anolis nebulosas</i>, Bocourt, Mission Scientifique au Mexique
+et dan l'Amerique Centrale. Reptiles, livr. 2:77, 1873.</p>
+
+<p>Acahuato (3); Agua Cerca; Apatzing&aacute;n (4); Araparicuaro (3);
+29 km. S of Ario de Rosales (3); 20 km. S of Arteaga (2);
+Barranca de Bejuco; Cascada Tzararacua (5); Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro
+(13); Cher&aacute;n; Chupio (5); Coalcom&aacute;n (10); Cofrad&iacute;a; Dos
+Aguas (10); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (3); El Diezmo; El Sabino
+(43); El Ticuiz; Jiquilpan (2); La Orilla; La Placita; La
+Playa (3); Los Conejos (2); Los Pozos; Nogueleras (2);
+Ostula; 8 km. W of P&aacute;tzcuaro (2); 8 km. NE of P&aacute;tzcuaro;
+Playa Azul (3); R&iacute;o Cach&aacute;n; R&iacute;o Marquez, 10 km. S of
+Lombardia; R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzing&aacute;n; San
+Juan de Lima (6); San Pedro Naranjestila; Temazcal; Tuxpan
+(2); Tzitzio; Uruapan (74); 11 km. N of Uruapan (2); Volc&aacute;n
+Jorullo; 16 km. E of Zacapu (2); 18 km. W of Zamora;
+Ziracuaretiro.</p></div>
+
+<p>Even with the abundance of material the assignment of a specific name to
+these anoles is only tentative, for definite determination between
+<i>Anolis nebulosus</i> Wiegmann and <i>A. nebuloides</i> Bocourt is uncertain.
+Bocourt (1873:75) distinguished <i>A. nebuloides</i> from <i>A. nebulosus</i> by
+the following characters: (1) head scales keeled, not smooth; (2) snout
+narrower; (3) ear opening larger; (4) supraorbital semicircles separated
+by a row of small scales and not in contact; (5) dorsal scales larger
+and subequal in size to the belly scales. Boulenger (1885:77) used the
+same characters; Smith and Taylor (1950b:58) in their key to the Mexican
+species<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> of <i>Anolis</i> stated that the dorsal scales are slightly smaller
+than the ventrals in <i>A. nebulosus</i> and markedly smaller in <i>A.
+nebuloides</i>. Smith (<i>in litt.</i>) stated that the characters of the
+relative sizes of the dorsal and ventral scales were incorrect in that
+key.</p>
+
+<p>The application of the above criteria to specimens from Michoac&aacute;n has
+not resulted in the recognition of two species. The majority of the
+specimens have the supraorbital semicircles separated by at least one
+small scale; the head scales, with the exception of those on the snout
+in a few individuals, are smooth; the dorsal scales are only slightly
+smaller than the ventrals. In other characters of scutellation the
+specimens are highly variable. The males in life have an orange throat
+fan. Anoles of this kind have been found in Michoac&aacute;n, Colima, Jalisco,
+Nayarit, and southern Sinaloa. Near Oaxaca, Oaxaca, specimens were
+collected that superficially resemble those from Michoac&aacute;n and farther
+north. These have low keels on the snout scales, dorsals somewhat larger
+than the ventrals, and a pink throat fan. In ten males from Oaxaca the
+size of the dorsal scales relative to that of the ventrals is 1.00:0.83;
+the same ratio for 25 males from Michoac&aacute;n is 1.00:1.08. In both samples
+there are specimens in which the dorsal and ventral scales are about
+equal in size.</p>
+
+<p>Investigations by Richard E. Etheridge on the osteology of <i>Anolis</i>,
+including those species here being considered, have revealed relatively
+constant differences in the parasternalia and in the caudal vertebrae.
+The application of Etheridge's findings to anoline systematics must
+await the completion of his study.</p>
+
+<p>The carination of the scales on the snout <i>versus</i> smooth scales there
+seems to be the only significant character given by Bocourt that
+distinguishes <i>A. Nebuloides</i> from <i>A. nebulosus</i>. The difference in the
+color of the throat fan, which is apparent only in living individuals,
+is more striking. Obviously more than one species is represented, as is
+borne out by the differences in the color of the throat fan and in the
+osteology, but there is uncertainty about the correct name for each
+species. On the strength of Bocourt's diagnosis of keeled snout scales
+in <i>A. nebuloides</i>, I am applying that name to the population in Oaxaca
+and <i>A. nebulosus</i> to the specimens from Michoac&aacute;n. As arranged here,
+the two species can be distinguished, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>A. nebulosus.</i>&mdash;Dorsal scales only slightly smaller than
+the ventral scales; snout scales usually smooth; throat-fan
+bright orange in adult males.</p>
+
+<p><i>A. nebuloides.</i>&mdash;Dorsal scales somewhat larger than the
+ventral scales; snout scales having a low keel; throat-fan
+pink in adult males.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>With respect to geographic distribution, <i>A. nebulosus</i> has been
+collected from southern Sinaloa southward to Michoac&aacute;n. The lizards here
+referred to <i>A. nebuloides</i> have been taken only in pine-oak forest on
+the mountain slopes near Oaxaca City. Zweifel and Norris (1955:233)
+reported anoles with pink throat-fans from southern Sonora; possibly
+those specimens are <i>A. nebuloides</i>; I have not examined them. I have
+seen several preserved specimens from the vicinity of Tehuantepec,
+Oaxaca. Although they probably belong to this group, those specimens
+differ from both <i>A. nebulosus</i> and <i>A. nebuloides</i> in their larger
+size, relatively larger head, and much larger throat fan.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from the minor variation in scutellation, specimens of <i>Anolis
+nebulosus</i> from Michoac&aacute;n vary greatly in coloration. Usually the
+females have some form of a broad middorsal pale-colored band. In life
+this is dull yellow, tan, or orange. Two females from Dos Aguas are
+strikingly different; one (UMMZ 119521) has a broad middorsal orange
+stripe that is scalloped laterally and bordered by gray. The other (UMMZ
+119081) has a narrow middorsal cream-colored line. Males usually are
+unicolor brown or olive-tan; sometimes the middorsal region is darker.
+Some individuals have dark cross-bands or chevrons on the dorsum. One
+male from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119080) has a cream-colored lateral stripe.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n <i>Anolis nebulosus</i> occurs from sea level to elevations
+slightly in excess of 2100 meters, usually in areas of dense cover,
+whether this be herbaceous, viney, or woody, ordinarily on the ground as
+well as in bushes and trees. One was in a bromeliad growing about ten
+meters above the ground. In the arid Tepalcatepec Valley anoles of this
+species are most frequently found in the tangled growth along streams.
+Above Uruapan they were found in pine-oak forest, and on the Mexican
+Plateau between Zamora and Zacapu they were found in a bunch grass-scrub
+oak association.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Anolis schmidti</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Anolis schmidti</i> Smith, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool.
+ser., 24:21, January 30, 1939.&mdash;Manzanillo, Colima, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>La Placita; San Juan de Lima.</p></div>
+
+<p>Peters (1954:11) reported on the specimen from La Placita; another was
+secured at San Juan de Lima in 1956. The latter (UMMZ 115078) is a male
+having a snout-vent length of 43.0 mm. and a tail length of 70.5 mm. The
+dorsal ground color is pale tan; there are five pairs of irregular dark
+brown dorsolateral blotches. In life the throat fan was pale orange.
+These specimens agree with those from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> Colima described by Duellman
+(1958c:10). The distribution of <i>Anolis schmidti</i> seems to be restricted
+to the coastal lowlands from Michoac&aacute;n to Nayarit.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Basiliscus vittatus</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Basiliscus vittatus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:373,
+1828.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Veracruz,
+Veracruz, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:72).</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (9); Capirio; Coahuayana (5); El Cerrito; El
+Sabino (2); El Ticuiz; La Placita (3); Maruata (2); Mot&iacute;n
+del Oro; Ostula; Playa Azul (3).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species has been found only on the coast and in the low
+Tepalcatepec Valley. In the latter area it is restricted to riparian
+situations along the larger streams. The lizard is abundant in the
+mangrove swamps bordering the brackish lagoons on the coast. In July,
+1955, scores of individuals were seen around Estero Pichi at Playa Azul.
+Adults, especially the large males, are exceedingly wary and difficult
+to collect. At all localities where they were found, the lizards were
+most often seen in dense bushes, where they are well camouflaged.
+Individuals of all sizes were observed to run across the surface of the
+ponds.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Iguana iguana rhinolopha</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Iguana rhinolopha</i> Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 44,
+1834.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to C&oacute;rdoba,
+Veracruz, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:72).</p>
+
+<p><i>Iguana iguana rhinolopha</i>, Van Denburgh, Proc. Acad. Nat.
+Sci. Philadelphia, 1897:461, January 18, 1898.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (8); Capirio (3); El Cerrito; El Ticuiz (2); La
+Placita; La Playa (2); Maruata; Playa Azul; R&iacute;o Cach&aacute;n.</p></div>
+
+<p>Like the preceding species, this lizard is always found near water. It
+does not ascend the foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, but in the
+Balsas Basin it reaches elevations of 800 meters at La Playa. Large
+adults are often seen in the large trees making up the gallery forests
+along rivers. From high perches the lizards drop into the water with a
+terrific splash. Bright green juveniles were abundant in bushes along
+the R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec in July, 1955.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Ctenosaura pectinata</b> (Wiegmann)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cyclura pectinata</i> Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 42,
+1834.&mdash;M&eacute;xico (by inference). Type locality restricted to
+Colima, Colima, M&eacute;xico, by Bailey (1928:25).</p>
+
+<p><i>Ctenosaura pectinata</i>, Gray, Catalogue of the lizards...
+British Museum, p. 191, 1845.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (27); between Ario de Rosales and La Playa;
+Barranca de Bejuco; Capirio (2); Coalcom&aacute;n (4); El Espinal;
+El Sabino (2); El Ticuiz; Jazmin (2); La Huacana; La Placita
+(8); La Playa (3); Limoncito; Lombardia; Mot&iacute;n del Oro;
+Playa Azul; R&iacute;o Cancita, 12 km. E of Apatzing&aacute;n (2); R&iacute;o
+Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2);? Uruapan; Volc&aacute;n
+Jorullo.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Ctenosaura pectinata</i> is a common lowland species that ascends the
+slopes of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica to
+elevations of about 1050 meters (approximating the lower limits of the
+oak forest). The record from Uruapan (USNM 10234, collected by Dug&egrave;s) is
+doubtful.</p>
+
+<p>These large lizards are most easily observed on rock fences along roads.
+Near Apatzing&aacute;n innumerable individuals can be seen in mid-morning.
+Later in the day, as the sun rises higher in the sky, the lizards
+retreat to the shade of the crevices in the fences. The abundance of
+these lizards in the Tepalcatepec Valley, together with evidence
+gathered from the natives of the valley, indicates that these lizards
+are seldom used for human consumption there. On the other hand, several
+people in Coalcom&aacute;n consider the "iguana negra" (local name for
+<i>Ctenosaura</i>) to be a delicacy and serve it at every opportunity. In
+early July, 1951, brilliant green young of the year were collected at La
+Playa and at Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Enyaliosaurus clarki</b> (Bailey)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ctenosaura clarki</i> Bailey, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 73:44,
+September 26, 1928.&mdash;Ovopeo (= Oropeo), Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Enyaliosaurus clarki</i>, Duellman and Duellman, Occ. Pap.
+Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 598:1, February 16, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>Twelve km. SSW of Apatzing&aacute;n; Capirio (7); Cofrad&iacute;a (3); El
+Espinal (2); 32 km. E of Huetamo; Jazmin (5); Oropeo (10);
+Rancho Nuevo; R&iacute;o Cancita, 12 km. E of Apatzing&aacute;n (8);
+Tepalcatepec (3); Zicuiran (6).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species is known only from the low areas of the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin between elevations of 200 and 510 meters. It is commonly found in
+the open arid tropical scrub forest dominated by <i>Prosopsis</i> sp.,
+<i>Apoplanesia paniculata</i>, and <i>Cercidium plurifoliolatum</i>. Continued
+collecting in the Tepalcatepec Valley has borne out the suggestions of
+Duellman and Duellman (1959) concerning the distribution and abundance
+of this lizard. Also, continued collecting in Colima and on the Pacific
+coast has failed to reveal the presence of <i>Enyaliosaurus</i> there.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Phrynosoma asio</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Phrynosoma asio</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+16:178, September 30, 1864.&mdash;Colima, Colima, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (4); San Salvador.</p></div>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this species has been obtained only in the Tepalcatepec
+Valley and on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n between 300
+and 700 meters. Apparently the lizard is absent from the coastal
+lowlands of Michoac&aacute;n and Guerrero. The distribution of this species,
+therefore, is discontinuous. One population<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> inhabits the lowlands of
+Colima and the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin inland to northern Guerrero and
+Morelos; a southern population inhabits the Plains of Tehuantepec in
+Oaxaca.</p>
+
+<p>A juvenile from Apatzing&aacute;n (USNM 47739) has a snout-vent length of 40.0
+mm. and a tail length of 19.5 mm.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus aeneus aeneus</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus aeneus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370,
+1828.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Tres Cumbres,
+Morelos, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:137).</p>
+
+<p><i>Sceloporus aeneus aeneus</i>, Smith, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+Univ. Michigan, 361:6, December 15, 1937.</p>
+
+<p>Angahuan; Araparicuaro (2); Cap&aacute;cuaro (2); Carapan (11);
+Cher&aacute;n (11); 18 km. WNW of Ciudad Hidalgo (10); Cuse&ntilde;o
+Station; Jer&aacute;huaro; Los Conejos (36); Macho de Agua (7);
+Opopeo; Paracho (2); P&aacute;tzcuaro (4); Pino Gordo; 18 km. W of
+Quiroga (2); Tanc&iacute;taro (49); Uruapan (14); 16 km. NW of
+Zacapu (5); between Zacapu and Zamora (2); 13 km. E of
+Zinap&eacute;cuaro; 14 km. SE of Zit&aacute;cuaro (14).</p></div>
+
+<p>This small terrestrial species inhabits the pine and fir forests of the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica between elevations of 1850 and 3100 meters;
+apparently it is absent from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. It seems to prefer
+rather open coniferous forests in which there is a more or less
+continuous cover of grasses on the ground. On warm sunny days the
+lizards can be observed scurrying about in the grass; in the early hours
+of the day, or on cold days, they are found beneath stones, logs, or
+dead clumps of bunch grass.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus asper</b> Boulenger</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus asper</i> Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+1897:497, October, 1897.&mdash;La Cumbre de los Arrastrados,
+Jalisco, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (3); 10 km. E of Dos Aguas; Uruapan (41).</p></div>
+
+<p>This strictly arboreal lizard is abundant in the mixed broad-leafed
+forest near Uruapan. The lizards are exceedingly wary and can be
+approached only with difficulty. In life males have pale blue bellies;
+the throat is pale pink. The pale gray dorsum marked with irregular
+darker gray blotches blends well with the color of the tree trunks on
+which the lizard lives. The one specimen from Dos Aguas was found on a
+pine tree; it provides the only record for the species from the Sierra
+de Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus bulleri</b> Boulenger</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus bulleri</i> Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+1894:729, April, 1895.&mdash;Las Cumbre de los Arrastrados,
+Jalisco, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Acuaro de las Lleguas (13); Barolosa (9); Dos Aguas (61); 10
+km. NE of Dos Aguas (5).</p></div>
+
+<p>Heretofore this species has been known only from a few specimens from
+scattered localities in the Sierra Madre Occidental in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> southwestern
+Jalisco and Sinaloa. The collection of a large series of these lizards
+in virgin pine forest at elevations of more than 2000 meters in the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n now makes possible an analysis of variation in the
+species.</p>
+
+<p>Superficially <i>S. bulleri</i> resembles <i>S. torquatus</i>, but <i>S. bulleri</i> is
+smaller, has more dorsal scales, fewer scales in the dark collar, and
+fewer femoral pores. In 88 specimens of <i>S. bulleri</i> there are 36-41
+(38.7) dorsal scales and 2 or 3 (2.6) middorsal scales in the collar, as
+compared with 28-31 (29.3) dorsal scales and 3 or 4 (3.4) middorsal
+scales in the collar of 26 specimens of <i>S. torquatus</i> from Uruapan. In
+20 adult males of <i>S. bulleri</i> there are 13-15 (14.3) femoral pores, and
+13-16 (14.4) in 11 females; 13 males of <i>S. torquatus</i> have 14-21 (17.3)
+femoral pores, and 13 females have 15-21 (16.7). Seventeen adult males
+of <i>S. bulleri</i> have snout-vent lengths of 72-91 (82.0); ten females,
+71-87 (75.7). In comparison, 13 adult males of <i>S. torquatus</i> have an
+average snout-vent length of 88.9 mm., and 13 females, 88.5 mm. In <i>S.
+bulleri</i> there is little variation in the head scales. The frontal is in
+contact with the interparietal in 63, and not in 24, specimens; the
+median frontonasal is in contact with the frontal in 13, and not in 74,
+specimens. In 39 specimens there are two canthals, and in 48 there is
+one; in 29 specimens there are three preauriculars, and in 58 there are
+four.</p>
+
+<p>In life adult males have a pale blue tail, bright blue belly patches, a
+purplish blue throat, and pale blue lines on the sides of the head and
+neck.</p>
+
+<p>This species was obtained at four localities in the high mountains of
+the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. In this mountain range <i>Sceloporus bulleri</i>
+apparently replaces <i>S. torquatus</i>, a species that is widespread in the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica and on the Mexican Plateau. At Dos Aguas and at
+Acuaro de las Lleguas the lizards were abundant in the tall pine forest,
+where they were found on standing pine trees, on pine logs, and on rock
+outcroppings.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus dugesi intermedius</b> Dug&egrave;s</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus intermedius</i> Dug&egrave;s, La Naturaleza, 4:29,
+1877.&mdash;La Noria, near Zamora, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sceloporus dugesii intermedius</i>, Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 24:663, February 16, 1938.</p>
+
+<p>Cojumatl&aacute;n (6); Jiquilpan (11); Lago de Cam&eacute;cuaro; Lago de
+Chapala; Morelia (23); P&aacute;tzcuaro (84); Quiroga (35); Sahuayo
+(4); Tac&iacute;cuaro (2); Tangamandapio (17); Tanganc&iacute;cuaro (9);
+Zacapu (4); Zamora (11); Zinap&eacute;cuaro (9).</p></div>
+
+<p>This lizard is strictly an inhabitant of the Mexican Plateau, where it
+is found in rocky places, sometimes in pine-oak forest,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> but more
+frequently in mesquite-grassland. It is a terrestrial species, and is
+most often seen on rock fences at elevations of 1500 to 2200 meters.</p>
+
+<p>This species differs from <i>S. bulleri</i> and <i>S. torquatus</i> in having two
+rows of supraoculars, instead of one; also it has more dorsal scales.
+Twenty-six specimens of <i>Sceloporus dugesi intermedius</i> from
+Tangamandapio and Tanganc&iacute;cuaro have 44-48 (45.7) dorsal scales, as
+compared with an average of 38.7 in <i>S. bulleri</i> and 29.3 in <i>S.
+torquatus</i>. In life <i>Sceloporus dugesi intermedius</i> has a dull greenish
+gray dorsum; in males the belly patches are bright blue bordered
+medially by black, and the throat is bluish gray. The largest specimen
+examined is a male having a snout-vent length of 80 mm.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus gadowae</b> Boulenger</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus gadoviae</i> Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+1905, 2:246, October 7, 1905.&mdash;Mezquititl&aacute;n, Guerrero,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Chupio; El Sabino (77); La Playa (6); R&iacute;o Marquez, 10 km. S
+of Lombardia (11).</p></div>
+
+<p>Although this species has a rather extensive range in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin in the state of Michoac&aacute;n, Guerrero, Morelos,
+and Puebla, it is only locally abundant in that area. Usually these
+lizards are found on rocky cliffs in which there are many crevices for
+cover. <i>Sceloporus gadowae</i> is abundant on a conglomerate cliff along
+the R&iacute;o Marquez south of Lombardia. Although the closely related <i>S.
+pyrocephalus</i> is abundant in the stream valley and in the hills above
+the cliff, <i>S. gadowae</i> has been found only on the cliff; few
+individuals of <i>S. pyrocephalus</i> have been observed on the cliff. A
+similar situation was discovered on a much more extensive conglomerate
+cliff along the R&iacute;o Balsas near Mexcala, Guerrero. Near Tehuitzingo,
+Puebla, where <i>S. pyrocephalus</i> was not found, <i>S. gadowae</i> was found on
+conglomerate cliffs. Probably there is strong competition between the
+two species; possibly this has resulted in the restriction of <i>S.
+gadowae</i> to isolated cliff-habitats within the extensive range of the
+more widespread <i>S. pyrocephalus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n <i>Sceloporus gadowae</i> has been found along the lower slopes
+of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica at elevations from 250 to 1050 meters. All
+of the localities from which this lizard is known lie in the arid
+tropical scrub forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus microlepidotus</i> Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana,
+p. 51, 1834.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to M&eacute;xico,
+Distrito Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:120).</p>
+
+<p><i>Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus</i>, Smith and Laufe,
+Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 48:332, December, 1945.</p>
+
+<p>Angahuari; Apo (10); Atzimba (3); Carapan (5); Cerro San
+Andr&eacute;s (17); Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro (18); Corupu; Cuse&ntilde;o Station
+(2); Jacona; Jer&aacute;huaro (10); Macho de Agua; Mil Cumbres; 46
+km. E of Morelia; 60 km. E of Morelia (2); Opopeo (14);
+P&aacute;tzcuaro (30); Puerto Hondo (19); San Gregorio (41); San
+Jos&eacute; de la Cumbre (8); Sierra Patamba; Tanc&iacute;taro (233);
+Tup&aacute;taro; Undameo; Uruapan (180); between Zacapu and Zamora;
+24 km. SE of Zit&aacute;cuaro; between Zurumbeneo and Cerro
+Garnica.</p></div>
+
+<p>This small species of <i>Sceloporus</i> is an ubiquitous inhabitant of the
+coniferous forests from 1550 to 3100 meters in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica.
+Usually it is seen on tree trunks, but occasionally on the ground. Near
+the lower limit of the altitudinal distribution of the species, as at
+Uruapan, individuals sometimes are found on broad-leafed trees.
+Apparently <i>Sceloporus heterolepis</i> replaces <i>S. grammicus
+microlepidotus</i> in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus heterolepis</b> Boulenger</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus heterolepis</i> Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+1894:731, April, 1895.&mdash;La Cumbre de los Arrastrados,
+Jalisco, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Araparicuaro; Cerro Barolosa (6); Dos Aguas (13); Los
+Conejos; 11 km. N of Uruapan (3).</p></div>
+
+<p>Although Michoac&aacute;n has not previously been included in the range of this
+lizard, it was first collected in the state by Gadow in 1908 (BMNH
+1914.1.28.69 from Araparicuaro). The description of <i>S. heterolepis</i>
+given by Smith (1939:197) can be supplemented by data on the 23
+specimens now in the collections of the Museum of Zoology at the
+University of Michigan. All have two canthals; there are 55 to 71 (63.6)
+scales in the middorsal row; 1 to 3 rows middorsally are somewhat
+enlarged and bordered on either side by a row of larger scales bearing
+high keels. There are 14 to 20 (16.2) femoral pores. Eight adult males
+have snout-vent lengths from 49 to 61 (58.0) mm. and tail lengths from
+57 to 74 (66.0) mm.; four adult females have snout-vent lengths from 52
+to 57 (55.2) mm. and tail lengths from 60 to 66 (63.5) mm. The smallest
+of eight juveniles has a snout-vent length of 28 mm. and a tail length
+of 32 mm. The dorsum in adults is pale grayish brown; there are three
+irregular chevron-shaped dark marks and a triangular dark brown mark
+above the insertion of the hind limbs; on the tail are dark brown rings.
+There are scattered faint blue flecks on the flanks and narrow
+transverse dark lines on the lower limbs. Males<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> have pale bluish green
+belly patches and an orange-salmon-colored throat; the belly in females
+is pale orange-tan. The juveniles have a more contrasting color pattern;
+the dark chevrons on the dorsum are bordered posteriorly by pale gray.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this species has been obtained in pine and pine-fir forests
+from 1800 to 2700 meters. On Cerro Barolosa and at Dos Aguas, both in
+the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, the lizards were found beneath the bark of
+dead, standing pines. In the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n <i>Sceloporus
+heterolepis</i> seems to fill the niche of the small arboreal <i>Sceloporus</i>
+in the coniferous forest in southwestern M&eacute;xico, a position held by <i>S.
+grammicus microlepidotus</i> in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica; the latter
+species does not occur in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. Five specimens of
+<i>Sceloporus heterolepis</i> are known from the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica,
+whereas 603 of <i>S. grammicus microlepidotus</i> have been collected there.
+The ecological relationships that exist between the two species in the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica are not known.</p>
+
+<p>Insofar as is known, <i>Sceloporus heterolepis</i> reaches the southern
+limits of its range in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and in the western part
+of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. Other records for the species are from the
+Sierra Madre Occidental in Jalisco. Langebartel (1959) described
+<i>Sceloporus shannonorum</i> from the mountains near the Durango-Sinaloa
+border; the single specimen of <i>S. shannonorum</i> differs significantly
+from <i>S. heterolepis</i> only in having fewer dorsal scales (48). The
+acquisition of additional material, especially from Nayarit and northern
+Jalisco, probably will provide a basis for showing that these two
+populations are conspecific.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus horridus oligoporus</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus oligoporus</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.&mdash;Colima, Colima,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sceloporus horridus oligoporus</i>, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 24:520, February 16, 1938.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla; Apatzing&aacute;n (50); Arteaga (2); Capirio (2);
+Cascada Tzararacua; Charapendo (4); Coahuayana (3);
+Coalcom&aacute;n (32); 19 km. S of Corralito; 27 km. E of Dos
+Aguas; El Sabino (55); El Ticuiz; Huetamo (2); Jazmin;
+Jungapeo (2); La Orilla (2); La Placita; Limoncito (3);
+Playa Azul (5); Tzitzio (8); Uruapan (4); Volc&aacute;n Jorullo
+(2); Ziracuaretiro; Zirim&iacute;cuaro (13).</p></div>
+
+<p>All of the specimens from Michoac&aacute;n seem to be typical <i>S. horridus
+oligoporus</i>; none has more than six femoral pores.</p>
+
+<p>Characteristically this species is found in open arid scrub forest; it
+reaches its greatest abundance in rocky areas in which there are
+scattered leguminous trees and bushes. It has been found in these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> low
+trees and bushes almost as frequently as it has been found on the
+ground; none has been seen in large trees or far above the ground.
+Altitudinally, this species ranges from sea level to about 1600 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster</i> Smith, Proc. U. S.
+Natl. Mus., 92:360, November 5, 1942.&mdash;Acapulco, Guerrero,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla; Apatzing&aacute;n (18); Barranca de Herradero; Capirio
+(19); Coahuayana (4); Coalcom&aacute;n (2); Cofrad&iacute;a (4); El
+Cerrito; El Sabino (33); El Ticuiz (3); La Placita (6);
+Lombardia (4); Playa Azul; R&iacute;o Marquez, 10 km. S of
+Lombardia (2); R&iacute;o Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva Italia (4);
+Salitre de Estopila; San Juan de Lima (2); Santa Ana;
+Tzitzio; Ziracuaretiro.</p></div>
+
+<p>Smith (1942a:360) diagnosed <i>Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster</i> as
+having fewer femoral pores than the other subspecies of <i>S.
+melanorhinus</i> and as having the lateral belly patches in the males
+confluent in the midline. Examination of forty specimens from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley and the coastal regions of Michoac&aacute;n does not
+substantiate this diagnosis. The number of femoral pores varies from 15
+to 22 (18.9); 14 individuals (35%) had 20 or more femoral pores. Smith
+(<i>loc. cit.</i>) stated that <i>S. melanorhinus</i> in Oaxaca had 18 to 27
+(21.6) femoral pores and that 77 per cent of the specimens had more than
+20 femoral pores. Of the 24 males examined from Michoac&aacute;n, 18 have the
+lateral belly patches separated in the midline. Usually they are
+separated by no more than one scale, but in some individuals they are
+separated by two or more scales. Although the above data minimize
+certain differences between the northern and southern populations of
+this species, certain of the color pattern characters seem to be
+diagnostic of the subspecies inhabiting the Pacific lowlands from
+Guerrero to Nayarit. Large adults of <i>S. m. calligaster</i> have only a
+faint dorsal pattern, which in the subspecies <i>melanorhinus</i> and
+<i>stuarti</i> consists of a series of large, dark, interconnected triangles
+on the back. This pattern is present in young and small adults of <i>S. m.
+calligaster</i>; furthermore, in this subspecies the ventral coloration of
+the males differs from that found in the more southern populations.
+Adult males of <i>S. m. calligaster</i> have a black throat, that changes to
+brilliant blue posteriorly, and a large white spot medially on the chin.
+This spot is present in some specimens from Oaxaca and Chiapas, but, if
+present, it is much smaller and less distinct than in specimens from
+Michoac&aacute;n. In <i>S. m. calligaster</i> the chest and midventral area are
+orange to salmon-color.</p>
+
+<p>A male from Lombardia in life was colored as follows: Dorsum grayish tan
+bearing faint bluish gray flecks; chest deep salmon-orange,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> this color
+continuing down midventral area to the somewhat paler groin; belly
+patches pale blue fading to pale green laterally; throat black
+anteriorly enclosing a white spot; throat blue posteriorly and bluish
+green posterolaterally.</p>
+
+<p>Individual lizards were observed to change in dorsal color from a pale
+ashy gray to a rather dull brown. Normally, inactive individuals and
+those observed on overcast days were dull brown.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster</i> is found in trees in riparian
+situations in the lowlands to elevations of about 1500 meters. It does
+not inhabit the arid tropical scrub forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley or
+on the coast, but in those areas is found in the gallery forests along
+streams and rivers. The lizards are wary and live high in the trees;
+they are especially difficult to locate in the rainy season, when the
+trees are in full leaf.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus pyrocephalus</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus pyrocephalus</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.&mdash;Colima, Colima,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Acahuato (2); Apatzing&aacute;n (142); Arteaga (4); 26 km. S of
+Arteaga (4); Capirio (6); Chinapa; Chupio; 19 km. S of
+Corralito (5); El Sabino (220); Jazmin (3); La Placita (8);
+La Playa (14); La Salada (6); Lombardia (5); Nueva Italia
+(14); Ojos de Agua de San Telmo (2); Oropeo (3); Ostula;
+Punta de San Telmo (3); R&iacute;o Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzing&aacute;n
+(13); R&iacute;o Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (10); R&iacute;o Marquez,
+13 km. SE of Nueva Italia (3); San Juan de Lima (2); Santa
+Ana (2); Tafetan (2); Tepalcatepec (2); Tzitzio (6); Volc&aacute;n
+Jorullo (3).</p></div>
+
+<p>This small species is extremely common in the Tepalcatepec Valley and
+noticeably less so on the coast. It is usually found on the ground in
+rocky areas, but males frequently have been seen on the trunks of low
+trees in the scrub forest. Altitudinally, it ranges from sea level to
+slightly more than 1000 meters. The sexes are readily distinguished in
+the field (Oliver, 1937; Smith, 1939; Duellman, 1954b). In the dry
+season only males were observed in the Tepalcatepec Valley, but in the
+rainy season both sexes were found in approximately the same numbers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus scalaris scalaris</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus scalaris</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370,
+1828.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to M&eacute;xico, Distrito
+Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:137).</p>
+
+<p><i>Sceloporus scalaris scalaris</i>, Smith, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+Univ. Michigan, 361:2, December 15, 1937.</p>
+
+<p>Carapan (2); Cher&aacute;n; Ciudad Hidalgo; Huingo (3); Jacona (3);
+Jiquilpan (2); Lago de Cam&eacute;cuaro (2); Lago de Chapala; Lago
+de Cuitzeo (5); Morelia (4); P&aacute;tzcuaro (4); Quer&eacute;ndaro;
+Quiroga; Tac&iacute;cuaro (5); Tar&eacute;cuaro; Zacapu (4); Zamora (4);
+Zinap&eacute;cuaro (11).</p></div>
+
+<p>This small terrestrial species does not seem to be abundant anywhere in
+the state. It sometimes is found in open pine, oak, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> pine-oak forest,
+but usually it is observed in areas supporting bunch grass. In such
+places the lizards sun and forage on the open ground and quickly take
+refuge in the large clumps of grass. Altitudinally, the species ranges
+from 1550 to 2300 meters. Although <i>Sceloporus scalaris scalaris</i> has
+been found in association with <i>S. dugesi intermedius</i>, <i>S. spinosus</i>,
+and <i>S. torquatus</i>, it does not seem to form any close ecological
+association with any of these species. In the pine forests of the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica <i>S. s. scalaris</i> is replaced by <i>Sceloporus aeneus
+aeneus</i>, another small terrestrial species that occurs in great
+abundance throughout the coniferous forests of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus siniferus siniferus</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus siniferus</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+11:159, 1869.&mdash;Pacific side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
+Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico, by
+Smith and Taylor (1950b:134).</p>
+
+<p><i>Sceloporus siniferus siniferus</i>, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U.
+S. Natl. Mus., 199:134, October 26, 1950.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-six km. S of Arteaga; Barranca de Bejuco (2);
+Coahuayana; El Ticuiz (2); La Mira; La Orilla (2); La
+Placita (9); Maruata; Ojos de Agua de San Telmo; Ostula (4);
+Playa Azul (6); P&oacute;maro (2); Puerto de las Higuerita; Santa
+Ana (3).</p></div>
+
+<p>This small terrestrial species inhabits the dense arid tropical scrub
+forest on the coast and lower foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n to
+elevations of about 150 meters. It also occurs in the lower Balsas
+Valley, but it has not been found in the scrub forest of the broad
+Tepalcatepec Valley. Perhaps the large number of <i>Sceloporus siniferus</i>
+on the coastal lowlands is responsible for the small number there of <i>S.
+pyrocephalus</i>, another terrestrial species of about the same size. The
+latter is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where <i>S. siniferus
+siniferus</i> has not been found. <i>Sceloporus siniferus siniferus</i> is a
+fast runner and difficult to collect; consequently, the small number of
+specimens available is not indicative of its abundance.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus spinosus spinosus</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus spinosus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370,
+1828.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Puebla, Puebla,
+M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:116).</p>
+
+<p><i>Sceloporus spinosus spinosus</i>, Mart&iacute;n del Campo, Anal.
+Inst. Biol. M&eacute;xico, 8:262, 1937.</p>
+
+<p>Cojumatl&aacute;n (2); Huetamo Road; Lago de Cuitzeo (4); Maravatio
+(8); Tup&aacute;taro (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>Although this species is widespread on the southern part of the Mexican
+Plateau, it is uncommon in Michoac&aacute;n. It has been collected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> only in
+rather open situations in the mesquite-grassland on the plateau between
+1500 and 2300 meters, where it has been found in association with
+<i>Sceloporus dugesi intermedius</i> and <i>S. scalaris scalaris</i>. Most
+specimens of <i>Sceloporus spinosus spinosus</i> have been observed on rock
+fences. In this habitat the species is the larger member of a pair of
+species, the smaller of which is <i>Sceloporus dugesi intermedius</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus torquatus torquatus</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus torquatus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:369,
+1828.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to M&eacute;xico, Distrito
+Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:126).</p>
+
+<p><i>Sceloporus torquatus torquatus</i>, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos.
+Soc., 22:402, 1885.</p>
+
+<p>Angahuan (31); Araparicuaro; Cap&aacute;cuaro (3); Carapan (11);
+Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro; Cher&aacute;n; Ciudad Hidalgo; Cojumatl&aacute;n;
+Cop&aacute;ndaro (2); Corupu (4); Cuse&ntilde;o Station (9); El &Aacute;lamo;
+Jacona (6); Jiquilpan (2); Jungapeo (3); Lago de Cam&eacute;cuaro;
+Lago de Chapala; Lago de Cuitzeo (3); La Palma (2); Los
+Conejos (3); Los Reyes (3); Maravatio (9); Morelia (17);
+Paracho (3); P&aacute;tzcuaro (27); Pino Gordo; Quer&eacute;ndaro (2);
+Quiroga; Sahuayo (3); San Jos&eacute; de la Cumbre; San Juan de
+Panangaricutiro; Tac&iacute;cuaro (10); Tanc&iacute;taro (200);
+Tangamandapio; Tanganc&iacute;cuaro (3); Temazcal (2); Tup&aacute;taro
+(5); Uruapan (136); Zacapu; Zinap&eacute;cuaro (10); Zirim&iacute;cuaro
+(12); Zit&aacute;cuaro.</p></div>
+
+<p>This large species inhabits the Mexican Plateau and the Cordillera
+Volc&aacute;nica, but not the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, where apparently it is
+replaced by <i>Sceloporus bulleri</i>. <i>Sceloporus torquatus torquatus</i>
+usually is found in pine or pine-fir forests at elevations between 1450
+and 3000 meters. In many places it is almost entirely arboreal, but in
+areas where there are many fallen trees or rock fences and rock piles,
+many individuals have been found on the ground near the rocks or logs.
+In the coniferous forests this species is associated with <i>S. grammicus
+microtepidotus</i> and <i>S. aeneus aeneus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The distinction made by Smith (1938:572) between the subspecies <i>S.
+torquatus torquatus</i> and <i>melanogaster</i> is slight. Individuals with pale
+bluish spots are found throughout the range of the species in Michoac&aacute;n;
+spotting is especially evident in the young. Individuals having an
+incomplete nuchal collar have been found at Maravatio and at Zinap&eacute;cuaro
+in the northern part of the state; in this character these specimens
+resemble <i>S. torquatus melanogaster</i>, which is found to the north from
+Guanajuato to Zacatecas and San Luis Potos&iacute;.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sceloporus utiformis</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sceloporus utiformis</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.&mdash;Colima, Colima,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Nineteen km. S of Arteaga (2); Cascada Tzararacua (17);
+Coahuayana (3); Coalcom&aacute;n (6); El Sabino (2); El Ticuiz (2);
+Ostula (3); P&oacute;maro; R&iacute;o Cach&aacute;n; San Juan de Lima; Uruapan
+(26).</p></div>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n the range of this species is discontinuous. It has been
+found between 1050 and 1550 meters on the slopes of the Cordillera
+Volc&aacute;nica, and on the coast and seaward slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n up to an elevation of 900 meters. It is absent from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. At Uruapan and at Cascada Tzararacua this lizard
+was found on the ground in oak forest or in open pine-oak forest; on the
+coast and foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n it was found on the
+ground in the gallery forests along streams, and not in the scrub
+forest.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus</b> (Schmidt)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Uta tuberculata</i> Schmidt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 22:4,
+December 1, 1921.&mdash;Colima, Colima, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus</i>, Mittleman, Bull. Mus.
+Comp. Zool., 91:169, September, 1942.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-six km. S of Arteaga; Cascada Tzararacua (2); Chupio;
+Coahuayana; Coalcom&aacute;n (8); El Sabino (2); Jungapeo; La
+Orilla (2); La Placita (4); Playa Azul (4); P&oacute;maro (2); San
+Salvador (16);? Tup&aacute;taro; Uruapan (12); Tzitzio; Zamora.</p></div>
+
+<p>The known distribution and geographic variation of <i>Urosaurus
+bicarinatus</i> in southwestern M&eacute;xico presents a confused picture. In
+general rugosity, specimens from the coastal region of Michoac&aacute;n
+(Coahuayana, La Orilla, La Placita, Playa Azul, and P&oacute;maro) resemble <i>U.
+bicarinatus tuberculatus</i> to the north along the Pacific coast.
+Furthermore, specimens from the coast have less stippling in the gular
+region than do those from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and the slopes of the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. Specimens from the mountains have greatly carinate
+enlarged dorsals, large lateral tubercles, and heavily stippled throats;
+in these characters they resemble specimens from Morelos, Guerrero, and
+Oaxaca. As mentioned by Peters (1954:14), some specimens from La Orilla
+and San Salvador are like <i>U. bicarinatus bicarinatus</i> in certain
+characters, and one specimen has the blue ventral patches restricted to
+the sternal area, a characteristic of <i>U. bicarinatus anonymorphus</i> of
+Oaxaca and eastern Guerrero. Examination of all available specimens from
+Michoac&aacute;n indicates that the nature of the dorsal scales is of little
+value in separating the subspecies. The specimens from Michoac&aacute;n are
+here provisionally referred to <i>U. bicarinatus tuberculatus</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> because
+cursory examination of specimens from several localities between Nayarit
+and Oaxaca shows that there are only minor differences between the named
+populations. Individuals from the northern part of the range are more
+rugose and have larger blue ventral patches and less gular stippling
+than those from the south.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n <i>Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus</i> is found in wooded
+areas, not in open scrub forest, in the coastal area to elevations of
+about 900 meters, and along the slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica and
+the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau at elevations from 1000 to 1700
+meters. The record for Tup&aacute;taro probably is erroneous, for no other
+specimens of this species are known from the central plateau.
+Essentially, the distribution of this species parallels that of
+<i>Sceloporus utiformis</i>, a strictly terrestrial species. <i>Urosaurus
+bicarinatus tuberculatus</i> lives on tree trunks. Below 1000 meters in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley <i>Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus</i> is replaced by
+<i>Urosaurus gadowi</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Urosaurus gadowi</b> (Schmidt)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Uta gadovi</i> Schmidt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 22:3, December
+1, 1921.&mdash;Cofrad&iacute;a, Jalisco, M&eacute;xico (in error) = Cofrad&iacute;a,
+Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico (Duellman, 1958b:49).</p>
+
+<p><i>Urosaurus gadowi</i>, Mittleman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+91:154, September, 1942.</p>
+
+<p>Acahuato (2); Apatzing&aacute;n (56); 12-16 km. S of Apatzing&aacute;n
+(12); Buenavista (7); Capirio (23); Cofrad&iacute;a (21); El Sabino
+(13); Guayabo; Jazmin; La Playa; La Salada (3); Nueva Italia
+(7); Rancho Nuevo; R&iacute;o Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzing&aacute;n (5);
+R&iacute;o Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2); R&iacute;o Marquez, 13 km.
+SE of Nueva Italia (3); San Salvador (2); Santa Ana;
+Tepalcatepec; Volc&aacute;n Jorullo (3); Zicuiran (2);
+Ziracuaretiro.</p></div>
+
+<p>Although individuals of this species have been collected at elevations
+slightly exceeding 1200 meters on Volc&aacute;n Jorullo and at 1100 meters at
+Ziracuaretiro on the southern slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, for
+the most part these lizards are found at elevations of less than 800
+meters, where they inhabit the open arid scrub forest of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, a region to which this species is endemic
+(Duellman, 1958b:49). These small lizards usually are found on the
+trunks and main branches of the small trees in the scrub forest; in this
+habitat they are associated with <i>Sceloporus horridus oligoporus</i>, a
+much larger species.</p>
+
+<p>Males have a pale orange spot on the throat and a pale blue belly;
+females have immaculate venters.</p>
+
+<p>A specimen from Guayabo on the northern slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n was referred to <i>Urosaurus irregularis</i> (Fischer) by Peters<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+(1954:15). I have studied this specimen (BMNH 1914.1.28.110), a female
+having a snout-vent length of 46 mm., and agree with Peters that it
+closely resembles Fischer's description and figure (1882: pl. 17, fig.
+1). This specimen and those seen of <i>Urosaurus gadowi</i> all have
+pavementlike enlarged dorsal scales that are complete across the
+vertical line. In <i>U. gadowi</i> the enlarged dorsals usually are in four
+to six irregular rows; in the specimen from Guayabo the dorsals are in
+two rows. Although none of the other specimens of <i>U. gadowi</i> examined
+has only two rows of enlarged dorsals, I prefer to consider the specimen
+from Guayabo as an aberrant individual of that species, rather than <i>U.
+irregularis</i>. Guayabo is in the known range of <i>U. gadowi</i>. <i>Urosaurus
+irregularis</i> is known only from the type specimen in the Bremen Museum;
+the type locality, according to Fischer (1882:232), is "Aus dem
+Hochlande von Mexico." If an examination of the type specimen of <i>U.
+irregularis</i> shows it to be identical with <i>U. gadowi</i>, then <i>U.
+irregularis</i> would be the name for the lizards here referred to <i>U.
+gadowi</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Mabuya brachypoda</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mabuya brachypoda</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38
+(1):308, December 20, 1956.&mdash;Four kilometers east-southeast
+of Los Angeles de Tilar&aacute;n, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.</p>
+
+<p>El Sabino (42); La Placita; Playa Azul; Tzitzio (3).</p></div>
+
+<p>Previously this species has been reported from La Placita as <i>Mabuya
+mabouya alliacea</i> by Peters (1954:15). Webb (1958:1311) provided
+evidence that Mexican specimens were conspecific with <i>Mabuya
+brachypoda</i>, as described from Costa Rica by Taylor (1956:308). The
+large series in the Taylor collection studied by Webb and listed by him
+as being from Uruapan actually is part of a series collected by Hobart
+M. Smith at El Sabino at an elevation of 1050 meters, 30 kilometers
+south of Uruapan.</p>
+
+<p>This species probably ranges throughout the coastal region of the state;
+individuals from La Placita and Playa Azul were taken in dense scrub
+forest near sea level.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Scincella assata taylori</b> (Oliver)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leiolopisma assatum taylori</i> Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+Univ. Michigan, 360:12, November 20, 1937.&mdash;Santiago,
+Colima, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Scincella assata taylori</i>, Mittleman, Herpetologica, 6:20,
+June 5, 1950.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-one km. S of Arteaga; Ostula.</p></div>
+
+<p>The specimen from Ostula was obtained in semi-deciduous broad-leaf
+forest at an elevation of 120 meters; that from 21 kilometers south of
+Arteaga was taken in oak forest at an elevation of 830 meters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> Both
+localities are on the coastal slopes of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.
+Probably the species inhabits the heavy forests on the lower slopes of
+these mountains. The specimen from south of Arteaga (UMMZ 119117) in
+life had a tan dorsum and a bright orange-pink tail.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eumeces altamirani</b> Dug&egrave;s</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces altamirani</i> Dug&egrave;s, La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:485,
+1891.&mdash;Apatzing&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Twelve km. E of Apatzing&aacute;n; El Sabino (4).</p></div>
+
+<p>One specimen of this rare species was found beneath a rock in the open
+scrub forest 12 kilometers east of Apatzing&aacute;n on July 3, 1955. Another
+skink, presumably of this species, was seen at Capirio. The specimen
+from east of Apatzing&aacute;n is a male having a snout-vent length of 97 mm.
+and an incomplete tail. In most respects it compares favorably with
+accounts of the species given by Taylor (1936b:55 and 1936c:102). The
+frontal is divided by a transverse suture; the enlarged dorsal scales
+are arranged in 11 pairs anteriorly, followed by 48 unpaired enlarged
+scales. The head and middorsal area are brown; there is a pale tan
+stripe on the edges of the vertebral and paravertebral rows, bordered by
+a dark brown stripe on the paravertebral row, which, in turn, is
+bordered by a pale tan stripe on the lateral edge of the paravertebral
+scale row and the median edge of the adjacent scale row. The stripes
+extend from the neck to the base of the tail. The flanks are mottled
+with brown and cream-color; the labials are cream-color barred by brown;
+the venter is a pale cream-color.</p>
+
+<p>Dug&egrave;s (1891:485) described <i>Eumeces altamirani</i> from "las regiones
+c&aacute;lidas del Estado de Michoac&aacute;n" and subsequently (1896:480) gave
+Apatzing&aacute;n as a locality for the species. Presumably he had only one
+specimen. In 1935 Hobart M. Smith collected the species at El Sabino on
+the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica bordering the Tepalcatepec
+Valley. All of the known specimens are from this valley and the adjacent
+slopes, an area to which the species apparently is endemic.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eumeces colimensis</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces colimensis</i> Taylor, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
+zool. ser., 20:77, May 15, 1935.&mdash;Colima, Colima, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Coalcom&aacute;n; Salitre de Estopila.</p></div>
+
+<p>The species was reported by Peters (1954:16); no additional material has
+been discovered. The species is known only from foothills and low
+mountains at elevations between 130 and 950 meters in Michoac&aacute;n and
+Colima.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eumeces copei</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces copei</i> Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:133,
+June 5, 1933.&mdash;10 miles southeast of Asunci&oacute;n, M&eacute;xico,
+M&eacute;xico. Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro (3); Zacapu.</p></div>
+
+<p>This member of the <i>Eumeces brevirostris</i>-group has been found only in
+pine or pine-fir forests at elevations from 1800 to 2700 meters. It
+probably ranges throughout the high mountains of the state north of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley; its apparent absence in other parts of the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, other than on Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro, is surprising. The
+species has been taken near Asunci&oacute;n in the state of M&eacute;xico and at
+Lagunas de Zempoala in Morelos.</p>
+
+<p>In this species the lateral pale yellow stripe, which is bordered below
+by dark brown, extends to the groin and onto the base of the tail. The
+dorsolateral stripe is separated from the copper-colored middorsum by a
+narrow brown stripe.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eumeces dugesi</b> Thominot</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces Dugesii</i> Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser.
+7, 7:138, 1883.&mdash;Guanajuato. Type locality restricted to
+Guanajuato, Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:169).</p>
+
+<p>Carapan (6); Cher&aacute;n (5); Opopeo (2); 17 km. S of P&aacute;tzcuaro
+(3); San Jos&eacute; de la Cumbre (2); Tanc&iacute;taro (2);
+Tanganc&iacute;cuaro; Uruapan; Zacapu.</p></div>
+
+<p>Individuals of this species frequently have been found beneath rocks and
+logs in pine-oak, pine, or fir forests from elevations of 1550 to 1850
+meters. To judge from specimens available, <i>E. dugesi</i> probably is the
+most abundant and widespread species of skink in the state.</p>
+
+<p>In this species the lateral yellow stripe is indistinct and is
+persistent only in the axilla; the dorsolateral stripes terminate
+anterior to the hind limbs and are not separated from the tan dorsum.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eumeces indubitus</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces indubitus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 21:257,
+November 27, 1934.&mdash;Near Cuernavaca, Morelos, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Puerto Hondo.</p></div>
+
+<p>The one specimen of this species from Michoac&aacute;n was collected by Edward
+H. Taylor in pine forest at Puerto Hondo, near Zit&aacute;cuaro, at an
+elevation of about 2750 meters (Taylor, 1935:466). The species is known
+from the high mountains of eastern Michoac&aacute;n, western M&eacute;xico, and
+northern Morelos.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eumeces parvulus</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces parvulus</i> Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
+46:175, October 26, 1933.&mdash;Tepic, Nayarit, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>El Ticuiz; La Placita; P&oacute;maro (2); San Pedro Naranjestila
+(3).</p></div>
+
+<p>Aside from the specimens reported by Peters (1954:17), one other
+specimen was obtained at El Ticuiz. It has 22 scale rows, 3 supraoculars
+in contact with the frontal, 2 postlabials, and a unicolored olive-tan
+dorsum. In life the anterior dorsolateral stripes were pale pinkish tan,
+the labials cream color, the throat white, and the tail pale blue. All
+specimens were found in semi-deciduous broad-leaf forest at elevations
+of less than 500 meters on the seaward slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Ameiva undulata sinistra</b> Smith and Laufe</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ameiva undulata sinistra</i> Smith and Laufe, Univ. Kansas
+Sci. Bull., 31 (1):59, May 1, 1946.&mdash;Manzanillo, Colima,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (9); 19 km. S of Arteaga (3); Barranca de Bejuco
+(2); Coahuayana (6); Coalcom&aacute;n (3); El Ticuiz (10); La
+Placita (2); Limoncito (3); Ostula (2); Playa Azul; Salitre
+de Estopila; San Juan de Lima (2); San Pedro Naranjestila
+(4).</p></div>
+
+<p>Six males and six females from the Tepalcatepec Valley have more femoral
+pores than do 16 males and nine females from the coastal lowlands; the
+ranges and average number of femoral pores in the former are 40-50
+(44.8) for males and 38-40 (38.6) for females; males from the coast have
+34-44 (39.2), and females have 32-40 (36.2) femoral pores. In all
+specimens the number of lamellae beneath the fourth toe varies from 26
+to 33 (29.7). In life juveniles have a pale olive-tan dorsum and a
+dorsolateral dark band, superimposed on which is a row of darker brown
+spots. The dorsolateral band is bordered below by a narrow cream-colored
+stripe. The tail is tan above and grayish white below; the belly is pale
+bluish white. Adult males are brilliantly colored in life. A male having
+a snout-vent length of 108 mm. had a rusty brown dorsum and bright blue
+bars on the flanks separated by dark brown interspaces. The side of the
+head was pale green, and the chin and throat were golden yellow. In some
+specimens the throat is orange. Juveniles and subadults have dark flecks
+on the brown or tan middorsal area, but these are absent in the largest
+males.</p>
+
+<p>This species inhabits the heavily wooded areas in the lowlands to
+elevations of about 950 meters. In the Tepalcatepec Valley it has been
+found only in gallery forests along streams. In both the Tepalcatepec
+Valley and the coastal lowlands there is a noticeable absence of large
+adults in the dry season.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus calidipes</b> Duellman</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i> Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+Univ. Michigan, 574:1, December 23, 1955.&mdash;Capirio,
+Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (56); 12-20 km. S of Apatzing&aacute;n (5); 19 km. E of
+Apatzing&aacute;n (5); 25 km. S of Arteaga; Capirio (57); El
+Espinal (13); Jazmin (9); 11 km. S of Lombardia; Nueva
+Italia.</p></div>
+
+<p>This small, distinctive species of the <i>sexlineatus</i>-group of
+<i>Cnemidophorus</i> was discovered in the Tepalcatepec Valley in 1955
+(Duellman, 1955); subsequent field studies showed it to be widespread in
+the valley (Duellman, 1960c). One specimen (KU 29747) is from the
+relatively arid, low Pacific slope of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, 25
+kilometers south of Arteaga. All other specimens have been taken at
+elevations of 200 to 650 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where the
+species characteristically inhabits the open scrub forests of the valley
+floor, especially the <i>Cercidium-Prosopis-Apoplanesia</i> associations,
+where there is a sparse growth of grasses. In this habitat it is most
+frequently seen in association with <i>Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli</i>
+and <i>C. deppei infernalis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from the characters given in Table 5, <i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>
+differs from other species of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> in Michoac&aacute;n by possessing
+a complete (or nearly so) supraorbital semicircle-series of granules; in
+other species the granules seldom extend anteriorly beyond the posterior
+border of the frontal.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus communis communis</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus communis</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+17:95, 1877.&mdash;No type locality given; type locality
+restricted to Colima, Colima, M&eacute;xico, by Zweifel (1959a:74).</p>
+
+<p><i>Cnemidophorus communis communis</i>, Zweifel, Bull. Amer. Mus.
+Nat. Hist., 117:74, April 27, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla (2); Apatzing&aacute;n (6); 13 km. S of Arteaga (2); 19
+km. S of Arteaga (3); Capirio (3); Coahuayana (3); Coalcom&aacute;n
+(44); El Ticuiz; between El Ticuiz and Ojos de Agua de San
+Telmo; La Placita (6); P&oacute;maro (2); R&iacute;o Cach&aacute;n; Salitre de
+Estopila; San Juan de Lima.</p></div>
+
+<p>The specimens from Coalcom&aacute;n and the coastal localities were referred to
+<i>Cnemidophorus sacki copei</i> by Peters (1954:18) and Duellman (1954b:12).
+Zweifel (1959a) referred these specimens to <i>Cnemidophorus communis
+communis</i> and pointed out the probable sympatry of <i>C. communis</i> and <i>C.
+costatus</i> (= <i>sacki</i> of Zweifel) in the Tepalcatepec Valley.</p>
+
+<p>There is considerable geographic variation in the number of dorsal
+granules around the midbody. Sixteen specimens from the coastal regions
+of Michoac&aacute;n have 129-146 (136.3) granules; nine from the Tepalcatepec
+Valley have 124-137 (128.3), and 44 from Coalcom&aacute;n at an elevation of
+950 meters in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, intermediate geographically
+between the coast and the Tepalcatepec Valley, have 105-144 (119.7). The
+number of granules in specimens from the coast of Michoac&aacute;n compares
+favorably with the range of 118-154 (137.8) for 34 specimens from
+Colima, Colima (Zweifel, 1959a:107). Aside from the characters given in
+Table 5, <i>C. communis communis</i> can be distinguished from other members
+of the <i>Cnemidophorus sexlineatus</i>-group (<i>calidipes</i>, <i>costatus</i>, and
+<i>scarlaris</i>) by its relatively small post-antebrachial scales.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Table 5.&mdash;Comparison of the Ten Species and Subspecies of Cnemidophorus
+in Michoac&aacute;n</span> (<span class="smcap">Scale Counts Are for Specimens from Michoac&aacute;n Only</span>)</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Species</td><td align='left'> Dorsal granules</td><td align='left'> Femoral pores</td><td align='left'> Adult color pattern</td><td align='left'> Throat color</td><td align='left'> Maximum snout-vent length</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>calidipes</i></td><td align='left'> 66-86 (75)</td><td align='left'> 31-47 (39)</td><td align='left'> Light brown dorsum with vertical blue bars and spots</td><td align='left'> Pink</td><td align='left'> 79 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>communis communis</i></td><td align='left'> 105-146 (124)</td><td align='left'>38-52</td><td align='left'>Green dorsum with six rows of yellow spots</td><td align='left'>Pink</td><td align='left'>135 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>costatus occidentalis</i></td><td align='left'> 97-102 (99)</td><td align='left'> 37-43 (39)</td><td align='left'> Cross-bars anteriorly and pale spots posteriorly</td><td align='left'> Pink</td><td align='left'> 126 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>costatus zweifeli</i></td><td align='left'> 91-117 (106)</td><td align='left'>32-49 (41)</td><td align='left'> Lateral and dorsolateral rows of spots; paravertebrals fused with pale green middorsum</td><td align='left'> Pink with blue spot</td><td align='left'>132 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>deppei deppei</i></td><td align='left'> 116-117 (116)</td><td align='left'> 37-38 (37)</td><td align='left'> Green paravertebral and dorsolateral stripes; lateral stripe broken into row of bluish spots</td><td align='left'> Black</td><td align='left'> 93 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>deppei infernalis</i></td><td align='left'> 91-120 (101)</td><td align='left'> 31-43 (36)</td><td align='left'> Green paravertebral and dorsolateral stripes; broad cream lateral stripe; reddish flanks</td><td align='left'> Black</td><td align='left'> 84 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>lineatissimus exoristus</i></td><td align='left'> 108-140 (122)</td><td align='left'> 32-47 (39)</td><td align='left'> Paravertebral stripes fused with yellow middorsal stripe; vertical bars on flanks</td><td align='left'> Pink and black</td><td align='left'> 98 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>lineatissimus lineatissimus</i></td><td align='left'> 117-126 (121)</td><td align='left'> 32-37 (35)</td><td align='left'> Eight distinct stripes plus partially fused vertebrals</td><td align='left'> Bluish-pink and black</td><td align='left'> 96 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>lineatissimus lividus</i></td><td align='left'> 126-164 (148)</td><td align='left'> 32-48 (38)</td><td align='left'> Broad middorsal stripe; paravertebrals distinct; blue lateral spots</td><td align='left'> Pink and black</td><td align='left'> 106 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>scalaris</i></td><td align='left'> 80-92 (86)</td><td align='left'> 32-41 (35)</td><td align='left'> Six distinct cream stripes; tan spots in dark fields</td><td align='left'> Orange-pink</td><td align='left'> 95 mm.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Although this is the largest species of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> in Michoac&aacute;n
+(adult males attain a snout-vent length of 135 mm.), it is neither
+widespread nor abundant. On the coastal lowlands it occurs primarily
+with <i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus</i>. In the coastal lowlands
+there is little open scrub forest, a type of habitat that seems to be
+preferred by <i>C. communis communis</i>. In the Tepalcatepec Valley, <i>C.
+communis communis</i> occurs in the open scrub forest with the more
+abundant large species <i>C. costatus</i> (subspecies <i>zweifeli</i>). Only in
+the scrub forest in the Coalcom&aacute;n Valley, where no other species of
+<i>Cnemidophorus</i> occurs, is <i>C. communis communis</i> abundant.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus costatus occidentalis</b> Gadow</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus communis occidentalis</i> Gadow, Proc. Zool.
+Soc. London, 1906, 1:339, August 23, 1906.&mdash;Type locality
+restricted to Ixtl&aacute;n, Nayarit, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:182).</p>
+
+<p><i>Cnemidophorus costatus occidentalis</i>, Zweifel, Copeia, No.
+1:98; March 17, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>Jiquilpan (4).</p></div>
+
+<p>Only four specimens from the extreme northwestern part of the state are
+referable to this subspecies. These have 97 to 102 dorsal granules at
+midbody and lack the blue gular band or spot characteristic of the
+subspecies in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Probably <i>C. costatus
+occidentalis</i> ranges throughout the Chapala depression, but to the east
+it is replaced by <i>Cnemidophorus scalaris scalaris</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli</b> Duellman</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli</i> Duellman, Univ. Kansas Publ.
+Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:589, May 2, 1960.&mdash;Capirio, Michoac&aacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (107); Buenavista (3); Capirio (31); Charapendo
+(12); Chinapa (2); 19 km. S of Corralito (3); Jazmin (2);
+between La Playa and Volc&aacute;n Jorullo (2); Limoncito (3); 14
+km. S of Lombardia (11); Nueva Italia (15); R&iacute;o Marquez, 10
+km. S of Lombardia (2); R&iacute;o Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva
+Italia; Tafetan (18); 14 km. E of Tepalcatepec (2); Tzitzio
+(11); 19 km. S of Tzitzio; Volc&aacute;n Jorullo (5);
+Ziracuaretiro; Zirim&iacute;cuaro.</p></div>
+
+<p>These lizards were referred to <i>Cnemidophorus sacki copei</i> by Duellman
+(1954b:12 and 1955:6); Duellman (1960a) described the subspecies
+<i>zweifeli</i> and assigned it to <i>Cnemidophorus sacki</i>. Zweifel (1961:98)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+used the specific name C. <i>costatus</i> for the whiptails on the
+southwestern part of the Mexican Plateau (<i>C. c. occidentalis</i>). Since
+<i>occidentalis</i> and <i>zweifeli</i> are conspecific, the combination <i>C.
+costatus zweifeli</i> is used here for the population inhabiting the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.</p>
+
+<p>This lizard is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where it lives in
+open and dense scrub forest, usually at elevations of less than 1000
+meters. Throughout the valley it is found in association with
+<i>Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis</i>, and in the lower parts of the valley
+it also is associated with <i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>. Observations made
+in the dry season indicate that large adults are not active at that
+time.</p>
+
+<p>On the coastal lowlands and in the valleys in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n
+<i>Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli</i> is replaced by <i>C. communis communis</i>.
+To the east in the Balsas Basin <i>C. costatus zweifeli</i> intergrades with
+<i>C. costatus costatus</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus deppei deppei</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus deppei</i> Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p.
+29, 1834.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec,
+Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:179).</p>
+
+<p><i>Cnemidophorus deppei deppei</i>, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos.
+Soc., 17:31, 1892.</p>
+
+<p>Salitre de Estopila; San Pedro Naranjestila.</p></div>
+
+<p>This small species, which is extremely abundant on the coastal lowlands
+of Guerrero, seems to be rare on the coast of Michoac&aacute;n, where it has
+been taken at elevations of 130 and 500 meters in open situations in
+otherwise forested areas. Duellman and Wellman (1960:25) discussed these
+specimens in relation to their subspecific assignment. They were
+referred to <i>Cnemidophorus deppei lineatissimus</i> by Peters (1954:18).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis</b> Duellman and Wellman</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis</i> Duellman and Wellman,
+Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:32, February 10,
+1960.&mdash;Mexcala, Guerrero, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Acahuato; Apatzing&aacute;n (227); Capirio (3); El Sabino; Jazmin;
+La Playa (6); Lombardia (6); Nueva Italia (4); R&iacute;o Marquez,
+10 km. S of Lombardia (6); R&iacute;o Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva
+Italia (10); south of Tanc&iacute;taro; Volc&aacute;n Jorullo (3).</p></div>
+
+<p>This is one of the most abundant and widespread lizards in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. Throughout its range it is ecologically associated
+with <i>Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli</i>, which ranges to elevations
+somewhat higher than the 1050 meters known for <i>C. deppei infernalis</i>.
+This small lizard reaches its greatest abundance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> in grassy areas on the
+floor of the Tepalcatepec Valley, where in the
+<i>Cercidium-Prosopis-Apoplanesia</i> associations it occurs with
+<i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Duellman and Wellman (1960) discussed the variation and relationships of
+<i>Cnemidophorus deppei</i>, of which the subspecies <i>infernalis</i> is
+restricted to the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus</b> Duellman and Wellman</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus</i> Duellman and
+Wellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:44,
+February 10, 1960.&mdash;Rancho Santa Ana, four kilometers
+northeast of San Salvador, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Thirteen to 25 km. S of Arteaga (18); Capirio (19);
+Limoncito (13); Santa Ana (22).</p></div>
+
+<p>As in <i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>, the distribution of this subspecies
+seems to be restricted to the Tepalcatepec Valley, except in the
+vicinity of Arteaga, where it occurs on the southern slope of the Sierra
+de Coalcom&aacute;n. As pointed out by Duellman and Wellman (1960:46), the
+specimens from south of Arteaga are like those from the Tepalcatepec
+Valley in scutellation and coloration, and not like <i>Cnemidophorus
+lineatissimus lividus</i> from the geographically closer coastal lowlands.</p>
+
+<p>In the Tepalcatepec Valley <i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus</i>
+inhabits gallery forests along the larger streams; in this habitat it is
+associated with <i>Ameiva undulata sinistra</i>. From the other species of
+<i>Cnemidophorus</i> in Michoac&aacute;n, <i>C. lineatissimus exoristus</i> can be
+distinguished by the possession of seven longitudinal stripes in adults
+and by the characters of scutellation given in Table 5.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lineatissimus</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos.
+Soc., 17:94, 1877.&mdash;Colima and Guadalajara. Type locality
+restricted to Colima, Colima, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:179).</p>
+
+<p><i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lineatissimus</i>, Duellman and
+Wellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:41,
+February 10, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>Boca de Apiza (4).</p></div>
+
+<p>These specimens have 117 to 126 dorsal granules at midbody, a noticeably
+lower count than that for <i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus</i> on the
+coast of Michoac&aacute;n, which has 126 to 164 (148). Apparently these
+specimens represent immature <i>C. lineatissimus lineatissimus</i>; the
+differences between these and <i>C. lineatissimus lividus</i> from nearby
+localities indicate that possibly the populations are distinct species
+and not subspecies, as suggested by Duellman and Wellman (1960:41).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus</b> Duellman and Wellman</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus</i> Duellman and Wellman,
+Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:50, February 10,
+1960.&mdash;Maruata, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Barranca de Bejuco (4); Boca de Apiza (2); Coahuayana (6);
+El Ticuiz (7); La Placita (11); Maruata (7); Mot&iacute;n del Oro;
+Ostula (5); Playa Azul (4); Playa Cuilala (2); P&oacute;maro (2);
+Salitre de Estopila (2); San Pedro Naranjestila.</p></div>
+
+<p>This is the most abundant and widespread species of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> on
+the coastal lowlands of Michoac&aacute;n, where it ranges from sea level to
+elevations of about 500 meters. In this area it inhabits dense arid
+scrub forest and semi-deciduous broad-leafed forest. Both of these
+habitats are continuous, or nearly so, along the lowlands and foothills
+of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. This in itself may explain the abundance of
+<i>Cnemidophorus lineatissimus</i> and the relative scarcity of <i>C. deppei</i>
+and <i>C. communis</i> in the coastal area, for <i>C. deppei</i> and <i>C. communis</i>
+usually inhabit more open arid scrub forest, as occurs in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. Living in the dense scrub forest with <i>C.
+lineatissimus</i> is <i>Ameiva undulata sinistra</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cnemidophorus scalaris</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cnemidophorus gularis scalaris</i> Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos.
+Soc., 17:47, 1892.&mdash;Chihuahua, Chihuahua, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cnemidophorus scalaris</i>, Zweifel, Bull. American Mus. Nat.
+Hist., 117:72, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>Araro (2); Jacona; Lago de Cuitzeo (42); Morelia; 21 km. N
+of Morelia (4).</p></div>
+
+<p>Zweifel (1959a:72) assigned the small species of <i>Cnemidophorus</i> having
+a relatively low number of dorsal granules and inhabiting the southern
+part of the Mexican Plateau to <i>C. scalaris</i>, which he diagnosed as
+rarely exceeding 100 mm. in snout-vent length and always having an
+average of less than 100 dorsal granules at midbody and usually less
+than 90. Forty-two specimens from the south shore of Lago de Cuitzeo
+(UMMZ 119558) have 80-91 (85.8) dorsal granules. Four specimens from 21
+kilometers north of Norelia (UIMNH 6952 and UMMZ 104743) have 89, 78,
+92, and 84 granules; one from Morelia (UMMZ 104742) has 78; two from
+Araro (UMMZ 119522) have 80 and 87; one from Jacona (UIMNH 24703) has
+88.</p>
+
+<p>Since no large adult males are present in the series from Michoac&aacute;n, an
+adequate comparison of coloration between these and populations on the
+northern part of the Mexican Plateau cannot be made. <i>Cnemidophorus
+scalaris</i> is a name applied to the lizards inhabiting the Mexican
+Plateau from Chihuahua south to Puebla by Zweifel (1959a:72). It is
+doubtful if all of the populations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> assigned to this subspecies belong
+there; possibly more than one species is involved, but the paucity of
+material prevents further analysis at this time.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Heloderma horridum horridum</b> (Wiegmann)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Trachyderma horridum</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 22:421,
+1829.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Huajintl&aacute;n,
+Guerrero, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:193).</p>
+
+<p><i>Heloderma horridum horridum</i>, Bogert and Mart&iacute;n del Campo,
+Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 109:20, April 16, 1956.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n; Coalcom&aacute;n; La Placita; Oropeo; Par&aacute;cuaro.</p></div>
+
+<p>This species is known from elevations of less than 1000 meters in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, and the coastal lowlands.
+Specimens from Coalcom&aacute;n, La Placita, and Par&aacute;cuaro came from areas of
+dense woods; those from Apatzing&aacute;n and Oropeo might have come from
+patches of dense woods in the otherwise open scrub forest of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus</b> Wiegmann</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus</i> Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:379,
+1828.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to M&eacute;xico, Distrito
+Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:201).</p>
+
+<p><i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus</i>, Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat.
+Sci. Philadelphia, 88:475, October 20, 1936.</p>
+
+<p>Acuaro de las Lleguas (9); Cerro Barolosa (4); Cerro
+Tanc&iacute;taro (36); Dos Aguas (22); Paracho; Sierra Patamba;
+Tinguid&iacute;n; Zacapu.</p></div>
+
+<p>Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n are noticeably different from
+those inhabiting the mountains rising from the Mexican Plateau. Of 45
+specimens from Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro and adjacent areas on the Mexican Plateau
+and in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, 15 have twelve longitudinal rows of
+dorsal scales and 30 have fourteen rows. Of seven specimens from the
+state of M&eacute;xico, 5 have twelve rows and 2 have fourteen; of nine
+specimens from central Veracruz, 8 have twelve rows and one has
+fourteen; of six specimens from Hidalgo, 5 have twelve rows and one has
+sixteen; of two specimens from Guanajuata, one has fourteen and the
+other has sixteen rows. All of the 35 specimens from the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n have sixteen rows. Furthermore, these specimens have the
+superciliary row extended anteriorly, so that the anterior superciliary
+is in broad contact with the loreal. Specimens from Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro have
+a shorter superciliary row, so that the anterior superciliary is not in
+broad contact with the loreal. These characters were used by Tihen
+(1949:220) to distinguish <i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus ciliaris</i> from <i>G.
+imbricatus imbricatus</i>. According to Tihen, the subspecies <i>G.
+imbricatus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> ciliaris</i> ranges from Guanajuato and Hidalgo northward to
+Chihuahua and Coahuila, whereas the nominal subspecies occurs from
+Michoac&aacute;n and Hidalgo southward to Oaxaca. Specimens from the Sierra de
+Autl&aacute;n in Jalisco are like those from Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro; consequently,
+there seems to be no connection between the populations of <i>G.
+imbricatus ciliaris</i> in the mountains of the northern part of the
+Mexican Plateau with the <i>ciliaris</i>-like individuals found in the Sierra
+de Coalcom&aacute;n. The acquisition and study of additional material from
+throughout the range of the species is necessary to clarify the picture
+of geographic variation. Until then, I prefer to consider all of the
+specimens from Michoac&aacute;n as <i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The largest specimen is a male having a snout-vent length of 136 mm. Two
+juveniles collected in July 24, 1960, have snout-vent lengths of 36 and
+42 mm. A specimen having a snout-vent length of 127 mm. and a tail
+length of 145 mm. was regurgitated by a <i>Crotalus pusillus</i>, which had a
+body length of 550 mm.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus</i> is an inhabitant of coniferous
+forests. In the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica it occurs from 1500 to 3500 meters
+at the top of Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro. In the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n it occurs from
+2100 to 2700 meters. On July 4, 1955, a pair was found in copulation
+beneath a pine log at 2700 meters on Cerro Barolosa. The male was lying
+on top of the female and was holding her head firmly in his jaws; the
+male's tail was curled under the female's tail, so that the cloacae were
+in contact.</p>
+
+
+<p>Serpentes</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Typhlops braminus</b> (Daudin)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eryx braminus</i> Daudin, Hist.... des reptiles, 7:279,
+1803.&mdash;Vazagapatam, India.</p>
+
+<p><i>Typhlops braminus</i>, Cuvier, R&egrave;gne animal, ed. 2, 2:73,
+1829.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n; Arteaga.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>Both specimens known from Michoac&aacute;n were collected by Gadow in 1908.
+Peters (1954:20) remarked that the specimen from Arteaga probably does
+not indicate a rapid spreading of the species, which most likely was
+introduced into M&eacute;xico at the time that vessels were stopping at
+Acapulco from the Philippines (Taylor, 1940b:444), but instead may
+indicate that pack trains from Acapulco passed through the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n. The occurrence of this snake along a long-used <i>camino</i>
+substantiates this belief.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptotyphlops bressoni</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptotyphlops bressoni</i> Taylor, Copeia, No. 1:5, March 9,
+1939.&mdash;Hacienda El Sabino, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>El Sabino.</p></div>
+
+<p>This species still is known definitely only from the type specimen
+collected on the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica at the
+northern edge of the Tepalcatepec Valley. A specimen (now lost) reported
+from Aguililla by Cope (1887:63) possibly represents this species (see
+Smith and Taylor, 1945:21, and Peters, 1954:20).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptotyphlops gadowi</b> Duellman</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptotyphlops gadowi</i> Duellman, Copeia, No. 2:93, May 29,
+1956.&mdash;Apatzing&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n.</p></div>
+
+<p>No additional specimens of this species have been collected since the
+species was described by Duellman (1956b:93). Data given with the
+specimen by Gadow indicate that it came from his camp above Apatzing&aacute;n
+at an elevation of about 800 meters. Although the exact position of this
+camp is unknown, the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica above
+Apatzing&aacute;n usually support arid scrub forest at elevations below 1000
+meters. Therefore, this species probably is an inhabitant of the arid
+scrub forest.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptotyphlops phenops bakewelli</b> Oliver</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptotyphlops bakewelli</i> Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 360:16, November 20, 1937.&mdash;Paso del R&iacute;o, Colima,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leptotyphlops phenops bakewelli</i>, Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl.
+Mus., 93:445, October 29, 1943.</p>
+
+<p>La Placita (4); La Salada; Ostula.</p></div>
+
+<p>The five specimens from the coastal lowlands are from elevations of less
+than 150 meters; these were collected by Peters (1954:20); the specimen
+from La Salada is from an elevation of 580 meters in the Tepalcatepec
+Valley. Peters (<i>loc. cit.</i>) remarked that the rostral and the tip of
+the tail that were described as white by Oliver (1937:17) actually are
+sulphur-yellow in life.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Loxocemus bicolor</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Loxocemus bicolor</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 13:77, June 30, 1861.&mdash;La Uni&oacute;n, El Salvador.</p>
+
+<p><i>Loxocemus sumichrasti</i> Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 6,
+4:1, 1876.&mdash;Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (6); La Orilla; Lombardia.</p></div>
+
+<p>As noted by Peters (1954:21), this species was not recorded from
+Michoac&aacute;n by Smith and Taylor (1945:27), but Gadow (1930:30) collected a
+specimen at La Orilla in 1908. This specimen (BMNH<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> 1914.1.28.124) is a
+male having 235 ventrals and 47 caudals, a dark brown dorsum, and
+cream-colored labials and venter. The anterior chin-shields are
+considerably longer than the scales bordering the chin-shields. In these
+characters this specimen agrees with the diagnosis of <i>Loxocemus
+bicolor</i> given by Taylor (1940c:447), who revived <i>Loxocemus
+sumichrasti</i> Bocourt. Of the six specimens from Apatzing&aacute;n in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, three males have 243 to 253 (246.6) ventrals and 44
+to 45 (44.3) caudals; three females have 238 to 247 (244.0) ventrals and
+42 to 44 (43.0) caudals. Certain characters of scutellation utilized by
+Taylor for separating <i>L. bicolor</i> and <i>L. sumichrasti</i> are inconsistent
+in this series. The chin-shields are longer than the adjacent scales,
+like those illustrated in <i>L. bicolor</i> by Taylor (<i>op. cit.</i>, fig. 1).
+The relative lengths of the prefrontal and internasal sutures are
+subequal, or the prefrontal suture is slightly longer. Thus, in these
+characters of scutellation these snakes are like <i>L. bicolor</i>, but in
+coloration they are like <i>L. sumichrasti</i>; the dorsal color in life was
+an iridescent dark bluish gray, and the belly was pale gray or bluish
+gray.</p>
+
+<p>The supposed differences in scutellation between <i>L. bicolor</i> and <i>L.
+sumichrasti</i> have been questioned by Woodbury and Woodbury (1944:360);
+these authors treated <i>L. sumichrasti</i> as a subspecies of <i>L. bicolor</i>.
+As pointed out by Zweifel (1959b:5), such an arrangement is not tenable,
+for, although individuals with each kind of color pattern have not been
+collected together at any one locality, the over-all geographic picture
+is one of sympatric distribution. Only snakes having the coloration of
+<i>L. sumichrasti</i> have been collected in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin. I
+agree with Zweifel (<i>loc. cit.</i>) that on the basis of morphological
+similarities and sympatric distribution, <i>L. bicolor</i> and <i>L.
+sumichrasti</i> seem to be dimorphic phases of the same species, showing no
+more striking differences in coloration than <i>Lampropeltis getulus
+californiae</i>, a now classical example of pattern dimorphism in snakes.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n, as in other parts of its range, <i>Loxocemus bicolor</i>
+inhabits arid scrub forest environments at low elevations.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Boa constrictor imperator</b> Daudin</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Boa imperator</i> Daudin, Hist. nat.... des reptiles, 5:150,
+1803.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to C&oacute;rdoba,
+Veracruz, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:347).</p>
+
+<p><i>Boa constrictor imperator</i>, Forcart, Herpetologica, 7:199,
+December 31, 1951.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (4); Coalcom&aacute;n; El Sabino (2); La Placita; La
+Playa (2); Lombardia; Nueva Italia (2); R&iacute;o Cach&aacute;n; R&iacute;o
+Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva Italia; R&iacute;o Nexpa; Volc&aacute;n
+Jorullo.</p></div>
+
+<p>These specimens have come from a variety of habitats from elevations of
+less than 1,000 meters. The species seems to be equally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> abundant in the
+broad-leafed semi-deciduous forests of the coastal foothills and in the
+arid Tepalcatepec Valley. In the latter area most of the specimens were
+collected at night.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Coniophanes fissidens dispersus</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coniophanes fissidens dispersus</i> Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl.
+Mus., 91:106, November 13, 1941.&mdash;El Limoncito, Guerrero,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Arteaga.</p></div>
+
+<p>Further collecting in southern Michoac&aacute;n has failed to add additional
+material of this species, which is known in the state from the one
+specimen collected by Gadow in 1908. The species possibly ranges
+throughout the coastal foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. Peters
+(1954:21) described the specimen from Arteaga.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Coniophanes lateritius lateritius</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coniophanes lateritius</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 13:524, March 31, 1862.&mdash;Guadalajara, Jalisco,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Coniophanes lateritius lateritius</i>, Smith and Grant,
+Herpetologica, 14:20, April 25, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>Nineteen km. S of Arteaga.</p></div>
+
+<p>The one specimen available from Michoac&aacute;n of this apparently rare
+species was discussed by Wellman (1959:127), who pointed out that
+although the specimen was geographically intermediate between the
+subspecies <i>C. l. lateritius</i> (Jalisco and Nayarit) and <i>C. l.
+melanocephalus</i> (Morelos and Puebla), the specimen (UMMZ 118954) was
+like <i>C. l. lateritius</i> in scutellation and in color pattern differed
+from other known specimens of the species in having had in life a pale
+orange, instead of a brick-red, dorsum. Additional specimens from the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n will be required in order to determine whether this
+specimen is a representative of an orange-colored population or merely
+is aberrant in coloration.</p>
+
+<p>The present specimen is from an elevation of 900 meters in oak forest on
+the southern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n; other locality records
+for the species indicate that it inhabits broad-leafed forest in
+foothills from Nayarit to Puebla.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Conophis vittatus vittatus</b> Peters</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Conophis vittatus</i> Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+519, 1860.&mdash;No type locality given. Type locality restricted
+to Laguna Coyuca, Guerrero, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:331).</p>
+
+<p><i>Conophis vittatus vittatus</i>, Smith, Jour. Washington Acad.
+Sci., 31:119, March 17, 1941.</p>
+
+<p>Arteaga; Coalcom&aacute;n (4); La Playa; 19 km. S of Tzitzio.</p></div>
+
+<p>All specimens of this terrestrial snake have been collected in areas of
+scrub forest between 800 and 1100 meters above sea level. Since<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> the
+species is known from the coastal regions of Guerrero and Colima, its
+absence from the cost of Michoac&aacute;n is unexplainable; probably the lack
+of specimens from these areas is due solely to inadequate collecting.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Conopsis biserialis</b> Taylor and Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Conopsis biserialis</i> Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 28 (2):333, November 12, 1942.&mdash;Ten miles west of
+Villa Victoria, M&eacute;xico, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Cap&aacute;cuaro (5); Cerro San Andr&eacute;s; Cher&aacute;n; Ciudad Hidalgo;
+Macho de Agua (4): P&aacute;tzcuaro (8); Tanc&iacute;taro (24); Uruapan
+(9); 24 km. SE of Zit&aacute;cuaro (14).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species is abundant in the coniferous forests at elevations from
+1550 to 2800 meters throughout the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica; apparently it
+does not occur in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+<p>On August 1, 1956, a copulating pair was found beneath a rock at
+Cap&aacute;cuaro.</p>
+
+<p>One of the best characters to distinguish this species from <i>Toluca
+lineata</i>, which occurs with <i>Conopsis</i> throughout its range in
+Michoac&aacute;n, is the presence of large, black ventral blotches in <i>Conopsis
+biserialis</i>, as contrasted with the two rows of small black spots in
+<i>Toluca lineata</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Conopsis nasus</b> G&uuml;nther</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Conopsis nasus</i> G&uuml;nther, Catalogue... snakes... British
+Museum, p. 6, 1858.&mdash;California (in error). Type locality
+restricted to Guanajuato, Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and
+Taylor (1950a:330).</p>
+
+<p>Carapan (2); Erongaricuaro; Maravatio (3); Morelia (2);
+Nahuatzen; P&aacute;tzcuaro (7); Tac&iacute;cuaro (8); Tanc&iacute;taro.</p></div>
+
+<p>This species has been collected in oak, pine-oak, and fir forests at
+elevations of 1900 to 2450 meters on the mountains rising from the
+Mexican Plateau. It does not seem to be so abundant as <i>Conopsis
+biserialis</i>. Sufficient ecological data to determine differences in
+habitat between the two species have not been compiled.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Diadophis dugesi</b> Villada</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Diadophis punctatus dougesii</i> Villada, La Naturaleza,
+3:226, 1875.&mdash;Potreros de Balbuena, Distrito Federal,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Diadophis dugesii</i>, Blanchard, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci.,
+7:51, December 30, 1942.</p>
+
+<p>Morelia (2); P&aacute;tzcuaro; Quiroga.</p></div>
+
+<p>Apparently this snake is uncommon in Michoac&aacute;n. It has been found only
+at elevations of 1900 to 2200 meters in pine and pine-oak forests on the
+mountains rising from the Mexican Plateau.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Dryadophis melanolomus stuarti</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dryadophis melanolomus stuarti</i> Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl.
+Mus., 93:418, October 29, 1943.&mdash;Acapulco, Guerrero, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Coahuayana; El Ticuiz; La Placita (3); Punto San Juan de
+Lima; Punto San Telmo.</p></div>
+
+<p>The few specimens indicate that in Michoac&aacute;n, as elsewhere on the
+Pacific coast of M&eacute;xico, this species is restricted to forested regions
+on the coastal plain. It does not occur in the Tepalcatepec Valley.</p>
+
+<p>The coloration, in life, of a juvenile (UMMZ 114604) is as follows: The
+dorsum is uniform pale grayish tan on posterior one-third of body and on
+tail; anteriorly there are pale grayish tan middorsal blotches separated
+by grayish white interspaces, which are about one-half the length of the
+blotches. Posteriorly the blotches are less distinct, fading into the
+uniform grayish tan ground color of the posterior part of the body. The
+blotches extend laterally onto the fourth and fifth scale rows. Large
+squarish lateral intercalary blotches of darker brown interconnect with
+the dorsal blotches. The top of the head is pale olive-brown; a dark
+brown postorbital stripe extends from the eye to the posterior edge of
+the last upper labial. The labials, chin, and ventrals 1-30 are creamy
+white, changing to a dusty cream-color posteriorly; the chin and
+ventrals 1-30 are heavily spotted with dark brown. The iris is a
+cream-color above and chocolate brown below; the tongue is blue.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Drymarchon corais rubidus</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Drymarchon corais rubidus</i> Smith, Jour. Washington Acad.
+Sci., 31:474, November 11, 1941.&mdash;Rosario, Sinaloa, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (5); Arroyo El Salto; Arteaga; Capirio; El Sabino
+(7); La Palma; La Placita; Ostula; San Juan de Lima.</p></div>
+
+<p>Not all of the specimens from Michoac&aacute;n are typical in color pattern of
+this subspecies, as defined by Smith (1941a:475). All specimens from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley are uniformly black above; they have reddish or
+cream-colored chins and the anterior two-thirds of the belly salmon-pink
+or reddish buff. Individuals from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n (Arteaga and
+Arroyo El Salto) are like those from the Tepalcatepec Valley. Three
+specimens from the coastal lowlands differ noticeably in color pattern:</p>
+
+<p>UMMZ 104504, adult male (Ostula).&mdash;Pale brown above flecked with black
+anteriorly; at midbody, flecks form narrow transverse bands that become
+progressively wider posteriorly, until on tail no brown pigment evident,
+all ventrals reddish buff, except last eight, which are black.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>UMMZ 104602, adult female (La Placita).&mdash;Black above, reddish
+cross-bands and flecks on all of body; dorsal and ventral surfaces of
+tail black; chin cream-color and entire belly reddish buff.</p>
+
+<p>UMMZ 114626, adult male (San Juan de Lima).&mdash;Black above; dull
+rust-colored cross-bands on anterior half of body; chin white; belly
+rust-colored on anterior two-thirds of body and black posteriorly.</p>
+
+<p>One specimen from La Palma on the Mexican Plateau (KU 29275) has the top
+of the head an olive-color, the entire dorsum black, the chin and
+ventrals 1-42 a cream-color, remainder of venter black, and all of the
+labials heavily barred with black. A juvenile from Capirio in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley (UMMZ 114627) is black above and has pale
+olive-colored flecks on the anterior one-third of the body; the top of
+the head is dark olive-brown, and the sides of the head are somewhat
+paler. Anteriorly the belly is a cream-color; posteriorly it is black.</p>
+
+<p>The specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley are typical of <i>Drymarchon
+corais rubidus</i>. Those from the coastal lowlands differ in having large
+areas of brown or red pigment on the dorsum, a condition not mentioned
+by Smith in his description of the subspecies. The specimen from La
+Palma, like many others from various localities on the Mexican Plateau,
+resembles in certain characters <i>D. corais orizabensis</i> (Smith, <i>op.
+cit.</i>: 477). Our knowledge of the geographical variation in coloration
+in this species is incomplete; many populations have been assigned to
+subspecific rank without justification.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this species is found from sea level to 1350 meters in the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and to 1300 meters at La Palma on Lago de Chapala.
+It has been collected in scrub forest, semi-deciduous broad-leafed
+forest, and oak forest.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Drymobius margaritiferus fistulosus</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Drymobius margaritiferus fistulosus</i> Smith, Proc. U. S.
+Natl. Mus., 92:383, November 5, 1942.&mdash;Miramar, Nayarit,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (3); Coahuayana; Coalcom&aacute;n (3); El Sabino (3); El
+Ticuiz; 12 km. S of Tzitzio.</p></div>
+
+<p>This snake is abundant in the lowlands of the state; the few specimens
+listed above are indicative not of the rarity, but rather of the speed
+and agility, of this diurnal snake. It most frequently is found near
+water, where there is a dense growth of vegetation. One individual was
+observed in a large pool inhabited by several small <i>Rana pipiens</i>, and
+another was seen along the bank of a hyacinth-choked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> river channel. A
+third individual was captured while it was in pursuit of a
+<i>Cnemidophorus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This species has been collected on the coastal lowlands and seaward
+foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and in the Tepalcatepec Valley to
+elevations of 1150 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Elaphe triaspis intermedia</b> (Boettger)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Pityophis intermedius</i> Boettger, Ber. Offen. Vereins.
+Naturk., 22:148, 1883.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to
+Hacienda El Sabino, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico, by Dowling (1960:74).</p>
+
+<p><i>Elaphe triaspis intermedia</i>, Mertens and Dowling,
+Senckenbergiana, 33:201, November 15, 1952.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-four km. E of Apatzing&aacute;n; Chupio; El Sabino (4); 11
+km. E of Emiliano Zapata.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dowling (1960) has shown that specimens from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin have fewer ventrals and caudals than those from the Sierra del Sur
+or the coast. All specimens from Michoac&aacute;n were collected in open
+forest, either scrub or oak forest. They were found in drier situations
+than those described for the species in southern Tamaulipas by Martin
+(1958:69). In Michoac&aacute;n <i>Elaphe triaspis intermedia</i> is known from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, and
+the western edge of the Mexican Plateau at an elevation of 1350 meters.
+It probably occurs in the lower parts of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and
+along the Pacific coast, for it is known from the coastal lowlands of
+Guerrero and Colima. In August, 1951, I saw a snake that probably was
+this species in Barranca de Bejuco.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Enulius unicolor</b> (Fischer)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis unicolor</i> Fischer, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 7:227,
+1882.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Chilpancingo,
+Guerrero, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:331).</p>
+
+<p><i>Enulius unicolor</i>, Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 25:247, July 10, 1939.</p>
+
+<p>Between Ario de Rosales and La Playa; Coalcom&aacute;n; Jungapeo
+(4); between Zit&aacute;cuaro and Tuxpan.</p></div>
+
+<p>This small snake has been collected from beneath rocks in brushy areas
+and broad-leafed forest between 900 and 1800 meters; it has not been
+found in coniferous forest. The limited ecological data suggest that the
+species inhabits the transition zone between the tropical scrub forest
+and the temperate hardwood forest.</p>
+
+<p>All of the specimens have 17 rows of scales; four males have 169-178
+(174.2) ventrals and 102-111 (106.8) caudals; two females have 192 and
+195 ventrals and 96 and 87 caudals. Three individuals have one
+postocular on one side and two on the other; in the other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> specimens
+there are two postoculars on each side. The largest male has a body
+length of 232 mm. and a tail length of 130 mm.; the largest female has a
+body length of 274 mm. and a tail length of 119 mm.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Geagras redimitus</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geagras redimitus</i> Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, ser. 2, 8:141, 1876.</p>
+
+<p>San Juan de Lima (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>Previously this species was known definitely only from the Plains of
+Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. <i>Sphenocalamus lineolatus</i> was described by Fischer
+(1883:5) from Mazatl&aacute;n; this name has been placed in the synonymy of
+<i>Geagras redimitus</i> Cope. Although Fischer gave the type locality only
+as "Mazatl&aacute;n" and did not designate the state, it is probable that the
+type originated from Mazatl&aacute;n, Sinaloa. The present specimens are from a
+locality almost midway between Tehuantepec and Mazatl&aacute;n and support the
+possibility that <i>Geagras</i> ranges along the Pacific coast of M&eacute;xico from
+Oaxaca to Sinaloa.</p>
+
+<p>The two specimens from Michoac&aacute;n (UMMZ 114446-7), both males, have 118
+and 122 ventrals, 31 and 33 caudals, body lengths of 108 and 81 mm., and
+tail lengths of 20 and 15 mm. Both have 1-1 preoculars, 1-1 postoculars,
+1-2 temporals, 6-6 upper labials, and 5-5 lower labials. In life, the
+dorsum was pale tan; the top of the head and the middorsal and lateral
+stripes were dark brown; the belly was white. The occipital spots were
+pale pinkish tan. Both specimens were found beneath rocks in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest at an elevation of 15 meters on the coastal plain.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Geophis dugesi</b> Bocourt</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis dugesii</i> Bocourt, Miss. Scientifique au Mexique et
+dans l'Amerique Centrale, Rept., livr. 9:573,
+1883.&mdash;Tanganc&iacute;cuaro, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Carapan; Tanganc&iacute;cuaro; Zacapu.</p></div>
+
+<p>Aside from the three specimens listed above, there are two (SU 4407-8)
+bearing the data "Michoac&aacute;n." Bocourt (1883:574) stated that the type
+specimen from Tanganc&iacute;cuaro had six or seven pale cross-bands on the
+anterior part of the body. An illustration, presumably of the same
+specimen, by Dug&egrave;s (1884:Pl. 9) shows five distinct and one indistinct
+cross-bands. Of the four specimens that I have examined, none has more
+than three pale cross-bands, and one has only one indistinct cross-band.
+Two females have 154 and 158 ventrals and 38 and 37 caudals; two males
+have 150 and 151 ventrals and 43 and 42 caudals.</p>
+
+<p>This species is known only from elevations between 1750 and 2050<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> meters
+on the southwestern edge of the Mexican Plateau in the state of
+Michoac&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Geophis incomptus</b> Duellman</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis incomptus</i> Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 605:3, May 29, 1959.&mdash;Dos Aguas, Michoac&aacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Dos Aguas (15).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species, which seems to be related to <i>Geophis maculiferus</i>, is
+known only from the pine-oak forest in the vicinity of Dos Aguas
+(elevation 2100 meters) in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. Aside from the five
+specimens comprising the type series, there are ten other specimens in
+the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan collected by Floyd
+L. Downs in July, 1960. Data from these specimens and those comprising
+the type series show that in this sample seven males have 146-153
+(149.3) ventrals and 35-37 (36.0) caudals; eight females have 150-154
+(152.4) ventrals and 29-34 (32.5) caudals. The largest specimen is a
+female with a body length of 344 mm. and a tail length of 53 mm.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Geophis maculiferus</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis maculiferus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+27:119, December 30, 1941.&mdash;Near Cicio [<i>sic</i>] = Tzitzio,
+Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Tzitzio.</p></div>
+
+<p>The type and only known specimen of <i>Geophis maculiferus</i> (UIMNH 25078)
+is a female having 140 ventrals and 30 caudals, dorsal scales in 15
+rows, one postocular, and an anterior temporal. Only one other species
+in M&eacute;xico has dorsal scales in 15 rows and has an anterior temporal;
+that species is <i>G. incomptus</i>, which differs from <i>G. maculiferus</i> in
+having six or seven lower labials, instead of five, and in having the
+edges of the ventrals dark, instead of a uniformly cream-colored belly.</p>
+
+<p>The locality from which the specimen was obtained lies at an elevation
+of 1630 meters on the southern slope of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. At
+that elevation there is an interdigitation of arid tropical scrub forest
+and pine-oak forest; probably <i>Geophis maculiferus</i> inhabits the
+pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Geophis nigrocinctus</b> Duellman</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis nigrocinctus</i> Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 605:1, May 29, 1959.&mdash;Dos Aguas, Michoac&aacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Dos Aguas (3).</p></div>
+
+<p>The three specimens comprising the type series of the species were found
+beneath logs and in a stump in pine-oak forest at an elevation of 2100
+meters. A discussion of the variation in these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> specimens and of
+probable relationships of the species was given by Duellman (1959).
+Floyd Downs spent several days at Dos Aguas in July, 1960; although he
+found ten specimens of <i>Geophis incomptus</i>, no further specimens of <i>G.
+nigrocinctus</i> were obtained.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Geophis petersi</b> Boulenger</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis petersii</i> Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes... British
+Museum, 2:321, September 23, 1894.&mdash;Mexico City. Type
+locality restricted to P&aacute;tzcuaro, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico, by
+Smith and Taylor (1950a:335).</p>
+
+<p>Cher&aacute;n; Coalcom&aacute;n; Morelia; P&aacute;tzcuaro (6).</p></div>
+
+<p>This seems to be the most widespread species of <i>Geophis</i> in Michoac&aacute;n.
+It has been found at elevations between 950 and 2350 meters, chiefly in
+pine or pine-oak forest. Boulenger (1894:321) described <i>Geophis
+petersi</i> from a specimen stated to be from Mexico City, a locality which
+probably is in error. The only localities from which the species is
+definitely known are those listed in this account.</p>
+
+<p>Three males and five females from the Mexican Plateau and the Cordillera
+Volc&aacute;nica have respectively 140-144 (141.7) and 143-151 (146.0) ventrals
+and 39-41 (40.0) and 29-35 (33.2) caudals. All have dorsal scales in 15
+rows, 1 postocular, no anterior temporal, and a relatively small
+triangular supraocular. The specimen from Coalcom&aacute;n (UMMZ 104698) was
+referred to <i>Geophis nasalis</i> by Peters (1954:22). This specimen is
+abnormal in several characters; in five places there is a fusion and
+separation of the vertebral and paravertebral scale rows, producing a
+change from 17 to 15 rows of dorsal scales. Fusion of the three rows
+takes place at the level of the 8th, 41st, 47th, 54th, and 65th
+ventrals. Furthermore, there is a small secondary postocular on each
+side of the head. In other characters the specimen is like <i>G. petersi</i>;
+the resemblances to that species are greater than to <i>G. nasalis</i>, which
+has been recorded from Guatemala and southern Chiapas.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Geophis tarascae</b> Hartweg</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Geophis tarascae</i> Hartweg, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 601:1, May 4, 1959.&mdash;Uruapan, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Uruapan (3).</p></div>
+
+<p>A female of this species was collected in the Parque Nacional at the
+north edge of Uruapan in 1899, and a male was taken there in 1947; these
+specimens were used by Hartweg in his description of the species. Floyd
+L. Downs obtained another specimen in the Parque Nacional on July 19,
+1960. It has 164 ventrals and 46 caudals; in life, the ground color of
+the neck was brown with a purplish tint; the dorsal markings were black;
+the chin was a cream-color,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> and the belly was white. This specimen is
+distinguished from those of all other species of <i>Geophis</i> in Michoac&aacute;n
+in that it has dark irregular cross-bars on the dorsum and a row of dark
+spots on the venter.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 12:246, November 15, 1860.&mdash;Cape San Lucas,
+Baja California, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha</i>, Bogert and Oliver, Bull.
+Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:378, March 30, 1945.</p>
+
+<p>Tup&aacute;taro.</p></div>
+
+<p>The systematic status of the geographic variants of <i>Hypsiglena</i> in
+M&eacute;xico and southwestern United States has been commented on by several
+authors. Tanner (1944) considered <i>H. torquata</i> and <i>H. ochrorhyncha</i> to
+be distinct species; Bogert and Oliver (1945:379) and Duellman
+(1957b:238) presented evidence indicating that <i>H. torquata</i> and <i>H.
+ochrorhyncha</i> intergrade in Sinaloa and southern Sonora. In <i>Hypsiglena</i>
+the scutellation, including the numbers of labials, dorsals, ventrals,
+and caudals, seem to vary in a clinal manner. Nevertheless, these snakes
+can be divided into two distinct populations on the basis of the nuchal
+color pattern, consisting of an <i>ochrorhyncha</i>-type (a broad dark
+nape-band, the lateral edges of which extend anteriorly and fuse with a
+postorbital stripe, and a narrow nape stripe extending from the
+posteromedian edges of the parietals to the dark nape band) and a
+<i>torquata</i>-type (a somewhat narrower dark nape-band bordered anteriorly
+by a pale nuchal area, and no dark nape stripe). Snakes having the
+<i>ochrorhyncha</i>-type of nuchal pattern are found on the Mexican Plateau
+from Michoac&aacute;n northward into the desert regions of Sonora and the
+southwestern United States. Snakes having the <i>torquata</i>-type of pattern
+are found on the coastal lowlands and adjacent slopes of the Sierra
+Madre Occidental from southern Sinaloa to Colima and thence inland in
+the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin to Morelos and Guerrero. An exception is
+<i>Hypsiglena torquata dunklei</i> from Forl&oacute;n and San Fernando, Tamaulipas;
+it has the <i>torquata</i>-type of nuchal pattern. The distributional picture
+is somewhat complicated because some individuals having the
+<i>torquata</i>-type of nuchal pattern also have a faint nape stripe. If
+these are taken as exceptions, the general picture of distribution in
+M&eacute;xico is <i>H. t. torquata</i> on the Pacific lowlands from Sinaloa
+southward to the Balsas Basin and <i>H. t. ochrorhyncha</i> on the Mexican
+Plateau.</p>
+
+<p>Smith (1943:433) resurrected <i>Hypsiglena jani</i> Dug&egrave;s for the snakes of
+the <i>ochrorhyncha</i>-type on the southern part of the Mexican<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> Plateau. He
+stated that the southern specimens differed from northern ones in having
+a nuchal spot 9 or 10 scales in length, as compared with a spot 2 to 6
+scales in length in northern specimens. A cursory examination of
+specimens from the areas between Arizona and Michoac&aacute;n showed that there
+is a gradual increase in the size of the spot from north to south. If no
+other characters can be found to distinguish the populations, they
+should be considered as a single subspecies.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hypsiglena affinis</i> differs from <i>H. torquata</i> in possessing 19 instead
+of 21 rows of dorsal scales. Additional material is needed from the
+western slopes of Jalisco and the Barrancas in Zacatecas and Durango,
+before definite allocation of <i>affinis</i> can be made.</p>
+
+<p>Bogert and Oliver (1945:379) discussed the status of certain named
+populations in Baja California and concluded that only one species
+occurs there, and that the species probably is conspecific with <i>H.
+torquata</i>. A careful review of the genus <i>Hypsiglena</i> might show that
+there is only one species.</p>
+
+<p>The one specimen from Michoac&aacute;n (USNM 46513) is from an elevation of
+about 2300 meters near the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hypsiglena torquata torquata</b> (G&uuml;nther)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptodeira torquata</i> G&uuml;nther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3,
+5:170.&mdash;Laguna Island, Nicaragua (in error).</p>
+
+<p><i>Hypsiglena torquata torquata</i>, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 25:371, July 10, 1939.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n; Capirio; Cofrad&iacute;a.</p></div>
+
+<p>Specimens from the three mentioned localities have the dark nuchal spot
+bordered anteriorly by a pale blotch. In life the specimen from Capirio
+(UMMZ 114424) had rich reddish brown dorsal spots; the dorsal ground
+color was grayish white above and somewhat more gray laterally. The pale
+nuchal area was a cream-color, and the iris was grayish red.</p>
+
+<p>All of the specimens were found in the arid scrub forest in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley at elevations between 200 and 350 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus</b> (G&uuml;nther)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dipsas gracillima</i> G&uuml;nther, Biol. Centrali-Americana,
+Rept., p. 177, July, 1895.&mdash;southern M&eacute;xico. Type locality
+restricted to Acapulco, Guerrero, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and
+Taylor (1950a:331).</p>
+
+<p><i>Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus</i>, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+Novitates, 1961:12, September 16, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>La Orilla.</p></div>
+
+<p>The specimen from La Orilla was reported by Peters (1954:23) as
+<i>Imantodes gemmistratus oliveri</i>; Zweifel (1959c) showed that <i>I. g.
+oliveri</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> did not range west of Tehuantepec and that the snakes
+inhabiting the coastal lowlands of Guerrero, Michoac&aacute;n, and Colima were
+assignable to the subspecies <i>gracillimus</i>. It may be assumed that this
+subspecies ranges throughout the coastal lowlands and foothills of the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus</b> (Cope)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dipsas gemmistrata latistrata</i> Cope, Bull. U. S. Natl.
+Mus., 32:68, 1887.&mdash;Southern Jalisco. Type locality
+restricted to Guadalajara, Jalisco, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and
+Taylor (1950a:334).</p>
+
+<p><i>Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus</i>, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+Novitates, 1961:3, September 16, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>El Sabino.</p></div>
+
+<p>The one specimen from Michoac&aacute;n was collected near the upper limits of
+the scrub forest on the slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. Zweifel
+(1959c:10) stated that in certain aspects of coloration this specimen
+was like <i>I. gemmistratus gracillimus</i>, but in scutellation and other
+features of coloration it was like <i>I. g. latistratus</i>. There are too
+few specimens of this species to define the ranges of the various
+subspecies with any degree of accuracy, but from the limited number of
+specimens available, it seems that <i>I. gemmistratus gracillimus</i> occurs
+on the Pacific lowlands from Guerrero northward to Colima. Northward on
+the Pacific lowlands from Colima to Sinaloa and in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin is found <i>I. gemmistratus latistratus</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Lampropeltis doliata</b> (Linnaeus)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coluber doliatus</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1:379,
+1766.&mdash;Charleston, South Carolina.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lampropeltis doliata</i>, Klauber, Copeia, No. 1:11, April 15,
+1948.</p>
+
+<p>Coalcom&aacute;n (3); El Sabino; 24 km. W of Morelia; R&iacute;o Nexpa;
+Uruapan.</p></div>
+
+<p>The few specimens of this species from Michoac&aacute;n show a wide range of
+variation; furthermore, the present systematic status of the subspecies
+of <i>Lampropeltis doliata</i> portrays an incongruous pattern of
+distribution. Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n have relatively
+narrow red bands that are not interrupted dorsally by extensions of the
+black rings; the scales in the red bands have black tips. The specimen
+from El Sabino (EHT-HMS 5253) and the one from the R&iacute;o Nexpa on the
+coast (USNM 31491) have broader red bands; the scales in the red bands
+do not have black tips. A specimen from 24 kilometers west of Morelia
+(UIMNH 17782) and one from Uruapan (UMMZ 121508) have the red bands
+interrupted dorsally by extensions from the black rings.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n were referred to <i>L. doliata
+blanchardi</i> by Peters (1954:24), who noted that in some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> characters
+these snakes were like <i>L. d. nelsoni</i> and in others like <i>L. d.
+polyzona</i>. The individual from El Sabino was referred to <i>L. d. nelsoni</i>
+by Taylor (1940c:465); the one from 24 kilometers west of Morelia was
+referred to <i>L. d. arcifera</i> by Smith (1942c:198). If these assignments
+are correct, three subspecies of <i>Lampropeltis doliata</i> occur in
+Michoac&aacute;n: <i>blanchardi</i> in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, <i>nelsoni</i> on the
+coast and in the Tepalcatepec Valley, and <i>arcifera</i> on the Mexican
+Plateau and in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. Such a distribution is
+plausible, but the few specimens and our general lack of knowledge of
+the variation and relationships of the different populations do not
+permit a definite assignment at this time.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Lampropeltis ruthveni</b> Blanchard</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Lampropeltis ruthveni</i> Blanchard, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+Univ. Michigan, 81:8, April 28, 1920.&mdash;P&aacute;tzcuaro, Michoac&aacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Morelia; P&aacute;tzcuaro; Tac&iacute;cuaro.</p></div>
+
+<p>At the present time this species is known definitely from only three
+localities on the Mexican Plateau in Michoac&aacute;n. An incomplete skin from
+El Sabino (EHT-HMS 5438) was referred to this species by Taylor
+(1940c:465); the specimen cannot be found, so verification of the
+identification cannot be made at this time.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptodeira latifasciata</b> (G&uuml;nther)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hypsiglena latifasciata</i> G&uuml;nther, Biologia
+Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 138, October,
+1894.&mdash;Southern M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to
+Huajintl&aacute;n, Morelos, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:331).</p>
+
+<p><i>Leptodeira latifasciata</i>, Dunn, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,
+22:696, December, 1936.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n; El Sabino; La Playa; 32 km. E of Nueva Italia.</p></div>
+
+<p>This nocturnal snake apparently ranges throughout the arid
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley to elevations of about 1050 meters. It has
+been collected only in the arid scrub forest. Aside from the specimens
+listed by Duellman (1958a:93), there is one (UMMZ 120223) having eight
+body blotches, a body length of 510 mm. and a tail length of 103 mm.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptodeira maculata</b> (Hallowell)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Megalops maculatus</i> Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 13:488, March 31, 1862.&mdash;"Tahiti." Type
+locality restricted to Manzanillo, Colima, M&eacute;xico, by
+Duellman (1958a:54).</p>
+
+<p><i>Leptodeira maculata</i>, Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
+Hist., 114:53, February 24, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla (2); Apatzing&aacute;n (24); Arteaga (2); Capirio (3);
+Charapendo (2); Coahuayana (3); Cofrad&iacute;a; Cuatro Caminos; La
+Placita (3); Lombardia (69); Nueva Italia (29); P&oacute;maro; R&iacute;o
+Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2); Salitre de Estopila;
+Tafetan (2); Volc&aacute;n Jorullo.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This snake is abundant in the arid Tepalcatepec Valley; most of the
+specimens have been collected in arid scrub forest at elevations of less
+than 500 meters. With the onset of the rains in late June and early
+July, large numbers of these snakes can be found around temporary pools,
+where they feed on small frogs and toads. In the dry season few
+individuals were found, and all of those were beneath cover. Specimens
+from the coast have more body-blotches than do those from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley (Duellman, 1958a:56); otherwise the snakes show
+little variation.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptodeira splendida bressoni</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptodeira bressoni</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+25:321, July 10, 1939.&mdash;Hacienda El Sabino, Michoac&aacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leptodeira splendida bressoni</i>, Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
+Nat. Hist., 114:84, February 24, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>Coalcom&aacute;n (3); El Sabino (3); Uruapan (5).</p></div>
+
+<p>The range of <i>Leptodeira splendida bressoni</i> apparently does not overlap
+that of <i>Leptodeira maculata</i>; the latter is restricted to the lower
+reaches of the arid scrub forest, whereas <i>L. s. bressoni</i> inhabits the
+upper limits of the arid scrub forest and the lower part of the pine-oak
+forest. Specimens have been collected between 950 and 1630 meters on the
+slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica and at 950 meters in the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n. At Uruapan individuals were found beneath rocks along a
+stream and in a stone fence. <i>Leptodeira duellmani</i>, which was described
+from Coalcom&aacute;n by Peters (1954:25), is an aberrant individual of <i>L. s.
+bressoni</i> (Duellman, 1958a:56).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptophis diplotropis</b> (G&uuml;nther)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ahaetulla diplotropis</i> G&uuml;nther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+4, 9:25, 1872.&mdash;Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leptophis diplotropis</i>, Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
+Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, Reptiles, livr. 15:835,
+1897.</p>
+
+<p>Between Aguililla and Dos Aguas; Arteaga; Coalcom&aacute;n; El
+Diezmo; El Sabino (5); La Playa; Ocorla.</p></div>
+
+<p>Most specimens of this species have been collected in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest at elevations of less than 1000 meters. In the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n one was taken in pine-oak forest at an elevation of
+1700 meters near Ocorla; another was found in broad-leafed forest
+between Aguililla and Dos Aguas at an elevation of 1600 meters. Most
+individuals have been seen in trees or bushes. The absence of
+broad-leafed forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley probably accounts for the
+absence of this snake in that area.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Manolepis putnami</b> (Jan)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dromicus putnami</i> Jan, Elenco sistematico degli Ofidi, p.
+67, 1863.&mdash;San Blas, Nayarit, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Manolepsis putnami</i>, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. S. Natl.
+Mus., 187:92, October 5, 1945.</p>
+
+<p>La Placita (3); Maquili; Ostula.</p></div>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n the species has been found only in tropical semi-deciduous
+forest on the lower slopes of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. From the
+observations made by Peters (1954:28), this snake is diurnal and feeds
+on teiid lizards.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Masticophis striolatus striolatus</b> Mertens</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coluber striolatus</i> Mertens, Zoologica (Stuttgart), 32:190,
+1934.&mdash;Substitute name for <i>Coluber lineatus</i> Bocourt, a
+secondary homonym of <i>Coluber lineatus</i> Linnaeus = <i>Lygophis
+lineatus</i>. Type locality restricted to Presidio de Mazatl&aacute;n,
+Sinaloa, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:343).</p>
+
+<p><i>Masticophis striolatus striolatus</i>, Zweifel and Norris,
+Amer. Midl. Nat., 54:242, July, 1955.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (4); Arteaga; Coalcom&aacute;n (3); El Sabino;
+Jiquilpan; La Palma; La Playa (3); Lombardia; Nueva Italia;
+R&iacute;o Cach&aacute;n; Santa Ana; Uruapan (2); Volc&aacute;n Jorullo;
+Ziracuaretiro.</p></div>
+
+<p>This large diurnal species inhabits open scrub forest and cultivated
+terrain from sea level to about 1650 meters. On the Mexican Plateau it
+is known from the area around Lago de Chapala, to which it possibly
+gained access through the valleys in the headwaters of the Tepalcatepec
+drainage. Specimens from southern Michoac&aacute;n have been reported
+previously by Peters (1954:28) and Duellman (1954b:16) as <i>Masticophis
+flagellum lineatus</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Masticophis taeniatus australis</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Masticophis taeniatus australis</i> Smith, Jour. Washington
+Acad. Sci., 31:390, September 11, 1941.&mdash;Guanajuato,
+Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Tac&iacute;cuaro (2); Zamora.</p></div>
+
+<p>This species reaches the southern limit of its distribution in the state
+of Michoac&aacute;n. The limited ecological data available suggest that the
+species inhabits the open mesquite grassland of the Mexican Plateau.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Oxybelis aeneus auratus</b> (Bell)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dryinus auratus</i> Bell, Zool. Jour., 2:324, 1825.&mdash;M&eacute;xico.
+Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico, by
+Smith and Taylor (1950a:340).</p>
+
+<p><i>Oxybelis aeneus auratus</i>, Bogert and Oliver, Bull. Amer.
+Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:381, March 30, 1945.</p>
+
+<p>Coahuayana; El Sabino (4); between Las Tecatas and Las
+Higuertas; between Los Pozos and La Ci&eacute;nega; Playa Azul;
+P&oacute;maro (2); between P&oacute;maro and Maruata (2); Punto San Telmo;
+R&iacute;o Tizupan.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the basis of the number of specimens seen and collected on the
+seaward slopes of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, this is a common snake<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
+there. Most specimens were collected in tropical semi-deciduous forest;
+others were collected in oak forest to an elevation of 1700 meters.
+Apparently <i>Oxybelis</i> does not inhabit the lower parts of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley; the only specimens from the inland area are four
+from El Sabino, which is situated at about 900 meters on the slopes of
+the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. One individual was seen in gallery forest near
+Limoncito at an elevation of 730 meters on the northern slopes of the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Pituophis deppei deppei</b> (Dum&eacute;ril)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Elaphis deppei</i> Dum&eacute;ril, Mem. Acad. Inst. France, 23:453,
+1835.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to San Juan
+Teotihuac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:334).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pituophis deppei deppei</i>, Stull, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 250:1, October 12, 1932.</p>
+
+<p>Carapan (2); Morelia; Tac&aacute;mbaro; Tac&iacute;cuaro; Zacapu.</p></div>
+
+<p>Duellman (1960b) showed that the widespread species <i>Pituophis deppei</i>
+was composite and that the "lined subspecies" actually represented
+another species, <i>Pituophis lineaticollis</i>. <i>Pituophis deppei</i> occurs
+only on the Mexican Plateau; in Michoac&aacute;n it inhabits mesquite grassland
+and oak-bunch grass associations between 1900 and 2200 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Pituophis lineaticollis lineaticollis</b> (Cope)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Arizona lineaticollis</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 13:300, December 28, 1861.&mdash;Southern Mexican
+Plateau. Type locality restricted to 24 kilometers northwest
+of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico, by Duellman (1960b:607).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pituophis lineaticollis lineaticollis</i>, Duellman, Univ.
+Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:607, May 2, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>Acuaro de las Lleguas; Dos Aguas (3); Morelia; Tanc&iacute;taro
+(5).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species reaches the northern limits of its range in the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n and on the Mexican Plateau in Michoac&aacute;n. On the plateau it has
+been collected in mesquite grassland at elevations between 1500 and 2000
+meters. In the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n individuals were found in open
+pine-oak forest at 2100 meters elevation and in a meadow surrounded by
+pine-oak forest at 2300 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Pseudoficimia frontalis</b> (Cope)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Toluca frontalis</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+16:167, September 30, 1864.&mdash;Colima, Colima, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pseudoficimia frontalis</i>, G&uuml;nther, Biologia
+Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 96, May, 1893.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n; Coalcom&aacute;n (6); El Sabino (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>Most specimens were found beneath rocks in grassy areas near the upper
+limits of the arid scrub forest, both in the Sierra de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> Coalcom&aacute;n and on
+the southern slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica; all are from elevations
+of less than 1100 meters. One specimen was found on a road at night near
+Apatzing&aacute;n. This species has been found in similar habitats near
+Huajintl&aacute;n, Guerrero, and in arid scrub forest at lower elevations in
+Colima. It is unknown from the coast of Michoac&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Pseudoficimia pulcherrima</b> Taylor and Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Pseudoficimia pulcherrima</i> Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas
+Sci. Bull., 28:246, May 15, 1942.&mdash;Huajintl&aacute;n, Guerrero,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n.</p></div>
+
+<p>This specimen (CNHM 39208) was reported by Schmidt and Shannon
+(1947:81); they stated that it was a paratype of <i>P. pulcherrima</i>.
+However, Taylor and Smith (1942a:246) did not mention the specimen;
+aside from the type (EHT-HMS 5497), the only other specimen they
+designated as belonging to the type series was UMMZ 85711 from
+Chilpancingo, Guerrero.</p>
+
+<p>The taxonomic validity of <i>Pseudoficimia pulcherrima</i> remains doubtful,
+for only minor characters distinguish it from <i>P. frontalis</i>.
+Furthermore, all known specimens of <i>P. pulcherrima</i> are from within the
+geographic range of <i>P. frontalis</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Rhadinaea hesperia hesperia</b> Bailey</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rhadinaea hesperia</i> Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 412:8, May 6, 1940.&mdash;Omilteme and Sierra de Burro,
+Guerrero. Type locality restricted to Omilteme, Guerrero,
+M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:332).</p>
+
+<p><i>Rhadinaea hesperia hesperia</i>, Smith, Proc. Biol. Soc.
+Washington, 55:185, December 31, 1942.</p>
+
+<p>Arteaga (3); Coalcom&aacute;n; El Sabino (2); Uruapan; Volc&aacute;n
+Jorullo (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>One specimen from Volc&aacute;n Jorullo (UMMZ 104494), three from Arteaga (UMMZ
+119281), and one from Uruapan (UMMZ 92342) are typical of the subspecies
+<i>R. h. hesperia</i> in possessing a lateral cream-colored line on the sixth
+and parts of the fifth and seventh dorsal scale rows and in lacking a
+dark line on the second scale row. The specimens from El Sabino (EHT-HMS
+5441 and UIMNH 18933) and one from Coalcom&aacute;n (UMMZ 104502) have the
+cream-colored line on the sixth and adjacent parts of the fifth and
+seventh scale rows and have a dark line on the second scale row. Another
+individual from Volc&aacute;n Jorullo (UMMZ 104682) has cream-colored lines
+like the others, but it possesses two lateral dark lines, one on the
+second scale row, and one on the third.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Smith (1942d:186) diagnosed <i>Rhadinaea hesperia hesperioides</i> as
+differing from the nominal subspecies in having the cream-colored line
+on the fourth and fifth scale rows and in possessing a dark line on the
+second scale row. The specimens seen all have the lateral cream-colored
+line centered on the sixth scale row, as is characteristic of <i>R. h.
+hesperia</i>. Although many of the specimens also possess a dark line on
+the second scale row, these specimens are here assigned to <i>R. h.
+hesperia</i>. Additional specimens are necessary to define accurately the
+subspecies and their ranges. Peters (1954:29) assigned the specimens
+from Coalcom&aacute;n to <i>R. h. hesperioides</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In life the specimens from Arteaga had bright cream-colored temporal
+stripes and dorsolateral stripes on the anterior part of the body. The
+chin and anterior one-sixth of the belly was white; posteriorly the
+venter was bright orange-red.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this snake has been found in tropical semi-deciduous
+forest, arid scrub forest, and pine-oak forest at elevations from 850 to
+1500 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Rhadinaea laureata</b> (G&uuml;nther)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dromicus laureatus</i> G&uuml;nther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
+1:419, 1868.&mdash;Mexico City.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rhadinaea laureata</i>, Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes... British
+Museum, 2, p. 179, September 23, 1894.</p>
+
+<p>Cap&aacute;cuaro; Carapan (8); Cher&aacute;n (3); Paracho (2); P&aacute;tzcuaro;
+Tanc&iacute;taro (10).</p></div>
+
+<p>This snake is abundant in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, but it is unknown in
+the mountains to the northeast of Morelia or in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.
+Most specimens were found beneath volcanic rocks imbedded in the ashy
+soil in pine forest between 1800 and 2300 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Rhadinaea taeniata</b> (Peters)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dromicus taeniatus</i> Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+275, 1863.&mdash;M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rhadinaea taeniata</i>, Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 412:14, May 6, 1940.</p>
+
+<p>Tanc&iacute;taro (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species, which is known only from a small region in the mountains
+of Jalisco and central Michoac&aacute;n, is represented by two specimens (CNHM
+37130 and 39030) collected at Tanc&iacute;taro (see Schmidt and Shannon,
+1947:80).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Salvadora bairdi</b> Jan</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Salvadora Bairdii</i> Jan. Icon. gener. ophid., livr. 2, pl.
+3, fig. 2, 1860.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to
+Ac&aacute;mbaro, Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:330).</p>
+
+<p>Barranca Seca; Carapan; Cerro San Andr&eacute;s; Cojumatl&aacute;n (2);
+Jiquilpan; Morelia; P&aacute;tzcuaro (4); Quiroga; Sahuayo (2);
+Tac&iacute;cuaro (12); Tanc&iacute;taro (56); Uruapan (2); Zacapu (2);
+between Zit&aacute;cuaro and Tuxpan (3).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species is abundant on the Mexican plateau, where it inhabits the
+more grassy areas in the mesquite grassland and cutover land in the pine
+forests from 1550 to 2500 meters. Davis and Dixon (1957:21) described a
+specimen from Zacapu as having two dark paravertebral stripes diverging
+on the temporals and extending through the eye onto the loreal, a
+characteristic of <i>Salvadora lineata</i>. On the basis of this specimen,
+Davis and Dixon suggested that <i>Salvadora bairdi</i> and <i>S. lineata</i> were
+subspecifically related. The examination of the large number of
+specimens from Michoac&aacute;n has revealed this kind of coloration in only
+one other specimen, an individual from Tac&iacute;cuaro, in which the stripes
+diverge, but do not extend through the eye onto the loreal. Data on
+scutellation for the large series from Tanc&iacute;taro were given by Schmidt
+and Shannon (1947:78), and for the series from Tac&iacute;cuaro by Smith
+(1943:466).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Salvadora mexicana</b> (Dum&eacute;ril, Bibron, and Dum&eacute;ril)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Zamenis mexicanus</i> Dum&eacute;ril, Bibron, and Dum&eacute;ril,
+Erp&eacute;tologie gen&eacute;rale, 7 (pt. 1), p. 695, 1854.&mdash;Cape
+Corrientes, Jalisco, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salvadora mexicana</i> G&uuml;nther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3,
+12:349, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (12); Capirio (2); El Sabino (5); Huetamo; La
+Placita; La Playa (4); Lombardia; Nueva Italia; Ojos de Agua
+de San Telmo; Oropeo; R&iacute;o Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzing&aacute;n;
+Santa Ana.</p></div>
+
+<p>This is one of the most abundant snakes in the arid lowlands of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley; observations indicate that it probably is equally
+abundant on the coastal lowlands. Near Apatzing&aacute;n as many as five of
+these snakes have been seen in one-half hour. The snakes seem to be
+equally abundant and active in the dry season and in the rainy season.
+Most individuals were seen on the ground, but two were found in low
+trees. On several occasions <i>Salvadora mexicana</i> was observed in pursuit
+of lizards on the ground. Captured individuals regurgitated
+<i>Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli</i>, <i>Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis</i>,
+<i>Sceloporus horridus oligoporus</i>, <i>Sceloporus pyrocephalus</i>, and
+<i>Urosaurus gadowi</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Salvadora mexicana</i> inhabits only the arid scrub forest at elevations
+from sea level to about 1000 meters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sibon nebulatus</b> (Linnaeus)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coluber nebulatus</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1, p.
+222, 1758.&mdash;Africa (in error). Type locality restricted to
+Jicaltepec, Veracruz, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:349).</p>
+
+<p><i>Sibon nebulatus</i>, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:473,
+November 27, 1940.</p>
+
+<p>Aquila.</p></div>
+
+<p>The one specimen from Michoac&aacute;n was collected by Peters (1954:30) in
+tropical semi-deciduous forest on the coastal foothills of the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n. As presently known, the range of this species in western
+M&eacute;xico extends from Chiapas to Nayarit. Throughout this region the
+species avoids scrub forest; this may explain its absence in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis</b> (Dug&egrave;s)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Contia michoacanensis</i> Dug&egrave;s, <i>in</i> Cope, Proc. Amer.
+Philos. Soc., 22:178, 1885.&mdash;Michoac&aacute;n. Type locality
+restricted to Apatzing&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and
+Taylor (1950a:335).</p>
+
+<p><i>Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis</i>, Stickel, Proc. Biol.
+Soc. Washington, 56:116, October 19, 1943.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (3); Coalcom&aacute;n (3); 12 km. S of Tzitzio.</p></div>
+
+<p>These specimens, together with all known specimens from the Sierra del
+Sur in Guerrero (KU 23790-1, MVZ 45123) and the upper Balsas Basin in
+Puebla (UIMNH 41688), are referable to <i>S. m. michoacanensis</i>. The
+dorsal pattern consists of a highly variable number of cross-bands of
+red, white, and black. In the specimens from Michoac&aacute;n there are as many
+as 17 red cross-bands on the body. One specimen from Apatzing&aacute;n (CNHM
+37141) has just behind the head a white band, bordered on either side by
+a narrow black band; posteriorly the body is uniform red. Two specimens
+from Coalcom&aacute;n (UMMZ 109905-6) have respectively 11 and 13 red
+cross-bands and 20 and 17 white cross-bands, and the posterior part of
+the body is devoid of red color. Other specimens from these localities
+have red, black, and white cross-bands throughout the length of the
+body.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis</i> is distinguished from <i>S.
+michoacanensis mutabilis</i> by the presence of cross-bands on the tail in
+the latter (Stickel, 1943:116). One specimen from Coalcom&aacute;n (UMMZ
+109904) has one narrow band on the tail; all others from Michoac&aacute;n have
+uniformly red tails.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently <i>Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis</i> ranges in semi-arid
+and arid habitats from the upper Balsas Basin in Puebla westward to the
+lower slopes of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, whereas <i>S. m.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> mutabilis</i>
+lives in foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental from southern Jalisco
+to Nayarit. Zweifel (1959b:6) presented evidence to show that specimens
+of <i>S. m. mutabilis</i> supposedly from "Distrito Federal" probably bear
+erroneous locality data.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Tantilla bocourti</b> (G&uuml;nther)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Homalocranium bocourti</i> G&uuml;nther, Biologia
+Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 149, 1895.&mdash;Guanajuato,
+Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tantilla bocourti</i>, Cope, Amer. Nat., 30:1021, December,
+1896.</p>
+
+<p>Carapan; P&aacute;tzcuaro (2); between Zit&aacute;cuaro and R&iacute;o Tuxpan
+(11).</p></div>
+
+<p>This small snake is an inhabitant of the coniferous forests and the
+pine-oak forests on the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. Data on the series from
+between Zit&aacute;cuaro and the R&iacute;o Tuxpan were given by Taylor (1940c:481).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Tantilla calamarina</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tantilla calamarina</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 18:320, February 13, 1867.&mdash;Guadalajara,
+Jalisco, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n; La Placita.</p></div>
+
+<p>Although this snake has been collected at high elevations along the rim
+of the Mexican Plateau in Nayarit, Jalisco, M&eacute;xico, and Puebla, the
+specimens from Michoac&aacute;n are from arid scrub forest at elevations of
+less than 400 meters. The species has been found in similar habitats in
+Colima (Oliver, 1937:24) and in Sinaloa and the Tres Mar&iacute;as Islands
+(Zweifel, 1960:110).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Toluca lineata lineata</b> Kennicott</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Toluca lineata</i> Kennicott, <i>in</i> Baird, Report on the United
+States and Mexican boundary survey, 2, Reptiles, p. 23,
+1859.&mdash;Valley of M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Toluca lineata lineata</i>, Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas
+Sci. Bull., 28:343, May 15, 1942.</p>
+
+<p>Cap&aacute;cuaro; Carapan (12); Cher&aacute;n (23); Cojumatl&aacute;n; Los Reyes;
+Morelia (2); Nahuatzen; Paracho (10); P&aacute;tzcuaro (17);
+Uruapan (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>This small snake is an inhabitant of the coniferous forests between
+elevations of about 1550 and 2800 meters. Not infrequently, individuals
+have been found in pine-oak forest within these elevations.</p>
+
+<p>The generic status of <i>Toluca</i> is unsettled. Taylor and Smith (1942b)
+separated <i>Toluca</i> from <i>Conopsis</i> by the presence of enlarged and
+grooved posterior maxillary teeth in <i>Toluca</i> and their absence in
+<i>Conopsis</i>. Bogert and Oliver (1945:378) suggested synonymizing <i>Toluca</i>
+with <i>Conopsis</i>. Smith and Laufe (1945:12) defined the generic position
+of <i>Toluca</i>. Actually, in deciding the generic position of these snakes,
+five genera (<i>Ficimia</i>, <i>Gyalopion</i>, <i>Pseudoficimia</i>, <i>Conopsis</i>, and
+<i>Toluca</i>) must be considered. Of these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> <i>Ficimia</i> and <i>Gyalopion</i> are
+closely related; they have been placed in one genus by some workers.
+<i>Pseudoficimia</i> is intermediate between <i>Ficimia-Gyalopion</i> and
+<i>Toluca-Conopsis</i>. A workable definition of the supraspecific
+classification of these snakes must await a thorough review of the
+species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus</b> (Dum&eacute;ril, Bibron, and Dum&eacute;ril)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Dipsas biscutata</i> Dum&eacute;ril, Bibron, and Dum&eacute;ril, Erp&eacute;tologie
+gen&eacute;rale, 7 (pt. 2):1153, 1854.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality
+restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and
+Taylor (1950a:340).</p>
+
+<p><i>Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus</i>, Smith, Proc. U. S.
+Natl. Mus., 91:159, November 10, 1941.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (11); Cofrad&iacute;a; Cuatro Caminos; El Sabino (2); La
+Placita; La Playa (2); Lombardia (2); Nueva Italia (2); R&iacute;o
+Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzing&aacute;n; Tafet&aacute;n.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the arid lowlands of the Tepalcatepec Valley and presumably also in
+the scrub forest of the coastal lowlands, this is an abundant snake,
+which is active only at night. Usually snakes of this species are found
+on the ground, but one large individual was observed at night in a low
+tree. That individual defied capture by widely opening its mouth and
+striking repeatedly at the collector. The excreta of one specimen
+contained feathers of an unidentified species of bird.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Trimorphodon latifascia</b> Peters</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Trimorphodon biscutata latifascia</i> Peters, Monats. Akad.
+Wiss. Berlin, p. 877, 1869.&mdash;Puebla, M&eacute;xico. Type locality
+restricted to Iz&uacute;car de Matamoros, Puebla, M&eacute;xico, by Smith
+and Taylor (1950a:341).</p>
+
+<p><i>Trimorphodon latifascia</i>. Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+25:364, July 10, 1939.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (5); Casada Tzararacua; Coalcom&aacute;n (2); Lombardia;
+14 km. S of Lombardia; Nueva Italia; San Salvador.</p></div>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this species has been collected in semi-arid habitats at
+elevations from 300 to 1430 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley and lower
+slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. In this area it occurs sympatrically
+with <i>Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In life, adults have a pale tan dorsal ground color and rich chocolate
+brown cross-bands; the eye is pale grayish tan. A juvenile from
+Coalcom&aacute;n has black cross-bands on a pale grayish tan ground color. As
+stated by Schmidt and Shannon (1947:83) and Peters (1954:32), the type
+specimen of <i>Trimorphodon fasciolata</i> Smith from Cascada Tzararacua is
+indistinguishable from specimens of <i>Trimorphodon latifascia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Seven males have 209 to 223 (216.5) ventrals; one female has 227
+ventrals. The number of dark cross-bands on the body varies from 12 to
+16 (13.5). The relationships of this species are with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> <i>Trimorphodon
+tau</i> on the Mexican Plateau. In fact, additional specimens from the
+headwaters of the Tepalcatepec Valley and the lower slopes of the
+Mexican Plateau in eastern Michoac&aacute;n and adjacent Jalisco may show that
+the two are conspecific. <i>Trimorphodon latifascia</i> differs from <i>tau</i> in
+having fewer dark cross-bands on the body and in lacking an interocular
+bar.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Trimorphodon tau</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Trimorphodon tau</i> Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 11:151,
+1869.&mdash;Quiotepec, Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Emiliano Zapata (2); between Morelia and Ciudad Hidalgo;
+Tac&iacute;cuaro; Tangamandapio.</p></div>
+
+<p>Two of the specimens from Michoac&aacute;n (UMMZ 118948 from Tangamandapio and
+UIMNH 19138 from Tac&iacute;cuaro) have cream-colored, Y-shaped marks on the
+head. These markings supposedly are characteristic of <i>Trimorphodon
+upsilon</i>. One specimen from Emiliano Zapata (UMMZ 118950) and one from
+between Morelia and Ciudad Hidalgo (EHT-HMS 21402) have a cream-colored
+line on the parietal suture; in another specimen from Emiliano Zapata
+(UMMZ 118949) the anterior end of this line is expanded, giving the
+appearance of an incipient "Y". Thus, the nature of the markings on the
+head in specimens from Michoac&aacute;n is intermediate between the typical
+condition in <i>Trimorphodon tau</i> and the usual condition in <i>T. upsilon</i>.
+Smith and Taylor (1945:148) gave the range of <i>Trimorphodon tau</i> as:
+"Central Guerrero, in the Sierra Madre del Sur; central Oaxaca; and the
+edge of the plateau in central Michoac&aacute;n." They gave the range of
+<i>Trimorphodon upsilon</i> as: "Southern Chihuahua south to central
+Michoac&aacute;n, east to central Hidalgo." Specimens referable to <i>T. tau</i>
+have been found at La Joya de Salas, near Ciudad Victoria, and near
+Llera, Tamaulipas (see Smith and Darling, 1952:85, and Martin, 1958:74).
+Some of these specimens also show combinations of characteristics of <i>T.
+tau</i> and <i>T. upsilon</i>. Smith and Darling (<i>loc. cit.</i>) suggested that
+<i>T. tau</i> and <i>T. upsilon</i> be considered as subspecies. However, if <i>T.
+tau</i> and <i>T. upsilon</i> are subspecies, intergrades would be expected
+between the ranges of the two populations and not on the northeastern
+and southwestern periphery of their combined ranges. Instead, the
+limited evidence now available suggests that <i>T. tau</i> and <i>T. upsilon</i>
+are names based on a highly variable character of color pattern of the
+head, and that only one species is involved.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this species inhabits the mesquite grassland on the Mexican
+Plateau.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Tropidodipsas occidentala</b> Oliver</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tropidodipsas occidentala</i> Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+Univ. Michigan, 360:20, November 20, 1937.&mdash;Comala, Colima,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Coalcom&aacute;n.</p></div>
+
+<p>This specimen was reported by Peters (1954:34), who found it beneath a
+rock at the mouth of a heavily wooded ravine near Coalcom&aacute;n at an
+elevation of 950 meters. The only other known specimen is from Comala,
+Colima, a village, like Coalcom&aacute;n, that is located near the upper limits
+of the arid scrub forest.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Natrix valida isabelleae</b> Conant</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Natrix valida isabelleae</i> Conant, Nat. Hist. Misc., 126:7,
+September 15, 1953.&mdash;Pie de la Cuesta, Laguna Coyuca,
+Guerrero, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Coahuayana; Playa Azul (2); Punto San Juan de Lima.</p></div>
+
+<p>Three females and one male have, respectively, 133, 135, 135, and 131
+ventrals, and 68, 68, 73, and 75 caudals. The grayish stippling on the
+posterior ventral surfaces mentioned by Conant (1953:9) is not visible
+on these specimens. In the small individuals from Punto San Juan de Lima
+and from Coahuayana there are four longitudinal rows of dark spots on
+the dorsum; in two large females from Playa Azul the spots are barely
+discernible.</p>
+
+<p>All of the specimens from Michoac&aacute;n were found in the coastal lowlands;
+those from Playa Azul were collected from a small brackish,
+mangrove-lined lagoon.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Storeria storerioides</b> (Cope)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tropidoclonium storerioides</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 17:190, December 26, 1865.&mdash;Mexican Plateau.
+Type locality restricted to Tres Cumbres, Morelos, M&eacute;xico,
+by Smith and Taylor (1950a:336).</p>
+
+<p><i>Storeria storerioides</i>, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+8(3):29, June, 1883.</p>
+
+<p>Dos Aguas (11); Puerto de Garnica; Tanc&iacute;taro (11); Tzitzio;
+Uruapan; 16 km. NW of Zacapu.</p></div>
+
+<p>Three males and six females from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n have,
+respectively, 122-128 (125.3) and 126-136 (130.0) ventrals, and 46-47
+(46.7) and 38-42 (39.1) caudals. Four males and eleven females from the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica have, respectively, 124-132 (128.5) and 127-139
+(136.4) ventrals, and 43-48 (44.7) and 38-44 (40.2) caudals. These data
+show that, although there is little difference in the number of caudals,
+specimens from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n have fewer ventrals than do
+specimens from the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. Of eleven specimens from the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, two have black bellies. Five others from the Sierra
+de Coalcom&aacute;n and one from Puerto de Garnica in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica
+have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> the bellies heavily stippled with black, giving a gray appearance.
+Melanistic tendencies in this species have been discussed by Anderson
+(1960:64), who examined the specimen from Tzitzio. In life, one specimen
+from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119451) had a cream-colored belly; the edges of the
+ventrals were dark brick-red.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this snake inhabits pine-oak, pine, and fir forests at
+elevations between 1550 and 2800 meters in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica and
+the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. Most specimens were found beneath rocks; the
+one from Tzitzio was removed from the stomach of a Mexican Motmot
+(Anderson, 1960:66).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides</b> Cope</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyclides</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 13:299, December 28, 1861.&mdash;Cape San Lucas,
+Baja California (in error). Type locality restricted to
+Guanajuato, Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:330). Smith, Copeia, no. 2:140, June 8, 1951.
+Milstead, Texas Jour. Sci., 5:368, September, 1953.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thamnophis eques eques</i> (<i>nec.</i> Reuss), Smith, Zoologica,
+27:106, October 23, 1942. Bogert and Oliver, Bull. Amer.
+Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:356, March 30, 1945.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thamnophis vicinus</i> Smith, Zoologica, 27:104, October 23,
+1942.&mdash;Temazcal, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides</i>, Fitch and Milstead, Copeia,
+no. 1:112, March 17, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>Barolosa; Coalcom&aacute;n; Dos Aguas (3); Los Reyes; Morelia (16);
+Opopeo; Pino Gordo; Tac&iacute;cuaro (16); Tanc&iacute;taro (14);
+Tangamandapio (2); Temazcal (2); Tzintzuntzan; Uruapan.</p></div>
+
+<p>The snakes comprising the former <i>Thamnophis eques</i>-group have undergone
+extensive taxonomic and nomenclatural shuffling by Smith (1942 and
+1951), Bogert and Oliver (1945), Milstead (1953), and Fitch and Milstead
+(1961). Smith recognized in Michoac&aacute;n three members of the <i>T. eques</i> (=
+<i>dorsalis</i>) complex: <i>eques eques</i>, <i>eques postremus</i>, and <i>vicinus</i>.
+Later, Smith (1951) showed that the specific name <i>eques</i> had been
+misapplied, so that <i>T. eques eques</i> became <i>T. cyrtopsis cyclides</i>, and
+<i>T. eques postremus</i> became <i>T. cyrtopsis postremus</i>; under this
+arrangement <i>T. vicinus</i> stood unchanged. In the meantime, Bogert and
+Oliver (1945:359) presented a reinterpretation of Smith's data and
+suggested that <i>T. vicinus</i>, which differs from <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i>
+only in lacking a middorsal stripe, "... is not a species, but only a
+pattern phase, possibly a simple mutant of <i>T. e. eques</i>" (= <i>T.
+dorsalis cyclides</i>, by present arrangement). Milstead (1953) agreed with
+Bogert and Oliver on the status of <i>T. vicinus</i>; furthermore, on the
+basis of only a few specimens, Milstead concluded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> that <i>T. cyrtopsis
+postremus</i> was not subspecifically distinct from <i>T. cyrtopsis
+cyclides</i>. Recently, Fitch and Milstead (1961) showed that <i>Thamnophis
+dorsalis</i> Baird and Girard (1853) was the correct name for the snakes
+that had been recognized as <i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis</i> Kennicott (1860).
+Consequently, the snakes referred to <i>T. eques eques</i> by Smith (1942)
+and to <i>T. cyrtopsis cyclides</i> by Smith (1951) and Milstead (1953) are
+now <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from one specimen from Temazcal and nine from Morelia (paratypes
+of <i>T. vicinus</i>), only two other specimens completely lacking the
+middorsal stripe have been seen; one is a male (UMMZ 102510) having 161
+ventrals and an incomplete tail from Pino Gordo, and the other is a male
+(CNHM 39060) from Tanc&iacute;taro having 158 ventrals and an incomplete tail.
+A female from Tanc&iacute;taro (CNHM 39061) having 153 ventrals and 77 caudals
+has no lateral stripes and only a narrow middorsal stripe on the
+anterior part of the body. Throughout the region where <i>T. vicinus</i>-like
+snakes have been found, typical <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i> occurs in much
+greater numbers. I concur with Bogert and Oliver in placing <i>T. vicinus</i>
+as a synonym of <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/fig10.jpg" width="600" height="258" alt="Fig. 10. Dorsal color pattern of Thamnophis dorsalis
+cyclides (A) and Thamnophis dorsalis postremus (B)." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 10. Dorsal color pattern of Thamnophis dorsalis
+cyclides (A) and Thamnophis dorsalis postremus (B).</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Milstead (1953) had available few specimens of <i>Thamnophis dorsalis</i>
+from the Tepalcatepec Valley. The large series now in existence shows
+that the population in the Tepalcatepec Valley differs distinctly from
+that inhabiting the Mexican Plateau, Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, and Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n. Therefore the name <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i> Smith (1942) is
+resurrected for the population<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> in the Tepalcatepec Valley. <i>T. dorsalis
+cyclides</i> and <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i> differ in color pattern (Fig. 10)
+and in scutellation (Table 6). Specimens from the Mexican Plateau and
+mountain ranges have a distinct light stripe on the second and third
+scale rows, a dark brown dorsum having squarish black spots, and a row
+of dark spots on the first row of dorsal scales. Specimens from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley have a grayish brown dorsum having smaller and less
+distinct dark spots and no light stripe on the second and third scale
+rows; the first, second, and third rows of scales are colored like the
+venter. In some specimens there are small dark flecks on the first row
+of dorsal scales.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Table 6.&mdash;Variation in Scutellation in Thamnophis dorsalis.</span></h4>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="2">Character</td><td align='left'>Mexican Plateau</td><td align='left'>Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n</td><td align='left'>Tepalcatepec Valley</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="6">Ventrals</td><td align='right'>&#9792; N</td><td align='left'> 31</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'> 32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'> Mean</td><td align='left'> 164.0</td><td align='left'> 156.5</td><td align='left'> 144.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'> Range</td><td align='left'>153-171</td><td align='left'> 154-159</td><td align='left'> 138-151</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'> &#9794; N</td><td align='left'> 19</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'> 32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'> Mean</td><td align='left'> 153.5</td><td align='left'> 154.7</td><td align='left'> 138.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'> Range</td><td align='left'>149-159</td><td align='left'> 149-159</td><td align='left'> 131-141</td></tr>
+<tr><td rowspan="6">Caudals</td><td align='right'>&#9792; N</td><td align='left'> 28</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'> 29</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'> Mean</td><td align='left'> 83.8</td><td align='left'> 81.0</td><td align='left'> 73.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'> Range</td><td align='left'>80-100</td><td align='left'> 79-83</td><td align='left'> 70-79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'> &#9794; N</td><td align='left'> 14</td><td align='left'> 2</td><td align='left'> 28</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'> Mean</td><td align='left'> 78.0</td><td align='left'> 72.0</td><td align='left'> 68.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'> Range</td><td align='left'> 71-87</td><td align='left'> 72</td><td align='left'> 63-73</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>One specimen from Uruapan (1550 meters) and one from Coalcom&aacute;n (950
+meters) are intermediate in color pattern between <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i>
+and <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i>. Both have indistinct lateral stripes and
+only small dark spots below the stripes. In scutellation these specimens
+are like <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n <i>Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides</i> has been collected in a
+variety of habitats on the Mexican Plateau: pine-oak forest, fir forest,
+marshes, and cleared land from 1550 to 2800 meters. In the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n one was taken in broad-leafed forest at 950 meters, three in
+pine-oak forest at 2100 meters, and one in pine forest at 2300 meters.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Thamnophis dorsalis postremus</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Thamnophis eques postremus</i> Smith, Zoologica, 27:109,
+October 23, 1942.&mdash;El Sabino, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis postremus</i> Smith, Copeia, no. 2:140,
+June 8, 1951.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyclides</i> (part), Milstead, Texas
+Jour. Sci., 5:368, September, 1953.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thamnophis dorsalis postremus</i>, Fitch and Milstead, Copeia,
+no. 1:112, March 17, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (31); Capirio (2); Charapendo; Cuatro Caminos
+(22); El Sabino; Lombardia (9); Nueva Italia (8); Uruapan
+(3).</p></div>
+
+<p>The reasons for recognizing the population of <i>Thamnophis dorsalis</i> in
+the Tepalcatepec Valley as distinct from that on the surrounding
+highlands are presented in the discussion of <i>Thamnophis dorsalis
+cyclides</i>. In certain features of coloration and in the low numbers of
+ventrals and caudals, <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i> shows more resemblance to
+<i>T. dorsalis sumichrasti</i> than to <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i>. According to
+Milstead (1953:367), <i>T. dorsalis cyclides</i> ranges southward from the
+R&iacute;o Balsas in southwestern M&eacute;xico. If specimens could be obtained from
+the upper Balsas Basin they might show that <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i>
+inhabits that extensive basin.</p>
+
+<p>In the Tepalcatepec Valley <i>T. dorsalis postremus</i> is most frequently
+found at night in the rainy season, at which time the snakes are
+abundant near temporary pools where frogs are breeding. The absence of
+specimens from the coastal lowlands of Guerrero, Michoac&aacute;n, and Colima
+indicate that, although the species inhabits the lowlands of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, its range does not include the coastal lowlands.</p>
+
+<p>A female (UMMZ 119402 from Cuatro Caminos) having 139 ventrals and a
+body length of 576 mm., on June 20, 1958, gave birth to 25 young, of
+which 18 (9 males and 9 females) were preserved. In body length the
+males varied from 132 to 141 (137.3) mm.; the females, 125 to 137
+(133.1) mm. In tail length the males varied from 38 to 44 (42.4) mm.;
+females, 35 to 42 (39.7) mm. The males have 138 to 147 (142.2) ventrals
+and 70 to 75 (72.9) caudals; females have 131 to 140 (135.8) ventrals
+and 63 to 71 (67.0) caudals.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Thamnophis eques eques</b> (Reuss)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coluber eques</i> Reuss, Zool. Misc., p. 152, 1834.&mdash;M&eacute;xico.
+Type locality restricted to Guadalajara, Jalisco, M&eacute;xico, by
+Smith and Taylor (1950a:334).</p>
+
+<p><i>Thamnophis macrostemma macrostemma</i>, Smith and Taylor,
+Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 187:163, October 5, 1945.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thamnophis subcarinata subcarinata</i>, Smith, Herpetologica,
+5:63, May 31, 1949.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thamnophis eques eques</i>, Smith, Copeia, no. 2:139, June 8,
+1951.</p>
+
+<p>Jiquilpan; Lago de Cuitzeo; Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro (17);
+P&aacute;tzcuaro (5); Tanganc&iacute;cuaro; Tup&aacute;taro (2); Undameo; Zacapu.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Although this snake has been collected in open pine-oak forest and in
+oak-bunch grass associations, it seems to reach its greatest abundance
+in marshes on the Mexican Plateau at elevations of 1550 to 2300 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Thamnophis melanogaster canescens</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Thamnophis melanogaster canescens</i> Smith, Zoologica,
+27:117, October 23, 1942.&mdash;Chapala, Jalisco, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Lago de Cuitzeo (5); Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro; P&aacute;tzcuaro;
+Tac&iacute;cuaro; Tangamandapio (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>This species of garter snake seems to be most abundant in the marshes
+adjacent to the lakes on the Mexican Plateau in Michoac&aacute;n and Jalisco.
+At these elevations (1550 to 2200 meters) it often is found in
+association with <i>Thamnophis eques eques</i> and sometimes with <i>Thamnophis
+dorsalis cyclides</i>. On June 11, 1958, individuals of this species were
+found in a hyacinth-choked marsh at Tangamandapio at night.</p>
+
+<p>One specimen from Tangamandapio (UMMZ 119414) had, in life, a dark
+chocolate brown dorsum, reddish brown sides, and cream-colored belly,
+chin, and labials. There were no longitudinal dorsal stripes.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Thamnophis scalaris scaliger</b> (Jan)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tropidonotus scaliger</i> Jan, Elenco sistematico degli Ofidi,
+p. 70, 1863.&mdash;No type locality designated. Type locality
+restricted to Mexico City, Distrito Federal, by Smith and
+Taylor (1950a:329).</p>
+
+<p><i>Thamnophis scalaris scaliger</i>, Smith, Zoologica, 27:103,
+October 23, 1942.</p>
+
+<p>Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro (2); Nahuatzen; Opopeo; 26 km. S of
+P&aacute;tzcuaro.</p></div>
+
+<p>The few specimens of this species from Michoac&aacute;n have been collected at
+elevations from 1800 to 3400 meters in pine or fir forest in the
+Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Micrurus distans michoacanensis</b> (Dug&egrave;s)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Elaps diastema michoacanensis</i> Dug&egrave;s, La Naturaleza, ser.
+2, 1:487, 1891.&mdash;Michoac&aacute;n. Type locality restricted to
+Apatzing&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:335).</p>
+
+<p><i>Micrurus distans michoacanensis</i>, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+Novitates, 1953:11, June 26, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (6).</p></div>
+
+<p>All specimens were collected in the arid scrub forest of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. The number of black rings on the body varies from
+six to eleven. In this respect they agree with the diagnosis of this
+subspecies presented by Zweifel (1959b:9).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Micrurus laticollaris</b> (Peters)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Elaps marcgravii laticollaris</i> Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss.
+Berlin, p. 877, 1869.&mdash;Iz&uacute;car de Matamoros, Puebla, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Micrurus laticollaris</i>, Schmidt, Publ. Field Mus. Nat.
+Hist., zool. ser., 20:39, December 11, 1933.</p>
+
+<p>El Sabino (2); Lombardia.</p></div>
+
+<p>This species ranges throughout the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin westward
+into Colima; specimens from Michoac&aacute;n were collected in arid scrub
+forest at elevations from 500 to 1050 meters. The limited observations
+on <i>Micrurus distans michoacanensis</i> and <i>M. laticollaris</i> indicate
+that, at least in the Tepalcatepec Valley, <i>M. laticollaris</i> seems to
+inhabit slightly more mesic areas than does <i>M. distans michoacanensis</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Pelamis platurus</b> (Linnaeus)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Anguis platura</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1:391,
+1766.&mdash;Pine Island, Pacific Ocean.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pelamis platurus</i>, Gray, Ann. Philos., p. 15, 1825.</p>
+
+<p>Boca de Apiza.</p></div>
+
+<p>In November, 1955, Alfonzo Gonzales, a geographer from the University of
+Texas, observed sea snakes on the beaches of Michoac&aacute;n. In May, 1956,
+Donald D. Brand of the University of Texas gave me one specimen of
+<i>Pelamis platurus</i> that he obtained on March 2, 1956, at Boca de Apiza.
+Furthermore, he supplied me with the following observations based on his
+field work along the coast of Michoac&aacute;n from the R&iacute;o Coahuayana to
+Maruata from March 1, to April 15, 1956. At that time many sea snakes
+were observed; in some places living and dead individuals were seen on
+the beaches; innumerable snakes were seen in the surf. When live
+individuals were taken from the beach and thrown into the ocean, they
+usually swam to shore. Many partially eaten individuals were seen
+protruding from crab holes. Inquiries among the natives resulted in the
+following information: Sea snakes are frequently seen between November
+and April, but most commonly in March and April, at which time the water
+is cold. The natives referred to the sea snakes as "culebra del mar."
+Most natives said that the snakes were not poisonous; others did not
+know of any venomous properties. In May, 1956, I worked the coastal
+region from the R&iacute;o Coahuayana to La Placita and saw no sea snakes. In
+the summer of 1950 James A. Peters, and in the summer of 1951 I worked
+nearly the entire coastal region of Michoac&aacute;n; during<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> that time no
+<i>Pelamis</i> were seen. Insofar as I know, this is the first report of such
+seasonal activity in <i>Pelamis platurus</i> in the Americas.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus</b> G&uuml;nther</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Ancisdrodon bilineatus</i> G&uuml;nther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+3, 12:364, 1863.&mdash;Pacific coast of Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p><i>Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus</i>, Burger and Robertson,
+Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34 (1):213, October 1, 1951.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n; El Sabino; La Playa; Los Reyes.</p></div>
+
+<p>All specimens from Michoac&aacute;n are from inland localities between 300 and
+1500 meters. The one from Los Reyes (USNM 46416) was collected by Nelson
+and Goldman on February 13, 1903. The elevation of Los Reyes (1500
+meters) seems unusually high for this species, but otherwise there is no
+reason to doubt the authenticity of the record. Goldman (1951:192) in
+his description of Los Reyes stated: "Los Reyes is near the boundary
+between the Lower Austral and Arid Upper Tropical Zones but is
+preponderantly tropical in zonal character. The regular crops are mainly
+sugar cane, rice, and corn." Thus the biotic features of the area are
+not noticeably different from those at El Sabino and La Playa at lower
+elevations. The development of extensive agriculture through irrigation
+in the Tepalcatepec Valley and planting of rice and sugar-cane in that
+area may produce a more widespread habitat for this snake.</p>
+
+<p>The absence of specimens from the coastal lowlands is due solely to
+inadequate collecting; the natives there know the snake and report that
+it is not uncommon in certain areas.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus</b> (Cope)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Caudisonia basilisca</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, September 30, 1864.&mdash;Colima. Type locality
+restricted to Colima, Colima, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950a:328).</p>
+
+<p><i>Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus</i>, Gloyd, Nat. Hist. Misc.,
+17:1, April 23, 1948.</p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n (4); Camachines; Coalcom&aacute;n; El Ticuiz.</p></div>
+
+<p>Specimens from southern Michoac&aacute;n have fewer ventrals and caudals than
+do those from the northern part of the range; three males and three
+females have, respectively, 178, 182, 182, 185, 186, and 188 ventrals,
+and 27, 28, 29, 22, 29, and 29 caudals. Klauber (1952:81) gave the
+following data for <i>Crotalus basiliscus</i> (based on specimens from the
+entire range, except Oaxaca): ventrals in males, 179-201 (191.4), in
+females, 185-206 (197.6); caudals in males, 26-36 (30.7), in females,
+21-29 (24.4). Klauber (1952:84) remarked that the one specimen that he
+had seen from Apatzing&aacute;n<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> had fewer ventrals and caudals than most other
+specimens. The low numbers of ventrals and caudals in specimens from
+Michoac&aacute;n, as compared with more northern populations, may be indicative
+of a trend in the reduction of the numbers of these scutes from north to
+south. The southernmost examples of <i>Crotalus basiliscus</i> (<i>Crotalus
+basiliscus oaxacus</i> from Oaxaca) have 172-175 ventrals and 21 caudals
+(Gloyd, 1948).</p>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n <i>Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus</i> has been found in arid
+habitats on the coast, in the Tepalcatepec Valley, and in the lower
+parts of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. All specimens are from localities
+below 1070 meters in elevation.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Crotalus durissus culminatus</b> Klauber</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crotalus durissus culminatus</i> Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San
+Diego, 26:65, August 8, 1952.&mdash;El Sabino, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>El Sabino (18).</p></div>
+
+<p>These specimens are part of the type series and were collected by Hobart
+M. Smith near the upper limits of the arid scrub forest at an elevation
+of about 1050 meters on the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica at
+the northern edge of the Tepalcatepec Valley. They were discussed in
+detail by Klauber (1952:66-70).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Crotalus intermedius intermedius</b> Troschel</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crotalus intermedius</i> Troschel, <i>in</i> von M&uuml;ller, Reisen in
+Vereiningten Staaten, Canada und Mexico, vol. 3, p. 613,
+1865.&mdash;Type locality unknown.</p>
+
+<p><i>Crotalus intermedius intermedius</i>, Klauber, Bull. Zool.
+Soc. San Diego, 26:9, August 8, 1952.</p>
+
+<p>Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro.</p></div>
+
+<p>The one specimen is from the pine forests on the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica.
+At the present time this species is known from scattered localities in
+west-central Veracruz, Oaxaca, Michoac&aacute;n, and as <i>Crotalus intermedius
+omiltemanus</i> in Central Guerrero. Apparently it is restricted to montane
+environments.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Crotalus molossus nigrescens</b> Gloyd</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crotalus molossus nigrescens</i> Gloyd, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+Univ. Michigan, 325:2, January 28, 1936.&mdash;Four miles west of
+La Colorada, Zacatecas, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Carapan; Los Conejos; P&aacute;tzcuaro; Tac&iacute;cuaro (5).</p></div>
+
+<p>In Michoac&aacute;n this species has been found in pine forests between 1550
+and 2300 meters in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. I expected to find it in
+the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, but inquiries among the natives living in the
+pine forests of that mountain range revealed that the people there have
+no knowledge of a large species of rattlesnake.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Crotalus polystictus</b> (Cope)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Caudisonia polysticta</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 17:191, December 26, 1865.&mdash;Tableland of
+M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Tup&aacute;taro, Guanajuata,
+M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).</p>
+
+<p><i>Crotalus polystictus</i> Cope, <i>in</i> Yarrow, Wheeler's Rept.
+Geog. Geol. Expl. Surv. W. 100th. Mer., vol. 5, p. 533,
+1875.</p>
+
+<p>Tac&iacute;cuaro (4); Tup&aacute;taro (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>Formerly this species was abundant in the marshes around Lago de
+Chapala. The draining of these marshes probably resulted in reducing the
+numbers of these rattlesnakes. The species is known only from the
+Mexican Plateau at elevations of 1450 to 2400 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Crotalus pusillus</b> Klauber</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crotalus pusillus</i> Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego,
+26:34, August 8, 1952.&mdash;Tanc&iacute;taro, Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Acuaro de las Lleguas (2); Carapan; Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro (16);
+Dos Aguas (12).</p></div>
+
+<p>Aside from the type series of <i>Crotalus pusillus</i> from Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro
+and one specimen from Carapan referred to the species by Klauber
+(1952:38), there are fourteen specimens from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.
+These specimens (UMMZ 112566-7, 118591-9, 118601, 121512-3) are like
+<i>Crotalus pusillus</i> from Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro in having the prefrontals
+paired, a black proximal rattle, and the underside of the tail black.
+The prefrontals are bordered posteriorly by one scale in two specimens,
+by two scales in three specimens, and by three scales in the other nine.
+The snakes from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n have 40 to 46 (42) dorsal body
+blotches. Ten males have 150-158 (154.4) ventrals and 29-33 (31.0)
+caudals; two females have 157 and 160 ventrals, and 25 and 27 caudals.
+The largest specimen is a male having a body length of 545 mm. and a
+tail length of 63 mm. The only noticeable difference between the
+specimens from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and the topotypic series is that
+the latter have fewer dorsal blotches; the range of variation is 33 to
+46 (39.8).</p>
+
+<p>Most specimens of this species have a grayish brown dorsum and dark
+brown dorsal blotches. Two specimens from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 118596 and
+118599) are pale brown above and have indistinct blotches.</p>
+
+<p>One specimen from Dos Aguas regurgitated a large <i>Gerrhonotus imbricatus
+imbricatus</i>; of two others from the same locality, one regurgitated a
+<i>Sceloporus bulleri</i> and an <i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>. The latter specimen was
+collected at the entrance of a small cave, where it probably had
+captured the bat.</p>
+
+<p>In the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica <i>Crotalus pusillus</i> has been obtained<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> in
+pine-oak forest at elevations between 1550 and 1800 meters. In the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n two specimens were taken in pine forest at an
+elevation of 2300 meters; ten other were found beneath rocks and logs in
+pine-oak forest at an elevation of 2100 meters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Crotalus triseriatus aquilus</b> Klauber</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Crotalus triseriatus aquilus</i> Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San
+Diego, 26:24, August 8, 1952.&mdash;Alvarez, San Luis Potos&iacute;,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p>Morelia (10); Tac&iacute;cuaro (2).</p></div>
+
+<p>I am following Klauber (1952) in assigning some of the specimens of this
+species from Michoac&aacute;n to the subspecies <i>aquilus</i> and others to <i>C. t.
+triseriatus</i>. The distinguishing characters of these subspecies are
+given by Klauber (1952:28). On the basis of the few localities from
+which the species is known in Michoac&aacute;n it seems as though <i>C. t.
+aquilus</i> inhabits the open grassy areas on the Mexican Plateau and the
+associated open pine-oak or oak-bunch grass habitats to the north and
+east of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica. <i>Crotalus triseriatus aquilus</i> has
+been collected at elevations from 1600 to 2000 meters in Michoac&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus</b> (Wagler)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Uropsophus triseriatus</i> Wagler, Nat&uuml;rliches System der
+Amphibien, p. 176, 1830.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. (Probably Mexico City.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus</i>, Klauber, Bull. Zool.
+Soc. San Diego, 26:19, August 8, 1952.</p>
+
+<p>Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro (36); Opopeo; P&aacute;tzcuaro.</p></div>
+
+<p>This small rattlesnake inhabits rocky areas in pine and pine-oak forests
+above 1600 meters in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica; it has been collected at
+3270 meters on Cerro Tanc&iacute;taro. The series reported by Schmidt and
+Shannon (1947:84) is a mixture of specimens of <i>Crotalus triseriatus</i>
+and <i>Crotalus pusillus</i>. The two species are found together on Cerro
+Tanc&iacute;taro, but only <i>Crotalus pusillus</i> inhabits the coniferous forests
+of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n. Klauber (1952:30) stated that despite the
+proximity of <i>Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus</i> and <i>Crotalus
+triseriatus aquilus</i> in Michoac&aacute;n, there is no evidence of
+intergradation. He went on to suggest that additional material might
+show that the two named populations actually are distinct species. The
+specimens that have been studied since Klauber's investigations also
+show no evidence of intergradation, but there still is no known sympatry
+of the populations.</p>
+
+<p>The small montane rattlesnakes belonging to the species <i>C. pricei</i>, <i>C.
+pusillus</i>, and <i>C. triseriatus</i> present a problem in systematics and
+distribution worthy of intensive investigation. A knowledge of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+distribution and relationships of the various populations of these
+snakes, together with other species also living in isolated populations
+on the higher mountains in M&eacute;xico, probably will be of great
+significance in understanding dispersal and differentiation of animals
+during the Pleistocene.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE OCCURRENCE</h2>
+
+
+<p>Some species for which there are no authentic records from Michoac&aacute;n can
+be expected there on zoogeographic probability. Other species have been
+recorded from Michoac&aacute;n, but these records are doubtful for any one of
+several reasons. Fifteen species of such questionable occurrence are
+discussed below:</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Syrrhophus modestus modestus</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Syrrhophus modestus</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+28:304, May 15, 1942.&mdash;Hacienda Paso del R&iacute;o, Colima,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Syrrhophus modestus modestus</i>, Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus.
+Zool. Univ. Michigan, 594:5, June 6, 1958.</p></div>
+
+<p>This small terrestrial frog is not uncommon on the coastal lowlands and
+foothills in Nayarit and in Colima, where it has been collected within a
+few kilometers of the Michoac&aacute;n border. At Tecolapa, Colima, on August
+9, 1956, <i>Syrrhophus modestus modestus</i> was found with <i>Tomodactylus
+nitidus orarius</i>, <i>Bufo marinus</i>, <i>Bufo marmoreus</i>, <i>Hyla baudini</i>,
+<i>Hyla smithi</i>, and <i>Phyllomedusa dacnicolor</i>, all of which occur on the
+coastal lowlands of Michoac&aacute;n. Because of its solitary and secretive
+habits, <i>Syrrhophus modestus modestus</i> is not common in collections.
+Additional field work on the coast of Michoac&aacute;n should reveal the
+presence of the species there.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hyla microcephala sartori</b> Smith</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hyla microcephala sartori</i> Smith, Herpetologica, 7:186,
+December 31, 1951.&mdash;1 mi. N of Organos, S of El Triente,
+Guerrero, M&eacute;xico.</p></div>
+
+<p>On August 28, 1960, J. R. Dixon obtained a series of this species from a
+temporary pond 6 kilometers northeast of La Resolana, Jalisco.
+Previously, <i>Hyla microcephala sartori</i> had been known only from the
+lowlands of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The existence of the species in Jalisco
+provides evidence that this frog also occurs in Michoac&aacute;n and Colima.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Gastrophryne usta usta</b> (Cope)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Engystoma ustum</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+18:131, 1866.&mdash;Guadalajara, Jalisco, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gastrophryne usta usta</i>, Carvalho, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+Univ. Michigan, 555:13, July 16, 1954.</p></div>
+
+<p>Smith and Taylor (1948:93-4) listed specimens of this species from
+Organos and El Treinta, Guerrero, and from Paso del R&iacute;o,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> Queser&iacute;a,
+Santiago, and Tecom&aacute;n, Colima. The species occurs from Sinaloa and
+central Veracruz southward at low elevations to the Isthmus of
+Tehuantepec and thence along the Pacific lowlands into Central America.
+Almost certainly it occurs on the coastal lowlands in Michoac&aacute;n. Since
+the amphibian fauna of the Tepalcatepec Valley has been better sampled
+than that of the coast, I suspect that if <i>Gastrophryne</i> occurred in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, I would have found it there.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Lepidochelys olivacea</b> (Eschscholtz)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Chelonia olivacea</i> Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, pt. 1, p. 2,
+1829.&mdash;Manila Bay, Philippine Islands.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i>, Girard, United States Exploring
+Expedition..., vol. 20, Herpetology, p. 435, 1858.</p></div>
+
+<p>According to Smith and Taylor (1950b: 15), this sea turtle is known from
+the entire Pacific coast of M&eacute;xico; these authors reported the species
+from Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Colima, and Sonora. Although the only
+sea turtle that I observed in Michoac&aacute;n is <i>Chelonia mydas</i>, others
+probably do use the sheltered beaches for nesting. The scanty records of
+sea turtles along the Pacific coast of M&eacute;xico indicate that <i>Chelonia
+mydas</i> and <i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i> are the most abundant species in that
+region. There are scattered records of <i>Dermochelys coriacea</i>, <i>Caretta
+caretta</i>, and <i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i> along the Pacific coast. The
+occurrence of any of these along the coast of Michoac&aacute;n is probable.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima</b> (Gray)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Emys pulcherrima</i> Gray, Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in
+British Museum, vol. 1, p. 25.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality
+restricted to Presidio de Mazatl&aacute;n, Sinaloa, M&eacute;xico, by
+Smith and Taylor (1950b:30).</p>
+
+<p><i>Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima</i>, Wettstein, Sitzb. Akad.
+Wiss. Wien, 143:18, 1934.</p></div>
+
+<p>Smith and Taylor (1950b:30) recorded this species from Sonora, Sinaloa,
+Nayarit, Colima, and Guerrero; these records indicate that the species
+probably is distributed along the Pacific coast of M&eacute;xico southward from
+southern Sonora. It unquestionably occurs on the coast of Michoac&aacute;n.
+Natives of the coastal lowlands tell of another "tortuga de la tierra"
+besides <i>Geoemyda rubida</i>. In the collections of the Museum of Natural
+History of the University of Illinois is a specimen of <i>Geoemyda
+pulcherrima</i> from Mexcala in the Balsas Basin in northern Guerrero. On
+the basis of this specimen it is highly probable that the species also
+inhabits the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin in Michoac&aacute;n.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Pseudemys scripta ornata</b> (Gray)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Emys ornata</i> Gray, Synopsis reptilium, p. 30,
+1831.&mdash;Mazatl&aacute;n, Sinaloa, M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pseudemys scripta ornata</i>, Carr, Herpetologica, 1:135,
+December 30, 1938.</p></div>
+
+<p>The systematics and distribution of <i>Pseudemys scripta</i> in M&eacute;xico and
+Central America are poorly understood. Smith and Taylor (1950b:32)
+recorded this turtle from the Pacific lowlands of Sinaloa, Jalisco,
+Oaxaca, and Chiapas. This species is represented by vicarious
+populations throughout the Atlantic lowlands of M&eacute;xico, northwestern
+M&eacute;xico, over much of the United States, and also in Baja California.
+Along the Pacific coast of M&eacute;xico the species seems to be extremely
+rare, or, at least, only locally abundant. Since the species has such a
+wide distribution, and since it occurs on the Pacific lowlands both to
+the north and to the south of Michoac&aacute;n, it is reasonable to expect its
+presence on the coast of Michoac&aacute;n. Inquiries among the natives living
+in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin produced only negative evidence about
+the occurrence of <i>Pseudemys</i> in the R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec and R&iacute;o Balsas. I
+suspect that the best place to search for these turtles on the coast of
+Michoac&aacute;n is in the numerous fresh-water lagoons on the coastal plain.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Caiman crocodilus fuscus</b> (Cope)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Perosuchus fuscus</i> Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Philadelphia, 20:203, November 9, 1868.&mdash;R&iacute;o Magdalena,
+Columbia.</p>
+
+<p><i>Caiman crocodilus fuscus</i>, Mertens, Senckenbergiana,
+26:275, December 22, 1943.</p></div>
+
+<p>Gadow (1930:50) reported that <i>Caiman sclerops</i> (= <i>Caiman crocodilus
+fuscus</i>) inhabited the "tierra caliente" in Michoac&aacute;n. Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:212) accepted Gadow's record for the State, although otherwise
+the species is unknown north of Oaxaca. Peters (1954:10) refuted Gadow's
+record on the basis that Gadow's collections contained no specimens of
+<i>Caiman</i>. The local name "caiman" refers to both <i>Crocodylus</i> and to
+<i>Caiman</i>, for, in general, the natives do not distinguish between the
+two. "Caimanes" are reported from along the coast of Michoac&aacute;n, where
+the name presumably refers to <i>Crocodylus acutus acutus</i>, and in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin (Gadow, 1930:50; Webber, 1946:267). I have
+seen no specimens of either <i>Crocodylus</i> or <i>Caiman</i> from the Balsas
+Basin. If crocodilians do occur in the basin, they probably are
+<i>Crocodylus acutus acutus</i>. There is no basis, whatsoever, for including
+Michoac&aacute;n in the range of <i>Caiman crocodilus fuscus</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Bipes canaliculatus</b> Bonnaterre</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bipes canaliculatus</i> Bonnaterre, Encyclop&eacute;die m&eacute;thodique,
+Erp&eacute;tologie, p. 68, 1789.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted
+to Mexcala, Guerrero, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:39).</p></div>
+
+<p>Dug&egrave;s (1896:480) reported this species from Morelia, Michoac&aacute;n. Smith
+and Taylor (1950b:39), who recorded the species from three localities in
+the Balsas Basin in Guerrero, rejected Dug&egrave;s' record. I, too, am
+unwilling to accept Dug&egrave;s' record. Nevertheless, the species probably
+occurs throughout much of the Balsas Basin. This idea is strengthened by
+comments made by Storm (1939:342): "The last hard drop, that afternoon,
+was down the great Cerro de los Cajones [southwest of Tac&aacute;mbaro], and
+here in the upper forest we came upon... a lizard with front legs and
+none behind ... the animal with hands and no feet that se&ntilde;or Smith
+[Hobart M. Smith] was seeking!... They're named <i>Bipes caniculatus</i>
+(<i>sic.</i>)."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Coleonyx elegans nemoralis</b> Klauber</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coleonyx elegans nemoralis</i> Klauber, Trans. San Diego Soc.
+Nat. Hist., 10:195, March 9, 1949.&mdash;Paso del R&iacute;o, Colima,
+M&eacute;xico.</p></div>
+
+<p>Klauber (1945:199) and Smith and Taylor (1950b:43) reported this lizard
+from the coastal lowlands of Colima and Guerrero. Davis and Smith
+(1953:101) reported it from 8 kilometers northeast of Temilpa, Morelos,
+in the upper Balsas Basin. Specimens of this lizard have been collected
+infrequently; the few locality records and limited ecological data
+indicate that it inhabits dense scrub forest and tropical semi-deciduous
+forest. <i>Coleonyx elegans nemoralis</i> is to be expected on the coastal
+lowlands, the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, and on the
+lower slopes of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica along the northern edge of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Phrynosoma orbiculare orbiculare</b> (Linnaeus)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Lacerta obricularis</i> Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12,
+1:1062, 1789.&mdash;M&eacute;xico (by inference). Type locality
+restricted to M&eacute;xico, Districto Federal, by Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:97).</p>
+
+<p><i>Phrynosoma orbiculare orbiculare</i>, Smith, Trans. Kansas
+Acad. Sci., 37:290, 1934.</p></div>
+
+<p>Gadow (1905:213) inferred that <i>Phrynosoma orbiculare</i> occurred at
+elevations of more than 3000 feet in Michoac&aacute;n. There are no specimens
+of this species known from Gadow's collections made in Michoac&aacute;n. Smith
+and Taylor (1950b:98) apparently accepted Gadow's statement and recorded
+the species from Michoac&aacute;n: "above 3000 feet (Jorullo?)." Reeve
+(1952:940) somehow misconstrued this statement to read "Jorullo, above
+Zumpango (Smith and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> Taylor, 1950b)." Reeve did not indicate on his map
+(1952:939) that the species occurred in Michoac&aacute;n. In the most recent
+review of the species (Horowitz, 1955), no localities are given in
+Michoac&aacute;n. Since <i>Phrynosoma orbiculare</i> is known from central Jalisco,
+Guanajuato, Queretaro, and M&eacute;xico, its presence at least in northeastern
+Michoac&aacute;n is to be expected, although at the present time there are no
+specimens known from the state.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eumeces brevirostris</b> (G&uuml;nther)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mabouia brevirostris</i> G&uuml;nther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
+316, August, 1860.&mdash;Oaxaca. Type locality restricted to
+Oaxaca, Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:168).</p>
+
+<p><i>Eumeces brevirostris</i>, Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
+Mexique et dans l'Amerique C&eacute;ntrale. Reptiles, livr. 6, p.
+439, 1879.</p></div>
+
+<p>Smith and Taylor (1950b:168) Listed this species: "<i>Michoac&aacute;n</i>: No
+specific record." I am unaware of any specimen of this skink from the
+state. As presently recognized, this species contains two subspecies.
+One of these occurs in the mountains of Oaxaca northward into central
+Veracruz; the other, <i>Eumeces brevirostris bilineatus</i>, occurs in
+Durango southward to Jalisco, where it inhabits the Sierra Madre
+Occidental. Possibly the species occurs in the Sierra de los Tarascos in
+Michoac&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eumeces callicephalus</b> Bocourt</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eumeces callacephalus</i> Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
+Mexique et dans l'Amerique C&eacute;ntrale. Reptiles, livr. 6, p.
+431, 1879.&mdash;Guanajuato, Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dug&eacute;s (1896) in a paper in which he listed several species of <i>Eumeces</i>
+in M&eacute;xico, reported <i>Eumeces callicephalus</i> from Michoac&aacute;n, but he gave
+no specific locality within the state. Michoac&aacute;n was included in the
+range of the species by Taylor (1936:298) and by Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:164). The species definitely is known from southeastern Arizona
+southward to Guanajuato. It may occur in Michoac&aacute;n, but, since there are
+three rather widespread species of <i>Eumeces</i> inhabiting the Mexican
+Plateau and associated mountain ranges in the northern and northeastern
+part of Michoac&aacute;n, interspecific competition might be a reason for the
+absence of <i>Eumeces callicephalus</i> there.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta</b> G&uuml;nther</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Leptodeira polysticta</i> G&uuml;nther, Biologia
+Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 172, May, 1895.&mdash;Belice,
+British Honduras.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta</i>, Duellman, Bull.
+Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:72, February 24, 1958.</p></div>
+
+<p>Although this species occurs from sea level to elevations of about 2000
+meters from Nayarit southward into Central America, no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> specimens are
+known from Michoac&aacute;n. Smith and Taylor (1945:87) listed the species as
+occurring in Michoac&aacute;n, but they had no record on which to base this
+report. Probably, the species occurs on the coastal lowlands and seaward
+slopes of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis</b> Taylor</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tropidodipsas guerreroensis</i> Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 26:470; November 27, 1940.&mdash;Buena Vista, Guerrero,
+M&eacute;xico.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis</i>, Alvarez del Toro and
+Smith, Herpetologica, 12:16, March 6, 1956.</p></div>
+
+<p>Dug&egrave;s (1896:480) reported a snake, questionably of this species, from
+Uruapan, Michoac&aacute;n. Taylor (1940c) suggested that on geographic grounds
+Dug&egrave;s' record might refer to <i>T. f. guerreroensis</i>, which is known
+definitely only from the type locality. <i>Tropidodipsas occidentala</i> is
+known from Comala, Colima, and Coalcom&aacute;n, Michoac&aacute;n. On zoogeopraphic
+grounds that species might be found at Uruapan. Since the specimen
+apparently no longer is extant, the identification cannot be
+ascertained.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri</b> (Jan)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Elaps fitzingeri</i> Jan, Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 521,
+1858.&mdash;M&eacute;xico. Type locality restricted to Guanajuato,
+Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).</p>
+
+<p><i>Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri</i>, Brown and Smith, Proc.
+Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:63, June 25, 1942.</p></div>
+
+<p>Smith and Taylor (1945:174) recorded the species from Zamora, Michoac&aacute;n.
+Hobart M. Smith (<i>in litt.</i>) stated that this record was based on a
+report of <i>Elaps fulvius</i> from Zamora by Dug&egrave;s (1896:482). Smith guessed
+that the report was based on a specimen of <i>Micrurus fitzingeri</i>. The
+specimen has not been seen. Although the species is known from
+Guanajuato and M&eacute;xico, until a specimen is available from Michoac&aacute;n, the
+species should not be considered part of the herpetofauna of Michoac&aacute;n.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>GAZETTEER</h2>
+
+
+<p>The localities in Michoac&aacute;n here listed are those from which specimens
+were examined as well as other localities mentioned in the text. The
+localities are arranged alphabetically according to the most definitive
+word or words in the total name. For example, Lago de Chapala is listed
+as "Chapala (Lago de)" and Cerro de Tanc&iacute;taro is listed as "Tanc&iacute;taro
+(Cerro de)." Insofar as has been possible, the following information is
+given for each locality: geographical co-ordinates to the nearest minute
+of north latitude and west longitude, elevation in meters above mean sea
+level, a description of its geographical location, type of dominant
+vegetation, and in some cases comments concerning collecting sites in
+the vicinity. Distances are in kilometers; all are map (air line)
+distances, unless otherwise indicated. Many localities visited on mule
+trips are given as being a certain number of "mule hours" in a general
+direction from another town or village. In order to reach most of these
+localities today, one would have to go by mule, and this is the way the
+muleteers determine their distances. Some of the elevations are taken
+from maps, but most of them were obtained from one or more readings of
+altimeters that we carried in the field. The terms used for describing
+the vegetation are those defined in the section of the natural
+landscape.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="notes">Transcriber's note: double click on the map to get a larger image.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 675px;">
+<a href="images/bigmap.jpg"><img src="images/map.jpg" width="675" height="493" alt="Fig. 11." title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Fig. 11. Map of Michoac&aacute;n showing important localities
+mentioned in text. Localities not on this map can be located by
+directions given in the gazetteer.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>My primary cartographic sources have been: the provisional edition of
+maps published by the American Geographic Society (Colima, Guadalajara,
+M&eacute;xico, and San Luis Potos&iacute; sheets published between 1933 and 1940),
+scale 1:1,000,000; the preliminary sheets (Colima, Guadalajara,
+Guanajuato, and M&eacute;xico) published in 1949 with a scale of 1:500,000 of
+the Carta Geogr&aacute;fica de la Rep&uacute;blica M&eacute;xicana (Direcci&oacute;n de Geograf&iacute;a y
+Meterolog&iacute;a, Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganader&iacute;a); and the Carta de
+Cuenca Tepalcatepec (Scale 1:250,000) prepared in 1958 by the Comisi&oacute;n
+del Tepalcatepec, Secretaria de Recursos Hidr&aacute;ulicos. I have visited
+most of the 181 localities and have gathered data pertaining to
+vegetation, altitude, and location. I think, nevertheless, that the
+accuracy of some of the locations and elevations as given in the
+gazetteer is questionable. This situation can be rectified only by
+detailed geographic studies.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the important towns, villages, rivers, and high mountains are
+shown on the accompanying map (Fig. 11). Places not shown on this map
+can be located from directions given in the gazetteer.</p>
+
+<div class="hangindent"><p>Acahuata.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 10', long. 102&deg; 21', elev.
+1040 m. A village north of Apatzing&aacute;n and on the southern
+slope of Cerro de Tanc&iacute;taro; transition between arid
+tropical scrub forest and pine-oak forest; tropical
+semi-deciduous forest in barrancas.</p>
+
+<p>Agua Cerca.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 06', long. 101&deg; 45', elev. 1550 m. A
+ranch south-southwest of Ario de Rosales on the road to La
+Huacana; pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Aguililla.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 45', long. 102&deg; 47', elev. 860 m.; a
+town in a low valley in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n; arid
+tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>&Aacute;lamo (El).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 42', long. 100&deg; 55', elev. 2300 m. A
+ranch 5 kilometers by road east of El Temazcal; pine-oak
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Angahuan.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 33', long. 102&deg; 14', elev. 2440 m. A
+Tarascan village about 27 kilometers northwest of Uruapan;
+pine forest. Much of the land is still covered by a deep
+layer of ashes from the nearby Volc&aacute;n Par&iacute;cutin.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Apatzing&aacute;n.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 06', long. 102&deg; 22', elev. 335 m. The
+largest town in the Tepalcatepec Valley; arid tropical scrub
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Apiza (Boca de).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 42', long. 103&deg; 44', sea level.
+The name of the mouth of the R&iacute;o Coahuayana; sandy beach and
+coco palms.</p>
+
+<p>Apo.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 25', long. 102&deg; 25', elev. 2160 m. A village
+on the western slope of Cerro de Tanc&iacute;taro; pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Aquila.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 32', long. 103&deg; 30', elev. 150 m. A small
+village on the R&iacute;o Aquila in the seaward foothills of the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Araparicuaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 22', long. 102&deg; 12', elev. 1525 m. A
+village 19 kilometers west-southwest of Uruapan on the trail
+to Tanc&iacute;taro; pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Araro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 54', long. 100&deg; 50', elev. 1830 m. A small
+village at the eastern end of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Ario de Rosales.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 12', long. 101&deg; 42', elev. 1980
+m. A town in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica on the road from
+P&aacute;tzcuaro to La Huacana; mixed hardwoods and pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Arteaga (formerly Carrizal).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 28', long. 102&deg; 25',
+elev. 850 m. A town in the eastern part of the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n; transition between arid tropical scrub forest and
+oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Atzimba.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 39', long. 100&deg; 47', elev. 2900 m. A
+national park in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, located between
+Ciudad Hidalgo and Morelia, 32 kilometers by road
+west-southwest of Ciudad Hidalgo; mixed pine and fir forest.</p>
+
+<p>Axolotl (Rancho).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 47', long. 100&deg; 38', elev. 2900
+m. A settlement on the western slopes of Cerro San Andr&eacute;s;
+pine, oak, and fir forest.</p>
+
+<p>Balsas (R&iacute;o).&mdash;A large river having its headwaters in
+Tlaxcala, Puebla, and northwestern Oaxaca, flowing westward
+through an arid valley to the Pacific Ocean, and in its
+lower part forming the boundary between Michoac&aacute;n and
+Guerrero.</p>
+
+<p>Barolosa (Cerro de).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 52', long. 102&deg; 57', elev.
+2900-3050 m. Presumably the highest mountain in the Sierra
+de Coalcom&aacute;n and located about 13 hours by mule
+east-northeast of Coalcom&aacute;n; open pine-oak-fir forest and
+alder thickets.</p>
+
+<p>Barolosa (Rancho).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 50', long. 103&deg; 00', elev. 2320
+m. A small ranch on the west-northwestern slope of Cerro de
+Barolosa, about 11 hours by mule east-northeast of
+Coalcom&aacute;n; open pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Barranca Seca.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 32', long. 102&deg; 15', elev. 2100 m.
+A small village about 7 kilometers northwest of San Juan de
+Parangaricutiro; pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Bejuco (Barranca de).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 07', long. 102&deg; 48', elev.
+90 m. A barranca in the lower slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n just west of the lower reaches of the R&iacute;o Nexpa;
+tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Buenavista (Tomatl&aacute;n).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 17', long. 102&deg; 36', elev.
+425 m. A village on the R&iacute;o Masiaco in the Tepalcatepec
+Valley, 33 kilometers by road west-northwest of Apatzing&aacute;n;
+open arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Buena Vista.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 40', long. 102&deg; 09', elev. 600 m. A
+ranch on the northeastern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n;
+arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Cach&aacute;n (R&iacute;o).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 14', long. 103&deg; 14'. A river formed
+by the affluence of the R&iacute;o Coalcom&aacute;n and the R&iacute;o San Jos&eacute;
+and flowing into the Pacific Ocean at a point indicated by
+the co-ordinates given above. Sometimes the name is applied
+to the lower part of the river as used here; other times the
+name is used for the entire length of the R&iacute;o Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+<p>Camichines.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 47', long. 103&deg; 05', elev. 1070 m. A
+ranch about 5 kilometers east-northeast of Coalcom&aacute;n;
+transition between arid tropical scrub forest and oak
+forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Cam&eacute;cuaro (Lago de).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 55', long. 102&deg; 13', elev.
+1615 m. A small lake (depth to about 10 m.) drained by the
+R&iacute;o Duero and located one kilometer north-northwest of
+Tanganc&iacute;cuaro; mesquite-grassland and some cypress and oak
+around the lake.</p>
+
+<p>Cancita (R&iacute;o).&mdash;A tributary of the R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec flowing
+southward from the southeastern slope of Cerro de Tanc&iacute;taro.</p>
+
+<p>Cantiles (Los).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 43', long. 100&deg; 55', elev. 2160 m.
+A ranch 33 kilometers by road east of Morelia; pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Cap&aacute;cuaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 33', long. 102&deg; 02', elev. 2070 m. A
+Tarascan village 18 kilometers by road north of Uruapan;
+pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Capirio.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 52', long. 102&deg; 08', elev. 180 m. A
+village on the R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, 22 kilometers by road south
+of Nueva Italia; open arid tropical scrub forest and some
+gallery forest along the river.</p>
+
+<p>Carapan.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 52', long. 102&deg; 02', elev. 2070 m. A
+village on the northern edge of the Sierra de los Tarascos,
+32 kilometers by road west of Zacapu; pine-oak forest at
+village and to the south; mesquite-grassland immediately to
+the north.</p>
+
+<p>Cerrito (El).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 45', long. 103&deg; 40', elev. 15 m. A
+ranch about 3 kilometers northeast of Coahuayana; tropical
+semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Chapala (Lago de).&mdash;A large lake on the Mexican Plateau at
+an elevation of 1525 m., partly in the state of Jalisco. It
+is drained by the R&iacute;o Grande de Santiago, which flows
+northward and then westward into the Pacific Ocean.
+Immediately to the east of the lake are remnants of once
+extensive marshes.</p>
+
+<p>Charapendo.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 15', long. 102&deg; 04', elev. 975 m. A
+village 24 kilometers by road south of Uruapan near the
+upper limit of the arid tropical scrub forest in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.</p>
+
+<p>Cher&aacute;n.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 42', long. 101&deg; 57', elev. 2350 m. A
+Tarascan village 27 kilometers by road south-southeast of
+Carapan; pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Chichihuas.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 47', long. 103&deg; 12', elev. 1200 m. A
+ranch about 6 kilometers west-southwest of Coalcom&aacute;n; scrub
+oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Chinapa.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 22', long. 100&deg; 51', elev. 930 m. A small
+village on the R&iacute;o Chinapa, 43 kilometers south of El
+Temzcal on the road to Huetamo; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Chupio.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 10', long. 101&deg; 27', elev. 1080 m. A
+village 12 kilometers by road south of Tac&aacute;mbaro; transition
+between arid tropical scrub forest and oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Churumuco.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 37', long. 101&deg; 38', elev. 210 m. A
+small town in the Balsas Valley; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Ci&eacute;nega (La).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 28', long. 103&deg; 18', elev. 900 m. A
+ranch about 3 hours by mule north of Coire; tropical
+semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Coahuayana.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 44', long. 103&deg; 31', elev. 15 m. A
+village on the coastal plain near the mouth of the R&iacute;o
+Coahuayana; arid tropical scrub forest and tropical
+semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Coalcom&aacute;n.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 47', long. 103&deg; 08', elev. 945 m. The
+largest town in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n and situated in a
+valley about 12 by 6 kilometers; arid tropical scrub forest
+on valley floor; oaks and some tropical semi-deciduous
+forest on surrounding slopes.</p>
+
+<p>Coalcom&aacute;n (R&iacute;o).&mdash;A river having its headwaters northeast of
+the town of Coalcom&aacute;n and flowing southward to join with the
+R&iacute;o San Jos&eacute; to form the R&iacute;o Cach&aacute;n.</p>
+
+<p>Coalcom&aacute;n (Sierra de).&mdash;A highland mass outlined by the R&iacute;o
+Coahuayana and its tributaries on the west, the R&iacute;o
+Tepalcatepec on the north, and the R&iacute;o Balsas on the east,
+and the Pacific Ocean on the south. The axis of the sierra
+extends for about 200 kilometers in a west-northwest to
+east-southeast direction; the mountains are nearly 80
+kilometers in breadth; the highest parts of the range are
+about 3000 meters above sea level.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Cofrad&iacute;a.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 56', long. 102&deg; 17', elev. 215 m. A
+ranch about 17 kilometers southeast of Apatzing&aacute;n; arid
+tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Coire.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 26', long. 103&deg; 22', elev. 300 m. A village
+on the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n on the
+R&iacute;o Coire; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Cojumatl&aacute;n.&mdash;Lat. 20&deg; 07', long. 102&deg; 51', elev. 1530 m. A
+village on the southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala;
+mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Colola (R&iacute;o).&mdash;A small river emptying into the Pacific Ocean
+between Maruata and Punto San Telmo.</p>
+
+<p>Conejos (Los).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 22' long. 102&deg; 07', elev. 1850 m. A
+village 6 kilometers west-southwest of Uruapan, and
+sometimes known as Nuevo San Juan; pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Cop&aacute;ndaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 54', long. 101&deg; 12', elev. 1800 m. A
+village on the south edge of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Copuyo (Capuyo or Copullo).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 28', long. 100&deg; 56',
+elev. 1200 m. A small village about 5 kilometers by road
+west of Paso Ancho; transition between arid tropical scrub
+forest and oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica.&mdash;A mountain range along the southern
+edge of the Mexican Plateau, roughly along the nineteenth
+parallel, and made up of many volcanos; the range extends
+from Volc&aacute;n de Colima on the west to Cofre de Perote and
+Orizaba in Veracruz; several of the volcanos reach
+elevations of more than 4000 meters.</p>
+
+<p>Corralito (El).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 52', long. 102&deg; 38', elev. 270 m.
+A small village in the Tepalcatepec Valley, about 30
+kilometers southwest of Apatzing&aacute;n; arid tropical scrub
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Corupu (Corupo).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 28', long. 102&deg; 19', elev. 2450
+m. A village 29 kilometers northwest of Uruapan; pine
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Cuatro Caminos.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 00', long. 102&deg; 05' elev. 335 m. A
+village 4 kilometers south of Nueva Italia; arid tropical
+scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Cuilala (Playa).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 10', long. 103&deg; 06', sea level. A
+sandy beach on the Pacific Ocean just east of La Higuerita.</p>
+
+<p>Cuitzeo.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 58', long. 101&deg; 09', 1800 m. A village on
+the north shore of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Cuitzeo (Lago de).&mdash;A large lakebed on the Mexican Plateau
+at an elevation of 1800 m. In dry years there is little
+water in the lake, and most of the lakebed is dry; in very
+wet years the entire lakebed is flooded. The R&iacute;o de Morelia
+flows into the lake, which has no outlet; surrounding
+vegetation is mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Cuse&ntilde;o Station.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 30', long. 102&deg; 16', elev. 2200 m.
+A field station of the American Geological Society
+established in 1945 and demolished in 1953; located at the
+northern edge of the lava flow at Volc&aacute;n Par&iacute;cutin; remnants
+of pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Diezmo (El).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 26', long. 103&deg; 19', elev. 850 m. A
+ranch about 8 kilometers north of Coire; tropical
+semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Dos Aguas.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 45', long. 102&deg; 55', elev. 2100 m. A
+lumber camp on the eastern slope of Cerro de Barolosa,
+located about 22 kilometers west-northwest of Aguililla;
+pine-oak forest and some fir forest in sheltered ravines.</p>
+
+<p>Duero (R&iacute;o).&mdash;A small river having its headwaters near
+Tanganc&iacute;cuaro and flowing northwestward into the R&iacute;o Lerma;
+source of irrigation water for surrounding agricultural
+area.</p>
+
+<p>Emiliano Zapata.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 59', long. 102&deg; 39' elev. 1600 m.
+A town 10 kilometers east of Jiquilpan; mesquite-grassland
+and irrigated fields.</p>
+
+<p>Erongaricuaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 35', long. 101&deg; 43', elev. 2150 m.
+A Tarascan village on the western shore of Lago de
+P&aacute;tzcuaro; pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Espinal (El).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 27', long. 102&deg; 07', elev. 500 m. A
+ranch in the northern foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n,
+9 kilometers by road north-northeast of San Salvador; arid
+tropical scrub forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Estopilas (Salitre de).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 30', long. 103&deg; 23', elev.
+130 m. A small village about 10 kilometers east of Ostula;
+tropical semi-deciduous forest and arid tropical scrub
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Garnica (Cerro).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 43', long. 100&deg; 48', elev. 3000
+m. A mountain about 8 kilometers north of Pino Gordo;
+pine-oak-fir forest.</p>
+
+<p>Garnica (Puerto de).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 42', long. 100&deg; 51', elev.
+2840 m. A mountain pass 46 kilometers by road west of Ciudad
+Hidalgo; pine and fir forest.</p>
+
+<p>Gregorio (San).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 25', long. 101&deg; 24', elev. 2200 m.
+A ranch about 16 kilometers southeast of P&aacute;tzcuaro; pine
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Guayabo.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 45', long. 102&deg; 15', elev. 760 m. A
+village in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n about 32 kilometers
+north-northeast of Arteaga; upper limits of arid tropical
+scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Herradero (Barranca de).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 17', long. 103&deg; 08',
+elev. 200-250 m. A barranca south of San Pedro Naranjestila
+in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Hidalgo (Ciudad).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 32', long. 100&deg; 34', elev. 2100
+m. A town in the valley of the R&iacute;o Tuxpan;
+mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Higuerita (La).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 12', long. 103&deg; 06', sea level. A
+place name on the Pacific coast; sandy beach and arid
+tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Higuertas (Las).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 39', long. 103&deg; 17', elev. 1600
+m. A ranch about 7 hours by mule southwest of Coalcom&aacute;n;
+pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Hondo (Puerto).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 25', long. 100&deg; 13', elev. 2750 m.
+A pass in the mountains, 14 kilometers by road east of
+Zit&aacute;cuaro (just west of Macho de Agua); pine, oak, and fir
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Huancana (La).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 58', long. 101&deg; 50', elev. 550 m. A
+village in the Balsas Basin; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Huahua (La).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 12', long. 103&deg; 00', sea level. A
+small village on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
+forest and gallery forest along the Arroyo de Huahua.</p>
+
+<p>Huetamo.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 38', long. 100&deg; 53', elev. 300 m. A town
+in the Balsas Valley; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Huingo.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 55', long. 100&deg; 50', elev. 1800 m. A
+village on the eastern edge of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Jacona.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 57', long. 102&deg; 18', elev. 1600 m. A small
+town, 4.3 kilometers by road southwest of Zamora;
+mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Jaramillo.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 20', long. 102&deg; 02', elev. 1500 m. A
+ranch 9 kilometers by road south of Uruapan; pine-oak
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Jazmin.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 52', long. 101&deg; 58', elev. 275 m. A
+village in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 32 kilometers by road
+southeast of Cuatro Caminos; open arid tropical scrub
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Jer&aacute;huaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 52', long. 100&deg; 35', elev. 2600 m. A
+town in the northern part of the state and located east of
+Lago de Cuitzeo; pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Jiquilpan.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 59', long. 102&deg; 43', elev. 1570 m. A
+town just southeast of Lago de Chapala; mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Jorullo (Volc&aacute;n).&mdash;Lat 19&deg; 00', long. 101&deg; 45', elev. 1300
+m. (crest). A cinder and lava cone rising from the foothills
+of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica; arid tropical scrub forest on
+lower slopes and pine-oak forest on top.</p>
+
+<p>Jungapeo.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 26', long. 100&deg; 29', elev. 1430 m. A
+village in the valley of the R&iacute;o Tuxpan, about 13 kilometers
+south of Tuxpan on the southern slopes of the Mexican
+Plateau; tropical semi-deciduous forest and pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Lengua de Vaca (Puerto de).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 26', long. 100&deg; 13',
+elev. 2900 m. A pass in the mountains at the
+Michoac&aacute;n-Mexico border through which passes the Mexico
+City-Morelia highway; pine and fir forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lerma (R&iacute;o).&mdash;A river originating in the state of M&eacute;xico and
+flowing westward, and forming the northern boundary of the
+state of Michoac&aacute;n, to Lago de Chapala.</p>
+
+<p>Lima (San Juan de).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 29', long. 102&deg; 42', sea
+level. A ranch on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
+forest and tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Lima (Punta San Juan de).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 38', long. 102&deg; 43', sea
+level. A rocky promontory jutting into the Pacific Ocean
+just southwest of San Juan de Lima; arid tropical scrub
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Limoncito.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 45', long. 102&deg; 43', elev. 730 m. A
+ranch 10 kilometers north of Aguililla; arid tropical scrub
+forest; tropical semi-deciduous gallery forest along the
+nearby R&iacute;o Tepecuate.</p>
+
+<p>Lombardia.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 08', long. 102&deg; 02', elev. 640 m. A
+town in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 38 kilometers by road south
+of Uruapan; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Lleguas (Acuaro de las).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 48', long. 102&deg; 52',
+elev. 2320 m. A place name for a stream and meadow (Llano de
+la Llegua) surrounded by pine-oak forest, located about 10
+hours by mule east of Coalcom&aacute;n.</p>
+
+<p>Macho de Agua.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 25', long. 100&deg; 15', elev. 2850 m.
+A ranch just west of Puerto de Lengua de Vaca and 16
+kilometers by road east of Zit&aacute;cuaro; mixed oak, pine, and
+fir forest.</p>
+
+<p>Maquili.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 36', long. 103&deg; 32', elev. 120 m. A
+village on the R&iacute;o Aquila about 3 kilometers south-southwest
+of Aguila; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Maravatio.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 53', long. 100&deg; 27', elev. 2010 m. A
+town in the R&iacute;o Lerma Valley; irrigated fields on flats and
+pine-oak forest on slopes.</p>
+
+<p>Marquez (R&iacute;o).&mdash;A tributary to the R&iacute;o Tepalcatepec, flowing
+through a deep gorge (Barranca del Marquez) between
+Lombardia and Nueva Italia. The stream originates from
+springs near Uruapan, where the stream is known as the R&iacute;o
+Cupatitzio.</p>
+
+<p>Maruata.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 17', long. 103&deg; 20', sea level. Place
+name for a Nineteenth Century port of little importance near
+the mouth of the R&iacute;o Coire; sandy beach, fresh-water lagoon,
+and arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Mexcala (Laguna).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 29', long. 103&deg; 41', sea level.
+A brackish lagoon surrounded by mangroves, located just
+southwest of El Ticuiz.</p>
+
+<p>Mil Cumbres.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 39', long. 100&deg; 47', elev. 2800 m. A
+name for a look-out on the M&eacute;xico-Morelia highway in Atzimba
+National Park, about 32 kilometers by road west-southwest of
+Ciudad Hidalgo; pine and fir forest.</p>
+
+<p>Mira (La).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 05', long. 102&deg; 20', elev. 20 m. A
+small village about 5 kilometers north-northeast of Playa
+Azul; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Morelia.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 43', long. 101&deg; 10', elev. 1900 m.
+Capital of and largest city in Michoac&aacute;n; mesquite-grassland
+on flats and pine-oak forest on surrounding hills.</p>
+
+<p>Morelia (R&iacute;o de).&mdash;A small, intermittent stream originating
+in the mountains south of Morelia and emptying into Lago de
+Cuitzeo.</p>
+
+<p>Mot&iacute;n del Oro.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 14', long. 103&deg; 48', sea level. A
+ranch on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Mot&iacute;n (R&iacute;o).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 13', long. 103&deg; 48' (mouth). A small
+river flowing from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n into the Pacific
+Ocean.</p>
+
+<p>Nahuatzen (Nauhuatzin).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 42', long. 101&deg; 50', elev.
+2450 m. A Tarascan village in the mountains west of Lago de
+P&aacute;tzcuaro; pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Nexpa (R&iacute;o).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 05', long. 102&deg; 47' (mouth). A large
+river draining the central part of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n,
+originating near Aguililla, and flowing into the Pacific
+Ocean.</p>
+
+<p>Nogueleras.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 34', long. 103&deg; 17', elev. 1600 m. A
+ranch about 10 hours by mule south-southwest of Coalcom&aacute;n;
+oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Nueva Italia.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 02', long. 102&deg; 07', elev. 380 m. A
+town in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 59 kilometers by road south
+of Uruapan; arid tropical scrub forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Nuevo (Rancho).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 26', long. 102&deg; 07', elev. 520 m.
+A ranch 7 kilometers by road north-northeast of San Salvador
+in the northern foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n; arid
+tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Ocorla.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 38', long. 103&deg; 07', elev. 885 m. A ranch
+about 6 hours by mule south-southeast of Coalcom&aacute;n; scrubby
+oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Opopeo.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 24', long. 101&deg; 37', elev. 2800 m. A
+village 16 kilometers south of P&aacute;tzcuaro; pine and fir
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Orilla (La).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 00', long. 102&deg; 12', elev. 10 m. The
+site of a former hacienda of the same name near the mouth of
+the R&iacute;o Balsas; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Oropeo.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 52', long. 101&deg; 48', elev. 300 m. A
+village in the Tepalcatepec Valley about 13 kilometers south
+of La Huacana; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Ostula.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 30', long. 103&deg; 28', elev. 120 m. A
+village in the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n,
+located on the R&iacute;o Ostula about 16 kilometers east-southeast
+of La Placita; arid tropical scrub forest and scattered
+tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Ozumatl&aacute;n (Sierra de).&mdash;A range in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica
+extending east-northeast from a point south of Morelia to
+Quer&eacute;ndaro and reaching elevations in excess of 2600 m.</p>
+
+<p>Palma (La).&mdash;Lat. 20&deg; 09', long. 102&deg; 46', elev. 1525 m. A
+village on the southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala;
+lake-shore marshes and mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Paracho.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 39', long. 102&deg; 02', elev. 2375 m. A
+Tarascan village in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica, located 35
+kilometers by road north of Uruapan; pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Parangaricutiro (San Juan de).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 30', long. 102&deg;
+15', elev. 2200 m. A former Tarascan village that was
+destroyed by the eruption of Volc&aacute;n Par&iacute;cutin; lava and
+volcanic ash amidst open pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Par&iacute;cutin (Volc&aacute;n).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 30', long. 102&deg; 16', elev.
+2200 m. at base and 2700 m. at summit. A volcano born in
+February, 1943; it ceased to be active in December, 1951,
+and is located at the north-northeastern base of Cerro de
+Tanc&iacute;taro; volcanic ash and lava amidst open pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Paso Ancho.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 28', long. 100&deg; 52', elev. 1100 m. A
+small village 30 kilometers south of El Temazcal on the road
+to Huetamo; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Patamba (Sierra).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 45', long. 102&deg; 21', elev. 3700
+m. at summit. A mountain, the summit of which is about 22
+kilometers southwest of Tanganc&iacute;cuaro; pine forest from 2000
+to 2600 m.; fir forest above 2600 m.</p>
+
+<p>P&aacute;tzcuaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 30', long. 101&deg; 36', elev. 2200 m. A
+town near the southeastern shore of Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro; pine
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>P&aacute;tzcuaro (Lago de).&mdash;A large lake on the southwestern part
+of the Mexican Plateau at an elevation of 2165 m. It has no
+outlet. The lake is surrounded by mountains supporting pine
+and pine-oak forest. Along the southern and eastern shores
+of the lake are small marshes.</p>
+
+<p>Pe&ntilde;as (Las).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 03', long. 102&deg; 38', sea level. A
+small village on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Pichi (Estero).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 01', long. 102&deg; 24', sea level. A
+brackish lagoon surrounded by mangroves and coconut groves,
+located just east of Playa Azul.</p>
+
+<p>Pino Gordo.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 42', long. 100&deg; 45', elev. 2600 m. A
+ranch 37 kilometers by road west of Ciudad Hidalgo; pine-oak
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Placita (La).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 32', long. 103&deg; 37', elev. 20 m. A
+village on the coastal lowlands, located on the R&iacute;o Aquila;
+arid tropical scrub forest; tropical semi-deciduous forest
+along the river.</p>
+
+<p>Playa (La).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 57', long. 102&deg; 33', elev. 800 m. A
+small village on the western edge of the lava flow of Volc&aacute;n
+Jorullo; arid tropical scrub forest and some tropical
+semi-deciduous forest in ravines.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Playa Azul.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 01', long. 102&deg; 25', sea level. A
+village on the Pacific coast near the mouth of the R&iacute;o
+Carrizal; arid tropical scrub forest; coconut plantations;
+mangrove-lined lagoons.</p>
+
+<p>P&oacute;maro.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 18', long. 103&deg; 17', elev. 300 m. An
+Indian village in the southern foothills of the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n, located about 3 hours by mule north-northeast of
+Maruata; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Pozos (Los).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 30', long. 103&deg; 17', elev. 300 m. A
+ranch located about 5 hours by mule north of Coire; tropical
+semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Quer&eacute;ndaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 48', long. 100&deg; 53', elev. 1900 m. A
+town on the Mexican Plateau south of Lago de Cuitzeo;
+mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Quiroga.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 42', long. 101&deg; 30', elev. 2200 m. A
+Tarascan town on the north edge of Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro;
+mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Reyes (Los).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 35', long. 102&deg; 28', elev. 1500 m. A
+town in western Michoac&aacute;n, 50 kilometers south-southwest of
+Zamora; mesquite-grassland, oak and pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Sabino (El).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 14', long. 102&deg; 03', elev. 1050 m. A
+hacienda about 24 kilometers south of Uruapan; arid tropical
+scrub forest, many streams, rice fields.</p>
+
+<p>Sahuayo.&mdash;Lat. 20&deg; 05', long. 102&deg; 43', elev. 1550 m. A town
+just south of the eastern end of Lago de Chapala;
+mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Salada (La).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 07', long. 102&deg; 00', elev. 580 m. A
+ranch southwest of Lombardia; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Salto (Arroyo El).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 45', long. 103&deg; 04', elev. 1370
+m. A valley of the R&iacute;o Flores about 3 hours by mule
+east-southeast of Coalcom&aacute;n; pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>San Andr&eacute;s (Cerro).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 48', long. 100&deg; 35', elev.
+3950 m. at summit. A mountain, the summit of which is about
+16 kilometers north-northwest of Ciudad Hidalgo; oak forest
+to 2500 m. and pine and fir forest above 2500 m.</p>
+
+<p>San Jos&eacute; (de la Cumbre).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 41', long. 100&deg; 50',
+elev. 2750 m. A ranch 51 kilometers by road east of Morelia;
+pine and fir forest.</p>
+
+<p>San Jos&eacute; (de la Monta&ntilde;a).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 25', long. 103&deg; 06',
+elev. 750 m. A village sometimes called La Guitarra, located
+14 hours by mule south-southeast of Coalcom&aacute;n; tropical
+semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>San Pedro Naranjestila.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 17', long. 103&deg; 06', elev.
+500 m. An Indian village in the southern foothills of the
+Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n; tropical semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>San Salvador.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 25', long. 102&deg; 08', elev. 700 m. A
+small village in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n, 37 kilometers by
+road northeast of Arteaga; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>San Telmo (Ojos de Agua de).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 37', long. 103&deg; 42',
+sea level. A small settlement at the base of Punto San Juan
+de Lima; tropical semi-deciduous forest and groves of oil
+palms.</p>
+
+<p>San Telmo (Punta).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 18', long. 103&deg; 29', sea level.
+A rocky promontory jutting into the Pacific Ocean, on which
+there is a lighthouse (El Faro); arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Santa Ana.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 27', long. 102&deg; 06', elev. 600 m. A
+ranch about 4 kilometers by road northeast of San Salvador;
+arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tac&aacute;mbaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 05', long. 101&deg; 22', elev. 1820 m. A
+town in the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica; pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tac&iacute;cuaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 38', long. 101&deg; 18', elev. 2000 m. A
+village 21 kilometers east-southeast of Quiroga;
+mesquite-grassland and scrubby oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tafetan.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 43', long. 100&deg; 52', elev. 1000 m. A
+village 40 kilometers by road south of El Temazcal; arid
+tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tanc&iacute;taro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 20', long. 102&deg; 22', elev. 1850 m. A
+small town on the southern slope of Cerro de Tanc&iacute;taro;
+pine-oak forest.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Tanc&iacute;taro (Cerro de).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 25', long. 102&deg; 18', elev.
+3870 m. at summit. An old volcano in the Cordillera
+Volc&aacute;nica; the southern slope drops into the Tepalcatepec
+Valley; the summit is about 30 kilometers west of Uruapan;
+pine and oak forest on lower slopes replaced by pine or fir
+forest above.</p>
+
+<p>Tangamandapio.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 56', long. 102&deg; 25', elev. 1700 m.
+A small town on the Mexican Plateau between Jiquilpan and
+Zamora; mesquite-grassland and irrigated fields.</p>
+
+<p>Tanganc&iacute;cuaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 52', long. 102&deg; 13', elev. 1770 m.
+A town 12 kilometers by road southeast of Zamora;
+mesquite-grassland and irrigated fields.</p>
+
+<p>Tarascos (Sierra de los).&mdash;A name applied to that part of
+the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica extending eastward from Cerro de
+Tanc&iacute;taro and Sierra Patamba to P&aacute;tzcuaro.</p>
+
+<p>Tar&eacute;cuaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 53', long. 102&deg; 29', elev. 1700 m. A
+village on the Mexican Plateau, 26 kilometers southwest of
+Zamora; mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tecatas (Las).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 36', long. 103&deg; 17', elev. 1950 m.
+A ranch located about 10 hours by mule south-southwest of
+Coalcom&aacute;n; oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Temazcal (El).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 40', long. 100&deg; 56', elev. 2200 m.
+A road junction, 29 kilometers east of Morelia; here the
+road to Huetamo leads south from the Mexico City-Morelia
+highway; pine forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tepalcatepec.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 10', long. 102&deg; 50', elev. 570 m. A
+village in the upper Tepalcatepec Valley; arid tropical
+scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tepalcatepec (R&iacute;o).&mdash;A large river having its headwaters in
+southeastern Jalisco and flowing through a broad valley,
+which separates the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica from the Sierra de
+Coalcom&aacute;n, to the R&iacute;o Balsas.</p>
+
+<p>Ticuiz (El).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 40', long. 103&deg; 40', elev. 10 m. A
+village on the coastal plain about 11 kilometers south of
+Coahuayana; arid tropical scrub forest and tropical
+semi-deciduous forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tinguid&iacute;n.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 45', long. 102&deg; 28', elev. 1800 m. A
+small town, 17 kilometers north of Los Reyes; pine-oak
+forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tizupan (R&iacute;o).&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 09', long. 102&deg; 55' (mouth). A
+small river flowing southward from the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n
+to the Pacific Ocean.</p>
+
+<p>Tlalpujahua.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 48', long. 100&deg; 10', elev. 2600 m. A
+mining town in the northeastern part of the state; pine and
+fir forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tumbiscatio.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 32', long. 102&deg; 20', elev. 900 m. A
+town in the Sierra de Coalcom&aacute;n; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tup&aacute;taro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 53', long. 100&deg; 15', elev. 2050 m. A
+village in the northeastern corner of the state, 13
+kilometers northwest of Tlalpujahua; oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Tuxpan.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 35', long. 100&deg; 27', elev. 1850 m. A town
+in a basin nearly surrounded by mountains and near the
+headwaters of the R&iacute;o Tuxpan, 19 kilometers by road
+east-southeast of Ciudad Hidalgo; arid mesquite-grassland
+and irrigated fields.</p>
+
+<p>Tuxpan (R&iacute;o).&mdash;A river draining the mountains in the eastern
+part of the state and flowing southward into the R&iacute;o Balsas.</p>
+
+<p>Tzararacua (Cascada).&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 18', long. 102&deg; 02', 1430 m.
+A waterfalls of the R&iacute;o Cupatitzio, 10.5 kilometers by road
+south of Uruapan; oak forest with scattered pines.</p>
+
+<p>Tzintzuntzan.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 38', long. 101&deg; 35', elev. 2170 m. A
+village at the site of the seat of the ancient Tarascan
+empire on the eastern shore of Lago de P&aacute;tzcuaro; grasslands
+and marshes.</p>
+
+<p>Tzitzio.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 35', long. 100&deg; 55', elev. 1630 m. A
+village 16 kilometers by road south of El Temazcal; pine-oak
+and arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Ucareo (Serran&iacute;a de).&mdash;A part of the Cordillera Volc&aacute;nica,
+including Cerro San Andr&eacute;s.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Undameo.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 34', long. 101&deg; 17', elev. 2000 m. A
+village 20 kilometers west-southwest of Morelia;
+mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Uruapan.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 25', long. 102&deg; 02', elev. 1630 m. A
+large town on the southern slopes of the Cordillera
+Volc&aacute;nica; pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Zacapu.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 48', long. 101&deg; 47', elev. 2000 m. A town
+on the Mexican Plateau; mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Zamora.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 59', long. 102&deg; 17', elev. 1570 m. A large
+town on the Mexican Plateau; mesquite-grassland.</p>
+
+<p>Zicuiran.&mdash;Lat. 18&deg; 53', long. 101&deg; 55', elev. 190 m. A
+small village 23 kilometers east-southeast of Cuatro
+Caminos; arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Zinap&eacute;cuaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 52', long. 100&deg; 49', elev. 1900 m. A
+town near the southeastern end of Lago de Cuitzeo;
+mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Ziracuaretiro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 25', long. 101&deg; 52', elev. 1230 m.
+A village 19 kilometers by road east of Uruapan; transition
+between pine-oak forest and arid tropical scrub forest.</p>
+
+<p>Zirim&iacute;cuaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 24', long. 101&deg; 56', elev. 1300 m. A
+hacienda 13 kilometers by road east of Uruapan; pine-oak
+forest and fields of sugar cane.</p>
+
+<p>Zit&aacute;cuaro.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 25', long. 100&deg; 21', elev. 2100 m. A
+town in the highlands of eastern Michoac&aacute;n; pine-oak forest.</p>
+
+<p>Zurumbeneo.&mdash;Lat. 19&deg; 43', long. 101&deg; 02', elev. 2100 m. A
+ranch 19 kilometers by road east of Morelia; scrubby oak
+forest.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="SUMMARY" id="SUMMARY"></a>SUMMARY</h2>
+
+
+<p>The preceding analysis of the amphibians and reptiles of the state of
+Michoac&aacute;n shows that the herpetofauna is composed of 176 species and
+subspecies definitely recorded from the state, plus ten others that
+probably occur there. Ten species are reported for the first time from
+Michoac&aacute;n: <i>Pseudoeurycea robertsi</i>, <i>Leptodactylus occidentalis</i>,
+<i>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</i>, <i>Pternohyla fodiens</i>, <i>Hypopachus
+caprimimus</i>, <i>Phyllodactylus homolepidurus</i>, <i>Anolis dunni</i>, <i>Sceloporus
+bulleri</i>, <i>Sceloporus heterolepis,</i> and <i>Geagras redimitus</i>. Five
+species that have been reported previously from Michoac&aacute;n are based on
+specimens having unreliable locality data or on misidentifications;
+therefore, the following species are not considered to be a part of the
+herpetofauna of Michoac&aacute;n: <i>Caiman crocodilus fuscus</i>, <i>Urosaurus
+irregularis</i>, <i>Geophis nasalis</i>, <i>Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis</i>,
+and <i>Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Systematic studies based at least in part on specimens from Michoac&aacute;n
+have resulted in a redefinition of nine species and subspecies: <i>Bufo
+marmoreus</i>, <i>Bufo perplexus</i>, <i>Anolis nebulosus</i>, <i>Anolis nebuloides</i>,
+<i>Sceloporus bulleri</i>, <i>Sceloporus heterolepis</i>, <i>Sceloporus melanorhinus
+calligaster</i>, <i>Hypsiglena torquata torquata</i>, and <i>Hypsiglena torquata
+ochrorhyncha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Nine species that previously have been recognized as valid have been
+placed in synonymy. These are: <i>Bufo horribilis</i> Wiegmann, 1833, and
+<i>Bufo angustipes</i> Smith and Taylor, 1945, as synonyms of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> <i>Bufo marinus</i>
+(Linnaeus), 1758. <i>Microbatrachylus albolabris</i> Taylor, 1940,
+<i>Microbatrachylus minimus</i> Taylor, 1940, and <i>Microbatrachylus imitator</i>
+Taylor, 1942, as synonyms of <i>Microbatrachylus pygmaeus</i> (Taylor), 1937.
+<i>Phrynohyas corasterias</i> Shannon and Humphrey, 1957, as a synonym of
+<i>Phrynohyas inflata</i> (Taylor), 1944. <i>Hyla microeximia</i> Maslin, 1957, as
+a synonym of <i>Hyla eximia</i> Baird, 1854. <i>Hylella azteca</i> Taylor, 1943,
+as a synonym of <i>Hyla smaragdina</i> Taylor, 1940. <i>Loxocemus sumichrasti</i>
+Bocourt, 1876, as a synonym of <i>Loxocemus bicolor</i> Cope, 1861.
+<i>Eleutherodactylus vocalis</i> Taylor, 1940, is considered to be a
+subspecies of <i>Eleutherodactylus rugulosus</i>. The populations of
+<i>Thamnophis dorsalis</i> in the Tepalcatepec Valley are shown to be
+distinct from those inhabiting the highlands of the state; <i>Thamnophis
+dorsalis postremus</i> Smith, 1942, is revived for the population in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.</p>
+
+<p>Descriptions are given of the tadpoles of <i>Bufo occidentalis</i> and <i>Hyla
+bistincta</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>LITERATURE CITED</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Anderson, J. D.</span></p>
+
+<p>1960. <i>Storeria storerioides</i> in western Mexico. Herpetologica, 16:63-6,
+March 31.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bogert, C. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Oliver, J. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bull. Amer.
+Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:297-426, March 30.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Boulenger, G. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum, vol. II. London,
+xiii + 497 pp., November 15.</p>
+
+<p>1894. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, vol. II, London, xi
++ 382 pp., September 23.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Conant, R.</span></p>
+
+<p>1953. Three new water snakes of the genus <i>Natrix</i> from Mexico. Nat.
+Hist. Misc., 126:1-9, September 15.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contreras Arias, A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1942. Mapa de las provincias climatologicas de la Rep&uacute;blica M&eacute;xicana.
+Dir. Meteoro, Hidro. Inst. Geog. M&eacute;xico, xxvii + 54 pp.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cope, E. D.</span></p>
+
+<p>1861. Contributions to the ophidiology of Lower California, Mexico, and
+Central America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13:292-306,
+December 28.</p>
+
+<p>1887. Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and
+Mexico. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 32:1-98.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span></p>
+
+<p>1954. Three new anoles from Mexico. Herpetologica, 10:1-6, April 20.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Dixon, J. R.</span></p>
+
+<p>1957. Notes on Mexican snakes (Ophidia). Southwest. Nat., 2:19-27,
+January.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span></p>
+
+<p>1953. Lizards and turtles of the Mexican state of Morelos.
+Herpetologica. 9:100-108, July 22.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dixon, J. R.</span></p>
+
+<p>1957. Geographic variation and distribution of the genus <i>Tomodactylus</i>
+in Mexico. Texas Jour. Sci., 9:379-409, December.</p>
+
+<p>1960. Two new geckos, genus <i>Phyllodactylus</i> (Reptilia: Sauria), from
+Michoac&aacute;n, Mexico. Southwest. Nat., 5:37-42, April 15.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dowling, H. G.</span></p>
+
+<p>1960. A taxonomic study of the ratsnakes, genus <i>Elaphe</i> Fitzinger. VII.
+The <i>triaspis</i> section, Zoologica, 45:53-80, August 15.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span></p>
+
+<p>1954a. The salamander <i>Plethodon richmondi</i> in southwestern Ohio.
+Copeia, 1950 (1):40-45, February 19.</p>
+
+<p>1954b. The amphibians and reptiles of Jorullo Volcano, Michoacan,
+Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 560:1-24, October 22.</p>
+
+<p>1955. A new whiptail lizard, genus <i>Cnemidorphorus</i>, from Mexico. Occ.
+Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 574:1-7, December 23.</p>
+
+<p>1956a. The frogs of the hylid genus <i>Phrynohyas</i> Fitzinger, 1843. Misc.
+Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 96:1-47, February 21.</p>
+
+<p>1956b. A new snake of the genus <i>Leptotyphlops</i> from Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico.
+Copeia, 1956 (2):93-94, May 29.</p>
+
+<p>1957a. Sexual dimorphism in the hylid frog <i>Agalychnis dacnicolor</i> Cope,
+and the status of <i>Agalychnis alcorni</i> Taylor. Herpetologica, 13:29-30,
+March 30.</p>
+
+<p>1957b. Notes on snakes from the Mexican state of Sinaloa. Herpetologica,
+13:237-240, October 31.</p>
+
+<p>1958a. A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus <i>Leptodeira</i>.
+Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:1-152, February 24.</p>
+
+<p>1958b. Comments on the type locality and geographic distribution of
+<i>Urosaurus gadowi</i>. Copeia, 1958 (1):48-49, February 21.</p>
+
+<p>1958c. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Colima, Mexico.
+Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 589:1-22, March 21.</p>
+
+<p>1959. Two new snakes, genus <i>Geophis</i>, from Michoacan, Mexico. Occ. Pap.
+Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 605:1-9, May 29.</p>
+
+<p>1960a. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoac&aacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:587-598, May 2.</p>
+
+<p>1960b. A taxonomic study of the Middle American snake Pituophis deppei,
+Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:599-610, May 2.</p>
+
+<p>1960c. Variation, distribution, and ecology of the Mexican teiid lizard
+<i>Cnemidophorus calidipes</i>. Copeia, 1960(2):97-101, June 29.</p>
+
+<p>1960d. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of
+Tehuantepec, M&eacute;xico. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13:19-72,
+August 16.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Dixon, J. R.</span></p>
+
+<p>1959. A new frog of the genus <i>Tomodactylus</i> from Michoac&aacute;n, Mexico.
+Texas Jour. Sci., 11:78-82, March.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Duellman, A. S.</span></p>
+
+<p>1959. Notes on the variation, distribution, and ecology of the iguanid
+lizard <i>Enyaliosaurus clarki</i>. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
+598:1-10, February 16.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Wellman, J.</span></p>
+
+<p>1960. A systematic study of the lizards of the <i>deppei</i> group (Genus
+<i>Cnemidophorus</i>) in Mexico and Guatemala. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 111:1-80, February 10.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dug&egrave;s, A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1884. Dos reptiles de Mexico. La Naturaleza, 6:359-362.</p>
+
+<p>1891. <i>Eumeces altamirani</i> A. Dug. La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:485-486.</p>
+
+<p>1896. Reptiles y batracios de los E. U. Mexicanos. La Naturaleza, ser.
+2, 2:479-485.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dum&eacute;ril, A. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Bocourt, F.</span></p>
+
+<p>1870-1909. Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale,
+Recherches zoologiques. &Eacute;tudes sur les reptiles. Paris, xiv + 1012 pp.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fischer, J. G.</span></p>
+
+<p>1882. Herpetologische Bemerkengen vorzugsweise &uuml;ber St&uuml;cke der Sammlung
+des Naturhistorischen Museum in Bremen. Abhand. Naturwiss. Ver. Bremen,
+7:225-238.</p>
+
+<p>1883. Beschreibungen neuer Reptilien. Akad. Gymnas. Hamburg, 1883:1-16.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fitch, H. S.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Milstead, W. W.</span></p>
+
+<p>1961. An older name for <i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis</i> (Kennicott). Copeia, no.
+1:112, March 17, 1961.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Funkhouser, A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1957. A review of the Neotropical tree-frogs of the genus
+<i>Phyllomedusa</i>. Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford Univ., 5:1-90, April
+1.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gadow, H.</span></p>
+
+<p>1905. Distribution of Mexican amphibians and reptiles. Proc. Zool. Soc.
+London, 1905:191-244, October 7.</p>
+
+<p>1930. Jorullo. Cambridge Univ. Press, xviii + 100 pp.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gloyd, H. K.</span></p>
+
+<p>1948. Description of a neglected subspecies of rattlesnake from Mexico.
+Nat. Hist. Misc., 17:1-4, April 23.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Goin, C. J.</span></p>
+
+<p>1950. Color pattern inheritance in some frogs of the genus
+<i>Eleutherodactylus</i>. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 9:1-15, March 3.</p>
+
+<p>1954. Remarks on evolution of color pattern in the <i>gossei</i> group of the
+frog genus <i>Eleutherodactylus</i>. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 33:185-195, June 4.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Goldman, E. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1951. Biological investigations in Mexico. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 115,
+xii + 476 pp., July 31.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Guzm&aacute;n-Rivas, P.</span></p>
+
+<p>1957. Rainfall analysis for some stations in southwest Mexico. <i>In</i>
+Brand, Coastal study of southwest Mexico, Part I. Univ. Texas, Austin,
+xii + 140 pp., June 15.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Horowitz, S. B.</span></p>
+
+<p>1955. An arrangement of the subspecies of the horned toad, <i>Phrynosoma
+orbiculare</i> (Iguanidae). Amer. Midl. Nat., 54:209-218, July.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Klauber, L. M.</span></p>
+
+<p>1945. The geckos of the genus Coleonyx with descriptions of new
+subspecies. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:133-216, March 9.</p>
+
+<p>1952. Taxonomic studies of the rattlesnakes of Mainland Mexico. Bull.
+Zool. Soc. San Diego, 26:1-143, August 8.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Langebartel, D. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1959. A new lizard (<i>Sceloporus</i>) from the Sierra Madre Occidental of
+Mexico. Herpetologica, 15:25-27, February 25.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maldonado-Koerdell, M.</span></p>
+
+<p>1948. Los colecciones de anfibios del Museo Alfredo Dug&egrave;s en la
+Universidad de Guanajuato, I&mdash;Urodelos. Mem. Revist. Acad. Nac. Cien.,
+56:185-226.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Martin, P. S.</span></p>
+
+<p>1958. A biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the G&oacute;mez Far&iacute;as
+Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
+101:1-102, April 15.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maslin, T. P.</span></p>
+
+<p>1957. <i>Hyla microeximia</i> sp. n., Hylidae, Amphibia, from Jalisco,
+Mexico. Herpetologica, 13:81-86, July 10.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Milstead, W. W.</span></p>
+
+<p>1953. Geographic variation in the garter snake, <i>Thamnophis cyrtopsis</i>.
+Texas Jour. Sci., 5:348-379, September.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mosimann, J. E.</span></p>
+
+<p>1956. Variation and relative growth in the plastral scutes of the turtle
+<i>Kinosternon integrum</i> LeConte. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
+97:1-43, November 7.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mosimann, J. E.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Rabb, G. B.</span></p>
+
+<p>1953. A new subspecies of the turtle <i>Geoemyda rubida</i> (Cope) from
+western Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 548:1-7, November
+9.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oliver, J. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1937. Notes on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the state of
+Colima, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 360:1-28, November
+20.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Orton, G.</span></p>
+
+<p>1943. The tadpole of <i>Rhinophrynus dorsalis</i>. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 472:1-8, May 18.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Peters, J. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1954. The amphibians and reptiles of the coast and coastal sierra of
+Michoac&aacute;n, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 554:1-37, June
+23.</p>
+
+<p>1955. Notes on the frog genus <i>Diaglena</i> Cope. Nat. Hist. Misc.,
+143:1-8, March 28.</p>
+
+<p>1957. The eggs (turtle) and I. Biologist, 39:21-4.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rabb, G. B.</span></p>
+
+<p>1958. On certain Mexican salamanders of the plethodontid genus
+<i>Chiropterotriton</i>. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 587:1-37, June
+6.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rabb, G. B.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Mosimann, J. E.</span></p>
+
+<p>1955. The tadpole of <i>Hyla robertsorum</i> with comments on the affinities
+of the species. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 563:1-9, March 29.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reeve, W. L.</span></p>
+
+<p>1952. Taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizards genus
+<i>Phrynosoma</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34 (pt. 2):817-960, February 15.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Schmidt, K. P.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Shannon, F. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1947. Notes on amphibians and reptiles of Michoac&aacute;n, Mexico. Fieldiana,
+zool., 31:63-85, February 20.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shannon, F. A.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Humphrey, F. L.</span></p>
+
+<p>1957. A new species of <i>Phrynohyas</i> from Nayarit. Herpetologica,
+13:15-18, March 30.</p>
+
+<p>1958. A discussion of the polytypic species, <i>Hypopachus oxyrrhinus</i>,
+with a description of a new subspecies. Herpetologica, 14:85-95, July
+23.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span></p>
+
+<p>1938. The lizards of the <i>torquatus</i> group of the genus <i>Sceloporus</i>
+Wiegmann, 1828. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 24:539-693, February 16.</p>
+
+<p>1939. The Mexican and Central American lizards of the genus
+<i>Sceloporus</i>. Zool. ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 26:1-397, July 27.</p>
+
+<p>1941a. A review of the subspecies of the indigo snake (<i>Drymarchon
+corais</i>). Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 31:466-481, November 11.</p>
+
+<p>1941b. Notes on the snake genus <i>Trimorphodon</i>. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+91:149-168, November 10.</p>
+
+<p>1942a. Mexican Herpetological Miscellany. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+92:349-395, November 5.</p>
+
+<p>1942b. The synonymy of the garter snakes (<i>Thamnophis</i>), with notes on
+Mexican and Central American species. Zoologica, 27:97-123, October 23.</p>
+
+<p>1942c. Remarks on the Mexican king snakes of the triangulum group. Proc.
+Rochester Acad. Sci., 8:196-207, September 10.</p>
+
+<p>1942d. Descriptions of new species and subspecies of Mexican snakes of
+the genus <i>Rhadinaea</i>. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:185-192, December
+31.</p>
+
+<p>1943. Summary of the collections of snakes and crocodilians made in
+Mexico under the Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship. Proc. U.
+S. Natl. Mus., 93:393-504, October 29.</p>
+
+<p>1951. The identity of the ophidian name <i>Coluber eques</i> Reuss. Copeia,
+1951 (2):138-140, June 8.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Laufe, L. E.</span></p>
+
+<p>1945. Notes on a herpetological collection from Oaxaca. Herpetologica,
+3:1-13, November 21.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Taylor, E. H.</span></p>
+
+<p>1945. An annotated checklist and key to the snakes of Mexico. Bull. U.
+S. Natl. Mus., 187:iv + 239 pp., October 5.</p>
+
+<p>1948. An annotated checklist and key to the Amphibia of Mexico. Bull. U.
+S. Natl. Mus., 194: iv + 118 pp., June 17.</p>
+
+<p>1950a. Type localities of Mexican reptiles and amphibians. Univ. Kansas
+Sci. Bull., 33, pt. 2:313-380, March 20.</p>
+
+<p>1950b. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico
+exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 199:v + 253, October
+26.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Smith, P. W.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Darling, D. M.</span></p>
+
+<p>1952. Results of a herpetological collection from eastern central
+Mexico. Herpetologica, 8:81-86, November 1.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stickel, W. H.</span></p>
+
+<p>1943. The Mexican snakes of the genera <i>Sonora</i> and <i>Chionactis</i>, with
+notes on the status of other colubrid genera. Proc. Biol. Soc.
+Washington, 56:109-128, October 19.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Storm, M.</span></p>
+
+<p>1939. Hoofways into hot country. Bland Bros., Mexico City, 521 pp.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stuart, L. C.</span></p>
+
+<p>1943. Comments on the herpetofauna of the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes of
+Guatemala. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 471:1-28, May 17.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tamayo, J. L.</span></p>
+
+<p>1949. Geograf&iacute;a General de Mexico. I&mdash;Geograf&iacute;a Fisica. Mexico City,
+viii + 628 pp.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tanner, W. W.</span></p>
+
+<p>1944. A taxonomic study of the genus <i>Hypsiglena</i>. Great Basin Nat.,
+5:25-92, December 29.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Taylor, E. H.</span></p>
+
+<p>1936a. New species of amphibia from Mexico. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
+39:349-363.</p>
+
+<p>1936b. The rediscovery of the lizard <i>Eumeces altamirani</i> (Dug&egrave;s) with
+notes on two other Mexican species of the genus. Proc. Biol. Soc.
+Washington, 49:55-58, May 1.</p>
+
+<p>1936c. A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan scincoid lizards of the
+genus <i>Eumeces</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 23:1-643, August 15.</p>
+
+<p>1939a. Concerning Mexican salamanders. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+25:259-313, July 10.</p>
+
+<p>1939b. Frogs of the <i>Hyla eximia</i> group in Mexico, with descriptions of
+two new species. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:421-445, July 10.</p>
+
+<p>1940a. A new bromeliad frog from northwestern Michoacan. Copeia, 1940
+(1):18-20, March 30.</p>
+
+<p>1940b. Mexican snakes of the genus <i>Typhlops</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+26:441-444, November 27.</p>
+
+<p>1940c. Some Mexican serpents. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:445-487,
+November 27.</p>
+
+<p>1940d. Herpetological Miscellany. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:489-571,
+November 27.</p>
+
+<p>1941a. Some Mexican frogs. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54:87-94, July
+31.</p>
+
+<p>1941b. Herpetological Miscellany, No. II. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+27:105-138, December 30.</p>
+
+<p>1942a. New tailless Amphibia from Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+28:67-89, May 15.</p>
+
+<p>1942b. Tadpoles of Mexican Anura. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:37-55, May
+15.</p>
+
+<p>1942c. The frog genus <i>Diaglena</i> with a description of a new species.
+Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:57-65, May 15.</p>
+
+<p>1943a. Herpetological novelties from Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+29:343-361, October 15.</p>
+
+<p>1943b. A new <i>Hylella</i> from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
+56:49-52, June 16.</p>
+
+<p>1952. A new hylid frog of the genus <i>Agalychnis</i> from southwestern
+Mexico. Copeia, 1952 (1):31-32, June 2.</p>
+
+<p>1956. A review of the lizards of Costa Rica. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38
+(pt. 1):3-322, December 20.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Taylor, E. H.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span></p>
+
+<p>1942a. Concerning the snake genus <i>Pseudoficimia</i> Bocourt. Univ. Kansas
+Sci. Bull., 28:241-249, November 12.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1942b. The snake genera <i>Conopsis</i> and <i>Toluca</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 28:325-363, November 12.</p>
+
+<p>1945. Summary of the collections of amphibians made in Mexico under the
+Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+95:521-613, June 30.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tihen, J. A.</span></p>
+
+<p>1949. A review of the lizard genus <i>Barisia</i>. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+33:217-256, April 20.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Viv&oacute;, J.</span></p>
+
+<p>1953. Geograf&iacute;a de M&eacute;xico. Mexico City, ed. 3, 338 pp.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Webb, R. G.</span></p>
+
+<p>1958. The status of the Mexican lizards of the genus <i>Mabuya</i>. Univ.
+Kansas Sci. Bull., 38:1303-1313, March 2.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wellman, J.</span></p>
+
+<p>1959. Notes on the variation in and distribution of the Mexican colubrid
+snake <i>Coniophanes lateritius</i>. Herpetologica, 15:127-128, September 10.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Woodbury, A. M.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Woodbury, D. M.</span></p>
+
+<p>1944. Notes on Mexican snakes from Oaxaca. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci.,
+34:360-373, November 15.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zweifel, R. G.</span></p>
+
+<p>1957. A new frog of the genus <i>Rana</i> from Michoac&aacute;n, Mexico. Copeia,
+1957 (2):78-83, July 15.</p>
+
+<p>1959a. Variation in and distribution of lizards of western Mexico
+related to <i>Cnemidophorus sacki</i>. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
+117:57-116, April 27.</p>
+
+<p>1959b. Additions to the herpetofauna of Nayarit, Mexico. Amer. Mus.
+Novitates, 1953:1-13, June 26.</p>
+
+<p>1959c. Snakes of the genus <i>Imantodes</i> in western Mexico. Amer. Mus.
+Novitates, 1961:1-18, September 16.</p>
+
+<p>1960. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History
+Expedition to western Mexico. 9. Herpetology of the Tres Mar&iacute;as Islands.
+Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 119:77-128, February 29.</p>
+
+<p>1961. Relationship of two whiptail lizards (genus <i>Cnemidophorus</i>) in
+western Mexico. Copeia, no. 1:98-103, March 17.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Transmitted April 21, 1961.</i></h4>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain
+this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas
+Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a
+particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the
+Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There
+is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library, which
+meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, which
+meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request
+copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate
+number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying
+the costs of wrapping and mailing.</p>
+
+<p>* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not
+the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this
+series, are as follows:</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638. 1946-1950.</p>
+
+
+<p>*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp.
+1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and
+distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 18 figures in text. June
+12, 1951.</p>
+
+<p>2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George
+H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951.</p>
+
+<p>3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp.
+478-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.</p>
+
+<p>4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr.,
+and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables.
+October 10, 1951.</p>
+
+<p>Index. Pp. 651-681.</p>
+
+
+<p>*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41
+plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.</p>
+
+
+<p>*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, <i>taxonomy and distribution</i>. By
+Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10,
+1952.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73
+figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.</p>
+
+<p>2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. By
+Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text.
+August 24, 1953.</p>
+
+<p>3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin H.
+Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954.</p>
+
+<p>4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H. Krutzsch. Pp.
+349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954.</p>
+
+<p>5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James S.
+Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.</p>
+
+<p>6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp.
+479-487. April 21, 1954.</p>
+
+<p>7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse. Microtus montanus, in
+Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in
+text. July 23, 1954.</p>
+
+<p>8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern California
+and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954.</p>
+
+<p>9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By Terry A.
+Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12 tables. November 15, 1954.</p>
+
+<p>10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin
+H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.</p>
+
+<p>11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E. Raymond Hall.
+Pp. 587-590. November 15. 1954.</p>
+
+<p>12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in
+Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608.
+March 15. 1955.</p>
+
+<p>13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from northeastern Mexico.
+By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955.</p>
+
+<p>14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By James S.
+Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.</p>
+
+<p>15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and systematic
+position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 619-624. 2
+figures in text. June 10, 1955.</p>
+
+<p>Index. Pp. 625-651.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp.
+1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955.</p>
+
+<p>2. Additional records and extensions of ranges of mammals from Utah. By
+Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80.
+December 10, 1955.</p>
+
+<p>3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By
+Rollin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955.</p>
+
+<p>4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in
+Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10,
+1956.</p>
+
+<p>5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6
+figures in text. May 19, 1956.</p>
+
+<p>6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By
+Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956.</p>
+
+<p>7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75
+figures in text. June 15, 1956.</p>
+
+<p>8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with
+description of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr.
+Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956.</p>
+
+<p>9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp.
+347-351. August 15, 1956.</p>
+
+<p>10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains.
+Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957.</p>
+
+<p>11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco,
+Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957.</p>
+
+<p>12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in
+Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text.
+February 21, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Knox Jones,
+Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Le&oacute;n, M&eacute;xico. By J.
+Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>15. New Subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert
+L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp.
+405-414, 1 figure in text. May 20, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole,
+Microtus montanus. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 415-511. 12 figures in text, 2
+tables. August 1, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P.
+artus. By E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1
+map. January 14, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with
+description of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and
+J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo Le&oacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14,
+1960.</p>
+
+<p>21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Le&oacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14,
+1960.</p>
+
+<p>22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and
+David H. Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert
+L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. June 16, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>Index Pp. 671-690.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration. By Harrison
+B. Tordoff and Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6 figures in text, 2 tables.
+September 12, 1956.</p>
+
+<p>2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima.
+By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates, 1 figure. December 20, 1956.</p>
+
+<p>3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural History
+Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R. McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2
+plates, 7 figures in text, 4 tables. December 31, 1956.</p>
+
+<p>4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie vole (Microtus
+ochrogaster). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 129-161, 8 figures in text, 4
+tables. December 19, 1957.</p>
+
+<p>5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. By James W. Bee.
+Pp. 163-211, pls. 9-10, 1 figure in text. March 12, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By Robert B.
+Finley, Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures in text, 35 tables.
+November 7, 1958.</p>
+
+<p>7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in Kansas. By
+Donald W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>8. Natural history of the salamander. Aneides hardyi. By Richard F.
+Johnston and Schad Gerhard. Pp. 573-585. October 8, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoac&aacute;n,
+M&eacute;xico. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 587-598, 2 figures in text. May 2,
+1960.</p>
+
+<p>10. A taxonomic study of the Middle American Snake, Pituophis deppei. By
+William E. Duellman. Pp. 599-612, 1 plate, 1 figure in text. May 2,
+1960.</p>
+
+<p>Index Pp. 611-626.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 11. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-703, 1958-1960.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis,
+Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text,
+July 8, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>2. The ancestry of modern Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in text. July 10, 1959.</p>
+
+<p>3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-218, 49
+figures in text. February 19, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures
+in text. May 2, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>More numbers will appear in volume 12.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows (Cyprinidae). By
+Frank B. Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the isthmus of
+Tehuantepec, M&eacute;xico. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 19-72, pls. 1-8, 3
+figs. August 16, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>3. A new subspecies of the slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta) from
+Coahuila, M&eacute;xico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pis. 9-12, 3 figures in
+text. August 16, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>4. Autecology of the Copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 85-288, pls.
+13-20, 26 figures in text. November 30, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>5. Occurrence of the Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the Great
+Plains and Rocky Mountains. By Henry S. Fitch and T. Paul Maslin. Pp.
+289-308, 4 figures in text. February 10, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>6. Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas. By James E. Deacon and Artie
+L. Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in text. February 10, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>7. Geographic variation in the North American Cyprinid Fish, Hybopsis
+gracilis. By Leonard J. Olund and Frank B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pis.
+21-24, 2 figures in text. February 10, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>8. Descriptions of two species of frogs, Genus Ptychohyla&mdash;studies of
+American hylid frogs, V. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 349-357, pl. 25, 2
+figures in text. April 27, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>9. Fish populations, following a drought, in the Neosho and Marais des
+Cygnes rivers of Kansas. By James Everett Deacon. Pp. 359-427, pis.
+26-30, 3 figs. in text. August 11, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>More numbers will appear in volume 13.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats from western M&eacute;xico. By Sydney Anderson.
+Pp. 1-8. October 24, 1960.</p>
+
+<p>2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis
+on the central Great Plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones,
+Jr. and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson.
+Pp. 29-67, pls. 1-2, 3 figures in text. July 24, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>More numbers will appear in volume 14.</p>
+
+
+<p>Vol. 15. 1. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoac&aacute;n, M&eacute;xico. By William
+E. Duellman. Pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs. December 20, 1961.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Amphibians and Reptiles of
+Michoacán, México, by William E. Duellman
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacan,
+Mexico, by William E. Duellman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacan, Mexico
+
+Author: William E. Duellman
+
+Release Date: August 27, 2010 [EBook #33543]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES OF MICHOACAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 15, No. 1, pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs.
+
+December 20, 1961
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by cedillas, like ~this~ signifies
+words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies
+words in italics.]
+
+
+
+The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacan, Mexico
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1961
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.
+
+Volume 15, No. 1, pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs.
+Published December 20, 1961
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+
+PRINTED IN
+THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1961
+
+
+
+
+The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michoacan, Mexico
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+ PAGE
+
+INTRODUCTION 3
+ Acknowledgments 5
+ Historical Account 7
+
+NATURAL LANDSCAPE 9
+
+GEOGRAPHY OF THE HERPETOFAUNA 13
+
+ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES 13
+ Amphibia 14
+ Caudata 14
+ Salientia 20
+ Reptilia 56
+ Testudines 56
+ Crocodilia 58
+ Sauria 59
+ Serpentes 88
+
+SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE OCCURRENCE 124
+
+GAZETTEER 129
+
+SUMMARY 141
+
+LITERATURE CITED 142
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+For almost 30 years North American herpetologists have been making
+extensive collections of reptiles and amphibians in Mexico. Some parts
+of the country, because of their accessibility, soon became relatively
+well known; other regions lying off the beaten path were bypassed or
+inadequately sampled. Principally in the last decade herpetologists have
+been entering regions from which no collections previously were
+available in an attempt to fill gaps in known distributions and to
+discover unknown species of animals. In 1950 Dr. Donald D. Brand led an
+exploration party from the University of Texas to the poorly explored
+and faunistically unknown region of southwestern Michoacan. James A.
+Peters accompanied Brand and collected amphibians and reptiles. In 1951
+I welcomed the opportunity to accompany Brand on a second expedition to
+southwestern Michoacan. Such was the beginning of my interest in the
+herpetofauna of the region. I have been fortunate to return to Michoacan
+on four successive trips, all of which had as their purpose the
+accumulation of data on the herpetofauna that would result in a survey
+of the component species and an analysis of their distribution.
+
+My original intention was to amplify Peters' (1954) study based on the
+collections made by him in 1950 and by me in 1951 in the Sierra de
+Coalcoman. But it soon became evident that in order to understand the
+relationships of the herpetofauna of the Sierra de Coalcoman, the
+species inhabiting the Tepalcatepec Valley and adjacent mountain ranges
+would have to be studied. In the course of making that study I examined
+all specimens from Michoacan already in museums.
+
+There have been few detailed herpetofaunal studies in Mexico. The first
+such study of any consequence was that by Bogert and Oliver (1945) on
+the herpetofauna of Sonora. In that paper the authors analyzed the fauna
+from a geographic view and showed the transition from tropical species
+in the southern part of the state to members of the Sonoran Desert
+assemblage to the north. Martin (1958) made a detailed study of the
+herpetofauna of the Gomez Farias region in southern Tamaulipas; he
+emphasized the ecological distribution of amphibians and reptiles in
+that region with special reference to cloud forests. Duellman (1958c)
+presented a preliminary geographic analysis of the herpetofauna of
+Colima with special reference to the continuity of the species
+inhabiting the lowlands. Zweifel (1960) discussed in detail the
+herpetofauna of the Tres Marias Islands and commented on the derivation
+of the fauna. Duellman (1960d) provided a detailed account of the
+geographic distribution of the amphibians known to occur in the lowlands
+of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and attempted to account for the present
+patterns of distribution.
+
+The present report is the first of two parts dealing with the
+herpetofauna of Michoacan. The purpose of this part is to present a full
+account of the species of amphibians and reptiles known to inhabit the
+state of Michoacan; the accounts of the species are accompanied by a
+brief description of the natural landscape and of the various
+assemblages of species comprising the major faunistic groups within the
+region. A gazetteer of collecting localities is appended. The second
+part of the study, now in preparation, deals with the ecological and
+historical geography of the herpetofauna. Since the present part will be
+of interest primarily to systematic herpetologists, I have decided to
+separate it from the more general material of interest to
+biogeographers.
+
+One of the major problems that faces the worker undertaking a faunal
+study is the presence of species or genera of unsettled systematic
+status. My work in Michoacan has been no exception; fifteen separate
+studies were undertaken in an attempt to solve systematic problems in
+certain groups. Some systematic problems still remain but are of little
+consequence insofar as the entire faunal picture is concerned, or are so
+involved as to be impractical to undertake at this time. In accounts of
+species, such problems are mentioned in the hope that they will interest
+some worker who will be inclined to investigate them.
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+While engaged in the study of the herpetofauna of Michoacan I have built
+up a debt of gratitude to many individuals, without whose aid my
+ambition to complete my study never would have been realized. I am
+especially grateful to those individuals who accompanied me in the
+field; Lee D. Beatty, Richard E. Etheridge, Carter R. Gilbert, Fred G.
+Thompson, Jerome Tulecke, and John Wellman offered stimulating
+companionship and valuable assistance. On many occasions they suffered
+hardships on behalf of my interests.
+
+Studies of my own specimens have been augmented by material from other
+institutions. For permitting me to examine specimens in their care I am
+indebted to W. Frank Blair, Charles M. Bogert, Doris M. Cochran, William
+B. Davis, James R. Dixon, the late Emmett R. Dunn, Josef Eiselt, Alice
+G. C. Grandison, Norman Hartweg, Robert F. Inger, Arthur Loveridge, the
+late Karl P. Schmidt, Hobart M. Smith, Robert C. Stebbins, Margaret
+Storey, Edward H. Taylor, and Richard G. Zweifel.
+
+Several people have aided me in the study of specimens and in the
+analysis of data; I am grateful to Donald D. Brand, who first introduced
+me to Michoacan; since that time I have benefited much from his
+knowledge of the area. James A. Peters provided me with essential
+information concerning his field work in southern Michoacan in 1950.
+James R. Dixon and Floyd L. Downs have permitted me to use freely the
+material and data that they accumulated in their recent field work in
+Michoacan. Norman E. Hartweg allowed me to use the specimens and data
+that he gathered in his survey of the herpetofauna in the region of
+Volcan Paricutin. L. C. Stuart, Charles F. Walker, and Richard G.
+Zweifel have helped in unraveling some of the systematic and
+distributional problems.
+
+I am especially grateful to my wife, Ann, who for six months helped me
+track down elusive species and explore new areas. Furthermore, she has
+stimulated me to carry this study to completion.
+
+Many people in Michoacan favored the field parties with quarters,
+transportation, and valuable information, which greatly facilitated the
+field work. In this respect I am especially indebted to Ingeniero Ruben
+Erbina of Ingenieros Civiles Asociados, who not only let us use his home
+as our headquarters, but through a letter of introduction gave us the
+"key" to southern Michoacan. Ingeniero Pedro Tonda aided us in Arteaga
+and San Salvador. Ingeniero Anastacio Perez Alfaro of the Comision
+Tepalcatepec in Uruapan provided the latest maps of southern Michoacan
+and much essential information pertaining to travel conditions in the
+area. Senor Nefty Mendoza gave us a home in Dos Aguas; this kindness
+allowed us to work in this interesting region during the height of the
+rainy season. Mr. and Mrs. Bob Thomas let us make use of their
+facilities at Hacienda Zirimicuaro. The naval officers at the Estacion
+Marina at Playa Azul made pleasant what might have been a dreadful stay
+in that small coastal village. To the managers and pilots of Lineas
+Aereas Picho in Uruapan I owe special thanks for going out of their way
+on more than one occasion to transport a stranded snake-hunter.
+Throughout the months of field work beginning in 1955 I constantly have
+been aided by the authorities and workers of the Comision Tepalcatepec,
+a subdivision of the Secretaria de Caminos y Obras Publicas, and of the
+private corporation, Ingenieros Civiles Asociados. Much of the field
+work in Michoacan was made possible only through the co-operation of the
+natives who supplied mules, acted as guides, and aided in the collection
+of specimens. I have learned a great deal from these people. They will
+never see this report. Their work as guides, muleteers, and collectors
+greatly assisted me with the mountains of equipment that had to be piled
+on the backs of scrawny mules for transportation to places where the
+natives seldom trod. Their efforts in behalf of Don Guillermo never will
+be forgotten; I extend an especially hearty _muchas gracias_ to
+Benjamin, Ignacio, Jesus, Lorenzo, Mariano, and Remigio.
+
+Much of the work on this report was done while I was associated with the
+Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. I thank Norman E.
+Hartweg and T. H. Hubbell for making available to me the facilities of
+the museum and for their numerous courtesies that aided me so much.
+
+My field work in Michoacan was supported by the Museum of Zoology at the
+University of Michigan (1951), by the Horace H. Rackham School of
+Graduate Studies of the University of Michigan (1955), by the Penrose
+Fund of the American Philosophical Society (1956), by the Bache Fund of
+the National Academy of Sciences (1958), and by the University of Kansas
+Endowment Association (1960).
+
+Permits for collecting specimens in Mexico were provided by the
+Direccion General de Caza through the courtesy of Ing. Juan Lozano
+Franco and Luis Macias Arellano.
+
+
+Historical Account
+
+Unlike many parts of southern Mexico and northern Central America,
+Michoacan received no attention from the collecting expeditions of the
+European museums in the last century. The earliest known herpetological
+specimens from Michoacan were obtained by Louis John Xantus, who was
+appointed U. S. Consul to Colima in 1859. In April, 1863, Xantus
+collected at Volcan Jorullo in Michoacan; in April and May of the same
+year he collected along the coast of Michoacan between the Rio Cachan
+and the Rio Nexpa. His small collection of 19 extant specimens is in the
+United States National Museum. Alfredo Duges, a resident of Guanajuato,
+Mexico, made early contributions to the knowledge of the herpetofauna of
+Michoacan. In 1885 he described _Sonora michoacanensis_, and in 1891 he
+described _Eumeces altamirani_; from what is known of the distribution
+of these species, he probably had collected in the Tepalcatepec Valley.
+During their biological survey of Mexico, Edward W. Nelson and Edward A.
+Goldman spent a limited amount of time in Michoacan in 1892 and again in
+1903 and 1904. Most of their collecting was done on the plateau in the
+north-central part of the state; their collections are in the United
+States National Museum. While collecting fishes in southern Mexico, Seth
+E. Meek obtained some amphibians and reptiles from Lago de Patzcuaro in
+1904; these are in the collections of the Chicago Natural History
+Museum. In 1908 Hans Gadow ventured into the then unexplored "tierra
+caliente" of the Balsas Valley and collected at Volcan Jorullo and other
+localities in the valley. Later in the same year he collected at
+Guayabo, San Salvador, and Arteaga in the Sierra de Coalcoman and at
+Buena Vista and Cofradia in the Tepalcatepec Valley. His collections
+were deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) and the
+Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.
+
+The first thirty years of the present century saw little more field work
+in Michoacan. In the 1930's Edward H. Taylor and Hobart M. Smith
+collected throughout much of Mexico. At various times they worked in
+Michoacan, principally along the road from Mexico City to Guadalajara.
+In 1935 Hobart M. Smith spent a week at Hacienda El Sabino south of
+Uruapan; he revisited the locality again in 1936 and made a large and
+important collection of amphibians and reptiles from the upper limits of
+the arid tropical scrub forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Specimens
+collected by Smith and Taylor were incorporated into the Edward H.
+Taylor-Hobart M. Smith collection, which subsequently was deposited in
+part in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Illinois and
+in part in the Chicago Natural History Museum. In 1939 Hobart M. Smith
+collected at Patzcuaro and between Uruapan and Apatzingan; these
+collections, made while he was a Walter Rathbone Bacon Scholar of the
+Smithsonian Institution, are deposited in the United States National
+Museum. In 1940 and 1941 Frederick A. Shannon, who was a member of the
+Hoogstraal Expeditions under the auspices of the Chicago Natural History
+Museum, collected on Cerro de Tancitaro and at Apatzingan; an account of
+the specimens collected there was published by Schmidt and Shannon
+(1947).
+
+The eruption of Volcan Paricutin in February, 1943, attracted the
+attention of many biologists, a group of which from the Museum of
+Zoology at the University of Michigan collected in the Cordillera
+Volcanica in 1945 and 1947. The amphibians and reptiles were collected
+and studied by Norman E. Hartweg. In 1950 James A. Peters accompanied
+Donald D. Brand on a preliminary exploration of the western part of the
+Sierra de Coalcoman and adjacent Pacific coast of Michoacan; in the same
+year Peters collected also on the Mexican Plateau and at Volcan Jorullo.
+His specimens are in the Museum of Zoology at the University of
+Michigan. Since 1950 many biologists have collected in Michoacan in the
+course of work on certain groups of animals or in general surveys. In
+this way Raymond Alcorn, Robert W. Dickerman, James R. Dixon, Floyd L.
+Downs, Emmet T. Hooper, and Robert R. Miller have contributed to our
+knowledge of the herpetofauna.
+
+As stated previously, my own field work in Michoacan began in 1951, when
+I accompanied Donald D. Brand on an exploring expedition to the
+southern part of the state. In that year a short time was spent on the
+Mexican Plateau, principally in the area around Lago de Cuitzeo, and at
+Volcan Jorullo. In July and August we made our headquarters at
+Coalcoman. From that town the field party travelled southward to Maruata
+on the Pacific coast and thence back over the mountains to Coalcoman.
+Later in that summer we travelled by mule from Coalcoman southeastward
+to the mouth of the Rio Nexpa. In 1955, accompanied by Lee D. Beatty,
+Carter R. Gilbert, and Fred G. Thompson, I collected in the Tepalcatepec
+Valley and at Coalcoman. We made a mule trip from Coalcoman to Cerro de
+Barolosa, where we made the first collections from the pine-fir forests
+in the Sierra de Coalcoman. Later in the same summer Carter R. Gilbert
+and I spent a week at Playa Azul on the Pacific coast. In March, April,
+and May, 1956, my wife and I collected for a short time in the
+Cordillera Volcanica and on the Mexican Plateau. In early April we moved
+into the Tepalcatepec Valley, where we collected intensively between
+Churumuco and Tepalcatepec. In May we collected on the Pacific coast
+between Boca de Apiza and La Placita. In July and August, 1956,
+accompanied by Richard E. Etheridge, we returned to Michoacan and again
+collected on the Mexican Plateau and in the Cordillera Volcanica, before
+moving into the Tepalcatepec Valley. In an attempt to fill in gaps in
+the known distributions of many species and to sample the fauna in some
+previously uncollected areas, I returned to Michoacan in June, 1958.
+Accompanied by Jerome B. Tulecke and John Wellman, I collected on the
+Mexican Plateau in the northwestern part of the state, on the southern
+slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica, and in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Most
+of our time was spent in the Sierra de Coalcoman, where we collected at
+Aguililla, Artega, and Dos Aguas. In 1960 two days were spent in
+Michoacan; a small collection was made in the eastern part of the
+Cordillera Volcanica. With the exception of the specimens collected in
+1960, which are at the Museum of Natural History at the University of
+Kansas, the specimens that I have collected in Michoacan are in the
+Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan.
+
+
+
+
+NATURAL LANDSCAPE
+
+
+A proper understanding of the geographical distribution of animals in a
+given region is possible only after a thorough acquaintance with the
+geography of the region. Likewise, in order to gain a knowledge of the
+ecological distribution and relationships of the components of the
+fauna, it is necessary to study the animals in their natural
+environments. In order to give the reader a picture of the physical
+features and the major animal habitats within the state of Michoacan,
+the following brief description is offered. Each of these facets
+mentioned below will be elaborated in detail in my final report on the
+herpetofauna of Michoacan.
+
+
+Physiography
+
+The state of Michoacan comprises an area of 60,093 square kilometers
+(Vivo, 1953). Within this area the rugged terrain has a total relief of
+nearly 4000 meters. There have been several attempts to classify the
+physiographic provinces of Mexico; the classification used here is a
+slight modification of the scheme proposed by Tamayo (1949). I have
+tried to keep the system as simple as possible, but still useful in
+discussing the distribution of animals living in the region. For general
+purposes the state of Michoacan can be divided into lowlands and
+highlands as follows:
+
+ LOWLANDS
+ Pacific Coastal Plain
+ Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin
+
+ HIGHLANDS
+ Mexican Plateau
+ Cordillera Volcanica
+ Sierra de Coalcoman
+
+Although the lowlands in the state are continuous, they are only
+narrowly connected and thus form two distinct physiographic and biotic
+areas. The Pacific Coastal Plain in Michoacan extends for a distance of
+about 200 kilometers (airline) from the Rio Coahuayana to the Rio
+Balsas. The coastal plain is broad between the Rio Coahuayana and San
+Juan de Lima, and between Las Penas and the Rio Balsas, where the hills
+rise some 12 kilometers inland from the sea. Between San Juan de Lima
+and Las Penas the mountains extend to the sea; in this region rocky
+promontories form precipitous cliffs dropping into the sea. Between the
+promontories are small sandy or rocky beaches.
+
+Lying to the north of the Sierra de Coalcoman and the Sierra del Sur,
+but south of the Cordillera Volcanica, is a broad structural depression,
+the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin. The western part of this basin, which
+separates the Sierra de Coalcoman from the Cordillera Volcanica, is the
+valley of the Rio Tepalcatepec, a major tributary of the Rio Balsas. The
+eastern part of the basin is the valley of the Rio Balsas. From the
+point of junction of the two rivers, the Rio Balsas flows southward
+through a narrow gorge, which separates the Sierra de Coalcoman from
+the Sierra del Sur, to the Pacific Ocean. In Michoacan the floor of the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin varies from 200 to 700 meters above sea level.
+
+The central part of Mexico is a vast table-land, the Mexican Plateau,
+the southern part of which extends into northern Michoacan. In this
+region the terrain is rolling and varies from 1500 to 1900 meters above
+sea level. Many small mountain ranges rise from the plateau and break
+the continuity of the rolling table-land. Located on the southern part
+of the Mexican Plateau in Michoacan are several lakes, the largest of
+which are Lago de Chapala, Lago de Cuitzeo, and Lago de Patzcuaro.
+
+Bordering the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau is a nearly unbroken
+chain of volcanos, the Cordillera Volcanica. The highest peaks in
+Michoacan, Cerro San Andres (3930 meters) and Cerro de Tancitaro (3870
+meters), are in this range. Parts of the Cordillera Volcanica in
+Michoacan are known by separate names; these are, from west to east:
+Sierra de los Tarascos, Sierra de Ozumatlan, and Serrania de Ucareo.
+
+Lying between the Tepalcatepec Valley and the Pacific Ocean, and east of
+the Rio Coahuayana and west of the Rio Balsas, is an isolated highland
+mass, the Sierra de Coalcoman. This mountain range rises to elevations
+of slightly more than 3000 meters. It has a length of about 200
+kilometers and a width of about 80 kilometers. Except for a relatively
+low connection with the Cordillera Volcanica, the Sierra de Coalcoman is
+isolated from other mountain ranges in southwestern Mexico.
+
+
+CLIMATE
+
+The climates in Michoacan vary from tropical in the lowlands to cool
+temperate at high elevations in the Sierra de Coalcoman and Cordillera
+Volcanica. The highest temperatures are known in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin, where at Churumuco the mean annual temperature is 29.3 deg. C. and
+the range of monthly means is 3.5 deg. C. (Contreras, 1942). Frosts occur
+sporadically on the Mexican Plateau, and in the winter snow falls on the
+highest mountains.
+
+Precipitation varies geographically and seasonally. Most of the rain
+falls between June and October. In the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin
+rainfall in the rest of the year is negligible. The annual average
+rainfall at Coahuayana on the Pacific Coastal Plain is 871 mm.
+(Guzman-Rivas, 1957:52). In the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin rainfall
+seldom exceeds 800 mm. per year. In the mountains precipitation is
+heavier and somewhat more evenly distributed throughout the year, but
+still definitely cyclic. For example, Uruapan (elevation, 1500 meters)
+receives an average annual rainfall of 1674 mm. (Contreras, 1942). The
+prevailing winds are from the Pacific Ocean. The southern (windward)
+slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman probably receive more rain than any
+other part of the state. The Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin lies in a rain
+shadow of the Sierra de Coalcoman, and the Mexican Plateau lies in a
+somewhat less drastic rain shadow of the Cordillera Volcanica; these are
+the driest regions in the state.
+
+
+VEGETATION AND ANIMAL HABITATS
+
+For the purposes of this report I have adopted the classification of
+types of vegetation that seem to me most significant in terms of
+ecological distribution of reptiles and amphibians in Michoacan. These
+types are as follows:
+
+ TEMPERATE (1000-4000 meters)
+ Fir Forest (2400-4000 meters)
+ Pine-oak Forest (1000-4000 meters)
+ Mesquite-grassland (1500-2100 meters)
+
+ TROPICAL (0-1000 meters)
+ Arid Tropical Scrub Forest (0-1000 meters)
+ Tropical Semi-deciduous Forest (150-600 meters)
+
+The vegetation of the Pacific Coastal Plain and the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin consists of arid tropical scrub forest, composed of deciduous
+trees, which in many places are stunted and widely spaced. In the dry
+season there is little cover provided by this forest. In the rainy
+season there is a sparse growth of grasses and some shade provided by
+the small leaves of the thorny trees.
+
+In Michoacan the rainfall is heaviest on the southern slopes of the
+Sierra de Coalcoman and somewhat less so on the southwestern slopes of
+the Cordillera Volcanica. At these relatively low elevations (150 to 600
+meters) there is tropical semi-deciduous forest, characterized by
+relatively dense shade throughout the year and by a leaf mulch on the
+ground. This type of forest forms the gallery forest along the larger
+streams in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin and on the Pacific Coastal
+Plain.
+
+Rainfall also is heavy on the high mountain ridges, where temperatures
+are low. On these ridges, fir forest, often mixed with pine and oaks, is
+found. This habitat is characterized by a cool, moist climate, many
+rotting logs, and a moist ground cover of leaves and needles.
+
+Most of the mountains are covered with pine-oak forest, which in most
+places is decidedly subhumid, but where this forest occurs on the
+windward sides of high ridges, it sometimes is noticeably humid. In
+this forest the important animal habitats include the needle- and
+leaf-litter, and in some areas, bromeliads.
+
+The rolling terrain of the Mexican Plateau supports cacti, small
+leguminous trees, and grasses. Like the arid tropical scrub forest, this
+type of vegetation, the Mesquite-grassland association, is deciduous and
+thus provides little shelter in the dry season. Unlike the areas in
+which arid tropical scrub forest is developed, the Mesquite-grassland is
+found in areas having warm days and cool nights.
+
+
+
+
+GEOGRAPHY OF THE HERPETOFAUNA
+
+
+Although the main part of my final report on the herpetofauna of
+Michoacan will deal with the geographical and ecological patterns of
+distribution of the herpetofauna, a brief summary of the faunal
+assemblages is presented here.
+
+In Michoacan there are two major faunal assemblages, one in the
+lowlands, and one in the highlands. A large number of the species
+inhabiting the lowlands are wide-ranging species, such as _Bufo
+marinus_, _Iguana iguana_, and _Boa constrictor_. Sixty-three species
+are known to occur on the Pacific Coastal Plain; 41 of these, together
+with 36 others occur in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, a physiographic
+region to which several species of reptiles are endemic; for example,
+_Enyaliosaurus clarki_, _Urosaurus gadowi_, _Cnemidophorus calidipes_,
+and _Eumeces altamirani_.
+
+Generally speaking, the members of the highland faunal assemblage have
+more restricted geographic ranges. The major exceptions are those
+species that are widely distributed on the Mexican Plateau, such as:
+_Bufo compactilis_, _Sceloporus torquatus_, and _Salvadora bairdi_. In
+the montane habitats of the Cordillera Volcanica, 45 species of
+amphibians and reptiles are known; 34 species have been found in the
+Sierra de Coalcoman. Fourteen species are known to occur in both ranges.
+Several species are known only from the Cordillera Volcanica and
+adjacent highlands, and three species are endemic to the Sierra de
+Coalcoman.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES
+
+
+In the following pages the 176 species and subspecies of amphibians and
+reptiles known to occur in the state of Michoacan are discussed in
+relation to their variation, life histories, ecology, and distribution
+in the state. Data have been gathered from 9676 specimens. I have not
+prolonged the accounts of species with information that has been
+presented elsewhere. Consequently, the length and completeness of the
+accounts are variable. I have given only the information that I consider
+a worthwhile contribution to our knowledge of the particular species.
+
+The synonymies given at the beginning of each account include the first
+use of the trivial name by the original author, the first usage of the
+combination that I am using, and, if the circumstances make it
+necessary, additional names or combinations that have been proposed
+since the publication of the checklists of Mexican amphibians and
+reptiles by Smith and Taylor (1945, 1948, and 1950b). References cited
+only in the synonymies are not listed in the Literature Cited. Preceding
+the discussion of each species is an alphabetical list of the localities
+in Michoacan from which specimens have been examined. The listing of a
+locality means that one or more specimens, as indicated, has been
+examined from that locality. Only for those specimens especially
+mentioned in the text are catalogue numbers given. Abbreviations for the
+various museums and scientific collections are, as follows:
+
+ AMNH American Museum of Natural History
+ ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
+ BMNH British Museum (Natural History)
+ CNHM Chicago Natural History Museum
+ EHT-HMS Edward H. Taylor-Hobart M. Smith collection
+ JRD James R. Dixon collection, College Station, Texas
+ KU University of Kansas Museum of Natural History
+ MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology
+ MVZ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
+ NMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
+ SU Stanford University Museum of Natural History
+ TCWC Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection
+ UIMNH University of Illinois Museum of Natural History
+ UMMZ University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
+ USNM United States National Museum
+ UTNHC University of Texas Natural History Collection
+
+Throughout the accounts of the species all measurements are given in
+millimeters; if the range of variation is given, the mean follows in
+parentheses.
+
+
+AMPHIBIA
+
+Caudata
+
+
+~Ambystoma amblycephalum~ Taylor
+
+ _Ambystoma amblycephala_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26: 420, November 27, 1940.--Fifteen kilometers west of
+ Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Fifteen km. W of Morelia (19); 11 km. SSE of Opopeo (12); 8
+ km. S of Patzcuaro; 24 km. S of Patzcuaro (2); Quiroga (20);
+ Tacicuaro (167).
+
+Taylor and Smith (1945:530) presented data on 137 specimens collected at
+Tacicuaro on October 1, 1939; these are all larvae and metamorphosing
+individuals. Aside from these, the largest larva examined (UMMZ 104962
+from 15 km. W of Morelia) has a snout-vent length of 70.0 mm. and a tail
+length of 53.5 mm. The larvae are pale pinkish tan above and somewhat
+paler below; there is a lateral row of cream colored spots. The
+tail-fin, which is deepest at mid-length, extends to the back of the
+head and is flecked with brown. In small larvae the outer edge of the
+tail-fin is dark brown. The eyes are large. Two small metamorphosed
+specimens (UMMZ 98967) from 24 kilometers south of Patzcuaro are
+tentatively referred to this species. These specimens have body lengths
+of 49.0 and 45.0 mm. and tail lengths of 36.0 and 31.5 mm.,
+respectively. They have 17-17 and 16-15 vomerine teeth arranged in a
+broad arch behind the choanae, 10 costal grooves, and 7 intercostal
+spaces between adpressed toes. The dorsal color is uniform brown; that
+of the venter is a dusty cream.
+
+Larvae were collected from shallow ponds near Quiroga and 15 kilometers
+west of Morelia; metamorphosed individuals were taken from beneath logs
+in pine and fir forests at elevations from 2300 to 2800 meters.
+
+
+~Ambystoma dumerili dumerili~ (Duges)
+
+ _Siredon Dumerili_ Duges, La Naturaleza, 1:241, 1870--Lago
+ de Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ _Bathysiredon dumerilii_, Dunn, Notulae Naturae, 36:1,
+ November 9, 1939.
+
+ _Bathysiredon dumerilii dumerilii_, Maldonado-Koerdell, Mem.
+ y Rev. Acad. Nac. Cien., 56:199, 1948.
+
+ _Ambystoma_ (_Bathysiredon_) _dumerili_, Tihen, Bull.
+ Florida State Mus., 3:3, June 20, 1958.
+
+ Lago de Patzcuaro (22);? Morelia.
+
+For many years this unusual salamander was known from only a few
+specimens mostly collected in the last century; Smith and Taylor
+(1948:7) stated: "It is presumed that this species is extinct owing to
+the introduction of exotic game and food fishes." In 1951 and in 1955 I
+had been told that _axolotls_ were sold in the market at Patzcuaro;
+nevertheless, none was found on my visits there. In 1956 Charles M.
+Bogert obtained several large specimens at the market in Patzcuaro.
+These establish the continued existence of the salamander in Lago de
+Patzcuaro. On January 27, 1955, R. W. Dickerman procured a specimen (KU
+41573) in the market at Morelia. Since fish are brought to Morelia from
+Lago de Patzcuaro, the specimen probably was from that lake.
+Nevertheless, the species may occur in other permanent bodies of water
+in Michoacan. Maldonado-Koerdell (1948) described _Bathysiredon dumerili
+queretarensis_ from San Juan del Rio, Queretaro. This locality is about
+200 airline kilometers northeast of Lago de Patzcuaro and is in the Rio
+Moctezuma drainage.
+
+
+~Ambystoma ordinarium~ Taylor
+
+ _Ambystoma ordinaria_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26:422, November 27, 1940.--Four miles west of El Mirador,
+ near Puerto Hondo, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Axolotl (56); Cerro San Andres; 22 km. W of Mil Cumbres; 46
+ km. E of Morelia (34); 8 km. SE of Opopeo (5); Puerto de
+ Garnica (8); Puerto Hondo (41); San Gregorio (16); San Jose
+ de la Cumbre (20).
+
+Of 16 specimens (KU 51520-35) collected on June 18, 1955, near San
+Gregorio, 15 are adult females with swollen cloacae and minute ovarian
+eggs. Possibly these specimens had just recently deposited their mature
+eggs. In preservative the specimens are black above and dull creamy gray
+below. Measurements for the 15 females are: snout-vent length,
+80.0-102.0 (92.5); tail length, 69.0-93.0 (84.2); head width, 15.8-20.5
+(17.7); head length, 22.8-26.6 (24.4). A larval specimen with small
+gills has a snout-vent length of 72 mm. and a tail length of 62 mm.
+Three specimens have 12 costal grooves; the other have 11.
+
+Of 20 specimens from San Jose de la Cumbre (UMMZ 112857 and 115143), 14
+are neotenic adults; the others are larvae. In life the salamanders were
+blackish to olive-brown above with scattered cream-colored dots on the
+dorsum and flanks but in preservative are dull grayish black with
+indistinct pale spots and dark reticulations. The belly is pale gray
+with indistinct dark spots. Eleven females and three males have the
+following measurements, respectively: snout-vent length, 76.0-90.0
+(80.7), 64.0-84.0 (74.3); tail length, 70.0-81.0 (75.0), 58.0-71.0
+(66.7); head width, 19.5-23.5 (20.7), 17.5-20.5 (19.3); head length,
+22.0-25.0 (23.0), 20.0-22.5 (21.5). The smallest larva has a snout-vent
+length of 43.0 mm. and a tail length of 38.0 mm. Two individuals have 12
+costal grooves; the others have 11. All of the females contained eggs,
+the largest of which were 1.5 mm. in diameter. The stomachs of most of
+the specimens were distended with oligochaets, aquatic insect larvae,
+and small aquatic beetles.
+
+A series of 34 larvae (JRD 5904-37) from 46 kilometers east of Morelia
+are tentatively referred to this species. These specimens are
+olive-brown above with cream-colored spots on the flanks; the dorsal
+tail-fin does not extend onto the body.
+
+This species has been found only at elevations in excess of 2400 meters
+in pine and fir forests. At Rancho Axolotl James A. Peters collected
+larvae and neotenic individuals in a rocky stream and adults from
+beneath rocks and logs in the forest near the stream. Neotenic
+individuals and larvae were found in a clear stream in pine-fir forest
+at an elevation of 2700 meters near San Jose de la Cumbre; specimens
+were collected there in July, 1955, and again in July, 1956. The site
+was visited in April, 1956, at which time the stream consisted of only a
+few puddles; no salamanders were found.
+
+
+~Ambystoma tigrinum velasci~ Duges
+
+ _Ambystoma velasci_ Duges, La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:142,
+ 1888.--Laguna Santa Isabel, near Guadalupe Hidalgo, Distrito
+ Federal, Mexico.
+
+ _Ambystoma tigrinum velasci_, Dunn, Copeia, no. 3:157,
+ November 14, 1940.
+
+ Patzcuaro (5); Tacicuaro (9).
+
+Definite specific assignment of these specimens, all larvae, cannot be
+made at this time. They have shovel-shaped heads and laterally
+compressed bodies with the dorsal tail-fin extending anteriorly to the
+back of the head. The eyes are small. The body is pale tan with dark
+mottling on the tail and flanks. The average snout-vent length for nine
+specimens from Tacicuaro is 61.0 mm.
+
+The larvae from Tacicuaro (UMMZ 89255) were collected by Dyfrig Forbes
+in October, 1939; those from Patzcuaro, presumably Lago de Patzcuaro
+(BMNH 1914.1.28-247-8 and CNHM 948), were collected by Hans Gadow and
+Seth Meek in 1908.
+
+
+~Pseudoeurycea belli~ (Gray)
+
+ _Spelerpes belli_ Gray, Catalogue Batrachia Gradientia
+ British Museum, p. 46, 1850.--Mexico. Type locality
+ restricted to 2 miles east of Rio Frio, Puebla, Mexico, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950a:341).
+
+ _Pseudoeurycea bellii_, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 30:209, June 12, 1944.
+
+ Axolotl (2); Carapan; Cerro Tancitaro (84); Macho de Agua;
+ 22 km. W of Mil Cumbres; Opopeo; Patzcuaro (8); Puerto Hondo
+ (2): San Jose de la Cumbre; San Juan de Parangaricutiro
+ (42); Uruapan (5); Zacapu (4).
+
+This salamander seems to reach its greatest abundance in Michoacan in
+the Sierra de los Tarascos between Patzcuaro and Tancitaro, where it is
+found at elevations from 1500 to 2900 meters. It is found less commonly
+in the eastern part of the Cordillera Volcanica in Michoacan, where it
+sometimes occurs in association with _Pseudoeurycea robertsi_.
+
+On June 22 and 23, 1955, four clutches of eggs of this species were
+found beneath adobe bricks and rocks on the volcanic ash that has buried
+the village of San Juan de Parangaricutiro. The eggs were unstalked and
+separate, but adherent in clumps of three or four (Pl. 2, Fig. 1). The
+outer membranes were covered with fine particles of ash. The ash beneath
+the stones where the eggs were found was only slightly moist; one clump
+of eggs was partially desiccated. Three complete clutches have 20, 23,
+and 34 eggs; one clutch of 15 eggs was being eaten by beetles
+(Tenebrionidae: _Eleodes_ sp.). The eggs vary in size from 4.6 to 6.5
+mm. and average 5.3 mm. in diameter. They are unpigmented. Surrounding
+the embryo is a vitelline membrane, an inner, and an outer envelope
+(Fig. 1). In an average-sized egg having an embryo 4 mm. in length, the
+diameter of the outer membrane is 5.3 mm., the inner membrane 5.0 mm.,
+and the vitelline membrane 4.6 mm. All of the eggs contained embryos in
+which the limb buds were developed; in about half of these the eyes were
+distinctly visible.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Diagram of an egg of _Pseudoeurycea belli_ from
+San Juan de Parangaricutiro, Michoacan. x 10.]
+
+The first heavy rain of the season occurred on the night of June 22,
+1955. Thus, at least sometimes, _Pseudoeurycea belli_ lays its eggs
+before the onset of the rainy season. A female having a snout-vent
+length of 110 mm., collected on June 22, 1955, contained 36 ovarian eggs
+having diameters from 3.0 to 3.5 mm. The fact that small juveniles were
+collected on the same date indicates that this salamander lays eggs over
+a period of several weeks in late spring and early summer.
+
+The smallest juvenile examined has a snout-vent length of 17.0 mm. and a
+tail length of 7.5 mm. Twelve juveniles from the vicinity of San Juan de
+Parangaricutiro have an average snout-vent length of 19.4 mm. and an
+average tail length of 9.7 mm. In juveniles the adpressed limbs either
+touch or overlap by one intercostal space; in adults there are two or
+three intercostal spaces between adpressed toes. Therefore the greatest
+number of intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs is found in the
+largest specimens. A similar relationship between adpressed limbs (=
+length of limbs) and snout-vent length was shown for _Plethodon
+richmondi_ by Duellman (1954a). The number of vomerine teeth is
+variable; the number of teeth seems to be closely correlated with the
+size of the salamander (Fig. 2). A similar correlation between the
+number of maxillary teeth and body length was reported for
+_Chiropterotriton multidentatus_ by Rabb (1958). In 12 juvenile
+_Pseudoeurycea belli_ there are 6-13 (8.8) vomerine teeth, and in 11
+adults having snout-vent lengths greater than 90 mm. there are 39-49
+(44.0) vomerine teeth. The coloration of the juveniles resembles that of
+the adults (Pl. 1).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. Correlation between the number of vomerine teeth
+and snout-vent length in 79 _Pseudoeurycea belli_ from Michoacan.]
+
+The differences between this species and _Pseudoeurycea gigantea_ are
+minor. Taylor (1939a) distinguished _gigantea_ from _belli_ by the
+larger size, fewer intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs, more
+vomerine teeth, and absence of occipital spots in _gigantea_. Taylor and
+Smith (1945) stated that in life the spots in _gigantea_ are orange
+instead of red as in _belli_. Five specimens of _Pseudoeurycea belli_
+from Michoacan, including one juvenile, lack occipital spots. In the 34
+living individuals that I have seen from Michoacan the spots varied from
+deep red to orange. Therefore, of the characters listed by Taylor (_op.
+cit._) to diagnose _Pseudoeurycea gigantea_, only the over-all larger
+size and smaller number of intercostal spaces between adpressed limbs (=
+relatively longer limbs) are useful in separating _Pseudoeurycea belli_
+and _gigantea_.
+
+
+~Pseudoeurycea robertsi~ (Taylor)
+
+ _Oedipus robertsi_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:287,
+ July 10, 1939.--Nevado de Toluca, Mexico.
+
+ _Pseudoeurycea robertsi_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 30:209, June 12, 1944.
+
+ Atzimba (3); Macho de Agua (9); Puerto Lengua de Vaca (14).
+
+Previously this species has been recorded only from the type locality.
+In July, 1956, individuals referable to this species were found at two
+sites in pine-fir forest immediately to the east of Macho de Agua and in
+pine-oak-fir forest at Atzimba. On August 20, 1958, a series was
+collected in pine-fir forest at Puerto Lengua de Vaca. These localities
+are between 2900 and 3000 meters in the Cordillera Volcanica in eastern
+Michoacan.
+
+In life the coloration of these salamanders was highly variable. The
+belly and undersurfaces of the tail and hind limbs were pale gray, with
+or without silvery white flecks; the chin was a cream-color and flecked
+with silvery white in some specimens. The middorsal area was brown,
+orange-brown, or dull grayish yellow. The flanks and lateral surfaces of
+the tail were black with yellowish flecks or streaks on the flanks and
+yellowish or orange-brown flecks on the tail. The iris was golden brown.
+Measurements of eight males and two females are, respectively:
+snout-vent length, 42.5-56.0 (49.5), 54.0-60.0 (57.0); tail length,
+42.0-56.0 (48.1), 52.0-55.0 (53.5). The smallest juvenile has a
+snout-vent length of 28.0 mm. and a tail length of 23.0 mm. Of the 26
+available specimens, six have 12 costal grooves, and the others have 11.
+
+In comparison with 36 topotypes, the specimens from Michoacan have a
+less striking dorsal color pattern; none has a well-defined dorsal
+reddish brown area or bold reddish mottling on the tail. Furthermore,
+the specimens from Michoacan have paler venters than do topotypic
+specimens.
+
+
+Salientia
+
+
+~Rhinophrynus dorsalis~ Dumeril and Bibron
+
+ _Rhinophrynus dorsalis_ Dumeril and Bibron, Erpetologie
+ generale, vol. 8:758, 1841.--Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico.
+
+ Mouth of the Rio Balsas (10).
+
+These specimens (BMNH 1914.1.28.181-90) were collected by Gadow in 1908
+and reported by him (1930:72): "Whilst this very sluggish termite-eating
+toad is common enough in the sweltering hot country of the state of Vera
+Cruz, up to an elevation of 1500 feet, it was unknown on the west side
+of the Isthmus until I found it in great numbers near the mouth of the
+Balsas River, in and near fresh-water pools, where it attracted
+attention by its loud peculiar voice during the pairing season in the
+month of July." Subsequently, Peters (1954:3) verified the
+identification of these specimens. Although torrential rains fell during
+the week in July, 1955, that I spent at Playa Azul near the mouth of the
+Rio Balsas, the distinctive voice of _Rhinophrynus_ was not heard.
+Elsewhere on the Pacific coast of Mexico adult _Rhinophrynus_ have been
+reported only from Tehuantepec and a few localities on the coastal
+lowlands of Chiapas. Taylor (1942b:37) found on the coast of Guerrero a
+tadpole that was referred to the genus _Rhinophrynus_ by Orton (1943).
+In the summer of 1960 adults of _Rhinophrynus_ were collected near
+Acapulco, Guerrero (Fouquette, _in litt._). These recent collections
+verify the existence of the species along the Pacific lowlands of Mexico
+at least as far north as Michoacan.
+
+
+~Scaphiopus hammondi multiplicatus~ Cope
+
+ _Scaphiopus multiplicatus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 15:52, June 8, 1863.--Valley of Mexico.
+
+ _Scaphiopus hammondi multiplicatus_, Kellogg, Bull. U. S.
+ Natl. Mus., 160:22, March 31, 1932.
+
+ Angahuan (5); Cuitzeo (4); Cuseno Station (2); Jiquilpan
+ (9); Morelia (7); Patzcuaro (3); Quiroga; Tarecuaro; Uruapan
+ (24); Zacapu.
+
+This small toad has been found at elevations between 1500 and 2500
+meters on the Mexican Plateau and associated mountain ranges; it occurs
+in mesquite-grassland and in pine forests. Calling males and females
+laden with eggs have been collected in the rainy season in the months of
+July and August. The call is a medium-pitched snore. In living
+individuals the dorsal ground color varies from pale brown to gray with
+dark brown or olive-brown markings. In many individuals the tips of the
+small dorsal pustules are red.
+
+
+~Bufo coccifer~ Cope
+
+ _Bufo coccifer_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 18:130, 1866--Arriba, Costa Rica.
+
+ Apatzingan (27); Lombardia; Nueva Italia (5).
+
+In life the dorsal color pattern consists of a yellowish tan ground
+color with dark brown spots; the middorsal stripe is deep yellow or
+cream color. The venter is a dusty cream color, and the iris is pale
+gold. Males have dark brown horny nuptial tuberosities on the thumb. The
+following measurements are of 21 males and four females, respectively:
+snout-vent length, 43.5-51.7 (48.1), 55.6-62.6 (59.1); tibia length,
+16.6-18.8 (17.6), 18.8-20.3 (19.3); head width, 16.7-19.7 (18.4),
+20.6-22.2 (21.4); head length, 13.8-16.6 (14.8), 16.5-18.2 (17.3).
+
+The specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley differ slightly from
+specimens from southeastern Mexico and Central America. Those from
+Michoacan have low and narrow cranial crests; in about one-half of the
+specimens the occipital crest exists only as a row of tubercles, and in
+some the postorbital and suborbital crests are barely discernible.
+Specimens from the southern part of the range, Costa Rica and Nicaragua,
+have much higher and thicker cranial crests; in these the occipital
+crest is well defined and extends posteriorly to a point back of the
+anterior edge of the parotid gland; the postorbital and suborbital
+crests are well marked. Of 48 specimens from Esquipulas, Guatemala, all
+have high crests, but these are not so well developed as in ten
+specimens from Matagalpa, Nicaragua, and three from various localities
+in Costa Rica. Six specimens from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, have cranial
+crests that are lower than those in specimens from Guatemala. In three
+of the specimens from Tehuantepec the occipital crests are reduced to a
+series of tubercles. Of six specimens from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero,
+four have poorly developed occipital crests. These observations suggest
+the presence of a cline in the development of the cranial crests;
+specimens have higher crests in the southern part of the range than in
+the northern part.
+
+In Mexico _Bufo coccifer_ has been collected only in semi-xeric
+habitats, but to the south, from Guatemala to Costa Rica, it has been
+found in more upland and humid habitats. Southern specimens are darker
+than those from the north, a possible correlation with the differences
+in habitat.
+
+These toads probably range throughout the Tepalcatepec Valley, but they
+are unknown from the coast of Michoacan. Breeding choruses were found
+after heavy rains on June 24, 1955, and on August 2, 1956. The first was
+in a muddy ditch; the second was in a flooded grassy field. The call is
+a high-pitched, but not loud, "whirrr." Males were calling from the edge
+of the water or from clumps of grass in the water. Clasping pairs were
+in the water; amplexus is axillary.
+
+
+~Bufo compactilis compactilis~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Bufo compactilis_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:661,
+ 1833.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Xochimilco,
+ Distrito Federal, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).
+
+ _Bufo compactilis compactilis_, Smith, Herpetologica, 4:7,
+ September 17, 1947.
+
+ Cuitzeo (2); Emiliano Zapata (20); Jiquilpan (5); La Palma
+ (5); Morelia; Tupataro.
+
+The southwestern terminus of the range of this species is on the Mexican
+Plateau in Michoacan. All specimens from the state have spotted venters.
+In living toads the dorsal ground color was gray or grayish tan with
+olive green spots. The vocal sac was brownish gray; the iris was a
+bright golden color.
+
+On June 11, 1958, many individuals were calling from shallow water in a
+flooded field at Emiliano Zapata. The call is a slow trill, in which the
+individual notes are discernible.
+
+
+~Bufo marinus~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Rana marina_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1:211,
+ 1758.--America.
+
+ _Bufo horribilis_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:654,
+ 1833.--Misantla and Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico. Taylor and
+ Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 95:551, January 30, 1945.
+
+ _Bufo angustipes_ Taylor and Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+ 95:553, January 30, 1945.--La Esperanza, Chiapas, Mexico.
+
+ Aguililla; Apatzingan (3); Barranca de Bejuco; Capirio;
+ Charapendo; Chichihuas; Coahuayana (2); Coalcoman (7);
+ Cofradia (2); 25 km. S of Cuatro Caminos; El Sabino (10);
+ Huahua, La Playa (13); Ojos de Agua de San Telmo; Ostula;
+ Playa Azul (2); Pomaro (2).
+
+This large toad is characteristically found in areas supporting tropical
+scrub forest to elevations of about 1000 meters. The species is much
+more abundant than the numbers listed above suggest. In the dry season
+individuals have been observed in patios, along streams, and by
+irrigation ditches. In the rainy season the loud, rattling call of the
+males is heard at night throughout the Tepalcatepec Valley and the
+coastal lowlands.
+
+Taylor and Smith (1945:552) revived Wiegmann's _Bufo horribilis_ for the
+large toads of Mexico that are here referred to _B. marinus_. Their
+action was based upon the supposition that the "species _marinus_" is
+composite. Although probably true, this supposition has yet to be
+proved. Until the large, and apparently related, species of _Bufo_
+inhabiting tropical America have been studied systematically as a unit,
+the recognition of segments of the population as either species or
+subspecies is meaningless. Taylor and Smith (op. cit.:553) based the
+description of a new species, _Bufo angustipes_, on one rather
+emaciated, formalin-hardened female from La Esperanza, Chiapas. The type
+(USNM 116513), when compared with numerous specimens of _Bufo marinus_
+from throughout the range of the species in Mexico and northern Central
+America, displays no combination of characters to set it off from the
+others. Therefore, I suggest that _Bufo horribilis_ Wiegmann and _Bufo
+angustipes_ Taylor and Smith be placed in the synonymy of _Bufo marinus_
+(Linnaeus) until future systematic study of the genus and this species
+in particular establishes the existence of recognizable taxa.
+
+
+~Bufo marmoreus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Bufo marmoreus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 26:66,
+ 1833.--Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico.
+
+ Barranca de Bejuco; Coahuayana (11); El Diezmo (2); La
+ Placita (9); La Orilla (12); Motin del Oro; Ostula (9);
+ Playa Azul (5); Pomaro (15); Salitre de Estopilas; San Pedro
+ Naranjestila.
+
+In Michoacan this species is confined to elevations of less than 1000
+meters on the coast and foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman. In this
+region in the months of June and July, breeding congregations have been
+found in temporary pools and along streams.
+
+Smith and Taylor (1948:39), in their key to the Mexican species of
+_Bufo_, placed emphasis on the nature of the supraorbital and
+postorbital crests (whether they form a curve or a sharp angle) in
+distinguishing _Bufo marmoreus_ from _Bufo perplexus_. In the original
+description of _perplexus_, Taylor (1943a:347) characterized the species
+as follows: supraorbital and postorbital crests forming a sharp angle,
+instead of a curve as in _marmoreus_; supratympanic crest smaller than
+in _marmoreus_; diagonal lateral stripe lacking in females;
+concentration of dorsal tubercles as found in _marmoreus_ lacking in
+males. The discovery of specimens in which the crests form a curve and
+others in which the crests form an angle in both the Tepalcatepec Valley
+and in the coastal lowlands prompted an investigation of these
+characters and others throughout the ranges of the species. An
+examination of 410 specimens has resulted in the following conclusions.
+
+
+TABLE 1.--VARIATION IN THE SHAPE OF THE SUPRAORBITAL AND POSTORBITAL
+CRANIAL CRESTS IN BUFO MARMOREUS AND B. PERPLEXUS.
+
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|LOCALITY | N | Curved |Intermediate| Angular |
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Tepalcatepec Valley | 50| 10 (20.0%)| 17 (34.0%) |23 (46.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Morelos | 12| 2 (16.6%)| 5 (41.7%) | 5 (41.7%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Izucar, Puebla | 4| 2 (50.0%)| 0 (0.0%) | 2 (50.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Southern Sinaloa | 1| 1(100.0%)| 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco| 2| 2(100.0%)| 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Colima | 45| 25 (55.0%)| 18 (40.0%) | 2 (5.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Coast of Michoacan | 55| 35 (63.6%)| 17 (30.9%) | 3 (5.5%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Acapulco, Guerrero | 7| 7(100.0%)| 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Chilpancingo, Guerrero | 10| 1 (10.0%)| 4 (40.0%) | 5 (50.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Pochutla, Oaxaca | 13| 6 (46.2%)| 6 (46.2%) | 1 (7.6%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Tehuantepec, Oaxaca |177| 81 (45.8%)| 67 (37.8%) |29 (16.4%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Tonola, Chiapas | 1| 0 (0.0%)| 0 (0.0%) | 1(100.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+|Veracruz | 33| 26 (78.8%)| 6 (18.2%) | 1 (3.0%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+| Total |410|198 (48.3%)|140 (34.2%) |72 (17.5%)|
++------------------------+---+-----------+------------+----------+
+
+ 1. Although the highest percentage of individuals having the
+ supraorbital and postorbital crests forming a sharp angle is
+ from localities in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, numerous
+ individuals from throughout the range of _marmoreus_ have the
+ crests forming an angle (Table 1).
+
+ 2. In all samples of ten or more specimens, some toads have
+ the supraorbital and postorbital crests forming a sharp
+ angle, some have the crests forming a curve, and some have
+ an intermediate condition.
+
+ 3. The relative size of the supratympanic crest is highly
+ variable in all samples examined.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3. Adult male of _Bufo perplexus_ from Apatzingan,
+Michoacan. x 1.5.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4. Adult male of _Bufo marmoreus_ from Pomaro,
+Michoacan. x 1.5.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 1
+
+Hatchling of _Pseudoeurycea belli_ from San Juan de Parangaricutiro,
+Michoacan. x 8.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 2
+
+FIG. 1. Nest and eggs of _Pseudoeurycea belli_ beneath a
+rock at San Juan de Parangaricutiro. Approx. natural size.
+
+FIG. 2. Multiple egg clutches of _Phyllomedusa
+dacnicolor_ from Coalcoman, Michoacan. 1/3 x.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 3
+
+FIG. 1. Adult male of _Tomodactylus angustidigitorum_
+from Paracho, Michoacan. x 4.
+
+FIG. 2. Adult male of _Tomodactylus fuscus_ from Los
+Cantiles, Michoacan. x4.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 4
+
+FIG. 1. Adult male of _Tomodactylus nitidus_ nitidus from
+Tuxpan, Michoacan. x.
+
+FIG. 2. Adult male of _Tomodactylus nitidus orarius_ from
+Tecolapa, Colima. x 4.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 5
+
+FIG. 1. Adult male of _Tomodactylus nitidus_ petersi from
+Apatzingan, Michoacan. x 4.
+
+Fig. 2. Adult male of _Tomodactylus rufescens_ from Dos
+Aguas, Michoacan. x 4.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 6
+
+FIG. 1. Adult male of _Hypopachus caprimimus_ from
+Tuxpan, Michoacan. x 2-1/2.
+
+FIG. 2. Adult male of _Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis_ from
+Tangamandapio, Michoacan. x 3.]
+
+ 4. A distinct, pale-colored, diagonal lateral stripe is
+ found in females only from localities outside of the
+ Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin; females from the basin have a
+ spotted dorsum.
+
+ 5. Males from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin usually have a
+ broad middorsal line that is yellow or pale tan; those from
+ outside the basin have either a narrow middorsal line or
+ none.
+
+ 6. Males from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin have low,
+ scattered dorsal tubercles (Fig. 3); males from outside the
+ basin have a concentration of tubercles in a broad band on
+ the back (Fig. 4).
+
+Therefore the nature of the cranial crests is of little value in
+separating two populations, but the color pattern of the females and the
+nature of the dorsal tubercles of the males do show distinct
+differences. Furthermore, certain differences in size and proportion are
+evident; _Bufo marmoreus_ is a slightly larger toad and has a relatively
+longer tibia and longer head than _perplexus_ (Table 2).
+
+
+TABLE 2.--COMPARISON OF CERTAIN MEASUREMENTS AND PROPORTIONS IN BUFO
+MARMOREUS AND B. PERPLEXUS. (MEANS ARE GIVEN IN PARENTHESES BELOW THE
+RANGES.)
+
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+| | | | |Tibia length|Head length|
+| Species | Sex | N|Snout-vent+------------+-----------+
+| | | | length | Snout-vent |Snout-vent |
+| | | | | length | length |
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+| _B. marmoreus_ | Male |15|61.5-72.5 | 35.9-41.6 | 28.3-33.3 |
+| | | | (65.2) | (39.0) | (31.6) |
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+| _B. perplexus_ | Male |20|50.0-59.0 | 33.7-38.1 | 26.4-31.1 |
+| | | | (54.9) | (36.4) | (29.5) |
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+| _B. marmoreus_ | Female | 7|68.0-76.0 | 33.0-36.8 | 26.8-32.6 |
+| | | | (70.7) | (34.7) | (29.6) |
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+| _B. perplexus_ |Female | 6|64.1-69.8 | 32.4-36.9 | 25.1-29.0 |
+| | | | (66.8) | (35.5) | (27.5) |
++-------------------+------------+--+----------+------------+-----------+
+
+Taylor (1943a:347) described _Bufo perplexus_ from Mexcala on the Rio
+Balsas in Guerrero. Among the many paratypes are specimens from Tonola,
+Chiapas, and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. These apparently were referred to
+_perplexus_ solely on the nature of the cranial crests. All of the
+specimens examined during the course of the present study from the
+lowlands of Veracruz and from the Pacific lowlands from Sinaloa
+southward to Chiapas are referable to _Bufo marmoreus_; those from the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin are referable to _Bufo perplexus_, as defined
+above. Ten specimens from Chilpancingo, Guerrero (UMMZ 115352), do not
+readily fit either species. Perhaps there is gene exchange between the
+inland and coastal populations through the relatively low pass at
+Chilpancingo, at the mouth of the Rio Balsas, and near the convergent
+headwaters of the Rio Coahuayana and Rio Tepalcatepec in southern
+Jalisco. If this can be demonstrated, then _Bufo perplexus_ would have
+to be considered as a subspecies of _Bufo marmoreus_, instead of an
+allopatric species.
+
+
+~Bufo perplexus~ Taylor
+
+ _Bufo perplexus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 29:347,
+ October 15, 1943.--Balsas River near Mexcala, Guerrero,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Aguililla (2); Apatzingan (42); Buena Vista (5); Capirio
+ (3); La Playa (25); Lombardia (6); Nueva Italia (9); Rio
+ Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingan; Rio Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S
+ of Apatzingan; San Salvador (4); Tzitzio; Volcan Jorullo.
+
+
+~Bufo occidentalis~ Camerano
+
+ _Bufo occidentalis_ Camerano, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino,
+ 14:887, December 31, 1878.--Mexico. Type locality restricted
+ to Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:330). Firschein, Copeia, no. 3:220, September 15,
+ 1950.
+
+ _Bufo simus_, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+ 194:42, 1948.
+
+ Barranca Seca (32); Cerro de Barolosa (4); Cerro Tancitaro,
+ 3 km. E of Apo (2); Cerro Tancitaro, 19 km. E. of Apo (10);
+ Charapendo; Coalcoman (7); Dos Aguas (4); Jacona, Jaramillo
+ (2); Las Tecatas; Los Reyes (181); Tancitaro (10); Uruapan
+ (3).
+
+This toad is an inhabitant of pine and oak forests between 900 and 2400
+meters. Near Charapendo on the slopes of the Sierra de los Tarascos and
+at Coalcoman it apparently reaches its lowest altitudinal limits. At
+both of these localities the pine-oak forest is replaced by arid
+tropical scrub forest on the lower slopes.
+
+Twenty-four tadpoles were collected on May 3 in a quiet section of a
+fast stream near Barranca Seca. The tadpoles have a robust body,
+broadest about two-thirds the distance from the snout to the posterior
+edge of the body, half again as broad as deep. Eyes dorsolateral;
+nostrils dorsal, somewhat directed forward, and about three-fifths the
+distance from the tip of the snout to the eye; spiracle sinistral and
+lateral, located at about midbody; anus median; tail long and slender;
+tail-musculature extends nearly to tip of tail; depth of
+tail-musculature at mid-length about one-third total depth of tail;
+dorsal tail-fin not extending onto body (Fig. 5); average body length of
+ten tadpoles having small hind limb buds, 14.4 mm.; average tail length,
+22.0 mm.
+
+Mouth ventral, nearly terminal, about one-third as wide as widest part
+of body; anterior lip has no papillae; lower lip bordered by two rows of
+papillae and lateral lips by one row of papillae; beaks moderately well
+developed, the upper forming a broad arch and finely denticulate; tooth
+rows 2/3, the upper rows extending to the edge of the lips, subequal in
+length, and slightly longer than lower rows, which also are subequal in
+length; inner upper tooth row broken medially; inner lower tooth row
+sometimes broken (Fig. 6).
+
+The body is black dorsally and laterally, and bluish gray ventrally; the
+tail musculature is brown and stippled with darker brown. The fins are
+transparent and stippled with brown, the stippling being most pronounced
+on the posterior two-thirds of the upper tail-fin.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5. Tadpole of _Bufo occidentalis_ (UMMZ 94269) from
+Barranca Seca, Michoacan. x 3.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6. Mouthparts of larval _Bufo occidentalis_ (UMMZ
+94269) from Barranca Seca, Michoacan. x 20.]
+
+Forty recently metamorphosed individuals average 18.9 mm. in snout-vent
+length.
+
+The relationships of this toad seem to be with _Bufo bocourti_ Brocchi,
+an inhabitant of pine and oak forests in the uplands of Chiapas and
+Guatemala. In _Bufo occidentalis_ the tympanum usually is indistinct and
+sometimes completely covered, and it is absent in _bocourti_. _Bufo
+occidentalis_ has a broader interorbital area and relatively shorter and
+more rounded parotid glands than _bocourti_. The tadpoles of the two
+species are nearly identical (see Stuart, 1943:12).
+
+
+~Leptodactylus labialis~ (Cope)
+
+ _Cystignathus labialis_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+ 17:90, 1877.--No type locality designated; type locality
+ restricted to Potrero Viejo, Veracruz, Mexico, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:350).
+
+ _Leptodactylus labialis_, Brocchi, Mission Scientifique au
+ Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, pt. 3, sec. 2, livr.
+ 1:20, 1881.
+
+ Apatzingan (26); Capirio (5); Cofradia (9); El Sabino (4);
+ Lombardia; Rio Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingan (2).
+
+In the Tepalcatepec Valley this frog reaches the northernmost known
+limit of its range in western Mexico. Although the species is abundant
+in the valley, it apparently is absent from the coastal lowlands. In the
+Tepalcatepec Valley _Leptodactylus melanonotus_ seems to be more
+abundant than _labialis_. In the rainy season both species have been
+heard calling from the same ponds and flooded fields.
+
+There are only slight differences in size between the sexes;
+measurements of 20 males and eight females are, respectively: snout-vent
+length, 32.3-39.5 (35.1), 34.1-39.2 (37.2); tibia length, 14.3-17.0
+(15.4), 14.9-16.8 (15.8); head width, 11.0-13.6 (12.0), 12.2-13.2
+(12.6); head length, 12.8-15.1 (13.3), 12.8-14.6 (13.7).
+
+
+~Leptodactylus melanonotus~ (Hallowell)
+
+ _Cystignathus melanonotus_ Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 12:485, 1861.--Nicaragua. Type locality
+ restricted to Recero, Nicaragua, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:320).
+
+ _Leptodactylus melanonotus_, Brocchi, Mission Scientifique
+ au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, pt. 3, sec. 2, livr.
+ 1:20, 1881.
+
+ Apatzingan (103); Capirio; Charapendo (7); Coahuayana;
+ Cofradia (10); El Sabino (21); La Playa (3); Lombardia (5);
+ Maruata; Nueva Italia (7); Ostula (9); Playa Azul (11); Rio
+ Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia; Rio Marquez, 13 km. SE of
+ Nueva Italia (6); Rio Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingan.
+
+
+This species is widespread in the lowlands of the state; it has been
+collected up to elevations of 1050 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley. In
+the dry season individuals were discovered beneath rocks along streams
+and in damp arroyos; in the rainy season they were found wherever there
+was water. Males were heard calling from flooded fields, ditches, rocky
+streams, and small puddles. The call is a series of individual notes:
+"woink, woink, woink."
+
+Adult males are noticeably smaller than females; measurements for 20
+males and ten females from Apatzingan are, respectively: snout-vent
+length, 29.6-34.6 (32.3), 36.3-44.1 (40.8); tibia length, 12.6-15.1
+(14.0), 16.5-19.0 (17.8); head width, 10.8-11.9 (11.3), 12.6-14.8
+(13.7); head length, 11.2-13.2 (11.9), 13.1-14.8 (14.0). Brownish yellow
+ventral glands are present in some juveniles and in some adults
+collected in the dry season as well as in the rainy season.
+
+
+~Leptodactylus occidentalis~ Taylor
+
+ _Leptodactylus occidentalis_ Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+ Sci., 39:349, 1937.--Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
+
+ Five km. W of Tangamandapio.
+
+On the night of June 11, 1958, this species was calling from a
+hyacinth-choked ditch. Although numerous individuals were heard, only
+one specimen was obtained. The frogs were calling from the tangled mat
+of hyacinths along with _Hyla eximia_, _Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis_, and
+_Rana pipiens_.
+
+Taylor (1936a:352) characterized this species as follows: "The narrow
+head, small maximum size (38 mm. for females, 33 mm. for males), the
+character of the postaxillary and postfemoral glands, the narrower
+groups of vomerine teeth, clearly distinguish this western Mexican form
+from the more robust, larger _melanonotus_ to the south. The call is
+likewise fainter and different in quality." Concerning the glands,
+Taylor (_loc. cit._) remarked: "There is a possibility that the horny
+excrescence covering the glands may appear only during the breeding
+season. This character is quite as strongly marked in females as in
+males." Bogert and Oliver (1945:324) concluded that the population of
+_Leptodactylus_ in northwestern Mexico could not be distinguished from
+_melanonotus_ in other parts of the country and thus synonymized
+_Leptodactylus occidentalis_ with _melanonotus_. Bogert and Oliver (op.
+cit.: 324) stated that the extent as well as the presence or absence of
+ventral glands was highly variable in all samples examined by them.
+
+Upon seeing numerous living individuals of _Leptodactylus melanonotus_
+from many parts of its range in Mexico and individuals of the population
+of _Leptodactylus_ in northwestern Mexico (Nayarit and Sinaloa), I was
+immediately impressed not so much by the differences in the development
+of the ventral glands, but by the color of the glands. The differences
+in color are apparent in freshly preserved specimens. With the exception
+of _Leptodactylus_ from northwestern Mexico, specimens of _melanonotus_
+from throughout Mexico and northern Central America have yellow or
+yellowish brown glands. Specimens from northwestern Mexico have black or
+brownish black glands that are conspicuously darker than those found in
+_melanonotus_. Examination of 653 preserved specimens of _Leptodactylus
+melanonotus_ from Mexico and Guatemala has failed to reveal specimens
+with black ventral glands, like those found in specimens from
+northwestern Mexico, to which the name _Leptodactylus occidentalis_ has
+been applied. Furthermore, in _melanonotus_ the glands are less distinct
+and more extensive than in _occidentalis_; in the latter species glands
+are absent from the throat and midventral area, where they often are
+present in _melanonotus_ (Fig. 7).
+
+In some individuals of both species collected in the dry season and in
+some collected in the rainy (breeding) season the glands are absent; the
+development of these glands, therefore, does not seem to be correlated
+with breeding. Likewise, the glands are present or absent in either sex,
+and often as not they are present in juveniles. Presence of the glands,
+therefore, cannot be correlated either with sexual or ontogenetic
+development. Since the glands are found in individuals from all parts of
+the range, it is unlikely that there is a correlation between the
+development of the glands and the environment.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7. Diagrammatic view of ventral surfaces of
+_Leptodactylus melanonotus_ (A) and _Leptodactylus occidentalis_ (B),
+showing usual position and size of glandular areas. Approx. natural
+size.]
+
+Aside from the differences in the ventral glands, the call is different
+in the two populations. The call of _Leptodactylus occidentalis_ is a
+rather harsh "wack, wack, wack" as contrasted with the more nasal
+"woink, woink, woink" of _melanonotus_. Sound spectrographs are needed
+to analyze the differences in calls. None of the specimens of
+_occidentalis_ examined approaches in size the largest individuals of
+_melanonotus_; possibly the size of the frogs is another valid character
+for separating the species. On the basis of the above data it is evident
+that the frogs in northwestern Mexico show certain characters that
+distinguish them from _Leptodactylus melanonotus_, as it is known
+throughout the rest of Mexico. It is not known for certain that
+_melanonotus_ and _occidentalis_ are sympatric. Several series of old,
+poorly preserved specimens from Nayarit and Sinaloa cannot be placed in
+either species, for none has visible ventral glands. _Leptodactylus
+melanonotus_ is known from Acaponeta, Nayarit (AMNH 43913-25), and the
+following localities in Jalisco: Barro de Navidad (UMMZ 118098), La
+Concepcion (UMMZ 113081), La Resolana (UMMZ 102104), and Tenachitlan
+(UMMZ 113045-6). Records for _Leptodactylus occidentalis_ are: Alamos,
+Sonora (AMNH 51356-65); Culiacan (AMNH 49511-9), Chele (UMMZ 110914),
+and Rosario (UMMZ 113062) in Sinaloa; Ixtlan del Rio (UMMZ 102108), San
+Blas (UMMZ 112814, 112994, 110892, 115543), and Tepic (UMMZ 115544) in
+Nayarit; Ameca (UMMZ 102106-7) and La Cofradia on the south shore of
+Lago de Chapala (UMMZ 102105) in Jalisco; and Tangamandapio, Michoacan
+(UMMZ 119145). From these scattered records it appears that
+_Leptodactylus occidentalis_ in the southern part of its range stays in
+the uplands, whereas _melanonotus_ is confined to the lowlands.
+
+
+~Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi~ (Taylor)
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus hobartsmithi_ Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+ Sci., 39:355, 1937.--Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ _Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 26:501, November 27, 1940.
+
+ Cascada Tzararacua (6); 21 km. W of Ciudad Hidalgo; 29 km. E
+ of Morelia; Puerto Hondo; San Jose de la Cumbre (13);
+ Uruapan (2); Zitacuaro.
+
+Of six specimens from Cascada Tzararacua, five are colored like typical
+_M. hobartsmithi_, having the anterior and posterior surfaces of the
+thighs and the upper arms pale pink in life and a grayish brown dorsum
+in preservative. The other specimen (UMMZ 94231) has in preservative a
+dark brown dorsolateral line on each side enclosing a pale tan area that
+extends from the snout to the vent. One specimen from 29 kilometers east
+of Morelia (UIMNH 40338) and 13 specimens from San Jose de la Cumbre
+(UMMZ 102111) do not have the prominent tarsal tubercles characteristic
+of _M. hobartsmithi_. Also, in these fourteen specimens the palmar
+tubercles are larger, and the dark anal patch more distinct, than in
+typical _M. hobartsmithi_. Possibly these specimens, which are from the
+high mountains in the eastern part of Michoacan, represent another
+species of _Microbatrachylus_. However, Taylor (1940d:501) reported a
+series of _M. hobartsmithi_ from the mountains 10 miles west of Villa
+Victoria in the western part of the state of Mexico.
+
+The largest specimen from Michoacan is a gravid female (UIMNH 16104)
+having a snout-vent length of 23.5 mm.
+
+_Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi_ has been found in rocky ravines along
+streams in the Cordillera Volcanica and the southwestern escarpment of
+these mountains at elevations from 1450 to 2750 meters.
+
+
+~Microbatrachylus pygmaeus~ (Taylor)
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus pygmaeus_ Taylor, Trans. Kansas Acad.
+ Sci., 39:352, 1937.--1 mile north of Rodriguez Clara,
+ Veracruz, Mexico.
+
+ _Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26:500, November 27, 1940.
+
+ _Microbatrachylus albolabris_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 26:502, November 27, 1940.--2 miles west of Cordoba,
+ Veracruz, Mexico.
+
+ _Microbatrachylus minimus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26:507, November 27, 1940.--Agua del Obispo, Guerrero,
+ Mexico.
+
+ _Microbatrachylus imitator_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 28:70, May 15, 1942.--La Esperanza, Chiapas, Mexico.
+
+ Arteaga (328).
+
+This large series (UMMZ 119247-8) was collected on June 22 and 23, 1958,
+before the onset of the heavy summer rains. The frogs were found in a
+shaded ravine at the north edge of Arteaga; they were obtained during
+the day, at which time they were actively moving about in the leaf
+litter along a small stream.
+
+These frogs are all referred to _M. pygmaeus_, because this is the
+earliest name available for frogs showing the variation in
+characteristics displayed by this large series. The characters used by
+Taylor (1936a, 1940d, 1941a, and 1942b) and Smith and Taylor (1948) to
+distinguish the various species of _Microbatrachylus_ include color
+pattern, relative length of the hind limb, presence and position of
+dorsal dermal folds or pustules, relative size of inner and outer
+metatarsal tubercles, and the number of palmar tubercles. All specimens
+from Arteaga have two palmar tubercles; the inner and outer metatarsal
+tubercles are subequal in size. Furthermore, aside from sexual
+difference, there is little variation in the relative length of the hind
+limbs (Table 3). However, many color patterns do exist in the series;
+each of these color patterns is described below.
+
+
+TABLE 3.--SNOUT-VENT LENGTH EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF TIBIA LENGTH IN
+ANIMALS OF SIX COLOR PATTERNS OF MICROBATRACHYLUS PYGMAEUS. (LETTERS
+REFER TO THE VARIANTS HAVING THE COLOR PATTERN DISCUSSED IMMEDIATELY
+BELOW)
+
++------------+-----------+---------+---------+----+--------+
+| | | Number | Range | | Twice |
+| Color | Sex | of | of |Mean|standard|
+|Pattern | |specimens|variation| | error |
+| | | | | |of mean |
++------------+-----------+---------+---------+----+--------+
+| A | Male | 25 |51.4-57.5|55.2| 3.34 |
+| | Female | 25 |49.3-54.9|51.6| 3.12 |
+| B | Male | 20 |51.0-57.1|55.4| 2.44 |
+| | Female | 21 |47.3-54.9|51.2| 3.52 |
+| C | Male | 6 |54.5-56.2|55.2| .... |
+| | Female | 6 |50.0-52.9|51.6| .... |
+| D | Male | 17 |52.9-58.2|55.4| 2.64 |
+| | Female | 14 |48.5-56.6|52.1| 4.16 |
+| E | Male | 10 |50.9-56.9|55.1| 3.40 |
+| | Female | 7 |49.6-54.5|51.6| .... |
+| F | Female | 2 |51.9-52.6|52.3| .... |
++------------+-----------+---------+---------+----+--------+
+
+A.--225 specimens: Dorsum mottled brown and cream, usually with a dark
+spot between the eyes and one or two dark V-shaped marks with the apex
+anteriorly on the back; 55 of these have a narrow cream-colored line
+from the tip of the snout to the vent and thence onto the posterior
+surfaces of the thighs. All are pustulate above; in most specimens the
+pustules form no pattern, but in some they tend to form a V in the
+scapular region.
+
+B.--41 specimens: Dorsum pale tan or cream-color with brown mottling on
+flanks; a brown interorbital bar and a brown chevron in scapular region.
+Dorsum irregularly pustulate; in some specimens the pustules tend to
+form a V in the scapular region.
+
+C.--12 specimens: Dorsum colored like "A", but having a broad yellow
+stripe narrowly bordered by black from the tip of the snout to the vent;
+in some specimens there is a narrow yellow stripe on the posterior
+surfaces of the thighs. The dorsum is irregularly pustulate.
+
+D.--31 specimens: Dorsum variably streaked with cream-color or pale tan
+and brown; usually a broad cream-colored stripe from eyelid to groin
+bordered laterally by a somewhat narrower brown stripe; middorsal area
+cream-color and separated from dorsolateral cream-colored stripe by a
+brown stripe, or middorsal area brown with a cream-colored or yellow,
+narrow stripe from tip of snout to vent; a dark stripe from tympanum to
+flank; dorsal surfaces of heels creamy white to pale orange; anal patch
+brown. A dermal ridge from posterior edge of eyelid to rump; another
+ridge extends posteromedially from the eyelid; scattered pustules on the
+dorsum in some specimens.
+
+E.--17 specimens: A narrow dark stripe from snout, through nostril and
+eye, over tympanum, to vent, enclosing a unicolor dorsum (reddish tan to
+yellowish tan in life); heels pale tan or yellow above; anal patch
+black. A faint dermal ridge from posterior edge of eyelid to rump, or
+part way to rump.
+
+F.--2 specimens: Mottled brown and cream-color above; upper lips and
+upper arms white. A dermal fold from posterior edge of eyelid to rump;
+scattered pustules on dorsum.
+
+Some of these color variants are assignable to names proposed by Taylor:
+"A" and "B" undoubtedly are _M. pygmaeus_ (Taylor, 1936a); "C" probably
+is _M. pygmaeus_; "D" is referable to _M. minimus_ (Taylor, 1940d) in
+most characteristics, although the coloration is more nearly like that
+of _M. lineatissimus_ (Taylor, 1941a), a larger species characterized by
+a relatively long hind limb; "E" apparently is _M. imitator_ (Taylor,
+1942b); "F" is _M. albolabris_ (Taylor, 1940d). Examination of series of
+these frogs from other parts of Mexico shows a similar composition of
+color variants. Of 78 specimens from the Rio Sarabia and the village of
+Sarabia in Oaxaca (UMMZ 115428-37), 57 are "A," six are "D," three are
+"E," and 12 are "F"; of 22 specimens from Teapa, Tabasco (UMMZ 113829),
+11 are "A," five are "D," two are "E," and four are "F"; of 33 specimens
+from Potrero Viejo, Veracruz (USNM 115447-58, 115461-71, 116840-2,
+116864-70), ten are "A," 13 are "E," and ten are "F"; of 31 specimens
+from La Esperanza, Chiapas (USNM 115477-9, 116827-39, 116849-63), 28 are
+"A" and four are "F."
+
+It is highly doubtful if these color variants are actually distinct
+species. Goin (1950 and 1954) in his studies of inheritance of color
+pattern in West Indian species of the genus _Eleutherodactylus_ has
+shown that similar color pattern variants come from the same clutch of
+eggs; furthermore, Goin has worked out the genetic ratios of certain of
+these variants. Heathwole (_in litt._) obtained "normal" specimens and
+individuals having a broad middorsal stripe ("C" in figure 9) from a
+clutch of eggs of _Eleutherodactylus gollmeri_. The presence of a broad
+middorsal yellow stripe is common in _Eleutherodactylus rugulosus_.
+
+Perhaps the most interesting aspect of variability in color pattern in
+Mexican eleutherodactylids is the parallelism between members of the
+_Eleutherodactylus rhodopis_-group and some members of
+_Microbatrachylus_. In the former group there are white-lipped
+individuals (_Eleutherodactylus beatae_ Boulenger), individuals having a
+unicolor reddish or yellowish dorsum (_E. dorsoconcolor_ Taylor), and
+individuals having a dorsal pattern of irregular longitudinal brown and
+cream-colored streaks (_E. venustus_ Guenther). In the humid forests of
+southern Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, and Chiapas members of both groups
+occur sympatrically. A proper understanding of the evolutionary
+significance of these variants in the two groups, as well as proper
+allocation of the presently recognized species, must await experimental
+evidence based on studies of the inheritance of color pattern.
+Nevertheless, at present it is apparent that certain characters,
+especially the nature of the dermal folds and pustules, and the color
+pattern, are of little taxonomic value in distinguishing "species" of
+_Microbatrachylus_. The data derived from a study of the large series
+from Arteaga, together with that from the other series examined,
+suggests that _Microbatrachylus albolabris_, _imitator_, _minimus_, and
+_pygmaeus_ are morphotypes of one species. Of these names, _pygmaeus_ is
+the oldest. Consequently _Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_ has been used here
+for the series from Arteaga.
+
+Although _Microbatrachylus hobartsmithi_, a species distinguished from
+all of the above by the presence of tubercles on the outer edge of the
+tarsus, is known from Michoacan northward into Nayarit,
+_Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_ previously has not been known north of
+Guerrero, where it occurs in habitats similar to that in which it was
+collected at Arteaga.
+
+
+~Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum~ Taylor
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus cactorum_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 25:391, July 10, 1939.--20 miles northwest of Tehuacan,
+ Puebla, Mexico.
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus augusti cactorum_, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+ Novitates, 1813:20, December 23, 1956.
+
+ Cheran; Coalcoman; Uruapan.
+
+The few specimens indicate that this species occurs at moderate to high
+elevations in the state. The specimens from Cheran and Uruapan were
+obtained in pine forests; the specimen from Coalcoman was found on a
+rocky hillside covered with dense forest and located about 100 meters
+below the lower limits of the pine forest in the area. A specimen from
+Rancho Reparto (elevation 1850 meters) on the west slope of Cerro
+Barolosa was lost.
+
+The specimen from Coalcoman (UMMZ 104728) is a juvenile having a
+snout-vent length of 25.0 mm. In life it was tan above, mottled with
+olive-green. The ventral surfaces were gray; the hind limbs were
+distinctly barred with yellow and brown, and the lips were barred with
+yellow and black.
+
+
+~Eleutherodactylus occidentalis~ Taylor
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus occidentalis_ Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc.
+ Washington, 54:91, July 31, 1941.--Hacienda El Florencio,
+ Zacatecas, Mexico.
+
+ Arteaga (2); Cascada Tzararacua; Coalcoman (2); 19 km. SW of
+ Coire (3); La Placita (7); Los Reyes; Ostula (4); Pomaro
+ (2).
+
+The locality records for this species suggest that it is a member of a
+group of animals, the distribution of which includes the western part of
+the Mexican Plateau and the Pacific lowlands. In Michoacan this frog
+has been collected in pine-oak forest at Cascada Tzararacua and at Los
+Reyes, in arid scrub forest at Arteaga and Coalcoman, and in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest on the lower Pacific slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcoman. On July 5, 1950, James Peters (1954:6) found calling males at
+La Placita.
+
+Most of the specimens are immature; four adult males have snout-vent
+lengths of 30.9-33.0 (32.2) mm. In all specimens the first finger is
+noticeably longer than the second; the inner metatarsal tubercle is
+large, flat, and cream-colored, contrasting with the dark brown sole of
+the foot. When the hind limbs are adpressed, the heels broadly overlap.
+Characteristically, a dark line extends from the snout, through the eye,
+above the tympanum, to a point above the insertion of the forelimb.
+Usually there is a dark bar behind the tympanum, two dark brown bars
+from the eye to the mouth and thence onto the lower jaw, and another
+dark bar on the upper lip between the eye and nostril. One adult from
+Arteaga, an adult and a juvenile from La Placita, and one juvenile each
+from Coire, Ostula, and Pomaro, have the lower lip barred with dark
+brown and white, and have a white stripe extending the length of the
+upper lip. In life the dorsum varies from dark gray or olive-brown to
+tan or reddish brown.
+
+This species belongs to a group containing two other populations that
+are currently recognized as species--_calcitrans_, known only from
+Omiltemi, Guerrero, and _mexicanus_, reported from the mountains of
+Oaxaca. Another apparently undescribed member of this group has been
+collected in the mountains of northern Puebla. The locality records
+indicate that the group inhabits the mountains on the periphery of the
+Mexican Plateau, except in western Mexico, where _Eleutherodactylus
+occidentalis_ extends to the Pacific lowlands.
+
+
+~Eleutherodactylus rugulosus vocalis~ Taylor
+
+ _Eleutherodactylus vocalis_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26:401, November 27, 1940.--Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacan,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Arteaga (10); El Sabino (8); Salitre de Estopilas (3);
+ Tumbiscatio (2); Tzitzio (2).
+
+The distributional data on this frog in Michoacan indicate that it
+inhabits riparian situations in arroyos and canyons in the lower slopes
+of the Cordillera Volcanica and the Sierra de Coalcoman, where it has
+been taken at elevations only below 1100 meters.
+
+The dorsal color of living individuals from Arteaga varied from dark
+gray and olive brown to tan and reddish brown. The iris was grayish
+brown. In contrast, individuals from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, had pale
+golden eyes; specimens from Matias Romero, Oaxaca, had gold eyes heavily
+flecked with gray; and individuals from Volcan San Martin, Veracruz, had
+bronze eyes.
+
+The use of the trinomial here is arbitrary. Frogs of the
+_Eleutherodactylus rugulosus_ group in Mexico (_rugulosus_, _avocalis_,
+and _vocalis_) exhibit only slight differences in size, proportions, and
+coloration (Duellman, 1958c:6). Furthermore, the named populations are
+allopatric. _Eleutherodactylus rugulosus vocalis_, as defined by
+Duellman (_loc. cit._), occurs in the foothills of the Sierra Madre
+Occidental and associated ranges from central Sinaloa southward into
+Michoacan.
+
+
+~Tomodactylus angustidigitorum~ Taylor
+
+ _Tomadactylus angustidigitorum_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 26:494, November 27, 1940.--Quiroga, Michoacan,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Angahuan (6); Apo; Carapan (21); 19 km. S of Carapan (13);
+ Cerro Tancitaro (12); Cheran; Corupu (14); Cuseno Station
+ (14); Opopeo (3); Paracho (11); Paricutin (2); Patzcuaro
+ (3); Quiroga (59); San Juan de Parangaricutiro (16);
+ Tancitaro (25); Uruapan (8); Zacapu (11).
+
+This species is indigenous to the pine-oak forests on the southern rim
+of the Mexican Plateau, and has been collected at elevations from 1500
+to 2500 meters. Males have been observed to call from rocks, rock
+fences, clumps of grass, and low bushes; the call is a single "peep." At
+San Juan de Parangaricutiro numerous specimens were found in the daytime
+beneath adobe bricks and lava on the volcanic ash derived from Volcan
+Paricutin; at Paracho individuals were found by day beneath rocks in a
+pine forest.
+
+In most specimens the dorsum is dark reddish brown, and the prominent
+inguinal glands are cream-color or pale orange (Pl. 3, Fig. 1). Of eight
+individuals collected at Paracho, one was reddish brown, two were
+pinkish tan, three were dark brown, and two were black.
+
+
+~Tomodactylus fuscus~ Davis and Dixon
+
+ _Tomodactylus fuscus_ Davis and Dixon, Herpetologica,
+ 11:157, July 15, 1955.--1.5 miles southeast of Huitzilac,
+ Morelos, Mexico.
+
+ Los Cantiles (2); 28 km. E of Morelia.
+
+The range of this species includes the Sierra Ajusco in Mexico and
+Morelos and thence westward to the Serrania Ucareo in Michoacan. The
+specimen from 28 kilometers east of Morelia was found in an oak forest
+on a steep hillside at an elevation of 2100 meters. One from Los
+Cantiles was calling from a steep cliff at an elevation of 2200 meters
+in pine-oak forest. This specimen (UMMZ 119156) in life had a pale
+olive-brown dorsum with irregular dark brown mottling and transverse
+bars on the limbs. The interorbital bar, the upper arms, and the tips of
+the dorsal pustules were pale orange; the iris was pale grayish gold
+(Pl. 3, Fig. 2).
+
+
+~Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus~ (Peters)
+
+ _Liuperus nitidus_ Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+ 878, 1869.--Izucar de Matamoras, Puebla, Mexico.
+
+ _Tomodactylus amulae_ Guenther, Biologia Centrali-Americana,
+ Reptilia and Batrachia, p. 219, April, 1900.--Amula,
+ Guerrero, Mexico.
+
+ _Tomodactylus nitidus nitidus_, Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci.,
+ 9:385, December, 1957.
+
+ Copuyo (15); Tuxpan (8); Tzitzio (11).
+
+One specimen from Tzitzio (UMMZ 99155) was referred to _Tomodactylus
+nitidus petersi_ by Dixon (1957:390). A re-examination of this specimen,
+and examination of ten others from the same locality (UMMZ 121571)
+reveals that the relatively small size of the tympanum and absence of
+dense ventral spotting place these specimens closer to _T. nitidus
+nitidus_ than to _T. nitidus petersi_.
+
+The specimens from Tuxpan (UMMZ 114303-4) had in life a gray to olive
+tan ground color with dark olive-green markings, bright yellow thighs
+with olive-green transverse bands, yellowish tan shanks with olive-green
+bars, yellow groin, white inguinal glands with black markings, grayish
+white belly with scattered brownish black spots in some specimens, and a
+deep golden iris (Pl. 4, Fig. 1). These specimens were found calling
+from bushes in a rocky field at an elevation of 1800 meters. The call is
+a high-pitched "pee-ee-eep."
+
+
+~Tomodactylus nitidus orarius~ Dixon
+
+ _Tomodactylus nitidus orarius_ Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci.,
+ 9:392, December, 1957.--4.5 miles southwest of Tecolapa,
+ Colima, Mexico.
+
+ La Placita (3); Pomaro.
+
+These specimens, referred to _Tomodactylus petersi_ by Duellman
+(1954b:5), were included in _T. nitidus orarius_ by Dixon (1957:392).
+Color notes based on living individuals from Tecolapa, Colima (UMMZ
+114312 and 116922), are: gray above mottled with brown; venter dirty
+white; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs bright yellow; iris
+pale golden (Pl. 4, Fig. 2). The call is a soft "braa" usually followed
+by three high notes: "braaa-eep-ee-eep." In Michoacan this subspecies
+has been found only in the coastal region and the lower foothills of the
+Sierra de Coalcoman, an area in which it replaces _Tomodactylus nitidus
+petersi_. This is the only _Tomodactylus_ known to inhabit coastal
+lowlands.
+
+
+~Tomodactylus nitidus petersi~ Duellman
+
+ _Tomodactylus petersi_ Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 560:5, October 22, 1954.--Coalcoman, Michoacan,
+ Mexico.
+
+ _Tomodactylus nitidus petersi_, Dixon, Texas Jour. Sci.,
+ 9:390, December, 1957.
+
+ Aguililla; Apatzingan (8); Cascada Tzararacua: Charapendo
+ (5); Coalcoman (5); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (6); El Sabino
+ (5); La Playa (2); Jiquilpan; Uruapan (2); Volcan Jorullo;
+ Zamora.
+
+In life, specimens from Apatzingan (UMMZ 114308-9) varied in dorsal
+color from grayish tan to pale brown; the dorsal markings were olive
+green. The thighs and groin were yellowish orange; the iris was pale
+golden, and the vocal sac was purplish gray (Pl. 5, Fig. 1).
+Measurements for 13 adult males from the Tepalcatepec Valley are:
+snout-vent length, 21.9-26.8 (24.3); tibia length, 8.4-9.9 (9.3); head
+width, 7.2-9.2 (7.8); head length, 7.6-8.7 (8.2).
+
+At Apatzingan and Charapendo in the Tepalcatepec Valley males were found
+calling from rocks and bushes in open arid tropical scrub forest. The
+call, a triple note "peep-ee-eep," is repeated once every 90 to 135
+seconds. _Tomodactylus nitidus petersi_ probably ranges throughout the
+Tepalcatepec Valley and surrounding foothills. Dixon (1957:392) referred
+the specimens from Zamora, Jiquilpan, and Uruapan to this subspecies.
+Uruapan is near the lower limits of the pine forest on the slopes of the
+Cordillera Volcanica; Zamora and Jiquilpan are on a low part of the
+Mexican Plateau southeast of Lago de Chapala.
+
+
+~Tomodactylus rufescens~ Duellman and Dixon
+
+ _Tomodactylus rufescens_ Duellman and Dixon, Texas Jour.
+ Sci., 11:78, March, 1959.--Dos Aguas, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Dos Aguas (14); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (6).
+
+Fourteen specimens from the pine-oak forests around Dos Aguas (UMMZ
+118503-10, 121498-9) have reddish brown dorsal color and a narrow
+cream-colored middorsal line (Pl. 5, Fig. 2). Twelve of these specimens
+are adult males having snout-vent lengths of 20.7 to 24.6 (22.5) mm. One
+female has a snout-vent length of 24.8 mm., and one juvenile has a
+snout-vent length of 14.5 mm. Six specimens are from a region of mixture
+of pine-oak forest and arid tropical scrub forest at 18 kilometers east
+of Dos Aguas (UMMZ 121497, 121500). All are males having snout-vent
+lengths of 18.0 to 22.6 (20.7) mm. The dorsum is tan marked with black;
+the thighs are yellowish orange.
+
+The specimens from 18 kilometers east of Dos Aguas were found on July
+22, 1960, by Floyd L. Downs and John Winklemann, who collected calling
+males of _Tomodactylus rufescens_ and _Tomodactylus nitidus petersi_ at
+the same locality. Downs (_personal communication_) stated the call was
+a single note. At Dos Aguas I heard _T. rufescens_ give two calls, one a
+single "peep," the other a triple note--"pee-ee-eep."
+
+In the higher parts of the Sierra de Coalcoman _Tomodactylus rufescens_
+seems to fill the same niche as _T. angustidigitorum_ does in the
+Cordillera Volcanica. At lower elevations in their respective mountain
+ranges the species occur sympatrically with _T. nitidus petersi_.
+
+
+~Diaglena reticulata~ Taylor
+
+ _Diaglena reticulata_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 28:60, May 15, 1942.--Cerro Arenal, Oaxaca, Mexico.
+
+ Nueva Italia (3); Ostula (7).
+
+Until recently frogs of the genus _Diaglena_ were known only from a few
+specimens from southern Sinaloa (_Diaglena spatulata_) and from the
+Pacific lowlands of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (_Diaglena reticulata_).
+Peters (1955a) reported specimens from Ostula, Michoacan, and compared
+these specimens with one _D. reticulata_ from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, and
+four _D. spatulata_ from Sinaloa. This comparison showed that the
+specimens from Michoacan, although showing some minor differences from
+_D. reticulata_, are closer to that species than to _D. spatulata_.
+Subsequent to Peters' work, series of both species of _Diaglena_,
+including additional specimens from Michoacan and from Colima, have been
+collected, and a more qualified comparison is now possible.
+
+In comparing specimens of _D. spatulata_ from southern Sinaloa (UMMZ
+115322) with specimens of _D. reticulata_ from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (UMMZ
+115321), the differences noted by Taylor (1942c:60) were found to be
+constant. But specimens from Ostula, Michoacan (UMMZ 104418), and five
+individuals from Colima (TNHC 26379-83) were found to be intermediate in
+certain characters. The skin of the dorsum in _D. reticulata_ is
+granular; that in _D. spatulata_ is smooth. The skin in specimens from
+Ostula and Colima is slightly granular. The dorsal ground color of _D.
+reticulata_ is yellowish brown with dark reticulations; the dorsal
+ground color of _D. spatulata_ is olive-green. Specimens from Ostula and
+Colima most closely resemble those from Tehuantepec in coloration, but
+the reticulations are more coarse, and the ground color has an
+olive-green tint. _Diaglena reticulata_ also differs from _D.
+spatulata_ in having a larger over-all size, slightly broader head, a
+narrower interorbital distance, and a more pointed snout with a deeper
+labial shelf (Table 4). The specimens from Ostula and Colima are
+intermediate between _D. reticulata_ from Oaxaca and _D. spatulata_ from
+Sinaloa in body proportions.
+
+Of three specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley (JRD 5991-3), only two
+are suitable for measuring. These specimens are smaller than adults from
+the coastal areas and have broader heads and snouts, but narrower
+interorbital distances, than specimens in the other samples (Table 4).
+The texture of the skin is like that of specimens from Ostula and
+Colima. The coloration resembles that of _D. reticulata_, but the
+reticulations are bold and form indistinct bands on the hind limbs.
+
+
+TABLE 4.--COMPARISON OF FOUR CHARACTERS IN FIVE SAMPLES OF DIAGLENA.
+(ALL DATA ARE FOR MALES; MEANS GIVEN IN PARENTHESES BELOW RANGES.)
+
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| | | | Head | Inter- |Internarial|
+| | | | width | orbital | distance |
+| | Number |Snout-vent| |distance | |
+| Locality | of | length |----------+---------+-----------+
+| |specimens| |Snout-vent| Head | Head |
+| | | | length | width | width |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| Oaxaca | 9 |71.1-87.5 |25.4-29.1 |63.0-71.4| 11.9-13.8 |
+| | | (80.7) | (27.9) | (67.1) | (12.9) |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| Coast of | 5 |72.0-79.2 |24.3-27.2 |67.0-73.8| 13.7-14.4 |
+| Michoacan | | (74.8) | (25.6) | (71.4) | (14.1) |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| Colima | 4 |71.7-79.6 |26.1-28.6 |70.5-75.3| 16.0-17.9 |
+| | | (74.8) | (27.4) | (72.0) | (16.6) |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| Tepalcatepec | 2 |63.0-65.4 |28.3-32.2 |57.3-62.4| 17.0-20.2 |
+| Valley | | (64.2) | (30.3) | (59.9) | (18.6) |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+| Sinaloa | 11 |71.9-81.3 |24.0-27.3 |70.5-78.1| 15.0-17.3 |
+| | | (77.3) | (25.7) | (73.4) | (16.1) |
++-----------------+---------+----------+----------+---------+-----------+
+
+All specimens from Michoacan and Colima more closely approach _Diaglena
+reticulata_ than _D. spatulata_. The acquisition of additional
+specimens, especially from the area between Sinaloa and Colima and from
+Guerrero, is necessary to determine the relationships among the various
+populations known at present. Both species of _Diaglena_ inhabit
+tropical scrub forest; none has been found in the more humid and
+tropical semi-deciduous forests. Humid forest replaces the scrub forest
+in the lowlands of southern Nayarit and northern Jalisco; possibly this
+forest acts as a barrier to the distribution of _Diaglena_ and thus
+serves as a divider between the ranges of _D. spatulata_ to the north
+and _D. reticulata_ to the south.
+
+
+~Pternohyla fodiens~ Boulenger
+
+ _Pternohyla fodiens_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+ 5, 10:326, 1882.--Presidio, Sinaloa, Mexico.
+
+ Nueva Italia (2).
+
+These specimens (JRD 5994-5) were found on the road near Nueva Italia
+during a heavy rain on the night of August 25, 1960, by James R. Dixon.
+Both are females having snout-vent lengths of 64.0 and 59.0 mm. They are
+typical of the species as it is known from Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco,
+and Colima.
+
+These specimens constitute the southernmost record for the species,
+which ranges in semi-arid habitats from southern Arizona southward along
+the Pacific lowlands of Mexico to Colima and inland on the Mexican
+Plateau in Jalisco.
+
+
+~Phyllomedusa dacnicolor~ Cope
+
+ _Phyllomedusa dacnicolor_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 16:181, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima,
+ Mexico. Funkhouser, Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford
+ Univ., 5:37, April 1, 1957.
+
+ _Agalychnis alcorni_ Taylor, Copeia, no. 2:31, June 2,
+ 1952.--Rio Tepalcatepec, 17 miles south of Apatzingan,
+ Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ _Agalychnis dacnicolor_, Duellman, Herpetologica, 13:29,
+ March 30, 1957.
+
+ _Phyllomedusa alcorni_, Funkhouser, Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist.
+ Mus. Stanford Univ., 5:30, April 1, 1957.
+
+ Aguililla (13); Apatzingan (7); Charapendo; Coahuayana (3);
+ Coalcoman (54); El Sabino; Huetamo Road (2); La Orilla; La
+ Placita; Nueva Italia (4); 32 km. E of Neuva Italia (2); Rio
+ Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingan; Rio Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S
+ of Apatzingan; Salitre de Estopilas (2); Tzitzio (4).
+
+This large tree frog has been found only in the lowlands below elevation
+of about 1000 meters, usually in arid tropical scrub forest. Calling
+males were heard on rainy nights throughout the rainy season; in nearly
+every instance both males and females were found in low trees and
+bushes. On summer nights when there had been no rain, adults were found
+sitting on bushes in the scrub forest.
+
+At Coalcoman on July 1, 1955, a chorus was heard at midday. About forty
+_Phyllomedusa dacnicolor_ were found in one guayava bush at the edge of
+a recently dried pond. Individual males were calling; clasping males
+were silent. The call is a barking groan. Fifteen individual egg masses
+were hanging from branches and leaves in tear-drop fashion. Each egg
+mass contained 100 to 350 pale green eggs, located only in the exterior
+part of the clear gelatinous mass. Two composite egg masses appeared to
+have been made up by egg deposition on the part of three to five females
+(Pl. 2, Fig. 2).
+
+As shown by Duellman (1957a), the characters used by Taylor (1952) to
+diagnose _Phyllomedusa alcorni_ are sexually dimorphic. Funkhouser
+(1957) apparently was unaware of this sexual dimorphism, for she
+recognized _P. alcorni_ and _P. dacnicolor_ as distinct species.
+
+
+~Phrynohyas inflata~ (Taylor)
+
+ _Acrodytes inflata_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 30:64,
+ June 12, 1944.--La Venta, Guerrero, Mexico.
+
+ _Phrynohyas inflata_, Duellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 96:19, February 1, 1956.
+
+ _Phrynohyas corasterias_ Shannon and Humphrey,
+ Herpetologica, 13:15, March 30, 1957.--4.8 miles east of San
+ Blas, Nayarit, Mexico.
+
+ Barranca de Bejuco.
+
+One specimen of this large species was collected in 1951; it was found
+on a low branch in tropical semi-deciduous forest at an elevation of 65
+meters. In life there were olive-gray blotches on a pale gray dorsum;
+the iris was a dark golden color.
+
+This species, which is known from only a few specimens, seems to be
+restricted to the coastal lowlands and low foothills from Guerrero
+northward to Nayarit. Shannon and Humphrey (1957) described _Phrynohyas
+corasterias_ from Nayarit. Their description was based on a small female
+having a snout-vent length of 34.4 mm. The new species was diagnosed as
+differing from _P. inflata_ in having less webbing on the feet, a poorly
+developed supratympanic fold, a more pustulate dorsum, and marked
+differences in dorsal pattern, color, and nature of antebrachial
+banding. The significance of the webbing was questioned by Shannon and
+Humphrey. The nature of the supratympanic fold and dorsal pustules
+changes with age (Duellman, 1956a:31). _Phrynohyas inflata_ is known to
+attain a snout-vent length of 95 mm. Dermal structures that undergo
+ontogenetic change are of little importance in comparing a juvenile with
+a large adult. The only significant difference in color pattern between
+_P. inflata_ and _P. corasterias_ is the presence of wide transverse
+bands on the limbs of the latter. In this respect _P. corasterias_
+approaches _P. latifasciata_, a species known only from two specimens
+from southern Sinaloa. The acquisition of additional specimens from
+Jalisco, Nayarit, and Sinaloa may show that _P. inflata_ and _P.
+latifasciata_ are conspecific, as suggested by Duellman (1956a:21).
+Nonetheless, the specimen on which the description of _P. corasterias_
+was based is not sufficiently different from the known specimens of _P.
+inflata_ to warrant specific recognition.
+
+
+~Hyla arenicolor~
+
+ _Hyla arenicolor_ Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ ser. 2, 6:84, July, 1866.--Northern Sonora, Mexico. Type
+ locality restricted to Santa Rita Mountains, Pima County,
+ Arizona, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:354).
+
+ Agua Cerca; Cascada Tzararacua (3); Chinapa; Cojumatlan; Dos
+ Aguas; El Sabino (25); El Espinal; Lago de Camecuaro;
+ Lombardia (2); Tupataro; Zinapecuaro.
+
+Altitudinally this frog ranges from 500 to 2100 meters; although the
+environments in which it has been found vary from open arid tropical
+scrub forest to pine forest, it usually is found near rocky streams in
+these habitats. There is great disparity in size between specimens from
+the mountains and those from the Tepalcatepec Valley. Seven males from
+elevations in excess of 1400 meters have an average snout-vent length of
+34.7 mm.; nine from elevations below 1000 meters have an average
+snout-vent length of 49.1 mm. In life a male collected at night at
+Lombardia (UMMZ 112846) had dark brown spots on a grayish brown dorsum;
+the groin, anterior and posterior surfaces of the thighs, and ventral
+surfaces of the hind limbs and palms were yellowish orange. The belly
+and tips of digits were white; the vocal sac was purplish brown, and the
+iris was dark grayish gold. In contrast, a specimen obtained in the
+daytime at Chinapa (UMMZ 119204) had indistinct gray spots on a pale
+ashy gray dorsum; the flash colors were yellow. After dark the spots
+were dark olive-brown on a grayish brown dorsum.
+
+Two males were found calling from a rocky stream near Lombardia on July
+12, 1955. The call is a nasal "ah-ah-ah-ah."
+
+
+~Hyla baudini~ Dumeril and Bibron
+
+ _Hyla baudinii_ Dumeril and Bibron, Erpetologie generale,
+ vol. 8:564, 1841.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to
+ Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:346).
+
+ Aguililla (5); Apatzingan (30); Arteaga; Buena Vista;
+ Charapendo; Coahuayana; Cofradia (4); El Sabino (12); La
+ Placita; La Playa; Maruata; Nueva Italia (3); 32 km. E of
+ Nueva Italia (2); Ostula (4); Rio Tepalcatepec, 25 km. S of
+ Apatzingan (3); Salitre de Estopilas; San Jose de la Montana
+ (2); Tumbiscatio; Tzitzio.
+
+This tree frog is widespread in the coastal lowlands and in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley up to elevations of about 1200 meters. It is found
+in numbers in the early part of the rainy season, at which time males
+were heard calling from bushes and trees along ditches and temporary
+ponds. The call is a loud nasal "waank-waank-waank." One individual that
+was emitting a long and unusually high-pitched call was found to have
+one hind limb engulfed by a _Leptodeira maculata_.
+
+When active at night these frogs usually are pale tan to reddish brown
+above with dark brown markings. A specimen found sitting on a maguey
+plant in the daytime was pale ashy gray with a pale green upper lip.
+
+
+~Hyla bistincta~ Cope
+
+ _Hyla bistincta_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 17:87,
+ 1877.--Veracruz, Mexico. Type locality restricted to
+ Acultzingo, Veracruz, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:346).
+
+ Cerro San Andres; Dos Aguas (2); Los Conejos (3); Uruapan
+ (50).
+
+In the Parque Nacional at Uruapan this species was found in abundance
+during the day. The frogs hide in an entanglement of vines and
+vegetation overhanging several small spring-fed streams. Tadpoles were
+in the rocky streams, and metamorphosing young were on vegetation at the
+edges of the streams.
+
+In life the dorsum is greenish tan with brown mottling; in some
+individuals the entire dorsum is dark chocolate brown. The flanks are
+pale lemon yellow barred with lavender-brown. Notes on the color of a
+living frog from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119193) are: Dorsal ground color a
+medium shade of brown with dark brown flecks; flanks black with silvery
+white and pale yellow spots; belly pale yellowish white; throat mottled
+with grayish brown; iris pale copper color.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8. Tadpole of _Hyla bistincta_ (UMMZ 115231) from
+Uruapan, Michoacan. x 2.]
+
+Description of Tadpole: Body somewhat depressed; maximum width of body
+slightly more than one-half of body length. Nostrils placed
+dorsolaterally and directed anteriorly, situated about midway between
+tip of snout and eye. Eyes of moderate size, dorsolateral in position
+and directed upwards. Tail about twice as long as body, thrice as long
+as deep, and tapering gradually to a rounded tip. Tail-musculature not
+extending to tip of tail fin. Spiracle sinistral, lateral, and situated
+at midbody. Vent dextral; the cloacal tube extending along ventral part
+of tail for a distance equal to about one-eighth of body length (Fig.
+8). Average body length of six tadpoles with small hind limb buds, 19.5
+mm.; tail length, 38.3 mm. Mouth ventral, its width equal to about
+two-thirds of greatest width of body. Lips bordered by two rows of small
+papillae; row of larger papillae between upper lip and outer upper
+tooth-row, similar row between lower lip and outer lower tooth-row;
+laterally these rows degenerating into numerous small papillae. Horny
+beaks well developed; upper beak moderately arched and deeply indented;
+lower beak slightly indented. Serrations of beaks blunt and peglike,
+moderately developed on both beaks, but slightly stronger on lower one.
+Tooth-rows 2/3; upper rows nearly equal in length and slightly longer
+than lower rows, which are subequal in length; inner upper tooth row
+interrupted medially by rounded notch; inner lower tooth-row turned
+downward laterally; teeth in all rows about equal in size, but
+decreasing in length laterally (Fig. 9).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9. Mouthparts of larval _Hyla bistincta_ (UMMZ
+115231) from Uruapan, Michoacan. x 15.]
+
+Color in formalin: pale grayish brown dorsally and laterally; pale gray
+ventrally; tail-musculature brown; tail-fin translucent with scattered
+melanophores most numerous on upper fin.
+
+In most details these tadpoles resemble those of _Hyla robertsorum_
+described by Rabb and Mosimann (1955).
+
+Four metamorphosing young have snout-vent lengths of 23.0-23.5 (23.2);
+a completely metamorphosed individual has a snout-vent length of 24.8
+mm.
+
+In Michoacan this stream-breeding hylid occurs at elevations of 1,600 to
+2,400 meters in the Sierra de Coalcoman and in the mountains rising from
+the Mexican Plateau.
+
+
+~Hyla eximia~ Baird
+
+ _Hyla eximia_ Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 7:61, October 20, 1854.--Valley of Mexico. Type locality
+ restricted to Coyoacan, Distrito Federal, Mexico, by Smith
+ and Taylor (1950a:329).
+
+ _Hyla microeximia_ Maslin, Herpetologica, 13:81, July 10,
+ 1957.--3 miles northwest of Jocotepec, Jalisco, Mexico.
+
+ Ciudad Hidalgo (36); Cuitzeo; 29 km. NW of Jacona; Jiquilpan
+ (2); Lago de Camecuaro (2); Lago de Patzcuaro (129); Los
+ Reyes; Morelia; Sahuayo (3); San Gregorio (63);
+ Tangamandapio (4); Temazcal (26); Tupataro; Tuxpan (15);
+ Undameo (2); Uruapan (20); Zacapu; Zamora (27); Zinapecuaro
+ (10).
+
+More than 80 per cent of the specimens from Michoacan have brown spots
+between the lateral and dorsolateral dark stripes, and more than 50 per
+cent have spots between the dorsolateral stripes, at least posteriorly.
+In comparison with specimens from the Valley of Mexico, those from
+Michoacan have more distinct dorsolateral stripes that extend farther
+anteriorly, sometimes to the eyelid, and in this respect are more nearly
+like those from Jalisco and Nayarit (Taylor, 1939b:425). Some specimens
+from the western part of Michoacan possess certain characters used by
+Maslin (1957:81) to distinguish _Hyla microeximia_ from _H. eximia_;
+nevertheless, the variation is such that two species cannot be
+distinguished in Michoacan. Four series of freshly preserved specimens
+have been studied in detail; in the discussion below they are arranged
+from west to east; the measurement is for snout-vent length of ten males
+from each sample:
+
+ _Zamora._--Twenty-two specimens (UMMZ 102083), 24.0-27.6
+ (26.1) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe, or row of dashes,
+ present in all specimens; dark spots in lateral and dorsal
+ green fields; lateral dark stripe confluent with
+ dorsolateral stripe posteriorly in 18 specimens; white line
+ not extending to groin.
+
+ _Temazcal._--Thirty-five specimens (UMMZ 119162), 26.5-31.1
+ (28.2) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe of row of spots present
+ only posteriorly in most; both dorsolateral stripes and
+ dorsal spots lacking in four specimens; heavy spotting
+ dorsally in three others; lateral and dorsolateral dark
+ stripes confluent posteriorly in three; lateral white stripe
+ extending to groin in 16 specimens.
+
+ _Ciudad Hidalgo._--Thirty-six specimens (UMMZ 119163),
+ 26.4-30.9 (28.2) mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe or row of
+ spots present only posteriorly in most; no brown spots in
+ the green fields of many specimens; large brown inguinal
+ spot in most specimens; heavy spotting dorsally in four;
+ lateral and dorsolateral dark stripes confluent posteriorly
+ in five; lateral white line extending to groin in most
+ specimens.
+
+ _Tuxpan._--Fifteen specimens (UMMZ 115227), 28.7-33.0 (30.5)
+ mm. Dorsolateral dark stripe or row of dashes in all
+ specimens; dark spots in lateral green fields, at least
+ posteriorly in most; dark spots posteriorly in the dorsal
+ green field in five; lateral dark stripe separated from
+ dorsolateral stripe in all specimens; lateral white line
+ extends to the groin in all specimens.
+
+As can be seen from the above descriptions, the distinguishing
+characters of _Hyla microeximia_--confluence of lateral and dorsolateral
+dark stripes posteriorly, extent of lateral white stripe, and
+distribution of dark spots dorsally--are found in individuals from all
+of the populations sampled. In the samples from western Michoacan there
+is a higher incidence of _microeximia_-like frogs than in those from
+other parts of the state. _Hyla eximia_ is a wide-ranging species
+varying greatly geographically and individually. A thorough review of
+the species and related members of the _Hyla eximia_-group is necessary
+before certain populations can justifiably be segregated as subspecies
+or species.
+
+In Michoacan _Hyla eximia_ has been collected in mesquite-grassland,
+pine-oak forest, and cultivated areas on the Mexican Plateau from 1500
+to 2300 meters; apparently it is absent from the Sierra de Coalcoman.
+This is the most abundant frog on the southern part of the Mexican
+Plateau; in the rainy season breeding choruses are found in temporary
+pools and in the marshes adjacent to the permanent lakes.
+
+
+~Hyla lafrentzi~ Mertens and Wolterstorff
+
+ _Hyla lafrentzi_ Mertens and Wolterstorff, Zool. Anz.,
+ 84:235, August 25, 1929.--Desierto de los Leones, Distrito
+ Federal, Mexico.
+
+ Cerro San Andres (26); Opopeo (9).
+
+In March, 1949, James A. Peters collected this species at elevations of
+2400 to 2800 meters on the west slope of Cerro San Andres. The frogs
+were found beneath logs and rocks in a damp canyon in coniferous forest.
+Among the juveniles in this series is a completely transformed
+individual (UMMZ 102093) having a snout-vent length of 14.5 mm. Five
+adults have snout-vent lengths of 36.2-39.5 (38.0) mm. _Hyla lafrentzi_
+has noticeably longer hind limbs than _H. eximia_; in the former, when
+the hind limb is brought forward along the body, the tibiotarsal
+articulation extends to the snout. There are dark transverse bands on
+the hind limbs; the dorsolateral stripe is broken into an anterior and a
+posterior segment, and the latter is narrowly bordered by white in most
+specimens.
+
+_Hyla lafrentzi_ occurs at higher elevations than any other frog in
+Michoacan; the locality records from throughout the range indicate that
+it is restricted to pine and pine-fir forests. In these habitats it
+replaces _Hyla eximia_, which inhabits the lower pine-oak forests and
+mesquite-grassland on the Mexican Plateau. Ponds are absent at places
+where _Hyla lafrentzi_ has been collected; possibly the eggs are laid in
+streams.
+
+
+~Hyla smaragdina~ Taylor
+
+ _Hyla smaragdina_ Taylor, Copeia, No. 1:18, March 30,
+ 1940.--6 kilometers east of Cojumatlan, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ _Hylella azteca_ Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 56:49,
+ June 16, 1943.--Tepoztlan, Morelos, Mexico.
+
+ Cojumatlan (30); Copuyo (7); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (22);
+ Ostula (8); Pomaro (3); Sahuayo; Salitre de Estopilas (7).
+
+Taylor (1940a:18) diagnosed this species as having few or no vomerine
+teeth, no vocal sac, a rather broad and flat head, two large tubercles
+below the anus, a granular venter, and a green dorsum in life. The
+specimens on which the description was based are either immature or
+non-breeding individuals; all were collected from bromeliads growing on
+cacti near Cojumatlan. Another small, flat-headed hylid from Tepoztlan,
+Morelos, was described and diagnosed by Taylor (1943b:49) as differing
+from _Hyla smaragdina_ in having a vocal sac and a broader head. This
+specimen was named _Hylella azteca_. Specimens from the coastal region
+of Michoacan and Colima were referred to _Hylella azteca_ by Peters
+(1954:7) and Duellman (1958c:8).
+
+Comparison of topotypic _Hyla smaragdina_ and the holotype of _Hylella
+azteca_ (UIMNH 25044) with the several series of specimens from
+Michoacan has resulted in the conclusion that all pertain to only one
+species. Although the type series of _Hyla smaragdina_ consists of
+immature specimens, the males in that series do possess vocal sacs.
+Since these were not breeding individuals, the sacs are not well
+developed. The characters of the anal tubercles and the relative width
+of the head are of no value in separating the two species. The
+apparently aestivating individuals comprising the type series of _Hyla
+smaragdina_, and the type of _Hylella azteca_, which also was found in a
+bromeliad, were green in life. Of the calling males found on the coast
+of Michoacan, most were yellowish tan when found; two were pale green,
+but soon changed to pale tan. Calling males from Copuyo and Dos Aguas
+were pale yellowish tan. Therefore the color of the dorsum is of little
+significance in distinguishing the two named populations.
+
+Males of _Hyla smaragdina_ have been found calling in the months of June
+and July from rocky streams; the call is a nasal "haah-haah-haah,"
+repeated quickly and constantly for as long as 30 seconds. As pointed
+out by Duellman (1958c:9), this breeding behavior is unlike that
+suggested by Taylor (1943b:51). In Michoacan _Hyla smaragdina_ has been
+found in tropical semi-deciduous forest, oak forest, and
+mesquite-grassland at elevations from 150 to 1500 meters.
+
+
+~Hyla smithi~ Boulenger
+
+ _Hyla smithi_ Boulenger, Zool. Rec. Reptilia and Batrachia,
+ 38:33, 1902.--Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
+
+ Aguililla (14); Apatzingan (104); Arteaga; Charapendo (5);
+ Coalcoman (11); El Sabino (44); La Playa (6); Lombardia (2);
+ Nueva Italia (8); Playa Azul; Salitre de Estopilas (2).
+
+This small hylid is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley to elevations of
+about 1000 meters; it was found infrequently on the coastal lowlands.
+Males call from bushes in and around flooded fields and ditches, from
+grasses and small herbs in the water and from vegetation overhanging
+small streams. The call consists of a series of short, high notes,
+somewhat reminiscent of a katydid's song. In the dry season occasional
+males were heard calling from irrigated fields near Apatzingan. In the
+daytime individuals were found in the axils of leaves of the
+elephant-ear plants (_Xanthosoma_).
+
+In living individuals the dorsal color usually is uniform pale yellow;
+often the lateral white stripe is barely visible. The vocal sac is
+bright yellow, and the iris is pale gold. In some individuals there are
+scattered dark brown spots or flecks on the back and upper surfaces of
+limbs. Twenty males from Apatzingan have the following measurements:
+snout-vent length, 22.8-26.0 (25.0) mm., tibia length, 10.7-13.6 (12.6)
+mm.; head width, 7.2-8.0 (7.6) mm., head length, 7.1-8.1 (7.7) mm.
+
+
+~Hypopachus caprimimus~ Taylor
+
+ _Hypopachus caprimimus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 26:526, November 27, 1940.--Agua del Obispo, Guerrero,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Buena Vista; Copuyo (6); Charapendo (3); Cofradia;
+ Jaramillo; Jungapeo; San Salvador; Tuxpan.
+
+Specimens of _Hypopachus_ from the Balsas drainage in Michoacan have
+characters consistent with topotypic _H. caprimimus_. Eleven specimens
+from the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau all have the flanks darker
+than the dorsum, a distinct and continuous dark stripe from the occiput
+to the groin, a large dark spot in the inguinal region, and a pair of
+dark transverse stripes on the thigh and shank (Pl. 6, Fig. 1). With
+the exception of three specimens from Charapendo, all have a
+predominantly brown venter with round, cream-colored spots.
+
+Peters (1954:8) referred specimens from Buena Vista and San Salvador to
+_Hypopachus oxyrrhinus_. He stated that the specimen (BMNH
+1914.1.28.150) from San Salvador had flanks much darker than the dorsum
+and a well-defined continuous stripe from the occiput to the groin; this
+specimen has the characters of _H. caprimimus_. The specimen (BMNH
+1914.1.28.151) from Buena Vista resembles _H. oxyrrhinus_ in some
+characters, but it is not like _H. oxyrrhinus ovis_ on the Mexican
+Plateau in Michoacan. The specimen has paired transverse stripes on the
+hind limbs as does _H. caprimimus_, and is here referred to that
+species.
+
+In Michoacan this species has been collected in arid tropical scrub
+forest at elevations of 200 to 1800 meters in the northern foothills of
+the Sierra de Coalcoman, the Tepalcatepec and Tuxpan valleys, and on the
+lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica. Calling males have been found
+along streams. One specimen from Charapendo was regurgitated by a
+_Leptodeira maculata_.
+
+
+~Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis~ Taylor
+
+ _Hypopachus ovis_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:520,
+ November 27, 1940.--Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
+
+ _Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis_, Shannon and Humphrey,
+ Herpetologica, 14:89, July 23, 1958.
+
+ Emiliano Zapata; 30 km. NW of Jacona (2); 10 km. NE of
+ Patzcuaro (2); Tangamandapio (16); 24 km. W of Zamora (16).
+
+Thirty-seven specimens from the Mexican Plateau in northwestern
+Michoacan agree well with the diagnosis of _Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis_
+by Shannon and Humphrey (1958). With the exception of one specimen from
+Tangamandapio, all have dark bellies extensively mottled or spotted with
+cream-color. Most of the specimens have some form of an irregular,
+usually broken, dark line from the occiput to the groin. In eight
+specimens there is no line or linear arrangement of spots; instead the
+dorsum is spotted or flecked with dark brown. The ground color of the
+dorsum and flanks varies from dull reddish brown to grayish brown;
+cream-colored spots are evident on the flanks and posterior surfaces of
+the thighs in all specimens (Pl. 6, Fig. 2).
+
+In comparison with 14 specimens from Queseria, Colima (UMMZ 80001-2),
+individuals from the Mexican Plateau have a darker venter with bolder
+markings, and a more mottled dorsum.
+
+In Michoacan this species has been taken between 1500 and 2200 meters on
+the Mexican Plateau, where it inhabits mesquite-grassland and cultivated
+areas.
+
+
+~Rana dunni~ Zweifel
+
+ _Rana dunni_ Zweifel, Copeia, no. 2:78, July 15, 1957.--Lago
+ de Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Lago de Patzcuaro (23); Rio de Morelia, near Undameo (8).
+
+Aside from the type series of this species, there are in the Museum of
+Zoology at the University of Michigan six specimens taken from "tanks"
+at the limnological station at Patzcuaro by Paul S. Martin in 1948, and
+eight specimens found in shaded ditches along the Rio de Morelia by
+Robert R. Miller on April 4, 1957. The Rio de Morelia flows into Lago de
+Cuitzeo; this drainage is separated from Lago de Patzcuaro by a chain of
+hills about 2400 meters in elevation. Dr. Richard G. Zweifel has
+examined these specimens and has informed me that, although they differ
+slightly from typical _Rana dunni_, they are much closer to that species
+than to _Rana montezumae_.
+
+
+~Rana megapoda~ Taylor
+
+ _Rana megapoda_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:310,
+ November 12, 1942.--Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico.
+
+ La Palma (8).
+
+These specimens (USNM 113998-114005) are from the marshes along the
+southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala. Five females have snout-vent
+lengths of 124.0-138.1 (131.5), and one male has a snout-vent length of
+110.2 mm. Two juveniles have snout-vent lengths of 49.7 and 56.3 mm. The
+coloration of the juveniles is more bold than that of the adults. The
+body proportions of these specimens agree with those presented by
+Zweifel (1957:80).
+
+
+~Rana montezumae~ Baird
+
+ _Rana montezumae_ Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 7:61, October 20, 1854.--Mexico City, Distrito Federal,
+ Mexico.
+
+ La Palma; 8 km. NW of Maravatio (10); Sahuayo; Tupataro (7).
+
+This species probably is more abundant and widespread than is indicated
+by the few specimens listed above. It has been found only in the
+vicinity of permanent water on the Mexican Plateau and the mountains
+rising from the plateau at elevations of 1500 to 2000 meters. Its
+apparent absence from Lago de Patzcuaro cannot be explained, unless
+_Rana dunni_ replaces it there.
+
+
+~Rana pipiens~ Schreber
+
+ _Rana pipiens_ Schreber, Der Naturforscher, Halle, 18:185,
+ 1782.--Raccoon, Gloucester County, New Jersey.
+
+ Aguililla (2); Apatzingan (13); Arteaga; Axolotl (16);
+ Camachines (2); Capirio; Cascada Tzararacua (3); Cerro San
+ Andres (6); Charapendo (4); Ciudad Hidalgo; Coalcoman (17);
+ Cuitzeo (3); El Sabino (10); Jacona (3); 29 km. NW of Jacona
+ (8); Jiquilpan; La Orilla (3); La Palma (5); La Playa (4);
+ Lago de Chapala (3); Lago de Patzcuaro (6); Lombardia; Los
+ Conejos (67); Los Reyes (7); Macho de Agua; Maravatio;
+ Morelia (5); Opopeo (3); Patzcuaro (9); 26 km. S of
+ Patzcuaro (52); Puerto Hondo (3); Rio Duero, 14 km. E of
+ Zamora (13); Rio Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingan (2);
+ San Gregorio (38); San Jose de la Cumbre (5); Tangamandapio;
+ Zacapu; 18 km. W of Zamora (35).
+
+Except on the Pacific lowlands, this species is abundant throughout the
+state. It has been collected from sea level to 2800 meters, the greatest
+altitudinal range of any amphibian in Michoacan. It has been found
+frequently in the Tepalcatepec Valley; it is not a distinctly highland
+species in southern Michoacan, as stated by Peters (1954:9). One
+specimen from Aguililla (UMMZ 119257) is an albino. In this specimen
+there is a faint pattern on the hind limbs; otherwise the entire body is
+creamy white; the eyes are pink.
+
+
+~Rana pustulosa~ Boulenger
+
+ _Rana pustulosa_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5,
+ 11:343, 1883.--Ventanas, Durango, Mexico.
+
+ Arteaga (4); 21 km. S of Arteaga; Cascada Tzararacua (3);
+ Coalcoman (3); 12 km. ENE of Dos Aguas (3); El Sabino (53);
+ Los Reyes (3); Tzitzio (4); Uruapan.
+
+Although _Rana pustulosa_ seems to be absent from the Mexican Plateau in
+Michoacan, it has been collected at elevations of 850 to 2150 meters on
+the slopes of the Cordillera Volcanico and in the Sierra de Coalcoman.
+Usually the frogs are found along rocky streams, but at Coalcoman they
+were found in a hyacinth-choked old river channel, and at El Sabino, in
+irrigation ditches.
+
+In most specimens the dorsum is dark olive-brown; in some it is pale
+olive-tan with dense dark brown mottling on the back and dark transverse
+bands on the hind limbs.
+
+Thirteen tadpoles (UMMZ 94271) taken from a seepage pool by a stream
+near Uruapan closely resemble the description of tadpoles of this
+species given by Taylor (1942b).
+
+
+
+
+REPTILIA
+
+
+Testudines
+
+
+~Chelonia mydas~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Testudo mydas_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10:197,
+ 1758.--Type locality restricted to Ascension Island by
+ Mertens and Mueller (1928:23).
+
+ _Chelonia mydas_, Brongniart, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom., 2:89,
+ 1800.
+
+ Beach between Rio Motin and Rio Colotlan (2); Maruata; Playa
+ Azul (4).
+
+Green sea turtles are abundant along the coast of Michoacan. Laying
+females and fresh nests were found on August 6-12, 1950, July 14-16,
+1951, and July 8-10, 1955. The general account of sea turtles on the
+coast of Michoacan that was given by Peters (1957) is supplemented here
+by my field notes on the actions of one female observed on the night of
+July 14, 1951, near Maruata by Donald D. Brand and I. Because of a full
+moon, visibility was excellent.
+
+In the course of the day several _Chelonia_ were seen in the surf;
+shortly after dark the first turtle was observed on the beach. Several
+were observed to come out on the beach and crawl nearly to the strand
+line, only to return to the sea.
+
+At 10:20 p. m. one turtle was seen about 15 meters from the water. We
+watched this turtle from some distance and observed that by 10:26 p. m.
+she had moved about ten meters to a bank of sand about two meters high.
+Ten minutes later she had climbed the bank and disappeared over the top
+into the brush. We moved closer and remained hidden below the bank.
+Although we could not see the turtle, we could hear her movements.
+Between 10:37 and 10:57 p. m. the turtle dug, often flipping the dry
+sand for a distance of about two meters. When this energetic digging
+ceased, we moved up the bank to see that she was facing inland and
+sitting in a depression about one and one-half meters in diameter and 30
+centimeters in depth. She had cleaned out this depression in the past 20
+minutes. Between 11:00 and 11:36 p. m. she dug the nest hole by first
+scooping sand with one hind flipper and then with the other; when sand
+was thrown by one flipper, there was a similar, but weaker, motion by
+the other flipper. At 11:36 p. m. she stopped digging. By crawling up
+behind the turtle we were able to examine the nest cavity, which
+measured 21 centimeters across the top and 38 centimeters deep. The
+diameter of the bottom of the hole was estimated to be about 50
+centimeters. At 11:40 p. m. she released the first egg; a minute later
+she dropped the second. At 11:42 p. m. the third and fourth eggs were
+released; these were coherent, as were the fifth and sixth eggs released
+at 11:43 p. m. After this, as many as three eggs were dropped at a
+time. After laying about 60 eggs, she paused for a minute and then
+continued laying. By 11:55 p. m. she had laid 98 eggs; after this, the
+process of deposition slowed considerably. She dropped a fragment of an
+egg followed by normal eggs. At midnight she deposited a miniature egg
+about 20 mm. in diameter. This terminated the deposition. Immediately
+she began to cover the nest.
+
+Within ten minutes after the last egg was deposited the nest had been
+covered. The turtle first had been seen at 10:20 p. m.; judging from its
+speed and its distance from the water, the turtle probably had been on
+land for about ten minutes. About 25 minutes were used in crawling from
+the water to the nesting site. One hour and 33 minutes were spent at the
+nesting site; of this time twenty minutes were taken for egg deposition.
+The turtle was not followed back to the water, but if the return trip
+took approximately the same amount of time as required to travel from
+the ocean to the nesting site, the total elapsed time from departure to
+return to the water was about two and one-half hours.
+
+We collected the eggs as they were deposited. There were 106 eggs, each
+having a diameter of about 40 mm., plus one small egg and a fragment of
+another. The turtle had a carapace about one meter in length.
+
+From our limited observations of sea turtles and their tracks on the
+beaches, and from the accounts of these animals by the residents of the
+coastal region, great numbers of sea turtles use these relatively
+uninhabited beaches for nesting grounds. However, the turtles do not go
+unmolested. The natives capture turtles and collect their eggs. Opened
+and emptied nests also showed signs of predatory activity on the part of
+other mammals. In the vicinity of Playa Azul several turtles were killed
+by dogs.
+
+
+~Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes~ Wagler
+
+ _Cinosternon hirtipes_ Wagler, Naturl. Syst. Amph., p. 37,
+ 1830.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Mazatlan,
+ Sinaloa, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:25).
+
+ _Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes_, Schmidt, Check list N Amer.
+ Amph. Rept., ed. 6, p. 89, 1953.
+
+ Eight km. W of Ciudad Hidalgo; Jiquilpan; La Palma; Lago de
+ Camecuaro (4); Lago de Cuitzeo (3); Lago de Patzcuaro (8);
+ 14 km. E of Zamora (4).
+
+One specimen from eight kilometers west of Ciudad Hidalgo (UIMNH 24707)
+is from the Rio Tuxpan, a tributary of the Rio Balsas; this is the only
+record for the species from the Balsas drainage. All others are from the
+lakes or rivers flowing into the lakes on the southern part of the
+Mexican Plateau. This species exists in Lago de Patzcuaro to the
+apparent exclusion of the abundant and widespread _Kinosternon
+integrum_.
+
+
+~Kinosternon integrum~ LeConte
+
+ _Kinosternon integrum_ LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 7:183, 1854.--Mexico. Type locality restricted
+ to Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:25).
+
+ Agua Cerca (3); Aguililla; Arteaga (8); Apatzingan (7);
+ Barranca de Herradero; Buenavista (20); Capirio (2);
+ Charapendo (3); Chupio; Coahuayana (2); Coalcoman (169);
+ Copuyo (4); El Sabino (8); Jacona; Jiquilpan (12); La Orilla
+ (2); La Playa (2); Lago de Cuitzeo (27); Las Higuertas;
+ Lombardia (3); Los Reyes (5); Morelia; Ojos de Agua de San
+ Telmo; San Pedro Naranjestila; Tacicuaro.
+
+Excepting Lago de Patzcuaro, _Kinosternon integrum_ occupies all
+permanent and temporary ponds, lakes, and streams below 2200 meters
+throughout the state. At Coalcoman the species was in roadside ditches,
+small puddles, flooded fields, a hyacinth-choked ox-bow of the Rio
+Coalcoman, as well as in the Rio Coalcoman and its tributaries.
+Specimens from Arteaga and Barranca de Herradero were found in clear
+rocky streams; the one from Las Higuertas was found in a small muddy
+pond in pine-oak forest.
+
+On August 26, 1960, James R. Dixon found a copulating pair in a pool at
+Capirio. The large series from Coalcoman contains juveniles and adults;
+these turtles formed the basis for the study of relative growth of
+plastral scutes in this species by Mosimann (1956).
+
+
+~Geoemyda rubida perixantha~ Mosimann and Rabb
+
+ _Geoemyda rubida perixantha_ Mosimann and Rabb, Occ. Pap.
+ Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 548:1, November 9, 1953.--Eight
+ kilometers south of Tecoman, Colima, Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan (2); Coahuayana; La Placita; Punta San Juan de
+ Lima.
+
+These specimens have been discussed in detail by Mosimann and Rabb
+(1953). All are from the arid tropical scrub forest; those from the
+coastal regions were collected at elevations of less than 40 meters, and
+those from the Tepalcatepec Valley were collected at an elevation of 335
+meters.
+
+
+Crocodilia
+
+
+~Crocodylus acutus acutus~ Cuvier
+
+ _Crocodylus acutus_ Cuvier, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
+ 10:55, 1807.--Santo Domingo.
+
+ _Crocodylus acutus acutus_, Mueller and Hellmich,
+ Ibero-Amerik. Stud., 13:128, 1940.
+
+ Boca de Apiza (2); Playa Azul (2).
+
+The crocodile or "caiman" is abundant in the brackish lagoons along the
+cost of Michoacan; three large adults and several juveniles were
+observed at Estero Pichi at Playa Azul; others were seen at Mexiquillo
+and Maruata. Residents of the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin frequently have
+reported "caimanes" in the Rio Balsas and Rio Tepalcatepec, but the
+existence of the crocodile in these rivers has not been verified by
+specimens.
+
+
+Sauria
+
+
+~Phyllodactylus duellmani~ Dixon
+
+ _Phyllodactylus duellmani_ Dixon, Southwest Nat., 5:37,
+ April 15, 1960.--Rancho El Espinal, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Fourteen km. SSW of Apatzingan; Capirio; Cafradia (3); El
+ Espinal (3).
+
+This species is known only from the Tepalcatepec Valley, where it has
+been found in open arid situations from 180 to 500 meters. Specimens
+were found in the daytime in stumps, dead cacti, and the hollow branches
+of the legume, _Apoplanesia paniculata_. In life adults were pale gray
+or grayish tan above and creamy white below. A juvenile having a
+snout-vent length of 18 mm. had a pale orange tail with gray
+cross-bands. In the adults the tail was colored like the body. The
+specimen from 14 kilometers south-southwest of Apatzingan (KU 29764) and
+those from Cofradia (BMNH 1914.1.28.28-30) were not listed by Dixon
+(1960).
+
+
+~Phyllodactylus homolepidurus~ Smith
+
+ _Phyllodactylus homolepidurus_ Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 22:121, November 15, 1935.--Five miles southwest of
+ Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
+
+ El Ticuiz (2); La Placita; Ostula (2); Pomaro; San Pedro
+ Naranjestila.
+
+These specimens have been referred to _Phyllodactylus homolepidurus_ by
+James R. Dixon (_in litt._), who is currently studying the American
+members of the genus. Geckos of this species have been found in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest in the coastal lowlands to elevations of 500
+meters. Most specimens were found beneath the bark of standing dead
+trees or stumps. Two individuals from El Ticuiz (UMMZ 115102) in life
+were dark gray above with brownish tubercles; the belly was a dusty
+cream-color. Apparently this species does not enter the Tepalcatepec
+Valley, where _Phyllodactylus lanei_ is abundant.
+
+
+~Phyllodactylus lanei~ Smith
+
+ _Phyllodactylus lanei_ Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 22:125, November 15, 1935.--Tierra Colorado, Guerrero,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan (13); 21 km. S of Arteaga: El Sabino (53); La
+ Playa; Ostula (2); Rio Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (8);
+ 16 km. N of Tafetan.
+
+This widespread species has been taken at elevations of less than 1100
+meters in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin, where it occurs in riparian
+situations in the foothills. Specimens have been collected in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest at Ostula and in oak forest south of Arteaga; both
+of these localities are on the Pacific slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcoman, a region inhabited by _Phyllodactylus homolepidurus_. Both
+species have been collected at Ostula.
+
+A juvenile from 21 kilometers south of Arteaga (UMMZ 118933) had
+alternating black and white bands on the tail. In life most of the
+lizards are dull ashy gray or grayish tan above and white below.
+According to Dixon (_in litt._), one specimen from Apatzingan (UMMZ
+115102) resembles _Phyllodactylus magnus_ in scutellation, but it lacks
+the distinctive yellow venter of that species.
+
+Apparently _Phyllodactylus lanei_ is restricted to rather mesic
+environments in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley and surrounding
+foothills; in the more open arid environments on the floor of the valley
+it seems to be replaced by _Phyllodactylus duellmani_.
+
+
+~Phyllodactylus paucituberculatus~ Dixon
+
+ _Phyllodactylus paucituberculatus_ Dixon, Southwest. Nat.,
+ 5:40, April 15, 1960.--Rio Cupatitzio (= Rio Marquez), 6.5
+ miles south of Lombardia, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Rio Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (6).
+
+Two of these specimens (UMMZ 112692-3) were discussed in detail by Dixon
+(1960:40) in his description of the species. On August 25, 1960, Dixon
+collected four additional specimens at the type locality, a conglomerate
+cliff along the Rio Marquez. These will be reported by him in his
+forthcoming study of the genus.
+
+
+~Anolis dunni~ Smith
+
+ _Anolis dunni_ Smith, Copeia, no. 1:9, May 10, 1936.--Agua
+ del Obispo, Guerrero, Mexico.
+
+ Arteaga (3); 19 km. S of Arteaga.
+
+Three females from Arteaga (UMMZ 119075) have snout-vent lengths of 41,
+41, and 44 mm. In life the pale grayish brown dorsum was marked with
+dark brown; the belly was white, and the throat was pale pink. All have
+a dark interorbital bar and dark vertical bars on the upper labials. In
+two specimens there are only scattered dark flecks on the dorsum; in the
+third there is a dark postorbital stripe, a dark lateral stripe, and
+four narrow transverse bands on the body. A male from 19 kilometers
+south of Arteaga (UMMZ 119076) having a snout-vent length of 49 mm. had
+in life a tan dorsum, a broad white stripe from the ear to the groin,
+scattered small white spots on the dorsum, and indistinct pale
+cream-colored spots on the posterior surfaces of the thighs. This male
+has the dark labial bars, but lacks the dark interorbital bar, found in
+the females. The large rose-pink throat fan extends to about the middle
+of the belly. In all of the specimens the middorsal scales are keeled
+and much smaller than the smooth pavementlike or slightly imbricate
+ventrals. All have two gulars in contact with the mental, five scales
+between the nasals, five scales (not including the first labials) in
+contact with the rostral, and four rows of loreals. In these characters
+these specimens agree well with _Anolis dunni_ from Guerrero, as
+diagnosed by Davis (1954b).
+
+Previously _Anolis dunni_ has been reported only from the vicinity of
+Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, a locality situated at an elevation of about
+900 meters in pine-oak forest in the Sierra del Sur. All known close
+relatives of _Anolis dunni_ occur only in Guerrero: _A. taylori_ Smith
+and Spieler from Acapulco, _A. gadowi_ Boulenger from Tierra Colorado,
+_A. liogaster_ Boulenger, and _A. omiltemanus_ Davis from Omiltemi. The
+present specimens from elevations of about 900 meters in riparian stream
+vegetation and oak forest represent the northern known limits of this
+group of _Anolis_.
+
+
+~Anolis nebulosus~ (Wiegmann)
+
+ _Dactyloa nebulosa_ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 47,
+ 1834.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Mazatlan,
+ Sinaloa, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:66).
+
+ _Anolis nebulosas_, Bocourt, Mission Scientifique au Mexique
+ et dan l'Amerique Centrale. Reptiles, livr. 2:77, 1873.
+
+ Acahuato (3); Agua Cerca; Apatzingan (4); Araparicuaro (3);
+ 29 km. S of Ario de Rosales (3); 20 km. S of Arteaga (2);
+ Barranca de Bejuco; Cascada Tzararacua (5); Cerro Tancitaro
+ (13); Cheran; Chupio (5); Coalcoman (10); Cofradia; Dos
+ Aguas (10); 18 km. E of Dos Aguas (3); El Diezmo; El Sabino
+ (43); El Ticuiz; Jiquilpan (2); La Orilla; La Placita; La
+ Playa (3); Los Conejos (2); Los Pozos; Nogueleras (2);
+ Ostula; 8 km. W of Patzcuaro (2); 8 km. NE of Patzcuaro;
+ Playa Azul (3); Rio Cachan; Rio Marquez, 10 km. S of
+ Lombardia; Rio Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingan; San
+ Juan de Lima (6); San Pedro Naranjestila; Temazcal; Tuxpan
+ (2); Tzitzio; Uruapan (74); 11 km. N of Uruapan (2); Volcan
+ Jorullo; 16 km. E of Zacapu (2); 18 km. W of Zamora;
+ Ziracuaretiro.
+
+Even with the abundance of material the assignment of a specific name to
+these anoles is only tentative, for definite determination between
+_Anolis nebulosus_ Wiegmann and _A. nebuloides_ Bocourt is uncertain.
+Bocourt (1873:75) distinguished _A. nebuloides_ from _A. nebulosus_ by
+the following characters: (1) head scales keeled, not smooth; (2) snout
+narrower; (3) ear opening larger; (4) supraorbital semicircles separated
+by a row of small scales and not in contact; (5) dorsal scales larger
+and subequal in size to the belly scales. Boulenger (1885:77) used the
+same characters; Smith and Taylor (1950b:58) in their key to the Mexican
+species of _Anolis_ stated that the dorsal scales are slightly smaller
+than the ventrals in _A. nebulosus_ and markedly smaller in _A.
+nebuloides_. Smith (_in litt._) stated that the characters of the
+relative sizes of the dorsal and ventral scales were incorrect in that
+key.
+
+The application of the above criteria to specimens from Michoacan has
+not resulted in the recognition of two species. The majority of the
+specimens have the supraorbital semicircles separated by at least one
+small scale; the head scales, with the exception of those on the snout
+in a few individuals, are smooth; the dorsal scales are only slightly
+smaller than the ventrals. In other characters of scutellation the
+specimens are highly variable. The males in life have an orange throat
+fan. Anoles of this kind have been found in Michoacan, Colima, Jalisco,
+Nayarit, and southern Sinaloa. Near Oaxaca, Oaxaca, specimens were
+collected that superficially resemble those from Michoacan and farther
+north. These have low keels on the snout scales, dorsals somewhat larger
+than the ventrals, and a pink throat fan. In ten males from Oaxaca the
+size of the dorsal scales relative to that of the ventrals is 1.00:0.83;
+the same ratio for 25 males from Michoacan is 1.00:1.08. In both samples
+there are specimens in which the dorsal and ventral scales are about
+equal in size.
+
+Investigations by Richard E. Etheridge on the osteology of _Anolis_,
+including those species here being considered, have revealed relatively
+constant differences in the parasternalia and in the caudal vertebrae.
+The application of Etheridge's findings to anoline systematics must
+await the completion of his study.
+
+The carination of the scales on the snout _versus_ smooth scales there
+seems to be the only significant character given by Bocourt that
+distinguishes _A. Nebuloides_ from _A. nebulosus_. The difference in the
+color of the throat fan, which is apparent only in living individuals,
+is more striking. Obviously more than one species is represented, as is
+borne out by the differences in the color of the throat fan and in the
+osteology, but there is uncertainty about the correct name for each
+species. On the strength of Bocourt's diagnosis of keeled snout scales
+in _A. nebuloides_, I am applying that name to the population in Oaxaca
+and _A. nebulosus_ to the specimens from Michoacan. As arranged here,
+the two species can be distinguished, as follows:
+
+ _A. nebulosus._--Dorsal scales only slightly smaller than
+ the ventral scales; snout scales usually smooth; throat-fan
+ bright orange in adult males.
+
+ _A. nebuloides._--Dorsal scales somewhat larger than the
+ ventral scales; snout scales having a low keel; throat-fan
+ pink in adult males.
+
+With respect to geographic distribution, _A. nebulosus_ has been
+collected from southern Sinaloa southward to Michoacan. The lizards here
+referred to _A. nebuloides_ have been taken only in pine-oak forest on
+the mountain slopes near Oaxaca City. Zweifel and Norris (1955:233)
+reported anoles with pink throat-fans from southern Sonora; possibly
+those specimens are _A. nebuloides_; I have not examined them. I have
+seen several preserved specimens from the vicinity of Tehuantepec,
+Oaxaca. Although they probably belong to this group, those specimens
+differ from both _A. nebulosus_ and _A. nebuloides_ in their larger
+size, relatively larger head, and much larger throat fan.
+
+Aside from the minor variation in scutellation, specimens of _Anolis
+nebulosus_ from Michoacan vary greatly in coloration. Usually the
+females have some form of a broad middorsal pale-colored band. In life
+this is dull yellow, tan, or orange. Two females from Dos Aguas are
+strikingly different; one (UMMZ 119521) has a broad middorsal orange
+stripe that is scalloped laterally and bordered by gray. The other (UMMZ
+119081) has a narrow middorsal cream-colored line. Males usually are
+unicolor brown or olive-tan; sometimes the middorsal region is darker.
+Some individuals have dark cross-bands or chevrons on the dorsum. One
+male from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119080) has a cream-colored lateral stripe.
+
+In Michoacan _Anolis nebulosus_ occurs from sea level to elevations
+slightly in excess of 2100 meters, usually in areas of dense cover,
+whether this be herbaceous, viney, or woody, ordinarily on the ground as
+well as in bushes and trees. One was in a bromeliad growing about ten
+meters above the ground. In the arid Tepalcatepec Valley anoles of this
+species are most frequently found in the tangled growth along streams.
+Above Uruapan they were found in pine-oak forest, and on the Mexican
+Plateau between Zamora and Zacapu they were found in a bunch grass-scrub
+oak association.
+
+
+~Anolis schmidti~ Smith
+
+ _Anolis schmidti_ Smith, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool.
+ ser., 24:21, January 30, 1939.--Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico.
+
+ La Placita; San Juan de Lima.
+
+Peters (1954:11) reported on the specimen from La Placita; another was
+secured at San Juan de Lima in 1956. The latter (UMMZ 115078) is a male
+having a snout-vent length of 43.0 mm. and a tail length of 70.5 mm. The
+dorsal ground color is pale tan; there are five pairs of irregular dark
+brown dorsolateral blotches. In life the throat fan was pale orange.
+These specimens agree with those from Colima described by Duellman
+(1958c:10). The distribution of _Anolis schmidti_ seems to be restricted
+to the coastal lowlands from Michoacan to Nayarit.
+
+
+~Basiliscus vittatus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Basiliscus vittatus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:373,
+ 1828.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Veracruz,
+ Veracruz, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:72).
+
+ Apatzingan (9); Capirio; Coahuayana (5); El Cerrito; El
+ Sabino (2); El Ticuiz; La Placita (3); Maruata (2); Motin
+ del Oro; Ostula; Playa Azul (3).
+
+This species has been found only on the coast and in the low
+Tepalcatepec Valley. In the latter area it is restricted to riparian
+situations along the larger streams. The lizard is abundant in the
+mangrove swamps bordering the brackish lagoons on the coast. In July,
+1955, scores of individuals were seen around Estero Pichi at Playa Azul.
+Adults, especially the large males, are exceedingly wary and difficult
+to collect. At all localities where they were found, the lizards were
+most often seen in dense bushes, where they are well camouflaged.
+Individuals of all sizes were observed to run across the surface of the
+ponds.
+
+
+~Iguana iguana rhinolopha~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Iguana rhinolopha_ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 44,
+ 1834.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Cordoba,
+ Veracruz, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:72).
+
+ _Iguana iguana rhinolopha_, Van Denburgh, Proc. Acad. Nat.
+ Sci. Philadelphia, 1897:461, January 18, 1898.
+
+ Apatzingan (8); Capirio (3); El Cerrito; El Ticuiz (2); La
+ Placita; La Playa (2); Maruata; Playa Azul; Rio Cachan.
+
+Like the preceding species, this lizard is always found near water. It
+does not ascend the foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman, but in the
+Balsas Basin it reaches elevations of 800 meters at La Playa. Large
+adults are often seen in the large trees making up the gallery forests
+along rivers. From high perches the lizards drop into the water with a
+terrific splash. Bright green juveniles were abundant in bushes along
+the Rio Tepalcatepec in July, 1955.
+
+
+~Ctenosaura pectinata~ (Wiegmann)
+
+ _Cyclura pectinata_ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 42,
+ 1834.--Mexico (by inference). Type locality restricted to
+ Colima, Colima, Mexico, by Bailey (1928:25).
+
+ _Ctenosaura pectinata_, Gray, Catalogue of the lizards...
+ British Museum, p. 191, 1845.
+
+ Apatzingan (27); between Ario de Rosales and La Playa;
+ Barranca de Bejuco; Capirio (2); Coalcoman (4); El Espinal;
+ El Sabino (2); El Ticuiz; Jazmin (2); La Huacana; La Placita
+ (8); La Playa (3); Limoncito; Lombardia; Motin del Oro;
+ Playa Azul; Rio Cancita, 12 km. E of Apatzingan (2); Rio
+ Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2);? Uruapan; Volcan
+ Jorullo.
+
+_Ctenosaura pectinata_ is a common lowland species that ascends the
+slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman and the Cordillera Volcanica to
+elevations of about 1050 meters (approximating the lower limits of the
+oak forest). The record from Uruapan (USNM 10234, collected by Duges) is
+doubtful.
+
+These large lizards are most easily observed on rock fences along roads.
+Near Apatzingan innumerable individuals can be seen in mid-morning.
+Later in the day, as the sun rises higher in the sky, the lizards
+retreat to the shade of the crevices in the fences. The abundance of
+these lizards in the Tepalcatepec Valley, together with evidence
+gathered from the natives of the valley, indicates that these lizards
+are seldom used for human consumption there. On the other hand, several
+people in Coalcoman consider the "iguana negra" (local name for
+_Ctenosaura_) to be a delicacy and serve it at every opportunity. In
+early July, 1951, brilliant green young of the year were collected at La
+Playa and at Coalcoman.
+
+
+~Enyaliosaurus clarki~ (Bailey)
+
+ _Ctenosaura clarki_ Bailey, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 73:44,
+ September 26, 1928.--Ovopeo (= Oropeo), Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ _Enyaliosaurus clarki_, Duellman and Duellman, Occ. Pap.
+ Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 598:1, February 16, 1959.
+
+ Twelve km. SSW of Apatzingan; Capirio (7); Cofradia (3); El
+ Espinal (2); 32 km. E of Huetamo; Jazmin (5); Oropeo (10);
+ Rancho Nuevo; Rio Cancita, 12 km. E of Apatzingan (8);
+ Tepalcatepec (3); Zicuiran (6).
+
+This species is known only from the low areas of the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin between elevations of 200 and 510 meters. It is commonly found in
+the open arid tropical scrub forest dominated by _Prosopsis_ sp.,
+_Apoplanesia paniculata_, and _Cercidium plurifoliolatum_. Continued
+collecting in the Tepalcatepec Valley has borne out the suggestions of
+Duellman and Duellman (1959) concerning the distribution and abundance
+of this lizard. Also, continued collecting in Colima and on the Pacific
+coast has failed to reveal the presence of _Enyaliosaurus_ there.
+
+
+~Phrynosoma asio~ Cope
+
+ _Phrynosoma asio_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 16:178, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima, Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan (4); San Salvador.
+
+In Michoacan this species has been obtained only in the Tepalcatepec
+Valley and on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman between 300
+and 700 meters. Apparently the lizard is absent from the coastal
+lowlands of Michoacan and Guerrero. The distribution of this species,
+therefore, is discontinuous. One population inhabits the lowlands of
+Colima and the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin inland to northern Guerrero and
+Morelos; a southern population inhabits the Plains of Tehuantepec in
+Oaxaca.
+
+A juvenile from Apatzingan (USNM 47739) has a snout-vent length of 40.0
+mm. and a tail length of 19.5 mm.
+
+
+~Sceloporus aeneus aeneus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Sceloporus aeneus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370,
+ 1828.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Tres Cumbres,
+ Morelos, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:137).
+
+ _Sceloporus aeneus aeneus_, Smith, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 361:6, December 15, 1937.
+
+ Angahuan; Araparicuaro (2); Capacuaro (2); Carapan (11);
+ Cheran (11); 18 km. WNW of Ciudad Hidalgo (10); Cuseno
+ Station; Jerahuaro; Los Conejos (36); Macho de Agua (7);
+ Opopeo; Paracho (2); Patzcuaro (4); Pino Gordo; 18 km. W of
+ Quiroga (2); Tancitaro (49); Uruapan (14); 16 km. NW of
+ Zacapu (5); between Zacapu and Zamora (2); 13 km. E of
+ Zinapecuaro; 14 km. SE of Zitacuaro (14).
+
+This small terrestrial species inhabits the pine and fir forests of the
+Cordillera Volcanica between elevations of 1850 and 3100 meters;
+apparently it is absent from the Sierra de Coalcoman. It seems to prefer
+rather open coniferous forests in which there is a more or less
+continuous cover of grasses on the ground. On warm sunny days the
+lizards can be observed scurrying about in the grass; in the early hours
+of the day, or on cold days, they are found beneath stones, logs, or
+dead clumps of bunch grass.
+
+
+~Sceloporus asper~ Boulenger
+
+ _Sceloporus asper_ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+ 1897:497, October, 1897.--La Cumbre de los Arrastrados,
+ Jalisco, Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan (3); 10 km. E of Dos Aguas; Uruapan (41).
+
+This strictly arboreal lizard is abundant in the mixed broad-leafed
+forest near Uruapan. The lizards are exceedingly wary and can be
+approached only with difficulty. In life males have pale blue bellies;
+the throat is pale pink. The pale gray dorsum marked with irregular
+darker gray blotches blends well with the color of the tree trunks on
+which the lizard lives. The one specimen from Dos Aguas was found on a
+pine tree; it provides the only record for the species from the Sierra
+de Coalcoman.
+
+
+~Sceloporus bulleri~ Boulenger
+
+ _Sceloporus bulleri_ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+ 1894:729, April, 1895.--Las Cumbre de los Arrastrados,
+ Jalisco, Mexico.
+
+ Acuaro de las Lleguas (13); Barolosa (9); Dos Aguas (61); 10
+ km. NE of Dos Aguas (5).
+
+Heretofore this species has been known only from a few specimens from
+scattered localities in the Sierra Madre Occidental in southwestern
+Jalisco and Sinaloa. The collection of a large series of these lizards
+in virgin pine forest at elevations of more than 2000 meters in the
+Sierra de Coalcoman now makes possible an analysis of variation in the
+species.
+
+Superficially _S. bulleri_ resembles _S. torquatus_, but _S. bulleri_ is
+smaller, has more dorsal scales, fewer scales in the dark collar, and
+fewer femoral pores. In 88 specimens of _S. bulleri_ there are 36-41
+(38.7) dorsal scales and 2 or 3 (2.6) middorsal scales in the collar, as
+compared with 28-31 (29.3) dorsal scales and 3 or 4 (3.4) middorsal
+scales in the collar of 26 specimens of _S. torquatus_ from Uruapan. In
+20 adult males of _S. bulleri_ there are 13-15 (14.3) femoral pores, and
+13-16 (14.4) in 11 females; 13 males of _S. torquatus_ have 14-21 (17.3)
+femoral pores, and 13 females have 15-21 (16.7). Seventeen adult males
+of _S. bulleri_ have snout-vent lengths of 72-91 (82.0); ten females,
+71-87 (75.7). In comparison, 13 adult males of _S. torquatus_ have an
+average snout-vent length of 88.9 mm., and 13 females, 88.5 mm. In _S.
+bulleri_ there is little variation in the head scales. The frontal is in
+contact with the interparietal in 63, and not in 24, specimens; the
+median frontonasal is in contact with the frontal in 13, and not in 74,
+specimens. In 39 specimens there are two canthals, and in 48 there is
+one; in 29 specimens there are three preauriculars, and in 58 there are
+four.
+
+In life adult males have a pale blue tail, bright blue belly patches, a
+purplish blue throat, and pale blue lines on the sides of the head and
+neck.
+
+This species was obtained at four localities in the high mountains of
+the Sierra de Coalcoman. In this mountain range _Sceloporus bulleri_
+apparently replaces _S. torquatus_, a species that is widespread in the
+Cordillera Volcanica and on the Mexican Plateau. At Dos Aguas and at
+Acuaro de las Lleguas the lizards were abundant in the tall pine forest,
+where they were found on standing pine trees, on pine logs, and on rock
+outcroppings.
+
+
+~Sceloporus dugesi intermedius~ Duges
+
+ _Sceloporus intermedius_ Duges, La Naturaleza, 4:29,
+ 1877.--La Noria, near Zamora, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ _Sceloporus dugesii intermedius_, Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 24:663, February 16, 1938.
+
+ Cojumatlan (6); Jiquilpan (11); Lago de Camecuaro; Lago de
+ Chapala; Morelia (23); Patzcuaro (84); Quiroga (35); Sahuayo
+ (4); Tacicuaro (2); Tangamandapio (17); Tangancicuaro (9);
+ Zacapu (4); Zamora (11); Zinapecuaro (9).
+
+This lizard is strictly an inhabitant of the Mexican Plateau, where it
+is found in rocky places, sometimes in pine-oak forest, but more
+frequently in mesquite-grassland. It is a terrestrial species, and is
+most often seen on rock fences at elevations of 1500 to 2200 meters.
+
+This species differs from _S. bulleri_ and _S. torquatus_ in having two
+rows of supraoculars, instead of one; also it has more dorsal scales.
+Twenty-six specimens of _Sceloporus dugesi intermedius_ from
+Tangamandapio and Tangancicuaro have 44-48 (45.7) dorsal scales, as
+compared with an average of 38.7 in _S. bulleri_ and 29.3 in _S.
+torquatus_. In life _Sceloporus dugesi intermedius_ has a dull greenish
+gray dorsum; in males the belly patches are bright blue bordered
+medially by black, and the throat is bluish gray. The largest specimen
+examined is a male having a snout-vent length of 80 mm.
+
+
+~Sceloporus gadowae~ Boulenger
+
+ _Sceloporus gadoviae_ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+ 1905, 2:246, October 7, 1905.--Mezquititlan, Guerrero,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Chupio; El Sabino (77); La Playa (6); Rio Marquez, 10 km. S
+ of Lombardia (11).
+
+Although this species has a rather extensive range in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin in the state of Michoacan, Guerrero, Morelos,
+and Puebla, it is only locally abundant in that area. Usually these
+lizards are found on rocky cliffs in which there are many crevices for
+cover. _Sceloporus gadowae_ is abundant on a conglomerate cliff along
+the Rio Marquez south of Lombardia. Although the closely related _S.
+pyrocephalus_ is abundant in the stream valley and in the hills above
+the cliff, _S. gadowae_ has been found only on the cliff; few
+individuals of _S. pyrocephalus_ have been observed on the cliff. A
+similar situation was discovered on a much more extensive conglomerate
+cliff along the Rio Balsas near Mexcala, Guerrero. Near Tehuitzingo,
+Puebla, where _S. pyrocephalus_ was not found, _S. gadowae_ was found on
+conglomerate cliffs. Probably there is strong competition between the
+two species; possibly this has resulted in the restriction of _S.
+gadowae_ to isolated cliff-habitats within the extensive range of the
+more widespread _S. pyrocephalus_.
+
+In Michoacan _Sceloporus gadowae_ has been found along the lower slopes
+of the Cordillera Volcanica at elevations from 250 to 1050 meters. All
+of the localities from which this lizard is known lie in the arid
+tropical scrub forest.
+
+
+~Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Sceloporus microlepidotus_ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana,
+ p. 51, 1834.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Mexico,
+ Distrito Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:120).
+
+ _Sceloporus grammicus microlepidotus_, Smith and Laufe,
+ Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 48:332, December, 1945.
+
+ Angahuari; Apo (10); Atzimba (3); Carapan (5); Cerro San
+ Andres (17); Cerro Tancitaro (18); Corupu; Cuseno Station
+ (2); Jacona; Jerahuaro (10); Macho de Agua; Mil Cumbres; 46
+ km. E of Morelia; 60 km. E of Morelia (2); Opopeo (14);
+ Patzcuaro (30); Puerto Hondo (19); San Gregorio (41); San
+ Jose de la Cumbre (8); Sierra Patamba; Tancitaro (233);
+ Tupataro; Undameo; Uruapan (180); between Zacapu and Zamora;
+ 24 km. SE of Zitacuaro; between Zurumbeneo and Cerro
+ Garnica.
+
+This small species of _Sceloporus_ is an ubiquitous inhabitant of the
+coniferous forests from 1550 to 3100 meters in the Cordillera Volcanica.
+Usually it is seen on tree trunks, but occasionally on the ground. Near
+the lower limit of the altitudinal distribution of the species, as at
+Uruapan, individuals sometimes are found on broad-leafed trees.
+Apparently _Sceloporus heterolepis_ replaces _S. grammicus
+microlepidotus_ in the Sierra de Coalcoman.
+
+
+~Sceloporus heterolepis~ Boulenger
+
+ _Sceloporus heterolepis_ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
+ 1894:731, April, 1895.--La Cumbre de los Arrastrados,
+ Jalisco, Mexico.
+
+ Araparicuaro; Cerro Barolosa (6); Dos Aguas (13); Los
+ Conejos; 11 km. N of Uruapan (3).
+
+Although Michoacan has not previously been included in the range of this
+lizard, it was first collected in the state by Gadow in 1908 (BMNH
+1914.1.28.69 from Araparicuaro). The description of _S. heterolepis_
+given by Smith (1939:197) can be supplemented by data on the 23
+specimens now in the collections of the Museum of Zoology at the
+University of Michigan. All have two canthals; there are 55 to 71 (63.6)
+scales in the middorsal row; 1 to 3 rows middorsally are somewhat
+enlarged and bordered on either side by a row of larger scales bearing
+high keels. There are 14 to 20 (16.2) femoral pores. Eight adult males
+have snout-vent lengths from 49 to 61 (58.0) mm. and tail lengths from
+57 to 74 (66.0) mm.; four adult females have snout-vent lengths from 52
+to 57 (55.2) mm. and tail lengths from 60 to 66 (63.5) mm. The smallest
+of eight juveniles has a snout-vent length of 28 mm. and a tail length
+of 32 mm. The dorsum in adults is pale grayish brown; there are three
+irregular chevron-shaped dark marks and a triangular dark brown mark
+above the insertion of the hind limbs; on the tail are dark brown rings.
+There are scattered faint blue flecks on the flanks and narrow
+transverse dark lines on the lower limbs. Males have pale bluish green
+belly patches and an orange-salmon-colored throat; the belly in females
+is pale orange-tan. The juveniles have a more contrasting color pattern;
+the dark chevrons on the dorsum are bordered posteriorly by pale gray.
+
+In Michoacan this species has been obtained in pine and pine-fir forests
+from 1800 to 2700 meters. On Cerro Barolosa and at Dos Aguas, both in
+the Sierra de Coalcoman, the lizards were found beneath the bark of
+dead, standing pines. In the Sierra de Coalcoman _Sceloporus
+heterolepis_ seems to fill the niche of the small arboreal _Sceloporus_
+in the coniferous forest in southwestern Mexico, a position held by _S.
+grammicus microlepidotus_ in the Cordillera Volcanica; the latter
+species does not occur in the Sierra de Coalcoman. Five specimens of
+_Sceloporus heterolepis_ are known from the Cordillera Volcanica,
+whereas 603 of _S. grammicus microlepidotus_ have been collected there.
+The ecological relationships that exist between the two species in the
+Cordillera Volcanica are not known.
+
+Insofar as is known, _Sceloporus heterolepis_ reaches the southern
+limits of its range in the Sierra de Coalcoman and in the western part
+of the Cordillera Volcanica. Other records for the species are from the
+Sierra Madre Occidental in Jalisco. Langebartel (1959) described
+_Sceloporus shannonorum_ from the mountains near the Durango-Sinaloa
+border; the single specimen of _S. shannonorum_ differs significantly
+from _S. heterolepis_ only in having fewer dorsal scales (48). The
+acquisition of additional material, especially from Nayarit and northern
+Jalisco, probably will provide a basis for showing that these two
+populations are conspecific.
+
+
+~Sceloporus horridus oligoporus~ Cope
+
+ _Sceloporus oligoporus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima,
+ Mexico.
+
+ _Sceloporus horridus oligoporus_, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 24:520, February 16, 1938.
+
+ Aguililla; Apatzingan (50); Arteaga (2); Capirio (2);
+ Cascada Tzararacua; Charapendo (4); Coahuayana (3);
+ Coalcoman (32); 19 km. S of Corralito; 27 km. E of Dos
+ Aguas; El Sabino (55); El Ticuiz; Huetamo (2); Jazmin;
+ Jungapeo (2); La Orilla (2); La Placita; Limoncito (3);
+ Playa Azul (5); Tzitzio (8); Uruapan (4); Volcan Jorullo
+ (2); Ziracuaretiro; Zirimicuaro (13).
+
+All of the specimens from Michoacan seem to be typical _S. horridus
+oligoporus_; none has more than six femoral pores.
+
+Characteristically this species is found in open arid scrub forest; it
+reaches its greatest abundance in rocky areas in which there are
+scattered leguminous trees and bushes. It has been found in these low
+trees and bushes almost as frequently as it has been found on the
+ground; none has been seen in large trees or far above the ground.
+Altitudinally, this species ranges from sea level to about 1600 meters.
+
+
+~Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster~ Smith
+
+ _Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster_ Smith, Proc. U. S.
+ Natl. Mus., 92:360, November 5, 1942.--Acapulco, Guerrero,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Aguililla; Apatzingan (18); Barranca de Herradero; Capirio
+ (19); Coahuayana (4); Coalcoman (2); Cofradia (4); El
+ Cerrito; El Sabino (33); El Ticuiz (3); La Placita (6);
+ Lombardia (4); Playa Azul; Rio Marquez, 10 km. S of
+ Lombardia (2); Rio Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva Italia (4);
+ Salitre de Estopila; San Juan de Lima (2); Santa Ana;
+ Tzitzio; Ziracuaretiro.
+
+Smith (1942a:360) diagnosed _Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster_ as
+having fewer femoral pores than the other subspecies of _S.
+melanorhinus_ and as having the lateral belly patches in the males
+confluent in the midline. Examination of forty specimens from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley and the coastal regions of Michoacan does not
+substantiate this diagnosis. The number of femoral pores varies from 15
+to 22 (18.9); 14 individuals (35%) had 20 or more femoral pores. Smith
+(_loc. cit._) stated that _S. melanorhinus_ in Oaxaca had 18 to 27
+(21.6) femoral pores and that 77 per cent of the specimens had more than
+20 femoral pores. Of the 24 males examined from Michoacan, 18 have the
+lateral belly patches separated in the midline. Usually they are
+separated by no more than one scale, but in some individuals they are
+separated by two or more scales. Although the above data minimize
+certain differences between the northern and southern populations of
+this species, certain of the color pattern characters seem to be
+diagnostic of the subspecies inhabiting the Pacific lowlands from
+Guerrero to Nayarit. Large adults of _S. m. calligaster_ have only a
+faint dorsal pattern, which in the subspecies _melanorhinus_ and
+_stuarti_ consists of a series of large, dark, interconnected triangles
+on the back. This pattern is present in young and small adults of _S. m.
+calligaster_; furthermore, in this subspecies the ventral coloration of
+the males differs from that found in the more southern populations.
+Adult males of _S. m. calligaster_ have a black throat, that changes to
+brilliant blue posteriorly, and a large white spot medially on the chin.
+This spot is present in some specimens from Oaxaca and Chiapas, but, if
+present, it is much smaller and less distinct than in specimens from
+Michoacan. In _S. m. calligaster_ the chest and midventral area are
+orange to salmon-color.
+
+A male from Lombardia in life was colored as follows: Dorsum grayish tan
+bearing faint bluish gray flecks; chest deep salmon-orange, this color
+continuing down midventral area to the somewhat paler groin; belly
+patches pale blue fading to pale green laterally; throat black
+anteriorly enclosing a white spot; throat blue posteriorly and bluish
+green posterolaterally.
+
+Individual lizards were observed to change in dorsal color from a pale
+ashy gray to a rather dull brown. Normally, inactive individuals and
+those observed on overcast days were dull brown.
+
+_Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster_ is found in trees in riparian
+situations in the lowlands to elevations of about 1500 meters. It does
+not inhabit the arid tropical scrub forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley or
+on the coast, but in those areas is found in the gallery forests along
+streams and rivers. The lizards are wary and live high in the trees;
+they are especially difficult to locate in the rainy season, when the
+trees are in full leaf.
+
+
+~Sceloporus pyrocephalus~ Cope
+
+ _Sceloporus pyrocephalus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Acahuato (2); Apatzingan (142); Arteaga (4); 26 km. S of
+ Arteaga (4); Capirio (6); Chinapa; Chupio; 19 km. S of
+ Corralito (5); El Sabino (220); Jazmin (3); La Placita (8);
+ La Playa (14); La Salada (6); Lombardia (5); Nueva Italia
+ (14); Ojos de Agua de San Telmo (2); Oropeo (3); Ostula;
+ Punta de San Telmo (3); Rio Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingan
+ (13); Rio Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (10); Rio Marquez,
+ 13 km. SE of Nueva Italia (3); San Juan de Lima (2); Santa
+ Ana (2); Tafetan (2); Tepalcatepec (2); Tzitzio (6); Volcan
+ Jorullo (3).
+
+This small species is extremely common in the Tepalcatepec Valley and
+noticeably less so on the coast. It is usually found on the ground in
+rocky areas, but males frequently have been seen on the trunks of low
+trees in the scrub forest. Altitudinally, it ranges from sea level to
+slightly more than 1000 meters. The sexes are readily distinguished in
+the field (Oliver, 1937; Smith, 1939; Duellman, 1954b). In the dry
+season only males were observed in the Tepalcatepec Valley, but in the
+rainy season both sexes were found in approximately the same numbers.
+
+
+~Sceloporus scalaris scalaris~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Sceloporus scalaris_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370,
+ 1828.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Mexico, Distrito
+ Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:137).
+
+ _Sceloporus scalaris scalaris_, Smith, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 361:2, December 15, 1937.
+
+ Carapan (2); Cheran; Ciudad Hidalgo; Huingo (3); Jacona (3);
+ Jiquilpan (2); Lago de Camecuaro (2); Lago de Chapala; Lago
+ de Cuitzeo (5); Morelia (4); Patzcuaro (4); Querendaro;
+ Quiroga; Tacicuaro (5); Tarecuaro; Zacapu (4); Zamora (4);
+ Zinapecuaro (11).
+
+This small terrestrial species does not seem to be abundant anywhere in
+the state. It sometimes is found in open pine, oak, or pine-oak forest,
+but usually it is observed in areas supporting bunch grass. In such
+places the lizards sun and forage on the open ground and quickly take
+refuge in the large clumps of grass. Altitudinally, the species ranges
+from 1550 to 2300 meters. Although _Sceloporus scalaris scalaris_ has
+been found in association with _S. dugesi intermedius_, _S. spinosus_,
+and _S. torquatus_, it does not seem to form any close ecological
+association with any of these species. In the pine forests of the
+Cordillera Volcanica _S. s. scalaris_ is replaced by _Sceloporus aeneus
+aeneus_, another small terrestrial species that occurs in great
+abundance throughout the coniferous forests of the Cordillera Volcanica.
+
+
+~Sceloporus siniferus siniferus~ Cope
+
+ _Sceloporus siniferus_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+ 11:159, 1869.--Pacific side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
+ Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950b:134).
+
+ _Sceloporus siniferus siniferus_, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U.
+ S. Natl. Mus., 199:134, October 26, 1950.
+
+ Twenty-six km. S of Arteaga; Barranca de Bejuco (2);
+ Coahuayana; El Ticuiz (2); La Mira; La Orilla (2); La
+ Placita (9); Maruata; Ojos de Agua de San Telmo; Ostula (4);
+ Playa Azul (6); Pomaro (2); Puerto de las Higuerita; Santa
+ Ana (3).
+
+This small terrestrial species inhabits the dense arid tropical scrub
+forest on the coast and lower foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman to
+elevations of about 150 meters. It also occurs in the lower Balsas
+Valley, but it has not been found in the scrub forest of the broad
+Tepalcatepec Valley. Perhaps the large number of _Sceloporus siniferus_
+on the coastal lowlands is responsible for the small number there of _S.
+pyrocephalus_, another terrestrial species of about the same size. The
+latter is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where _S. siniferus
+siniferus_ has not been found. _Sceloporus siniferus siniferus_ is a
+fast runner and difficult to collect; consequently, the small number of
+specimens available is not indicative of its abundance.
+
+
+~Sceloporus spinosus spinosus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Sceloporus spinosus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:370,
+ 1828.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Puebla, Puebla,
+ Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:116).
+
+ _Sceloporus spinosus spinosus_, Martin del Campo, Anal.
+ Inst. Biol. Mexico, 8:262, 1937.
+
+ Cojumatlan (2); Huetamo Road; Lago de Cuitzeo (4); Maravatio
+ (8); Tupataro (2).
+
+Although this species is widespread on the southern part of the Mexican
+Plateau, it is uncommon in Michoacan. It has been collected only in
+rather open situations in the mesquite-grassland on the plateau between
+1500 and 2300 meters, where it has been found in association with
+_Sceloporus dugesi intermedius_ and _S. scalaris scalaris_. Most
+specimens of _Sceloporus spinosus spinosus_ have been observed on rock
+fences. In this habitat the species is the larger member of a pair of
+species, the smaller of which is _Sceloporus dugesi intermedius_.
+
+
+~Sceloporus torquatus torquatus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Sceloporus torquatus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:369,
+ 1828.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Mexico, Distrito
+ Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:126).
+
+ _Sceloporus torquatus torquatus_, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos.
+ Soc., 22:402, 1885.
+
+ Angahuan (31); Araparicuaro; Capacuaro (3); Carapan (11);
+ Cerro Tancitaro; Cheran; Ciudad Hidalgo; Cojumatlan;
+ Copandaro (2); Corupu (4); Cuseno Station (9); El Alamo;
+ Jacona (6); Jiquilpan (2); Jungapeo (3); Lago de Camecuaro;
+ Lago de Chapala; Lago de Cuitzeo (3); La Palma (2); Los
+ Conejos (3); Los Reyes (3); Maravatio (9); Morelia (17);
+ Paracho (3); Patzcuaro (27); Pino Gordo; Querendaro (2);
+ Quiroga; Sahuayo (3); San Jose de la Cumbre; San Juan de
+ Panangaricutiro; Tacicuaro (10); Tancitaro (200);
+ Tangamandapio; Tangancicuaro (3); Temazcal (2); Tupataro
+ (5); Uruapan (136); Zacapu; Zinapecuaro (10); Zirimicuaro
+ (12); Zitacuaro.
+
+This large species inhabits the Mexican Plateau and the Cordillera
+Volcanica, but not the Sierra de Coalcoman, where apparently it is
+replaced by _Sceloporus bulleri_. _Sceloporus torquatus torquatus_
+usually is found in pine or pine-fir forests at elevations between 1450
+and 3000 meters. In many places it is almost entirely arboreal, but in
+areas where there are many fallen trees or rock fences and rock piles,
+many individuals have been found on the ground near the rocks or logs.
+In the coniferous forests this species is associated with _S. grammicus
+microtepidotus_ and _S. aeneus aeneus_.
+
+The distinction made by Smith (1938:572) between the subspecies _S.
+torquatus torquatus_ and _melanogaster_ is slight. Individuals with pale
+bluish spots are found throughout the range of the species in Michoacan;
+spotting is especially evident in the young. Individuals having an
+incomplete nuchal collar have been found at Maravatio and at Zinapecuaro
+in the northern part of the state; in this character these specimens
+resemble _S. torquatus melanogaster_, which is found to the north from
+Guanajuato to Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi.
+
+
+~Sceloporus utiformis~ Cope
+
+ _Sceloporus utiformis_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 16:177, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Nineteen km. S of Arteaga (2); Cascada Tzararacua (17);
+ Coahuayana (3); Coalcoman (6); El Sabino (2); El Ticuiz (2);
+ Ostula (3); Pomaro; Rio Cachan; San Juan de Lima; Uruapan
+ (26).
+
+In Michoacan the range of this species is discontinuous. It has been
+found between 1050 and 1550 meters on the slopes of the Cordillera
+Volcanica, and on the coast and seaward slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcoman up to an elevation of 900 meters. It is absent from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. At Uruapan and at Cascada Tzararacua this lizard
+was found on the ground in oak forest or in open pine-oak forest; on the
+coast and foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman it was found on the
+ground in the gallery forests along streams, and not in the scrub
+forest.
+
+
+~Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus~ (Schmidt)
+
+ _Uta tuberculata_ Schmidt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 22:4,
+ December 1, 1921.--Colima, Colima, Mexico.
+
+ _Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus_, Mittleman, Bull. Mus.
+ Comp. Zool., 91:169, September, 1942.
+
+ Twenty-six km. S of Arteaga; Cascada Tzararacua (2); Chupio;
+ Coahuayana; Coalcoman (8); El Sabino (2); Jungapeo; La
+ Orilla (2); La Placita (4); Playa Azul (4); Pomaro (2); San
+ Salvador (16);? Tupataro; Uruapan (12); Tzitzio; Zamora.
+
+The known distribution and geographic variation of _Urosaurus
+bicarinatus_ in southwestern Mexico presents a confused picture. In
+general rugosity, specimens from the coastal region of Michoacan
+(Coahuayana, La Orilla, La Placita, Playa Azul, and Pomaro) resemble _U.
+bicarinatus tuberculatus_ to the north along the Pacific coast.
+Furthermore, specimens from the coast have less stippling in the gular
+region than do those from the Sierra de Coalcoman and the slopes of the
+Cordillera Volcanica. Specimens from the mountains have greatly carinate
+enlarged dorsals, large lateral tubercles, and heavily stippled throats;
+in these characters they resemble specimens from Morelos, Guerrero, and
+Oaxaca. As mentioned by Peters (1954:14), some specimens from La Orilla
+and San Salvador are like _U. bicarinatus bicarinatus_ in certain
+characters, and one specimen has the blue ventral patches restricted to
+the sternal area, a characteristic of _U. bicarinatus anonymorphus_ of
+Oaxaca and eastern Guerrero. Examination of all available specimens from
+Michoacan indicates that the nature of the dorsal scales is of little
+value in separating the subspecies. The specimens from Michoacan are
+here provisionally referred to _U. bicarinatus tuberculatus_, because
+cursory examination of specimens from several localities between Nayarit
+and Oaxaca shows that there are only minor differences between the named
+populations. Individuals from the northern part of the range are more
+rugose and have larger blue ventral patches and less gular stippling
+than those from the south.
+
+In Michoacan _Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus_ is found in wooded
+areas, not in open scrub forest, in the coastal area to elevations of
+about 900 meters, and along the slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica and
+the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau at elevations from 1000 to 1700
+meters. The record for Tupataro probably is erroneous, for no other
+specimens of this species are known from the central plateau.
+Essentially, the distribution of this species parallels that of
+_Sceloporus utiformis_, a strictly terrestrial species. _Urosaurus
+bicarinatus tuberculatus_ lives on tree trunks. Below 1000 meters in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley _Urosaurus bicarinatus tuberculatus_ is replaced by
+_Urosaurus gadowi_.
+
+
+~Urosaurus gadowi~ (Schmidt)
+
+ _Uta gadovi_ Schmidt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 22:3, December
+ 1, 1921.--Cofradia, Jalisco, Mexico (in error) = Cofradia,
+ Michoacan, Mexico (Duellman, 1958b:49).
+
+ _Urosaurus gadowi_, Mittleman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+ 91:154, September, 1942.
+
+ Acahuato (2); Apatzingan (56); 12-16 km. S of Apatzingan
+ (12); Buenavista (7); Capirio (23); Cofradia (21); El Sabino
+ (13); Guayabo; Jazmin; La Playa; La Salada (3); Nueva Italia
+ (7); Rancho Nuevo; Rio Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingan (5);
+ Rio Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2); Rio Marquez, 13 km.
+ SE of Nueva Italia (3); San Salvador (2); Santa Ana;
+ Tepalcatepec; Volcan Jorullo (3); Zicuiran (2);
+ Ziracuaretiro.
+
+Although individuals of this species have been collected at elevations
+slightly exceeding 1200 meters on Volcan Jorullo and at 1100 meters at
+Ziracuaretiro on the southern slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica, for
+the most part these lizards are found at elevations of less than 800
+meters, where they inhabit the open arid scrub forest of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, a region to which this species is endemic
+(Duellman, 1958b:49). These small lizards usually are found on the
+trunks and main branches of the small trees in the scrub forest; in this
+habitat they are associated with _Sceloporus horridus oligoporus_, a
+much larger species.
+
+Males have a pale orange spot on the throat and a pale blue belly;
+females have immaculate venters.
+
+A specimen from Guayabo on the northern slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcoman was referred to _Urosaurus irregularis_ (Fischer) by Peters
+(1954:15). I have studied this specimen (BMNH 1914.1.28.110), a female
+having a snout-vent length of 46 mm., and agree with Peters that it
+closely resembles Fischer's description and figure (1882: pl. 17, fig.
+1). This specimen and those seen of _Urosaurus gadowi_ all have
+pavementlike enlarged dorsal scales that are complete across the
+vertical line. In _U. gadowi_ the enlarged dorsals usually are in four
+to six irregular rows; in the specimen from Guayabo the dorsals are in
+two rows. Although none of the other specimens of _U. gadowi_ examined
+has only two rows of enlarged dorsals, I prefer to consider the specimen
+from Guayabo as an aberrant individual of that species, rather than _U.
+irregularis_. Guayabo is in the known range of _U. gadowi_. _Urosaurus
+irregularis_ is known only from the type specimen in the Bremen Museum;
+the type locality, according to Fischer (1882:232), is "Aus dem
+Hochlande von Mexico." If an examination of the type specimen of _U.
+irregularis_ shows it to be identical with _U. gadowi_, then _U.
+irregularis_ would be the name for the lizards here referred to _U.
+gadowi_.
+
+
+~Mabuya brachypoda~ Taylor
+
+ _Mabuya brachypoda_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38
+ (1):308, December 20, 1956.--Four kilometers east-southeast
+ of Los Angeles de Tilaran, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
+
+ El Sabino (42); La Placita; Playa Azul; Tzitzio (3).
+
+Previously this species has been reported from La Placita as _Mabuya
+mabouya alliacea_ by Peters (1954:15). Webb (1958:1311) provided
+evidence that Mexican specimens were conspecific with _Mabuya
+brachypoda_, as described from Costa Rica by Taylor (1956:308). The
+large series in the Taylor collection studied by Webb and listed by him
+as being from Uruapan actually is part of a series collected by Hobart
+M. Smith at El Sabino at an elevation of 1050 meters, 30 kilometers
+south of Uruapan.
+
+This species probably ranges throughout the coastal region of the state;
+individuals from La Placita and Playa Azul were taken in dense scrub
+forest near sea level.
+
+
+~Scincella assata taylori~ (Oliver)
+
+ _Leiolopisma assatum taylori_ Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 360:12, November 20, 1937.--Santiago,
+ Colima, Mexico.
+
+ _Scincella assata taylori_, Mittleman, Herpetologica, 6:20,
+ June 5, 1950.
+
+ Twenty-one km. S of Arteaga; Ostula.
+
+The specimen from Ostula was obtained in semi-deciduous broad-leaf
+forest at an elevation of 120 meters; that from 21 kilometers south of
+Arteaga was taken in oak forest at an elevation of 830 meters. Both
+localities are on the coastal slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman.
+Probably the species inhabits the heavy forests on the lower slopes of
+these mountains. The specimen from south of Arteaga (UMMZ 119117) in
+life had a tan dorsum and a bright orange-pink tail.
+
+
+~Eumeces altamirani~ Duges
+
+ _Eumeces altamirani_ Duges, La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:485,
+ 1891.--Apatzingan, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Twelve km. E of Apatzingan; El Sabino (4).
+
+One specimen of this rare species was found beneath a rock in the open
+scrub forest 12 kilometers east of Apatzingan on July 3, 1955. Another
+skink, presumably of this species, was seen at Capirio. The specimen
+from east of Apatzingan is a male having a snout-vent length of 97 mm.
+and an incomplete tail. In most respects it compares favorably with
+accounts of the species given by Taylor (1936b:55 and 1936c:102). The
+frontal is divided by a transverse suture; the enlarged dorsal scales
+are arranged in 11 pairs anteriorly, followed by 48 unpaired enlarged
+scales. The head and middorsal area are brown; there is a pale tan
+stripe on the edges of the vertebral and paravertebral rows, bordered by
+a dark brown stripe on the paravertebral row, which, in turn, is
+bordered by a pale tan stripe on the lateral edge of the paravertebral
+scale row and the median edge of the adjacent scale row. The stripes
+extend from the neck to the base of the tail. The flanks are mottled
+with brown and cream-color; the labials are cream-color barred by brown;
+the venter is a pale cream-color.
+
+Duges (1891:485) described _Eumeces altamirani_ from "las regiones
+calidas del Estado de Michoacan" and subsequently (1896:480) gave
+Apatzingan as a locality for the species. Presumably he had only one
+specimen. In 1935 Hobart M. Smith collected the species at El Sabino on
+the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica bordering the Tepalcatepec
+Valley. All of the known specimens are from this valley and the adjacent
+slopes, an area to which the species apparently is endemic.
+
+
+~Eumeces colimensis~ Taylor
+
+ _Eumeces colimensis_ Taylor, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
+ zool. ser., 20:77, May 15, 1935.--Colima, Colima, Mexico.
+
+ Coalcoman; Salitre de Estopila.
+
+The species was reported by Peters (1954:16); no additional material has
+been discovered. The species is known only from foothills and low
+mountains at elevations between 130 and 950 meters in Michoacan and
+Colima.
+
+
+~Eumeces copei~ Taylor
+
+ _Eumeces copei_ Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:133,
+ June 5, 1933.--10 miles southeast of Asuncion, Mexico,
+ Mexico. Cerro Tancitaro (3); Zacapu.
+
+This member of the _Eumeces brevirostris_-group has been found only in
+pine or pine-fir forests at elevations from 1800 to 2700 meters. It
+probably ranges throughout the high mountains of the state north of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley; its apparent absence in other parts of the
+Cordillera Volcanica, other than on Cerro Tancitaro, is surprising. The
+species has been taken near Asuncion in the state of Mexico and at
+Lagunas de Zempoala in Morelos.
+
+In this species the lateral pale yellow stripe, which is bordered below
+by dark brown, extends to the groin and onto the base of the tail. The
+dorsolateral stripe is separated from the copper-colored middorsum by a
+narrow brown stripe.
+
+
+~Eumeces dugesi~ Thominot
+
+ _Eumeces Dugesii_ Thominot, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser.
+ 7, 7:138, 1883.--Guanajuato. Type locality restricted to
+ Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:169).
+
+ Carapan (6); Cheran (5); Opopeo (2); 17 km. S of Patzcuaro
+ (3); San Jose de la Cumbre (2); Tancitaro (2);
+ Tangancicuaro; Uruapan; Zacapu.
+
+Individuals of this species frequently have been found beneath rocks and
+logs in pine-oak, pine, or fir forests from elevations of 1550 to 1850
+meters. To judge from specimens available, _E. dugesi_ probably is the
+most abundant and widespread species of skink in the state.
+
+In this species the lateral yellow stripe is indistinct and is
+persistent only in the axilla; the dorsolateral stripes terminate
+anterior to the hind limbs and are not separated from the tan dorsum.
+
+
+~Eumeces indubitus~ Taylor
+
+ _Eumeces indubitus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 21:257,
+ November 27, 1934.--Near Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
+
+ Puerto Hondo.
+
+The one specimen of this species from Michoacan was collected by Edward
+H. Taylor in pine forest at Puerto Hondo, near Zitacuaro, at an
+elevation of about 2750 meters (Taylor, 1935:466). The species is known
+from the high mountains of eastern Michoacan, western Mexico, and
+northern Morelos.
+
+
+~Eumeces parvulus~ Taylor
+
+ _Eumeces parvulus_ Taylor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
+ 46:175, October 26, 1933.--Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
+
+ El Ticuiz; La Placita; Pomaro (2); San Pedro Naranjestila
+ (3).
+
+Aside from the specimens reported by Peters (1954:17), one other
+specimen was obtained at El Ticuiz. It has 22 scale rows, 3 supraoculars
+in contact with the frontal, 2 postlabials, and a unicolored olive-tan
+dorsum. In life the anterior dorsolateral stripes were pale pinkish tan,
+the labials cream color, the throat white, and the tail pale blue. All
+specimens were found in semi-deciduous broad-leaf forest at elevations
+of less than 500 meters on the seaward slopes of the Sierra de
+Coalcoman.
+
+
+~Ameiva undulata sinistra~ Smith and Laufe
+
+ _Ameiva undulata sinistra_ Smith and Laufe, Univ. Kansas
+ Sci. Bull., 31 (1):59, May 1, 1946.--Manzanillo, Colima,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan (9); 19 km. S of Arteaga (3); Barranca de Bejuco
+ (2); Coahuayana (6); Coalcoman (3); El Ticuiz (10); La
+ Placita (2); Limoncito (3); Ostula (2); Playa Azul; Salitre
+ de Estopila; San Juan de Lima (2); San Pedro Naranjestila
+ (4).
+
+Six males and six females from the Tepalcatepec Valley have more femoral
+pores than do 16 males and nine females from the coastal lowlands; the
+ranges and average number of femoral pores in the former are 40-50
+(44.8) for males and 38-40 (38.6) for females; males from the coast have
+34-44 (39.2), and females have 32-40 (36.2) femoral pores. In all
+specimens the number of lamellae beneath the fourth toe varies from 26
+to 33 (29.7). In life juveniles have a pale olive-tan dorsum and a
+dorsolateral dark band, superimposed on which is a row of darker brown
+spots. The dorsolateral band is bordered below by a narrow cream-colored
+stripe. The tail is tan above and grayish white below; the belly is pale
+bluish white. Adult males are brilliantly colored in life. A male having
+a snout-vent length of 108 mm. had a rusty brown dorsum and bright blue
+bars on the flanks separated by dark brown interspaces. The side of the
+head was pale green, and the chin and throat were golden yellow. In some
+specimens the throat is orange. Juveniles and subadults have dark flecks
+on the brown or tan middorsal area, but these are absent in the largest
+males.
+
+This species inhabits the heavily wooded areas in the lowlands to
+elevations of about 950 meters. In the Tepalcatepec Valley it has been
+found only in gallery forests along streams. In both the Tepalcatepec
+Valley and the coastal lowlands there is a noticeable absence of large
+adults in the dry season.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus calidipes~ Duellman
+
+ _Cnemidophorus calidipes_ Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 574:1, December 23, 1955.--Capirio,
+ Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan (56); 12-20 km. S of Apatzingan (5); 19 km. E of
+ Apatzingan (5); 25 km. S of Arteaga; Capirio (57); El
+ Espinal (13); Jazmin (9); 11 km. S of Lombardia; Nueva
+ Italia.
+
+This small, distinctive species of the _sexlineatus_-group of
+_Cnemidophorus_ was discovered in the Tepalcatepec Valley in 1955
+(Duellman, 1955); subsequent field studies showed it to be widespread in
+the valley (Duellman, 1960c). One specimen (KU 29747) is from the
+relatively arid, low Pacific slope of the Sierra de Coalcoman, 25
+kilometers south of Arteaga. All other specimens have been taken at
+elevations of 200 to 650 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where the
+species characteristically inhabits the open scrub forests of the valley
+floor, especially the _Cercidium-Prosopis-Apoplanesia_ associations,
+where there is a sparse growth of grasses. In this habitat it is most
+frequently seen in association with _Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli_
+and _C. deppei infernalis_.
+
+Aside from the characters given in Table 5, _Cnemidophorus calidipes_
+differs from other species of _Cnemidophorus_ in Michoacan by possessing
+a complete (or nearly so) supraorbital semicircle-series of granules; in
+other species the granules seldom extend anteriorly beyond the posterior
+border of the frontal.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus communis communis~ Cope
+
+ _Cnemidophorus communis_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+ 17:95, 1877.--No type locality given; type locality
+ restricted to Colima, Colima, Mexico, by Zweifel (1959a:74).
+
+ _Cnemidophorus communis communis_, Zweifel, Bull. Amer. Mus.
+ Nat. Hist., 117:74, April 27, 1959.
+
+ Aguililla (2); Apatzingan (6); 13 km. S of Arteaga (2); 19
+ km. S of Arteaga (3); Capirio (3); Coahuayana (3); Coalcoman
+ (44); El Ticuiz; between El Ticuiz and Ojos de Agua de San
+ Telmo; La Placita (6); Pomaro (2); Rio Cachan; Salitre de
+ Estopila; San Juan de Lima.
+
+The specimens from Coalcoman and the coastal localities were referred to
+_Cnemidophorus sacki copei_ by Peters (1954:18) and Duellman (1954b:12).
+Zweifel (1959a) referred these specimens to _Cnemidophorus communis
+communis_ and pointed out the probable sympatry of _C. communis_ and _C.
+costatus_ (= _sacki_ of Zweifel) in the Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+There is considerable geographic variation in the number of dorsal
+granules around the midbody. Sixteen specimens from the coastal regions
+of Michoacan have 129-146 (136.3) granules; nine from the Tepalcatepec
+Valley have 124-137 (128.3), and 44 from Coalcoman at an elevation of
+950 meters in the Sierra de Coalcoman, intermediate geographically
+between the coast and the Tepalcatepec Valley, have 105-144 (119.7). The
+number of granules in specimens from the coast of Michoacan compares
+favorably with the range of 118-154 (137.8) for 34 specimens from
+Colima, Colima (Zweifel, 1959a:107). Aside from the characters given in
+Table 5, _C. communis communis_ can be distinguished from other members
+of the _Cnemidophorus sexlineatus_-group (_calidipes_, _costatus_, and
+_scarlaris_) by its relatively small post-antebrachial scales.
+
+
+TABLE 5.--COMPARISON OF THE TEN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CNEMIDOPHORUS
+IN MICHOACAN (SCALE COUNTS ARE FOR SPECIMENS FROM MICHOACAN ONLY)
+
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+ |Dorsal |Femoral| Adult color | Throat | Maximum
+ Species |granules| pores | pattern | color |snout-vent
+ | | | | | length
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_calidipes_ | 66-86 |31-47 |Light brown dorsum| Pink | 79 mm.
+ | (75) |(39) |with vertical blue| |
+ | | |bars and spots | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_communis |105-146 | 38-52 |Green dorsum with | Pink | 135 mm.
+ communis_ |(124) | (44) |six rows of yellow| |
+ | | |spots | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_costatus | 97-102 |37-43 |Cross-bars | Pink | 126 mm.
+ occidentalis_ | (99) |(39) |anteriorly and | |
+ | | |pale spots | |
+ | | |posteriorly | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_costatus |91-117 |32-49 |Lateral and |Pink with | 132 mm.
+ zweifeli_ |(106) |(41) |dorsolateral rows |blue spot |
+ | | |of spots; | |
+ | | |paravertebrals | |
+ | | |fused with pale | |
+ | | |green middorsum | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_deppei deppei_ |116-117 |37-38 |Green | Black | 93 mm.
+ |(116) |(37) |paravertebral and | |
+ | | |dorsolateral | |
+ | | |stripes; lateral | |
+ | | |stripe broken into| |
+ | | |row of bluish | |
+ | | |spots | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_deppei |91-120 |31-43 |Green | Black | 84 mm.
+ infernalis_ |(101) |(36) |paravertebral and | |
+ | | |dorsolateral | |
+ | | |stripes; broad | |
+ | | |cream lateral | |
+ | | |stripe; reddish | |
+ | | |flanks | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_lineatissimus |108-140 |32-47 |Paravertebral |Pink and | 98 mm.
+ exoristus_ |(122) |(39) |stripes fused with|black |
+ | | |yellow middorsal| |
+ | | |stripe; vertical | |
+ | | |bars on flanks | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_lineatissimus |117-126 |32-37 |Eight distinct |Bluish-pink| 96 mm.
+ lineatissimus_ |(121) |(35) |stripes plus |and black |
+ | | |partially fused | |
+ | | |vertebrals | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_lineatissimus |126-164 |32-48 |Broad middorsal |Pink and | 106 mm.
+ lividus_ |(148) |(38) |stripe; |black |
+ | | |paravertebrals | |
+ | | |distinct; blue | |
+ | | |lateral spots | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+_scalaris_ | 80-92 |32-41 |Six distinct cream|Orange-pink| 95 mm.
+ | (86) |(35) |stripes; tan spots| |
+ | | |in dark fields | |
+----------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----------+----------
+
+Although this is the largest species of _Cnemidophorus_ in Michoacan
+(adult males attain a snout-vent length of 135 mm.), it is neither
+widespread nor abundant. On the coastal lowlands it occurs primarily
+with _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus_. In the coastal lowlands
+there is little open scrub forest, a type of habitat that seems to be
+preferred by _C. communis communis_. In the Tepalcatepec Valley, _C.
+communis communis_ occurs in the open scrub forest with the more
+abundant large species _C. costatus_ (subspecies _zweifeli_). Only in
+the scrub forest in the Coalcoman Valley, where no other species of
+_Cnemidophorus_ occurs, is _C. communis communis_ abundant.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus costatus occidentalis~ Gadow
+
+ _Cnemidophorus communis occidentalis_ Gadow, Proc. Zool.
+ Soc. London, 1906, 1:339, August 23, 1906.--Type locality
+ restricted to Ixtlan, Nayarit, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:182).
+
+ _Cnemidophorus costatus occidentalis_, Zweifel, Copeia, No.
+ 1:98; March 17, 1961.
+
+ Jiquilpan (4).
+
+Only four specimens from the extreme northwestern part of the state are
+referable to this subspecies. These have 97 to 102 dorsal granules at
+midbody and lack the blue gular band or spot characteristic of the
+subspecies in the Tepalcatepec Valley. Probably _C. costatus
+occidentalis_ ranges throughout the Chapala depression, but to the east
+it is replaced by _Cnemidophorus scalaris scalaris_.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli~ Duellman
+
+ _Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli_ Duellman, Univ. Kansas Publ.
+ Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:589, May 2, 1960.--Capirio, Michoacan,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan (107); Buenavista (3); Capirio (31); Charapendo
+ (12); Chinapa (2); 19 km. S of Corralito (3); Jazmin (2);
+ between La Playa and Volcan Jorullo (2); Limoncito (3); 14
+ km. S of Lombardia (11); Nueva Italia (15); Rio Marquez, 10
+ km. S of Lombardia (2); Rio Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva
+ Italia; Tafetan (18); 14 km. E of Tepalcatepec (2); Tzitzio
+ (11); 19 km. S of Tzitzio; Volcan Jorullo (5);
+ Ziracuaretiro; Zirimicuaro.
+
+These lizards were referred to _Cnemidophorus sacki copei_ by Duellman
+(1954b:12 and 1955:6); Duellman (1960a) described the subspecies
+_zweifeli_ and assigned it to _Cnemidophorus sacki_. Zweifel (1961:98)
+used the specific name C. _costatus_ for the whiptails on the
+southwestern part of the Mexican Plateau (_C. c. occidentalis_). Since
+_occidentalis_ and _zweifeli_ are conspecific, the combination _C.
+costatus zweifeli_ is used here for the population inhabiting the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+This lizard is abundant in the Tepalcatepec Valley, where it lives in
+open and dense scrub forest, usually at elevations of less than 1000
+meters. Throughout the valley it is found in association with
+_Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis_, and in the lower parts of the valley
+it also is associated with _Cnemidophorus calidipes_. Observations made
+in the dry season indicate that large adults are not active at that
+time.
+
+On the coastal lowlands and in the valleys in the Sierra de Coalcoman
+_Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli_ is replaced by _C. communis communis_.
+To the east in the Balsas Basin _C. costatus zweifeli_ intergrades with
+_C. costatus costatus_.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus deppei deppei~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Cnemidophorus deppei_ Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p.
+ 29, 1834.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec,
+ Oaxaca, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:179).
+
+ _Cnemidophorus deppei deppei_, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos.
+ Soc., 17:31, 1892.
+
+ Salitre de Estopila; San Pedro Naranjestila.
+
+This small species, which is extremely abundant on the coastal lowlands
+of Guerrero, seems to be rare on the coast of Michoacan, where it has
+been taken at elevations of 130 and 500 meters in open situations in
+otherwise forested areas. Duellman and Wellman (1960:25) discussed these
+specimens in relation to their subspecific assignment. They were
+referred to _Cnemidophorus deppei lineatissimus_ by Peters (1954:18).
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis~ Duellman and Wellman
+
+ _Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis_ Duellman and Wellman,
+ Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:32, February 10,
+ 1960.--Mexcala, Guerrero, Mexico.
+
+ Acahuato; Apatzingan (227); Capirio (3); El Sabino; Jazmin;
+ La Playa (6); Lombardia (6); Nueva Italia (4); Rio Marquez,
+ 10 km. S of Lombardia (6); Rio Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva
+ Italia (10); south of Tancitaro; Volcan Jorullo (3).
+
+This is one of the most abundant and widespread lizards in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. Throughout its range it is ecologically associated
+with _Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli_, which ranges to elevations
+somewhat higher than the 1050 meters known for _C. deppei infernalis_.
+This small lizard reaches its greatest abundance in grassy areas on the
+floor of the Tepalcatepec Valley, where in the
+_Cercidium-Prosopis-Apoplanesia_ associations it occurs with
+_Cnemidophorus calidipes_.
+
+Duellman and Wellman (1960) discussed the variation and relationships of
+_Cnemidophorus deppei_, of which the subspecies _infernalis_ is
+restricted to the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus~ Duellman and Wellman
+
+ _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus_ Duellman and
+ Wellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:44,
+ February 10, 1960.--Rancho Santa Ana, four kilometers
+ northeast of San Salvador, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Thirteen to 25 km. S of Arteaga (18); Capirio (19);
+ Limoncito (13); Santa Ana (22).
+
+As in _Cnemidophorus calidipes_, the distribution of this subspecies
+seems to be restricted to the Tepalcatepec Valley, except in the
+vicinity of Arteaga, where it occurs on the southern slope of the Sierra
+de Coalcoman. As pointed out by Duellman and Wellman (1960:46), the
+specimens from south of Arteaga are like those from the Tepalcatepec
+Valley in scutellation and coloration, and not like _Cnemidophorus
+lineatissimus lividus_ from the geographically closer coastal lowlands.
+
+In the Tepalcatepec Valley _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus exoristus_
+inhabits gallery forests along the larger streams; in this habitat it is
+associated with _Ameiva undulata sinistra_. From the other species of
+_Cnemidophorus_ in Michoacan, _C. lineatissimus exoristus_ can be
+distinguished by the possession of seven longitudinal stripes in adults
+and by the characters of scutellation given in Table 5.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lineatissimus~ Cope
+
+ _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos.
+ Soc., 17:94, 1877.--Colima and Guadalajara. Type locality
+ restricted to Colima, Colima, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:179).
+
+ _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lineatissimus_, Duellman and
+ Wellman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:41,
+ February 10, 1960.
+
+ Boca de Apiza (4).
+
+These specimens have 117 to 126 dorsal granules at midbody, a noticeably
+lower count than that for _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus_ on the
+coast of Michoacan, which has 126 to 164 (148). Apparently these
+specimens represent immature _C. lineatissimus lineatissimus_; the
+differences between these and _C. lineatissimus lividus_ from nearby
+localities indicate that possibly the populations are distinct species
+and not subspecies, as suggested by Duellman and Wellman (1960:41).
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus~ Duellman and Wellman
+
+ _Cnemidophorus lineatissimus lividus_ Duellman and Wellman,
+ Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:50, February 10,
+ 1960.--Maruata, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Barranca de Bejuco (4); Boca de Apiza (2); Coahuayana (6);
+ El Ticuiz (7); La Placita (11); Maruata (7); Motin del Oro;
+ Ostula (5); Playa Azul (4); Playa Cuilala (2); Pomaro (2);
+ Salitre de Estopila (2); San Pedro Naranjestila.
+
+This is the most abundant and widespread species of _Cnemidophorus_ on
+the coastal lowlands of Michoacan, where it ranges from sea level to
+elevations of about 500 meters. In this area it inhabits dense arid
+scrub forest and semi-deciduous broad-leafed forest. Both of these
+habitats are continuous, or nearly so, along the lowlands and foothills
+of the Sierra de Coalcoman. This in itself may explain the abundance of
+_Cnemidophorus lineatissimus_ and the relative scarcity of _C. deppei_
+and _C. communis_ in the coastal area, for _C. deppei_ and _C. communis_
+usually inhabit more open arid scrub forest, as occurs in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. Living in the dense scrub forest with _C.
+lineatissimus_ is _Ameiva undulata sinistra_.
+
+
+~Cnemidophorus scalaris~ Cope
+
+ _Cnemidophorus gularis scalaris_ Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos.
+ Soc., 17:47, 1892.--Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico.
+
+ _Cnemidophorus scalaris_, Zweifel, Bull. American Mus. Nat.
+ Hist., 117:72, 1959.
+
+ Araro (2); Jacona; Lago de Cuitzeo (42); Morelia; 21 km. N
+ of Morelia (4).
+
+Zweifel (1959a:72) assigned the small species of _Cnemidophorus_ having
+a relatively low number of dorsal granules and inhabiting the southern
+part of the Mexican Plateau to _C. scalaris_, which he diagnosed as
+rarely exceeding 100 mm. in snout-vent length and always having an
+average of less than 100 dorsal granules at midbody and usually less
+than 90. Forty-two specimens from the south shore of Lago de Cuitzeo
+(UMMZ 119558) have 80-91 (85.8) dorsal granules. Four specimens from 21
+kilometers north of Norelia (UIMNH 6952 and UMMZ 104743) have 89, 78,
+92, and 84 granules; one from Morelia (UMMZ 104742) has 78; two from
+Araro (UMMZ 119522) have 80 and 87; one from Jacona (UIMNH 24703) has
+88.
+
+Since no large adult males are present in the series from Michoacan, an
+adequate comparison of coloration between these and populations on the
+northern part of the Mexican Plateau cannot be made. _Cnemidophorus
+scalaris_ is a name applied to the lizards inhabiting the Mexican
+Plateau from Chihuahua south to Puebla by Zweifel (1959a:72). It is
+doubtful if all of the populations assigned to this subspecies belong
+there; possibly more than one species is involved, but the paucity of
+material prevents further analysis at this time.
+
+
+~Heloderma horridum horridum~ (Wiegmann)
+
+ _Trachyderma horridum_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 22:421,
+ 1829.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Huajintlan,
+ Guerrero, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:193).
+
+ _Heloderma horridum horridum_, Bogert and Martin del Campo,
+ Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 109:20, April 16, 1956.
+
+ Apatzingan; Coalcoman; La Placita; Oropeo; Paracuaro.
+
+This species is known from elevations of less than 1000 meters in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, the Sierra de Coalcoman, and the coastal lowlands.
+Specimens from Coalcoman, La Placita, and Paracuaro came from areas of
+dense woods; those from Apatzingan and Oropeo might have come from
+patches of dense woods in the otherwise open scrub forest of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+
+~Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus~ Wiegmann
+
+ _Gerrhonotus imbricatus_ Wiegmann, Isis von Oken, 21:379,
+ 1828.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Mexico, Distrito
+ Federal, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:201).
+
+ _Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus_, Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat.
+ Sci. Philadelphia, 88:475, October 20, 1936.
+
+ Acuaro de las Lleguas (9); Cerro Barolosa (4); Cerro
+ Tancitaro (36); Dos Aguas (22); Paracho; Sierra Patamba;
+ Tinguidin; Zacapu.
+
+Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcoman are noticeably different from
+those inhabiting the mountains rising from the Mexican Plateau. Of 45
+specimens from Cerro Tancitaro and adjacent areas on the Mexican Plateau
+and in the Cordillera Volcanica, 15 have twelve longitudinal rows of
+dorsal scales and 30 have fourteen rows. Of seven specimens from the
+state of Mexico, 5 have twelve rows and 2 have fourteen; of nine
+specimens from central Veracruz, 8 have twelve rows and one has
+fourteen; of six specimens from Hidalgo, 5 have twelve rows and one has
+sixteen; of two specimens from Guanajuata, one has fourteen and the
+other has sixteen rows. All of the 35 specimens from the Sierra de
+Coalcoman have sixteen rows. Furthermore, these specimens have the
+superciliary row extended anteriorly, so that the anterior superciliary
+is in broad contact with the loreal. Specimens from Cerro Tancitaro have
+a shorter superciliary row, so that the anterior superciliary is not in
+broad contact with the loreal. These characters were used by Tihen
+(1949:220) to distinguish _Gerrhonotus imbricatus ciliaris_ from _G.
+imbricatus imbricatus_. According to Tihen, the subspecies _G.
+imbricatus ciliaris_ ranges from Guanajuato and Hidalgo northward to
+Chihuahua and Coahuila, whereas the nominal subspecies occurs from
+Michoacan and Hidalgo southward to Oaxaca. Specimens from the Sierra de
+Autlan in Jalisco are like those from Cerro Tancitaro; consequently,
+there seems to be no connection between the populations of _G.
+imbricatus ciliaris_ in the mountains of the northern part of the
+Mexican Plateau with the _ciliaris_-like individuals found in the Sierra
+de Coalcoman. The acquisition and study of additional material from
+throughout the range of the species is necessary to clarify the picture
+of geographic variation. Until then, I prefer to consider all of the
+specimens from Michoacan as _Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus_.
+
+The largest specimen is a male having a snout-vent length of 136 mm. Two
+juveniles collected in July 24, 1960, have snout-vent lengths of 36 and
+42 mm. A specimen having a snout-vent length of 127 mm. and a tail
+length of 145 mm. was regurgitated by a _Crotalus pusillus_, which had a
+body length of 550 mm.
+
+_Gerrhonotus imbricatus imbricatus_ is an inhabitant of coniferous
+forests. In the Cordillera Volcanica it occurs from 1500 to 3500 meters
+at the top of Cerro Tancitaro. In the Sierra de Coalcoman it occurs from
+2100 to 2700 meters. On July 4, 1955, a pair was found in copulation
+beneath a pine log at 2700 meters on Cerro Barolosa. The male was lying
+on top of the female and was holding her head firmly in his jaws; the
+male's tail was curled under the female's tail, so that the cloacae were
+in contact.
+
+
+Serpentes
+
+~Typhlops braminus~ (Daudin)
+
+ _Eryx braminus_ Daudin, Hist.... des reptiles, 7:279,
+ 1803.--Vazagapatam, India.
+
+ _Typhlops braminus_, Cuvier, Regne animal, ed. 2, 2:73,
+ 1829.
+
+ Apatzingan; Arteaga.
+
+
+Both specimens known from Michoacan were collected by Gadow in 1908.
+Peters (1954:20) remarked that the specimen from Arteaga probably does
+not indicate a rapid spreading of the species, which most likely was
+introduced into Mexico at the time that vessels were stopping at
+Acapulco from the Philippines (Taylor, 1940b:444), but instead may
+indicate that pack trains from Acapulco passed through the Sierra de
+Coalcoman. The occurrence of this snake along a long-used _camino_
+substantiates this belief.
+
+
+~Leptotyphlops bressoni~ Taylor
+
+ _Leptotyphlops bressoni_ Taylor, Copeia, No. 1:5, March 9,
+ 1939.--Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ El Sabino.
+
+This species still is known definitely only from the type specimen
+collected on the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica at the
+northern edge of the Tepalcatepec Valley. A specimen (now lost) reported
+from Aguililla by Cope (1887:63) possibly represents this species (see
+Smith and Taylor, 1945:21, and Peters, 1954:20).
+
+
+~Leptotyphlops gadowi~ Duellman
+
+ _Leptotyphlops gadowi_ Duellman, Copeia, No. 2:93, May 29,
+ 1956.--Apatzingan, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan.
+
+No additional specimens of this species have been collected since the
+species was described by Duellman (1956b:93). Data given with the
+specimen by Gadow indicate that it came from his camp above Apatzingan
+at an elevation of about 800 meters. Although the exact position of this
+camp is unknown, the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica above
+Apatzingan usually support arid scrub forest at elevations below 1000
+meters. Therefore, this species probably is an inhabitant of the arid
+scrub forest.
+
+
+~Leptotyphlops phenops bakewelli~ Oliver
+
+ _Leptotyphlops bakewelli_ Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 360:16, November 20, 1937.--Paso del Rio, Colima,
+ Mexico.
+
+ _Leptotyphlops phenops bakewelli_, Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl.
+ Mus., 93:445, October 29, 1943.
+
+ La Placita (4); La Salada; Ostula.
+
+The five specimens from the coastal lowlands are from elevations of less
+than 150 meters; these were collected by Peters (1954:20); the specimen
+from La Salada is from an elevation of 580 meters in the Tepalcatepec
+Valley. Peters (_loc. cit._) remarked that the rostral and the tip of
+the tail that were described as white by Oliver (1937:17) actually are
+sulphur-yellow in life.
+
+
+~Loxocemus bicolor~ Cope
+
+ _Loxocemus bicolor_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 13:77, June 30, 1861.--La Union, El Salvador.
+
+ _Loxocemus sumichrasti_ Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 6,
+ 4:1, 1876.--Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan (6); La Orilla; Lombardia.
+
+As noted by Peters (1954:21), this species was not recorded from
+Michoacan by Smith and Taylor (1945:27), but Gadow (1930:30) collected a
+specimen at La Orilla in 1908. This specimen (BMNH 1914.1.28.124) is a
+male having 235 ventrals and 47 caudals, a dark brown dorsum, and
+cream-colored labials and venter. The anterior chin-shields are
+considerably longer than the scales bordering the chin-shields. In these
+characters this specimen agrees with the diagnosis of _Loxocemus
+bicolor_ given by Taylor (1940c:447), who revived _Loxocemus
+sumichrasti_ Bocourt. Of the six specimens from Apatzingan in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, three males have 243 to 253 (246.6) ventrals and 44
+to 45 (44.3) caudals; three females have 238 to 247 (244.0) ventrals and
+42 to 44 (43.0) caudals. Certain characters of scutellation utilized by
+Taylor for separating _L. bicolor_ and _L. sumichrasti_ are inconsistent
+in this series. The chin-shields are longer than the adjacent scales,
+like those illustrated in _L. bicolor_ by Taylor (_op. cit._, fig. 1).
+The relative lengths of the prefrontal and internasal sutures are
+subequal, or the prefrontal suture is slightly longer. Thus, in these
+characters of scutellation these snakes are like _L. bicolor_, but in
+coloration they are like _L. sumichrasti_; the dorsal color in life was
+an iridescent dark bluish gray, and the belly was pale gray or bluish
+gray.
+
+The supposed differences in scutellation between _L. bicolor_ and _L.
+sumichrasti_ have been questioned by Woodbury and Woodbury (1944:360);
+these authors treated _L. sumichrasti_ as a subspecies of _L. bicolor_.
+As pointed out by Zweifel (1959b:5), such an arrangement is not tenable,
+for, although individuals with each kind of color pattern have not been
+collected together at any one locality, the over-all geographic picture
+is one of sympatric distribution. Only snakes having the coloration of
+_L. sumichrasti_ have been collected in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin. I
+agree with Zweifel (_loc. cit._) that on the basis of morphological
+similarities and sympatric distribution, _L. bicolor_ and _L.
+sumichrasti_ seem to be dimorphic phases of the same species, showing no
+more striking differences in coloration than _Lampropeltis getulus
+californiae_, a now classical example of pattern dimorphism in snakes.
+
+In Michoacan, as in other parts of its range, _Loxocemus bicolor_
+inhabits arid scrub forest environments at low elevations.
+
+
+~Boa constrictor imperator~ Daudin
+
+ _Boa imperator_ Daudin, Hist. nat.... des reptiles, 5:150,
+ 1803.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Cordoba,
+ Veracruz, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:347).
+
+ _Boa constrictor imperator_, Forcart, Herpetologica, 7:199,
+ December 31, 1951.
+
+ Apatzingan (4); Coalcoman; El Sabino (2); La Placita; La
+ Playa (2); Lombardia; Nueva Italia (2); Rio Cachan; Rio
+ Marquez, 13 km. SE of Nueva Italia; Rio Nexpa; Volcan
+ Jorullo.
+
+These specimens have come from a variety of habitats from elevations of
+less than 1,000 meters. The species seems to be equally abundant in the
+broad-leafed semi-deciduous forests of the coastal foothills and in the
+arid Tepalcatepec Valley. In the latter area most of the specimens were
+collected at night.
+
+
+~Coniophanes fissidens dispersus~ Smith
+
+ _Coniophanes fissidens dispersus_ Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl.
+ Mus., 91:106, November 13, 1941.--El Limoncito, Guerrero,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Arteaga.
+
+Further collecting in southern Michoacan has failed to add additional
+material of this species, which is known in the state from the one
+specimen collected by Gadow in 1908. The species possibly ranges
+throughout the coastal foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman. Peters
+(1954:21) described the specimen from Arteaga.
+
+
+~Coniophanes lateritius lateritius~ Cope
+
+ _Coniophanes lateritius_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 13:524, March 31, 1862.--Guadalajara, Jalisco,
+ Mexico.
+
+ _Coniophanes lateritius lateritius_, Smith and Grant,
+ Herpetologica, 14:20, April 25, 1958.
+
+ Nineteen km. S of Arteaga.
+
+The one specimen available from Michoacan of this apparently rare
+species was discussed by Wellman (1959:127), who pointed out that
+although the specimen was geographically intermediate between the
+subspecies _C. l. lateritius_ (Jalisco and Nayarit) and _C. l.
+melanocephalus_ (Morelos and Puebla), the specimen (UMMZ 118954) was
+like _C. l. lateritius_ in scutellation and in color pattern differed
+from other known specimens of the species in having had in life a pale
+orange, instead of a brick-red, dorsum. Additional specimens from the
+Sierra de Coalcoman will be required in order to determine whether this
+specimen is a representative of an orange-colored population or merely
+is aberrant in coloration.
+
+The present specimen is from an elevation of 900 meters in oak forest on
+the southern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman; other locality records
+for the species indicate that it inhabits broad-leafed forest in
+foothills from Nayarit to Puebla.
+
+
+~Conophis vittatus vittatus~ Peters
+
+ _Conophis vittatus_ Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+ 519, 1860.--No type locality given. Type locality restricted
+ to Laguna Coyuca, Guerrero, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:331).
+
+ _Conophis vittatus vittatus_, Smith, Jour. Washington Acad.
+ Sci., 31:119, March 17, 1941.
+
+ Arteaga; Coalcoman (4); La Playa; 19 km. S of Tzitzio.
+
+All specimens of this terrestrial snake have been collected in areas of
+scrub forest between 800 and 1100 meters above sea level. Since the
+species is known from the coastal regions of Guerrero and Colima, its
+absence from the cost of Michoacan is unexplainable; probably the lack
+of specimens from these areas is due solely to inadequate collecting.
+
+
+~Conopsis biserialis~ Taylor and Smith
+
+ _Conopsis biserialis_ Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 28 (2):333, November 12, 1942.--Ten miles west of
+ Villa Victoria, Mexico, Mexico.
+
+ Capacuaro (5); Cerro San Andres; Cheran; Ciudad Hidalgo;
+ Macho de Agua (4): Patzcuaro (8); Tancitaro (24); Uruapan
+ (9); 24 km. SE of Zitacuaro (14).
+
+This species is abundant in the coniferous forests at elevations from
+1550 to 2800 meters throughout the Cordillera Volcanica; apparently it
+does not occur in the Sierra de Coalcoman.
+
+On August 1, 1956, a copulating pair was found beneath a rock at
+Capacuaro.
+
+One of the best characters to distinguish this species from _Toluca
+lineata_, which occurs with _Conopsis_ throughout its range in
+Michoacan, is the presence of large, black ventral blotches in _Conopsis
+biserialis_, as contrasted with the two rows of small black spots in
+_Toluca lineata_.
+
+
+~Conopsis nasus~ Guenther
+
+ _Conopsis nasus_ Guenther, Catalogue... snakes... British
+ Museum, p. 6, 1858.--California (in error). Type locality
+ restricted to Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:330).
+
+ Carapan (2); Erongaricuaro; Maravatio (3); Morelia (2);
+ Nahuatzen; Patzcuaro (7); Tacicuaro (8); Tancitaro.
+
+This species has been collected in oak, pine-oak, and fir forests at
+elevations of 1900 to 2450 meters on the mountains rising from the
+Mexican Plateau. It does not seem to be so abundant as _Conopsis
+biserialis_. Sufficient ecological data to determine differences in
+habitat between the two species have not been compiled.
+
+
+~Diadophis dugesi~ Villada
+
+ _Diadophis punctatus dougesii_ Villada, La Naturaleza,
+ 3:226, 1875.--Potreros de Balbuena, Distrito Federal,
+ Mexico.
+
+ _Diadophis dugesii_, Blanchard, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci.,
+ 7:51, December 30, 1942.
+
+ Morelia (2); Patzcuaro; Quiroga.
+
+Apparently this snake is uncommon in Michoacan. It has been found only
+at elevations of 1900 to 2200 meters in pine and pine-oak forests on the
+mountains rising from the Mexican Plateau.
+
+
+~Dryadophis melanolomus stuarti~ Smith
+
+ _Dryadophis melanolomus stuarti_ Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl.
+ Mus., 93:418, October 29, 1943.--Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico.
+
+ Coahuayana; El Ticuiz; La Placita (3); Punto San Juan de
+ Lima; Punto San Telmo.
+
+The few specimens indicate that in Michoacan, as elsewhere on the
+Pacific coast of Mexico, this species is restricted to forested regions
+on the coastal plain. It does not occur in the Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+The coloration, in life, of a juvenile (UMMZ 114604) is as follows: The
+dorsum is uniform pale grayish tan on posterior one-third of body and on
+tail; anteriorly there are pale grayish tan middorsal blotches separated
+by grayish white interspaces, which are about one-half the length of the
+blotches. Posteriorly the blotches are less distinct, fading into the
+uniform grayish tan ground color of the posterior part of the body. The
+blotches extend laterally onto the fourth and fifth scale rows. Large
+squarish lateral intercalary blotches of darker brown interconnect with
+the dorsal blotches. The top of the head is pale olive-brown; a dark
+brown postorbital stripe extends from the eye to the posterior edge of
+the last upper labial. The labials, chin, and ventrals 1-30 are creamy
+white, changing to a dusty cream-color posteriorly; the chin and
+ventrals 1-30 are heavily spotted with dark brown. The iris is a
+cream-color above and chocolate brown below; the tongue is blue.
+
+
+~Drymarchon corais rubidus~ Smith
+
+ _Drymarchon corais rubidus_ Smith, Jour. Washington Acad.
+ Sci., 31:474, November 11, 1941.--Rosario, Sinaloa, Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan (5); Arroyo El Salto; Arteaga; Capirio; El Sabino
+ (7); La Palma; La Placita; Ostula; San Juan de Lima.
+
+Not all of the specimens from Michoacan are typical in color pattern of
+this subspecies, as defined by Smith (1941a:475). All specimens from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley are uniformly black above; they have reddish or
+cream-colored chins and the anterior two-thirds of the belly salmon-pink
+or reddish buff. Individuals from the Sierra de Coalcoman (Arteaga and
+Arroyo El Salto) are like those from the Tepalcatepec Valley. Three
+specimens from the coastal lowlands differ noticeably in color pattern:
+
+UMMZ 104504, adult male (Ostula).--Pale brown above flecked with black
+anteriorly; at midbody, flecks form narrow transverse bands that become
+progressively wider posteriorly, until on tail no brown pigment evident,
+all ventrals reddish buff, except last eight, which are black.
+
+UMMZ 104602, adult female (La Placita).--Black above, reddish
+cross-bands and flecks on all of body; dorsal and ventral surfaces of
+tail black; chin cream-color and entire belly reddish buff.
+
+UMMZ 114626, adult male (San Juan de Lima).--Black above; dull
+rust-colored cross-bands on anterior half of body; chin white; belly
+rust-colored on anterior two-thirds of body and black posteriorly.
+
+One specimen from La Palma on the Mexican Plateau (KU 29275) has the top
+of the head an olive-color, the entire dorsum black, the chin and
+ventrals 1-42 a cream-color, remainder of venter black, and all of the
+labials heavily barred with black. A juvenile from Capirio in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley (UMMZ 114627) is black above and has pale
+olive-colored flecks on the anterior one-third of the body; the top of
+the head is dark olive-brown, and the sides of the head are somewhat
+paler. Anteriorly the belly is a cream-color; posteriorly it is black.
+
+The specimens from the Tepalcatepec Valley are typical of _Drymarchon
+corais rubidus_. Those from the coastal lowlands differ in having large
+areas of brown or red pigment on the dorsum, a condition not mentioned
+by Smith in his description of the subspecies. The specimen from La
+Palma, like many others from various localities on the Mexican Plateau,
+resembles in certain characters _D. corais orizabensis_ (Smith, _op.
+cit._: 477). Our knowledge of the geographical variation in coloration
+in this species is incomplete; many populations have been assigned to
+subspecific rank without justification.
+
+In Michoacan this species is found from sea level to 1350 meters in the
+Sierra de Coalcoman and to 1300 meters at La Palma on Lago de Chapala.
+It has been collected in scrub forest, semi-deciduous broad-leafed
+forest, and oak forest.
+
+
+~Drymobius margaritiferus fistulosus~ Smith
+
+ _Drymobius margaritiferus fistulosus_ Smith, Proc. U. S.
+ Natl. Mus., 92:383, November 5, 1942.--Miramar, Nayarit,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan (3); Coahuayana; Coalcoman (3); El Sabino (3); El
+ Ticuiz; 12 km. S of Tzitzio.
+
+This snake is abundant in the lowlands of the state; the few specimens
+listed above are indicative not of the rarity, but rather of the speed
+and agility, of this diurnal snake. It most frequently is found near
+water, where there is a dense growth of vegetation. One individual was
+observed in a large pool inhabited by several small _Rana pipiens_, and
+another was seen along the bank of a hyacinth-choked river channel. A
+third individual was captured while it was in pursuit of a
+_Cnemidophorus_.
+
+This species has been collected on the coastal lowlands and seaward
+foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman and in the Tepalcatepec Valley to
+elevations of 1150 meters.
+
+
+~Elaphe triaspis intermedia~ (Boettger)
+
+ _Pityophis intermedius_ Boettger, Ber. Offen. Vereins.
+ Naturk., 22:148, 1883.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to
+ Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacan, Mexico, by Dowling (1960:74).
+
+ _Elaphe triaspis intermedia_, Mertens and Dowling,
+ Senckenbergiana, 33:201, November 15, 1952.
+
+ Twenty-four km. E of Apatzingan; Chupio; El Sabino (4); 11
+ km. E of Emiliano Zapata.
+
+Dowling (1960) has shown that specimens from the Balsas-Tepalcatepec
+Basin have fewer ventrals and caudals than those from the Sierra del Sur
+or the coast. All specimens from Michoacan were collected in open
+forest, either scrub or oak forest. They were found in drier situations
+than those described for the species in southern Tamaulipas by Martin
+(1958:69). In Michoacan _Elaphe triaspis intermedia_ is known from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica, and
+the western edge of the Mexican Plateau at an elevation of 1350 meters.
+It probably occurs in the lower parts of the Sierra de Coalcoman and
+along the Pacific coast, for it is known from the coastal lowlands of
+Guerrero and Colima. In August, 1951, I saw a snake that probably was
+this species in Barranca de Bejuco.
+
+
+~Enulius unicolor~ (Fischer)
+
+ _Geophis unicolor_ Fischer, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 7:227,
+ 1882.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Chilpancingo,
+ Guerrero, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:331).
+
+ _Enulius unicolor_, Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 25:247, July 10, 1939.
+
+ Between Ario de Rosales and La Playa; Coalcoman; Jungapeo
+ (4); between Zitacuaro and Tuxpan.
+
+This small snake has been collected from beneath rocks in brushy areas
+and broad-leafed forest between 900 and 1800 meters; it has not been
+found in coniferous forest. The limited ecological data suggest that the
+species inhabits the transition zone between the tropical scrub forest
+and the temperate hardwood forest.
+
+All of the specimens have 17 rows of scales; four males have 169-178
+(174.2) ventrals and 102-111 (106.8) caudals; two females have 192 and
+195 ventrals and 96 and 87 caudals. Three individuals have one
+postocular on one side and two on the other; in the other specimens
+there are two postoculars on each side. The largest male has a body
+length of 232 mm. and a tail length of 130 mm.; the largest female has a
+body length of 274 mm. and a tail length of 119 mm.
+
+
+~Geagras redimitus~ Cope
+
+ _Geagras redimitus_ Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, ser. 2, 8:141, 1876.
+
+ San Juan de Lima (2).
+
+Previously this species was known definitely only from the Plains of
+Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. _Sphenocalamus lineolatus_ was described by Fischer
+(1883:5) from Mazatlan; this name has been placed in the synonymy of
+_Geagras redimitus_ Cope. Although Fischer gave the type locality only
+as "Mazatlan" and did not designate the state, it is probable that the
+type originated from Mazatlan, Sinaloa. The present specimens are from a
+locality almost midway between Tehuantepec and Mazatlan and support the
+possibility that _Geagras_ ranges along the Pacific coast of Mexico from
+Oaxaca to Sinaloa.
+
+The two specimens from Michoacan (UMMZ 114446-7), both males, have 118
+and 122 ventrals, 31 and 33 caudals, body lengths of 108 and 81 mm., and
+tail lengths of 20 and 15 mm. Both have 1-1 preoculars, 1-1 postoculars,
+1-2 temporals, 6-6 upper labials, and 5-5 lower labials. In life, the
+dorsum was pale tan; the top of the head and the middorsal and lateral
+stripes were dark brown; the belly was white. The occipital spots were
+pale pinkish tan. Both specimens were found beneath rocks in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest at an elevation of 15 meters on the coastal plain.
+
+
+~Geophis dugesi~ Bocourt
+
+ _Geophis dugesii_ Bocourt, Miss. Scientifique au Mexique et
+ dans l'Amerique Centrale, Rept., livr. 9:573,
+ 1883.--Tangancicuaro, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Carapan; Tangancicuaro; Zacapu.
+
+Aside from the three specimens listed above, there are two (SU 4407-8)
+bearing the data "Michoacan." Bocourt (1883:574) stated that the type
+specimen from Tangancicuaro had six or seven pale cross-bands on the
+anterior part of the body. An illustration, presumably of the same
+specimen, by Duges (1884:Pl. 9) shows five distinct and one indistinct
+cross-bands. Of the four specimens that I have examined, none has more
+than three pale cross-bands, and one has only one indistinct cross-band.
+Two females have 154 and 158 ventrals and 38 and 37 caudals; two males
+have 150 and 151 ventrals and 43 and 42 caudals.
+
+This species is known only from elevations between 1750 and 2050 meters
+on the southwestern edge of the Mexican Plateau in the state of
+Michoacan.
+
+
+~Geophis incomptus~ Duellman
+
+ _Geophis incomptus_ Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 605:3, May 29, 1959.--Dos Aguas, Michoacan,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Dos Aguas (15).
+
+This species, which seems to be related to _Geophis maculiferus_, is
+known only from the pine-oak forest in the vicinity of Dos Aguas
+(elevation 2100 meters) in the Sierra de Coalcoman. Aside from the five
+specimens comprising the type series, there are ten other specimens in
+the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan collected by Floyd
+L. Downs in July, 1960. Data from these specimens and those comprising
+the type series show that in this sample seven males have 146-153
+(149.3) ventrals and 35-37 (36.0) caudals; eight females have 150-154
+(152.4) ventrals and 29-34 (32.5) caudals. The largest specimen is a
+female with a body length of 344 mm. and a tail length of 53 mm.
+
+
+~Geophis maculiferus~ Taylor
+
+ _Geophis maculiferus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 27:119, December 30, 1941.--Near Cicio [_sic_] = Tzitzio,
+ Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Tzitzio.
+
+The type and only known specimen of _Geophis maculiferus_ (UIMNH 25078)
+is a female having 140 ventrals and 30 caudals, dorsal scales in 15
+rows, one postocular, and an anterior temporal. Only one other species
+in Mexico has dorsal scales in 15 rows and has an anterior temporal;
+that species is _G. incomptus_, which differs from _G. maculiferus_ in
+having six or seven lower labials, instead of five, and in having the
+edges of the ventrals dark, instead of a uniformly cream-colored belly.
+
+The locality from which the specimen was obtained lies at an elevation
+of 1630 meters on the southern slope of the Cordillera Volcanica. At
+that elevation there is an interdigitation of arid tropical scrub forest
+and pine-oak forest; probably _Geophis maculiferus_ inhabits the
+pine-oak forest.
+
+
+~Geophis nigrocinctus~ Duellman
+
+ _Geophis nigrocinctus_ Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 605:1, May 29, 1959.--Dos Aguas, Michoacan,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Dos Aguas (3).
+
+The three specimens comprising the type series of the species were found
+beneath logs and in a stump in pine-oak forest at an elevation of 2100
+meters. A discussion of the variation in these specimens and of
+probable relationships of the species was given by Duellman (1959).
+Floyd Downs spent several days at Dos Aguas in July, 1960; although he
+found ten specimens of _Geophis incomptus_, no further specimens of _G.
+nigrocinctus_ were obtained.
+
+
+~Geophis petersi~ Boulenger
+
+ _Geophis petersii_ Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes... British
+ Museum, 2:321, September 23, 1894.--Mexico City. Type
+ locality restricted to Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950a:335).
+
+ Cheran; Coalcoman; Morelia; Patzcuaro (6).
+
+This seems to be the most widespread species of _Geophis_ in Michoacan.
+It has been found at elevations between 950 and 2350 meters, chiefly in
+pine or pine-oak forest. Boulenger (1894:321) described _Geophis
+petersi_ from a specimen stated to be from Mexico City, a locality which
+probably is in error. The only localities from which the species is
+definitely known are those listed in this account.
+
+Three males and five females from the Mexican Plateau and the Cordillera
+Volcanica have respectively 140-144 (141.7) and 143-151 (146.0) ventrals
+and 39-41 (40.0) and 29-35 (33.2) caudals. All have dorsal scales in 15
+rows, 1 postocular, no anterior temporal, and a relatively small
+triangular supraocular. The specimen from Coalcoman (UMMZ 104698) was
+referred to _Geophis nasalis_ by Peters (1954:22). This specimen is
+abnormal in several characters; in five places there is a fusion and
+separation of the vertebral and paravertebral scale rows, producing a
+change from 17 to 15 rows of dorsal scales. Fusion of the three rows
+takes place at the level of the 8th, 41st, 47th, 54th, and 65th
+ventrals. Furthermore, there is a small secondary postocular on each
+side of the head. In other characters the specimen is like _G. petersi_;
+the resemblances to that species are greater than to _G. nasalis_, which
+has been recorded from Guatemala and southern Chiapas.
+
+
+~Geophis tarascae~ Hartweg
+
+ _Geophis tarascae_ Hartweg, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 601:1, May 4, 1959.--Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Uruapan (3).
+
+A female of this species was collected in the Parque Nacional at the
+north edge of Uruapan in 1899, and a male was taken there in 1947; these
+specimens were used by Hartweg in his description of the species. Floyd
+L. Downs obtained another specimen in the Parque Nacional on July 19,
+1960. It has 164 ventrals and 46 caudals; in life, the ground color of
+the neck was brown with a purplish tint; the dorsal markings were black;
+the chin was a cream-color, and the belly was white. This specimen is
+distinguished from those of all other species of _Geophis_ in Michoacan
+in that it has dark irregular cross-bars on the dorsum and a row of dark
+spots on the venter.
+
+
+~Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha~ Cope
+
+ _Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 12:246, November 15, 1860.--Cape San Lucas,
+ Baja California, Mexico.
+
+ _Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha_, Bogert and Oliver, Bull.
+ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:378, March 30, 1945.
+
+ Tupataro.
+
+The systematic status of the geographic variants of _Hypsiglena_ in
+Mexico and southwestern United States has been commented on by several
+authors. Tanner (1944) considered _H. torquata_ and _H. ochrorhyncha_ to
+be distinct species; Bogert and Oliver (1945:379) and Duellman
+(1957b:238) presented evidence indicating that _H. torquata_ and _H.
+ochrorhyncha_ intergrade in Sinaloa and southern Sonora. In _Hypsiglena_
+the scutellation, including the numbers of labials, dorsals, ventrals,
+and caudals, seem to vary in a clinal manner. Nevertheless, these snakes
+can be divided into two distinct populations on the basis of the nuchal
+color pattern, consisting of an _ochrorhyncha_-type (a broad dark
+nape-band, the lateral edges of which extend anteriorly and fuse with a
+postorbital stripe, and a narrow nape stripe extending from the
+posteromedian edges of the parietals to the dark nape band) and a
+_torquata_-type (a somewhat narrower dark nape-band bordered anteriorly
+by a pale nuchal area, and no dark nape stripe). Snakes having the
+_ochrorhyncha_-type of nuchal pattern are found on the Mexican Plateau
+from Michoacan northward into the desert regions of Sonora and the
+southwestern United States. Snakes having the _torquata_-type of pattern
+are found on the coastal lowlands and adjacent slopes of the Sierra
+Madre Occidental from southern Sinaloa to Colima and thence inland in
+the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin to Morelos and Guerrero. An exception is
+_Hypsiglena torquata dunklei_ from Forlon and San Fernando, Tamaulipas;
+it has the _torquata_-type of nuchal pattern. The distributional picture
+is somewhat complicated because some individuals having the
+_torquata_-type of nuchal pattern also have a faint nape stripe. If
+these are taken as exceptions, the general picture of distribution in
+Mexico is _H. t. torquata_ on the Pacific lowlands from Sinaloa
+southward to the Balsas Basin and _H. t. ochrorhyncha_ on the Mexican
+Plateau.
+
+Smith (1943:433) resurrected _Hypsiglena jani_ Duges for the snakes of
+the _ochrorhyncha_-type on the southern part of the Mexican Plateau. He
+stated that the southern specimens differed from northern ones in having
+a nuchal spot 9 or 10 scales in length, as compared with a spot 2 to 6
+scales in length in northern specimens. A cursory examination of
+specimens from the areas between Arizona and Michoacan showed that there
+is a gradual increase in the size of the spot from north to south. If no
+other characters can be found to distinguish the populations, they
+should be considered as a single subspecies.
+
+_Hypsiglena affinis_ differs from _H. torquata_ in possessing 19 instead
+of 21 rows of dorsal scales. Additional material is needed from the
+western slopes of Jalisco and the Barrancas in Zacatecas and Durango,
+before definite allocation of _affinis_ can be made.
+
+Bogert and Oliver (1945:379) discussed the status of certain named
+populations in Baja California and concluded that only one species
+occurs there, and that the species probably is conspecific with _H.
+torquata_. A careful review of the genus _Hypsiglena_ might show that
+there is only one species.
+
+The one specimen from Michoacan (USNM 46513) is from an elevation of
+about 2300 meters near the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau.
+
+
+~Hypsiglena torquata torquata~ (Guenther)
+
+ _Leptodeira torquata_ Guenther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3,
+ 5:170.--Laguna Island, Nicaragua (in error).
+
+ _Hypsiglena torquata torquata_, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 25:371, July 10, 1939.
+
+ Apatzingan; Capirio; Cofradia.
+
+Specimens from the three mentioned localities have the dark nuchal spot
+bordered anteriorly by a pale blotch. In life the specimen from Capirio
+(UMMZ 114424) had rich reddish brown dorsal spots; the dorsal ground
+color was grayish white above and somewhat more gray laterally. The pale
+nuchal area was a cream-color, and the iris was grayish red.
+
+All of the specimens were found in the arid scrub forest in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley at elevations between 200 and 350 meters.
+
+
+~Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus~ (Guenther)
+
+ _Dipsas gracillima_ Guenther, Biol. Centrali-Americana,
+ Rept., p. 177, July, 1895.--southern Mexico. Type locality
+ restricted to Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:331).
+
+ _Imantodes gemmistratus gracillimus_, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+ Novitates, 1961:12, September 16, 1959.
+
+ La Orilla.
+
+The specimen from La Orilla was reported by Peters (1954:23) as
+_Imantodes gemmistratus oliveri_; Zweifel (1959c) showed that _I. g.
+oliveri_ did not range west of Tehuantepec and that the snakes
+inhabiting the coastal lowlands of Guerrero, Michoacan, and Colima were
+assignable to the subspecies _gracillimus_. It may be assumed that this
+subspecies ranges throughout the coastal lowlands and foothills of the
+Sierra de Coalcoman.
+
+
+~Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus~ (Cope)
+
+ _Dipsas gemmistrata latistrata_ Cope, Bull. U. S. Natl.
+ Mus., 32:68, 1887.--Southern Jalisco. Type locality
+ restricted to Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:334).
+
+ _Imantodes gemmistratus latistratus_, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+ Novitates, 1961:3, September 16, 1959.
+
+ El Sabino.
+
+The one specimen from Michoacan was collected near the upper limits of
+the scrub forest on the slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica. Zweifel
+(1959c:10) stated that in certain aspects of coloration this specimen
+was like _I. gemmistratus gracillimus_, but in scutellation and other
+features of coloration it was like _I. g. latistratus_. There are too
+few specimens of this species to define the ranges of the various
+subspecies with any degree of accuracy, but from the limited number of
+specimens available, it seems that _I. gemmistratus gracillimus_ occurs
+on the Pacific lowlands from Guerrero northward to Colima. Northward on
+the Pacific lowlands from Colima to Sinaloa and in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin is found _I. gemmistratus latistratus_.
+
+
+~Lampropeltis doliata~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Coluber doliatus_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1:379,
+ 1766.--Charleston, South Carolina.
+
+ _Lampropeltis doliata_, Klauber, Copeia, No. 1:11, April 15,
+ 1948.
+
+ Coalcoman (3); El Sabino; 24 km. W of Morelia; Rio Nexpa;
+ Uruapan.
+
+The few specimens of this species from Michoacan show a wide range of
+variation; furthermore, the present systematic status of the subspecies
+of _Lampropeltis doliata_ portrays an incongruous pattern of
+distribution. Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcoman have relatively
+narrow red bands that are not interrupted dorsally by extensions of the
+black rings; the scales in the red bands have black tips. The specimen
+from El Sabino (EHT-HMS 5253) and the one from the Rio Nexpa on the
+coast (USNM 31491) have broader red bands; the scales in the red bands
+do not have black tips. A specimen from 24 kilometers west of Morelia
+(UIMNH 17782) and one from Uruapan (UMMZ 121508) have the red bands
+interrupted dorsally by extensions from the black rings.
+
+Specimens from the Sierra de Coalcoman were referred to _L. doliata
+blanchardi_ by Peters (1954:24), who noted that in some characters
+these snakes were like _L. d. nelsoni_ and in others like _L. d.
+polyzona_. The individual from El Sabino was referred to _L. d. nelsoni_
+by Taylor (1940c:465); the one from 24 kilometers west of Morelia was
+referred to _L. d. arcifera_ by Smith (1942c:198). If these assignments
+are correct, three subspecies of _Lampropeltis doliata_ occur in
+Michoacan: _blanchardi_ in the Sierra de Coalcoman, _nelsoni_ on the
+coast and in the Tepalcatepec Valley, and _arcifera_ on the Mexican
+Plateau and in the Cordillera Volcanica. Such a distribution is
+plausible, but the few specimens and our general lack of knowledge of
+the variation and relationships of the different populations do not
+permit a definite assignment at this time.
+
+
+~Lampropeltis ruthveni~ Blanchard
+
+ _Lampropeltis ruthveni_ Blanchard, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 81:8, April 28, 1920.--Patzcuaro, Michoacan,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Morelia; Patzcuaro; Tacicuaro.
+
+At the present time this species is known definitely from only three
+localities on the Mexican Plateau in Michoacan. An incomplete skin from
+El Sabino (EHT-HMS 5438) was referred to this species by Taylor
+(1940c:465); the specimen cannot be found, so verification of the
+identification cannot be made at this time.
+
+
+~Leptodeira latifasciata~ (Guenther)
+
+ _Hypsiglena latifasciata_ Guenther, Biologia
+ Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 138, October,
+ 1894.--Southern Mexico. Type locality restricted to
+ Huajintlan, Morelos, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:331).
+
+ _Leptodeira latifasciata_, Dunn, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,
+ 22:696, December, 1936.
+
+ Apatzingan; El Sabino; La Playa; 32 km. E of Nueva Italia.
+
+This nocturnal snake apparently ranges throughout the arid
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley to elevations of about 1050 meters. It has
+been collected only in the arid scrub forest. Aside from the specimens
+listed by Duellman (1958a:93), there is one (UMMZ 120223) having eight
+body blotches, a body length of 510 mm. and a tail length of 103 mm.
+
+
+~Leptodeira maculata~ (Hallowell)
+
+ _Megalops maculatus_ Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 13:488, March 31, 1862.--"Tahiti." Type
+ locality restricted to Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico, by
+ Duellman (1958a:54).
+
+ _Leptodeira maculata_, Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
+ Hist., 114:53, February 24, 1958.
+
+ Aguililla (2); Apatzingan (24); Arteaga (2); Capirio (3);
+ Charapendo (2); Coahuayana (3); Cofradia; Cuatro Caminos; La
+ Placita (3); Lombardia (69); Nueva Italia (29); Pomaro; Rio
+ Marquez, 10 km. S of Lombardia (2); Salitre de Estopila;
+ Tafetan (2); Volcan Jorullo.
+
+This snake is abundant in the arid Tepalcatepec Valley; most of the
+specimens have been collected in arid scrub forest at elevations of less
+than 500 meters. With the onset of the rains in late June and early
+July, large numbers of these snakes can be found around temporary pools,
+where they feed on small frogs and toads. In the dry season few
+individuals were found, and all of those were beneath cover. Specimens
+from the coast have more body-blotches than do those from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley (Duellman, 1958a:56); otherwise the snakes show
+little variation.
+
+
+~Leptodeira splendida bressoni~ Taylor
+
+ _Leptodeira bressoni_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 25:321, July 10, 1939.--Hacienda El Sabino, Michoacan,
+ Mexico.
+
+ _Leptodeira splendida bressoni_, Duellman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
+ Nat. Hist., 114:84, February 24, 1958.
+
+ Coalcoman (3); El Sabino (3); Uruapan (5).
+
+The range of _Leptodeira splendida bressoni_ apparently does not overlap
+that of _Leptodeira maculata_; the latter is restricted to the lower
+reaches of the arid scrub forest, whereas _L. s. bressoni_ inhabits the
+upper limits of the arid scrub forest and the lower part of the pine-oak
+forest. Specimens have been collected between 950 and 1630 meters on the
+slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica and at 950 meters in the Sierra de
+Coalcoman. At Uruapan individuals were found beneath rocks along a
+stream and in a stone fence. _Leptodeira duellmani_, which was described
+from Coalcoman by Peters (1954:25), is an aberrant individual of _L. s.
+bressoni_ (Duellman, 1958a:56).
+
+
+~Leptophis diplotropis~ (Guenther)
+
+ _Ahaetulla diplotropis_ Guenther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+ 4, 9:25, 1872.--Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
+
+ _Leptophis diplotropis_, Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
+ Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, Reptiles, livr. 15:835,
+ 1897.
+
+ Between Aguililla and Dos Aguas; Arteaga; Coalcoman; El
+ Diezmo; El Sabino (5); La Playa; Ocorla.
+
+Most specimens of this species have been collected in tropical
+semi-deciduous forest at elevations of less than 1000 meters. In the
+Sierra de Coalcoman one was taken in pine-oak forest at an elevation of
+1700 meters near Ocorla; another was found in broad-leafed forest
+between Aguililla and Dos Aguas at an elevation of 1600 meters. Most
+individuals have been seen in trees or bushes. The absence of
+broad-leafed forest in the Tepalcatepec Valley probably accounts for the
+absence of this snake in that area.
+
+
+~Manolepis putnami~ (Jan)
+
+ _Dromicus putnami_ Jan, Elenco sistematico degli Ofidi, p.
+ 67, 1863.--San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico.
+
+ _Manolepsis putnami_, Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. S. Natl.
+ Mus., 187:92, October 5, 1945.
+
+ La Placita (3); Maquili; Ostula.
+
+In Michoacan the species has been found only in tropical semi-deciduous
+forest on the lower slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman. From the
+observations made by Peters (1954:28), this snake is diurnal and feeds
+on teiid lizards.
+
+
+~Masticophis striolatus striolatus~ Mertens
+
+ _Coluber striolatus_ Mertens, Zoologica (Stuttgart), 32:190,
+ 1934.--Substitute name for _Coluber lineatus_ Bocourt, a
+ secondary homonym of _Coluber lineatus_ Linnaeus = _Lygophis
+ lineatus_. Type locality restricted to Presidio de Mazatlan,
+ Sinaloa, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:343).
+
+ _Masticophis striolatus striolatus_, Zweifel and Norris,
+ Amer. Midl. Nat., 54:242, July, 1955.
+
+ Apatzingan (4); Arteaga; Coalcoman (3); El Sabino;
+ Jiquilpan; La Palma; La Playa (3); Lombardia; Nueva Italia;
+ Rio Cachan; Santa Ana; Uruapan (2); Volcan Jorullo;
+ Ziracuaretiro.
+
+This large diurnal species inhabits open scrub forest and cultivated
+terrain from sea level to about 1650 meters. On the Mexican Plateau it
+is known from the area around Lago de Chapala, to which it possibly
+gained access through the valleys in the headwaters of the Tepalcatepec
+drainage. Specimens from southern Michoacan have been reported
+previously by Peters (1954:28) and Duellman (1954b:16) as _Masticophis
+flagellum lineatus_.
+
+
+~Masticophis taeniatus australis~ Smith
+
+ _Masticophis taeniatus australis_ Smith, Jour. Washington
+ Acad. Sci., 31:390, September 11, 1941.--Guanajuato,
+ Guanajuato, Mexico.
+
+ Tacicuaro (2); Zamora.
+
+This species reaches the southern limit of its distribution in the state
+of Michoacan. The limited ecological data available suggest that the
+species inhabits the open mesquite grassland of the Mexican Plateau.
+
+
+~Oxybelis aeneus auratus~ (Bell)
+
+ _Dryinus auratus_ Bell, Zool. Jour., 2:324, 1825.--Mexico.
+ Type locality restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950a:340).
+
+ _Oxybelis aeneus auratus_, Bogert and Oliver, Bull. Amer.
+ Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:381, March 30, 1945.
+
+ Coahuayana; El Sabino (4); between Las Tecatas and Las
+ Higuertas; between Los Pozos and La Cienega; Playa Azul;
+ Pomaro (2); between Pomaro and Maruata (2); Punto San Telmo;
+ Rio Tizupan.
+
+On the basis of the number of specimens seen and collected on the
+seaward slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman, this is a common snake
+there. Most specimens were collected in tropical semi-deciduous forest;
+others were collected in oak forest to an elevation of 1700 meters.
+Apparently _Oxybelis_ does not inhabit the lower parts of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley; the only specimens from the inland area are four
+from El Sabino, which is situated at about 900 meters on the slopes of
+the Cordillera Volcanica. One individual was seen in gallery forest near
+Limoncito at an elevation of 730 meters on the northern slopes of the
+Sierra de Coalcoman.
+
+
+~Pituophis deppei deppei~ (Dumeril)
+
+ _Elaphis deppei_ Dumeril, Mem. Acad. Inst. France, 23:453,
+ 1835.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to San Juan
+ Teotihuacan, Mexico, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:334).
+
+ _Pituophis deppei deppei_, Stull, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 250:1, October 12, 1932.
+
+ Carapan (2); Morelia; Tacambaro; Tacicuaro; Zacapu.
+
+Duellman (1960b) showed that the widespread species _Pituophis deppei_
+was composite and that the "lined subspecies" actually represented
+another species, _Pituophis lineaticollis_. _Pituophis deppei_ occurs
+only on the Mexican Plateau; in Michoacan it inhabits mesquite grassland
+and oak-bunch grass associations between 1900 and 2200 meters.
+
+
+~Pituophis lineaticollis lineaticollis~ (Cope)
+
+ _Arizona lineaticollis_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 13:300, December 28, 1861.--Southern Mexican
+ Plateau. Type locality restricted to 24 kilometers northwest
+ of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, by Duellman (1960b:607).
+
+ _Pituophis lineaticollis lineaticollis_, Duellman, Univ.
+ Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:607, May 2, 1960.
+
+ Acuaro de las Lleguas; Dos Aguas (3); Morelia; Tancitaro
+ (5).
+
+This species reaches the northern limits of its range in the Sierra de
+Coalcoman and on the Mexican Plateau in Michoacan. On the plateau it has
+been collected in mesquite grassland at elevations between 1500 and 2000
+meters. In the Sierra de Coalcoman individuals were found in open
+pine-oak forest at 2100 meters elevation and in a meadow surrounded by
+pine-oak forest at 2300 meters.
+
+
+~Pseudoficimia frontalis~ (Cope)
+
+ _Toluca frontalis_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 16:167, September 30, 1864.--Colima, Colima, Mexico.
+
+ _Pseudoficimia frontalis_, Guenther, Biologia
+ Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 96, May, 1893.
+
+ Apatzingan; Coalcoman (6); El Sabino (2).
+
+Most specimens were found beneath rocks in grassy areas near the upper
+limits of the arid scrub forest, both in the Sierra de Coalcoman and on
+the southern slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica; all are from elevations
+of less than 1100 meters. One specimen was found on a road at night near
+Apatzingan. This species has been found in similar habitats near
+Huajintlan, Guerrero, and in arid scrub forest at lower elevations in
+Colima. It is unknown from the coast of Michoacan.
+
+
+~Pseudoficimia pulcherrima~ Taylor and Smith
+
+ _Pseudoficimia pulcherrima_ Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas
+ Sci. Bull., 28:246, May 15, 1942.--Huajintlan, Guerrero,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan.
+
+This specimen (CNHM 39208) was reported by Schmidt and Shannon
+(1947:81); they stated that it was a paratype of _P. pulcherrima_.
+However, Taylor and Smith (1942a:246) did not mention the specimen;
+aside from the type (EHT-HMS 5497), the only other specimen they
+designated as belonging to the type series was UMMZ 85711 from
+Chilpancingo, Guerrero.
+
+The taxonomic validity of _Pseudoficimia pulcherrima_ remains doubtful,
+for only minor characters distinguish it from _P. frontalis_.
+Furthermore, all known specimens of _P. pulcherrima_ are from within the
+geographic range of _P. frontalis_.
+
+
+~Rhadinaea hesperia hesperia~ Bailey
+
+ _Rhadinaea hesperia_ Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 412:8, May 6, 1940.--Omilteme and Sierra de Burro,
+ Guerrero. Type locality restricted to Omilteme, Guerrero,
+ Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:332).
+
+ _Rhadinaea hesperia hesperia_, Smith, Proc. Biol. Soc.
+ Washington, 55:185, December 31, 1942.
+
+ Arteaga (3); Coalcoman; El Sabino (2); Uruapan; Volcan
+ Jorullo (2).
+
+One specimen from Volcan Jorullo (UMMZ 104494), three from Arteaga (UMMZ
+119281), and one from Uruapan (UMMZ 92342) are typical of the subspecies
+_R. h. hesperia_ in possessing a lateral cream-colored line on the sixth
+and parts of the fifth and seventh dorsal scale rows and in lacking a
+dark line on the second scale row. The specimens from El Sabino (EHT-HMS
+5441 and UIMNH 18933) and one from Coalcoman (UMMZ 104502) have the
+cream-colored line on the sixth and adjacent parts of the fifth and
+seventh scale rows and have a dark line on the second scale row. Another
+individual from Volcan Jorullo (UMMZ 104682) has cream-colored lines
+like the others, but it possesses two lateral dark lines, one on the
+second scale row, and one on the third.
+
+Smith (1942d:186) diagnosed _Rhadinaea hesperia hesperioides_ as
+differing from the nominal subspecies in having the cream-colored line
+on the fourth and fifth scale rows and in possessing a dark line on the
+second scale row. The specimens seen all have the lateral cream-colored
+line centered on the sixth scale row, as is characteristic of _R. h.
+hesperia_. Although many of the specimens also possess a dark line on
+the second scale row, these specimens are here assigned to _R. h.
+hesperia_. Additional specimens are necessary to define accurately the
+subspecies and their ranges. Peters (1954:29) assigned the specimens
+from Coalcoman to _R. h. hesperioides_.
+
+In life the specimens from Arteaga had bright cream-colored temporal
+stripes and dorsolateral stripes on the anterior part of the body. The
+chin and anterior one-sixth of the belly was white; posteriorly the
+venter was bright orange-red.
+
+In Michoacan this snake has been found in tropical semi-deciduous
+forest, arid scrub forest, and pine-oak forest at elevations from 850 to
+1500 meters.
+
+
+~Rhadinaea laureata~ (Guenther)
+
+ _Dromicus laureatus_ Guenther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
+ 1:419, 1868.--Mexico City.
+
+ _Rhadinaea laureata_, Boulenger, Catalogue Snakes... British
+ Museum, 2, p. 179, September 23, 1894.
+
+ Capacuaro; Carapan (8); Cheran (3); Paracho (2); Patzcuaro;
+ Tancitaro (10).
+
+This snake is abundant in the Cordillera Volcanica, but it is unknown in
+the mountains to the northeast of Morelia or in the Sierra de Coalcoman.
+Most specimens were found beneath volcanic rocks imbedded in the ashy
+soil in pine forest between 1800 and 2300 meters.
+
+
+~Rhadinaea taeniata~ (Peters)
+
+ _Dromicus taeniatus_ Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+ 275, 1863.--Mexico.
+
+ _Rhadinaea taeniata_, Bailey, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+ Michigan, 412:14, May 6, 1940.
+
+ Tancitaro (2).
+
+This species, which is known only from a small region in the mountains
+of Jalisco and central Michoacan, is represented by two specimens (CNHM
+37130 and 39030) collected at Tancitaro (see Schmidt and Shannon,
+1947:80).
+
+
+~Salvadora bairdi~ Jan
+
+ _Salvadora Bairdii_ Jan. Icon. gener. ophid., livr. 2, pl.
+ 3, fig. 2, 1860.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to
+ Acambaro, Guanajuato, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:330).
+
+ Barranca Seca; Carapan; Cerro San Andres; Cojumatlan (2);
+ Jiquilpan; Morelia; Patzcuaro (4); Quiroga; Sahuayo (2);
+ Tacicuaro (12); Tancitaro (56); Uruapan (2); Zacapu (2);
+ between Zitacuaro and Tuxpan (3).
+
+This species is abundant on the Mexican plateau, where it inhabits the
+more grassy areas in the mesquite grassland and cutover land in the pine
+forests from 1550 to 2500 meters. Davis and Dixon (1957:21) described a
+specimen from Zacapu as having two dark paravertebral stripes diverging
+on the temporals and extending through the eye onto the loreal, a
+characteristic of _Salvadora lineata_. On the basis of this specimen,
+Davis and Dixon suggested that _Salvadora bairdi_ and _S. lineata_ were
+subspecifically related. The examination of the large number of
+specimens from Michoacan has revealed this kind of coloration in only
+one other specimen, an individual from Tacicuaro, in which the stripes
+diverge, but do not extend through the eye onto the loreal. Data on
+scutellation for the large series from Tancitaro were given by Schmidt
+and Shannon (1947:78), and for the series from Tacicuaro by Smith
+(1943:466).
+
+
+~Salvadora mexicana~ (Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril)
+
+ _Zamenis mexicanus_ Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril,
+ Erpetologie generale, 7 (pt. 1), p. 695, 1854.--Cape
+ Corrientes, Jalisco, Mexico.
+
+ _Salvadora mexicana_ Guenther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3,
+ 12:349, 1863.
+
+ Apatzingan (12); Capirio (2); El Sabino (5); Huetamo; La
+ Placita; La Playa (4); Lombardia; Nueva Italia; Ojos de Agua
+ de San Telmo; Oropeo; Rio Cancita, 14 km. E of Apatzingan;
+ Santa Ana.
+
+This is one of the most abundant snakes in the arid lowlands of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley; observations indicate that it probably is equally
+abundant on the coastal lowlands. Near Apatzingan as many as five of
+these snakes have been seen in one-half hour. The snakes seem to be
+equally abundant and active in the dry season and in the rainy season.
+Most individuals were seen on the ground, but two were found in low
+trees. On several occasions _Salvadora mexicana_ was observed in pursuit
+of lizards on the ground. Captured individuals regurgitated
+_Cnemidophorus costatus zweifeli_, _Cnemidophorus deppei infernalis_,
+_Sceloporus horridus oligoporus_, _Sceloporus pyrocephalus_, and
+_Urosaurus gadowi_.
+
+_Salvadora mexicana_ inhabits only the arid scrub forest at elevations
+from sea level to about 1000 meters.
+
+
+~Sibon nebulatus~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Coluber nebulatus_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1, p.
+ 222, 1758.--Africa (in error). Type locality restricted to
+ Jicaltepec, Veracruz, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:349).
+
+ _Sibon nebulatus_, Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:473,
+ November 27, 1940.
+
+ Aquila.
+
+The one specimen from Michoacan was collected by Peters (1954:30) in
+tropical semi-deciduous forest on the coastal foothills of the Sierra de
+Coalcoman. As presently known, the range of this species in western
+Mexico extends from Chiapas to Nayarit. Throughout this region the
+species avoids scrub forest; this may explain its absence in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+
+~Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis~ (Duges)
+
+ _Contia michoacanensis_ Duges, _in_ Cope, Proc. Amer.
+ Philos. Soc., 22:178, 1885.--Michoacan. Type locality
+ restricted to Apatzingan, Michoacan, Mexico, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:335).
+
+ _Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis_, Stickel, Proc. Biol.
+ Soc. Washington, 56:116, October 19, 1943.
+
+ Apatzingan (3); Coalcoman (3); 12 km. S of Tzitzio.
+
+These specimens, together with all known specimens from the Sierra del
+Sur in Guerrero (KU 23790-1, MVZ 45123) and the upper Balsas Basin in
+Puebla (UIMNH 41688), are referable to _S. m. michoacanensis_. The
+dorsal pattern consists of a highly variable number of cross-bands of
+red, white, and black. In the specimens from Michoacan there are as many
+as 17 red cross-bands on the body. One specimen from Apatzingan (CNHM
+37141) has just behind the head a white band, bordered on either side by
+a narrow black band; posteriorly the body is uniform red. Two specimens
+from Coalcoman (UMMZ 109905-6) have respectively 11 and 13 red
+cross-bands and 20 and 17 white cross-bands, and the posterior part of
+the body is devoid of red color. Other specimens from these localities
+have red, black, and white cross-bands throughout the length of the
+body.
+
+_Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis_ is distinguished from _S.
+michoacanensis mutabilis_ by the presence of cross-bands on the tail in
+the latter (Stickel, 1943:116). One specimen from Coalcoman (UMMZ
+109904) has one narrow band on the tail; all others from Michoacan have
+uniformly red tails.
+
+Apparently _Sonora michoacanensis michoacanensis_ ranges in semi-arid
+and arid habitats from the upper Balsas Basin in Puebla westward to the
+lower slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman, whereas _S. m. mutabilis_
+lives in foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental from southern Jalisco
+to Nayarit. Zweifel (1959b:6) presented evidence to show that specimens
+of _S. m. mutabilis_ supposedly from "Distrito Federal" probably bear
+erroneous locality data.
+
+
+~Tantilla bocourti~ (Guenther)
+
+ _Homalocranium bocourti_ Guenther, Biologia
+ Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 149, 1895.--Guanajuato,
+ Guanajuato, Mexico.
+
+ _Tantilla bocourti_, Cope, Amer. Nat., 30:1021, December,
+ 1896.
+
+ Carapan; Patzcuaro (2); between Zitacuaro and Rio Tuxpan
+ (11).
+
+This small snake is an inhabitant of the coniferous forests and the
+pine-oak forests on the Cordillera Volcanica. Data on the series from
+between Zitacuaro and the Rio Tuxpan were given by Taylor (1940c:481).
+
+
+~Tantilla calamarina~ Cope
+
+ _Tantilla calamarina_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 18:320, February 13, 1867.--Guadalajara,
+ Jalisco, Mexico.
+
+ Apatzingan; La Placita.
+
+Although this snake has been collected at high elevations along the rim
+of the Mexican Plateau in Nayarit, Jalisco, Mexico, and Puebla, the
+specimens from Michoacan are from arid scrub forest at elevations of
+less than 400 meters. The species has been found in similar habitats in
+Colima (Oliver, 1937:24) and in Sinaloa and the Tres Marias Islands
+(Zweifel, 1960:110).
+
+
+~Toluca lineata lineata~ Kennicott
+
+ _Toluca lineata_ Kennicott, _in_ Baird, Report on the United
+ States and Mexican boundary survey, 2, Reptiles, p. 23,
+ 1859.--Valley of Mexico.
+
+ _Toluca lineata lineata_, Taylor and Smith, Univ. Kansas
+ Sci. Bull., 28:343, May 15, 1942.
+
+ Capacuaro; Carapan (12); Cheran (23); Cojumatlan; Los Reyes;
+ Morelia (2); Nahuatzen; Paracho (10); Patzcuaro (17);
+ Uruapan (2).
+
+This small snake is an inhabitant of the coniferous forests between
+elevations of about 1550 and 2800 meters. Not infrequently, individuals
+have been found in pine-oak forest within these elevations.
+
+The generic status of _Toluca_ is unsettled. Taylor and Smith (1942b)
+separated _Toluca_ from _Conopsis_ by the presence of enlarged and
+grooved posterior maxillary teeth in _Toluca_ and their absence in
+_Conopsis_. Bogert and Oliver (1945:378) suggested synonymizing _Toluca_
+with _Conopsis_. Smith and Laufe (1945:12) defined the generic position
+of _Toluca_. Actually, in deciding the generic position of these snakes,
+five genera (_Ficimia_, _Gyalopion_, _Pseudoficimia_, _Conopsis_, and
+_Toluca_) must be considered. Of these _Ficimia_ and _Gyalopion_ are
+closely related; they have been placed in one genus by some workers.
+_Pseudoficimia_ is intermediate between _Ficimia-Gyalopion_ and
+_Toluca-Conopsis_. A workable definition of the supraspecific
+classification of these snakes must await a thorough review of the
+species.
+
+
+~Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus~ (Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril)
+
+ _Dipsas biscutata_ Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, Erpetologie
+ generale, 7 (pt. 2):1153, 1854.--Mexico. Type locality
+ restricted to Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:340).
+
+ _Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus_, Smith, Proc. U. S.
+ Natl. Mus., 91:159, November 10, 1941.
+
+ Apatzingan (11); Cofradia; Cuatro Caminos; El Sabino (2); La
+ Placita; La Playa (2); Lombardia (2); Nueva Italia (2); Rio
+ Tepalcatepec, 27 km. S of Apatzingan; Tafetan.
+
+In the arid lowlands of the Tepalcatepec Valley and presumably also in
+the scrub forest of the coastal lowlands, this is an abundant snake,
+which is active only at night. Usually snakes of this species are found
+on the ground, but one large individual was observed at night in a low
+tree. That individual defied capture by widely opening its mouth and
+striking repeatedly at the collector. The excreta of one specimen
+contained feathers of an unidentified species of bird.
+
+
+~Trimorphodon latifascia~ Peters
+
+ _Trimorphodon biscutata latifascia_ Peters, Monats. Akad.
+ Wiss. Berlin, p. 877, 1869.--Puebla, Mexico. Type locality
+ restricted to Izucar de Matamoros, Puebla, Mexico, by Smith
+ and Taylor (1950a:341).
+
+ _Trimorphodon latifascia_. Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 25:364, July 10, 1939.
+
+ Apatzingan (5); Casada Tzararacua; Coalcoman (2); Lombardia;
+ 14 km. S of Lombardia; Nueva Italia; San Salvador.
+
+In Michoacan this species has been collected in semi-arid habitats at
+elevations from 300 to 1430 meters in the Tepalcatepec Valley and lower
+slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica. In this area it occurs sympatrically
+with _Trimorphodon biscutatus biscutatus_.
+
+In life, adults have a pale tan dorsal ground color and rich chocolate
+brown cross-bands; the eye is pale grayish tan. A juvenile from
+Coalcoman has black cross-bands on a pale grayish tan ground color. As
+stated by Schmidt and Shannon (1947:83) and Peters (1954:32), the type
+specimen of _Trimorphodon fasciolata_ Smith from Cascada Tzararacua is
+indistinguishable from specimens of _Trimorphodon latifascia_.
+
+Seven males have 209 to 223 (216.5) ventrals; one female has 227
+ventrals. The number of dark cross-bands on the body varies from 12 to
+16 (13.5). The relationships of this species are with _Trimorphodon
+tau_ on the Mexican Plateau. In fact, additional specimens from the
+headwaters of the Tepalcatepec Valley and the lower slopes of the
+Mexican Plateau in eastern Michoacan and adjacent Jalisco may show that
+the two are conspecific. _Trimorphodon latifascia_ differs from _tau_ in
+having fewer dark cross-bands on the body and in lacking an interocular
+bar.
+
+
+~Trimorphodon tau~ Cope
+
+ _Trimorphodon tau_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 11:151,
+ 1869.--Quiotepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
+
+ Emiliano Zapata (2); between Morelia and Ciudad Hidalgo;
+ Tacicuaro; Tangamandapio.
+
+Two of the specimens from Michoacan (UMMZ 118948 from Tangamandapio and
+UIMNH 19138 from Tacicuaro) have cream-colored, Y-shaped marks on the
+head. These markings supposedly are characteristic of _Trimorphodon
+upsilon_. One specimen from Emiliano Zapata (UMMZ 118950) and one from
+between Morelia and Ciudad Hidalgo (EHT-HMS 21402) have a cream-colored
+line on the parietal suture; in another specimen from Emiliano Zapata
+(UMMZ 118949) the anterior end of this line is expanded, giving the
+appearance of an incipient "Y". Thus, the nature of the markings on the
+head in specimens from Michoacan is intermediate between the typical
+condition in _Trimorphodon tau_ and the usual condition in _T. upsilon_.
+Smith and Taylor (1945:148) gave the range of _Trimorphodon tau_ as:
+"Central Guerrero, in the Sierra Madre del Sur; central Oaxaca; and the
+edge of the plateau in central Michoacan." They gave the range of
+_Trimorphodon upsilon_ as: "Southern Chihuahua south to central
+Michoacan, east to central Hidalgo." Specimens referable to _T. tau_
+have been found at La Joya de Salas, near Ciudad Victoria, and near
+Llera, Tamaulipas (see Smith and Darling, 1952:85, and Martin, 1958:74).
+Some of these specimens also show combinations of characteristics of _T.
+tau_ and _T. upsilon_. Smith and Darling (_loc. cit._) suggested that
+_T. tau_ and _T. upsilon_ be considered as subspecies. However, if _T.
+tau_ and _T. upsilon_ are subspecies, intergrades would be expected
+between the ranges of the two populations and not on the northeastern
+and southwestern periphery of their combined ranges. Instead, the
+limited evidence now available suggests that _T. tau_ and _T. upsilon_
+are names based on a highly variable character of color pattern of the
+head, and that only one species is involved.
+
+In Michoacan this species inhabits the mesquite grassland on the Mexican
+Plateau.
+
+
+~Tropidodipsas occidentala~ Oliver
+
+ _Tropidodipsas occidentala_ Oliver, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 360:20, November 20, 1937.--Comala, Colima,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Coalcoman.
+
+This specimen was reported by Peters (1954:34), who found it beneath a
+rock at the mouth of a heavily wooded ravine near Coalcoman at an
+elevation of 950 meters. The only other known specimen is from Comala,
+Colima, a village, like Coalcoman, that is located near the upper limits
+of the arid scrub forest.
+
+
+~Natrix valida isabelleae~ Conant
+
+ _Natrix valida isabelleae_ Conant, Nat. Hist. Misc., 126:7,
+ September 15, 1953.--Pie de la Cuesta, Laguna Coyuca,
+ Guerrero, Mexico.
+
+ Coahuayana; Playa Azul (2); Punto San Juan de Lima.
+
+Three females and one male have, respectively, 133, 135, 135, and 131
+ventrals, and 68, 68, 73, and 75 caudals. The grayish stippling on the
+posterior ventral surfaces mentioned by Conant (1953:9) is not visible
+on these specimens. In the small individuals from Punto San Juan de Lima
+and from Coahuayana there are four longitudinal rows of dark spots on
+the dorsum; in two large females from Playa Azul the spots are barely
+discernible.
+
+All of the specimens from Michoacan were found in the coastal lowlands;
+those from Playa Azul were collected from a small brackish,
+mangrove-lined lagoon.
+
+
+~Storeria storerioides~ (Cope)
+
+ _Tropidoclonium storerioides_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 17:190, December 26, 1865.--Mexican Plateau.
+ Type locality restricted to Tres Cumbres, Morelos, Mexico,
+ by Smith and Taylor (1950a:336).
+
+ _Storeria storerioides_, Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+ 8(3):29, June, 1883.
+
+ Dos Aguas (11); Puerto de Garnica; Tancitaro (11); Tzitzio;
+ Uruapan; 16 km. NW of Zacapu.
+
+Three males and six females from the Sierra de Coalcoman have,
+respectively, 122-128 (125.3) and 126-136 (130.0) ventrals, and 46-47
+(46.7) and 38-42 (39.1) caudals. Four males and eleven females from the
+Cordillera Volcanica have, respectively, 124-132 (128.5) and 127-139
+(136.4) ventrals, and 43-48 (44.7) and 38-44 (40.2) caudals. These data
+show that, although there is little difference in the number of caudals,
+specimens from the Sierra de Coalcoman have fewer ventrals than do
+specimens from the Cordillera Volcanica. Of eleven specimens from the
+Sierra de Coalcoman, two have black bellies. Five others from the Sierra
+de Coalcoman and one from Puerto de Garnica in the Cordillera Volcanica
+have the bellies heavily stippled with black, giving a gray appearance.
+Melanistic tendencies in this species have been discussed by Anderson
+(1960:64), who examined the specimen from Tzitzio. In life, one specimen
+from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 119451) had a cream-colored belly; the edges of the
+ventrals were dark brick-red.
+
+In Michoacan this snake inhabits pine-oak, pine, and fir forests at
+elevations between 1550 and 2800 meters in the Cordillera Volcanica and
+the Sierra de Coalcoman. Most specimens were found beneath rocks; the
+one from Tzitzio was removed from the stomach of a Mexican Motmot
+(Anderson, 1960:66).
+
+
+~Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides~ Cope
+
+ _Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyclides_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 13:299, December 28, 1861.--Cape San Lucas,
+ Baja California (in error). Type locality restricted to
+ Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:330). Smith, Copeia, no. 2:140, June 8, 1951.
+ Milstead, Texas Jour. Sci., 5:368, September, 1953.
+
+ _Thamnophis eques eques_ (_nec._ Reuss), Smith, Zoologica,
+ 27:106, October 23, 1942. Bogert and Oliver, Bull. Amer.
+ Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:356, March 30, 1945.
+
+ _Thamnophis vicinus_ Smith, Zoologica, 27:104, October 23,
+ 1942.--Temazcal, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ _Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides_, Fitch and Milstead, Copeia,
+ no. 1:112, March 17, 1961.
+
+ Barolosa; Coalcoman; Dos Aguas (3); Los Reyes; Morelia (16);
+ Opopeo; Pino Gordo; Tacicuaro (16); Tancitaro (14);
+ Tangamandapio (2); Temazcal (2); Tzintzuntzan; Uruapan.
+
+The snakes comprising the former _Thamnophis eques_-group have undergone
+extensive taxonomic and nomenclatural shuffling by Smith (1942 and
+1951), Bogert and Oliver (1945), Milstead (1953), and Fitch and Milstead
+(1961). Smith recognized in Michoacan three members of the _T. eques_ (=
+_dorsalis_) complex: _eques eques_, _eques postremus_, and _vicinus_.
+Later, Smith (1951) showed that the specific name _eques_ had been
+misapplied, so that _T. eques eques_ became _T. cyrtopsis cyclides_, and
+_T. eques postremus_ became _T. cyrtopsis postremus_; under this
+arrangement _T. vicinus_ stood unchanged. In the meantime, Bogert and
+Oliver (1945:359) presented a reinterpretation of Smith's data and
+suggested that _T. vicinus_, which differs from _T. dorsalis cyclides_
+only in lacking a middorsal stripe, "... is not a species, but only a
+pattern phase, possibly a simple mutant of _T. e. eques_" (= _T.
+dorsalis cyclides_, by present arrangement). Milstead (1953) agreed with
+Bogert and Oliver on the status of _T. vicinus_; furthermore, on the
+basis of only a few specimens, Milstead concluded that _T. cyrtopsis
+postremus_ was not subspecifically distinct from _T. cyrtopsis
+cyclides_. Recently, Fitch and Milstead (1961) showed that _Thamnophis
+dorsalis_ Baird and Girard (1853) was the correct name for the snakes
+that had been recognized as _Thamnophis cyrtopsis_ Kennicott (1860).
+Consequently, the snakes referred to _T. eques eques_ by Smith (1942)
+and to _T. cyrtopsis cyclides_ by Smith (1951) and Milstead (1953) are
+now _T. dorsalis cyclides_.
+
+Aside from one specimen from Temazcal and nine from Morelia (paratypes
+of _T. vicinus_), only two other specimens completely lacking the
+middorsal stripe have been seen; one is a male (UMMZ 102510) having 161
+ventrals and an incomplete tail from Pino Gordo, and the other is a male
+(CNHM 39060) from Tancitaro having 158 ventrals and an incomplete tail.
+A female from Tancitaro (CNHM 39061) having 153 ventrals and 77 caudals
+has no lateral stripes and only a narrow middorsal stripe on the
+anterior part of the body. Throughout the region where _T. vicinus_-like
+snakes have been found, typical _T. dorsalis cyclides_ occurs in much
+greater numbers. I concur with Bogert and Oliver in placing _T. vicinus_
+as a synonym of _T. dorsalis cyclides_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10. Dorsal color pattern of _Thamnophis dorsalis
+cyclides_ (A) and _Thamnophis dorsalis postremus_ (B).]
+
+Milstead (1953) had available few specimens of _Thamnophis dorsalis_
+from the Tepalcatepec Valley. The large series now in existence shows
+that the population in the Tepalcatepec Valley differs distinctly from
+that inhabiting the Mexican Plateau, Cordillera Volcanica, and Sierra de
+Coalcoman. Therefore the name _T. dorsalis postremus_ Smith (1942) is
+resurrected for the population in the Tepalcatepec Valley. _T. dorsalis
+cyclides_ and _T. dorsalis postremus_ differ in color pattern (Fig. 10)
+and in scutellation (Table 6). Specimens from the Mexican Plateau and
+mountain ranges have a distinct light stripe on the second and third
+scale rows, a dark brown dorsum having squarish black spots, and a row
+of dark spots on the first row of dorsal scales. Specimens from the
+Tepalcatepec Valley have a grayish brown dorsum having smaller and less
+distinct dark spots and no light stripe on the second and third scale
+rows; the first, second, and third rows of scales are colored like the
+venter. In some specimens there are small dark flecks on the first row
+of dorsal scales.
+
+
+TABLE 6.--VARIATION IN SCUTELLATION IN THAMNOPHIS DORSALIS.
+
++---------------------------------+-------+---------+------------+
+| Character |Mexican|Sierra de|Tepalcatepec|
+| |Plateau|Coalcoman| Valley |
++------------------+--------------+-------+---------+------------+
+| Ventrals | Female N | 31 | 2 | 32 |
+| | Mean | 164.0 | 156.5 | 144.6 |
+| | Range|153-171| 154-159 | 138-151 |
+| +--------------+-------+---------+------------+
+| | Male N | 19 | 2 | 32 |
+| | Mean | 153.5 | 154.7 | 138.3 |
+| | Range|149-159| 149-159 | 131-141 |
++------------------+--------------+-------+---------+------------+
+| Caudals | Female N | 28 | 2 | 29 |
+| | Mean | 83.8 | 81.0 | 73.4 |
+| | Range|80-100 | 79-83 | 70-79 |
+| +--------------+-------+---------+------------+
+| | Male N | 14 | 2 | 28 |
+| | Mean | 78.0 | 72.0 | 68.5 |
+| | Range| 71-87 | 72 | 63-73 |
++------------------+--------------+-------+---------+------------+
+
+One specimen from Uruapan (1550 meters) and one from Coalcoman (950
+meters) are intermediate in color pattern between _T. dorsalis cyclides_
+and _T. dorsalis postremus_. Both have indistinct lateral stripes and
+only small dark spots below the stripes. In scutellation these specimens
+are like _T. dorsalis cyclides_.
+
+In Michoacan _Thamnophis dorsalis cyclides_ has been collected in a
+variety of habitats on the Mexican Plateau: pine-oak forest, fir forest,
+marshes, and cleared land from 1550 to 2800 meters. In the Sierra de
+Coalcoman one was taken in broad-leafed forest at 950 meters, three in
+pine-oak forest at 2100 meters, and one in pine forest at 2300 meters.
+
+
+~Thamnophis dorsalis postremus~ Smith
+
+ _Thamnophis eques postremus_ Smith, Zoologica, 27:109,
+ October 23, 1942.--El Sabino, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ _Thamnophis cyrtopsis postremus_ Smith, Copeia, no. 2:140,
+ June 8, 1951.
+
+ _Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyclides_ (part), Milstead, Texas
+ Jour. Sci., 5:368, September, 1953.
+
+ _Thamnophis dorsalis postremus_, Fitch and Milstead, Copeia,
+ no. 1:112, March 17, 1961.
+
+ Apatzingan (31); Capirio (2); Charapendo; Cuatro Caminos
+ (22); El Sabino; Lombardia (9); Nueva Italia (8); Uruapan
+ (3).
+
+The reasons for recognizing the population of _Thamnophis dorsalis_ in
+the Tepalcatepec Valley as distinct from that on the surrounding
+highlands are presented in the discussion of _Thamnophis dorsalis
+cyclides_. In certain features of coloration and in the low numbers of
+ventrals and caudals, _T. dorsalis postremus_ shows more resemblance to
+_T. dorsalis sumichrasti_ than to _T. dorsalis cyclides_. According to
+Milstead (1953:367), _T. dorsalis cyclides_ ranges southward from the
+Rio Balsas in southwestern Mexico. If specimens could be obtained from
+the upper Balsas Basin they might show that _T. dorsalis postremus_
+inhabits that extensive basin.
+
+In the Tepalcatepec Valley _T. dorsalis postremus_ is most frequently
+found at night in the rainy season, at which time the snakes are
+abundant near temporary pools where frogs are breeding. The absence of
+specimens from the coastal lowlands of Guerrero, Michoacan, and Colima
+indicate that, although the species inhabits the lowlands of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, its range does not include the coastal lowlands.
+
+A female (UMMZ 119402 from Cuatro Caminos) having 139 ventrals and a
+body length of 576 mm., on June 20, 1958, gave birth to 25 young, of
+which 18 (9 males and 9 females) were preserved. In body length the
+males varied from 132 to 141 (137.3) mm.; the females, 125 to 137
+(133.1) mm. In tail length the males varied from 38 to 44 (42.4) mm.;
+females, 35 to 42 (39.7) mm. The males have 138 to 147 (142.2) ventrals
+and 70 to 75 (72.9) caudals; females have 131 to 140 (135.8) ventrals
+and 63 to 71 (67.0) caudals.
+
+
+~Thamnophis eques eques~ (Reuss)
+
+ _Coluber eques_ Reuss, Zool. Misc., p. 152, 1834.--Mexico.
+ Type locality restricted to Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950a:334).
+
+ _Thamnophis macrostemma macrostemma_, Smith and Taylor,
+ Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 187:163, October 5, 1945.
+
+ _Thamnophis subcarinata subcarinata_, Smith, Herpetologica,
+ 5:63, May 31, 1949.
+
+ _Thamnophis eques eques_, Smith, Copeia, no. 2:139, June 8,
+ 1951.
+
+ Jiquilpan; Lago de Cuitzeo; Lago de Patzcuaro (17);
+ Patzcuaro (5); Tangancicuaro; Tupataro (2); Undameo; Zacapu.
+
+Although this snake has been collected in open pine-oak forest and in
+oak-bunch grass associations, it seems to reach its greatest abundance
+in marshes on the Mexican Plateau at elevations of 1550 to 2300 meters.
+
+
+~Thamnophis melanogaster canescens~ Smith
+
+ _Thamnophis melanogaster canescens_ Smith, Zoologica,
+ 27:117, October 23, 1942.--Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico.
+
+ Lago de Cuitzeo (5); Lago de Patzcuaro; Patzcuaro;
+ Tacicuaro; Tangamandapio (2).
+
+This species of garter snake seems to be most abundant in the marshes
+adjacent to the lakes on the Mexican Plateau in Michoacan and Jalisco.
+At these elevations (1550 to 2200 meters) it often is found in
+association with _Thamnophis eques eques_ and sometimes with _Thamnophis
+dorsalis cyclides_. On June 11, 1958, individuals of this species were
+found in a hyacinth-choked marsh at Tangamandapio at night.
+
+One specimen from Tangamandapio (UMMZ 119414) had, in life, a dark
+chocolate brown dorsum, reddish brown sides, and cream-colored belly,
+chin, and labials. There were no longitudinal dorsal stripes.
+
+
+~Thamnophis scalaris scaliger~ (Jan)
+
+ _Tropidonotus scaliger_ Jan, Elenco sistematico degli Ofidi,
+ p. 70, 1863.--No type locality designated. Type locality
+ restricted to Mexico City, Distrito Federal, by Smith and
+ Taylor (1950a:329).
+
+ _Thamnophis scalaris scaliger_, Smith, Zoologica, 27:103,
+ October 23, 1942.
+
+ Cerro Tancitaro (2); Nahuatzen; Opopeo; 26 km. S of
+ Patzcuaro.
+
+The few specimens of this species from Michoacan have been collected at
+elevations from 1800 to 3400 meters in pine or fir forest in the
+Cordillera Volcanica.
+
+
+~Micrurus distans michoacanensis~ (Duges)
+
+ _Elaps diastema michoacanensis_ Duges, La Naturaleza, ser.
+ 2, 1:487, 1891.--Michoacan. Type locality restricted to
+ Apatzingan, Michoacan, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:335).
+
+ _Micrurus distans michoacanensis_, Zweifel, Amer. Mus.
+ Novitates, 1953:11, June 26, 1959.
+
+ Apatzingan (6).
+
+All specimens were collected in the arid scrub forest of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley. The number of black rings on the body varies from
+six to eleven. In this respect they agree with the diagnosis of this
+subspecies presented by Zweifel (1959b:9).
+
+
+~Micrurus laticollaris~ (Peters)
+
+ _Elaps marcgravii laticollaris_ Peters, Monats. Akad. Wiss.
+ Berlin, p. 877, 1869.--Izucar de Matamoros, Puebla, Mexico.
+
+ _Micrurus laticollaris_, Schmidt, Publ. Field Mus. Nat.
+ Hist., zool. ser., 20:39, December 11, 1933.
+
+ El Sabino (2); Lombardia.
+
+This species ranges throughout the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin westward
+into Colima; specimens from Michoacan were collected in arid scrub
+forest at elevations from 500 to 1050 meters. The limited observations
+on _Micrurus distans michoacanensis_ and _M. laticollaris_ indicate
+that, at least in the Tepalcatepec Valley, _M. laticollaris_ seems to
+inhabit slightly more mesic areas than does _M. distans michoacanensis_.
+
+
+~Pelamis platurus~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Anguis platura_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1:391,
+ 1766.--Pine Island, Pacific Ocean.
+
+ _Pelamis platurus_, Gray, Ann. Philos., p. 15, 1825.
+
+ Boca de Apiza.
+
+In November, 1955, Alfonzo Gonzales, a geographer from the University of
+Texas, observed sea snakes on the beaches of Michoacan. In May, 1956,
+Donald D. Brand of the University of Texas gave me one specimen of
+_Pelamis platurus_ that he obtained on March 2, 1956, at Boca de Apiza.
+Furthermore, he supplied me with the following observations based on his
+field work along the coast of Michoacan from the Rio Coahuayana to
+Maruata from March 1, to April 15, 1956. At that time many sea snakes
+were observed; in some places living and dead individuals were seen on
+the beaches; innumerable snakes were seen in the surf. When live
+individuals were taken from the beach and thrown into the ocean, they
+usually swam to shore. Many partially eaten individuals were seen
+protruding from crab holes. Inquiries among the natives resulted in the
+following information: Sea snakes are frequently seen between November
+and April, but most commonly in March and April, at which time the water
+is cold. The natives referred to the sea snakes as "culebra del mar."
+Most natives said that the snakes were not poisonous; others did not
+know of any venomous properties. In May, 1956, I worked the coastal
+region from the Rio Coahuayana to La Placita and saw no sea snakes. In
+the summer of 1950 James A. Peters, and in the summer of 1951 I worked
+nearly the entire coastal region of Michoacan; during that time no
+_Pelamis_ were seen. Insofar as I know, this is the first report of such
+seasonal activity in _Pelamis platurus_ in the Americas.
+
+
+~Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus~ Guenther
+
+ _Ancisdrodon bilineatus_ Guenther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+ 3, 12:364, 1863.--Pacific coast of Guatemala.
+
+ _Agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus_, Burger and Robertson,
+ Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34 (1):213, October 1, 1951.
+
+ Apatzingan; El Sabino; La Playa; Los Reyes.
+
+All specimens from Michoacan are from inland localities between 300 and
+1500 meters. The one from Los Reyes (USNM 46416) was collected by Nelson
+and Goldman on February 13, 1903. The elevation of Los Reyes (1500
+meters) seems unusually high for this species, but otherwise there is no
+reason to doubt the authenticity of the record. Goldman (1951:192) in
+his description of Los Reyes stated: "Los Reyes is near the boundary
+between the Lower Austral and Arid Upper Tropical Zones but is
+preponderantly tropical in zonal character. The regular crops are mainly
+sugar cane, rice, and corn." Thus the biotic features of the area are
+not noticeably different from those at El Sabino and La Playa at lower
+elevations. The development of extensive agriculture through irrigation
+in the Tepalcatepec Valley and planting of rice and sugar-cane in that
+area may produce a more widespread habitat for this snake.
+
+The absence of specimens from the coastal lowlands is due solely to
+inadequate collecting; the natives there know the snake and report that
+it is not uncommon in certain areas.
+
+
+~Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus~ (Cope)
+
+ _Caudisonia basilisca_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, September 30, 1864.--Colima. Type locality
+ restricted to Colima, Colima, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950a:328).
+
+ _Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus_, Gloyd, Nat. Hist. Misc.,
+ 17:1, April 23, 1948.
+
+ Apatzingan (4); Camachines; Coalcoman; El Ticuiz.
+
+Specimens from southern Michoacan have fewer ventrals and caudals than
+do those from the northern part of the range; three males and three
+females have, respectively, 178, 182, 182, 185, 186, and 188 ventrals,
+and 27, 28, 29, 22, 29, and 29 caudals. Klauber (1952:81) gave the
+following data for _Crotalus basiliscus_ (based on specimens from the
+entire range, except Oaxaca): ventrals in males, 179-201 (191.4), in
+females, 185-206 (197.6); caudals in males, 26-36 (30.7), in females,
+21-29 (24.4). Klauber (1952:84) remarked that the one specimen that he
+had seen from Apatzingan had fewer ventrals and caudals than most other
+specimens. The low numbers of ventrals and caudals in specimens from
+Michoacan, as compared with more northern populations, may be indicative
+of a trend in the reduction of the numbers of these scutes from north to
+south. The southernmost examples of _Crotalus basiliscus_ (_Crotalus
+basiliscus oaxacus_ from Oaxaca) have 172-175 ventrals and 21 caudals
+(Gloyd, 1948).
+
+In Michoacan _Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus_ has been found in arid
+habitats on the coast, in the Tepalcatepec Valley, and in the lower
+parts of the Sierra de Coalcoman. All specimens are from localities
+below 1070 meters in elevation.
+
+
+~Crotalus durissus culminatus~ Klauber
+
+ _Crotalus durissus culminatus_ Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San
+ Diego, 26:65, August 8, 1952.--El Sabino, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ El Sabino (18).
+
+These specimens are part of the type series and were collected by Hobart
+M. Smith near the upper limits of the arid scrub forest at an elevation
+of about 1050 meters on the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica at
+the northern edge of the Tepalcatepec Valley. They were discussed in
+detail by Klauber (1952:66-70).
+
+
+~Crotalus intermedius intermedius~ Troschel
+
+ _Crotalus intermedius_ Troschel, _in_ von Mueller, Reisen in
+ Vereiningten Staaten, Canada und Mexico, vol. 3, p. 613,
+ 1865.--Type locality unknown.
+
+ _Crotalus intermedius intermedius_, Klauber, Bull. Zool.
+ Soc. San Diego, 26:9, August 8, 1952.
+
+ Cerro Tancitaro.
+
+The one specimen is from the pine forests on the Cordillera Volcanica.
+At the present time this species is known from scattered localities in
+west-central Veracruz, Oaxaca, Michoacan, and as _Crotalus intermedius
+omiltemanus_ in Central Guerrero. Apparently it is restricted to montane
+environments.
+
+
+~Crotalus molossus nigrescens~ Gloyd
+
+ _Crotalus molossus nigrescens_ Gloyd, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 325:2, January 28, 1936.--Four miles west of
+ La Colorada, Zacatecas, Mexico.
+
+ Carapan; Los Conejos; Patzcuaro; Tacicuaro (5).
+
+In Michoacan this species has been found in pine forests between 1550
+and 2300 meters in the Cordillera Volcanica. I expected to find it in
+the Sierra de Coalcoman, but inquiries among the natives living in the
+pine forests of that mountain range revealed that the people there have
+no knowledge of a large species of rattlesnake.
+
+
+~Crotalus polystictus~ (Cope)
+
+ _Caudisonia polysticta_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 17:191, December 26, 1865.--Tableland of
+ Mexico. Type locality restricted to Tupataro, Guanajuata,
+ Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).
+
+ _Crotalus polystictus_ Cope, _in_ Yarrow, Wheeler's Rept.
+ Geog. Geol. Expl. Surv. W. 100th. Mer., vol. 5, p. 533,
+ 1875.
+
+ Tacicuaro (4); Tupataro (2).
+
+Formerly this species was abundant in the marshes around Lago de
+Chapala. The draining of these marshes probably resulted in reducing the
+numbers of these rattlesnakes. The species is known only from the
+Mexican Plateau at elevations of 1450 to 2400 meters.
+
+
+~Crotalus pusillus~ Klauber
+
+ _Crotalus pusillus_ Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego,
+ 26:34, August 8, 1952.--Tancitaro, Michoacan, Mexico.
+
+ Acuaro de las Lleguas (2); Carapan; Cerro Tancitaro (16);
+ Dos Aguas (12).
+
+Aside from the type series of _Crotalus pusillus_ from Cerro Tancitaro
+and one specimen from Carapan referred to the species by Klauber
+(1952:38), there are fourteen specimens from the Sierra de Coalcoman.
+These specimens (UMMZ 112566-7, 118591-9, 118601, 121512-3) are like
+_Crotalus pusillus_ from Cerro Tancitaro in having the prefrontals
+paired, a black proximal rattle, and the underside of the tail black.
+The prefrontals are bordered posteriorly by one scale in two specimens,
+by two scales in three specimens, and by three scales in the other nine.
+The snakes from the Sierra de Coalcoman have 40 to 46 (42) dorsal body
+blotches. Ten males have 150-158 (154.4) ventrals and 29-33 (31.0)
+caudals; two females have 157 and 160 ventrals, and 25 and 27 caudals.
+The largest specimen is a male having a body length of 545 mm. and a
+tail length of 63 mm. The only noticeable difference between the
+specimens from the Sierra de Coalcoman and the topotypic series is that
+the latter have fewer dorsal blotches; the range of variation is 33 to
+46 (39.8).
+
+Most specimens of this species have a grayish brown dorsum and dark
+brown dorsal blotches. Two specimens from Dos Aguas (UMMZ 118596 and
+118599) are pale brown above and have indistinct blotches.
+
+One specimen from Dos Aguas regurgitated a large _Gerrhonotus imbricatus
+imbricatus_; of two others from the same locality, one regurgitated a
+_Sceloporus bulleri_ and an _Eptesicus fuscus_. The latter specimen was
+collected at the entrance of a small cave, where it probably had
+captured the bat.
+
+In the Cordillera Volcanica _Crotalus pusillus_ has been obtained in
+pine-oak forest at elevations between 1550 and 1800 meters. In the
+Sierra de Coalcoman two specimens were taken in pine forest at an
+elevation of 2300 meters; ten other were found beneath rocks and logs in
+pine-oak forest at an elevation of 2100 meters.
+
+
+~Crotalus triseriatus aquilus~ Klauber
+
+ _Crotalus triseriatus aquilus_ Klauber, Bull. Zool. Soc. San
+ Diego, 26:24, August 8, 1952.--Alvarez, San Luis Potosi,
+ Mexico.
+
+ Morelia (10); Tacicuaro (2).
+
+I am following Klauber (1952) in assigning some of the specimens of this
+species from Michoacan to the subspecies _aquilus_ and others to _C. t.
+triseriatus_. The distinguishing characters of these subspecies are
+given by Klauber (1952:28). On the basis of the few localities from
+which the species is known in Michoacan it seems as though _C. t.
+aquilus_ inhabits the open grassy areas on the Mexican Plateau and the
+associated open pine-oak or oak-bunch grass habitats to the north and
+east of the Cordillera Volcanica. _Crotalus triseriatus aquilus_ has
+been collected at elevations from 1600 to 2000 meters in Michoacan.
+
+
+~Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus~ (Wagler)
+
+ _Uropsophus triseriatus_ Wagler, Natuerliches System der
+ Amphibien, p. 176, 1830.--Mexico. (Probably Mexico City.)
+
+ _Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus_, Klauber, Bull. Zool.
+ Soc. San Diego, 26:19, August 8, 1952.
+
+ Cerro Tancitaro (36); Opopeo; Patzcuaro.
+
+This small rattlesnake inhabits rocky areas in pine and pine-oak forests
+above 1600 meters in the Cordillera Volcanica; it has been collected at
+3270 meters on Cerro Tancitaro. The series reported by Schmidt and
+Shannon (1947:84) is a mixture of specimens of _Crotalus triseriatus_
+and _Crotalus pusillus_. The two species are found together on Cerro
+Tancitaro, but only _Crotalus pusillus_ inhabits the coniferous forests
+of the Sierra de Coalcoman. Klauber (1952:30) stated that despite the
+proximity of _Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus_ and _Crotalus
+triseriatus aquilus_ in Michoacan, there is no evidence of
+intergradation. He went on to suggest that additional material might
+show that the two named populations actually are distinct species. The
+specimens that have been studied since Klauber's investigations also
+show no evidence of intergradation, but there still is no known sympatry
+of the populations.
+
+The small montane rattlesnakes belonging to the species _C. pricei_, _C.
+pusillus_, and _C. triseriatus_ present a problem in systematics and
+distribution worthy of intensive investigation. A knowledge of the
+distribution and relationships of the various populations of these
+snakes, together with other species also living in isolated populations
+on the higher mountains in Mexico, probably will be of great
+significance in understanding dispersal and differentiation of animals
+during the Pleistocene.
+
+
+
+
+SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE OCCURRENCE
+
+
+Some species for which there are no authentic records from Michoacan can
+be expected there on zoogeographic probability. Other species have been
+recorded from Michoacan, but these records are doubtful for any one of
+several reasons. Fifteen species of such questionable occurrence are
+discussed below:
+
+
+~Syrrhophus modestus modestus~ Taylor
+
+ _Syrrhophus modestus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+ 28:304, May 15, 1942.--Hacienda Paso del Rio, Colima,
+ Mexico.
+
+ _Syrrhophus modestus modestus_, Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus.
+ Zool. Univ. Michigan, 594:5, June 6, 1958.
+
+This small terrestrial frog is not uncommon on the coastal lowlands and
+foothills in Nayarit and in Colima, where it has been collected within a
+few kilometers of the Michoacan border. At Tecolapa, Colima, on August
+9, 1956, _Syrrhophus modestus modestus_ was found with _Tomodactylus
+nitidus orarius_, _Bufo marinus_, _Bufo marmoreus_, _Hyla baudini_,
+_Hyla smithi_, and _Phyllomedusa dacnicolor_, all of which occur on the
+coastal lowlands of Michoacan. Because of its solitary and secretive
+habits, _Syrrhophus modestus modestus_ is not common in collections.
+Additional field work on the coast of Michoacan should reveal the
+presence of the species there.
+
+
+~Hyla microcephala sartori~ Smith
+
+ _Hyla microcephala sartori_ Smith, Herpetologica, 7:186,
+ December 31, 1951.--1 mi. N of Organos, S of El Triente,
+ Guerrero, Mexico.
+
+On August 28, 1960, J. R. Dixon obtained a series of this species from a
+temporary pond 6 kilometers northeast of La Resolana, Jalisco.
+Previously, _Hyla microcephala sartori_ had been known only from the
+lowlands of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The existence of the species in Jalisco
+provides evidence that this frog also occurs in Michoacan and Colima.
+
+
+~Gastrophryne usta usta~ (Cope)
+
+ _Engystoma ustum_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
+ 18:131, 1866.--Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
+
+ _Gastrophryne usta usta_, Carvalho, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
+ Univ. Michigan, 555:13, July 16, 1954.
+
+Smith and Taylor (1948:93-4) listed specimens of this species from
+Organos and El Treinta, Guerrero, and from Paso del Rio, Queseria,
+Santiago, and Tecoman, Colima. The species occurs from Sinaloa and
+central Veracruz southward at low elevations to the Isthmus of
+Tehuantepec and thence along the Pacific lowlands into Central America.
+Almost certainly it occurs on the coastal lowlands in Michoacan. Since
+the amphibian fauna of the Tepalcatepec Valley has been better sampled
+than that of the coast, I suspect that if _Gastrophryne_ occurred in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley, I would have found it there.
+
+
+~Lepidochelys olivacea~ (Eschscholtz)
+
+ _Chelonia olivacea_ Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, pt. 1, p. 2,
+ 1829.--Manila Bay, Philippine Islands.
+
+ _Lepidochelys olivacea_, Girard, United States Exploring
+ Expedition..., vol. 20, Herpetology, p. 435, 1858.
+
+According to Smith and Taylor (1950b: 15), this sea turtle is known from
+the entire Pacific coast of Mexico; these authors reported the species
+from Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Colima, and Sonora. Although the only
+sea turtle that I observed in Michoacan is _Chelonia mydas_, others
+probably do use the sheltered beaches for nesting. The scanty records of
+sea turtles along the Pacific coast of Mexico indicate that _Chelonia
+mydas_ and _Lepidochelys olivacea_ are the most abundant species in that
+region. There are scattered records of _Dermochelys coriacea_, _Caretta
+caretta_, and _Eretmochelys imbricata_ along the Pacific coast. The
+occurrence of any of these along the coast of Michoacan is probable.
+
+
+~Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima~ (Gray)
+
+ _Emys pulcherrima_ Gray, Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in
+ British Museum, vol. 1, p. 25.--Mexico. Type locality
+ restricted to Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, by
+ Smith and Taylor (1950b:30).
+
+ _Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima_, Wettstein, Sitzb. Akad.
+ Wiss. Wien, 143:18, 1934.
+
+Smith and Taylor (1950b:30) recorded this species from Sonora, Sinaloa,
+Nayarit, Colima, and Guerrero; these records indicate that the species
+probably is distributed along the Pacific coast of Mexico southward from
+southern Sonora. It unquestionably occurs on the coast of Michoacan.
+Natives of the coastal lowlands tell of another "tortuga de la tierra"
+besides _Geoemyda rubida_. In the collections of the Museum of Natural
+History of the University of Illinois is a specimen of _Geoemyda
+pulcherrima_ from Mexcala in the Balsas Basin in northern Guerrero. On
+the basis of this specimen it is highly probable that the species also
+inhabits the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin in Michoacan.
+
+
+~Pseudemys scripta ornata~ (Gray)
+
+ _Emys ornata_ Gray, Synopsis reptilium, p. 30,
+ 1831.--Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico.
+
+ _Pseudemys scripta ornata_, Carr, Herpetologica, 1:135,
+ December 30, 1938.
+
+The systematics and distribution of _Pseudemys scripta_ in Mexico and
+Central America are poorly understood. Smith and Taylor (1950b:32)
+recorded this turtle from the Pacific lowlands of Sinaloa, Jalisco,
+Oaxaca, and Chiapas. This species is represented by vicarious
+populations throughout the Atlantic lowlands of Mexico, northwestern
+Mexico, over much of the United States, and also in Baja California.
+Along the Pacific coast of Mexico the species seems to be extremely
+rare, or, at least, only locally abundant. Since the species has such a
+wide distribution, and since it occurs on the Pacific lowlands both to
+the north and to the south of Michoacan, it is reasonable to expect its
+presence on the coast of Michoacan. Inquiries among the natives living
+in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin produced only negative evidence about
+the occurrence of _Pseudemys_ in the Rio Tepalcatepec and Rio Balsas. I
+suspect that the best place to search for these turtles on the coast of
+Michoacan is in the numerous fresh-water lagoons on the coastal plain.
+
+
+~Caiman crocodilus fuscus~ (Cope)
+
+ _Perosuchus fuscus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+ Philadelphia, 20:203, November 9, 1868.--Rio Magdalena,
+ Columbia.
+
+ _Caiman crocodilus fuscus_, Mertens, Senckenbergiana,
+ 26:275, December 22, 1943.
+
+Gadow (1930:50) reported that _Caiman sclerops_ (= _Caiman crocodilus
+fuscus_) inhabited the "tierra caliente" in Michoacan. Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:212) accepted Gadow's record for the State, although otherwise
+the species is unknown north of Oaxaca. Peters (1954:10) refuted Gadow's
+record on the basis that Gadow's collections contained no specimens of
+_Caiman_. The local name "caiman" refers to both _Crocodylus_ and to
+_Caiman_, for, in general, the natives do not distinguish between the
+two. "Caimanes" are reported from along the coast of Michoacan, where
+the name presumably refers to _Crocodylus acutus acutus_, and in the
+Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin (Gadow, 1930:50; Webber, 1946:267). I have
+seen no specimens of either _Crocodylus_ or _Caiman_ from the Balsas
+Basin. If crocodilians do occur in the basin, they probably are
+_Crocodylus acutus acutus_. There is no basis, whatsoever, for including
+Michoacan in the range of _Caiman crocodilus fuscus_.
+
+
+~Bipes canaliculatus~ Bonnaterre
+
+ _Bipes canaliculatus_ Bonnaterre, Encyclopedie methodique,
+ Erpetologie, p. 68, 1789.--Mexico. Type locality restricted
+ to Mexcala, Guerrero, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:39).
+
+Duges (1896:480) reported this species from Morelia, Michoacan. Smith
+and Taylor (1950b:39), who recorded the species from three localities in
+the Balsas Basin in Guerrero, rejected Duges' record. I, too, am
+unwilling to accept Duges' record. Nevertheless, the species probably
+occurs throughout much of the Balsas Basin. This idea is strengthened by
+comments made by Storm (1939:342): "The last hard drop, that afternoon,
+was down the great Cerro de los Cajones [southwest of Tacambaro], and
+here in the upper forest we came upon... a lizard with front legs and
+none behind ... the animal with hands and no feet that senor Smith
+[Hobart M. Smith] was seeking!... They're named _Bipes caniculatus_
+(_sic._)."
+
+
+~Coleonyx elegans nemoralis~ Klauber
+
+ _Coleonyx elegans nemoralis_ Klauber, Trans. San Diego Soc.
+ Nat. Hist., 10:195, March 9, 1949.--Paso del Rio, Colima,
+ Mexico.
+
+Klauber (1945:199) and Smith and Taylor (1950b:43) reported this lizard
+from the coastal lowlands of Colima and Guerrero. Davis and Smith
+(1953:101) reported it from 8 kilometers northeast of Temilpa, Morelos,
+in the upper Balsas Basin. Specimens of this lizard have been collected
+infrequently; the few locality records and limited ecological data
+indicate that it inhabits dense scrub forest and tropical semi-deciduous
+forest. _Coleonyx elegans nemoralis_ is to be expected on the coastal
+lowlands, the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman, and on the
+lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica along the northern edge of the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+
+~Phrynosoma orbiculare orbiculare~ (Linnaeus)
+
+ _Lacerta obricularis_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12,
+ 1:1062, 1789.--Mexico (by inference). Type locality
+ restricted to Mexico, Districto Federal, by Smith and Taylor
+ (1950b:97).
+
+ _Phrynosoma orbiculare orbiculare_, Smith, Trans. Kansas
+ Acad. Sci., 37:290, 1934.
+
+Gadow (1905:213) inferred that _Phrynosoma orbiculare_ occurred at
+elevations of more than 3000 feet in Michoacan. There are no specimens
+of this species known from Gadow's collections made in Michoacan. Smith
+and Taylor (1950b:98) apparently accepted Gadow's statement and recorded
+the species from Michoacan: "above 3000 feet (Jorullo?)." Reeve
+(1952:940) somehow misconstrued this statement to read "Jorullo, above
+Zumpango (Smith and Taylor, 1950b)." Reeve did not indicate on his map
+(1952:939) that the species occurred in Michoacan. In the most recent
+review of the species (Horowitz, 1955), no localities are given in
+Michoacan. Since _Phrynosoma orbiculare_ is known from central Jalisco,
+Guanajuato, Queretaro, and Mexico, its presence at least in northeastern
+Michoacan is to be expected, although at the present time there are no
+specimens known from the state.
+
+
+~Eumeces brevirostris~ (Guenther)
+
+ _Mabouia brevirostris_ Guenther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
+ 316, August, 1860.--Oaxaca. Type locality restricted to
+ Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:168).
+
+ _Eumeces brevirostris_, Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
+ Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale. Reptiles, livr. 6, p.
+ 439, 1879.
+
+Smith and Taylor (1950b:168) Listed this species: "_Michoacan_: No
+specific record." I am unaware of any specimen of this skink from the
+state. As presently recognized, this species contains two subspecies.
+One of these occurs in the mountains of Oaxaca northward into central
+Veracruz; the other, _Eumeces brevirostris bilineatus_, occurs in
+Durango southward to Jalisco, where it inhabits the Sierra Madre
+Occidental. Possibly the species occurs in the Sierra de los Tarascos in
+Michoacan.
+
+
+~Eumeces callicephalus~ Bocourt
+
+ _Eumeces callacephalus_ Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
+ Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale. Reptiles, livr. 6, p.
+ 431, 1879.--Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
+
+Duges (1896) in a paper in which he listed several species of _Eumeces_
+in Mexico, reported _Eumeces callicephalus_ from Michoacan, but he gave
+no specific locality within the state. Michoacan was included in the
+range of the species by Taylor (1936:298) and by Smith and Taylor
+(1950b:164). The species definitely is known from southeastern Arizona
+southward to Guanajuato. It may occur in Michoacan, but, since there are
+three rather widespread species of _Eumeces_ inhabiting the Mexican
+Plateau and associated mountain ranges in the northern and northeastern
+part of Michoacan, interspecific competition might be a reason for the
+absence of _Eumeces callicephalus_ there.
+
+
+~Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta~ Guenther
+
+ _Leptodeira polysticta_ Guenther, Biologia
+ Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 172, May, 1895.--Belice,
+ British Honduras.
+
+ _Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta_, Duellman, Bull.
+ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:72, February 24, 1958.
+
+Although this species occurs from sea level to elevations of about 2000
+meters from Nayarit southward into Central America, no specimens are
+known from Michoacan. Smith and Taylor (1945:87) listed the species as
+occurring in Michoacan, but they had no record on which to base this
+report. Probably, the species occurs on the coastal lowlands and seaward
+slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman.
+
+
+~Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis~ Taylor
+
+ _Tropidodipsas guerreroensis_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
+ Bull., 26:470; November 27, 1940.--Buena Vista, Guerrero,
+ Mexico.
+
+ _Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis_, Alvarez del Toro and
+ Smith, Herpetologica, 12:16, March 6, 1956.
+
+Duges (1896:480) reported a snake, questionably of this species, from
+Uruapan, Michoacan. Taylor (1940c) suggested that on geographic grounds
+Duges' record might refer to _T. f. guerreroensis_, which is known
+definitely only from the type locality. _Tropidodipsas occidentala_ is
+known from Comala, Colima, and Coalcoman, Michoacan. On zoogeopraphic
+grounds that species might be found at Uruapan. Since the specimen
+apparently no longer is extant, the identification cannot be
+ascertained.
+
+
+~Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri~ (Jan)
+
+ _Elaps fitzingeri_ Jan, Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 521,
+ 1858.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Guanajuato,
+ Guanajuato, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).
+
+ _Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri_, Brown and Smith, Proc.
+ Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:63, June 25, 1942.
+
+Smith and Taylor (1945:174) recorded the species from Zamora, Michoacan.
+Hobart M. Smith (_in litt._) stated that this record was based on a
+report of _Elaps fulvius_ from Zamora by Duges (1896:482). Smith guessed
+that the report was based on a specimen of _Micrurus fitzingeri_. The
+specimen has not been seen. Although the species is known from
+Guanajuato and Mexico, until a specimen is available from Michoacan, the
+species should not be considered part of the herpetofauna of Michoacan.
+
+
+
+
+GAZETTEER
+
+
+The localities in Michoacan here listed are those from which specimens
+were examined as well as other localities mentioned in the text. The
+localities are arranged alphabetically according to the most definitive
+word or words in the total name. For example, Lago de Chapala is listed
+as "Chapala (Lago de)" and Cerro de Tancitaro is listed as "Tancitaro
+(Cerro de)." Insofar as has been possible, the following information is
+given for each locality: geographical co-ordinates to the nearest minute
+of north latitude and west longitude, elevation in meters above mean sea
+level, a description of its geographical location, type of dominant
+vegetation, and in some cases comments concerning collecting sites in
+the vicinity. Distances are in kilometers; all are map (air line)
+distances, unless otherwise indicated. Many localities visited on mule
+trips are given as being a certain number of "mule hours" in a general
+direction from another town or village. In order to reach most of these
+localities today, one would have to go by mule, and this is the way the
+muleteers determine their distances. Some of the elevations are taken
+from maps, but most of them were obtained from one or more readings of
+altimeters that we carried in the field. The terms used for describing
+the vegetation are those defined in the section of the natural
+landscape.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11. Map of Michoacan showing important localities
+mentioned in text. Localities not on this map can be located by
+directions given in the gazetteer.]
+
+My primary cartographic sources have been: the provisional edition of
+maps published by the American Geographic Society (Colima, Guadalajara,
+Mexico, and San Luis Potosi sheets published between 1933 and 1940),
+scale 1:1,000,000; the preliminary sheets (Colima, Guadalajara,
+Guanajuato, and Mexico) published in 1949 with a scale of 1:500,000 of
+the Carta Geografica de la Republica Mexicana (Direccion de Geografia y
+Meterologia, Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganaderia); and the Carta de
+Cuenca Tepalcatepec (Scale 1:250,000) prepared in 1958 by the Comision
+del Tepalcatepec, Secretaria de Recursos Hidraulicos. I have visited
+most of the 181 localities and have gathered data pertaining to
+vegetation, altitude, and location. I think, nevertheless, that the
+accuracy of some of the locations and elevations as given in the
+gazetteer is questionable. This situation can be rectified only by
+detailed geographic studies.
+
+Most of the important towns, villages, rivers, and high mountains are
+shown on the accompanying map (Fig. 11). Places not shown on this map
+can be located from directions given in the gazetteer.
+
+ Acahuata.--Lat. 19 deg. 10', long. 102 deg. 21', elev. 1040 m. A
+ village north of Apatzingan and on the southern slope of
+ Cerro de Tancitaro; transition between arid tropical scrub
+ forest and pine-oak forest; tropical semi-deciduous forest in
+ barrancas.
+
+ Agua Cerca.--Lat. 19 deg. 06', long. 101 deg. 45', elev. 1550 m. A
+ ranch south-southwest of Ario de Rosales on the road to La
+ Huacana; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Aguililla.--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 47', elev. 860 m.; a
+ town in a low valley in the Sierra de Coalcoman; arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Alamo (El).--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 100 deg. 55', elev. 2300 m. A
+ ranch 5 kilometers by road east of El Temazcal; pine-oak
+ forest.
+
+ Angahuan.--Lat. 19 deg. 33', long. 102 deg. 14', elev. 2440 m. A
+ Tarascan village about 27 kilometers northwest of Uruapan;
+ pine forest. Much of the land is still covered by a deep
+ layer of ashes from the nearby Volcan Paricutin.
+
+ Apatzingan.--Lat. 19 deg. 06', long. 102 deg. 22', elev. 335 m. The
+ largest town in the Tepalcatepec Valley; arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Apiza (Boca de).--Lat. 18 deg. 42', long. 103 deg. 44', sea level.
+ The name of the mouth of the Rio Coahuayana; sandy beach and
+ coco palms.
+
+ Apo.--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 102 deg. 25', elev. 2160 m. A village
+ on the western slope of Cerro de Tancitaro; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Aquila.--Lat. 18 deg. 32', long. 103 deg. 30', elev. 150 m. A small
+ village on the Rio Aquila in the seaward foothills of the
+ Sierra de Coalcoman; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Araparicuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 22', long. 102 deg. 12', elev. 1525 m. A
+ village 19 kilometers west-southwest of Uruapan on the trail
+ to Tancitaro; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Araro.--Lat. 19 deg. 54', long. 100 deg. 50', elev. 1830 m. A small
+ village at the eastern end of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Ario de Rosales.--Lat. 19 deg. 12', long. 101 deg. 42', elev. 1980
+ m. A town in the Cordillera Volcanica on the road from
+ Patzcuaro to La Huacana; mixed hardwoods and pine forest.
+
+ Arteaga (formerly Carrizal).--Lat. 18 deg. 28', long. 102 deg. 25',
+ elev. 850 m. A town in the eastern part of the Sierra de
+ Coalcoman; transition between arid tropical scrub forest and
+ oak forest.
+
+ Atzimba.--Lat. 19 deg. 39', long. 100 deg. 47', elev. 2900 m. A
+ national park in the Cordillera Volcanica, located between
+ Ciudad Hidalgo and Morelia, 32 kilometers by road
+ west-southwest of Ciudad Hidalgo; mixed pine and fir forest.
+
+ Axolotl (Rancho).--Lat. 19 deg. 47', long. 100 deg. 38', elev. 2900
+ m. A settlement on the western slopes of Cerro San Andres;
+ pine, oak, and fir forest.
+
+ Balsas (Rio).--A large river having its headwaters in
+ Tlaxcala, Puebla, and northwestern Oaxaca, flowing westward
+ through an arid valley to the Pacific Ocean, and in its
+ lower part forming the boundary between Michoacan and
+ Guerrero.
+
+ Barolosa (Cerro de).--Lat. 18 deg. 52', long. 102 deg. 57', elev.
+ 2900-3050 m. Presumably the highest mountain in the Sierra
+ de Coalcoman and located about 13 hours by mule
+ east-northeast of Coalcoman; open pine-oak-fir forest and
+ alder thickets.
+
+ Barolosa (Rancho).--Lat. 18 deg. 50', long. 103 deg. 00', elev. 2320
+ m. A small ranch on the west-northwestern slope of Cerro de
+ Barolosa, about 11 hours by mule east-northeast of
+ Coalcoman; open pine-oak forest.
+
+ Barranca Seca.--Lat. 19 deg. 32', long. 102 deg. 15', elev. 2100 m.
+ A small village about 7 kilometers northwest of San Juan de
+ Parangaricutiro; pine forest.
+
+ Bejuco (Barranca de).--Lat. 18 deg. 07', long. 102 deg. 48', elev.
+ 90 m. A barranca in the lower slopes of the Sierra de
+ Coalcoman just west of the lower reaches of the Rio Nexpa;
+ tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Buenavista (Tomatlan).--Lat. 19 deg. 17', long. 102 deg. 36', elev.
+ 425 m. A village on the Rio Masiaco in the Tepalcatepec
+ Valley, 33 kilometers by road west-northwest of Apatzingan;
+ open arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Buena Vista.--Lat. 18 deg. 40', long. 102 deg. 09', elev. 600 m. A
+ ranch on the northeastern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman;
+ arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Cachan (Rio).--Lat. 18 deg. 14', long. 103 deg. 14'. A river formed
+ by the affluence of the Rio Coalcoman and the Rio San Jose
+ and flowing into the Pacific Ocean at a point indicated by
+ the co-ordinates given above. Sometimes the name is applied
+ to the lower part of the river as used here; other times the
+ name is used for the entire length of the Rio Coalcoman.
+
+ Camichines.--Lat. 18 deg. 47', long. 103 deg. 05', elev. 1070 m. A
+ ranch about 5 kilometers east-northeast of Coalcoman;
+ transition between arid tropical scrub forest and oak
+ forest.
+
+ Camecuaro (Lago de).--Lat. 19 deg. 55', long. 102 deg. 13', elev.
+ 1615 m. A small lake (depth to about 10 m.) drained by the
+ Rio Duero and located one kilometer north-northwest of
+ Tangancicuaro; mesquite-grassland and some cypress and oak
+ around the lake.
+
+ Cancita (Rio).--A tributary of the Rio Tepalcatepec flowing
+ southward from the southeastern slope of Cerro de Tancitaro.
+
+ Cantiles (Los).--Lat. 19 deg. 43', long. 100 deg. 55', elev. 2160 m.
+ A ranch 33 kilometers by road east of Morelia; pine forest.
+
+ Capacuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 33', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 2070 m. A
+ Tarascan village 18 kilometers by road north of Uruapan;
+ pine forest.
+
+ Capirio.--Lat. 18 deg. 52', long. 102 deg. 08', elev. 180 m. A
+ village on the Rio Tepalcatepec, 22 kilometers by road south
+ of Nueva Italia; open arid tropical scrub forest and some
+ gallery forest along the river.
+
+ Carapan.--Lat. 19 deg. 52', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 2070 m. A
+ village on the northern edge of the Sierra de los Tarascos,
+ 32 kilometers by road west of Zacapu; pine-oak forest at
+ village and to the south; mesquite-grassland immediately to
+ the north.
+
+ Cerrito (El).--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 103 deg. 40', elev. 15 m. A
+ ranch about 3 kilometers northeast of Coahuayana; tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Chapala (Lago de).--A large lake on the Mexican Plateau at
+ an elevation of 1525 m., partly in the state of Jalisco. It
+ is drained by the Rio Grande de Santiago, which flows
+ northward and then westward into the Pacific Ocean.
+ Immediately to the east of the lake are remnants of once
+ extensive marshes.
+
+ Charapendo.--Lat. 19 deg. 15', long. 102 deg. 04', elev. 975 m. A
+ village 24 kilometers by road south of Uruapan near the
+ upper limit of the arid tropical scrub forest in the
+ Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+ Cheran.--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 101 deg. 57', elev. 2350 m. A
+ Tarascan village 27 kilometers by road south-southeast of
+ Carapan; pine forest.
+
+ Chichihuas.--Lat. 18 deg. 47', long. 103 deg. 12', elev. 1200 m. A
+ ranch about 6 kilometers west-southwest of Coalcoman; scrub
+ oak forest.
+
+ Chinapa.--Lat. 19 deg. 22', long. 100 deg. 51', elev. 930 m. A small
+ village on the Rio Chinapa, 43 kilometers south of El
+ Temzcal on the road to Huetamo; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Chupio.--Lat. 19 deg. 10', long. 101 deg. 27', elev. 1080 m. A
+ village 12 kilometers by road south of Tacambaro; transition
+ between arid tropical scrub forest and oak forest.
+
+ Churumuco.--Lat. 18 deg. 37', long. 101 deg. 38', elev. 210 m. A
+ small town in the Balsas Valley; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Cienega (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 28', long. 103 deg. 18', elev. 900 m. A
+ ranch about 3 hours by mule north of Coire; tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Coahuayana.--Lat. 18 deg. 44', long. 103 deg. 31', elev. 15 m. A
+ village on the coastal plain near the mouth of the Rio
+ Coahuayana; arid tropical scrub forest and tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Coalcoman.--Lat. 18 deg. 47', long. 103 deg. 08', elev. 945 m. The
+ largest town in the Sierra de Coalcoman and situated in a
+ valley about 12 by 6 kilometers; arid tropical scrub forest
+ on valley floor; oaks and some tropical semi-deciduous
+ forest on surrounding slopes.
+
+ Coalcoman (Rio).--A river having its headwaters northeast of
+ the town of Coalcoman and flowing southward to join with the
+ Rio San Jose to form the Rio Cachan.
+
+ Coalcoman (Sierra de).--A highland mass outlined by the Rio
+ Coahuayana and its tributaries on the west, the Rio
+ Tepalcatepec on the north, and the Rio Balsas on the east,
+ and the Pacific Ocean on the south. The axis of the sierra
+ extends for about 200 kilometers in a west-northwest to
+ east-southeast direction; the mountains are nearly 80
+ kilometers in breadth; the highest parts of the range are
+ about 3000 meters above sea level.
+
+ Cofradia.--Lat. 18 deg. 56', long. 102 deg. 17', elev. 215 m. A
+ ranch about 17 kilometers southeast of Apatzingan; arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Coire.--Lat. 18 deg. 26', long. 103 deg. 22', elev. 300 m. A village
+ on the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman on the
+ Rio Coire; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Cojumatlan.--Lat. 20 deg. 07', long. 102 deg. 51', elev. 1530 m. A
+ village on the southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Colola (Rio).--A small river emptying into the Pacific Ocean
+ between Maruata and Punto San Telmo.
+
+ Conejos (Los).--Lat. 19 deg. 22' long. 102 deg. 07', elev. 1850 m. A
+ village 6 kilometers west-southwest of Uruapan, and
+ sometimes known as Nuevo San Juan; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Copandaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 54', long. 101 deg. 12', elev. 1800 m. A
+ village on the south edge of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Copuyo (Capuyo or Copullo).--Lat. 18 deg. 28', long. 100 deg. 56',
+ elev. 1200 m. A small village about 5 kilometers by road
+ west of Paso Ancho; transition between arid tropical scrub
+ forest and oak forest.
+
+ Cordillera Volcanica.--A mountain range along the southern
+ edge of the Mexican Plateau, roughly along the nineteenth
+ parallel, and made up of many volcanos; the range extends
+ from Volcan de Colima on the west to Cofre de Perote and
+ Orizaba in Veracruz; several of the volcanos reach
+ elevations of more than 4000 meters.
+
+ Corralito (El).--Lat. 18 deg. 52', long. 102 deg. 38', elev. 270 m.
+ A small village in the Tepalcatepec Valley, about 30
+ kilometers southwest of Apatzingan; arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Corupu (Corupo).--Lat. 19 deg. 28', long. 102 deg. 19', elev. 2450
+ m. A village 29 kilometers northwest of Uruapan; pine
+ forest.
+
+ Cuatro Caminos.--Lat. 19 deg. 00', long. 102 deg. 05' elev. 335 m. A
+ village 4 kilometers south of Nueva Italia; arid tropical
+ scrub forest.
+
+ Cuilala (Playa).--Lat. 18 deg. 10', long. 103 deg. 06', sea level. A
+ sandy beach on the Pacific Ocean just east of La Higuerita.
+
+ Cuitzeo.--Lat. 19 deg. 58', long. 101 deg. 09', 1800 m. A village on
+ the north shore of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Cuitzeo (Lago de).--A large lakebed on the Mexican Plateau
+ at an elevation of 1800 m. In dry years there is little
+ water in the lake, and most of the lakebed is dry; in very
+ wet years the entire lakebed is flooded. The Rio de Morelia
+ flows into the lake, which has no outlet; surrounding
+ vegetation is mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Cuseno Station.--Lat. 19 deg. 30', long. 102 deg. 16', elev. 2200 m.
+ A field station of the American Geological Society
+ established in 1945 and demolished in 1953; located at the
+ northern edge of the lava flow at Volcan Paricutin; remnants
+ of pine forest.
+
+ Diezmo (El).--Lat. 18 deg. 26', long. 103 deg. 19', elev. 850 m. A
+ ranch about 8 kilometers north of Coire; tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Dos Aguas.--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 55', elev. 2100 m. A
+ lumber camp on the eastern slope of Cerro de Barolosa,
+ located about 22 kilometers west-northwest of Aguililla;
+ pine-oak forest and some fir forest in sheltered ravines.
+
+ Duero (Rio).--A small river having its headwaters near
+ Tangancicuaro and flowing northwestward into the Rio Lerma;
+ source of irrigation water for surrounding agricultural
+ area.
+
+ Emiliano Zapata.--Lat. 18 deg. 59', long. 102 deg. 39' elev. 1600 m.
+ A town 10 kilometers east of Jiquilpan; mesquite-grassland
+ and irrigated fields.
+
+ Erongaricuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 35', long. 101 deg. 43', elev. 2150 m.
+ A Tarascan village on the western shore of Lago de
+ Patzcuaro; pine forest.
+
+ Espinal (El).--Lat. 18 deg. 27', long. 102 deg. 07', elev. 500 m. A
+ ranch in the northern foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman,
+ 9 kilometers by road north-northeast of San Salvador; arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Estopilas (Salitre de).--Lat. 18 deg. 30', long. 103 deg. 23', elev.
+ 130 m. A small village about 10 kilometers east of Ostula;
+ tropical semi-deciduous forest and arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Garnica (Cerro).--Lat. 19 deg. 43', long. 100 deg. 48', elev. 3000
+ m. A mountain about 8 kilometers north of Pino Gordo;
+ pine-oak-fir forest.
+
+ Garnica (Puerto de).--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 100 deg. 51', elev.
+ 2840 m. A mountain pass 46 kilometers by road west of Ciudad
+ Hidalgo; pine and fir forest.
+
+ Gregorio (San).--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 101 deg. 24', elev. 2200 m.
+ A ranch about 16 kilometers southeast of Patzcuaro; pine
+ forest.
+
+ Guayabo.--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 15', elev. 760 m. A
+ village in the Sierra de Coalcoman about 32 kilometers
+ north-northeast of Arteaga; upper limits of arid tropical
+ scrub forest.
+
+ Herradero (Barranca de).--Lat. 18 deg. 17', long. 103 deg. 08',
+ elev. 200-250 m. A barranca south of San Pedro Naranjestila
+ in the Sierra de Coalcoman; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Hidalgo (Ciudad).--Lat. 19 deg. 32', long. 100 deg. 34', elev. 2100
+ m. A town in the valley of the Rio Tuxpan;
+ mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.
+
+ Higuerita (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 12', long. 103 deg. 06', sea level. A
+ place name on the Pacific coast; sandy beach and arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Higuertas (Las).--Lat. 18 deg. 39', long. 103 deg. 17', elev. 1600
+ m. A ranch about 7 hours by mule southwest of Coalcoman;
+ pine-oak forest.
+
+ Hondo (Puerto).--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 100 deg. 13', elev. 2750 m.
+ A pass in the mountains, 14 kilometers by road east of
+ Zitacuaro (just west of Macho de Agua); pine, oak, and fir
+ forest.
+
+ Huancana (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 58', long. 101 deg. 50', elev. 550 m. A
+ village in the Balsas Basin; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Huahua (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 12', long. 103 deg. 00', sea level. A
+ small village on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
+ forest and gallery forest along the Arroyo de Huahua.
+
+ Huetamo.--Lat. 18 deg. 38', long. 100 deg. 53', elev. 300 m. A town
+ in the Balsas Valley; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Huingo.--Lat. 19 deg. 55', long. 100 deg. 50', elev. 1800 m. A
+ village on the eastern edge of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Jacona.--Lat. 19 deg. 57', long. 102 deg. 18', elev. 1600 m. A small
+ town, 4.3 kilometers by road southwest of Zamora;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Jaramillo.--Lat. 19 deg. 20', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 1500 m. A
+ ranch 9 kilometers by road south of Uruapan; pine-oak
+ forest.
+
+ Jazmin.--Lat. 18 deg. 52', long. 101 deg. 58', elev. 275 m. A
+ village in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 32 kilometers by road
+ southeast of Cuatro Caminos; open arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Jerahuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 52', long. 100 deg. 35', elev. 2600 m. A
+ town in the northern part of the state and located east of
+ Lago de Cuitzeo; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Jiquilpan.--Lat. 19 deg. 59', long. 102 deg. 43', elev. 1570 m. A
+ town just southeast of Lago de Chapala; mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Jorullo (Volcan).--Lat 19 deg. 00', long. 101 deg. 45', elev. 1300
+ m. (crest). A cinder and lava cone rising from the foothills
+ of the Cordillera Volcanica; arid tropical scrub forest on
+ lower slopes and pine-oak forest on top.
+
+ Jungapeo.--Lat. 19 deg. 26', long. 100 deg. 29', elev. 1430 m. A
+ village in the valley of the Rio Tuxpan, about 13 kilometers
+ south of Tuxpan on the southern slopes of the Mexican
+ Plateau; tropical semi-deciduous forest and pine-oak forest.
+
+ Lengua de Vaca (Puerto de).--Lat. 19 deg. 26', long. 100 deg. 13',
+ elev. 2900 m. A pass in the mountains at the
+ Michoacan-Mexico border through which passes the Mexico
+ City-Morelia highway; pine and fir forest.
+
+ Lerma (Rio).--A river originating in the state of Mexico and
+ flowing westward, and forming the northern boundary of the
+ state of Michoacan, to Lago de Chapala.
+
+ Lima (San Juan de).--Lat. 18 deg. 29', long. 102 deg. 42', sea
+ level. A ranch on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
+ forest and tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Lima (Punta San Juan de).--Lat. 18 deg. 38', long. 102 deg. 43', sea
+ level. A rocky promontory jutting into the Pacific Ocean
+ just southwest of San Juan de Lima; arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Limoncito.--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 43', elev. 730 m. A
+ ranch 10 kilometers north of Aguililla; arid tropical scrub
+ forest; tropical semi-deciduous gallery forest along the
+ nearby Rio Tepecuate.
+
+ Lombardia.--Lat. 19 deg. 08', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 640 m. A
+ town in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 38 kilometers by road south
+ of Uruapan; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Lleguas (Acuaro de las).--Lat. 18 deg. 48', long. 102 deg. 52',
+ elev. 2320 m. A place name for a stream and meadow (Llano de
+ la Llegua) surrounded by pine-oak forest, located about 10
+ hours by mule east of Coalcoman.
+
+ Macho de Agua.--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 100 deg. 15', elev. 2850 m.
+ A ranch just west of Puerto de Lengua de Vaca and 16
+ kilometers by road east of Zitacuaro; mixed oak, pine, and
+ fir forest.
+
+ Maquili.--Lat. 18 deg. 36', long. 103 deg. 32', elev. 120 m. A
+ village on the Rio Aquila about 3 kilometers south-southwest
+ of Aguila; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Maravatio.--Lat. 19 deg. 53', long. 100 deg. 27', elev. 2010 m. A
+ town in the Rio Lerma Valley; irrigated fields on flats and
+ pine-oak forest on slopes.
+
+ Marquez (Rio).--A tributary to the Rio Tepalcatepec, flowing
+ through a deep gorge (Barranca del Marquez) between
+ Lombardia and Nueva Italia. The stream originates from
+ springs near Uruapan, where the stream is known as the Rio
+ Cupatitzio.
+
+ Maruata.--Lat. 18 deg. 17', long. 103 deg. 20', sea level. Place
+ name for a Nineteenth Century port of little importance near
+ the mouth of the Rio Coire; sandy beach, fresh-water lagoon,
+ and arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Mexcala (Laguna).--Lat. 18 deg. 29', long. 103 deg. 41', sea level.
+ A brackish lagoon surrounded by mangroves, located just
+ southwest of El Ticuiz.
+
+ Mil Cumbres.--Lat. 19 deg. 39', long. 100 deg. 47', elev. 2800 m. A
+ name for a look-out on the Mexico-Morelia highway in Atzimba
+ National Park, about 32 kilometers by road west-southwest of
+ Ciudad Hidalgo; pine and fir forest.
+
+ Mira (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 05', long. 102 deg. 20', elev. 20 m. A
+ small village about 5 kilometers north-northeast of Playa
+ Azul; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Morelia.--Lat. 19 deg. 43', long. 101 deg. 10', elev. 1900 m.
+ Capital of and largest city in Michoacan; mesquite-grassland
+ on flats and pine-oak forest on surrounding hills.
+
+ Morelia (Rio de).--A small, intermittent stream originating
+ in the mountains south of Morelia and emptying into Lago de
+ Cuitzeo.
+
+ Motin del Oro.--Lat. 18 deg. 14', long. 103 deg. 48', sea level. A
+ ranch on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Motin (Rio).--Lat. 18 deg. 13', long. 103 deg. 48' (mouth). A small
+ river flowing from the Sierra de Coalcoman into the Pacific
+ Ocean.
+
+ Nahuatzen (Nauhuatzin).--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 101 deg. 50', elev.
+ 2450 m. A Tarascan village in the mountains west of Lago de
+ Patzcuaro; pine forest.
+
+ Nexpa (Rio).--Lat. 18 deg. 05', long. 102 deg. 47' (mouth). A large
+ river draining the central part of the Sierra de Coalcoman,
+ originating near Aguililla, and flowing into the Pacific
+ Ocean.
+
+ Nogueleras.--Lat. 18 deg. 34', long. 103 deg. 17', elev. 1600 m. A
+ ranch about 10 hours by mule south-southwest of Coalcoman;
+ oak forest.
+
+ Nueva Italia.--Lat. 19 deg. 02', long. 102 deg. 07', elev. 380 m. A
+ town in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 59 kilometers by road south
+ of Uruapan; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Nuevo (Rancho).--Lat. 18 deg. 26', long. 102 deg. 07', elev. 520 m.
+ A ranch 7 kilometers by road north-northeast of San Salvador
+ in the northern foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman; arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Ocorla.--Lat. 18 deg. 38', long. 103 deg. 07', elev. 885 m. A ranch
+ about 6 hours by mule south-southeast of Coalcoman; scrubby
+ oak forest.
+
+ Opopeo.--Lat. 19 deg. 24', long. 101 deg. 37', elev. 2800 m. A
+ village 16 kilometers south of Patzcuaro; pine and fir
+ forest.
+
+ Orilla (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 00', long. 102 deg. 12', elev. 10 m. The
+ site of a former hacienda of the same name near the mouth of
+ the Rio Balsas; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Oropeo.--Lat. 18 deg. 52', long. 101 deg. 48', elev. 300 m. A
+ village in the Tepalcatepec Valley about 13 kilometers south
+ of La Huacana; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Ostula.--Lat. 18 deg. 30', long. 103 deg. 28', elev. 120 m. A
+ village in the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman,
+ located on the Rio Ostula about 16 kilometers east-southeast
+ of La Placita; arid tropical scrub forest and scattered
+ tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Ozumatlan (Sierra de).--A range in the Cordillera Volcanica
+ extending east-northeast from a point south of Morelia to
+ Querendaro and reaching elevations in excess of 2600 m.
+
+ Palma (La).--Lat. 20 deg. 09', long. 102 deg. 46', elev. 1525 m. A
+ village on the southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala;
+ lake-shore marshes and mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Paracho.--Lat. 19 deg. 39', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 2375 m. A
+ Tarascan village in the Cordillera Volcanica, located 35
+ kilometers by road north of Uruapan; pine forest.
+
+ Parangaricutiro (San Juan de).--Lat. 19 deg. 30', long. 102 deg.
+ 15', elev. 2200 m. A former Tarascan village that was
+ destroyed by the eruption of Volcan Paricutin; lava and
+ volcanic ash amidst open pine forest.
+
+ Paricutin (Volcan).--Lat. 19 deg. 30', long. 102 deg. 16', elev.
+ 2200 m. at base and 2700 m. at summit. A volcano born in
+ February, 1943; it ceased to be active in December, 1951,
+ and is located at the north-northeastern base of Cerro de
+ Tancitaro; volcanic ash and lava amidst open pine forest.
+
+ Paso Ancho.--Lat. 19 deg. 28', long. 100 deg. 52', elev. 1100 m. A
+ small village 30 kilometers south of El Temazcal on the road
+ to Huetamo; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Patamba (Sierra).--Lat. 19 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 21', elev. 3700
+ m. at summit. A mountain, the summit of which is about 22
+ kilometers southwest of Tangancicuaro; pine forest from 2000
+ to 2600 m.; fir forest above 2600 m.
+
+ Patzcuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 30', long. 101 deg. 36', elev. 2200 m. A
+ town near the southeastern shore of Lago de Patzcuaro; pine
+ forest.
+
+ Patzcuaro (Lago de).--A large lake on the southwestern part
+ of the Mexican Plateau at an elevation of 2165 m. It has no
+ outlet. The lake is surrounded by mountains supporting pine
+ and pine-oak forest. Along the southern and eastern shores
+ of the lake are small marshes.
+
+ Penas (Las).--Lat. 18 deg. 03', long. 102 deg. 38', sea level. A
+ small village on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
+ forest.
+
+ Pichi (Estero).--Lat. 18 deg. 01', long. 102 deg. 24', sea level. A
+ brackish lagoon surrounded by mangroves and coconut groves,
+ located just east of Playa Azul.
+
+ Pino Gordo.--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 100 deg. 45', elev. 2600 m. A
+ ranch 37 kilometers by road west of Ciudad Hidalgo; pine-oak
+ forest.
+
+ Placita (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 32', long. 103 deg. 37', elev. 20 m. A
+ village on the coastal lowlands, located on the Rio Aquila;
+ arid tropical scrub forest; tropical semi-deciduous forest
+ along the river.
+
+ Playa (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 57', long. 102 deg. 33', elev. 800 m. A
+ small village on the western edge of the lava flow of Volcan
+ Jorullo; arid tropical scrub forest and some tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest in ravines.
+
+ Playa Azul.--Lat. 18 deg. 01', long. 102 deg. 25', sea level. A
+ village on the Pacific coast near the mouth of the Rio
+ Carrizal; arid tropical scrub forest; coconut plantations;
+ mangrove-lined lagoons.
+
+ Pomaro.--Lat. 18 deg. 18', long. 103 deg. 17', elev. 300 m. An
+ Indian village in the southern foothills of the Sierra de
+ Coalcoman, located about 3 hours by mule north-northeast of
+ Maruata; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Pozos (Los).--Lat. 18 deg. 30', long. 103 deg. 17', elev. 300 m. A
+ ranch located about 5 hours by mule north of Coire; tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Querendaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 48', long. 100 deg. 53', elev. 1900 m. A
+ town on the Mexican Plateau south of Lago de Cuitzeo;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Quiroga.--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 101 deg. 30', elev. 2200 m. A
+ Tarascan town on the north edge of Lago de Patzcuaro;
+ mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.
+
+ Reyes (Los).--Lat. 19 deg. 35', long. 102 deg. 28', elev. 1500 m. A
+ town in western Michoacan, 50 kilometers south-southwest of
+ Zamora; mesquite-grassland, oak and pine forest.
+
+ Sabino (El).--Lat. 19 deg. 14', long. 102 deg. 03', elev. 1050 m. A
+ hacienda about 24 kilometers south of Uruapan; arid tropical
+ scrub forest, many streams, rice fields.
+
+ Sahuayo.--Lat. 20 deg. 05', long. 102 deg. 43', elev. 1550 m. A town
+ just south of the eastern end of Lago de Chapala;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Salada (La).--Lat. 19 deg. 07', long. 102 deg. 00', elev. 580 m. A
+ ranch southwest of Lombardia; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Salto (Arroyo El).--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 103 deg. 04', elev. 1370
+ m. A valley of the Rio Flores about 3 hours by mule
+ east-southeast of Coalcoman; pine-oak forest.
+
+ San Andres (Cerro).--Lat. 19 deg. 48', long. 100 deg. 35', elev.
+ 3950 m. at summit. A mountain, the summit of which is about
+ 16 kilometers north-northwest of Ciudad Hidalgo; oak forest
+ to 2500 m. and pine and fir forest above 2500 m.
+
+ San Jose (de la Cumbre).--Lat. 19 deg. 41', long. 100 deg. 50',
+ elev. 2750 m. A ranch 51 kilometers by road east of Morelia;
+ pine and fir forest.
+
+ San Jose (de la Montana).--Lat. 18 deg. 25', long. 103 deg. 06',
+ elev. 750 m. A village sometimes called La Guitarra, located
+ 14 hours by mule south-southeast of Coalcoman; tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ San Pedro Naranjestila.--Lat. 18 deg. 17', long. 103 deg. 06', elev.
+ 500 m. An Indian village in the southern foothills of the
+ Sierra de Coalcoman; tropical semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ San Salvador.--Lat. 18 deg. 25', long. 102 deg. 08', elev. 700 m. A
+ small village in the Sierra de Coalcoman, 37 kilometers by
+ road northeast of Arteaga; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ San Telmo (Ojos de Agua de).--Lat. 18 deg. 37', long. 103 deg. 42',
+ sea level. A small settlement at the base of Punto San Juan
+ de Lima; tropical semi-deciduous forest and groves of oil
+ palms.
+
+ San Telmo (Punta).--Lat. 18 deg. 18', long. 103 deg. 29', sea level.
+ A rocky promontory jutting into the Pacific Ocean, on which
+ there is a lighthouse (El Faro); arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Santa Ana.--Lat. 18 deg. 27', long. 102 deg. 06', elev. 600 m. A
+ ranch about 4 kilometers by road northeast of San Salvador;
+ arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Tacambaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 05', long. 101 deg. 22', elev. 1820 m. A
+ town in the Cordillera Volcanica; pine forest.
+
+ Tacicuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 38', long. 101 deg. 18', elev. 2000 m. A
+ village 21 kilometers east-southeast of Quiroga;
+ mesquite-grassland and scrubby oak forest.
+
+ Tafetan.--Lat. 19 deg. 43', long. 100 deg. 52', elev. 1000 m. A
+ village 40 kilometers by road south of El Temazcal; arid
+ tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Tancitaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 20', long. 102 deg. 22', elev. 1850 m. A
+ small town on the southern slope of Cerro de Tancitaro;
+ pine-oak forest.
+
+ Tancitaro (Cerro de).--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 102 deg. 18', elev.
+ 3870 m. at summit. An old volcano in the Cordillera
+ Volcanica; the southern slope drops into the Tepalcatepec
+ Valley; the summit is about 30 kilometers west of Uruapan;
+ pine and oak forest on lower slopes replaced by pine or fir
+ forest above.
+
+ Tangamandapio.--Lat. 19 deg. 56', long. 102 deg. 25', elev. 1700 m.
+ A small town on the Mexican Plateau between Jiquilpan and
+ Zamora; mesquite-grassland and irrigated fields.
+
+ Tangancicuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 52', long. 102 deg. 13', elev. 1770 m.
+ A town 12 kilometers by road southeast of Zamora;
+ mesquite-grassland and irrigated fields.
+
+ Tarascos (Sierra de los).--A name applied to that part of
+ the Cordillera Volcanica extending eastward from Cerro de
+ Tancitaro and Sierra Patamba to Patzcuaro.
+
+ Tarecuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 53', long. 102 deg. 29', elev. 1700 m. A
+ village on the Mexican Plateau, 26 kilometers southwest of
+ Zamora; mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.
+
+ Tecatas (Las).--Lat. 18 deg. 36', long. 103 deg. 17', elev. 1950 m.
+ A ranch located about 10 hours by mule south-southwest of
+ Coalcoman; oak forest.
+
+ Temazcal (El).--Lat. 19 deg. 40', long. 100 deg. 56', elev. 2200 m.
+ A road junction, 29 kilometers east of Morelia; here the
+ road to Huetamo leads south from the Mexico City-Morelia
+ highway; pine forest.
+
+ Tepalcatepec.--Lat. 19 deg. 10', long. 102 deg. 50', elev. 570 m. A
+ village in the upper Tepalcatepec Valley; arid tropical
+ scrub forest.
+
+ Tepalcatepec (Rio).--A large river having its headwaters in
+ southeastern Jalisco and flowing through a broad valley,
+ which separates the Cordillera Volcanica from the Sierra de
+ Coalcoman, to the Rio Balsas.
+
+ Ticuiz (El).--Lat. 18 deg. 40', long. 103 deg. 40', elev. 10 m. A
+ village on the coastal plain about 11 kilometers south of
+ Coahuayana; arid tropical scrub forest and tropical
+ semi-deciduous forest.
+
+ Tinguidin.--Lat. 19 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 28', elev. 1800 m. A
+ small town, 17 kilometers north of Los Reyes; pine-oak
+ forest.
+
+ Tizupan (Rio).--Lat. 18 deg. 09', long. 102 deg. 55' (mouth). A
+ small river flowing southward from the Sierra de Coalcoman
+ to the Pacific Ocean.
+
+ Tlalpujahua.--Lat. 19 deg. 48', long. 100 deg. 10', elev. 2600 m. A
+ mining town in the northeastern part of the state; pine and
+ fir forest.
+
+ Tumbiscatio.--Lat. 18 deg. 32', long. 102 deg. 20', elev. 900 m. A
+ town in the Sierra de Coalcoman; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Tupataro.--Lat. 19 deg. 53', long. 100 deg. 15', elev. 2050 m. A
+ village in the northeastern corner of the state, 13
+ kilometers northwest of Tlalpujahua; oak forest.
+
+ Tuxpan.--Lat. 19 deg. 35', long. 100 deg. 27', elev. 1850 m. A town
+ in a basin nearly surrounded by mountains and near the
+ headwaters of the Rio Tuxpan, 19 kilometers by road
+ east-southeast of Ciudad Hidalgo; arid mesquite-grassland
+ and irrigated fields.
+
+ Tuxpan (Rio).--A river draining the mountains in the eastern
+ part of the state and flowing southward into the Rio Balsas.
+
+ Tzararacua (Cascada).--Lat. 19 deg. 18', long. 102 deg. 02', 1430 m.
+ A waterfalls of the Rio Cupatitzio, 10.5 kilometers by road
+ south of Uruapan; oak forest with scattered pines.
+
+ Tzintzuntzan.--Lat. 19 deg. 38', long. 101 deg. 35', elev. 2170 m. A
+ village at the site of the seat of the ancient Tarascan
+ empire on the eastern shore of Lago de Patzcuaro; grasslands
+ and marshes.
+
+ Tzitzio.--Lat. 19 deg. 35', long. 100 deg. 55', elev. 1630 m. A
+ village 16 kilometers by road south of El Temazcal; pine-oak
+ and arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Ucareo (Serrania de).--A part of the Cordillera Volcanica,
+ including Cerro San Andres.
+
+ Undameo.--Lat. 19 deg. 34', long. 101 deg. 17', elev. 2000 m. A
+ village 20 kilometers west-southwest of Morelia;
+ mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Uruapan.--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 1630 m. A
+ large town on the southern slopes of the Cordillera
+ Volcanica; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Zacapu.--Lat. 19 deg. 48', long. 101 deg. 47', elev. 2000 m. A town
+ on the Mexican Plateau; mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Zamora.--Lat. 19 deg. 59', long. 102 deg. 17', elev. 1570 m. A large
+ town on the Mexican Plateau; mesquite-grassland.
+
+ Zicuiran.--Lat. 18 deg. 53', long. 101 deg. 55', elev. 190 m. A
+ small village 23 kilometers east-southeast of Cuatro
+ Caminos; arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Zinapecuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 52', long. 100 deg. 49', elev. 1900 m. A
+ town near the southeastern end of Lago de Cuitzeo;
+ mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.
+
+ Ziracuaretiro.--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 101 deg. 52', elev. 1230 m.
+ A village 19 kilometers by road east of Uruapan; transition
+ between pine-oak forest and arid tropical scrub forest.
+
+ Zirimicuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 24', long. 101 deg. 56', elev. 1300 m. A
+ hacienda 13 kilometers by road east of Uruapan; pine-oak
+ forest and fields of sugar cane.
+
+ Zitacuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 100 deg. 21', elev. 2100 m. A
+ town in the highlands of eastern Michoacan; pine-oak forest.
+
+ Zurumbeneo.--Lat. 19 deg. 43', long. 101 deg. 02', elev. 2100 m. A
+ ranch 19 kilometers by road east of Morelia; scrubby oak
+ forest.
+
+
+
+
+SUMMARY
+
+
+The preceding analysis of the amphibians and reptiles of the state of
+Michoacan shows that the herpetofauna is composed of 176 species and
+subspecies definitely recorded from the state, plus ten others that
+probably occur there. Ten species are reported for the first time from
+Michoacan: _Pseudoeurycea robertsi_, _Leptodactylus occidentalis_,
+_Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_, _Pternohyla fodiens_, _Hypopachus
+caprimimus_, _Phyllodactylus homolepidurus_, _Anolis dunni_, _Sceloporus
+bulleri_, _Sceloporus heterolepis,_ and _Geagras redimitus_. Five
+species that have been reported previously from Michoacan are based on
+specimens having unreliable locality data or on misidentifications;
+therefore, the following species are not considered to be a part of the
+herpetofauna of Michoacan: _Caiman crocodilus fuscus_, _Urosaurus
+irregularis_, _Geophis nasalis_, _Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis_,
+and _Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri_.
+
+Systematic studies based at least in part on specimens from Michoacan
+have resulted in a redefinition of nine species and subspecies: _Bufo
+marmoreus_, _Bufo perplexus_, _Anolis nebulosus_, _Anolis nebuloides_,
+_Sceloporus bulleri_, _Sceloporus heterolepis_, _Sceloporus melanorhinus
+calligaster_, _Hypsiglena torquata torquata_, and _Hypsiglena torquata
+ochrorhyncha_.
+
+Nine species that previously have been recognized as valid have been
+placed in synonymy. These are: _Bufo horribilis_ Wiegmann, 1833, and
+_Bufo angustipes_ Smith and Taylor, 1945, as synonyms of _Bufo marinus_
+(Linnaeus), 1758. _Microbatrachylus albolabris_ Taylor, 1940,
+_Microbatrachylus minimus_ Taylor, 1940, and _Microbatrachylus imitator_
+Taylor, 1942, as synonyms of _Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_ (Taylor), 1937.
+_Phrynohyas corasterias_ Shannon and Humphrey, 1957, as a synonym of
+_Phrynohyas inflata_ (Taylor), 1944. _Hyla microeximia_ Maslin, 1957, as
+a synonym of _Hyla eximia_ Baird, 1854. _Hylella azteca_ Taylor, 1943,
+as a synonym of _Hyla smaragdina_ Taylor, 1940. _Loxocemus sumichrasti_
+Bocourt, 1876, as a synonym of _Loxocemus bicolor_ Cope, 1861.
+_Eleutherodactylus vocalis_ Taylor, 1940, is considered to be a
+subspecies of _Eleutherodactylus rugulosus_. The populations of
+_Thamnophis dorsalis_ in the Tepalcatepec Valley are shown to be
+distinct from those inhabiting the highlands of the state; _Thamnophis
+dorsalis postremus_ Smith, 1942, is revived for the population in the
+Tepalcatepec Valley.
+
+Descriptions are given of the tadpoles of _Bufo occidentalis_ and _Hyla
+bistincta_.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+ANDERSON, J. D.
+
+1960. _Storeria storerioides_ in western Mexico. Herpetologica, 16:63-6,
+March 31.
+
+
+BOGERT, C. M., and OLIVER, J. A.
+
+1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bull. Amer.
+Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:297-426, March 30.
+
+
+BOULENGER, G. A.
+
+1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum, vol. II. London,
+xiii + 497 pp., November 15.
+
+1894. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, vol. II, London, xi
++ 382 pp., September 23.
+
+
+CONANT, R.
+
+1953. Three new water snakes of the genus _Natrix_ from Mexico. Nat.
+Hist. Misc., 126:1-9, September 15.
+
+
+CONTRERAS ARIAS, A.
+
+1942. Mapa de las provincias climatologicas de la Republica Mexicana.
+Dir. Meteoro, Hidro. Inst. Geog. Mexico, xxvii + 54 pp.
+
+
+COPE, E. D.
+
+1861. Contributions to the ophidiology of Lower California, Mexico, and
+Central America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13:292-306,
+December 28.
+
+1887. Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and
+Mexico. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 32:1-98.
+
+
+DAVIS, W. B.
+
+1954. Three new anoles from Mexico. Herpetologica, 10:1-6, April 20.
+
+
+DAVIS, W. B., and DIXON, J. R.
+
+1957. Notes on Mexican snakes (Ophidia). Southwest. Nat., 2:19-27,
+January.
+
+
+DAVIS, W. B., and SMITH, H. M.
+
+1953. Lizards and turtles of the Mexican state of Morelos.
+Herpetologica. 9:100-108, July 22.
+
+
+DIXON, J. R.
+
+1957. Geographic variation and distribution of the genus _Tomodactylus_
+in Mexico. Texas Jour. Sci., 9:379-409, December.
+
+1960. Two new geckos, genus _Phyllodactylus_ (Reptilia: Sauria), from
+Michoacan, Mexico. Southwest. Nat., 5:37-42, April 15.
+
+
+DOWLING, H. G.
+
+1960. A taxonomic study of the ratsnakes, genus _Elaphe_ Fitzinger. VII.
+The _triaspis_ section, Zoologica, 45:53-80, August 15.
+
+
+DUELLMAN, W. E.
+
+1954a. The salamander _Plethodon richmondi_ in southwestern Ohio.
+Copeia, 1950 (1):40-45, February 19.
+
+1954b. The amphibians and reptiles of Jorullo Volcano, Michoacan,
+Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 560:1-24, October 22.
+
+1955. A new whiptail lizard, genus _Cnemidorphorus_, from Mexico. Occ.
+Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 574:1-7, December 23.
+
+1956a. The frogs of the hylid genus _Phrynohyas_ Fitzinger, 1843. Misc.
+Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 96:1-47, February 21.
+
+1956b. A new snake of the genus _Leptotyphlops_ from Michoacan, Mexico.
+Copeia, 1956 (2):93-94, May 29.
+
+1957a. Sexual dimorphism in the hylid frog _Agalychnis dacnicolor_ Cope,
+and the status of _Agalychnis alcorni_ Taylor. Herpetologica, 13:29-30,
+March 30.
+
+1957b. Notes on snakes from the Mexican state of Sinaloa. Herpetologica,
+13:237-240, October 31.
+
+1958a. A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus _Leptodeira_.
+Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:1-152, February 24.
+
+1958b. Comments on the type locality and geographic distribution of
+_Urosaurus gadowi_. Copeia, 1958 (1):48-49, February 21.
+
+1958c. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Colima, Mexico.
+Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 589:1-22, March 21.
+
+1959. Two new snakes, genus _Geophis_, from Michoacan, Mexico. Occ. Pap.
+Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 605:1-9, May 29.
+
+1960a. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan,
+Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:587-598, May 2.
+
+1960b. A taxonomic study of the Middle American snake Pituophis deppei,
+Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:599-610, May 2.
+
+1960c. Variation, distribution, and ecology of the Mexican teiid lizard
+_Cnemidophorus calidipes_. Copeia, 1960(2):97-101, June 29.
+
+1960d. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of
+Tehuantepec, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13:19-72,
+August 16.
+
+
+DUELLMAN, W. E., and DIXON, J. R.
+
+1959. A new frog of the genus _Tomodactylus_ from Michoacan, Mexico.
+Texas Jour. Sci., 11:78-82, March.
+
+
+DUELLMAN, W. E., and DUELLMAN, A. S.
+
+1959. Notes on the variation, distribution, and ecology of the iguanid
+lizard _Enyaliosaurus clarki_. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
+598:1-10, February 16.
+
+
+DUELLMAN, W. E., and WELLMAN, J.
+
+1960. A systematic study of the lizards of the _deppei_ group (Genus
+_Cnemidophorus_) in Mexico and Guatemala. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 111:1-80, February 10.
+
+
+DUGES, A.
+
+1884. Dos reptiles de Mexico. La Naturaleza, 6:359-362.
+
+1891. _Eumeces altamirani_ A. Dug. La Naturaleza, ser. 2, 1:485-486.
+
+1896. Reptiles y batracios de los E. U. Mexicanos. La Naturaleza, ser.
+2, 2:479-485.
+
+
+DUMERIL, A. M., and BOCOURT, F.
+
+1870-1909. Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale,
+Recherches zoologiques. Etudes sur les reptiles. Paris, xiv + 1012 pp.
+
+
+FISCHER, J. G.
+
+1882. Herpetologische Bemerkengen vorzugsweise ueber Stuecke der Sammlung
+des Naturhistorischen Museum in Bremen. Abhand. Naturwiss. Ver. Bremen,
+7:225-238.
+
+1883. Beschreibungen neuer Reptilien. Akad. Gymnas. Hamburg, 1883:1-16.
+
+
+FITCH, H. S., and MILSTEAD, W. W.
+
+1961. An older name for _Thamnophis cyrtopsis_ (Kennicott). Copeia, no.
+1:112, March 17, 1961.
+
+
+FUNKHOUSER, A.
+
+1957. A review of the Neotropical tree-frogs of the genus
+_Phyllomedusa_. Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford Univ., 5:1-90, April
+1.
+
+
+GADOW, H.
+
+1905. Distribution of Mexican amphibians and reptiles. Proc. Zool. Soc.
+London, 1905:191-244, October 7.
+
+1930. Jorullo. Cambridge Univ. Press, xviii + 100 pp.
+
+
+GLOYD, H. K.
+
+1948. Description of a neglected subspecies of rattlesnake from Mexico.
+Nat. Hist. Misc., 17:1-4, April 23.
+
+
+GOIN, C. J.
+
+1950. Color pattern inheritance in some frogs of the genus
+_Eleutherodactylus_. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 9:1-15, March 3.
+
+1954. Remarks on evolution of color pattern in the _gossei_ group of the
+frog genus _Eleutherodactylus_. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 33:185-195, June 4.
+
+
+GOLDMAN, E. A.
+
+1951. Biological investigations in Mexico. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 115,
+xii + 476 pp., July 31.
+
+
+GUZMAN-RIVAS, P.
+
+1957. Rainfall analysis for some stations in southwest Mexico. _In_
+Brand, Coastal study of southwest Mexico, Part I. Univ. Texas, Austin,
+xii + 140 pp., June 15.
+
+
+HOROWITZ, S. B.
+
+1955. An arrangement of the subspecies of the horned toad, _Phrynosoma
+orbiculare_ (Iguanidae). Amer. Midl. Nat., 54:209-218, July.
+
+
+KLAUBER, L. M.
+
+1945. The geckos of the genus Coleonyx with descriptions of new
+subspecies. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:133-216, March 9.
+
+1952. Taxonomic studies of the rattlesnakes of Mainland Mexico. Bull.
+Zool. Soc. San Diego, 26:1-143, August 8.
+
+
+LANGEBARTEL, D. A.
+
+1959. A new lizard (_Sceloporus_) from the Sierra Madre Occidental of
+Mexico. Herpetologica, 15:25-27, February 25.
+
+
+MALDONADO-KOERDELL, M.
+
+1948. Los colecciones de anfibios del Museo Alfredo Duges en la
+Universidad de Guanajuato, I--Urodelos. Mem. Revist. Acad. Nac. Cien.,
+56:185-226.
+
+
+MARTIN, P. S.
+
+1958. A biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the Gomez Farias
+Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
+101:1-102, April 15.
+
+
+MASLIN, T. P.
+
+1957. _Hyla microeximia_ sp. n., Hylidae, Amphibia, from Jalisco,
+Mexico. Herpetologica, 13:81-86, July 10.
+
+
+MILSTEAD, W. W.
+
+1953. Geographic variation in the garter snake, _Thamnophis cyrtopsis_.
+Texas Jour. Sci., 5:348-379, September.
+
+
+MOSIMANN, J. E.
+
+1956. Variation and relative growth in the plastral scutes of the turtle
+_Kinosternon integrum_ LeConte. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
+97:1-43, November 7.
+
+
+MOSIMANN, J. E., and RABB, G. B.
+
+1953. A new subspecies of the turtle _Geoemyda rubida_ (Cope) from
+western Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 548:1-7, November
+9.
+
+
+OLIVER, J. A.
+
+1937. Notes on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the state of
+Colima, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 360:1-28, November
+20.
+
+
+ORTON, G.
+
+1943. The tadpole of _Rhinophrynus dorsalis_. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
+Michigan, 472:1-8, May 18.
+
+
+PETERS, J. A.
+
+1954. The amphibians and reptiles of the coast and coastal sierra of
+Michoacan, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 554:1-37, June
+23.
+
+1955. Notes on the frog genus _Diaglena_ Cope. Nat. Hist. Misc.,
+143:1-8, March 28.
+
+1957. The eggs (turtle) and I. Biologist, 39:21-4.
+
+
+RABB, G. B.
+
+1958. On certain Mexican salamanders of the plethodontid genus
+_Chiropterotriton_. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 587:1-37, June
+6.
+
+
+RABB, G. B., and MOSIMANN, J. E.
+
+1955. The tadpole of _Hyla robertsorum_ with comments on the affinities
+of the species. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 563:1-9, March 29.
+
+
+REEVE, W. L.
+
+1952. Taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizards genus
+_Phrynosoma_. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34 (pt. 2):817-960, February 15.
+
+
+SCHMIDT, K. P., and SHANNON, F. A.
+
+1947. Notes on amphibians and reptiles of Michoacan, Mexico. Fieldiana,
+zool., 31:63-85, February 20.
+
+
+SHANNON, F. A., and HUMPHREY, F. L.
+
+1957. A new species of _Phrynohyas_ from Nayarit. Herpetologica,
+13:15-18, March 30.
+
+1958. A discussion of the polytypic species, _Hypopachus oxyrrhinus_,
+with a description of a new subspecies. Herpetologica, 14:85-95, July
+23.
+
+
+SMITH, H. M.
+
+1938. The lizards of the _torquatus_ group of the genus _Sceloporus_
+Wiegmann, 1828. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 24:539-693, February 16.
+
+1939. The Mexican and Central American lizards of the genus
+_Sceloporus_. Zool. ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 26:1-397, July 27.
+
+1941a. A review of the subspecies of the indigo snake (_Drymarchon
+corais_). Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 31:466-481, November 11.
+
+1941b. Notes on the snake genus _Trimorphodon_. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+91:149-168, November 10.
+
+1942a. Mexican Herpetological Miscellany. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+92:349-395, November 5.
+
+1942b. The synonymy of the garter snakes (_Thamnophis_), with notes on
+Mexican and Central American species. Zoologica, 27:97-123, October 23.
+
+1942c. Remarks on the Mexican king snakes of the triangulum group. Proc.
+Rochester Acad. Sci., 8:196-207, September 10.
+
+1942d. Descriptions of new species and subspecies of Mexican snakes of
+the genus _Rhadinaea_. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:185-192, December
+31.
+
+1943. Summary of the collections of snakes and crocodilians made in
+Mexico under the Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship. Proc. U.
+S. Natl. Mus., 93:393-504, October 29.
+
+1951. The identity of the ophidian name _Coluber eques_ Reuss. Copeia,
+1951 (2):138-140, June 8.
+
+
+SMITH, H. M., and LAUFE, L. E.
+
+1945. Notes on a herpetological collection from Oaxaca. Herpetologica,
+3:1-13, November 21.
+
+
+SMITH, H. M., and TAYLOR, E. H.
+
+1945. An annotated checklist and key to the snakes of Mexico. Bull. U.
+S. Natl. Mus., 187:iv + 239 pp., October 5.
+
+1948. An annotated checklist and key to the Amphibia of Mexico. Bull. U.
+S. Natl. Mus., 194: iv + 118 pp., June 17.
+
+1950a. Type localities of Mexican reptiles and amphibians. Univ. Kansas
+Sci. Bull., 33, pt. 2:313-380, March 20.
+
+1950b. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico
+exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 199:v + 253, October
+26.
+
+
+SMITH, P. W., and DARLING, D. M.
+
+1952. Results of a herpetological collection from eastern central
+Mexico. Herpetologica, 8:81-86, November 1.
+
+
+STICKEL, W. H.
+
+1943. The Mexican snakes of the genera _Sonora_ and _Chionactis_, with
+notes on the status of other colubrid genera. Proc. Biol. Soc.
+Washington, 56:109-128, October 19.
+
+
+STORM, M.
+
+1939. Hoofways into hot country. Bland Bros., Mexico City, 521 pp.
+
+
+STUART, L. C.
+
+1943. Comments on the herpetofauna of the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes of
+Guatemala. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 471:1-28, May 17.
+
+
+TAMAYO, J. L.
+
+1949. Geografia General de Mexico. I--Geografia Fisica. Mexico City,
+viii + 628 pp.
+
+
+TANNER, W. W.
+
+1944. A taxonomic study of the genus _Hypsiglena_. Great Basin Nat.,
+5:25-92, December 29.
+
+
+TAYLOR, E. H.
+
+1936a. New species of amphibia from Mexico. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
+39:349-363.
+
+1936b. The rediscovery of the lizard _Eumeces altamirani_ (Duges) with
+notes on two other Mexican species of the genus. Proc. Biol. Soc.
+Washington, 49:55-58, May 1.
+
+1936c. A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan scincoid lizards of the
+genus _Eumeces_. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 23:1-643, August 15.
+
+1939a. Concerning Mexican salamanders. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+25:259-313, July 10.
+
+1939b. Frogs of the _Hyla eximia_ group in Mexico, with descriptions of
+two new species. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:421-445, July 10.
+
+1940a. A new bromeliad frog from northwestern Michoacan. Copeia, 1940
+(1):18-20, March 30.
+
+1940b. Mexican snakes of the genus _Typhlops_. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+26:441-444, November 27.
+
+1940c. Some Mexican serpents. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:445-487,
+November 27.
+
+1940d. Herpetological Miscellany. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26:489-571,
+November 27.
+
+1941a. Some Mexican frogs. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54:87-94, July
+31.
+
+1941b. Herpetological Miscellany, No. II. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+27:105-138, December 30.
+
+1942a. New tailless Amphibia from Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+28:67-89, May 15.
+
+1942b. Tadpoles of Mexican Anura. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:37-55, May
+15.
+
+1942c. The frog genus _Diaglena_ with a description of a new species.
+Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28:57-65, May 15.
+
+1943a. Herpetological novelties from Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+29:343-361, October 15.
+
+1943b. A new _Hylella_ from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
+56:49-52, June 16.
+
+1952. A new hylid frog of the genus _Agalychnis_ from southwestern
+Mexico. Copeia, 1952 (1):31-32, June 2.
+
+1956. A review of the lizards of Costa Rica. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38
+(pt. 1):3-322, December 20.
+
+
+TAYLOR, E. H., and SMITH, H. M.
+
+1942a. Concerning the snake genus _Pseudoficimia_ Bocourt. Univ. Kansas
+Sci. Bull., 28:241-249, November 12.
+
+1942b. The snake genera _Conopsis_ and _Toluca_. Univ. Kansas Sci.
+Bull., 28:325-363, November 12.
+
+1945. Summary of the collections of amphibians made in Mexico under the
+Walter Rathbone Bacon Traveling Scholarship. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
+95:521-613, June 30.
+
+
+TIHEN, J. A.
+
+1949. A review of the lizard genus _Barisia_. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
+33:217-256, April 20.
+
+
+VIVO, J.
+
+1953. Geografia de Mexico. Mexico City, ed. 3, 338 pp.
+
+
+WEBB, R. G.
+
+1958. The status of the Mexican lizards of the genus _Mabuya_. Univ.
+Kansas Sci. Bull., 38:1303-1313, March 2.
+
+
+WELLMAN, J.
+
+1959. Notes on the variation in and distribution of the Mexican colubrid
+snake _Coniophanes lateritius_. Herpetologica, 15:127-128, September 10.
+
+
+WOODBURY, A. M., and WOODBURY, D. M.
+
+1944. Notes on Mexican snakes from Oaxaca. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci.,
+34:360-373, November 15.
+
+
+ZWEIFEL, R. G.
+
+1957. A new frog of the genus _Rana_ from Michoacan, Mexico. Copeia,
+1957 (2):78-83, July 15.
+
+1959a. Variation in and distribution of lizards of western Mexico
+related to _Cnemidophorus sacki_. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
+117:57-116, April 27.
+
+1959b. Additions to the herpetofauna of Nayarit, Mexico. Amer. Mus.
+Novitates, 1953:1-13, June 26.
+
+1959c. Snakes of the genus _Imantodes_ in western Mexico. Amer. Mus.
+Novitates, 1961:1-18, September 16.
+
+1960. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History
+Expedition to western Mexico. 9. Herpetology of the Tres Marias Islands.
+Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 119:77-128, February 29.
+
+1961. Relationship of two whiptail lizards (genus _Cnemidophorus_) in
+western Mexico. Copeia, no. 1:98-103, March 17.
+
+
+_Transmitted April 21, 1961._
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+
+Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain
+this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas
+Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a
+particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the
+Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There
+is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library, which
+meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, which
+meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request
+copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate
+number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying
+the costs of wrapping and mailing.
+
+* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not
+the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this
+series, are as follows:
+
+
+Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638. 1946-1950.
+
+
+*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp.
+1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.
+
+
+Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and
+distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 18 figures in text. June
+12, 1951.
+
+2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George
+H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951.
+
+3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp.
+478-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.
+
+4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr.,
+and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables.
+October 10, 1951.
+
+Index. Pp. 651-681.
+
+
+*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41
+plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.
+
+
+Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.
+
+
+*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_. By
+Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10,
+1952.
+
+
+Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73
+figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.
+
+2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. By
+Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text.
+August 24, 1953.
+
+3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin H.
+Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954.
+
+4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H. Krutzsch. Pp.
+349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954.
+
+5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James S.
+Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.
+
+6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp.
+479-487. April 21, 1954.
+
+7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse. Microtus montanus, in
+Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in
+text. July 23, 1954.
+
+8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern California
+and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954.
+
+9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By Terry A.
+Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12 tables. November 15, 1954.
+
+10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin
+H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.
+
+11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E. Raymond Hall.
+Pp. 587-590. November 15. 1954.
+
+12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in
+Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608.
+March 15. 1955.
+
+13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from northeastern Mexico.
+By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955.
+
+14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By James S.
+Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.
+
+15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and systematic
+position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 619-624. 2
+figures in text. June 10, 1955.
+
+Index. Pp. 625-651.
+
+
+Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956.
+
+
+Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp.
+1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955.
+
+2. Additional records and extensions of ranges of mammals from Utah. By
+Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80.
+December 10, 1955.
+
+3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By
+Rollin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955.
+
+4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in
+Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10,
+1956.
+
+5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6
+figures in text. May 19, 1956.
+
+6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By
+Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956.
+
+7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75
+figures in text. June 15, 1956.
+
+8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with
+description of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr.
+Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956.
+
+9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp.
+347-351. August 15, 1956.
+
+10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains.
+Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957.
+
+11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco,
+Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957.
+
+12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in
+Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text.
+February 21, 1958.
+
+13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Knox Jones,
+Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958.
+
+14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. By J.
+Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958.
+
+15. New Subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert
+L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958.
+
+16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp.
+405-414, 1 figure in text. May 20, 1959.
+
+17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole,
+Microtus montanus. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 415-511. 12 figures in text, 2
+tables. August 1, 1959.
+
+18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P.
+artus. By E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1
+map. January 14, 1960.
+
+19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with
+description of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and
+J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960.
+
+20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo Leon,
+Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14,
+1960.
+
+21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon,
+Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14,
+1960.
+
+22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and
+David H. Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960.
+
+23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert
+L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. June 16, 1960.
+
+Index Pp. 671-690.
+
+
+Vol. 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration. By Harrison
+B. Tordoff and Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6 figures in text, 2 tables.
+September 12, 1956.
+
+2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima.
+By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates, 1 figure. December 20, 1956.
+
+3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural History
+Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R. McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2
+plates, 7 figures in text, 4 tables. December 31, 1956.
+
+4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie vole (Microtus
+ochrogaster). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 129-161, 8 figures in text, 4
+tables. December 19, 1957.
+
+5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. By James W. Bee.
+Pp. 163-211, pls. 9-10, 1 figure in text. March 12, 1958.
+
+6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By Robert B.
+Finley, Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures in text, 35 tables.
+November 7, 1958.
+
+7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in Kansas. By
+Donald W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1959.
+
+8. Natural history of the salamander. Aneides hardyi. By Richard F.
+Johnston and Schad Gerhard. Pp. 573-585. October 8, 1959.
+
+9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan,
+Mexico. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 587-598, 2 figures in text. May 2,
+1960.
+
+10. A taxonomic study of the Middle American Snake, Pituophis deppei. By
+William E. Duellman. Pp. 599-612, 1 plate, 1 figure in text. May 2,
+1960.
+
+Index Pp. 611-626.
+
+
+Vol. 11. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-703, 1958-1960.
+
+
+Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis,
+Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text,
+July 8, 1959.
+
+2. The ancestry of modern Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in text. July 10, 1959.
+
+3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-218, 49
+figures in text. February 19, 1960.
+
+4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures
+in text. May 2, 1960.
+
+More numbers will appear in volume 12.
+
+
+Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows (Cyprinidae). By
+Frank B. Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960.
+
+2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the isthmus of
+Tehuantepec, Mexico. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 19-72, pls. 1-8, 3
+figs. August 16, 1960.
+
+3. A new subspecies of the slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta) from
+Coahuila, Mexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pis. 9-12, 3 figures in
+text. August 16, 1960.
+
+4. Autecology of the Copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 85-288, pls.
+13-20, 26 figures in text. November 30, 1960.
+
+5. Occurrence of the Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the Great
+Plains and Rocky Mountains. By Henry S. Fitch and T. Paul Maslin. Pp.
+289-308, 4 figures in text. February 10, 1961.
+
+6. Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas. By James E. Deacon and Artie
+L. Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in text. February 10, 1961.
+
+7. Geographic variation in the North American Cyprinid Fish, Hybopsis
+gracilis. By Leonard J. Olund and Frank B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pis.
+21-24, 2 figures in text. February 10, 1961.
+
+8. Descriptions of two species of frogs, Genus Ptychohyla--studies of
+American hylid frogs, V. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 349-357, pl. 25, 2
+figures in text. April 27, 1961.
+
+9. Fish populations, following a drought, in the Neosho and Marais des
+Cygnes rivers of Kansas. By James Everett Deacon. Pp. 359-427, pis.
+26-30, 3 figs. in text. August 11, 1961.
+
+More numbers will appear in volume 13.
+
+
+Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats from western Mexico. By Sydney Anderson.
+Pp. 1-8. October 24, 1960.
+
+2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis
+on the central Great Plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones,
+Jr. and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961.
+
+3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson.
+Pp. 29-67, pls. 1-2, 3 figures in text. July 24, 1961.
+
+More numbers will appear in volume 14.
+
+
+Vol. 15. 1. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacan, Mexico. By William
+E. Duellman. Pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figs. December 20, 1961.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Amphibians and Reptiles of
+Michoacan, Mexico, by William E. Duellman
+
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